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LIBRARY 


OF  THE 


MASSACHUSETTS 

AGRICULTURAL 

COLLEGE 


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December  28.  1872.  j 


THE 


GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL    GAZET 


FOR 


872, 


LONDON : 

PUBLISHED      FOR     THE     PROPRIETORS, 

AT  41,  WELLINGTON  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN,  W.C. 

1872. 


■"* 


LONDON  : 
BRADBURY,    AGNEW,    &   CO.,    PRINTERS,    WHITEI'KIARS 


December  38,  1872.] 


(  The  uardeners'  Chr«niclc 
(  and  Agricultural  Gazelle. 


INDEX    OF    CONTENTS 


Gardeners'  Chronicle  and  Agricultural  Gazette 


For  1872. 


HORTICULTURE. 


Abies  Alberlutna,  75 :  Brunoniana,  75  ;  Doug- 
lasii,  75,  1325  ;  excelsa  finedoncnsis,  76  ; 
firma,  76  ;  Menziesii,  76  ;  Morisda,  76  ;  orien- 
talis,  76  ;  cilicica,  iia  ;  Pattoniana,  145 

Abietina,  539 

Abutiton  Darwinii,  1620 

Acacia  (Albizzia)  lophantha  as  a  window  plant, 
289  ;  of  the  Jardin  des  Planles,  the,  463 

Acampe  deniata,  1652 

Acclimatisation,  on  the  evils  of  injudicious,  939 

Acclimatising  plants,  M,  De  Candolle  on,  1002 

Accras  hircina  romana,  1620 

Acer  campestre,  on  the  periderm  of,  183  ;  pal- 
matum  crispum,    1620  ;    palmatum  ornatum, 

l6'20 

Acincta  Humboldtii  var.  straminca,  1003 

Acrostichum  Presloni.  1555 

Acuifolium  v.  Aquifolium,  1262 

Adelaide  Botanic  Gardens,  rosery  in  the,  176 

Adiantum  farleyense,  fine  examples    of,    1258  ; 

1560,  1620,   165Q 
^chmea  Maria  Regina;,  7,  640,  1620 
Aerides  Houlletianum,  1194 
jEthionema  coridifolium,  1620 
Agave  americana,  in  flower  at  South  Kensing- 
ton, icx>2,  1226 
AgavQ  americana,  1288  ;  Eesseriana,   1620  ;  ixt- 

lioiaes,  505  ;  maculosa,  1194 
Allamanda  neriifolia,  note  on  the  culture  of,  780 
Albizzia  rosea,  8,  1620 
Albuca  abyssinica,  392 
Alexandra  Park,  Manchester,  1420 
Alibertia,  note  on,  772 
Allegory,  an,  938 
Almond  trees   in     the    province    of  Azerbijan, 

176 
Alnus  cordata,  1250 
Alocasia  Marshallii,  7,  801,  1620 
Alphand's  "  Promenades  de  Paris,"  180 
Alpine  plants,  Mr.  Shirley  Hibbcrd  on.  971 
Alsophila  sagittifolia,  321,  1620;  Scottiana,  699  ; 

branched,  from  Lord  Howe's  Island,  113 
Alternantheras,  1695 
Amaranthus  salicifolius,  8,  146,  1105,  1136, 1198, 

r3*7.  1620:  as  a  bedding  plant,  1165 
Amaryllis  ^Hippeastrum)  procera,  505 
Amber,  on  the  origin  of,  874 
America,  effects  olthe  winter  of  1870-71  on  trees 
and  shrubs  in,  804, 1329  ;  how  mats  are  made 
in,  iSo 
American  asdiles,  633 
American  plants,  exhibitions  of,  S05 
Amherstia  nobilis,  325,  362,  429,  509 
Amomum  angustitolium,  notes  on,  80;   MeU- 

gueta  minus,  1620 
Araorphophallus     campanulatus,     1225,     1264, 

1720 ;  Rivicri,  1620 
Ampclopsis  Veitchii,  on  the  tendrils  of,  182 
Ananas  Forteana,  1620 
Anaectochilus  Ortgiesii,  1620 


Androsace  carnea  cximia,  394 

Anemone  japonica,  78 

Anemones,  single,  804  ;  in  flower  in  December, 

1652 
Angola,  sensitive  Oxalis  from,   1419  ;  Dr.  Wel- 

witsch  on  some  ornamental  plants  from,  545 
Angrfficum  arliculatum,  73 
Anthurium     zranthe,     1620  :       bellum,      1620  ; 

Binotii,  1620  ;  cordifolium,  1620  ;  cucuUatum, 

1620  ;     Dombeyanum,     1620  ;      emarginatum, 

1620 ;     Fendleri,     1620 ;      Gaudichaudianum, 

1620  ;    lucidum,   1620  ;    macrophyllum,   1620  ; 

margaritaceum,  1620  ;  nymphseifolium  Roezlii, 

1620  ;    Olfersianum,     1620  ;     radicans,     1620  ; 

rubricaule,  1620  :  Urvilleanum,  1620  ;  variabile, 

1620;  Scherzorianum,  36[,  575 
Anthurium   Scherzerianum,   seeding,    395,    428, 

509 
Antholyza,  on  the  fibres  of,  1386 
Anti-cloche,  the,  466 
Antirrhinum,  a  double,  1200 
Ants,    how    to    destroy,    702,    768,    802,    1592  ; 

naphtha  a  remedy  for,  1623 
Aphelandra  sulphurea,  1620 
Aphides,  twig  of  Poplar  with,  504 
Apiary  : — fertile  workers,  327,  511 ;  the  inventor 

of  movable  frames,  14  ;  the  queen  bee,    1530  ; 

queen  bees,  do  they  sting?  1660  ;  meeting  of 

bee-keepers,  1394  ;    retrospective  view  of  the 

past  season,  1530 
Apple,   the   D.  T.    Fish,    147  ;  Warner's  King, 

1328 
Apples  and  Pears  exhibited  at  the  Stamford  show, 

1258 
Apples  from  cuttings,  1593 
Apple  trees,  on  renovating  old,  839 
Aquavivariums  and  aquariums,  428 
Arabis,  on  hybrids  of,  1007,  1040 
Arads,  observations  on,  1619  ,  1720 
Araucaria  imbricata,   145  ;  imbricata  variegata, 

^-ts     .    . 

Araucaria  imbncata,  Mr.  Barnes  on,  42  ;  the 
Dropmore,  1324;  seeding  at  Conholt,  1226; 
at  Laidlawsleil,  1392;  at  Lytchet,  428;  at 
Woodstock,  509  ;  removing  an,  1590 

Archimedean  lawn-mower,  the,  603 

Arctostaphylos  Uva-Ursi,  1289 

ArisjEma     concinnum,    394  ;      curvatum, 
ringens,  435  ;  speciosum,  1620 

Aristolochia   barbata,     1620 ;     clypeata, 
cordiflora,  7,  1620;  Duchartrei,  1654 

.Arnold  arboretum,  the,  1354,  1522 

Arrested  growth,  12 

Arundinaria  falcata  at  Penllagare,  221 

Asparagus,  winter,  112 

Asparagus  and  Seakale,  669 

Asparagus    sethiopicus    var.    temifolius, 
15.88 

Aspidistra  flowering  in  the  open  air,  734 

Asplenium  schizodon,  16^4 

Asterostigma  Luschnattuanum,  1654 

Asters,  notes  on,  1225,  1529 

Asystasia  chelonleosis,  1654 


394; 


1098, 


Atriplex  Halimus,  or  the  shrubby  Orache,  1362 

Aubergines,  1487,  1721 

Aubrietia  deltoidea  grasca,  1654 

Aucubas,  395;  sports  of,  10,45;  note  on  sowing, 

638,  734  _ 

Australia,      Baron      von      Mueller's     scientific 

labours  in,    633  ;  North,    notes    of  a  trip   to, 

290  :  foreign    mdustries  and    forests  in,  610  ; 

Tobacco  culture   in,    603  ;    Vine   mildew    in, 

607 
Australian  Vines,    black  spot   in,    762  ;  mildew 

in,  607 
Autumnal  tints,  1457,  1528 
Avenue  gardens  in  Regent's  Park,  1197 
Awards  at  South  Kensington,  1166,  1262 
Ayres"  expanding  fruit  houses,  704 
Ayrton  v.  Hoeker,    939,  967,    1001,  1003,    1007, 

1036,  IIOl 
Azalea  Chelsoni,  the  raiser  of,  1528 
Azaleas,      to    propagate,     707 ;     treatment     of 

Indian,  1560 


B. 


Bacon's  new  Atlantis,  quotation  from,  1139 

Bacteria,  141 

Balearic  Islands,  the  culture  of  the  soil  in  the, 

1353 
Bamboo,  hardy,  notes  on,  1228 
Bambusa  Fortunei  variegata,  1387 
Bananas,  1041 
Baptisia  leucophjea,  394 
Barnum,    Mr.    P.  T.,  the  marine   residence  of, 

1451 
Barron,  Mr,  A.  F.,  memoir  and  portrait  of,  74 
Batarrea  phalloides,  1717 
Batemania  Burtii,  1099,  ^^54 
Baxter,  Sir  David,  death  of,  1419 
Beans,    French,    1262,     1359;    Osbom's    Early 

Forcing,  1292 
Bearberry,  notes  on  the,  1289 
Bedding-out,    the    choice    of    plants    for,    1 164  ; 

Rev.  C.  P-    Peach  on,  969 ;  spring,  803  ;  the 

system  of,  1070,  1130,  1449 
Beech,  the  evergreen,  at  Penllagare,  466 
Beech  tree  struck  by  lightning,   remarks  on  a, 

13.  45 

Beeches  in  the  antarctic  zone,  221 

Bee  Orchis  with  paic  flowers,  863 

Beetroot,  a  worm  injurious  to^  1590 

Begonia  carminata,  1654 :  cKeUoni,  7.  1654  ; 
conchajfolia,  1654  ;  crinita,  1654  ;  Dregei,  8  ; 
echinosepala,  1654  ;  foliosa,  1654  ;  pruinata, 
1654  ;  Putzeysiana,  1654 ;  Richardsiana,  8, 
1654 

Begonias,  607  ;  hybrid,  log;  culture  of  B.  welto- 
niensis  in  the  cuy,  1040 

Begoniaces,  a  new  genus  of,  from  New  Gre- 
nada, 772 

Belfast  Botanic  and  Horticultural  Gardens, 
219 


Belgian  nurseries  and  gardene,  1167  :  orna- 
mental trees  and  shrubs  in,  1361,  1392,  1424, 

1493 
Belladonna  Lily,  white -flowered,  1259 
Bellium  rotundifolium.  1654 
Beloperone  ciliata,  1654 
Berberis  Aquifolium,    1105;    on  the  berriefi  ot, 

1040,  1073  ;  leaves  of,   for  bouquets,    324 ;  on 

the  fruit  of,  alluring  birds,  1008 
Berberis  fascicularis,  1591 
Berkheya  (Stoboea)  purpurea,  1262,  1654 
Bignonia  radicans,  grafting  of,  on  the  Catalpa, 

'4^      .  ,       . 

Billbergia  Euphemix,  1654 
Birch,  new  purple,  1259 
Birmingham  Botanic  Garden,  notes  on  the,  832, 

1 291,  1360 
Birmingham  Botanic  and  Horticultural  Society  ; 
a  protest,  968 

Birmingham,  a  great  storm  at,  831  ;  on  the 
vegetation  of  the  vicinity  of,  905 

Birmingham  Show  of  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society,  tlie,  107,  255,  391,  509-. 574  ;  arrange- 
ments for  the  show  at.  729  :  railway  arrange- 
ments for  the,  797  ;  hints  for  visitors  to  the, 
830  ;  gardeners  and  the,  780  ;  gawieners  and 
exhibitors'  dinner  at  the,  909  ;  prize  schedule 
for  the.  503;  boiler  trials  at  the,  509,  606,639, 
'735,  1003  ;  protest  of  competitors  in  the  boiler 
competition,  1098  ;  correspondence  relating  to 
boiler  trials,  1034,  1066,  1160,  1192  :  certifi- 
cates awarded  at  the.  gog :  dinner-table  deco- 
rations by  gas  light  at  the,  638 ;  the  imple- 
ment show  at,  466.  543,  639  ;  horticultural 
buildingsat,666,  671,  703;  implement  regula- 
tions, 538,  504;  awards  of  the  judges  of  the 
heating  apparatus,  968  ;  the  Rose  show  at, 
873  :  report  of  the  show,  866  ;  Friday  at  the 
show,  909  ;  on  the  merits  of  the,  S63  ;  final  re- 
port of  the  local  committee,  1554;  someconclu- 
sionb  drawn  from  their  report,  1586 

Birmingham,  the  Horticultural  Congress  at, 
504,  871  ;  paper  read  at,  904 

Blackberry  wine,  how  to  make,  398 

Black  Prince  Grapes,  217 

Blavct's,  M.,  experiments  on  the  influence  of 
coloured  light  on  plants,  1353 

Blewitt's,  Mr.,  honours  conferred  on,  666 

Bloom  of  fruits.  Prof.  De  Bary's  ob.servations 
on  the,  539 

Blue  Primulaces,  146,  iSo 

Blue  flowers,  290 

toiler,  Deard's  patent  centrifugal,  1454  :  Green's 
patent  duplicate,  1356;  the  safety,  395;  the 
zig-zag,  iiQ6  .  ■         f 

Boilers,  on  cleanmg  out,  44  ;  on  the  encasmg  ol, 
1529  ;  encased  in  brickworks,  water  jackets, 
wooden  casing.  &c.,  1423  ;  on  the  setting  of, 
1456  ;  on  the  testing  of,  793,  768 

Bois  de  Boulogne,  lakes,  cascades,  and  rock- 
work  of  the,  572  ;  shelter  sheds  in  the,  141 

Bolbophyllum  leniniscatum,  1654 

Bomarea  chontalensis,  7,  505 


IV 


(  The  Gardeners'  Chronicle  ) 
t  and  Agricultural  Gazette,  f 


Index. 


[December  28,  1872. 


Cabbage,  the  Cocoa-nut,  77 

Cabbage  cultivation  in  West  Cornwall,  72,  112 

Cabbage  stumps,  adventitious  buds  on  a,  1066 

Cacoa,  fruiting  of  the,  at  Glasnevin.  462 

Cacti  in  flower  in  Mr.  Peacoclc's  collection,  730, 

798,  831.  934 
Caddis  worms,  1171 
Caladium  esculentum,  392 
Calanthe  for  decorative  purposes,  the,  1721 
Calathei  Malcoyana.  1589  ;  vestita,  165* 
Calceolarias,  on  mulching,  361 
Calceolaria,  abnormr<l  flpwer  of,  C)6S 
<"alcutta  Botanic  Garden,  1312 
Calliandria  g^racilis,  1654 
Calochortus  elegans,  1654 
Calvert's    chemical    compound    for    destroying 

plant  pest5;,  72 
Camellia,  note  on  the  determination  of,  772 
Cajnellias,  sickly,  1592 
Campanula  lactiflora,    1258  ;  Medium    calycan- 

thenia,  1654  ;  pyramidalis,  1327  ;  Vidalii,  1160, 

1231 
Canadian  Horticulture,  condition  of,  39J 
Caocerina,  539 


Books  noticed  : — Album  Van  Eeden,  1660 
Bence  Jones  on  the  Royal  Institution,  it 
Founder,  and  its  First  Professors,  45  ;  Bree's 
An  Exposition  of  Fallacies  in  the  Theory  of 
Mr.  Darwin,  1138  ;  Brefeld's  Observations  on 
Mould,  1202  ;  Burke's  Handbook  of  Sewage 
Ut  lisation,  S37  ;  Dowie's  Foot  and  its  Cover- 
ing, 1107;  Kkin's  Table  giving  the  Relative 
Values  of  Different  Articles  of  Food  in  Common 
Use,  1723  ;  English  Local  Floras,  327  ;  Fair- 
field Orchids,  the,  222  ;  The  Field  Quarterly 
Magazine  and  Review,  1234  ;  Floral  Maga- 
zine, 147;  Forbes  Watson's  Flowers  and  Gar- 
dens, 327  ;  Gardiner's  Flora  of  Forfarshire, 
1298  :  Gray's  How  Plants  Behave,  910  ;  Grise- 
bach  on  The  Vegetation  of  the  World  in 
Relation  to  Climate,  14  ;  Harris'  My  Flowers, 
805  ;  Harting's  Handbook  of  British  Birds 
1298 ;  Hibberd's  The  Ivy,  a  Monograph, 
1685  ;  Hibberd's  Seaweed  Collector,  1234  ; 
Hooker's  Students'  Flora  of  the  British  Islands, 

536  ;  Hooker's  Icones  Plantarum,  1362  :  The 
dstone  Papers,  1530 ;  Knapp's  Die  Bisher 
Bekannten  Pflan2en  Galiciens  uiid  der  Buko- 
wina,  805  ;  Knox's  Autumns  on  the  Spey, 
1397  ;  Lecoq'sLe  Monde  des  Fleurs,  Botanique 
Pittoresquc,  397  ;  Marcet's  Conversations  on 
Natural  Philosophy,  806  ;  Masters'  Botany 
for  Beginners,  1009  ;  Merrifield's  Magnetism 
and  the  Deviation  of  the  Compass,  1234 ; 
Moore  and  Jackman's  The  Clematis  as  a 
Garden  Flower,  1425  ;  Morren's  Memorandum 
des  Travaux  de  Botanique  et  de  Physiologic 
Ve'ge'tale,  1694  ;  Murray's  Travels  in 
Uruguay,  &c.,  609:  New  Publications,  147, 
S^Sf  757 ;  The  New  Practical  Gardener  and 
Modern  Horticulturist,  1626  ;  Payton's 
Diamond  Diggings  of  South  Africa,  1107; 
Penny  Statutes  for  the  People,  610  ; 
The  Plantation,  Leighton  Buzzard,  1495 ; 
Proctor's  Essays  on  Astronomy,  1138  ; 
Quinn's  Money  in  the  Garden,  737  ;  Ratze- 
burgh's  Forstwissenschaftliches  Schriftsteller 
Lexicon,  1298  ;  Risso  and  Poiteau's  Histoire 
et  Culture  des  Grangers,  976;  Rivers'  Rose 
Amateurs'  Guide,  1201  ;  Round  the  Table, 
by  the  "  G.  C,"  1495;  Saunders' and  Smith's 
Illustations  of  Fungi,  1362  ;  Simmonds' 
Science  and  Commerce,  1361  ;  Smee's  My 
Garden  :  its  Plan  and  Culture,  837  ;  Smith's 
Air  and  Rain  ;  the  Beginnings  of  a  Medical 
Climatology,  1168  ;  Spenser's  Flowers  for 
Sundays,  806  ;  Taylor's  Half  Hours  at  the 
Seaside,  1107  ;  Tissicre's  Guide  du  Botaniste 
sur  le  Grand  St.  Bernard,  147;  Transactions 
of  the  Linnean  Society,  805,  1234;  Ulrich's 
International  Dictionary  of  Plants,  1530; 
Vianne's  Prairies  et  Plantes  Fouragferes,  545  ; 
Walker's  Nature,   S38  ;  Warner's  Select  Or- 

^   chidaceous  Plants,  398  :  Watson's  Report  01 

"  the   Geological    Exploration   of  the    Fortieth 

Parallel,  &c.  :  Botany,  705 
Borders,  inside,  on  watering,  144 
Boston,  from,  to  San  Francisco  and  back,  1624 
Botanical  novelties  in  London  Streets,  141 
Botanic  Garden,  Birmingham,  the,  1291,  1360 
Botanic   Gaidens,    Baron    von    Mueller   on   the 
use  of,  1069.  1099,  1 162,  1 196 

Bothies  at  Cliveden,  1354 

Botryodendron  magnificum,  835 

Boussingault's     memoir    on    the   production   of 
honcydeiv,  468 

Bouvardia  jasminiflora,  on  the  culture  of,  215  ; 
Vreelandii,  1654 

Bouvardias,  two  new,  7  ;  for  winter  blooming. 
i486 

Bowenia  spectabilis,  1654 

Uoy  at  the  stream,  the,  ao^ 

Brachystelma  ovata,  1654 

Bramble,  the  Parsley-leaved,  1295 

Brassica  tribe,  blindness  in  the,  1390 

Briars,   raising  seedling,    1296,  1422  ;  as  stocks. 
?359.  mi.  1561 

Brisbane  Botanic  Garden.  1041,  1296 

British  Association  at  Brighton,  1102  ;  Dr.  Car- 
penter's address  at  the,  1102' 

British  Columbia,   coniferous  plants  from,   464, 
573 

British  Gardeners    Mutual  and  Self-Supporting 
Society    538 

British  Museum,   flowering  plants  in  the  herba- 
rium of  the.  1321 

British  Orchids,  574 

T^ritish  plants,  466 

I'.rixham  Cave,  exploration  of,  i486 

Broccoli,    how   to  get   early,    908 ;  Backhouse's 
winter  white,  180 

BrodiEea  multiflora,  1654 

Bronielia  Fernanda:,  7,  1654  ;  Karatas,  875 

Brooklyn  Park.  1451,  1523 

Brownea  Birschellii,  1654 

Brunsvigia  Cooperii,  1654. 

Brussels  Sprouts,  Scrymger's  Giant,  78 

Bud  variation,  1388,  1453,  1523,  1657  ;  in  a  white 
Moss  Rose,  1034 

Bulbine  Mackenii  1654 

Hulb  season  of  1872,  the,  1652 

Burrs  on  trees,  607 


'  Candolle,  M.  De,  on  acclimatising  plants,  1002 
Canker  and  gum,  735,  767 
Canterbury  Cathedral,  fire  at,  1192 
Cardopatium  corymbosum,  1654 
Carica  erythrocarpa,  1654 
Carpenter,  Dr.  Alfred,  oa  the   Potato   disease, 

1283 
Carrot  grub,  the,  78,  113.  146 
Carter  Challenge  Cup,  the,  44,  77,  113,  1554 
Carter  &  Co.'s  seed  farms,  113 
Caspary.  Prof.,  on  the  effects  of  lightning  on 

trees,  1287 
Cassia  mimosoides  Telfairiana,  1654 
Castle  Bromwich,  notes  on  a  visit  to,  833 
Catasetum  ochraceum,  1718  ;  scnrra,  1003 
Cats,  a  new  use  for,  874  ;  as  bird  scarers,  1556 
Cattleya   exoniensis,    a   remarkable    bloom    on, 
i486;  maxima,    1654;  Reineckiana,   7;  velu- 
tina,  1259 
Cattleyas,  New  Grenadan,  fugacious,  392,  428, 

508,  575 
Cauliflower,  the  Early  Snowball,  1328  ;  Veitch's 

Autumn  Giant,  802,  1455 
Cauliflowers,  the  blindness  of,  1493,  1590 
Cedar  of  British  Columbia,  what  is  the  so-called, 

1693 
Cedar,  a  lightning-struck,  1295 
Cedar  trees  on  the  Island  of  Bermuda,  1035 
Cedar  wood,  1171 
Cedrus  Deodara,  216 
Celery  collar,  the  Wortley,  504,  1294 
Celery,  Turner's  Incomparable  White,  1199 
Celosia  Huttoni.  215,  1654 
Central  Park,  New  York,  140 
Cerasus     Sieboldii     roseo-plena,     and    pendula 
rosea,  8  :  ilicifolia,  for  covering  walls,    1258  ; 
Pattoniana,  1654  ;  pendula  rosea,  1654 
Cereus,    the  night   blooming.  79  ;   grandiflorus, 

1492  ;  at  Dalvey,  Forres,  1009 
Ceylon,  Cofl'ee  fungus  in,  609 
"  Characters,"  607 

Charcoal  respirator,  Dr.  Stenhouse's,  1292 
Chatenay's  tree  lifter,  145 
Cherry,  Frogmore  Early  Bigarreau,  255 
Cherry-house,  the,  1590 

Cherries,    mysterious    disappearance    of,    it66, 

iigS,  1230,  1294  :  Mr,  Rivers'  new  early.  763 

Cherry  tree,    a    remarkable,    near    the    Ealing 

station,  504 
Cherry  Laurel,  on  the  adventitious  roots  of  the, 

i33 
Chestnuts,  early  Horse,  1457 
Chestnut  trees,  sweet,  1391  ;  three  varieties  of. 


1128;     from 


430, 


China,  the  Spiny  Elm  of,  251 

Chip  of  an  old  block,  a,  1592 

Chiswick  garden,  1295;  the  Rev.  Mr.  Foun' 
taine's  vinery  at,  251  ;  meteorological  observa' 
tions  at,  Mr.  Glaisher's  reduction  of  the,  357 
notes  of  the,  1265;  redivivus,  1130;  trials  at, 
256,  288,  J553 

Chlorocodon  Whitei,  1654 

Chlorophytum  falcatum,  1654 

Choisya  ternata,  hardiness  of,  284 

Christmas  Rose,  the,  146,  218 

Chrysanthemum  Mawii,  1654 

Chusquea,  the,  S39 

Cicuta  virosa,  habitats  of,  i486 

Cienkowskia  Kirkii,  1654 

Cinchona  tucujensis,  730 

Cinchona    Bark     from     Jamaica 
Ootacamund,  539 

Cinchona  disease  at  Rungbee,  1660 

Cinchona,  notes  on,  63S  ;  the  price  of.  575 

Cinerarias,    Messrs.    Standish's    strain   of, 
469,  546,  578  ;  tints  of  colour  in  the  foliage  of, 
609 

Cirsium  Grahami,  8,  394 

Cissus  albo-nitens,  7 

Clematis,  Albert  Victor,  803  ;  Mr.  Anderson- 
Henry's  hybrid,  1687 ;  Lawsoniana,  1002  ; 
montana.  1424  ;  Sieboldii,  1425  ;  Vitalba, 
256  ;  fragrance  of  the,  463  ;  varieties  of,  365 

Clianthus  Dampieri,  hardines^of,  467 

Climate,  vegetation  of  the  world  in  relation 
to,  14 

Clinometer,  Wells',  1659 

Clubbing,  the  cause  of,  1327 

Coal,  economising,  1419 

Cochliostema  Jacobianum,  607,  638  ;  at  Lamb- 
ton  Castle,  504 ;  on  the  development  of  the 
androecium  in,  577 

Cocoa-nut  Cabbage,  77 

Codiceum  variegatum  Hookerjanum,  1654  ;  Jo- 
hannis,  1654  ;  lacteum,  1654  ;  multicolor, 
1654  ;  Weismanni,  1654 

Ccelogyne  cristata,  288;  lentiglnosa,  1654 

Cofl'ee  plantations,  fungus  in  the  Ceylon,  425, 
600 

Colchicum  autumnal e  albo-plenum,  1654;  some- 
thing about,  1525 

Colea  undulata,  1654 

Collinsia  violacea,  8 

Colours  of  flowers,  466 

Combe  Abbey,  notes  on  the  gardens  at,  800 

Coming  summer,  the,  508 

Committee,  the  Scientific  of  the  Royal  Horticul- 
tural Society,  subjects  brought  before  the  :  — 
Australian  Caoutchouc,  468  ;  the  Australian 
gutta  percha,  396  ;  Australian  Vine  disease, 
671,  909  ;  Professor  Archer's  statement  as  to 
guano,  396  ;  an  obtuse-leaved  Beech,  326  ; 
Boussingault's  memoir  on  the  produch'on  of 
honey-dew,    468,    509  :    another  view   of   the 

-  origm  of  hone^-dew,  609;  Coffee  fungus  in 
Ceylon,  609  ;  a  dwarf  Cupressus  macrocarpa, 
6og  ;  a  monstrous  Cyclamen.  221,  396  ;  bracts 
of  Dalechampia  RoezRana  assuming  a  leafy 
appearance,  396  ;  a  fasciated  branch  of  Daphne 
Laureola,  1494  ;  on  the  influence  of  foreign 
pollen  on  the  form  of  the  fruit,  326  ;  gum- 
ming in  Peach  trees,  609 ;  hybridism  v. 
mimicry,  671  ;  ash  and  scorise  from  Mount 
Vesuvius,  910  ;  Onions  deformed  by  Anthomya. 
ceparum,  835  ;  Phylloxera,  specimens  of,  from 
Henbury  Hill.  1494  ;  Portugal  Laurels  injured 
by  frost  in  1866,  326;  root  obstructions  in 
duains,  835  ;  Dr.  Boswell  Syme  on  the  colours 
of  the  anthers  of  British  grasses,  545  ;  ibid,  on 
the  non-fruiting  of  a  Spanish  Chestnut  at 
Ealmuto,  545 ;  Dr.  Welwitsch's  communica- 
tion un  some  ornamental  plants  from  Angola, 
545 

Composita:,  on   the    classification   and    geogra- 
phical distribution  of,  201,  772 
Composites,    M.   D^-lpino  s  proposal    to    divide 

the  group  of,  968 
Condurango,  284 


Cones  of  resinous   trees,    gathering  the,   1524, 

ISS7  ...  ... 

Congress,    the    Horticultural    at    Birmmgham, 

871,  1166,  1262;  the  so-called,  1328 
Conifers,  manure  for,  15,  44,  218,  325 
Conifers.    Mr.    Fowler's  notes  on,  41,  75,  145, 
216,  285,  393,  605,  700,  973,  1070,  1163,  1326, 
1490,    1526,    165s  ;  quick     growth   of,  1659; 
scales  of  the   cone  in,    903  ;    shedding   their 
leaves,  181 
Coniferous  fruits,  new  fossil,  8 
Coniferous  nomenclature,  940,  1008,  1040 
Coniferous   plants    from  British  Columbia,  464, 

573.  636 
Coniferous  trees  and  shrubs,  on  pruning,   179, 

254,  426 
Conservatory,  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society's, 

1226  ;  a  tropical,  145 
Constantinople,  the  spring  at,  736,  769 
Co-operation,  garden,  40,  428 
Cordyline  Haageana,  1654;  lentiginosa,  1654 
Corfu,  spring  at,  703 
Cork,  virgin,  for  rustic  work,  425 
Cornish  contributions  to  the  food  supply,  142 
Cornus  mascula,  tricolor-leaved  variety  of,  1332 
Corynophallus  Afzehi,  1619 
Corynostylis  Hybanthus  (atbiflora),  1259,  1654 
Costus  Malortieanus,  1654 
Cottage  gardening,  1323,  1360 
Cottage  gardens,  74,  864,  972 
Cottage  garden  exhibitions.  1328 
Cotton  at    the     International    Exhibition,   798, 

353 

Cotton  plant,  New  Orleans,  1354 
Cotton  seed,  oil  produced  from,  1360 
Councd-room  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society, 

IS93 
Cowdung  flower  pots,  218 
Cowslip,  the  pale  blue  English,  73,  113 
Crassula  pyramidalis,  2S9 
Croci,  autumnal,  361,  1362 
Crocus  vemus,  362 
Cross-breeding,  1103 
Crown  imperials,  notes  on,  507,  543,  780 
Cryptomeria  elegans,  216  ;  japoiiica,  216 
Cuckoo,  habits  of  the,  1592,  1624,  1722 
Cucumber,    the    Marquis  of  Lome,    940,   1007, 

I 198,  1326 
Cucumber  catsup,  to  make,  1266 
Cucumber  house,  Mr.  Cooling's,  1135 
Cucumbers,  merits  of,   12  ;    notes  on,  44  ;   and 
melons,    shown   at    Reading,    1193 ;    Russian 
methods  of  preserving,  730 
"  Cultural  "  commendations,  702 
Cumberland,  the  fruit  crops  in,  939 
Cupressus  Benthamiana,  285  ;    Goveniana,  285  ; 
Lawsoniana,   285  ;  macrocarpa,    285  ;   macro- 
carpa, a  dwarf  variety  of,  609 
Currant  bud  disease,  112 
Currants,  dried,  149 
Cut  flowers,  on  arranging,  637 
Cutting-stealing  at  exhibitions,  734 
Cyclamen,  a  monstrous,  221  ;  cilicicum,  note  on, 

1391,  1422  ;  hederifolium  var,  grcccum,  1422 
Cyclamens  seeding,  1623 
Cynara  Scolymus,  on  the  stem  of,  183 
Cypress,  the  yellow,  1592,  1658 
Cypripedium  niveum,  505;  Veitchii,  2S4 
Cyrtanthera  chrysotephana,  7,  505 
Cytisus  for  decoration,  1592 


D.EMONOKOPS  accidens,  12 

Dahlias,  Bouquet,  1170 

Daisy,  the,  for  spring  gardening,  1357 

Dalmatia,  forest  renovation  in,  835 

Dambonite.  251 

Dandelion,  the,  1139 

Daphne  Laureola,  324  ;  pontica,  574 

Daphne,  remarks,  on,  571 

Darlingtonia  cafffornica,  505 

Davallia  Tyermanii,  8 

Davis  challenge  cup,  the,  395 

Deard's  patent  centrifugal  boiler,  &c.,  1454 

Dendrobium  amethystoglossum,  log ;  chrysotis, 
1230;  rhodocentruni,  426  ;  taurinum,  974 

Denny's,  Dr.,  pap«r  on  the  influence  of  pollen 
and  seed  parents,  &g.,  1224 

Deodars  at  the  north-western  end  of  the  Hima- 
layan range,  i486 

Deparia  nephrodioides,  253 

Desfontainea  spinosa,  112 

Dioscorea  prismatica,  7 

Dicksonia  Sellowiana,  8 

Dicffenbachias,  new,  7 

Dinitrobrombenzene,  1160 

Dinner-table    decoration,    77,    768 ;     rules    for, 

Dionsea  muscipula,  note  on,  1098 

Diospyros  KaVi  var.    costata  as  a  hardy  fruit, 

xDipIadenia  insignis,  7 

Disa  grandiflora,   on    the    culture  of,  603,  1199, 

1259  .     , 

Dishing  up  fruit,  leaves  for,  40,  78 
Distilleries,  garden,  1623 
Dodder,   the,   on    Clianthus    punicus,    1322 ;    a 

Grape  Vine-attacked  by,  1354 
Double  Orchids,  538 
Dracaenas,  new,  7 
Dracaena  and  Cordyline,  on,  905 
Dracontium  asperum,  (syn.  efatura),  1097! 
Drainage  of  country  houses,  the,  1007,  107a 
Drains,  root  obstructions  in,  835 
Dreschler's  patent  winnowing  machine,  384 
Dragon  tree  of  Teneriflfe,  the  great,  763,  834 
Dropmore  Pinetum,  the,  1323 
Droitwich  to  Enville,  799 
Drosera  rotundifolia,  146,  1392,  1432 
Duchartre,  M. ,  on  the  structure  of  the  bulb  of 

Lilium  Thomson  ianum,  1355 
Dumortier,  M.,  testimonial  to,  1387 
Dunnett  v.  Sutton,  320 
Durrant,  Mr.  £.,  death  of,  546 


East  Anglia,  the  weathor  in,  429 

East  Indies,  Col.  Benson  on  the  Orchids  cf  the, 

182 
Echeroria  metaUica>  »iq 


Economic  botany,  the  study  of,  256 

Economic  entomology,  1200 

Edinburgh    Botanic    Garden,      report     on    the 

vegetation  in  the,  144 
Edinburgh,  the  new  winter  garden  for,  465 
Education,  '  the    advancement    of,     1585  ;     in 

France,  1065 
Eelworms,  1359 
Elaphoglossum  Herminieri,  8 
Electricity,  1720 
Elm,    the  spiny  of  China,  251  ;    a  variegated, 

44,  78  ;  root-growths  of,  603  ;  destruction  of, 

Ellis,  Rev.  W.,  death  of,  806 ;  Mrs.  Ellis,  death 

of,  838 
Endive,  Eraser's  variety  of  Batavian,  44 
Entomology,  economic,  1290;  prizes  for  collec- 
tions of  economic,  logS 
Enville  eariy  Chestnut,  288 
Enville,  notes  on  the  gardens  at,  793 
Epidendrum  advena,   1194;  Frederic!  Guilielmi, 

7  ;  nemorale,  835  ;  nocturaum,699,  763  ;  Pseud- 

tpidendrum,  7,  505,  763 
Epilachna  chrysomelina,  143 
Epipactis  palustris,    a  new    British  station  for, 

1354.  1493 
Epiphyltum  Russelhanum,  361 
Epiphytes,  1042 

Eranthemum  cinnabariniim  ocellatum,  505 
Eria  Bcrringtoniana,  6(36 
Erica  codonodes,  395 
Esparto  grass,  notes  on,  41,  798 
Eucharis  amazonica  culture,  289,  509 
Eucalyptus,  a  remarkable,  at  Sydney,  1041 
Eucalyptus,  the,  1071 
Eulopina  scripta,  1003 

Euonymus  japonicus  aureo-varicgatus,  1623 
Euphorbia,  the  juice  of  the  Cape,    for  coating 

ships'  bottoms,  634  ;  notes  on    various  species 

of,  1258 
Evergreen  Beech  at  Penllagare,  466 
Examination  of  gardeners,  40 
Exhibition  of  1862,  plants  growing  on  the  site  of 

the,  839 


Fagus  bctuloides  at  Penllagare,  466 

Fairfield  nurseries,  the,  511 

Fairfield  Orchids,  the,  222 

Farrer,  Rev,  T.  H.,  on  the  floral  arrangement 
of  several  of  the  Papilionacese,  1450 

Female  education  at  Cambridge,  1419 

Fence  posts,  preserving,  1497 

Fermentation  and  putrefaction,  1656,  1687 

Ferns  for  basket  culture,  1387  ;  filmy,  287  :  of 
Lord  Howe's  Island,  252  ;  Tree,  from  Lord 
Howe's  Island,  113;  Welsh,  a  catalogue  of, 
*257  ,        . 

Ficus  stipulata,  hardmcss  of,  1193.  minima, 
.1193 

Filmy  F'erns,  287,  361 

Fig,  the  Negro  Largo,  1129 

Fig  culture  :  disbuddmg,  429  ;  in  the  open  air, 
12,  45,  336 

Fir  trees,  growth  in  the  stumps  of,  after  felling, 
1161 

Fir,  variegated  silver,  12 

Fish  breeding  in  Paris,  514 

Fish  ponds,  Mr.  Buckland  on  the  management 
of,  1288 

Flies,  the  perfume  of  LiUum  auratum  obnoxious 
to,  1 161 

Floral  Committee,  awards  of  the,  803 

Florists'  flowers; — new  of  1871,  80,  147,  183; 
Indian  Azaleas,  1202  ;  bouquet  Dahlias,  1170  ; 
bcddmg  Violas  and  Pansies,  1138 ;  the 
Gladioli  in  1871,  237  ;  Gladiolus  in  1872,  1495  ; 
Hollyhocks,  1426  ;  Hyacinths,  new,  1298  . 
Mr.  Laxton's  double  Pelargoniums,  1330 ; 
Mr.  Perry's  Verbenas,  1169  ;  Phloxes  in  pots, 
1074  ;  Phlox  Drummondii,  364,  1202  ;  Im- 
provement in  the  Polyanthus,  378,  673  ; 
Primulas,  546  ;  Messrs.  Standish's  Cinerarias, 
430,  469,  546,  -578 ;  Sweet  Williams,  943  ; 
TropcEolums,  1234 

Flower  gardening,  the  bedding  out  system  of, 
of,  1449 

Flower  market,  the  new  wholesale,  176 

Flower  pots,  cowdung,   218  ;  of  plastic  carbon, 

^  1424 

Flower  show  pavilion,  the,  1561,  1623 

Flowers,  colours  of,  466  ;  their  colours  and 
odours,  641  ;  their  common  plan  of  construc- 
tion, 510  ;  cut,  on  arrangmg,  637,  667,  766  ; 
cut,  at  the  Birmingham  show,  868  ;  for  deco- 
rations, 1163;  on  roots,  1321  :  unseasonable 
production  of,  1617 ;  the  variety  in  their 
forms,  and  how  brought  about,  577 

Flowers  and  fruits  under  cultivation,  836 

Flowering  plants,  on  the  relative  influence  01 
parentage  in,  S71,  904 

Food  supply,  Cornish  contributions  to  the,  142 

Forest  culture,  Dr,  Mueller  on,  10,  43,  no 

Forest  renovation  in  Dalmatia,  835 

Forests,  destruction  of,  425  ;  in  India,  on  the 
geographical  distribution  of,  1290  ;  state,  of  tha 
Watts  River,  975 

Forms  in  tree  scenery,  on,  go6,  937 

Forsyth's  level  and  plumb-rule,  543 

Fossil  coniferous  fruits,  new,  8 

Foxglove,  the,  11,  45 

Frailejon,  1043 
France,    education    in, 
cold  weather  in,  462 
French   Beans,    1166  ; 
1231 


1065  ;  effects  of  severe 
Osborn's  early   forcing, 


French  Horticulturists'  Relief  Fund,  45,  424 
Fritillarias,  notes  on,  833,  909 
Frogmore  Early  Bigarreau  Cherry,  255 
Frost,  Mr.  P.,  complimentary  dinner  to,   14S6  ; 

testimonial  to,  1618,  1686 
Frost  and  the  fruit,  the,  1194 
Fruit  and  vegetables  at  the  Birmingham  show, 

868 
Fruit  crops,  the,  i  ig8  ;  on  the  future  of  our.  936  ; 

in  Scotland,   1166;  ubulated  report  of   the 

condition  of  the,  1131  ;  remarks  on  the,  1134 
Fruit  growing  in    England,  neglect  of.  109  ;  in 

orchard-houses  at  Sawbridgeworlh,  1202 
Fruit  houses,  Ayrcs'  expanding,  704 
Fruit,  on  the  influence  of  foreign  pollen  on  the 

form  of  the,  336,  i486 
Fruit,  leaves  lor  dishing  Up,  40,  iia,  146,  i8« 

»>7*  334/  439 


lS72.] 


Index. 


(  The  Gardeners'  Chronicle  ) 
t  and  Agricultural  Gazette.  J 


Fruit,  how  to  make  the  most  of  our,  1165 
Fruits,    new    of    1S71,    39  ;    Prof.     Dc     Bary's 

observations  on  the  bloom  of,  539 
Fruits,  their  structure,  705 
Fuchsia    Riccartoni,    11,    44  ;     hedges    of,    at 

Valentia,  969  ;  Sunray,  1423 
Fumigation,  tobacco  for,  iSi 
Fungi,    edible,    834  ;    a  case  of  luminosity   in, 

12^7,    1389,   1327;    nutritive   value  of,    570: 

poisoning  by,  126; 
Fungus   in   the    Coffee  plantations  in  Ceylon, 

425  ;    destruction    by,    in     Russia.    45  ;    the 

Orange,   1292  ;    on    the  roots  of  a  Pear   tree, 

40  ;  spa\vn,  effect  of,  on  trees,  504  ;  on  trees, 

256 
Fungus  Exhibition,    the,    1329 ;   meeting    and 

exhibition  at  Hereford,  1392  ;  at  Munich,  1693, 


Galanthi'S  plicatus,  361,  326,  427 

Galls,  exportation  of,  from  Aleppo,  1161 

Galvanised  wire.  395,  G06,  638 

Galvanism  in  plant  cases,  1557,  1651 

Garden  co-operation,  40,  146 

Garden  distilleries,  1623 

Garden  dung  and  soil  yard,  the,  iSi 

Garden    "edgings,"    7S0,    802,    834,  874;    as  a 

watering  apparatus,  637 
Garden  frame,  Horley's,  252  ;  Voice's,  1554 
Garden  literature,  originality  in,  218 
Garden  pots,  12,  1491,  1525 

Garden  products  and  their  cooking,  73,  iSo,  255 
Garden    Memoranda  ; — Aston  Lower   Grounds, 
Birmingham,    1363  ;  Castlewctlan,  co.    Down, 
Ireland,     1170;    Messrs.     Cutbush    it    Son's 
Nurseries,     Highgate,     39S  :      the     Fairfield 
Nurseries,  511  ;    Glasnevin   Botanic    Garden, 
257;  Hale    Farm    Nursery,    1496;  Heckficld 
Place,  1457  ;  Miss  Hope's  new  spring  garden, 
469;  Ladd's  Nursery.   Bexley  Heath,    101 1  ; 
ftlr.     Laxton's    garden    at    Stamford,     1594  ; 
Meadow     Bank.     Uddingstone,     1561  ;     Mr. 
Prince's  Rose  grounds  at  Oxford,  1330;  fruit 
growing     at     Sawbridgeworth,     1202  ;    Sister 
House.  Clapham  Common,  145S  ;  Victoria  and 
Paradise  Nursery,  641,  737  ;  Worksop  Manor, 
Notts,  1362,  1624 
Garden  Walks,  tile  and  other  edgings  for,  940 
Garden  ■walls,  670 
Gardens  and  gasworks,  1553 
Gardens,    public  and  private,  on  the   manage- 
ment of,  1Z04 
Gardeners  and  gardening,  Scotch,  461 
Gardeners,  and  their  advisers,   139;    a  word  of 
caution  to,    i6qi  ;    on   consulting   with,    769 ; 
examination    of,    40  ;    examinations     by    the 
Society  of    Arts,  programme   for   the,  1521  ; 
residences,  697  ;  taxes  on,  1105.  1136;  wages, 
462,  542 
Gardeners'    Royal   Benevolent   Institution,    73, 

S29.  902 
Garrj'a  clHptica,  324 ;  fruiting  at  Weston-super- 
Mare.  1002 
Gastronema  sanguineum  flammeum,  8 
General  Pleasanton's  experiments  with  coloured 

light,  396 
Gentiana  acaulis,  428 
Geology  in  relation  to  plant  life,  537 
Geonomas,  notes  on,  78 
Gcrardia  quercifolia.  42  ;  Pedicularia,  43 
Germination,  the  influence  of  light  on,  703 
Ghent,  the  school  of  horticulture  at,  1387 
Gibson,  Mr.  John,  portrait  and  memoir  of,  865 
Gilbert's  amateurs  improved  handlight,  42S,  509, 
1455 ;     Grape    exhibition    case,    252 ;     thrips 
wash,  1129 
Gilia  liniflora,  8,  394 
Girth,  increase  of,  in  old  stumps,  1455 
Gladiolus  purpureo-auratus,  1128  ;  Saundersii,  8 
Gladiolus,  the,  in  1871,  257 
Gladiolus  disease,   the,  668,  695.  734,  767  ;  and 

Dutch  bulbs,  734 
Glasgow-,  the  international  fruit  and  flower  show 

at.  1223,  1232,  1264 
Glasnevin  Botanic  Garden,  the  257  ;  on  the  cul- 
ture of  Nepenthes  at,  359 
Glazing,  dry  v.  putty,  763     ' 
Glazing  hothouses,  some  remarks  on  the  modern 

system  of,  601 
Gleichenias,  on  the  culture  of,  1622 
Gloneria  jasminiflora.  7 
Glyptostrobus  pendulus,  1128 
Godwinia  gigas  in  flower,  1651 
Golden  Champion  Vine,  disease  in  a,  570 
Government  in  gardens,  the  evils  of  excessive, 

1006,  1071 
Grafting  Eignonia  radicans  on  Catalpa,  141 
Grafting  :  its  consequences  and  eflects,  215,  322, 

360;  Prof.  Koch's  observations  on,  1618 
Grantham  and  South  Lincolnshire  Horticultural 

Society,  391 
Grape,    the    Barbarossa,    1359,     1527  ;    on    the 
origin  of  the  Barbarossa,  1624  ;  Black  Prince, 
217;  Black  Victoria,  or  Victoria  Hamburgh, 
J391  ;    the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,    1006,    1291, 
1560,  1040  ;  the  Golden  Champion,  1560  ;  the 
Gros    Colman,    T295,    1326,   1359,  1391,  1457  ; 
^Gros  Colman  and  Gros  Guillaume,  1391 ;  the 
Gros  Colman  and  Royal  Albert,    1656  ;  Gros 
Guillaume,   1528;    Madrcsfield    Court,    1294; 
the  Pennington  Hall  Hamburgh,    1359  ;    the 
Seacliffe    Black,    1492;   the    Sultana,    77;    a 
strange,  1456;  the  Waitham  Cross,  1355 
Grape  exhibition  case,  Gilbert's,  253 
Grape  growers,  a  question  for,  1394 
Grape  nomenclature,  1560 
Grape  rail,  Kemp's  registered,  429 
Grapes,   keeping,   28S,   362,  1591  ;   keeping   in 

bottles  of  water,  769,  804  ;  on  walls,  looS 
Grasses,  on  the  colour  of  the  anthers  of,  543  ; 
hardy,  for  planting  near  a  lake,  333 ;  orna- 
mental, 1034 
Grass  and  roads  in  Paris,  method,  of  watering, 

Gravitation  of  fluids,  draught  in  chimneys,  &c. 

1357.  1718 
Gray,  Dr.  Asa,  portrait  and  memoir  of,  1421 
Gray,  Mr.  S.  F. ,  death  of,  430  .         , 

Greece,  spring  in,  703 
Grecian  Archipelago,  spring  in  the,  735 
Greenhouse  climbers,  outdoor  borders  for,  735 
Greenhouse  plants,  watering,  146 
Greenhouse  shading,  643 


Green's  patent  duplicate  boilers,  1356 

Greviltea  intricata,  505  ;  macrostylis,  505 

Grevillea,  Mr.  M.  C.  Cooke's,  934 

Grimston  plant  protectors,  the.  803 

Grindstone,  hints  how  to  use  a,  1171 

Gris,  M.,  death  of,  1193 

Gros  Colmar  or  Gros  Colman,  1721  1 

Growth,  alternations  and  arrest  of,  107 

Guaco,  concerning,  943 

Guaduas,  note  on,  976 

Guano,  364 

Gumming  of  Peach  trees  v.  galvanised  wire,  606 

Gutta  percha,  where  the  supplies  of,  come  from, 

^425 

Gymnadenia  conopsea,  835 

Gymnogramma  decomposita,  1587 


H. 


H.«MARiA  discolor  var.  Dawsoniana,  321 
Hamamelis  virginica,   on  the  contraction    exhi- 
bited by  seeds  of,  1225,  1456 
Hampstead  Heath,  40 
Headcorn  Oak,  the.  1655 
Heating  by  the  tank  system,  44,  77 
Heckfield  Place,  the  gardens  at,  1457,  1524 
Hedges,  a  new  mode  of  laying,  1422 
Helichrysum,  to  preserve,  329 
Helleborus  leaves  for  dishing  up  fruit,  324 
Helleborus,    unseasonable    flowering    of,    908 ; 

raising  from  seed,  255 
Hcmitelia  Moorei,  352 
Henderson,  Mr.  J.  A.,  death  of,  80 
Herbaceous  reaction,  the,  1193 
Hereford,   fungus    meeting    and  exhibition   at,' 

1392 
Herefordshire,    notes  of  a  trip  through,    14*1, 

Heterodera  Schachtti,  1590 
Hickory  at  Dulwich,  1392 
Highways,  encroachments  on,  iSr 
Hillfield,  near  Reigatc,  1557,  1621 
Histological  notes,  182 

Holliday's  system  of  wiring  garden  walls.  13S7 
Holly  stealing,  to  prevent,  12 
Holly,  Waterer's  variegated,  1590 
Honey-dew,  another  view  of  the  origin  of,  609  ; 
Boubsingault's  memoir  on  the  production  of, 
468,  509 
Hooker,  Lady,  death  of,  1427 
Horley's  garden  frame,  252 
Home,  Esq.,  C.  death  of,  470 
Horse  Chestnuts,  early.  1358 
Horticultural  subscription   rooms,    Kettelwell's 

864 
Horticulture,  on  the  progress  of  practical,  935  ; 

scientific  aspect  of,  871 
Hothouses,  remarks  on  the  modem  system  of 

glazing,  601 
Hot-water  heating  apparatus,  a  new,  251 
Hot-water  pipes,  cleaning  out.  289 
Hoyle,  Mr.  G.  \V.,  death  of,  737 
Hudson,  Mr.  S.,  death  of,  1660 
Hugo  von  Mohl,  Prof,  death  of,  578 
Humming-bird  hawk  moth,  the.  574 
Hyacinth  culture  in  glasses,   1292  ;  in  windows, 

255 
Hyacinths,  tying  up,  290 
Hyacinthus  candicans,  1099.  1136 
Hybridisation,  1321  ;  Dr.  Denny  on,  1224,  1263 
Hybridism  v.  mimicry,  671 
Hydrangea  Otaksa,  1194 
Hydrophobia,  secret  remedies  for,  1451 
Hydropyrum  latifolium  as  a  vegetable,  G33 
Hydroscopy,  or  subterranean  hydrology,  703 


Keele  Hall,  the  gardens  at,  109;  the'Peach 
houses  at,  140 

Kempe's  registered  Grape  rail,  429 

Kettelwell's  horticultural  subscription  rooms, 
864 

Kew,  report  of  the  director  on  the  Royal  Gar- 
dens, 631 

Kew,  Cinchona  in  India,  &c..  1136 

Kew  Gardens  case,  the,  933,  939,  967.  1001, 
1068,  1097.  1128;  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
1065  ;  Blue  Book,  1033  ;  the  Treasury  minute, 
1034  ;  directorate,  1073,  1040  ;  management  of, 
1104  ;  and  their  director,  974  (see  Ayrton) 

Kew  herbarium,  number  of  flowering  plants 
preserved  in  the,  1389 

Keynes,  Mr.  John,  complimentary  dinner  to, 
1192,  i486 

Kidney  Beans,  preserved,  219 

Kingston,  Mr.  R.  C,  death  of,  876 

Kitchen  garden,  extent  of  a,  for  a  family  of  25, 
1973 

Kniphofia  pr£eco.\,  394 

Knowsley,  changes  in  the  management  of  the 
gardens  at,  14S6 


,  1522  ;  tcrta-cotta,  1592 


425, 


1457 


.  1391 


Ice,  how  to  have  it  all  the  year  round,  1623 
Ice-making  in  the  tropics,  216 
Ilex  Aquifolium  hastata,  1226 
India,  on  the  gardens  and  forests  of,  9  ;  on  the 
geographical  distribution  of  forests  in,  1290  ; 
Tea  cultivation  in,  357 
Indian  forests,  heights  of  trees  in,  1522 
India-rubber  industry  at  Natal,  the,  i486 
Indrajab  and  Kurchi,  12 
Ingram,  Mr.  T.,  death  of,  364 
Ink  for  zinc  labels,  514 
Insecticide,  parafiin  as  an,  769,  803,  834 
Insects  shaped  by  the  seeds  of  flowers,  1332 
International  Exhibition,  opening  of  the  second, 

602 
International  fruit   show,  the  late,    1528,    1657, 

i6gi 
Invention,  a  Yankee,  1695 
lonopsidium  acaule,  1436 
Ipecacuanha,  Prof.    Balfour  on  the   fruiting  of, 

424  ;  culture  of  in  India,  538,  1322 
Iriartea  gigantea,  1105 
Irish  Yew,  a  fine,  734  ;  from  seed,  606 
Iris  Robinsoniana,  393 
Ironwood  tree  and  the  parasite,  1526 
Isle  of  Man,  vegetation  in  the,  1657 
Isotites,  notes  on  the  stem  of,  182 
Italy,  spring  on  the  eastern  coast  of,  639 
Ivery,  Mr.  James,  death  of,  1075 
Ivy,   large   stem  of,  at   Kenilworth,    1294  ;  the 
common  British,  1135  ;  monograph  on,  noticed 
1685 
Ivy  trees,  large,  1493 
Ixora  Williamsii  and  Prince  of  Grange,  641 


Japanese  decoration,  1386 

Japan  Flax,  1534.  1592 

Jameson,  Professor.  M.D.,  of  Quito,  1622 

Jardin  des  Plantes,   the  condition  of  the,  1419  ; 

and  Paris  flower  markets,  1263 
Jenner,  Mr.  E.,  death  of,  ^98 
Judges,    rules    for  the  guidance   of,     508 ;    the 

entertainment  of,  1262 
Juniperus    chinensia    atirsl,    d^    n93 ;    txcolsa 

atncu,  1093 


L.A.8EL  for  trees,  a  nc 

for  plants,  1720 
Lachenalias,  on  the  culture  of,  290 
Ladybirds  from  Collioure,  143 
L^lia  autumnalis  var.,    1009;  Jongheana, 

i"37 

Laird,  Mr.  W.  P.,  death  of,  1169 
Lamium  album,  a  variegated  variety  of,  1003 
Lampronia  rubiella,  607 
Lapageria  alba,  1288 
Lasiandra    macrantha,    1 359,    1 39 1,    1423, 

macrantha  floribunda,  1560 
Lathyrus  latifolius  var.,  1166 
Laurels,  comparative  hardiness  of  ccrlain. 
Lavender  country,  the,  1489 
Lawn-mower,  the  Archimedean,  603 
Lawn-mowers,   834  ;    caution  to    users  of,  146  ; 

and  lawn  mowing,  802 
Leaf-buds,  replacement  of,  by  flower-buds,  539 
Leaves    for  dishing  up  fruit,    40,  112,  146,  180, 
217,  324,  429  ;  on  the  amount  of  evaporat.on 
from  the  surface  of,  904  ;  skeleton,   1295  ;  va- 
riegated, 217 
Leghorn,  condition  of  industrial  classes  in,  1457 
Leguminosse,  notes  on  some  members  of  the  nat. 

ord. ,  634 
Leicester  Square,  the  riderless  horse  in,  697 
Lepidozamia  Peroffskiana,  394 
Lettuces,  1040,  1071, 1165,  1199  ;  sumnier,  1166  ; 

notes  of  a  small  trial  of,  1008 
Level  and  plumb-rule,  Forsyth's,  543 
Libonia  floribunda,  i8r 

Lichens  and  Algse,  curious  analogies  which  exist 
between  many  young  states  of,  770  ;  on  the 
gonidia  of,  463 
Licuala  peltata,  1657 
Lightbody,  Mr.  G.,  death  of,  838 
Lightning,  remarks  on  a  Beech  tree  struck  by, 
13 ;     Beech    trees   struct   by,    45  ;    Professor 
Caspary  on  the  eff'ects  of,  on  trees,  12S7 
Lilies,  hardiness  of,  638;  in  New  Jersey,  134 
Lilium  auratum,   the  perfume  of,    obnoxious  to 

flies,  1161  ;  propagation,  325 
Lilium  auratum,  1105,  1230,  1360;  californicum, 
835;  giganteuni  at  Gordon  Castle,  934;  longi- 
florum  Wllsoni,    607  ;    Roezlii  (syn.  L.    cana- 
dense  var.  Hartwegii),  904  ;  speciosum,  1522  ; 
Thomsonianum,  M.   Duchartre  on  the  struc- 
ture   of  the  bulb  of,    1355  ;    Thunberglanum, 
1356  ;  Washing  ton  ianum,  1586 
Lily  bulbs,  hardiness  of  many,  53S 
Lime  trees,  tall,  near  Canterbury,  1360 
Lindley  and  Hutton's  "  Fossil   Flora   of  Great 

Britain,"  251 
Lindley  medal,  the,  1230 
LInum  campanulatum,  8 
Liparis  Saunderslana,  1003 
Lisianthus  princeps,  1:63 
Listrostachys  cephalotes,  1687 
Lithospermum    Gastoni,    8,     394 ;    prostiatum 

1035 
Lobelia  fulgens,  propagating,  1492 
Lockhartia  amosna,  666 
Lombardy  Poplar,  origin  of  the,  1652 
Lonicera  Standishii,  217 
Lord  Howe's  Island,  113  ;  Ferns  of,  252 
Lothair's  Botany,  1006 

Lucuma  obovata  fruiting  at  Glasnevin,  1074 
Luminosity  in  fungi,  1257,  1289,  1327 
Lycaste  lasioglossa,  215 
"  Lychees,"  185 
Lychnis   chalccdooica   fl.     pi.  ;     dioica    (vcsper- 

tina)  fl.  j)l.  alba,  1457 
Lyons  exhibition,  the,  253 


Melchct  Court  :  destruction  of  by  fiie,  1066 

Medals,  the  "  Seedsmen's,"  329 

Melon,  the  Colston  Bassett  green-fleshed,  1166  ; 
Gilbert's  Hybrid  Cashmere,  72 ;  Ward's 
Netted  scarlet-flesh,  112 

Memorial  of  the  Prince  Consort,  902 

Men  and  women  stokers,  219 

Menispermum  dioicum,  what  is,  1192 

Meres  of  Shropshire,  notes  on  the,  13 

Mesembryanthemums,  notes  on,  325  :  bedding, 
^559  ... 

Mesospinidium  vulcanicum,  393 

Mignonette,  new  varieties  of,  284 

Milla  capitatd,  505 

Mimicry  in  plants,  141 

Mimosa,  effect  of  green  light  on  the  sensitive- 
ness of,  284 
Mistleto,  curious  legend  connected  with,  1686 
M'Keith,  Mr.,  presentation  to,  73 
Momordica  Balsamina,  1105 
Moosewood  fibre,  1171 
More,  Sir  Thomas,  and  his  garden,  706 
Mormodes  fractiflexum,  141 
Moscow,  gardening  notes  from,  45,  1200 
Mueller.    Baron    v.,    on  forest  culture,  43,  no; 

scientific  labours  of,  633 
JMulberrics.  propagating,  1327 
Mulberry  trees,  1007 

Mulching,  the  utility  of,  in  dry  summers,  322 
Munich,  fungus  exhibition  at,  1693 
Muntingia,  on  the  fibre  in  the  stem  of,  183 
Mushrooms,  French,  570 
Myosotis  dissitifiora,  362,  428,  508 


N. 


Naphtha  a  remedy  for  ants,  1623 
National  thanksgiving  ceremony,  the,  2S3 
Natural  science  ctammations  at  Oxford,  761 
Nature,  protective  resemblances  in,  1528 
Nectarine,  a  seedling,  from  Mr,  Rivers,  1258 
Neil  bequest,  the,  voted  to  Mr.  A.  Turnbull, 

538 
Neilson,  Esq.,  James,  death  of,  183 
Ncmophila  insignis,  77,  112 
Nepenthes,  on  the  culture  of,  at  Glasnevin,  359  ; 

on  the  cultivated  species  of^,  540 
Nepenthes    Rafflesiana,  and    its  culture,    1164; 

Sedeni,  7 
Newark  Gooseberry  Society,   1129 
New  Caledonia,  the  Sugar-cane  in,  1529,  1593 
New  Forest,  on    the  proposed  inclosure  of  the, 

71-  77 
New  York,  effects  of  severe  frosts  in  March  on 

plants  at,  S04 
New  Zealand,  autumn  the  season  for  transplant- 
ing in,  357  ;  science  in,  426 
New  Zealand  Flax,  1266 
Nosegays,  323 

Nova  Scotia,  gardening  notes  from,  1105 
Nut,  purple-leaved,  539 
Nut-bearing  trees  of  the  East,  1035 
Nuts,   something  about,    1487  :  illustrations   of 

twelve  varieties  of,  1488 
Nurserymen  and  the  income-tax,  223  ;  and  their 

packing,  1657 
Nurserymen,    Florists'   and  Market  Gardener's 

Association,  140 


O. 


Maackia  ainureiisis,  S 

Macrochloa  tenacisslma,  41 

Macrozamia  spiralis,  on  the  poisonous  qualities 

of  the  seeds  of,  213 
Macroglossa  stellatarum,  574 
Madresfield  Court,  notes  about,  764 
Magnolia  Campbellii,  rapid  growth   of,     1386; 

conspicua  at  Hatfield  House,  463 
JVIaize  from  the  Cordilleras,  logS 
Manchester,    i>roposed    International    Horticul- 
tural   Exhibition   at,    1353,    1422  :    a    marine 

aquarium  for,  571 
Maranta  Ma2ellii,  7  ;  Seemanni,  325 ;  Vuitchii, 

325,  362,  1392 
Market  gardeners,  a  strike  among,  863 
Market  gardening,  1454 

Marks.  Mr.  Eugene,  Russian  awards  to,  730 
Martinezia  caryotasfolia,  tSr  ;  erosa,  1296 
Masdevallia     chimfera,    463 ;     coriacca,     1067  ; 

ignea,    545  ;    Ignea  var.    Marshalliana,    571  ; 

macrodactyla,  571 
Masdevallias,  new,  7 

Mats,  how  they  are  made  in  America,  iSo 
McKen,  Mr.  M.  J.,  death  of,  806 
Mealy-bug  and  its  eradicatiooj  ic^ 


Oak,  the  Headcorn,  1655 
CEnanthe  crocata,  poisoning  by,  S63,  934 
Obituary  :  — Buckley,  Mr.  T.,  1011  ;  Chcere, 
Rev.  Frederick,  1723  ;  Cole,  Joha  and 
Elizabeth,  1460  ;  Durrant,  Mr.  E.,  546  ; 
Ellis,  Kev.  William.  806:  Gray,  Mr.  S.  F., 
430:  Henderson,  Mr.  J.  A.,  80;  Hooker, 
Lady,  1427;  Home,  Esq.,  C,  470;  Hoyle, 
Mr.  G.  W.,  737;  Hudson,  Mr.  S.,  1660; 
Hugo  von  Mohl,  578  ;  Ingram,  Mr.  Thomas, 
364  ;  Ivery,  Mr,  James,  1075  ;  Jenner, 
Mr.  E.,  398:  Kingston,  Mr.  R.  C,  876: 
Laird,  Mr.  W.  P.,  1170;  McKen,  Mr.  Mark 
John,  806;  Neilson,  Esq.,  James,  183; 
Oersted,  Prof,  1354;  Osborn,  Mr.  Thomas, 
147;  Osbom,  Mr.  William,  328;  Parsons,  Mr. 
G.,  1171  ;  Ramsay,  Mr.,  ion;  Renter,  M., 
73S  ;  Rose,  Mr.  Hector,  806  ;  Sage,  Mr. 
Emanuel,  806;  Sidney,  Rev,  Edwin,  1460: 
Small,  Mr.  L.  W.,  1594;  Spring,  Dr.,  147; 
Taylor,  Mr.  Francis,  1202  ;  Welwltsch,  Dr. 
F.,  1426;  Wight,  Dr.  R.,  F.R.S.,  731; 
Wooley,  Mr.,  147  ;  Young,  Mr.  G.,  706 
Octomena  tricolor,  1035 

Odontoglossum  Alexandrse,  abnormal  flower  of, 
53S  ;  Andersonianum,  41  ;    X  Coradinei,  1068  ; 
crispum,    361 ;  grande   var.    splendens,    1290  ; 
odoratum     var.     striatum,    667  ;    Pescatorei, 
1073  ;  Phal^enopsis,  a  fine  specimen  of,  831  ; 
puruni,    1323  :    ringens,    1035 ;    spilotanthum, 
731  ;     stenochilum.     969 ;      tripudians,     var. 
oculatum,  393  ;    ulopterum,  731  ;  vexillarium 
667 
Odours  of  flowers,  1171 
Oersted,  Prof.,  death  of.  1354 
Ohio  Squash,  the.  1528 
Olearia  Haastii,  1194 

Olive,  on  the  cultivation  of  the,  near  Ventlmlg- 
ha,  1420  ;  a  fruit  of,  ripened  at  Clapham,  1521 
Olive  oil,  on  the  production  of,  in  Syria,  1355 
Oncidium  aimulum,  798  ;    alcicorae,  969 ;  andi- 
genum,    539 ;    crispum   var.    sublaeve,     1290 ; 
cucullatum,  &c.,  539  ;  flexuosum  var.  radiatum, 
358  ;    insculptum,    1035  ;    macranthum,  1039  ■ 
Marshal  I  ianum,  575;    superbiens,  904  ;  zebri- 
num,  1355,  1391 
On  the  way,  732,  764,  799 
Ophioglossum  vulgatum,  1392 
Opium  culture  in  Victoria,  570 
Orange  culture  in  Sicily,  171S 
Orchard-houses  and  the  frost,  577,  607 
Orchid  cultivation,  290,  3-4 
Orchid  growers'  meteorology,  325 
Orchid,  pentandrous,  1591 
Orchid  tuber,  the  life  history  of  the.  603 
Orchids,  British,   574;  on  the  culture  of  terres- 
trial, 60s  :  double,  538  ;  In   the   East  Indies, 
182  :  in  flower  in  December,  a  list  of.    1618, 
1651,    1720;    specimens   of,  732;  the  Surrey, 
542,  670,  702.  734  ;  winter  treatment  of,i392 
Orchis,  the  snipe,  1009 
Osborn,  Mr,  Thomas,  death  o^  147.  18a 
Osborn,  Mr,  William,  death  oi,  328 


r 


T  Ti  (  I'hc  Gavdeners'  Chronicle  ) 

*^  ^  \  and  Agricultural  Gazette,  f 


Index. 


[December  28,   1872. 


Osborn,  the  brothers,  395 

Oxalis.  sensitive,  from  Angola,  1419 

Oxford  Botanic  Garden,  notes  on  the,  732 

Oxford,  examinations  in  the    School  of  Natural 

Science  at,   761  ;  Mr.    Prince's  Rose  grounds 

at,  1331 


Packington  Park,  Warwick,  1419 

Palmetto,  the  emblctn  of  the  state  of  South 
Carolina,  176 

Palm,  the  wax,  364 

Palms,  dwarf,  iSi  ;  in  the  open  air,  972,  1007 

Pampas  grass,  the,  1457 

Panama  hats,  320 

Pansies,  bedding,  940,  1263 

Papilionacea;,  Rev.  T.  H.  Farmer  on  the  floral 
arrangement  of  several  of  the,  1450 

ParafTm  as  an  insecticide,  769,  803,  834 

Parentage  in  flowering  plants,  on  the  relative  in- 
fluence of,  872,  904 

Paris,  parks,  squares,  and  gardens  of,  362  ; 
details  of  the  siege  and  revolution  in,  108  ; 
gardening  notes  from,  1329:  method  of  water- 
ing grass  and  roads  in,  635  ;  re-appearance  of 
a  fuic  Cedar  in,  1387  ;  trees  of  Liberty  in,  251 

Parks  and  Gardens'  Bill,  319 

Parsnips,  361 

Parsons,  Mr.  G.,  death  of,  1171 

Passion-flowers,  398 

Paullinia  thalictrifolia,  7,  554,  669 

Peaches,  Early  Beatrice  and  Early  Louise,  1323  ; 
Early  Rivers,  1262 

Peach,  the  Salway,  1456  ;  the  yellow,  or  SL 
Helena,    1042  ;    the  cause  of  yellows   in  the, 

323 
Peach  housB  at  Kecle  Hall,  110 
Peaches  and  Nectarines,  remarks  on,  576 
Peach  trees,  M,  Prillieux  on  the  blister  in,  1067  ; 

disease  in,  544 
Peaches,  gumming  of.  802;  gumming   of  7'.  gal- 
vanised wire,  574,  606,  670,  701,  734 
Peach  trees,  insects  resembling  the  Phylloxera 

on  the  roots  of,  1074 
Pear,  Belle  Angcvinc,  607  ;    Prince    Napoleon, 

289 
Pear  Leach,  the,  1263 
Pear  leaf  S3 wfly,  the,  1167 
Pears,  new,  256,  288,   361  ;  change  of  quality  in 

certain,  1354 
Pear  tree  roots,  fungus  on,  40 
Pear  tree,  unseasonable  flowering  of  the,  12 
Pea,  the    British   Queen,    1560 ;    Emerald  Gem, 
1527,     1618,    1658 :    Veitch's    Perfec  tion    and 
the  Prince,    1693;    Laxton's    Harbinger    and 
Omega,    1007  ;    Superlative,  1360  ;   Williams' 
Emperor  of  the    Marrows,  1359, '1493,  1527; 
G.  F.  Wilson,  1692 
Peas,  the  battle  of  the,  1587  :  trial  of  at  Seaham 
Hall,  1072  ;  Mr.    Standish's   new,   934  ;    Lax- 
ton's  new,  1199 
Peatbogs,  Mr.  G.  H.  Kinahan  on,  634 
Pedlars,  duties  of,  610 
Peel's  Parsley  leaf,  634 
Pegs  for  Roses,  146 
Pelargonium,  bedding,  1456;  Forbury  seedling, 

1231  ;  Marie  Lemoine,  78 
Pelargonium,  bronze  ivy-leaved,  762 
Pelargonium,  Lady  Mary  Hay,  1231 
Pelargoniums,  the  Empereur  des,  974,  1007 
Pelargonium.s,  zonal,  Mr,    Pearson's  prizes  for, 
1355.    1386,    1493,    1651 ;     zonal,    beauty  and 
usefulness  of,  1529;  zonal,  as  standards,  36( 
428,  508;  pyramid,  1423,  1691  ;  double  white 
zonal,  634  ;  Mr.  Laxton's  double  dwarf,  1327, 
1331 
Pentstemon    Jaffrayanus,  702  :    Menziesii    var. 

Robinsoni,  969 
Pepinia  aphelandrtcflora,  494 
Perennials,  late    blooming,  at   the    Hale  Farm 

Nurseries,  1496 
Pescatorca  Dayana,  1619 
Peziza  Chateri,  9  ;  Bullii,  1623 
Phalsenopsis  Veitchiana,  935 
Phaius  Bensonia;  var.  Marshalliae,  S35  ;    Mar- 
shal lias,  7 
Phsedranassa  Carmioli,  394 
Philadelphus  rubricaulis,  8 
Philadelphus  growing  wild  near  Tivoli,  1592 
X  Philageria  Veitchii,  358 
Phlox  Drummondii,  on  the  varieties  and  culture 

of,  364 
Phloxes  for  pot  culture,  notes  on,  1074 
Phylloxera  vastatrix,  1041,    1653;  M.  Planchon 

on  the,  1652  ;  in  Portugal,  1004 
Picea    amabilis,    286 ;    bracteata,    286 ;    cepha- 
lonica,    393  ;     cilicica,     394  ;    grandis,     394  ; 
Lowii,  394;  magnifica,  394,  575;  nobilis,  605  ; 
Nordmanniana,  700  ;  pectmata  pendula,  700  ; 
Pindrow.  700 ;  Pinsapo,  700  ;    religiosa,  701  ; 
Wcbbiana,  973 
Pine-apple,  the  Prince  Albert,  1693 
Pine  growing  in  a  small  area,  tt^ 
Pines,  on  the  thickened  cells  \\\  the  leaves  of 

Pmus  austriaca,  973:  Balfouriana,  973;  Ben- 
thamiana,  973;  brutia,  1070;  Cembra,  973; 
contorta,  1070  ;  excelsa,  1070 ;  Hartwegii, 
1070:  insignis,  1070,  1136;  Jeffreyii,  1071; 
koraiensis,  1071  ;  Lambertiana,  1071  ;  Lam- 
bertiana,  coning  of,  at  Dropmore,  1166: 
Laricio,  1163  ;  Lindleyana,  1163  ;  macrocarpa, 
1164  ;  Mughus,  1164  ;  muricata,  1164  ;  monti- 
cola,  1071  ;  parviflora,  1326  ;  ponderosa, 
1326 :  pyrcnaica,  1326  ;  Sabiniana,  1326  ; 
taurica  or  Pallasiana,  1326  ;  Sinclairii,  255  ; 
tuberculata.  1490 

Plane  trees  on  the  Thames  Embankment,  the, 
1529 

Plantain  fibre  as  a  substitute  for  silk  in  carpet 
weaving,  798 

Plant  cases,  galvanism  in,  1557 

Plant  labels,  1522,  1592,  1720 

Plant  life,  geology  in  relation  to,  537  ;  growth, 
571  ;  root  action,  698 ;  food  of  plants — soil, 
155s 

Plant  protectors,  portable,  or  anti-cloches,  575  ; 
the  Grimston,  803 

Plant  stages,  508 

Plant  structure,  a  tiny,  1302 

Planting  at  St.  Thomas'  Hospital,  176 
Plants,   new  garden,  described  : — Acampe  den- 
tata,  1652  ;  Acineta  Humboldti  var.  straminea, 
1003 ;  Acrostichum  Prestoni,   1535  ;    Aerides 


HouUetianum,  1194  ;  Albuca  abyssinica,  392; 
Alocasia  Marshallii,  801  ;  Alsophila  sagit- 
tifolia,  253  ;  A.  Scottiana,  690  ;  Angrsecum 
articulatum,  73  ;  Asparagus  setniopicus  terni- 
folius,  1588:  Batemania  Burtii,  1099;  Catase- 
tumochraceum,i7i8  ;  C.  scurra,  1003  ;  Catlleya 
velutina,  1259  ;  Cceliopsis,  n.  gen.  Orchid,  9  ; 
Corynostylis  Hybanthus  (albiflora,)  1259  ; 
Dendrobium  amethystoglossum,  109  ;  D.  rho- 
docentrum,  426  ;  Deparia  ncphrodioides,  253  ; 
Epidendrum  advena,  1 194  ;  E.  nocturnum, 
699,  763  :  E.  pseud-cpidendrum,  763  ;  Eria 
Bcrringtoniana,  666  ;  Eulophia  scripta,  1003  ; 
Gymnogramma  decoinposita,  1587;  Ha;maria 
discolor  van  Dawsoniana,  321  ;  Hemitelia 
Moorei,  252  ;  Iris  Robinsoniana,  393  ;  La:lia 
Jonghcana,  425  ;  Liparis  Saundersiana,  1003  ; 
Listrostachys  cephaloles,  T687 ;  Lockhartia 
amrena,  666  ;  MasdevalHa  chimaera,  463  ;  M. 
coriacea,  1067  ;  M.  ignea  var.  Marshalliana, 
571  ;  M.  macrodactyla,  571  ;  Mesospinidium 
vulcanicum,  393  ;  Mormodes  fractiflexum,  141; 
Octomeria  tricolor,  1035 ;  Odontoglossum 
Andersonianum,  41  :  xO.  Coradinci,  1068  ;  O. 
O.  grande  var.  spiendcns,  1290;  O.  odoratum 
var.  striatum,  667  ;  O.  purum,  1323  ;  O.  ringens, 
1035  ;  O.  stenochilum,  969  ;  O.  spilotanthum, 
731  ;  O.  tripudians  var.  oculatum,  393  ;  O. 
ulopterum,  731  ;  O.  vexillarium,  667  ;  Olearia 
Haastii,  1194;  Oncidium  scmulum,  798;  O. 
alcicorne,  969  ;  O.  andigenum,  530  :  O.  cris- 
pum  var.  sublseve,  1290;  O.  cucullatum,  539; 
O.  flexuosum  var,  radiatum,  358  ;  O.  insculp- 
tum,  1035  :  O.  superbiens,  904  ;  O,  zebrinum, 
1355;  Pentstemon  Menziesii  var.  Robinsoni, 
969  ;  Pescatorea  Dayana,  1619 ;  Phalsenopsis 
Veitchiana,  935  ;  x  Philageria  Veitchii,  358  ; 
Pleurothallis  lateritia,  731  ;  Sarcanthus  macro- 
don,  1555  ;  Selaginella  Icpidophylla,  1068  ; 
Steliscanaliculata,  1718 ;  Trichoglottisfasciata, 
690  ;  Trichopilia  rostrata,  796  ;  Warrea  tri- 
color var.  stapclioides,  1652;  Zygopetalum 
lacteum,  1290 
Plants,  list  of  portraits  of  garden ; —Agave 
ixtlioides  505,  ;  Amaryllis  (Hippeastrum)  pro- 
cera,  505  ;  Androsace  camea  eximia,  394 ; 
Arissema  concinnum,  394  ;  A.  curvatum,  394  ; 
Baptisia  leucophsea,  394  ;  Bomarea  chontalen- 
sis,  505  :  Cirsium  Grahami,  394  ;  Cypripediiim 
niveum,  505;  Cyrthanthera  chrysostephana, 
505  ;  Darlingtonia  caWfornica,  505  ;  Epiden- 
drum pseudepidendrum,  505  ;  Episcia  chon- 
talensis,  505  ;  Eranthemum  cinnabarinum 
ocellatum,  505  ;  Gilia  liniflora,  394  ;  Grevillea 
intricata,  505  ;  G.  macrostyli';,  505  ;  Kniphofia 
pra;cox,  394  ;  Lepidozamia  Peroffskiana,  394  ; 
Lithospermum  Gastoni,  394  ;  Milla  capitata, 
50s  ;  Pepinia  aphelandrasflora,  394 ;  Phaidra- 
nassa,  CarmioH,  394  :  Pogogj'ue  Douglasii, 
394  ;  Portea  kcrmesina,  394  ;  Saxifraga  longi- 
folia,  394  :  Sciadocalx  digitaliflora,  394  ; 
Sedum  glandulosum,  395 ;  Tussaccia  semi- 
clausa,  395  :  tabulated  lists  of,  1620,  1654 
Plants,  absorption  of  water  by  the  leaves  of, 
1128:  British,  466,  643;  a  new  classification 
of.  1651  :  diseases  of,  1067  ;  distribution  of, 
affected  by  the  march  of  troops,  505  ;  the  best 
method  of  drying,  to  preserve  their  colours, 
839  ;  growing  on  the  site  of  the  Exhibition  of 
1862,  839  ;  hardy  at  the  Birmingham  show, 
868  ;  on  the  hybridisation  of,  1191  ;  on  sending 
by  mail,  1389  ;  mimicry  in,  141  ;  notes  on  the 
fertilisation  of,  1592  ;  new  of  1871,  7  ;  new, 
certificated  in  1871,  361;  certificated  in  1872, 
1690  ;  on  the  course  of  sap  in,  602  ;  recently 
published  portraits  of,  1620,  1654  ;  re-potting, 
834  ;  spontaneously  varying  in  size,  702  ;  stove 
and  greenhouse,  for  winter  and  spring  flower- 
ing. 293  :  variation  of,  767 
Platycerium  alcicorne,  511  ;  grande,  1623,  1693 
Platyccriums,  1137 

Platyloma  flexuosum  for  basket  culture,  1387 
Pleasanlon,    Gen, ,    experiments  with    coloured 

light,  175,  219 
Pleiones,  the,  222  ;  notes  on,  1560 
Pleurothallis  lateritia,  731 
Plums,  Bladder,  940 
Pogogync  Douglasii,  394 
Poinciana  GiUiesii,  1067 
Poinsettia   pulcherrima,    361  ;  as    a    permanent 

stove  plant,  321 
Polyanthus,  improvement  in  the,  578,  671 
Polyporus  annosus,  1289 
Poor  man's  house,  a,  837 
Poplar,  notice  of  a  slice  of  a,  growing  in  Kildare, 

291  ;  sweeping,  1592 
Portea  kcrmesina,  394 
Portugal,  appearance  of  the  new  Vine^disease  in, 

075,  1004 
Postal  cards,  halfpenny,  320 
Post  card  telegrams,  S 
Post,    how   to   send   plants   through  the,   1385  ; 

transmission  of  seeds  by,  1451 
Potato  disease,  the,  1007, 1159,  1166,  1197,  1231, 
1257,    1292  ;  Dr.    Wallace   on   the,    1225  ;    in 
France,    1258,   1337,    1360,   1390,    1423,    1450, 
1593,    1634  :    absence  of,  in  situations  affected 
by  poisonous  fumes  from  arsenic  works,  1224  ; 
Dr.    Alfred   Carpenter    on    the,    1288 ;    con- 
ditions of  Earl  Cathcart's  prize  for  an  essay  on 
the.    1554 ;    on    the    fungus    producing    the, 
119s 
Potato  starch,  how  to  save,  1198,  1295 
Potatos,    Late    Rose,    284,    1008;  early  kidney, 
1040;    American  Early  Rose,   78;    the  early 
Rose    for     forcing,     974,     1039  :      Paterson's 
Alexandra,  429,  543  ;  Red-skin  Flourball,  217, 
256,  288,  1692 
Potatos,  182  :  new,  1624,  669  ;  notes  on,   1456, 
1229;  on  drying  and  freezing,   1200;  to  pre- 
serve,   358  ;    on   the    preservation    of,     1452  ; 
securing  the  starch  from  diseased,  1200 
Pre  Catelan,  Bois  de  Boulogne,  the,  1035 
Prince  Consort  memorial,  the,  902 
Primrose,  a  monstrous,  361 
Primula  elatior,  notes  on,  428 
Primula  j-iponica,  8,  575,  670,  1200,  1528,  1587  ; 
notes  on  culture  of,  638  ;  mode  of  flowering  of, 
702;  germination  of,  1591,  1624;    the   hardi- 
ness of,  II,  78,  107  ;  a  fine  specimen  of.  607  ; 
seed  or,    908,    1040;  from  seed,    1136,    1658; 
note  from  Japan  on,  112 
Primulas,  blue,  146.  180 
Primulas,  notes  on  the  culture  of,  546 
Privet,    children    poisoned    by    the   leives     of, 

Protcaceae  in  the  British  Museum,  1289 
Protective  resemblances  in  Nature,  1528 


Pruning  coniferous  trees  and  shrubs,' 179 
Pruning,  root  and  branch,  324 
Psophocarpus  tetragonolobus,  1688 
Purple  nut,  607 

Puya  chilensis  in  the  Scilly  Isles,  1102 
Pyrus  japonica  (flowers  on  roots),  1321,  1391    _ 
Pyrus    spectabilis     Riversii,    602 ;     spectabtlis, 
roseo-plena,  320 


Q- 


QuEKCi;s  pyramidalis,  112,  181  ;  stricta,  8 


Radikh,  the  Californian  Mammoth,  1492 

Radishes,  on  raising  early  market.  471 

Rae,  Mr.  R.  G.,  testimonial  to,  730 

Rare  trees  and  plants,  607 

Regent's  Park,  the  Avenue  Gardens  in,  1197 

Rendle's  patent  houses,  1.^53 

Resinous  trees,  on  gathering  the  cones  of,  1524, 

1557 
Retinospora  filifera,    1490;    obtusa,  1490;  pisi- 

fcra,  1490 
Renter,  M-,  death  of,  738 
Rhododendron  Countess  of  Haddington,  509 
Rhododendrons,     the    great    show    of,    in    the 

Surrey  nurseries,  797 
Rhus  Osbeckii,  8 
Ridge  z/.  W.  A.  Glynn,  1587 
Robinia  Pseud-Acacia,  8 
Rochester  Castle,  the  gardens  at,  903 
Rome,  room  for  kitchen  gardens  in,  1651 
Roots,  flowers  on,  1321,  1456 
Root  and  branch  pruning,  324 
Root  pruning,  286  ;  and  fruit  thinning,  79 
Rosa  rugosa,  3 

Rose,  Mr.  Hector,  death  of,  806 
Rose,  Gloire  de  Dijon,  Mr.  Kemp's  pink   sport 

from,  1160,  1230,  1296  ;  Gloire  de  Dijon  in  the 

West  Highlands,  1560 
Rose  grafting,  1328 

Rose  stock,  the  seedling  Briar  as  a,  1235 
Rose  stock  pruner,  72 

Rosery  in  the  Adelaide  Botanic  Garden,  176 
Roses,  new,    181  ;   pegs  for,  146  ;    in  pots,  Mr. 

W.  Paul's,  730  ;  on  their  own  roots,  289  ;  wild, 

1040 
Roundhay  Park,  Leeds,  opening  of,  968,  1288 
Royal  Horticultural  Society's  meetmgs  in  the 

provinces,    11;    annual  meeting,  213;    prizes, 

1291  ;  Council-room,  1593 
Royal  Parks  and  Gardens  Bill,  313 
Rubus  laciniatus,  1258 

Rungbee  Valley,  natural  features  of  the,  1626 
Rushes  for  footstool  making,  1327,  1360,  1392 
Russian  Horticultural  Societies,  467 


Sabal  Palmetto,  the,  176 

Sage,  Mr,  E.,  death  of,  806 

Salad,  a  cheap  and  capital,  514  ;  Dr.  Kitchener's 

recipe  for  making  a,  288 
Salads  and  vegetables,  on  the  washing  of,  697 
Salix  babylonica,  China  the  home  of  the,  251  ; 

Salamonii,  1693 
Saltmarsh,  Mr.  J.,  death  of,  838 
San  Juan  Island,  1452 
Sap,    on  the  course  of,    in  plants,    602  ;  on  the 

velocity  of,  182 
Sarcanthus  macrodon,  1555 
Sarcostemma  Brunonianum,  1587 
Sardinia,  on  the  island  of,  577 
Sargent,  Mr.  W,   H.,  on  the  effect'of  frosts  on 

plants  in  America,  804 
Sarracenia  Drummondii  alba,  culture  of,  609 
Sarraccnia  flava,  note  on,  1098 
Saxifraga  longifolia,  394  ;  Maweana,  8 
Sayes  Court  Estate,  the,  1192 
Scarecrows,  1556 
bchizuphyllum  commune,  1355 
Schizostylis  coccinea,  508 
Schultz's  process,  on  a  modification  of,  182 
Scladocalyx  digitaliflora,  394 
Sciadopitys  verticillata,  1526 
Science  In  New  Zealand,  426 
Scientific  aspect  of  horticulture,  871 
Scillas,  a  study  of,  1038 
SciUec  and  Chlorogalear,  revision  of  the  genera 

and  species  of,  577 
Scilly,  gardens  of,  1102 
Scirpus  lacustris,  513 
Scolytus  destructor,  45,  78 
Scotch  gardeners,  1166  ;  and  gardening,  461 
Scotland,    plants  in   flower  in   the  north  of,  in 
January,    12;    the   weather   in     the    western 
islands  of,  176 
Scottish  Botanists'  Alpine  Club,  1128 
Seaham  Hall,  trial  of  Peas  at,  1072 
Sea   coast,    Italian  shrubs  for  the,  1073,    1137, 

1230 
Secateur  Eglantier,  72 
Sedum  glandulosum,  395 
Seeds  and  cuttings,  mode  of  transmitting,  13 
Seeds,  on  the  influence  of  wind  on  the  distribu- 
tion of,  in  mountain  regions,  143  ;  how  they 
are  sown  in  Nature,  804  ;  germinating  in    the, 
1592  ;  transmission  of,  by  post,  1528 
Seedsmen's  assisUnts,  1423,  1456,  1528 
Sefton  Park,  opening  of,  730,  1004 
Selaginella  lepidophylla,  1068 
Senccio  pulcher,  570 
Sequoia  sempervirens,  1490 

Sewage,  on  the  conversion  of,  into  cement,  697  ; 
on  the  removal  and  utilisation  of  by  carbon, 
1587 
Sewage  utilisation,    Mr.     Chadwick's    remarks 

on,  8 
Shallots,    diseased,    1294  ;  seeding,   1136,   119S; 
seeding  and  diseased,  1166  ;  raising  from  seed, 
1105 
Shelter  sheds  for  man  and  beast.  141 
Sherwood  forest,  on  the  state  of,  571 
Shrubberies,  hints  on  the  formation  and  arrange- 
ment of,  907 
Shrubs,  a  few  good,  768  ;  and  climbers,   a88  ; 
Italian,  far  the  seacoast,  107^ 


Shropshire  Meres,  notes  on  the,  13 

Sicily,  state  of  vegetation  in,  290 

Sidney,  Rev.  Edwin,  death  of,  1460 

Silkworms,  1559 

"  Silver  thaw  "  in  Newfoundland,  40 

Slugs,  1359  ;  an  antidote  for,  1327  ;  to  destroy. 

768  ;  gas-tar  and,  1295,  1326  ;  war  to  the,  735 
Smyrna,  the  spring  at,  736 
Snow,  influence  of,  on  the  temperature  of  the, 

108 
Sobralia  macrantha  albida,  7 

Societies : — 

Alexandra  District  Floral  and  Horticultural, 
1201 
Arts,  256 

Bath  and  West  of  England  Society's  flower 
show,  805 

Berks  and  Hants  Society's  flower  show,  910 
Brentwood  Horticultural,  1297 
Brighton  and  Sussex  Horticultural,  1233 
British    Gardeners'    Mutual    Improvement, 
805 

Bury  and  West  Suffolk  Horticultural,  805 
City  flower  .show,  loio 
Crystal  Palace,  673  ;  Rose  show,  975 
Dover  Horticultural,  1301 
Dundee  Horticultural,  1333 
East  London  Amateur  Florlcultural,  1106 
Edinburgh  Botanical,  13,  182,  291 
Enfield  Horticultural,  1201 
Glasgow  and   West  of    Scotland  Horticul- 
tural,   469  ;    International   Fruit  and    Flower 
Show,  1232,  1264 

Grand  Yorkshire  Floral  Fete,  943 
Grantham   and   South    Lincolnshire    Horti- 
cultural, 1010 

Hereford  Rose  show,  942 
IsleofThanet  Flora!  and  Horticultural, 1233 
Linnean,  80,  291,  577,  771,  1659 
Luton  Horticultural,  1042 
Manchester    Botanical     and   Horticultural, 
256,  396,  511.  704,  942,  1265,  1361 

Market      Gardeners,      Nurserymen,       and 
Farmers'  Association,  430,  1234,  1361 
Metropolitan  Floral,  1167 
North  of  Ireland  Horticultural,  705,  1106 
Reading  Horticultural,  736,  1201 
Royal  Botanic,    anniversary  meeting,  1097  ; 
first   spring    show,    362;    second  ditto,    510  ; 
third  ditto,  640  ;  summer  exhibitions,  705,  836, 
941 

Royal  Caledonian,  544,  1694 
Royal  Horticultural  of  Aberdeen,  1396 
Royal  Horticultural   annual    meeting,  220  ; 
meetings  of  the  Fruit  and  Floral  Committees, 
79,  221,  326,  396,  468,544,    608,  671,  770,  835, 
909,  975,  1073,    1137,    1200,    1264,    1329,  1494,- 
1625  ;  A^ter  and    Dahlia  show,  1300  ;  Azalea 
and   Auricula   show,  545  :  spring  show.  46S  ; 
second  May  show,  672  ;  show  of  dinner-table 
decorations,    672  ;    Fungus  exhibition,    1329  ; 
great  show  at    Birmingham,   866,  969  ;  great 
summer  show.    771;    second  June  show,  835  ; 
Hyacinth    show,      396 ;      International    Fruit 
show,    1494  ;    Rose    and  Azalea   show,  609  ; 
Rose  show,    910 ;    Professor  Dyer's  lectures, 
510,  577,  641,  705,  804,  836 
Royal  Horticultural  of  Ireland.  805 
Royal  National  Tulip  Show,  771 
Saffron  Walden  Horticultural,  1011 
Scottish  Arboricultural,  1529 
Scottish  Pansy,  gio 
Sevenoaks  Horticultural,  1201 
Soclcte    Royaie    d' Horticulture    d'Anvcrs, 
1138 
Stamford  Horticultural,  1265 
Trowbridge  Horticultural,  ii63 
Tunbridge  Wells  Horticultural,  975 
United  Gardeners'  Association,  S37 
West  Kent  Horticultural,  942 
Woodbridgc  Horticultural,  loii 
Woolhope  Club,  1393 
Worksop  Floral  and  Horticultural,  1234 
York  Florists,  the  Ancient  Society  of,  1297 
Soil,   influence  of  snow  on  the  temperature  of, 

108 
Song  by  a  "  noble  savage,''  976 
Sophora  japonica  pendula.  1066 
South  Italy^  vegetation  in,  544 
South  Kensington,  awards  at,  1262  ;  International 

fruit  show  at,  1485 
Spanish  Chestnuts,  mysterious  disappearance  of, 

1492 
Spanish  oyster  plant,  1456 
Species,   variation  in  relation  to   the  origin  of 

665 
Spencer,  Mr,  J.,  testimonial  to,  40 
Sphserogyne  impcrialis,  7 
Sphinctrina  coremioides,  40 
Spring,  the  advent  of,  5x3 
Spring  bedding  plants,  834 
Spring,  Dr.,  death  of,  147 
Spring  garden,  Miss  Hope's  new,  469 
Squash,  the  Ohio,  1528 
Stamford  garland  show,  666 
Stapelias,  their  culture   and  peculiarities,  937  ; 

note  on  the  fertilisation  of,  968 
St.  Denis,  Reunion,  gardening  notes  from,  430 
Stelis  canaliculata,  1718 
Stenhouse's,  Dr.,  charcoal  respirator,  1292 
St.  Helena,  on  the  marine  Algx  of  the  Island 

of,  577 
Stokers,  men  and  women,  219 
Stomata,  or  breatliing  pores,  1161 
Stock  and  scion  :  bud  propagation,  1492 
St.  Paul's,  the  decorations  at,  324 
Strawberry,  Vicomtesse  Hericarl  de  Thury,  429 
Strawberry  strike,  a,  908 
Strceter's  carriage  indicator,  152a 
Styrax  v.  Philadelphus,  1693 
Subtropical  gardening :  Palms  in  the  open  air, 

972 
Succulent  plants,  hardiness  of,  in  the  Paris  gar- 
dens, 1555 
Sugar-cane,  398  ;  in  New  Caledonia,  1529,  1593 
Sufphozone,  a  substitute  for  sulphur,  873 
Sultana  Grape,  the.  77 
Summer,  the  coming,  395  ;  the,  1199 
Sun  and  the  Rose,  the,  398 
Sundews,  fly-catching  properties  of,  252 
Surrey  Orchids,  the,  542,  670,  702,  734 
Sutton  &  Sons',  Messrs.,  seed  estabhshmcnt  and 
trial  grounds,  732  ;  and  the    Fruit  Committee, 
1720 
Swans  on  the  Thames,  1171 
Sycamore  (Acer  Pseudo-Platanus),  1624 
Sydney  seed-sower,  the,  iia 


December  28,  1872.] 


Index. 


j  The  Gardeners'  Chronicle  ) 
"(and  Agricultural  Gazette.  [ 


VI 1 


Table  decorations  at  the  Birmingham  show, 
S6g  ;  at  South  Kensington,  574,  619,  665 

xTacsoniaexoniensis,  1653,  1687  ;  moitissima,  as 
a  summer  climber,  324  ;  speciosa,  tJ ;  Van 
Volxemi  culture,  1391 

Tank  system,  heating  by  the,  44,  77 

Tanning,  imported  articles  for,  357 

Tapeinotes  CarolinEC,  975 

Taxes  on  gardeners,  1136,  1105 

Taxndium  distichum,  1526 

Taxus  and  Cupressus,  5l.  Delpino  on  the  fertili- 
sation of,  1003 

Tecophilea  cyano-crocus,  219 

Tea  and  Cotton,  blights  on,  1588 

Tea  cultivation  in  India,  357 

Teas,  Indian,  Dr.  Campbell  on,  633 

Tears,  a  remedy  for,  1^23 

Telegraph  wires,  on  the  disfigurement  of  trees 
along  roadsides  to  suit,  1719 

Temperatures,  extreme  summer,  1626 

Terra-cotia  tallies,  78 

Terrestrial  Orchids,  on  the  culture  of,  605 

Testimonials,  the  Earl  of  Essex  on,  1160 

Thames  Embankment,  planting  of  the,  1067 

Theobroma  sylvestris,  697 

Thermometer  for  taking  temperatures  at  the 
roots  of  plants,  a,  873  ;  a  dry  and  wet  bulb, 

Thistle  roots  in  drains,  835 

Thom^ry,  disastrous  news  from,  391 

Thuja  gigantca,  1527  ;  Menziesii,  1655  ;  pen- 
dula,  1192,  1294 

Thujas,  explanation  of  the  confusion  in  the 
names  of,  1717 

Thujopsis  dolabrata,  1526  ;  Standlshii,  1491 

Tigridia  conchiflora,  1258 

Tilia  alba  pendula,  ^587 

Timber,  on  imported,  1589,  1717 

Tobacco  culture  in  Australia,  602  ;  in  Syria, 
1355  :  in  Cuba,  1353  ;  the  growth  of,  in  Natal, 
398  ;  home  culture  of,  288 

Tobacco  for  fumigation,  181,  217 

Todca  barbara  from  the  Victorian  Alps,  1389 

Tomato  pickle,  green,  1623 

Toots  and  implements  :  keep  them  clean,  424 

Toxicophloea  spectabilis,  363  ;  Thunbergii,  326 

Trade  circular,  a,  40,  77 

Transmitting  of  seeds  and  cuttings,  modes  of, 
13 

Transplanting  machines,  McNab's,  73 

Transplanting,  theory  and  practice  of,  141 

Tree  Ferns,  destruction  of,  in  Australia,  358 

Trees  of  Liberty  in  Paris,  251 

Tree  lifter,  M.  Chatenay's,  145 

Tree  planting,  574 

Tree  scenerj',  on  form  in,  906,  937 

Trees,  Prof.  Caspary  on  the  effects  of  lightning 
on,  1287  ;  deleterious  effect  of  fungus  spawn 
on,  504 ;  on  the  disfigurement  of,  along  road- 
sides, to  fix  telegraph  wires,  1719  ;  fungus  in, 


25(1;  heights  of,  1167;  on  the  injury  done 
to,  by  the  removal  of  the  bark,  539  ;  on 
measuring  the  heights  of,  1166,  1199,  1262, 
1295,  1358,  1392,  1659,  1722;  an  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  heights  of,  1231  ;  in 
the  parks,  the,  395  ;  in  the  Paris  Boulevards, 
cost  of,  72  ;  new  ornamental,  1391  ;  and 
plants,  rare,  607  ;  wasps  upon,  1359 ;  West 
Indian,  1356 

Trees  and  shrubs  in  Belgian  nurseries,  orna- 
mental, 1361,  1392.  1424.  1493 

Trenching  and  cfigging,  429  ;  and  draining, 
509  :  in  the  flower  garden,  395 

Trcntham  gardens,  notes  on,  505,  539,  831  ;  the 
gardener  s  house  at,  697,  701 

Trcsco.  in  the  Scilly  Isles,  1102;  list  of  plants 
growing  at,  1129 

Trichomanes  auriculatum,    8,    361  ;    reniforme. 


50Q,  430  . 
ricnog 


Trichoglottis  fasciata,  699 

Trichopilia  rostrata,  798 

Trillium  from  seed,  606,  639 

Tritoma  Uvaria,  429,  508,  1327 

Tropseolum  tricolorum,  362  ;  at  Colston  Bassett, 

427 
Tropxolum,  on  the  germination  of  the,  218 
Tropical  conservatory,  a,  145 
Tuberose,  the,  834 
Tulips,  ripening,  146 
Tulp.  what  is  ?  570 
Turnip,  Vcitch's  Red  Globe,  181 
Tussaccia  semictausa,  395 
Tyerman,  Mr.  J.  S.,  presentation  to,  4=4 


Vaccinium,  en  a  hybrid,  577 

Vaillant,  Marshal,  death  of,  864 

Vanda  Lowii,  1295  ;  suavis,  a  fine  specimen  of, 

974 
Vanessa  Antiopa,  1166,  1193,  1330,  1258 
Vanilla  ices,  1192 

Vanilla  planifolia  and  "  F.  W.  B.,"  555 
Variation  in   relation  to    the  origin   of  species, 

665 
Variation  of  plants,  767 
Vegetable  and  animal  life,  on  the  influence  of 

the  blue  colour  of  the  sky  in  developing,  175 
Vegetable,  a  Chinese  culinary,  633 
Vegetable  garden,  the  season's  experience  in  the, 

702.  734 
Vegetable  ribbon  borders,  181 
Vegetable  showing,  1657 
Vegetables,  on  cooking,   73 :    gardeners'    prizes 

for,  1691  ;  special  prizes  for,  12  ;  new  of  1871, 

39;  the  season  and,  1199,  132S 
Vegetables  and  salads,  on  the  washing  of,  697 
Vegetation  of  the  Vicinity  of  Birmingham,  905 
Vegetation,    RI,    P.  Bert's  experiments  on    the 

effect  of  coloured  light  upon.  569 
Vegetation  in  South  Italy  in  March,  544  ;  in  the 

Tropics,  1718 


Vegetation  t.  miasma,  286 

Veitchia  Cantcrburyana,  327 

Veitch  memorial,  the,  251,  284 

Vcitch's,     Messrs.,    nursery    at    Combe    Wood, 

1 129 
Verba.scum,  the,  for  mixed  borders,  112 
Verbenas,  Mr.  Perry's,  1169 
Vermin  asphyxiator,  1263 
Vistoria  electric  thermometer,  146 
Victoria  and  Paradise  Nursery,  the,  641 
Victoria  Park,  cleaning  of  the  ornamental  water 

in,  1450 
Vienna,    universal    exhibition   to  be  held  at,  in 

1873,  423,  1417,  1521,  1618,  1686 
Vine  pest,  the  new,  1653 
Vine    disease   in   Australia,    671 ;    in    Portugal, 

1004 
Vine,  cure  for  the  root  aphis  of  the,  730  ;  graft- 

,,.'"2;  734 

Vine  leaves,  variegated,  1527 

Vine  mildew  in  Australia,  607 

Vines,  "black  spot"  in  Australian,  762;  mealy 

bug  on,  and  its  eradication,  1722 
Vinery,  General  Pleasanton's,  289 
Violas  and  Pansies,  new  bedding,  1138 
Violets  for  winter  blooming,  1259  ;  dcvonicnsis, 

256 
Voice's  garden  frame,  1554 
Vriesia  corallina,  7 


Wages,  gardeners',  542  ;  in  the  United  States, 
424  ,,       . 

Walking-sticks  from  Algeria,  798 

Wallflowers,  the,  1719 

Walls,  evergreen  plants  for,  1258 

Walls,  how  to  make  the  most  of  our,  253,  286 

Warrea  tricolor  var.  stapelioides,  1652 

Wasp,  a  good  word  for  the,  1457  ;  and  cater- 
pillars, 1423  :  upon  trees,  1359  ;  on  Silver  Firs, 
1455 

Waste  lands  by  roadsides,  974 

Water,  keeping  Grapes  in  bottles  of,  804 

Watercress,  on  the  home  culture  of  the,  1004 

Watering  apparatus,  garden  edging  as  a,  637 

Watering  inside  borders,  on,  144 

Watts  River,  State  forests  of  the,  975 

Wax  Palm,  the,  364 

Weather  and  herbaceous  plants,  the,  466 

Weather  prediction,  a,  508 

Weed  eradicator.  a  new,  1718 

Wellingtonia  gigantea,  1655,  1691  :  gigantea 
var.,  219,  256  ;  on  the  genealogy  of  the,  1236, 
1260 

Wells'  clinometer,  1659 

West  Indian  trees,  1356, 

Westonhall,  Oregon,  U.S.  letter  from,  219 

Welwitsch,  Dr.  F.,  death  of,  1426  :  will  of, 
15S5 

Wight,  Dr.,    F.R.S.,  the  late  731 

Wild  Birds  Protection  Bill,  1002 


1496 


Wilder,  Hon.  Marshall  P.,  memoir  and  portrait 

ol,  463 
Willow,  gall-producing  sawflies  of  the,  320  ;    the 

weeping,  251 
Willowsdestroycd  by  fungus,  1073  ;  seedling,  i486 
Wilson  V,  Newberry,  392.  571 
Wind,  oil  the  influence  of,  on  the  distribution  of 

seeds  in  mountain  regions,  143 
Window  gardening,  by  children  in  Manchester, 

1033,    1722;    Mr.    Nivcn    on,    100 1  ;    for   the 

poor,  1722  ;  in  Westminster,  903 
Window,    a  London,  as  it  is,  and  as  it  might 

be,  1693 
Windows,  Hyacinth  culture  in,  255 
Winnuwing  machine,  Draschler's  patent,  284 
Winter  garden  for  Edinburgh,  the  new,  465 
Wire,  galvanised,  395,  606 
Wiring  garden  walls,  on,  1387 
Witley  Court  Gardens,  notes  on,  766 
Wood,  note  on  the  preservation  of,  41 
Wood  Hyacinths,  a  study  of,  1038 
Wood  paper  for  covering  walls,  731 
Woodwork,    manufactured,    from    Sweden    and 

Norway,  357 
Wooley,  death  of,  147 
Worcester,  Mr.    Smith's  nursery  at  Sl  John's, 

near,  766 
Worksop  Manor  Gardens,  1624 
Wortley  Celery  collar,  504 


Xanthosoma  Linden!,  7 
Xiphion  filifolium  and  junccum. 


Year  1872,  events  of  the,  1717 

Yeltow-leaved  plants,  1193 

Yellowstone  National  Park,  1322 

Yew  cuttings,  horses  poisoned  by,  292 

Yew  poisoning,  509,  574,  638,  66-^,  702,  735,  834 

Yeso,  a  journey  round  the  island  of,  320 

Yorkshire,  South,  the  storm  in,  874 

Young,  Mr.  G.,  death  of,  706 

Yucca  filamentosa  in  Texas,  425 

Yuccas,  reference  to  Dr.  Engelmann's  paper  on, 

II  ;    on    the  fruiting    of,  941  ;  seeding,  1391, 

MS7 


Zamioculcas  at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  1128 
Zephyrus  and  Flora,  513 
Zopissa  paper,  1039 
Zygopetalum  lacteum,  1290 


-f- 


Vlll 


/The  Gardeners'  Chronicle) 
(and  Agricultural  Gazette,  f 


Index. 


[December  28,  1872. 


AGRICULTURE. 


Abekdeenshire,  game  conference  in,  551  ; 
Polled  cattle,  437 

About,  iM.  Ednioiid,  on  English  agriculture, 
842 

Accounts,  farm,  298 

Acland,  Sir  T.  D.,  Bart.,  M.P.,  portrait  and 
memoir  of,  777  ;  on  Labourers'  Friend  Societies, 
153S  ;  on  landlord  and  tenant,  1572 

Agreement,  a  form  of,  offered  to  Hampshire 
farmers,  878 

Agreement,  a  model,  by  Mr.  H.  Corbet,  582, 
587,  617 

Agncultural  chemistry,  recent  researches  in,  20, 
478 

Agricultural  Children's  Bill,  810 

Agricultural  co-operation,  1245 

Agricultural  Department,  a  Government,  197 

Agricultural  education,  884  ;  an  essay  on,  1178, 
1243,  1273,  1306,  1336,  1371 ;  by  a  young 
Salopian,  405 

Agricultural  era,  the  new,  11 18 

Agricultural  gleanings  from  reports  of  British 
Consuls,  1460 

Agricultural  Hall,  implements  at  the,  20 

Agricultural  horses,  Mr.  Lingwood  on,  6S3 

Agricultural  improvement,  741  ;  a  correspond- 
ence on,  1240,  1273,  1433  ;  Mr.  Huskisson  on 
unexhausted,  1401 

Agricultural  labour,  Mr.  Edward  Stanhope  on, 
518:  on  the  remuneration  of,  746,  811  ;  Cap- 
tain Horton,  R.N.,  on  the  supply  of,  56 

Agricultural  labourer,  abroad,  229  ;  the  circum- 
stances of  the,  647  ;  on  the  condition  of  the, 
613,  1697,  1700  :  dissatisfied  condition  of  the, 
401  ;  education  of  the,  83  ;  Mr.  Cowper  Tem- 
ple on  the,  1604  ;  extracts  from  after  dinner 
speeches  on  the,  1434,  146S ;  Sir  Baldwyn 
Leighton  on  the  condition  of  the,  1302;  Mr, 
Mechi  on  the,  583  ;  on  the  improvement  of 
the,  712 

Agricultural  Labourers'  Union,  the  National, 
mo 

Agricultural  labourers,  lock-out  of,  1014  ;  Lord 
Nelson's  address  to,  1597,  1602,  1727  ;  in  Mid- 
Lothian,  555  ;  in  Turkey,  the,  990 

Agncultural  leases  and  land  tenure,  1022 

Agricultural  memoir,  an,  1145 

Agricultural  notes  of  1871,  297  ;  by  Mr.  Mcchi, 
jf'Q,  845  ;  by  Mr.  W.  Smith,  121 

Agricultural  Noteworthics  :— Amos,  Mr.  C.  E., 
C,E.,  1631  ;  Cathcart,  Earl,  1947  ;  Gibbs, 
Mr.  B.  T.  Brandreth,  1665  ;  Liebig,  Baron, 
435;  M'Combie,  Mr.  W.,  M.P,,  85  ;  Shirreff. 
Mr.  P.,  47G ;  Stephens,  Mr.  Henry,  iq  ; 
Wynn,  Sir  W.  W.,  Bart.,  M.P.,  981 

Agricultural  pipe  drainage.  90,  124 

Agricultural  plagues,  four,  1341 

Agricultural  prices,  1018,  1049,  1402 

Agncultural  progress,  Mr.  Hope  on,  88 

Agricultural  schools  in  Belgium,  517 

Agricultural  statistics,  990,  1302  ;  of  Great 
Britain,  434,  437,  519,  553  ;  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  368,  405  ;  of  Ireland,  1238  ; 
foreign  and  colonial,  843,  916 

Agricultural  strikes,  877,  1145,  1237  ;  in  Dorset- 
shire, 517 

Agricultural  taxation,  816 

Agricultural  undertaking  in  Slavonia,  847 

Agricultural  wages,  846 

Agriculture,  of  Great  Britain,.  17  ;  and  the 
labourer,  21  ;  English,  913;  labour  and  ser- 
vice in,  375  ;  loss  of  force  in,  155,  193,  234  ; 
in  the  valley  of  the  Loire,  480;  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Odessa,  551  ;  Mr.  Pinnigeron  the 
politics  of,  533  ;  Mr.  Tr.-isk  on  the  progress  of, 
1055  ;  political  economy  in  relation  to,  187  ; 
South  African,  18 

Agriculturists  of  France,  the  Society  of,  678 

Agriculturists  in  New  Zealand,  476 

Agrostis  stolonifera,  614 

Albert  model  farms,  Glasnevin,  524,  715 

Alrewas  Hay's  farm,  93 

Alsace,  agricultural  notes  from,  373 

America,  Bates  Shorthorns  in,  1343,  1376; 
poultry  keeping  in,  811 

American  cheese  factories,  376 

American  milk  condensing  factories,  1570 

Ammonia  and  phosphates,  loss  of,  1014 

Amos,  Mr.  C.  E.,  C.E.,  portrait  and  memoir 
of,  1631 

Animals,  humanity  to,  884 

Analysis,  the  value  of  a  guaranteed,  S7S 

Anglesea  cattle,  1535 

Angora  goat,  on  the  breeding  of,  i3q9 

Angus  bull  and  cow,  points  of  a  good,  125 

Arable  farming,  1502 

Arable  land,  old,  Mr.  Hutcheon  on  the  infer- 
tility of,  8i8 

Architecture,  health  and,  1701 

Aristida  hygromctrica,  152 

Ashton,  Mr.  J.,  on  the  manufacture  of  cheese, 
1470 

Ass,  the  Poitou,  369 

Aston,  Mr.  J.,  on  mixed  farming,  gig 

Atkins'  filtering  apparatus,  &c.,  681 

Atkinson,  Mr.,  on  relations  of  Landlord  and 
Tenant,  814 

Australia,  aheep  sales  in,  914;  tallow  and  bon« 


j      manure  from,   1542  ;  transport  of  meat  from, 
1475  . 
Australian  retrospect,  an,  55 
Ayrshires  and  Shorthorns,  228 


B. 

Baker,  Mr.  Wjngfield,  M.P.,  on  the  free 
transfer  of  land,  745 

Baldwin,  Mr.  S.,  on  the  foot-and-mouth  disease, 
1210 

Ballynahown,  near  Fermoy,  farm  management 
at,  1 116 

Barrows  &  Stewart's  portable  steam-engine, 
1 144 

Bates  Shorthorns  in  America,  1343,  1376 

Beach,  Sir  M.  H.,  Bart.,  M.P.,  on  agricultural 
topics,  91 

Beaumont,  Mr.,  on  the  free  transfer  ofland, 
744  ;  on  tenants'  unexhausted  improvements, 
1047 

Bean  crop,  the,  407 

Bean  planting  and  steam  cultivation,  302 

Beckett,  Mr.,  on  cottage  accommodation,  334 

Beet-sugar  manufacture,  122 

Beever,  Rev.  Canon,  on  the  breeding  and  rear- 
ing of  live  stock,  iig 

Belfast,  Royal  Agncultural  Society  of  Ireland's 
show  at,  1078 

Belgium,  agricultural  schools  in,  517 

Belstead  Hall,  experiments  with  manures  on 
cereals  at,  1274,  ^i^'^ 

Benefit  societies,  Dr.  Shorten,  1309 

Bere,  the  common,  129 

Berks  and  Hants  Agricultural  Society's  show, 
877 

Biddell,  Mr.  H.,  on  Sugar-Beet  cultivation,  1x84 

Bingley  Hall  exhibition  of  Shorthorns,  the,  296 

Bird  preservation,  1539 

Birmingham  Agricultural  Exhibition  Society, 
296 

Birmingham  cattle  and  poultry  show,  1534, 
1599,  1634,  i6g8  ;  horse  show,  1046,  1148 

Birmingham  sewage  question,  the,  677,  714, 
841  ;  and  clodhoppers,  373 

Black  Polled  and  Shorthorn  breeds,  comparison 
of  the.  125 

Bloomfield,  Rev.  E.  N.,  on  friends  and  foes,  950 

Boby's  corn  screen,  1671 

Boiler,  the  Reading  nozzle,  1726  :  Root's  "  Safe 
and  Sure,"  948 

Bone,  Mr.  T.,  on  cattle  and  sheep  feeding,  407 

Books  noticed  :  —  Accounts  relating  to  the 
Trade  and  Navigation  of  the  United  King- 
dom, 58  ;  The  Advantages  of  the  Double- 
furrow  Plough,  159 :  Agricultural  Labour, 
1342  ;  Allnutt's  Wheat  Diagrams,  229  ;  Ame- 
rica as  it  is,  717  :  Burgess  &  Key  on  Reaping 
and  Mowing  Machines,  127  ;  Carter's  Far- 
mers' Calendar,  230  ;  Cattle,  Sheep,  and 
Deer,  1086  :  Under  Drainage,  and  the  Steps 
to  be  taken  to  Develope  and  Maintain  its 
Effects,  886  ;  The  Farm,  the  Garden.  Stable, 
and  Aviary,  26  ;  The  Farm  Labourer  in  1872, 
1183;  The  "Field  "Quarterly  Magazine  and 
Review,  1*23;  Harvesting  Hay  in  Wet  Sea- 
sons, 1120;  Horses,  the  Gentleman's  Guide 
to  their  Keep  and  Management,  1056  ;  The 
International  Exhibitions  Guide,  921  ;  Journal 
of  the  Bath  and  West  of  England  Society,  1731  ; 
Journal  of  the  Farmers'  Club,  1573  ;  Journal  of 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  ol  England, 
524,  1509;  The  Land  Tenancy  Laws,  160  ; 
Lecture  on  Finger-and-Toe  in  the  Turnip 
Crop,  1637  ;  Letter  to  a  Prussian  Civil  Engi- 
neer, in  reply  to  his  question  on  the  Culti- 
vating and  Fertilisation  of  the  Soil,  by  the  Earl 
of  Dunmore,  1541  ;  Lock's  Agriculturists 
their  own  Superphosphate  Makers,  92  ;  On 
the  Composition  and  Agricultural  Value  of 
Earth-closet  Manure,  684  ;  McDougall's  Sires 
of  the  Season,  1599;  Memoranda  oT  the  Plan 
and  Results  of  the  Field  Experiments  of  J. 
B.  Lawes,  Esq.,  at  Rothamsted,  748  ;  Prac- 
tical Essays  for  the  Improvement  of  Farming, 
785  ;  Present  Aspect  of  the  Land  Question, 
268  ;  Prize  Poultry,  their  Breeding  and  Rear- 
ing. &c.,  1023;  The  Potato  Disease,  its 
Cause  and  Remedy,  1605  ;  Profitable  Farm- 
ing, 589  ;  Raynbird  &  Co.'s  Descriptive  Price 
List  of  Seeds,  340;  Reports  on  the  Applica- 
tion of  the  French  Peasant  Farmers'  Seed 
Fund,  440.  480  ;  Fourth  Report  of  the  Rivers 
Pollution  Commissioners,  920  ,  The  Romance 
of  Peasant  Life  in  the  West  of  England, 
1245 ;  Sanitary  State  of  Live  Stock  at  the 
October  Ballinasloe  Fair  of  1872,  1706;  The 
Sewage  Que-.tion,  1310 :  A  Hand-book  of 
Sewage  Utilisation,  S48 ;  Mr,  Sibson's 
Annual  Report  on  Guano  and  other  Ma- 
nures. 147S  ;  Suttons'  Farmers'  Yeaj  Book, 
230 ;  Tegetmeler's  Poultry  Book,  339  ;  Town 
Refuse,  the  Remedy  for  Local  Taxation,  SiS  ; 
Tr.-in sac t Ions  of  the  Highland  and  Agricul- 
tural Society,  409  ;  Treatment  and  Utilisation 
of  Sewage,  1214;  Universal  Exhibition  of 
1873  in  Vienna,  1278  ;  Work  and  Wages,  160  , 
Wright's  Illustrated  Book  of  Poultry,  304 

Brachypodum  pinnatum,  614 

Brasaey  Green,  pig  feeding  on  whey  at,  197 


Breeder,  considerations  for  the,  125 

Breeders  of  polled  stock,  the  leading,  125 

Breeding  and  rearing  of  live  stock,  119;  Mr. 
Douglas'  memoranda  on,  1050  ;  animals,  in- 
fluence of  imagination  on,  153  ;  influence  of 
sire  and  dam  on  the  exterior  appearance  of 
their  offspring,  1698  ;  In  and  in,  333  ;  Mr., 
T.  F.  Jamieson  on,  156,  192,  22S 

Breeds  and  markets,    Swiss  and  Bavarian,  817 

Brewing,  an  improvement  in,  1630 

Brick  machines,  193 

Brise,  Col.,  M.P.,  on  the  Free  Transfer  of 
Land,  744 

British  Consols,  agricultural  gleanings  from 
reports  of,  1469 

British  hedgerowism,  Mr.  Mechi  on,  679 

Brodie.  Mr.,  on  draining.  991 

Brown  Animal  Sanitary  Institute,  the,  119 

Browne,  Mr.  W.  J.,  on  the  Nunah  Lincoln 
sheep,  1272 

Brydon,  Mr.,  on  feeding  cattle,  1148 

Buckingham,  the  Duke  of,  on  the  condition  of 
the  labourer,  1367 

Buckman,  Prof,  on  the  harvesting  and  cleaning 
of  seed,  1471 

Budget  for  1872,  Mr.  Lowe's,  434 

Buenos  Ayres,  sheets  from  a  sheep  breeder's 
note  book  in,  407,  438 

Burgess  &  Key's  mowers  and  reapers  for  1872,  22 

Butter,  adulterated,  1079 

Butter  statistics,  1599 


Cadle,  Mr.  Clement,  on  leases  z'.  yearly  agree- 
ment, 880 ;  on  compensation  for  unexhausted 
improvements,  1466 
(^alrd,  Mr.   James,  C  B.,   on  the  crops  of  1872, 
1601  ;    on    home-grown    sugar,    778 ;    on   the 
treatment  of  Mr.  G.  Hope,  476 
Caird,  Mr.  M'Neel,  on  the  land  laws,  23 
Cake,    a    bad    sample     of,    337 ;    Rape,     1666 ; 
"triangle  best,"  1116 

Calf  fattening,  267 

Calves,  on  slaughtering  very  young,  336  ;  Prof. 
Wrightson  on  rearing,  1143 

Cambridgeshire  and  Ely  Agricultural  Society's 
show,  878 

Cameron,  Dr.,  on  the  valuation  of  manure,  26 

Canada,  horse  disease  in,  1464 

Canadian  emigration,  333,  1275 

Cancerine,  notes  on,  409 

Cape  Colony,  the  breeding  of  Angora  Goats  in, 
1399 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Ostrich  farming  at  the,  152 

Capital,  borrowed,  profitably  Invested,  1729 

Cardiff,  notes  on,  945 

Cardiff,  meeting  of  the  Royal  Agilcultural  So- 
ciety. 979 ;  table  of  entries  for  the,  878 ; 
cattle  at  the,  983  ;  the  cottage  competition  at, 
1016  ;  horses  at  the,  g8i  ;  the  implement  trials 
at  the,  953  :  implements  at,  986  ;  catalogue  of 
the  implements  at,  1151  ;  pigs  at  the,  986  : 
sheep  at  the,  985  ;  steam  elevators  at  the,  11 52 

CardliT  district,  the  first  prize  farm  in  the,  1542, 
1605 

Carnarvon,  Lord,  on  the  labour  question,  1370 

Cathcart,  Earl,  portrait  of,  1047 

Cattle  : — Aberdeenshire  Polled,  437  :  Anglesea, 
1535  ;  at  the  Bath  and  West  of  England  So- 
ciety's show,  778  ;  on  the  best  breed  of,  125  ; 
black  Polled  Aberdeen  and  Angus,  125  ;  Mr. 
Brydon  on  feeding,  1148  ;  Mr.  Lisle's  notes  on 
the  feeding  of.  In  1756,  1728;  at  the  Cardiff 
meeting,  983  ;  cure  for  red-water  in,  126  ;  on 
the  feeding  of,  during  transit,  367  ;  herd-book 
of  Polled  Aberdeen,  Angus,  and  Galloway, 
947  ;  Hereford  news,'  19 ;  Irish  breeds  of, 
914  ;  Irish,  the  importation  and  transit  of,  980 ; 
maximum  examples  of  Hereford  and  Short- 
horn cattle,  333  ;  the  Pembroke  breed  of,  526  ; 
sales  of,  at  the  Royal  show,  1048  ;  straw  as 
food  for,  25  ;  Mr.  Scot  Skirving  on  covered 
courts  for,  716 ;  at  the  Smithfield  Club  Show, 
1666  ;  the  Yew  poisonous  to,  715,  1276 

Cattle  and  sheep  feeding,  Mr.  T.  Bone  on,  407 

Cattle  breeding,  Mr.  T.  F.  Jamieson  on,  156, 
192,  228 

Cattle  disease,  losses  by,  1212 

Cattle  diseases,  Privy  Council  report  on,  1141  ; 
Mr.  C.  S.  Read,  M.P.,  on  legislation  on, 
1540 ;  and  transit,  Mr.  G.  Hedley  on,  1472 

Cattle  feeder,  Willacy's  patent,  1049 

Cattle  Market,  the  new  Foreign,  at  Deptford,  iS 

Cattle  pens  at  Deptford,  228 

Cattle  plague,  the,  1046,  nog,  1369;  during 
the  year  1871,  18:  in  the  Baltic  provinces  erf 
Russia,  i2o6 ;  on  the  east  coast.  1045;  in 
Russia,  842  ;  in  Yorkshire,  1430 

Catde  poisoning,  a  case  of,  151 

Cattle  sheds,  covered,  closed  and  paved,  369 

Cattle  transit,  the  Marquis  ot  Tweeddale  on,  844 

Cereals,  experiments  with  manures  on,  at  Bel- 
stead  Hall.  1274,  1340 

Chaff  heaps.  1704 

Chambers  of  Agriculture,  and  compensation  for 
unexhausted  improvements,  1429 ;  a  model, 
1725  ;  uses  of  335  ;  what  special  purpose  has 
been  served  by,  775 

Channel  Islands,  farming  in  the,  1499 

Charlier  horae  shoe,  the,  993,  1033 


Cheese  factories,  American,  375 

Cheese  factors'  profits.  Lord  Vernon  on,  879 

Cheese  manufacture,  Mr.  J.  Ashton  on,  1470 

Cheltenham,  the  sewage  of,  i^ot 

Chemistry,  agricultural,  recent  researches  iuj  20, 
478 

Chickens,  on  rearing,  583  ;  on  the  treatment  of 
young,  743 

China,  a  new  Mustard  from,  rg 

Cholmondely,  Col.,  on  a  new  corn  lifter  for 
attaching  to  reaping-machines,  1567 

Christchurch,  ick>  square  miles  near,  1131 

Churning  butter  and  puddling  Iron,  1082 

Cirencester  Chamber  of  Agriculture,  1725 

Clay  land  under  steam  cultivation,  952 

Clays,  plastic,  and  open  furrows,  1504 

Clay  soils,  under  drainage  and  deep  cultivation 
of,  9S0 

Clipston  water  meadows,  the,  589 

Cluver,  a  new,  1307 

Clubs  for  agricultural  labourers,  263 

Coales',  Mr.,  Improvement  In  brewmg,  1630 

Coffee  plant,  for  English  agriculture,  the,  521, 
551 ;  on  the  culture  of  the,  620 

Coleman  &  Morton's  Hop  culture  implements, 
518;  horse  pitchfork,  1664 

Coleman's  Potato  digger,  781 

Collegiate  estates,  1700 

Colonial  Wheat,  red  rust  in,  782 

Common  lands,  our,  1080 

Concrete  building,  Tail's  system  of,  1016 

Condition  of  the  labourer,  on  the,  158 

Co-operation,  agricultural,  1245 

Corbet,  Mr.  H.,  on  a  model  agreement,  587, 
617  ;  presentation  to,  946 

Corn  and  seed,  an  apparatus  for  protecting,  from 
heat,  &c.,  646 

Corn  crops,  remarks  on  the,  1077  ;  on  the  seed- 
ing ofland  for,  1400 

Corn  screen,  Boby's,  1671  ;  Rainforth's,  1671 

Cotswotd  ram  sales,  1048 

Cottage  accommodation,  Mr.  Beckett  on,  334 

Cottage  competition  at  Cardiff,  the,  1016 

Cottage  question,  the,  1633 

Cottages,  labourers',  Inclosure  Commissioners* 
plans  for,  742  ;  Mr.  Finlay  Dun  on  the  con- 
dition of,  1119;  the  rent  of,  1503;  and  their 
cost,  52 

Cotswold  ram,  Mr.  R.  Swanwick's,  portrait  of, 
1669 

Couch,  remarks  on,  614 

Covered  courts,  682;  Lord  Kinnaird's  experience 
of,  615 

Cowper-Temple,  Hon.  W.  F.,  M.P.,  on  the  food 
of  the  labourer,  819 

Cows,  clean  water  for,  1606 ;  and  calves,  on  the 
management  of,  1543 

Crisp,  Dr.,  on  the  lamb  disease,  1244 

Crop  and  stock,  1307 

Crops,  in  North  Bedfordshire,  loig  ;  in  Devon- 
shire, 1021  ;  in  Nottinghamshire,  1118  ;  in 
North  Lancashire,  1341  ;  in  Norfolk,  in8  ; 
appearance  of  the,  947;  tabulated  report  of  the 
appearance  of  tlie,  mi  ;  of  1872,  Mr.  James 
Caird,  C.B.,  on  the,  1601 

Crystal  Palace  harvest  festival,  1399 

Cultivation,  deeper,  ggi  ;  freedom  in,  and 
security  of  capital,  1500,  1507 

Cultivation,  manuring  and  cropping,  Mr.  Mechi 
on  principles  affecting,  64S.  679 

Culture  deeply  and  manure  highly,  1019 

Cumberland,  wages  of  the  agricultural  labourer 
in.  747 


Dairy  cows,  winter  keep  of,  1542 

Dairy  produce,  Mr.  Robertson  on,  375 

Davey,  Paxman  &  Co.'s  vertical  steam-engine, 

I2IO 

Dead  meat  trade  of  London,  the,  H7g 

Deer  forests,  sheep  farms  and,  1406 

Dent,  Mr.  J.  Dent,  M.P.,on  the  lessening  stock 
of  sheep,  404 

Denton,  Mr.  Bailey,  C.E.,  on  cultivation  after 
drainage,  993  ;  on  tenant's  work  in  drainage, 
956  :  on  sewage  intermittent  filtration,  83 

Deptford,  the  new  foreign  cattle  market  at,  18, 
26s.  298  ;  cattle  pens  at,  228 

Derby's,  Lord,  speech  at  Preston,  1373 

Devon  cattle,  Mr.  W.  Taylor  on,  404 

Dickson,  Mr.  John,  death  of,  888 

Difficulties,  our.  1470 

DIsaforesting,  128 

Dog  in  the  manger  principle,  the,  Sg 

Dorchester  meeting  of  the  Bath  and  West  of 
England  Society,  711,  776,  778 

Douglas',  Mr.,  memoranda  on  breeding,  1030 

Doves  and  wood  pigeons,  1014 

Drainage,  agricultural  pipe,  go,  134  ;  and  non- 
drainage,  370;  Mr.  Baney  Denton,  C.E.,  on 
cultivation  after,  99^  ;   tenants'  work  in,  956 

Draining,  Mr.  Brodie  on,  ggi  ;  economical 
advantages  of,  235 

Drains,  depth  of,  301 

Drew.  Mr.  B.,  on  fences  and  hedgerow  timber, 
1 182 

Drink  difficulty,  the,  S014  ;  And  th«  labout 
question,  io8a 


December  28,  1872.] 


Index. 


f  The  Gardeners'  Chronicle  \ 
(and  Agricultural  Gazette,  f 


IX 


Dublin  showyard,  the  best  animal  in  the,  516 
Duchess  Shorthonis,  the,  192  .        ^       e 

Ducie,    Earl  of,    on  accommodation    for    farm 

labourers,  15651  ^57^  ,.  .  - 

Dun,  Mr.  Finlay,  on  the  condition  of  cottages, 

1119;  on  picuro-pneumonia,  .^71 
Dunmore,  Lord,  on  steam  cultivation,  11  So 


Eastern  Border  Counties,  farming  in  the,  1145 
Earth  closet  manure,   748  ;  on  the  composition 

and  value  of,  684 
Earth  closets,  991 
Earth  closet  system,  the,  951 
East  Ham,  market  gardening  at,  gqa 
East  Lothian,  landlords  and   tenants   in,    403  ; 

reaping-machines  in,  161  ;  the  plague  of  wood 

pigeons  in,  50 
Eastwood,  Mr.  Richard,  the  career  of,  85 
Education,   agricultural,   by  a  young  Salopian, 

405  ;  of  the  labourer,  83  ;  an  essay  on,  117S, 

1243,  1273,  1306,  1336,  1371 
Educational  endowments,  556 
Eggs  and  poultry,  Mr.  M.  K.  B.  Edmonds  on 

the  home  production  of,  954 
Emigration,  Canadian,  333,  1275 
Enclosure  Commission,  report  of  the,  551 
Engine,  Robey  &  Co.'s'semi-fi.\cd,   1079  :  Mar- 
shall, Son  &    Co.'s  semi-fi.>£ed,    845  ;  Ruston, 

Proctor  &  Co.'s  portable,  S45 
England,    the    population    and   food  of,    1337  ; 

waste  land  in,  881 
English  agriculture,  913  ;  M.  About  on,  842 
Entail,  Mr.  W.  Fowler's  resolution  on  the  law 

of.  516 
Esparto  cultivation,  1238 
Esparto-grass,  Mr.  C.    S.   Read,  M.P.,  on  the 

acclimatisation  of,  914 
Esse.x  Agricultural  Society's  meeting    at   Hal- 
stead,  S19 
Essex  labourer,  the,  616 
Estates,  settled,  S16,  8ig,  843,  915 
Estcourt,  Mr.  Sotheron,  on  the  labour  question, 

1142 
Everett,  Mr.  R.  L.,  on  Suffolk  farming,  1017 
Ewe,  unusual  case  of  protracted  parturition  in 

an,  438 
Ewe   flocks,  on   the   management  of,    on  heavy 

land,  267 
Ewes  slipping  their  lambs,  iSg 


Fardon  v.  Little,  431 

Farm  Accounts,  298 

Farm  Capital,  Mr.  R.  S.  Friar  on,  1309 

Farm,  the  first  prize,  in  the  Cardiff  district,  1542, 

1605 
Farm   agreement,  the    Marquis  of  Hertford's, 

189 
Farm,    management  of  a    small,    157 ;    steam- 
power  on  the,  54  :  uses  of  method  and  observa- 
tion in  the  management  of  a,  188,  194 

Farm  systems,  Mr.  H.  M.  Jenkins  on  some 
comparative  results  of  large  and  small,  1663, 
1675,  1705 

Farming,  arable,  1502 ;  Mr.  J.  Aston  on  mixed, 
919  ;  in  the  Eastern  Border  Counties,  1145  ;  in 
the  Channel  Islands,  1499  ;  commercial  prin- 
ciples involved  in,  261,  298  ;  in  France,  1013  ; 
profits  of,  89;  of  Shetland,  the,  1365;  in  the 
States,  1468,  151,7  ;  Suffolk,  1017  ;  at  Tiptree, 
265.  479..555.  533,652 

Farmers'  girU,  27 

Farm  labour,  on  the  division  of,  810 

Farm  labourers,  condition  of,  24,  122  :  reports 
on  the  condition  of,  5S5,  617,  651,  652  ;  Earl 
of  Ducie  on  accommodation  for,  1565,  1571  ; 
in  Prussia,  621 

Farm  Memoranda  :— Albert  Model  Farms  at 
Glasneviii,  524,  589,  684  ;  Alrewas  Hays,  93  ; 
American  cheese  factories,  375  ;  Eanffshue, 
Boyne  district,  921  ;  the  Border  Counties, 
1311  ;  Brassey  Green,  Tarporley,  1^7; 
Drumore,  409  ;  East  Ham,  992  :  East  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  8r9  ;  Eglwysnunyd.  1542,  1605  ; 
a  Fruit  Farm,  749  ;  Hampshire,  160,  557, 
1056, 1706  ;  Kinsale,  Oswestry,  235,  269  ;  Lam- 
mcrmuir  sheep  farm,  26  ;  Lord  Wanvick's  farm 
near  Leamington,  92,  160,  717  :  Mr.  Mechi's 
farm  at  Tiptree,  887  ;  Mungoswells  and 
Campto\vn  farms,  127  ;  New  York  Mills, 
Oneida  Co.,  New  York,  1343,  1376  ;  a  Nor- 
folk farm,  785  ;  One  hundred  square  miles  near 
Christchurch,  1151 ;  Romney  Marsh,  1637 ; 
Rotharastead,  848,  955,  992,  1024,  1087,  1120, 
1183,  1474;  Mrs.  Sankey's  farm  near  Welling- 
ton, Salop,  234  ;  Seafields,  Strathspey,  1438  ; 
Sheep  farms  and  deer  forests,  1406  ;  Spittal 
sewage  irrigation  farm,  the,  1574  ;  Sutherland- 
shire,  1279  ;  Towneley  Park,  58 ;  Upper 
Winchenden,  Aylesbury,  340  ;  Wester  Ross, 
59  ;  Wrexham  sewage  farm,  59  ;  Yester  farms, 
the,  27 

Farm  prospects  in  the  north,  372 

Farm  servants,  annual  hirin^s  of,  368 

Farms,  large  or  small,  1704 

Farmyard  manure,  479  ;  the  waste  of,  521,  588 

Fences  and  hedgerow  timber,  Mr.  B.  Drew  on, 
1182 

Fenton  Bams,  let  to  Mr.  Campbell,  1501 

Fields,  fumigation  of.  1277 

Filtration  and  irrigation,  on  intermittent,  921 

Filtering  apparatus,  Atkin's,  6S1 

Finger-and-toe  in  Turnips,  585 

Fish,  Mr.,  on  loss  of  force  in  agriculture,  155, 
193.  234 

Fisken's  steam  plough,  682 

Fisken's  system  of  steam  cultivation,  134,  1024 

Fison,  Mr.,  on  Sheep  against  Bullocks,  1437 

Flax  crop  in  Ireland,  the,  917,  336,  iiio,  1399 

Flax  breaker,  Hodgkin'5,  1018 

Flax  growing  in  Canada,  1120 

Flax    Supply  Association  of  Belfast,   517,  777, 

1334 

Food  Committee  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  946 

Foods  and  manures,  composition  of,  60 

Food  of  the  people,  the,  1704 

Food  supplies,  our,  1470 

Foot-and-mouth  disease,  1077,  1117,  iao6,  1210, 
1344,  13071  1398 :  Col.  Kingscote,  C.B., 
M.P.,  on  the,  1738  ;jn  Northamptonshire  and 


Buckinghamshire,  1046 ;  in  foreign  animals, 
403  ;  among  Irish  stock,  1181 

Ford,  Mr.,  on  agricultural  leases  and  land 
tenure,  1022  ;  on  straw  as  food  for  cattle,  25 

Foreign  agricultural  statistics,  881,  gi6 

Foreign  cattle  market,  the  new,  at  Deptford, 
18,  26s,  298 

Foreign  Correspondence  :  -Angers,  715  ;  Berlin, 
682,  1372;  Cabana  de  Los  Alamos,  Buenos 
Ayres,  407,  438  ;  Dusseldorf,  302,  817, 
847 ;  great  Rice-fields  of  the  South,  157  ; 
Haarlem,  Holland,  1021  ;  Hamburgh,  1051, 
1083  ;  Moscow,  90  ;  Mysore  Agri-Horticul- 
tural Society,  Bangalore,  23  :  Strasburg,  373  ; 
Sweden,  1308  ;  Sydney,  New  South  Wales, 
438 

Foreign  trade  in  the  year  1871  ;  our,  117 

Forsyth,  Mr.  A.,  011  the  profitable  use  of  waste 
land,  1015 

Fowler,  Mr.  W.,  M.P.,  on  the  free  transfer  of 
land,  744  ;  resolution  on  the  law  of  entail,  516 

Fowls,  close  breeding  in,  189  ;  on  the  keeping  of, 
884  ;  what  sorts  of,  to  keep,  340 

France,  the  crops  in,  1271  ;  farming  in,  ioi8  ; 
La  Petite  culture  in,  481  ;  Society  of  Agri- 
culturists of,  226 

French  peasant  farmers'  seed  fund,  440,  480 

Friends  and  foes,  Rev.  E.  N.  Bloomficld  on,  950 

Frier,  Mr    R.  S.,  on  farm  capital,  1309 

Fumigation  of  fields,  1277 


Game  conference,  the  Aberdeenshire,  551;  Mr. 

Hutcheon's  remarks  at,  40a 
Game  question,  statistics  of  the,  226 
Game  Laws,  the,    235  ;  amendment  Bill  in    the 

House   of  Commons,    262  ;    injustice    of  the 

present,  336;  and  tenant-right,  1403 
Garden  of  the  farm,  532,  682,  882 
Geology  of  Hop  soils,  1568 

Geology,  Professor  D.  Page  on  the  uses  of,  1304 
German  agricultural  labourers,  1433 
German  agriculturists,  the  first  congress  of,  682 
Germany,    restrictions    on    the   importation    of 

cattle   and  sheep    from,  616  ;  an  exporter  of 

machinery,  1398 
Gibbsrf   Mr.    B.    T.    Brandreth,    portrait    and 

memoir  of,  1665 
Gill,  Mr.  C.  H.,  on  beet-.sugar  manufacture,  122 
Girdlestone,  Canon,  on  Agricultural  Labourers' 

Unions,  878  ;  on  the  labourers'  strike  in  War- 
wickshire, 434  ;  a  letter  from.  5S2 
Glasnevin,  the  Albert  Model  Farms  at,  524,  715 
Gloucestershire,  wages  in,  521 
Goat,  the  Angora,  1399 
Grain  crops  of  the  country,  84 
Grain,  smut  in,  917 
Grain  warehouses  of  the  Mersey  Dock  Board, 

the,  481 
Grantham,    Mr.    R.    B.,  on    agricultural    pipe 

drainage,  90,  124 
Grass  as  a  mental  agent,  229 
Grass  farms  in  Ireland,  848 
Grass  lands,    improvement,   Mr.    Longman  on, 

58 ;  advantages  of  more  liberal   farming   on, 

551 
Grass  plants  with  running  rhizomata,  614 
Grass  v.  tillage  in  Ireland,  1571 
Gratitude  as  between  employers  and  employed, 

1606 
Great  Britain,  on  the  agriculture  of,  17  :  how  is 

the  cultivation  of,  to  be  carried  on,  1245 
Green  crops.  Dr.  Voelcker's  memorandum  of  ex- 
periments on  various,  551 
Gregory,   Mr.,   M.P.,  on  the  transfer  of  land, 

263 
Grey,  Mr,,  on  steam  cultivation,  59 
Grimwade,    Mr.,    on   the     Ncedham    allotment 

gardening,  1152 
Guano    trade,  in   Ireland,  521  ;  Earl    Granville 

and  Mr.  C.  S.  Read,  M.P.'s,  corrsspondence 

on  the,  517 
Guest,  Mr.  Montague,  M.P.,  on  the  labourers' 

strike,  1083 


H. 


HAARLEsr,  trial  of  Mr.  Gibbs'  hay-drier  at,  1021 

Hailstorm,  destructive,  gqt 

Hardon's  cake,  over-feeding  with,  813 

Harrow,  the  Norwegian,  715 

Harvest  home  in  Shropshire,  a,  1373 

Harvest  of  1872.    the,    1334 ;    estimate  of   the, 

1109  ;    in    the    border    counties,    1212  ;     Mr. 

Mechi  on  the.  1244 
Harvest  prospects,  715,  842,  914  ;  reports,  1182  ; 

Mr.  James  Sanderson  on  the,  117S  ,  Mr.  T.  C. 

Scott  on  the,   1240;  in  Sutberlandshire,  the, 

1307  ;  the  wet,  1307 
Harvest  wages  at  Tiptree,  1051 
Haycastle  Farm,  let  for  experimental  purposes, 

1566 
Hay,  com,  and  plant  protector,  1147 
Hay  from  Italian  Rye-grass,  1705 
Haymaker  and  horse-rake,  Ransomcs  &  Co.'s, 

Haymaking,  a  new  implement  for,  ioi8 
Health  and  architecture,  1701 
Health,  influence  of  land  drainage  on,  993 
Hedgerowism  of  the  United  Kingdom,  620 
Hedley,  Mr.  G.,  on  cattle  diseases  and  transit, 

1472 
Hensworth  ^.  Mann,  a  game  preservation  case, 

435 
Henley.      Mr.,      M.P.,      on     the     agricultural 

labourer,  748 
Herbert,    Mr.   A.,    M.P.,  on  the  protection   of 

wild  fowl,  S19 
Hereford  Herd-Book,  the,  1599 
Hilliard,  Mr.,  on  land  tenure,  1540 
Hiring  of  farm  servants,  annual,  369 
Historical  notes  on  wages,  140.; 
History  of  steam-cultivation,  89 
Hitchman,  Dr.,  presentation  to,  1367 
Hodgkin's  flax-breaker,  1018 
Holbrook  Grange,  times  of  earing  and  flowering 

of  cereals  at,  952 
Holcus  molcus,  615 
Holdings,  permanence  of,  1509 
Holkham  lease,  the,  84,  86 
Holley,  Mr.  J.  H..  on  compensating  a  relumg 

tenant,  1278 


Home  Cattle  Defence  Association,  83, 189,  615  ; 
the  case  of  the,  1342 

Home  food  supply,  Mr.  H.  Kains-Jackson  on 
the,  1 27 1 

Home,  Mr.  Milne,  on  weather  forecasts,  263 

Hop  crop,  the,  1048,  1079,  1399 

Hop  culture  implements,  Coleman  &  Mor- 
ton's, 518 

Hop  prospects,  554,  588,  im,  11431  ^^75, 
1209,  1230,  1272,  1304,  133s.  1368 

Hops  and  Hop-picking,  about,  988 

Hops,  Kentish,  743  ;  notes  on,  1466 

Hop  soils,  the  geology  of,  1568 

Hope,  Mr.  A.  J.  B.  Bcresford,  M.P.,  on  Agri- 
cultural topics,  1536 

Hope,  Mr.  G.,  portrait  and  memoir  of,  711  ;  on 
agricultural  progress,  88  ;  and  his  landlord, 
476;  V.  Nisbet  Hamilton,  555 

Hope,  Mr  W.  V.C.,  portrait  and  memoir 
of,  1727 

Horley,  Mr.,  on  freedom  of  cultivation  and 
security  for  capital,  1507  ;  on  land  tenure, 
303 

Hornsby  &  Sons'  mowers  and  reapers,  1432 

Horse  breeding,  on,  229 

Horses,  diseases  among,  1599  ;  in  Canada,  1464  ; 
Agricultural,  Mr.  Lingwood  on,  6S3  ;  the  cost 
of  maintaining  farm,  404  ;  at  the  Bath  and 
West  of  England  Society's  show,  781  ;  at  the 
Cardiff  meeting,  981  ;  at  Malton,  the,  1143  ; 
the  supply  of,  161 ;  and  fox-hunting,  Mr. 
West  on,  57 

Horse  nails,  machinery  for  the  manufacture  of, 

1430 

Horse  rake,  Ransomes',  781 

Horse  shoe,  the  Charlier,  993,  1023 

Horse  show,  at  Islington,  782  ;  of  the  Royal 
Dublin  Society,  1175 

Horton,  Capt.,  R.N.,  on  the  supply  of  agricul- 
tural labour,  56 

Hoskyns,  Mr.  C.  Wren,  M.P.,  on  the  land 
laws,  1437 

House  drainage,  underground  irrigation,  1436 

Howard,  Mr.  James,  M.P.,  on  the  reclamation 
of  waste  lands,  1273 

Howard's  hay  makers  and  horse  rakes  for  1873, 
1337  ;  international  reaper,  9S8 

Hungary,  on  the  agriculture  of,  302 

Hughes  &  Kimber's  vertical  steam-engine,  949 

Hunter,  Mr.  C.  D.,  on  manures  and  field  ex- 
periments, 1405 

Huskinson,  Mr.,  on  unexhausted  agricultural 
improvements,  1401 

Hutcheon,  Mr.,  on  the  infertility  of  old  arable 
land,  818  :  on  the  infertility  of  old  crop-bear- 
ing land,  1275 


I. 


Imi'EKIAL  averages  for  1870-71,  230 
Implement  for  haymaking,  a  new,  1019 
Implement  trials  at  Cardiff,  953 
Implements  at  the  Agricultural  Hall,  20  ;  at  the 
Bath  and  West  of  England    Society's  show, 
781,   812;  at  Birmingham,  1636;    at  Cardiff, 
986;  the  Cardiff  catalogue  of,  1087, 1120, 1151  ; 
at  the  Smithfield  Club  show,  1670 
Improvements,  compensation  for,  1366,  1506 
Imports  for  January,  271  ;  for  three  years,  87 
Income-tax,  Mr.  C.  S.  Read,  M.P.,  on  the,  1737 
Intermittent  filtration,  157 
International   conference  at  Vienna,  proposed, 

368 
International   exhibition,  1872,    845,  947,    1079, 

1144,  1176,  1210 
Inverness-shire,  land  reclamation  in,  409 
Ireland,  agricultural  statistics  of,  1238  ;  the 
growth  of  Flax  in,  336;  the  Flax  crop  in, 
917,  1399  :  grass  farms  in,  848;  grass  j'.  till- 
age in,  1571  ;  the  guano  trade  in,  521  ;  national 
education    in,    777  ;  notes   from   the   west  of, 

1504 
Irish  agriculture,  Lord  Spencer  on,  554,  581 
Irish  cattle,  the  importation  and  transit  of,  980 
Islington,  the  horse  show  at,  782 


Jamieson,  Mr.  T.  F.,  on  the  breeding  of  cattle, 

156,  192,  228 
lemmett's  farm  account  books,  476 
Jenkins,    Mr.     H.     M.,    on    some  comparative 

results  of  large  and  small  farm  systems,  1663, 

1675,  1705 
Johnstone,    Mr.    A.,    M.P.,     on    the    uses    of 

Chambers  of  Agriculture,    335  ;    ort   the  free 

transfer  of  land,  744 
"  Jonathan,"  decision  against  the  use  of,  879 
Jones,    Mr.   W.    Bence,  on  settled  estates,  816, 

843,  915 
Jones,  Mr.  J.  Bowcn,  on  master  and  servant, 

439 


Kainit  or  crude  potass  salts,  experiments  with, 
85 

Kelso,  the  Highland  and  Agricultural  Society  5 
meeting  at,  1045 

Kennards,  Rev.  R.  B.,  Shorthorn  heifer,  1667 

Kentish  Hop  gardens,  846,  884,  917 

Kidd  V.  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of 
England,  1116 

Kingscote,  Col.,  C.B.,  M.P.,  on  the  foot-and- 
mouth  disease,  1738 

Kinnaird's,  Lord,  experience  of  cover«d  courts, 

615 
Kohl  Rabi,  hints  on  the  cultivation  of,  231 


Labour  and  service  in  agriculture,  375 
Labour  and  wages  disputes,  1403 
Labour,  farm,  on  the  division  of,  Sio 
Labour  question,  the,  1021  ;  Lord  Carnarvon  on 
the,    1370 ;    Mr.   Sotheron    Estcourt  on   the, 
214a  ;  the  labourers'  iide,  1634  J  Mr.  Wi*9  on 
the»  35^ 


Labourer,  the,  516,  1727  ;  agricultureand  the,  21  ; 
Sir  M.  H.  Beach,  M.P.,  on  the  condition  of  the, 
92,  1697,  1700;  Mr.  H.  R.  Brand,  M.P.,  on 
the,  918  ;  Lord  George  hljinners,  M.P.,  on  the, 
918 ;  a  speech  to,  by  Mr.  C.  S.  Read.  BI.P., 
1729  ;  Hon.  W.  F.  Cowper-Temple,  M.P.,  on 
the  food  of  the,  8ig  ;  Mr.  Torrens.  M.P.,  on 
the,  918  ;  and  his  relation  to  agriculture,  1150  ; 
condition  of  the  :  meeting  at  Clunbury,  158  ; 
education  of  the,  83 ;  the  Essex,  616 ;  narra- 
tive of  a  Suffolk,  916 

Labourers'  cottages  and  their  cost,  52  ;  the  rent 
of,  1503 

Labourers'  daughters,  on  the  education  of,  158 

Labourers'  Friend  Societies,  Sir  T.  D.  Acland, 
M.P.,  on,  1538 

Labourers,  agricultural,  clubs  for,  263;  in  the 
North  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  555 

Labourers'  home,  the,  27 

Labourers'  strike,  the  agricultural,  478,  922  ; 
Mr.  Montague  Guest,  M.P.,  on  the,  1083 

Labourers'  union,  national,  formation  of  a,  at 
Leamington,  743 

Labourers'  wages,  movement  for  increase  of, 
475,  680 

Lakes,  in  and  around  the,  in8 

Lamb  disease,  the,  1308  ;  Dr.  Crisp  on  the, 
1244  ;  of  1871,  Mr.  J.  W.  Proctor  on  tlie, 
1241 

Lambing  season,  unfortunate,  in  Wiltshire,  333 

Lamport,  Mr.,  on  the  commercial  principles  in- 
volved in  farming,  261,  298 

Land  agents'  or  factor^  association,  proposed, 

589 

Land,  the  lease  of,  302  ;  Mr.  J.  W.  Latham  on 
property  in,  813  ;  old  crop-bearing,  infertility 
of,  1275  ;  report  of  the  Highland  and  Agricul- 
tural Society  on  the  improvement  of,  713  ;  on 
the  transfer  of,  406,  744;  Mr.  Gregory,  M.P., 
on  the  transfer  of,  263  ;  the  Marquis  of  Tweed- 
dale,  and  the  improvement  of,  7c^ ;  and 
labour,  1118 ;  on  the  seeding  of,  for  corn 
crops,  1400 

Land  laws,  Mr.  M'Neel  Caird  on  the,  23;  Mr. 
C.  Wren  Hoskyns,  M.P.,  on  the,  1437 

Landlord  and  tenant,  473,  1435,  1463  ;  justice  to, 
267,  372,  438,  521  ;  relations  of,  1533  ■  o"  ^^^ 
relations  between,  1567;  Sir  T.  D.  Acland. 
M.P.,  on,  1572:  Mr.  Atkinson  on,  814;  Mr. 
James  Caird.  C.B.,  on,  476 ;  Mr.  W.  Smith 
on  the  relation  of,  436 

Landlord,  tenant,  and  labourer,  1536 

Landlords,  abuse  of,  406  ;  justice  to,  479 

Land  question,  the  coming,  227  ;  Pinnock's  cate- 
chism of  the,  1465,  1502,  .1535,  1568,  1600, 
1632,  1699 

Land  reclamation,  1436  ;  in  In  vein  ess- shire, 
409 

Land  tenancy  laws,  the,  1277:  resolutions  of  the 
Scottish  Chamber  of  Agriculture  in  regard 
to  the,  1534 

Land  Tenure,  Mr.  HiUiard  on,  1540  :  Mr.  T. 
Horley,  jun.,  on,  303  ;  report  of  the  com- 
mittee of  the  Warwickshire  Chamber  of  Agri- 
culture on,  1079,  1501  ,  and  tenant-right  in 
Wales,  1 147 

Large's  improved  moulding  and  pressing  ma- 
chine, 1369 

Lansdowne,  the  Marquis  of,  on  tenant-right, 
552 

Latham,  Mr.  J.  W.,  on  property  in  land,  813 

Lawes'  Chemical  Manure  Company,  679 

Lawes,  Mr.  J.  B.,  on  Kainit,  or  crude  potass 
salts,  85  :  on  the  \Vheat  crop,  1338 

Lawrence's  milk  refrigator,  781 

Leach's,  Dr.,  report  on  milk  adulteration,  127S 

Leamington,  the  Agricultural  Union  at,  776 

Lease,  the,  302,  1543 

Leases,  clauses  of  Scotch,  1567  ;  v.  yearly  agree- 
ments, Mr.  Clement  Cadleon,  880 

Leguminous  crops,  experiments  on  the  growth 
of,  at  Rothamsted,  1087 

Leighton,  Sir  Baldwyn,  on  the  farm  labourer, 
1183,  1205;  on  meadow  and  garden  allot- 
ments, 915 

Liebig,  Baron,  memoir  and  portrait  of,  435 

Liebig's  extract  of  meat,  1339,  1406 

Lincoln  ram,  Mr.  W.  Marshall's,  portrait  of, 
1669  ;  notes  on  the,  1699 

Lingwood,  Mr.,  on  agricultural  horses,  683  ;  on 
the  management  of  ewe  flocks,  267 

Linseed  cake,  the  trial  at  Leeds,  1372 

Linseed  cmshers,  resolutions  adopted  at  a  meet- 
ing of,  1142 

Live  stock,  the  reduction  in  the  numbers  of  our, 
517  ;  Mr.  Welch  on  the  transit  of,  332,  338 

Local  taxation,  435,  652,  1506  ;  Sir  Massey 
Lopes'  resolution  on,  550 ;  town  refuse,  the 
remedy  for,  8i8 

Longman,  Mr.,  on  grass  land  improvement,  58 

Lopes',  Sir  Massey,  resolution  on  local  taxation, 

550  ... 

Lyons  Universal  Exhibition,  402 


M. 


MacCormac,  Dr.,  on  the  loss  of  ammonia  and 

phosphates,  1014 
Machinery  exported  from  Germany,  1398 
Malton,  the  horses  at,  1143 
Manure,  earth-closet,  748  ;  the  value  of  chemical 

analysis  as  determining  the  value  of,    1019  ; 

farmyard,  479  ;  waste  of  farmyard,   521,   588  ; 

phospho-silicon,i34o  ;  silicic  acid  as,  1051 
Manure,  for  Swedes.  225  ;  uUow  and  bone,  from 

Australia,  1542  ;  valuation  of,  26 
Manures  and   cattle  foods,  publication   of  Dr. 

Voelcker's  analyses  of,  to  be  continued,  1566  ; 

and  feeding  stuffs,  forms  of  guarantee  of  the 

quality  of,  373  ;  analyses  of,  1505  ;  and  field 

experiments,  Mr.  C.  D.  Hunter  on,  1405 :  for 

Swedish  Turnips,  299 
Market  gardening  at  East  Ham,  992 
Marshall,  Son  &:  Co.'s  semi-fixed  engine,  845  ; 

threshing  machine,  1703 
Marshall's  straw  elevator,  989 
Master  and  servant,  Mr.  J.   Bowen  Jones  on, 

439 
Mayo,  Lord,  the  death  of,  262 
M'Call,  Mr.,  on  the  high  price  of  meat,  1142 
M'Combie,  Mr.  W.,  M.P.,  memoir  and  portrait 

of,  85  ;  on  the  transit  of  live  stock,  370 
Meadow  and  garden  allotments.  915 
Meat,  the  high  price  of,  710  ;  Mr.    M'Call  on 

114a 
Maat  supply,  diBCUtaion  on  the,  1374 


J  The  Gardeners'  Chronicle  ) 
1  and  Agricultural  Gazette.  J 


Index. 


December  28,  1872. 


Mcchi,  Mr.,  agricultural  notes  by,  373,  845  ;  on 
the  agricultural  labourer,  5S3  ;  on  compensa- 
tion for  tenants'  unexhausted  improvements, 
1503;  on  principles  affecting  cultivation,  ma- 
nuring and  cropping,  645,  648,  679 ;  and  his 
opponents,  1021 

Mersey  Dock  Board,  grain  warehouses  of  the, 
481 

Merlhyr,  the  sewage  farm  at,  988 

Metropolis  Sewage  Company,  history  of  the,  189 

Michaelmas  averages  :  com  rents,  1341 

Mid  Lothian,  agricultural  labourers  in,  555 

Milanese  experience  of  sewage  utilisation,  19 

Milk  adulteration,  12,  15  ;  Dr.  Leach's  report 
on,  1278 

Milk,  artificial,  made  during  the  siege  of  Paris, 
1567 

Milk-condensing  factories,  American,  1570 

Milk  coolers,  1601 

Milk,  impurities  in,  and  how  caused,  1244 

Milk  refrigerator,  Lawrence's,  781 

Minnesota,  a  sample  of  Wheat  and  Barley  from, 
1637 

Model  farm  at  Glasnevin,  555,  589 

Monckton,  Mr.,  on  the  labourer  and  his  relation 
to  agriculture,  11 50 

Moorland  reclamation,  1464 

Moulduig  and  pressing  machine,  Large's,  1369 

Mowers  and  reapers  for  1872,  Burgess&  Key  s, 
22  ;  Hornsby  &  Son's,  1432  ;  Wood's,  189 

Mules,  for  agricultural  work,  333 ;  on  the 
absence  of,  at  the  Cardiff  show,  914  ;  Poitou, 
369,  712 

Mungoswells  and  Cainptown  Farms,  127 

Mustard,  a  new,  from  China,  19 

Mustard  seed,  opening  of  the  market  for,  1431 

Mutual  Cattle  Insurance,  1047 


N. 


Nash,  Mr.  John,  testimonial  to,  369 
Nation,  on  the  progress  of  the,  49,  54 
Needham  allotment  gardening,  1152 
Nelson,  Lord,  address  to  labourers,  1597 
New  Forest,  the,  266 
New  Zealand  agriculture,  476 
North,  farm  prospects  in  the,  372 
Norwegian  harrow,  the,  715 
Nuisance,  two  prosecutions  for,  517 


Oat  crop,  failure  in  the,  226 

Obituary :  — Dickson,     Mr.    John,    888;    Wel- 

ford,  Mr.  R  G.,  1245 
Odessa,    agriculture   in   the  neighbourhood    of, 

551 
CEnanthe  crocata,  cattle  poisoned  by,  151 
Oilcake,  a  report  on,  812 
Ostrich  farming  at  the  Cape,  152 


Page,  Professor  D.,  on  the  uses  of  geology, 
1304 

Pasture,  poor  permanent,  1536 

Pawlett,  Mr,,  of  Beeston,  the  late,  19,  as  a 
breeder,  297 

Pembroke  breed  of  cattle,  the,  526 

Permanent  grass,  1730 

Peruvian  Government  guano  consignees,  1534 

Phosphoric  acid  and  phosphates,  production  of, 
in  France,  1306 

Phospho-guano  as  a  manure  for  root  crops, 
M36 

Phospho-silicon  manure,  1340;  and  the  Potato 
disease,  1634 

Pigs,  the  Berkshire  breed  of,  in  Ireland.  993  ;  at 
the  Bath  and  West  of  England  Society's 
show,  781,  846  ;  .It  the  Cardiff  meeting,  986  ; 
feeding  on  whey,  197  ;  Mr.  Sadler's  notes  on 
breeding,  679 

Pinniger,  Mr.,  on  the  politics  of  agriculture, 
.333 

Pinnock's  Catechism  of  the  Land  Question, 
1465,  1502, 1535,  1568, 1600,  1632,  1699 

Pipe  dramage,  agricultural,  90,  124 ;  duration 
of,  125 

Pirie's  double-furrow  plough,  780 

Pitchfork,  Messrs,  Coleman  &  Morton's  horse, 
1664 

Plagues,  four  agricultural,  1341 

Plants,  influence  of  light  and  heat  upon,  1174; 
Mr.  G.  Summers  on  the  diseases  of,  1274,1305 

Plastic  carbon,  something  about,  1051,  1083 

Plastic  clays  and  open  furrows,  1504 

Pleuro-pneumonia,  a  cure  for,  89  ;  Mr.  Finlay 
Dun  on,  171 

"  Plough,  the  best  way  for  the  tryall  of  a  new," 
236  ;  Pirie's  double-furrow,  780 

Ploughs,  advantages  of  double-furrow,  159  ;  and 
ploughing,  27 

Poa  compressa,  615  ;  pratensis,  615 

Poitou  ass,  the,  369 

Political  economy  in  relation  to  agriculture,  187 

Polled  cattle,  pedigrees  of,  126 

Population  and  food  of  England,  the,  1337 

Porter,  Mr.  J.  H.,  on  the  cultivation  of  sugar- 
beet,  1212 

Portugal,  farming  in,  402 

Potato  digger,  Coleman's,  78 1 

Potato  crop  in  the  Wisbech  district,  1211 

Potato  disease,  the,  1173,  1397.  1436,  1537,  1603, 
1666,  1704,  1730;  phospho-silicon  and  the, 
1634  ;  Earl  Cathcart's  prize  for  an  essay  on  ; 
the,  1 2 38 

Potato  failure,  the,  1471 

Potato  famine,  the  impending,  ii8i 

Potato  haulms,  cutting  off,  1729 

Potato,  Paterson't.  Victoria,  406 

Potato  planting,  302 

Potato  starch,  1244 

Potatos,  1503  ;  on  greening  for  seed,  1436  ;  care- 
ful selection  of  seed,  1504  ;  raising  from  seed, 
1404 

Poultry,  early  sitting,  297 ;  at  the  Birmingham 
show,  1636  ;  as  farm  stock,  955  ;  judging  the 
age  of  a  plucked  fowl,  227  ;  on  the  keeping  of, 
372,  915;  keeping  in  America,  811  ;  to  pre- 
serve eggs   intended  for  hatching,  404  ;    on 


ITrearing,  880  ;  on  rearing  chickens,  583 ;  sta- 
tistics, 27 
Preserved  food.  Dr.  E.  Smith  on,  1343 
Price,  Prof.   Bonamy,  on  the  doctrine  of  rent. 

Prices,  agricultural,  1018,  1049 

Proctor,  Mr.  J.  W.,  on  the  lamb  disease,  1241 

Profits  of  farming,  89 

Profits  of  Tiptree  management,  302 

Progress,  lop-sided,  295,  331 

Prussia,  the  farm  labourer  in,  621 

Public  health,  1341 


Rabbits,  883  ;  destruction  of  crops  by,  1604  ;  a 

valuation  of  injury  done  by,  1279 
Painforth's  corn  screen,  1671 
Ram  sales,  120S,  1239,  1272  ;  northern,  1302 
Rams,  portraits  of  Cotswold  and  Lincoln,  1669 
Ransomes   &  Co.'s  horse  rake,    781;    "Star" 

haymaker  and  horse  rake,  335 
Rape  cake.  1666 
Rating,  a  question  of,  434 
Rat  catching,  883 
Rats,    953,    1051  ;    the    destructivenes?    of,    742. 

782,8,7 
Rat  destruction,  1276 
Rats,  modes  of  destroying,  917 
Rat  secret,  tha,  815 

Read,  Mr.  C.   S.,  M.P.,  on  the    Income    Tax, 
1727;  on  the  lessening  stock  of  sheep,    404: 
speech  to  labourers  by,  1729  ;  on  legislating  on 
cattle  disease,  1540 
Reading  nozzle  boiler,  the,  1726 
Reaper,  Howard's  international,  988 
Reaping  machines,  1019 ;  Col.  Cholmondely  on 
a  new  corn  lifter  for,  1567;  in  East  Lothian, 
161  ;  Samuelson's,  812  ;  a  trial  of,  1207 
Reaping  and  mowing  machines,  on,  127 
Redgrave,  Mr.  A.,  on  the  progress  of  the  nation, 

49.  54    . 
Red  rust  in  colonial  wheat,  846 
Red-water  in  cattle,  cure  for,  126 
Rent,  what  is,  815 
Rice  fields  of  the  South,  157 
Rinderpest  and  foot-and-mouth  disease,  loSo 
Rinderpest,    attack   of,  on   our  eastern    shore, 
1013  ;  in   Yorkshire,    1237,    1269,    1333,   1366, 
U98 
Robertson,  Mr.,  on  dairy  produce,  375 
Robey  &  Co.'s  semi  fixed  engine,  1079 
Romney  Marsh,  16^7 
Rooks— are  they  friends  or  foes  of  the  farmer, 

848,  917,  990,  1019 
Rooks  and  their  friends,  1021 
Root  crops,  of  1871,   152:  Mr.  D.  Macculloch 
on  the  relative  values  of  our,  1727  ;  phospho- 
giiano  as  a  manure  for,  1436 
Root  shows,  the  awards  at,  1634  ;  of  the  season, 

1566  ;  Messrs.  Sutton's  and  Carter's,  1598 
Roots  shown  by  Messrs.   Carter  &  Co.,  1702  ; 

by  Messrs.  Sutton  &  Sons,  1673 
Root's  "safe  and  sure  "  boiler,  948 
Roper,  Mr.  G.  N.,  on  Sussex  cattle,  1053 
Rosebcrry,  the  Earl  of,  on  the  condition  of  the 

labourer,  1367 
Royal  Agricultural  Benevolent  Institution,  878, 

1534  ;  annual  banquet,  810 
Royal    Agricultural    College,    878,    1404;    Club, 

meeting  of  the,  1698 
Royal   Agricultural   College  Pupils,  success  of, 

646 
Royal  Agricultural  Society,  advantages  of  mem- 
bership of  the,  118 
Royal  Dublin  Society,  the,  474 
Russia,  notes  on  the  crops  in,  1271  ;  the  weather 

in,  and  other  matters,  go 
Ruston,  Proctor  &  Co.'s  portable  engine,  845 


Salt  for  wireworms,  406,  438 

Samuelson's  reaping  machine,  813 

Sanderson,  Mr.  James,  on  the  harvest,  1178 

Sanitary  International  Conference  at  Vienna, 
809 

Sanitary  legislation,  556  ;  reform,  652 

Sawdust,  526 

School  boards  :  adventure  schools,  90 

Scotland,  disastrous  harvest  in,  1271 

Scotch  leases  and  Irish  "  tenant  at  will,"  6ig 

Scott,  Mr,  T.  C,  on  vegetable  and  fruit  farm- 
ing,  47,<;*,  479 

Seed,  Prof.  Buckman  on  the  harvesting  and 
cleaning  of,  1471 

Seeding  cereal  crops,  on,  1209 

Seeding  of  land  for  corn  crops,  on  the,  1400 

Settled  estates,  on,  816 

Sewage,  1082  ;  and  ordinary  irrigation,  60 ;  of 
Cheltenham,  the,  1501 ;  defecation  and  utilisa- 
tion, 118  ;  intermittent  filtration,  Mr.  Bailey 
Denton  on,  88 ;  Gen.  Scott's  plan  of  dealing 
with,  710 

Sewage  farm  at  Mcrthyr,  the,  988  ;  the  Spittal 
1574;  Lord  Warwick's,  301 

Sewage  questions,  the,  1177,  1435 

Sewage  tip,  a,  433 

Sewage  utilisation,  153,  T93,  229,  299,  301,  1279  ; 
Mr,  W.  Hope  on,  120;  niter  beds  and  irriga- 
tion proper,  51  ;  intermittent  downward  filtra- 
tion, 267  ;  the  Lodge  Farm,  Barking,  123  ;  at 
Milan,  19;  in  Prussia,  1464  ;  on  Lord  War- 
wick's farm,  92 

Shearing,  early,  717 

Sheep,  at  the  Bath  and  West  of  England 
Society's  show,  778;  at  the  Cardiff  meeting, 
985  ;  against  bullocks,  1437  ;  Mr.  J,  Dent 
Dent,  M.P-.andMr.  C.  S.  Read,  M.P.,  on 
the  lessening  stock  of,  404  ;  the  Panton 
House  flock  of,  552 :  sales  of,  in  Australia, 
914  ;  autumn  sales  of,  1079  ;  sales  and  let- 
tiiigs,  1338;  sale  of  Hampshire  Downs,  1175; 
at  the  Smithfield  Club  show,  1668  ;  Sir  N.  W. 
Throckmorton's  sale  of,  1239  ;  Mr.  C.  W. 
Sutton  on  the  scour  in,  885 
Sheep  strike,  1637 

Sheep  breeding  in  Buenos  Ayres,  notes  on,  407, 

^438 

Sheep  farming,  341 

Sheep  farms  and  deer  forests  ;  1406 

Sheep  management,  the  science  of,  1630 


Sheep  on  Turnips,  Mr.  Wood's  lecture  on,  1701 
Sheep  pens  at  the  New  Foreign  Cattle  Market, 

299 
Sheep  washing  with  soluble  glass,  1312 
Sheep  tick,  the,  488 
Shetland,  the  farming  of,  1365 
Shirreft",  Mr.  P.,  memoir  and  portrait  of,  476 
Short,  Dr.,  on  benefit  societies,  1309 

Shorthorns: — The  Acton  Pigott  herd  of,  582; 
sale  of,  647 ;  Shorthorns  and  Ayrshires, 
228 ;  Mr,  \V.  Angerstein's  sale  of,  843 ; 
"  a  representative  man"  on,  1501  ;  Messrs,  T, 
&  W.  Arkell's  herd  of,  517  ;  sale  of,  647  ;  Mr, 
W.  Ashburner's  herd  of,  50 ;  Ashfield  herd, 
notes  on  the,  843,  1367  ;  Messrs.  Atkinson's 
sale  of,  403,  582  :  average  prices  obtained  at 
sales  in  the  North,  616  ;  Aylesby  herd,  notes 
on  the,  1501  ;  Mr.  C.  Barnard's  sale  of,  1272, 
1335  ;  Miss  Barroby's  sale  of,  369,  436  ;  Mr. 
Gerard  Barton's  sale  of,  679;  Mr.  J.  N. 
Beasley's  sale  of,  436,  552  ;  Rev.  W.  Holt 
Beevei^s  sale  of,  1014  ;  Berkeley  Castle  sale 
of,  263,  369  :  Mr.  R,  Blackwell's  sale  of,  1272, 
1335  ;  Mr.  J.  H.  Blundell's  sale  of,  712,  842  ; 
Mr:  T.  Bracewell's  sale  of,  1142,  1207  ;  Mr. 
W.  Bradburn's  sale  of,  1432  ;  Lord  Bray- 
brooke's  herd,  647  ;  sale  of,  811  ;  Mr.  R.  B. 
Brockbank's  sale  of,  1399:  Burghlcy  herd, 
616;  sale  of  the,  712;  Carperby  herd,  the, 
153,  189  :  sales  from  the,  403;  Shorthorns  at 
the  Cardiff  meeting,  983  ;  Mr.  W,  Carr  on 
Isabella  and  her  descendants,  297  ;  Mr.  Carr's 
remarks  on,  947 :  Mr.  Cheney's  catalogue  of, 
1048 ;  Mr.  Croudson's  herd,  517  ;  sale  of,  582  ; 
Mr.  R.  Pavin  Davies'  two  heifers,  the  breed- 
ing of,  1302  ;  Mr.  James  Dickinson's  herd, 
history  of,  517;  sale  of,  582  ;  Shorthorns,  the 
Duchess,  192 ;  Dunmore  herd,  the,  647 ; 
Lord  Dunmore's  sale  of,  iiio,  1239  ; 
Duke  of  Aosta,  sale  of,  403  ;  8th 
Duke  of  Geneva,  1302  ;  4th  Duke  of  Hill- 
hurst,  death  of  the,  712  ;  Grand  Duke  of  Kent 
2d,  and  Baron  Oxford  3d,  pedigrees  of,  9'4  ; 
3d  Duke  of  Wharfedale,  a  remarkable  photo- 
graph of,  679  :  pedigree  and  portrait  of,  879 ; 
exportations  of,  to  America  and  Australia, 
842  ;  exportation  of,  recent,  1631  ;  Me,ssrs. 
Gaitskell's  herd,  notes  on,  1600  ;  Messrs. 
Graddon  &  Perry's  sale  of,  616  ;  additions  to 
Col.  Gunter's  herd  of,  227  ;  Mr.  W.  Harland's 
sale  of,  436  ;  on  the  in-and-in  breeding  of, 
8ri  ;  importations  of,  to  America,  189  ;  impor- 
tation of,  to  Australia,  152,  i8g  ;  Lord  Irwin, 
portrait  of,  983  ;  draft  sale  of,  at  the  Island, 
Wexford,  403;  Rev.  R.  B.  Kennard's  white 
heifer,  portraitof,  1(367;  Kingscoteherd, notes  of 
the,  296  ;  .^dd^tions  to  the,  1431  ;  the  "  Lallys," 
pedigree  of  the,  1465,  1501  ;  Mr.  Lamb's  sale 
of,  582  ;  Mr.  J.  W.  Larking's  herd,  647,  743  ; 
Lightburne,  herd  of,  the,  19,  84,  296  ;  Little- 
bury  herd,  births  in  the,  50  ;  sale  of  the,  263, 
403  ;  Sir  John  Lubbock's  sale  of,  647  ;  Mr.  F. 
l-ythatl's  sale  of,  679,  743  ;  McDougall's  Sires 
of  the  Season,  1590;  Panton  herd,  notes  on 
the,  552  ;  Mr.  T.  H.  Parker's  sale  of,  226  ;  the 
late  Mr,  Pawlett's  stock  of,  297  ;  sale  of,  436, 
517  :  Pencraig  Court,  catalogue  of  the.  946  ; 
Lady  Pigott's  calf  Rapid,  1175  ;  and  heifer 
Victoria  Windsoriana,  152  ;  Mr.  W.  Playne's 
sale  of,  1399;  points  of  excellence  in,  227; 
the  Rougholm  sale  of,  1335,  1399,  1431  :  sales 
of  1871,  18,  263  ;  the  Siddington  herd  of,  552  ; 
sale  of,  616  ;  Mr.  W.  W,  Slye's  sale  of,  1142  ; 
the  Spnng  Hill,  Fladbury,  1208  ;  Mr.  Statter's 
Lady  Dodona,  1239,  1367  ;  Mr.  Storer  on 
Booth  V.  Bates,  1465  ;  Thornton's  Circular, 
mo,  1599;  Mr.  Tipler's  sale  of,  843,  g8i  ; 
Mr.  Torr's  "  Flower"  tribe,  pedigree  of,  1567  ; 
births  in  the  Towneley  herd,  1175  :  Mr.  T. 
Walker's  sale  of,  946  ;  Mr.  Webb's  sale  of, 
1239  ;  the  Weeting  Hall  sale  of,  q8i  ;  Wild 
Flower  Oxford  2d,  1303;  Winterfold  and 
Turner's  Hill  herds,  sale  of,  1142,  1271  ;  Mr. 
Woodward's  herd.  647  ;  sale  of,  842 ;  Prof. 
Wrightson's  descnption  of  a  Shorthorn,  647  ; 
at  the  Yorkshire  show,  irio. 

Silicic  acid  as  manure,  1051 

Skirving,  Mr.  Scot,  on  covered  courts  for  cattle, 
716 

Slater,  Mr,  G.,  on  labour  and  service  in  agricul- 
ture, 375       .  .       . 

Sclavonia,  agricultural  undertaking  in,  847 

Smith,  Dr.  E.,  on  preserved  food,  1343;  on 
Liebig's  extract  of  meat,  1406 

Smithfield  Club,  new  resolutions,  1430;  show, 
1666 

Smithfield  gold  medal  white  ox  of  1871,  153 

Smith,  Mr.  W.,  agricultural  notes  by,  121  ;  on 
the  relation  of  landlord  and  tenant,  436;  on 
the  history  of  steam  cultivation,  89  ;  on  steam- 
power  on  the  farm,  54 

Smut  in  grain,  917 

Society,  the  tenant-farmer's  place  in,  1336 

Societies  :— 
Ayrshire,  375 
Bath  and  West  of  England,  374,  479,   778, 

1085,   I2I2 

Birmingham  Horse  Show,  1148 
Blofield  and  Walsham,  1540 
Cambridgeshire,  qi8 
Chemico-Agricultural  of  Ulster,  716 
Cheshire,  375 
Devon,  1404 
Essex,  1540 
Gloucestershire,  1085 
Herefordshire,  1437 

Highland   and  Agricultural,    123,  231,  884, 
1540,  1705  :  at  Kelso,  1052 
Institute  of  Surveyors,  90,  124 
Leeds  Smithfield  Club,  ,664 
Midland  Counties  Cattle  Show,  16^4 
Norfolk.  847 
Northallerton,  1341 
North  Hereford  Agricultural  Improvement. 

24 

North  of  England,  1342 

Northumberland,  1132 

Over,  1470 

Oxfordshire,  748 

Romsey  Labourers'  Encouragement,  1604 

Royal  Agricultural  of  England,  monthly 
Council  meetings,  194,  337,  373,  522,  620,  715, 
782,  817,  918,  loai,  1084,  1147,  1504,  1671  ; 
rules  for  the  Cardiff  meeting  of,  715  ;  great 
show  at  Cardiff,  053,  981 

Royal  Agricultural  of  Ireland,  $6,  loaa, 
1119 


Royal  Dublin,  522 
Smithfield  Club,  1341,  1539 
Turriff.  818 
Upton  Magna,  137J 
Wayland,  1308 
Yorkshire,  1085 

Chambers  of  Agricltlture  ; — 
Breconshire,  954 

Central  and  Associated  Chamber,  the,  1S8, 
374.  555,  652,  1506,  1674 
Cheshire,  784,  1366 
Cirencester,  91 
Cornwall,  1244 
Devon  and  Cornwall,  1278 
Scottish,  1142,  1277,  1572 
Warwickshire,  303 
West  Suffolk,  56 

Farmers'  Clubs  : — 
Athy,  26 
Ayrshire,  407 
Banbury.  1119 
Blandford,  25 
Borough  bridge,  1022 
Botley,  1055,  1351 
Broadclyst,  1572 
Carmarthenshire,  991 
Gala  Water,  1309 
Haddington,  716,  1471 
Hexham,  196,  232,  1148,  1472 
Ixworth,  159,  1309,  1437 
Kincardineshire,  125 
Kingscote,  233,  1182 
Lancashire,  1373 
Lavenham,  234,  1212 

London,    194,    338,    479,    1507,    167),    170J5, 
1730 

Maidstone,  1150,  1471 
Manchester,  1278 
Midland,  57,  557,  1374         ^ 
Over,  919 
Shropshire,  439 
Smithfield,  194,  1666 

Stowmarket  and  Central  Suffolk,   267,  6P3, 
885 

Tunbridge  Wells,  1053 
Wigton,  1405 
Winforth,  58 

Sons  of  the  soil  7'.  union  schemers,  1704 

Sour  milk  and  good  crops,  883 

South  African  agriculture,  18 

Sowing,  thick  or  thin,  1051 

Sow,  a  model,  1604 

Sows,  on  the  treatment  of,  after  farrowing,  743 

Spade  husbandry  in  Shetland,  1365 

Spencer,  Lord,  on  Irish  Agriculture,  554 

Squarehead,   a   new   variety   of  Wheat  named, 

1566 
Stallions,  regulations  for  Glasgow  show  of,  441 
Stanhope,  Mr,  Edward,  on  agricultural  labour, 

Starling,  the,  1372,  1403,  1436.  1470,  1504,  1572 

States,  farming  in  the,  1468,  1537 

Steam  cultivation,  157,  1704  ;  Bean  planting  and, 

302  ;  clay  land  under,  952  ;  Lord  Dunmore  on, 

1180:  the   Fisken  system  of,  154,    1024;  Mr. 

Grey   on,    59  ;  history  of,  89  ;    at  Woolston, 

1633 
Steam  elevators  at  Cardiff,  1152 
Steam-engine,  a  fixed,  89  ;  Hughes  &  Kimber's 

vertical,  949 
Steam-plough,  Fisken's,  682 
Steam-power  on  the  farm,  54 
Stein,  ^Ir.,  on  ploughs  and  ploughing,  27 
Stephens,   F.RS.E.,    Mr.   Henry,    19  ;  memoir 

of,  226 
Stirlingshire,  the  harvest  in,  1307 
Straw  elevator,  Marshall's,  989 
Straw  as  food  for  cattle,  25 
Straw,   stiff,    Mr.    C.    S.    Read,    M.P.,  on   the 

growing  of,  717,  747 
Strikes,  agricultural,  1144 
Store  stock,  the  price  of,  1078 
Stock,  young,  how  to  manage,  126 
Suffolk,  the  crops  in,  816  ;  farming,  1017 
Suflolk  labourer,  narrative  of  a,  916,  952 
Sugar-Beet,  776 
Sugar,  Mr.  James  Calrd,  C.B.,  on  home-grown, 

778 
Sugar-Beet   cultivation,    Mr.    H.     Biddell    on, 

1184  ;  Mr,  J.  H.  Porter  on,  1212 
Summers,    Mr,    G.,  on   the  diseases  of  plants, 

1274.  1305      . 
Surrey,  wages  in,  682 
Sussex  cattle,  Mr.  G.  N.  Roper  on,  1053 
Sutton,  Mr,  C.  W.,  on  the  scour  in  sheep,  885 
Swedes,  hints  on  cultivating,  230;  manure  for, 

225 
Swedish  agriculture,  1308 
Swiss  and  Bavarian  breeds  and  markets,  817 


Tait,  Mr.  W.  Reid,  on  Tenant-right  in  Sect- 
land,  519 

Tail's  system  of  concrete  building,  1016 

Taming  the  shrew,  370 

Tangye's  12  -  horse  horizontal  engine  and 
"  special  "  steam  pump,  949 

Tattcrsall,  Mr.,  on  mutual  cattle  insurance,  1047 

Taxation,  agricultural,  816 

Taylsr,  Mr,  W.,  on  Devon  cattle,  404 

Tenant- farmers'  alliance,  58S  ;  plam  in  society, 
1336 

Tenant,  Mr.  J.  H.  Holley,  on  compensating  a 
retiring,  1278  ;  security  for  the,  555 

Tenant  League,  Mr,  McNeel-Caird's  proposal 
for  the  formation  of  a,  549,  554 

Tenam-right,  89,  157.  330.  479,  521,  1539  :  Mr. 
James  Caird,  C.B.,  on.  476,  5S3  ;  at  the 
Central  Chamber.  776  ;  meeting  on,  at 
Cirencester,  710,  747  :  Mr.  Hope's  case,  473, 
520,  521,  584  ;  nationally  considered,  196, 
232  ;  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne  on,  552  ;  in 
Scotland,  Mr,  W.  Reid  Tait  on,  519 

Tenants,  allowances  to  outgoing,  326 

Tenants'  improvements,  compensation  for,  1506 

Tenant  Union,  an  old,  1538 

Threshing-machines,  portable,  at  Cardiff,  986  : 
Marshall  &  Co.'s,  1703 

Tiptree  Hall  Farm,  the.  778,  Q17.  949  :  as  it 
was,  1147  :  balance-sheet,  ii8j  ;  the  crops  at. 


December  28,  1872.J 


Index. 


f  The  Gardeners'  Chronicle  ) 
(  and  Agricultural  Gazette.  ( 


XI 


1118,  1147  :    farming   at,  265,  479,    555>    588, 

65*  :    harvest  wages  at,    1051  :   management, 

profits  of,  302  ;  the  original    fertility  of  the, 

714,  816 :  the  price  of,  846  ;  valuation  of,  SS4 
Tiptrec    Heath,    the  soil  of.    952  ;    and  Tiplrcc 

Farm.  1019 
Tiptrec  holdmg,  the  famous,  747 
Tithe  commutation,  55 
Tithe  Commutation  Act.  the,  946 
Tonks    and     Mechi,     Messrs.,    correspondence 

between,  1014 
Towneley  Park,  5S 
Town    refuse  the    remedy    for    local    taxation, 

818 
Traction-engines,  an  elastic  wheel  for,  1367 
Transit,  on  the  feeding  of  cattle  during,  367 
I'ransit  of  live  stock,  Mr.  M'Combic,  M.P.,  on 

the,  370  ;  Mr,  Welch  on  the,  33a 
Trask,  Mr.,  on  the  progress  of  agriculture,  1055 
Triticiim  repens,  614 
Turkey,  the  agricultural  labourer  in,  990 
Turnips,  finger-and-toein,  5S5  ;  how  to  cook,  for 

man  or  beast,    1403  ;    Swedish   manures   for, 
,    =99  . 

Turnpike  trusts  and  highways,  374 
Tweeddale,    the  Marquis   of,    on  cattle  transit, 

844  ;  and  the  improvement  of  lands,  709 


Ulster  Land  Occupiers'  Association,  annuni 
meeting,  810 

Unexhausted  improvements,  Mr.  Clement  Cadle 
on  compensation  for,  1466  :  Mr.  H,  H.  Wat- 
son on  compensation  for,  1404 

Upjohn's,  Dr.,  report  on  the  composition  of 
foods  and  manures.  60 

Upper  Winchendeti,  farming  at,  340 


Valley  of  the  Loire,  agriculture  in  the,  4S0 

Valuation,  n,  153S 

Valuation  of  manure,  26 

Varden,  Mr.  R. ,  on  fruit  farming,  749 

Vegetable  and  fruit  farmmg,  Mr.  S.  C.  Scott  on, 

475.  479 
Vernon,  Lord,  presentation  to,  84 
Veterinary   department  of  the   Privy   Council, 

report  of  the,  1141 
Vienna,  sauitar;^'  international  conference  at,  809 
Vienna  international  exhibition,  1338 


w. 


Wahes,    Labourers',     680 :     abroad.     953  ;    in 
Dorset,  the,  946  ;  in  Gloucestershire,    52^;  in 
South   Northumberland,  993  ;  in  Surrey,  6S2  ; 
historical  notes  on,  1402 
Wales,  land  tenure  and  tenant-right  in,  1147 
Walker.  Mr.  G.  J.,  on  Black  Polled  Aberdeen 
and    Angus    cattle,    125 ;    on    Aberdeenshire 
Polled  cattle,  437 
Wallis   &  Steevens'    double    cylinder    portable 

steam-engine,  &c.,  1176,  1207 
Walls  of  Wheat  7'.  walls  of  hedges,  846 
Walsingham,  Lord,  on  the  labour  question,  1308 
Warwickshire,  the  labourers'  strike  in,  475,  811 
Warwickshire   Agricultural    Labourers'    Union, 

646 
Waste  lands  of  Hampshire  and  Dorsetshire,  58S 
Waste  lands  in  England,  881,    1241  ;  on  the  pro- 
fitable use  of,  1015,  1147'  Mf  James  Howard, 
M.P.,  on  the  reclamation  of,  1273 


Water,  Mr.  Isaac  Brown's  system  of  distributing, 
1302 

Watson,  Mr.  H.  H  ,  on  compensation  for  unex- 
hausted improvements,  1404 

Watts,  Mr.,  on  the  cultivation  and  diseases  of 
Wheat,  233 

Weather,  the,  in  January,  February,  and  March, 
434  ;  and  the  crops,  the,  550,  1276  :  forecasts, 
263  ;  lore,  521  ;  meteorological  charts  of  the, 
516  ;  the  wet,  169S,  1730 

Weed-growing    propensities    of    Irish    farmers, 

Weights  and  measures,  Mr.  Howard  on,  118 

Welch,  Mr.,  on  the  transit  of  live  stock,  332, 
33S 

Welford,  Mr.  R.  G.,  death  ot,  1245 

Welsh  farming,  1181 

West,  Mr.,  on  horses  and  fox  hunting.  57 

West  Newton,  condition  of,  50 

Wet  weather,  loss  of  time  by,  710 

What  is  rent?  589,  815 

What  ought  landlords  to  do?  1307 

Wheat  and  Barley,  Professor  Wrightson's  pro- 
posed experiments  on,  551  ;  on  harvesting, 
1707 

Wheat    and    Maize,    on    the   relative   value   of, 

1334 

Wheat  crops,  Mr.  Lawcs  on  the,  1338 

Wheat,  colonial,  red  rust  in,  782,  846;  on  uti- 
tilising  damaged,  for  feedmg,  1567  ;  mecha- 
nical lorce  employed  in  the  cultivating  of  a 
crop  of,  1599;  on  seeding,  1301,  1630;  on 
dressing  for  seed,  883,  1341  ;  sowing,  1504; 
on  the  steeping  of,  as  a  preservative  against 
smut.  846  ;  pickhng  of  the,  8S3,  991  ;  un- 
sleeped  c>lonial,  1082;  a  new  variety  of, 
named  Squarehead,  1566;  Mr.  Walts  on  the 
cultivation  and  diseases  of,  233  ;  the  yield  of, 
in  English  counties,  1206 

Wheel,  el.nstic,  for  traction  engines,  1367 

Wheels,  big,  30a 


Wild  Birds  Protection  Act,  1311,  1341,1372; 
Mr.  A.  Herbert.  M.P.,  on  the,  819 

Wild  Flower  Oxford  3d.  1303 

Willacey's  patent  cattle  feeder,  1049 

Williams,  Mr.  j.  A.,  presentation  to,  1367 

Wiltshire  labourers,  about  the,  1534,  1598 

Winter,  the  coining,  1277 

Wireworms  and  salt,  369,  406,  438 

Wisbech,  appearance  of  crops  near,  grji 

Wise,  Mr.,  on  the  labour  question,  556 

Wix,  an  invitation  to,  952 

Wood,  Mr.,  on  sheep  on  Turnips,  1700 

Wojds  and  forests,  annual  account  of  the 
1431 

Wood  trade,  home,  in  1871,   iig 

Wood-pigeons,  the  plague  of,  in  East  Lothian. 
50 

Wood,  Mr.  Willoughby,  on  the  remuneration  of 
agricultural  labour,  811 

Woods'  mower  and  reaper,  189 

Woolston  Farm  Agreement,  950,  1021  ;  pasture 
land  at,  952  ;  and  I'lptree,  191  ;  steam  culti- 
vation at,  1633 

Wrexham  Sewage  Farm,  59 

Wrightson,    Professor,   on    bringing  up   calves, 
1143;  on  the  cost  of  maintaining  farm  horses, 
404 ;    on    tenant-right  nationally   considered, 
,       196.  23^ 


[  Yester  Farms,  the,  27 
Yew,  the,  poisonous  to  cattle,  715,  1276 
Yorkshire,  labourers  in  the  North  Riding  of.  555 
Yorkshire,  rinderpest  in,  1237,  1269,  1333  ;  cattle 

j      plague  in,  1430,  1464 
Young,  Arthur,  and  his  services  to  agriculture 

I       it45 


Xll 


j  The  Gardeners'  Chronicle  ) 
\  and  Agricultural  Gazette.  ( 


Index. 


[December  aS,  1872. 


LIST   OF  WOODCUTS   IN   THE   PRESENT  VOLUME. 


Abik  Douglasii  atDropmore,  the,  1325 
Abraxas  grossulariata,  185 

Abris  or  shelter-sheds,  Bois  de  Boulogne,  141 

Acland,  Sir  T.  D.,  Bart.,  M.P..  portrait  of,  777 

j^chmea  M arise  Regina:,  640 

Agave  maculosa,  1194 

Agricultural  noteworthies  ;— Acland,  Sir  T.  D., 
M.P.,  777  ;  Amos.  Mr.  C.  E.,  C.E.,  1631 :  Cath- 
cart.  Earl,  1047  ;  Gibbs,  Mr.  B.  T.  Brandreth, 
1665;  Hope,  Mr.  G.,  711  ;  Hope,  Mr.  W., 
V.C.,  portrait  of,  1727  ;  Justus  von  Liebig, 
435;  M'Combie,  Mr.  W.,  M.P.,  85  ;  Shirreff, 
Mr.  P.,  476;  Stephens,  F.R.S.E.,  Mr.  Henry, 
19:  Wynn,  Sir  W.  W.,  Bart.,  M.P.,  981 

Agrostis  stolonifera,  615 

Alocasia  Marshallii,  801 

Alsophila  sagittifolia,  321 

Alsophilas  from  Lord  Howe'.s  Island,  113  ; 
Indian,  699 

American  garden  at  Trentham,  the,  50G 

American  mitk-condensiiig  machinery,  1570 

Amorphophallu";  campanulatus,  1720 

Amos,  Mr.  C.  E.,  C.E.,  portrait  of,  1631 

Anthomya  ceparum,  839 

Apparatus  for  watering  gardens,  637 

Apple,  the  D.  T.  Fish,  147 

Araucaria  imbricataat  Dropmore,  the,  1324 

Asparagus  sethiopicus  ternifolius,  15SS 

Authorities  high  in  fungi,  1329 

Avenue  gardens.  Regent's  Park,  plan  of,  1197 

Ayres'  expanding  fruit-houses,  704 


,  portrait  of,  74 
i  portable  steam  engine,  11 44 
■  ;  Mazel's,  108  ;  Pearcei, 


Barrom,  Mr.  A.  F, 

Barrows  &  Stewart' 

Begonia  boliviensis,  io3 
108 

Berkheya  (Stobcea)  purpurea,  1261 

Birmingham  Botanic  Garden,  views  of  the  con- 
servatory in  the,  1291 

Birmingham  show,  ground  plan  of  large  tent  at 
the,  86g 

Boby's  corn  screen,  1671 

Boiler,  the  Davey-Paxman,  1210;  Deard's  patent 
centrifugal,  1455  ;  Green's  patent  duplicate, 
1357  :  *he  Reading  nozzle,  1726;  Root's 
safety,  948  ;  the  safety,  395 

Bois  de  Boulogne,  caverns  in  the,  572  ;  shelter 
sheds  in  the,  141 

Bouvardia  jasminiflora,  215 

Boy  at  the  stream,  the,  867 

Briars,  roots  of  seedling,  1325 

Brooklyn  Park,  New  York,  plan  of,  1523 

Burgess  &  Key's  mower  and  reaper,  22  ;  com- 
bined reaper,  self-raker  reaper,  23 


Cabbage  stump,  adventitious  buds  on  a,  1066 

Calceolaria,  abnormal  flower  of,  969 

Calathea  Makoyana,  T589 

Carter  &  Co.'s  agricultural  roots,  1702  ;  chal- 
lenge cup,  the,  76 

Cathcart,  Earl,  portrait  of,  1047 

Cat,  the,  as  a  scarecrow,  1556 

Cattle  troughs  and  mangers  at  Deptford,  228 

Cattlcya  velutina,  1258 

Caverns  in  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  572 

Cedrus  atlantica  {not  pruned),  427  ;  Dcodara, 
pruned  and  not  pruned,  427 

Celery  collar,  the  Wortley,  504 

Celosia  Huttoni,  214 

Chatenay's  tree  lifter,  145 

Cherry,  Frogmore  Early  Bigarreau,  255 

Chiswick  garden,  plan  of,  1130 

Clematis  montana,  1424;  Sicboldii,  1425 

Clinometer,  Wells',  1650 

Coleman  &  Morton's  hop-cultivator,  518  ;  hop 
washing  machine,  518 

Coleman's  horse  pitchfork,  1664;  potato-digger, 
781 

Conservatory  in  the  Birmingham  Botanic  Gar- 
den, view  of  the,  1291 

Conservatory  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society, 
group  of  plants  in  the,  1227 

Corn  screen,  Rainforth's,  1671  ;  Boby's,  1671 

Corynophallus  Afzclii,  1619 

Corynostylis  Hyb-inthus,  125S 

Cotswold  ram,  Mr.  R,  Swanwick's,  i66g 

Cottages,  labourers',  plans  of,  52,  1016 

Cotton  house  at  the    International  Exhibition, 


799 
Cotton  plant.  New  Orleans,  1354 
Covent  Garden,  interior  view  of  the  new  flower 

market  in,  177  "^ 

Crassula  pyramidalis,  289 
Crimean  Snowdrop,  the,  326 
Cross  of  skeleton  leaves,  1295 
Cynips  Quercus  Ramuli,  774 
Cyrtanthera  chrysostephana,  936 
Cucumber-house,  Mr.  Cooling's,  1135 
Cupressus  Lawsoniana,  unpruned,   254 

pruned,  254 


Davev-Paxman  boiler,  the,  1210 

Dxmonorops  accidens,  12 

Deard's  patent  centrifugal  boiler,  1435 


Dendrobium  nobile,  a  fine  specimen  of,  732 
Deodars,  unpruned,    branch   and   stem  pruned, 

and  branch  pruned  only,  179 
Deptford,  cattle   troughs  and  mangers  at,  caS  ; 

the  new  foreign  cattle  market  at,  265  ;  sheep 

pens,  299 
Diospyros  costata,  576 
Dragon  tree  of  Teneriffe,  the  great,  765 
Dreschler's  patent  winnowing  machine,  284 
Durham's,  Earl,  filter,  681 


EniNBURGH,  the  new  winter  garden  at,  465 

Elm  bark,  perforated  by  Scolytus,  45 

Elm,  root  growths  of,  603 

Engine,    Barrows  &  Stewart's    portable,    1144  ; 

Robey  &  Co.'s  semi-fixed,  loSo 
Epilachna  chrysomelina,  143 
Eucalyptus  resinifera,  1041 
Exhibition  building  at  Lyons,  253 


Fagus  hetuloides  at  Penllagare,  467 

Fern  glen.  Mr.  Smee's,  837 

Ferns,    Filmy,   287 ;  Tree,    from    Lord    Howe's 

Island,  113 
Filter,  Earl  Durham's,  681 
Finger-and-toe  in  Turnips,  5S5 
Fir,  the  Silver,  907 

Fisken  system  of  steam  cultivation,  the,  154 
Flax  breaker,  Hodgkm's,  loig 
Flower  market  In  povent  Garden,  interior  view 

of  the  new,  177 
Flower  show  in  India,  plate  i 
Flower  show  pavilion,  Rendle's,  1561 
Flowers,  a  basket  of,  in  terra-cotta,  1491 
Fluid  pressure,  diagrams  illustrative  of,  135S 
Foreign  Cattle  Ma.rket,  the  new,  265 
Form  in  trees,  illustrations  of,  906 
Forsyth's  level  and  plumb-rule,  543 
French  apparatus  for  road  watering,  636 
Frogmore  Early  Bigarreau  Cherry,  255 
Fruit  houses,  Ayres'  expanding,  704 
Fungi,  edible,  capital  weather  for,  1393  ;  lumi- 
nous, 1280  ;  authorities  high  in,  1329 
Fungus  on  Pear-tree  roots,  42 


Gai.anthus  plicatus,  326 

Gardener's  house  at  Trentham,  701 

Garden  frame,  Horley's,  252  ;  Voice's.  1555 

Gcrardia  quercifolla,  42  ;  Pedicularja,  43 

Geonoma  arundinacea,  78 

Gibbs,  Mr.  B.  T.  Brandreth,  portrait  of.  1665 

Gibson,  Mr.  John,  portrait  of,  865 

Gilbert's  Grape  exhibition  case,  262  ;  registered 

handlight,    1455 
Glass  case  at  Trentham,  507 
Grafting,  whip,  258 
Grape  exhibition  case,  Gilbert's,  262 
Grape  rail,  Kemp's  registered,  429 
Gray,  Dr.  Asa,  portrait  of.  1421 
Green's  patent  duplicate  boiler,  1357 
Grimston  plant  protector,  the,  803 
Gooseberry  bush,  trained,  675 


Iris  Roblnsoniana,  393 

Ixora  Williamsii,  641  ;  Prince  of  Orange,  641 


Keele  Hali,,     views  of  the     Peach-house  at. 


Haymaker  and  horse-rake.  Ransome  &  Co.'s. 

Headcorn  Oak,  the.  1S55 

Heckfield.  views  of  the  east  and  south  terrace 

at,  1458  ;  flower  walk  in  the  kitchen  garden 

at,  1526 
Hillfield,    the    Fern-house     and     Orchid-house 

at,  1558  ;  succulent-house  at,  1621 
Hive,  Major  Munn's  frame,  14 
Hodgkin's  flax  breaker,  icig. 
Holliday's  system  of  wiring  garden  walls,  13S7 
Holly,  Waterer's,  specimen  bush  of,  1591 
Hope,  Mr.  G.,  portrait  of,  711 
Hope,  Mr.  W.,  V.C.,  portrait  of,  1727 
Hop  culture  implements,  Coleman  &  Morton's, 

518 
Horley's  garden  frame,  252 
Hornsby&  Son'simproved  Paragon  mower,  and 

combined  mower  and  reaper,  1433 
Horse  hoe.  Hunt's,  813 
Horse  rake,  Ransome's,  781 

'  urists,  portraits  of:— Barron,  Mr.  A.  F., 

hson,  Mr.  John,  865;  Gray,  Dr.  Asa, 

,_    .  Wilder,  Hon.  Marshall.  P..  463    --4- 

Howard's  improved  central  axle  haymaker  and 

self-acting   horse    r.ake,     1337  ;    International 

reaper,  989 
Hughes  &  Kimber's  vertical  steam  engine,  949 
Hunt's  horse  hoe,  815 
Hyacinthus  candicans,  logg 


Indian  flower  show,  plate  i 
Iriartea  gigantea,  1105 


'jl  Horse  rake 
r  Horticultu 
\  74:  Cib 
\-     1421  :  W 


Kemp's  registered  Grape  rail,  429 


Labourers'  cottages,  plans  of,  52,  1016 

Lachenalia  aurea,  291 

Ladybird  from  Collioure,  143 

Lzelia  autumnalis  van,  1009:  Jongheana,  425 

l^ampronia  rubiella,  607 

Larch  roots,  grafted  together,  iiCi 

Large's      improved     moulding     and 

machine,  ii6q 
Lawrence's  milk  refrigerator,  7S1 
Laxton's  new  Peas,  1007 
Leaves,  illustrations  of  the  form  of,  93S 
Level  and  plumb-rule,  Forsyth's,  543 
Licuala  peltata,  1657 
Liebig,  Baron,  portrait  of,  435 
Lincoln  ram,  Mr.  W.  Marshall's,  1669 
Lisianthus  princeps,  1163 
Lyons'  Exhibition,  building  of,  253 


Maranta  Makoyana,  1589:  Seemanni,  323 
Marshall's  straw  elevator,  989 
Marshall  &  Co.'s  threshing  machine,  1703 
Martinezia  caryotsfolia,  181  ;  erosa,  1297 
Masdevallia  Ignea,  54s 
M'Combie,  Mr.  W.,  M.P.,  S5 
Memorial  of  Prince  Consort,  the,  903 
Merthyr  sewage  filter-beds,  987 
Mesembryanthemum  tigrinum,  325 
Mignonette,  new  varieties  of,  285 
Milk  coolers,  1601 

Milk  condensing  machinery,  American,  1570 
Milk  refrigerator,  Lawrence's,  781 
Mowers   and  reapers,   Hornsby  &  Sons',  1432  ; 
Key's,  22  ;  Wood's,  190 


N. 


Nepenthes  house,  Messrs.  Veitch's,  359 
Nepenthes,  pitchers  of,  541 
Nepenthes  Rafflesiana,  1165 


Oak,  the  Headcorn,  1655 

Odontoglossum  Alexandrse,  abnormal  flower  of, 
538  ;  Coradinei,  1068  :  Phaljenopsis,  a  fine 
specimen  of,  832  ;  vexillarlum,  667 

CEnanthe  crocata,  showing  the  poisonous  tuberi- 
form  roots,  934 

Olearia  Haastii,  1195 

Oncidium  zebrinum,  1354 

Ophrystenthredinifera,  605 

Orchis,  the  Snipe,  1009 

Oxalis,  sensitive,  from  Angola,  1419 


Paui.UNIA  thaliclrlfolia,  66g  ,  ■        • 

Peach-house  at  Keele  Hall,  exterior  and  interior 
views  of  the,  no 

Pear  leaf  sawfly,  the,  1167 

Pea,  Dr.  Hogg,  1199;  Emerald  Gem,  1527: 
Fillbasket,  1199;  G.  F.  Wilson,  1692;  Har- 
binger, 1007  ;  Omega.  1007 ;  Superlative, 
1 199  ;  Supplanter,  1 199  ;  Unique,  1 199  ; 
William  I.,  1199 

Peas,  Laxton's  new,  1007,  1199 

Penllagare,  the  evergreen  Beech  at,  467 

Pentstcmon  Menziesii  var.  Robinsoni,  969 

Peziza  BuUIi,  1623  ;  ChateH,  9 

Phajus  grandlfolius,  a  fine  specimen  of,  733 

xPhilageria  Veitchii,  358 

Pine,  the  Scotch,  906 

Pinus  Cembra,  397 

Pirie's  double-furrow  plough,  7S0 

Pitchers  of  Nepenthes.  541 

Pitchfork.  Coleman's  horse,  1664 

Plant  protector,  the  Grimston,  803 

Platycerinm  alclcorne,  5"  :  grande,  1137 

Plough,  Pirie's  double- furrow,  780 

Plum,  Bladder,  940 

Polyporus  annosus,  1289 

Poor  man's  house,  Mr.  Smee's,  835 

Poplar,  the  Lombardy,  907 

Poplar  with  aphides,  twig  of,  504 

Potato  digger,  Coleman's,  781 

Pr^  Catclan,  Bois  de  Boulogne,  1036 


Prince  Consort  Memorial,  the,  903 
Psophocarpns  tetragonolobus.  1689 
Puya  chilensls  in  the  Scilly  Isles,  1102 
Pyrus  japonica  (flowers  on  the  roots),  1321 


Rainforth's  corn  screen,  1671 
Rams,  portraits  of  Cotswold  and  Lincoln,  1669 
Ransome  &  Go's  "  Star"  haymaker  and  horse- 
rake,  335  ;  horse  rake,  7S1 
Reading  nozzle  boiler,  the,  1726 
Reaper,  Howard's  International,  989 
Reapers,  old  and  new  systems  of  self-raker,  126 
Reaping  machine,  Samuelson's,  812 
Rendle's  patent  houses,  1452 
Rhododendon  flower,  1224 
Road  watering,  French  apparatus  for,  636 
Robey  &  Co.'s  semi-fixed  engine,  loSo 
Robinia  inermis,  906 

Roots,    agricultural,     Carter    &     Co.'s,    1702  ; 
pressing  1       g^^ton  &  Sons',  1672 

I  Root-growths  of  Elms,  603 
Root's  safety  boiler,  94S 

I  Rose,  a  pyramid,  836 
Ko^e  stock  primer,  a.  72 

I  Riiston,  Proctor  &  Co.'s  steam-engine,  845 


Samuelson's  reaping-machine,  812 

Scolytus  destructor,  45 

Secateur  Eglantier,  72 

Sefton  Park,  plan  of,  1005 

Selaginella  lepidophylla,  1069 

Sewage  filter  beds  at  Merthyr,  987 

Sheep  pens  at  the  New  Foreign  Cattle  Market, 

299 
Shelter  sheds  in  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  141 
Shorthorn  bull,  Lord  Irwin,  983  ;  the  3d  Duke 

of  Wharfdale,  portrait  of,  879 
Shorthorn   heifer,  the    Rev.    R.    B.    Kennard's 

white,  1667 
Skeleton  leaves,  a  cross  of,  1295 
Smee's,  Mr.,  garden,  view  in,  833 
Sphinctrina  coremioides,  40 
Steam  cultivation,  the  Fisken  system  of,  154 
Steam   engine,  Hughes    &     Kimber's    verticil, 

949;  Ruston.  Proctor  &  Co.'s,  845 
Stephens,   F.R.S.E.,   Mr.    Henrj',   portrait  of, 

19 
Straw-elevator,  Marshall's,  989 


Tangve's  12-horse  horizontal  engine  and 
"special"  steam-pump,  949 

Taxus  baccata  hibernlca,  397 

Tecophilea  cyano-croctis,  219 

Terra-cotta,  a  basket  of  flowers  in,  1491 

Thermometer,  a  ground,  and  hygrometer,  873 

Threshing-machine,  Marshall  &  Co.'s,  1703 

Tree  lifter,  M.  Chatenay's,  145  _ 

Trees,  an  instrument  for  measuring,  1231 

Tresco,  in  the  Scilly  Isles,  1103 

Trentham,  the  American  garden  and  outer  glass 
case  at,  506  ;  the  flower  garden  and  conserva- 
tory at,  832  ;  gardener's  house  at,  701 

Tropasolum,  germination  of,  218 

Triticum  repens.  615 

Todea  barbara,  from  the  Victorean  Alps,  1389 

Toxicophlcea  spectabllis,  363 

Turnips,  finger-and-toe  in,  585 


Vanda  suavis,  a  fine  specimen  of,  974 

Veitchia  Canterbury  ana,  327 

Veitch's,  Messrs.,  Nepenthes  house,  359 

Vermin  asphyxiator.  the,  1263 

Vienna,    plan   of  the    Universal    Exhibition  at, 

1418 
View  in  Mr.  Smee's  garden,  833 
Voice's  garden  frame,  1555 


Wali,is  Si   Stevens'   double  cylinder    portable 

steam-engine,  1176,  1207 
Walls,    garden,    Holllday  s    system    of    wiring, 

1087 
Weed  extirpator,  1718 

Watering  gardens,  proposed  apparatus  for,  617 
Wells'  Clinometer,  1659 
Willow,  the  weeping,  907 
Window,  a  London,  as  it  is  and  as  it  might  be, 

1693 
Winnowing  machine,  Dreschlcr's  patent,  284 
Winter  garden  at  Edinburgh,  the  new,  465 
Wood's  mower  and  reapers,  190 
Worksop  Manor,  view  of  the  terrace  at,  1^25 
Wortley  Celery  collar,  the,  504 
Wynn.  Sir  W.  W.,  Bart.,  M.P.,  portrait  of,  981 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL   GAZETTE. 


No.  I. — 1S72.] 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  6. 


I     Registered  at  the  General 
I  Post  Oflice  as  a  Newspaper. 


Price  5d. 

Post  Free,  $\(f. 


CONTENTS. 


LEADING  ARTICLES.  A-f  — 
Agriculture  in  South  Africa  .  18 
Aericulture  of  Great  Britain  17 

Calllc  plague,  the  >3 

Esparto  Grass 8 

Fossil  Coniferous  fruits    ....     8 
Meteorology  of  the  week....     8 

^Iustard,  Carter's  new 19 

Plants,  new,  of  1871   7 

Post-card  telegrams 8 

Sewage  utilisation 19 

r:Eir  garden  plants— 

CcEliopsis,  sp.  n 9 

OUR  LIVE  STOCK— 
Cattle  '9 

ORIGINAL  ARTICLES— 

Agricultural  chemistry    20 

Agriculture  and  the  labourer  21 

Aucuba  sports to 

burgess  &  Key's  mower  and 

reapers  ^w  ith  cuts) 22 

Forest  culture lo- 

Implements  at  the   Agricul- 
tural Hall  20 

India,    gardens    and   forests 

of 9 

Pcrira  Chalcri  with  cuts)    . .     9 

I'oor,  the    23 

Stephens,  Mr.  H.  {with   cut)    19 

HOME  CORRESPONDENCE— 
Arrested  growth  :  root  forms  12 
Da^monorops  accidens  (with 

cut)  12 

Fig  culture  in  the  open  air  . .  12 
Foxglove,  the  11 


HOME  CORRESPONDENCE- 

Fuchsia  Riccartoni    »t 

Holly  stealing  12 

Indrajab  and  Kurchi " 

Land  laws,  on  the 23 

Potato  trial  in  Cornwall  _ " 

Primula  japonica,  hardiness 

of  " 

Royal     Horticultural    meet- 
ings in  the  provinces II 

Vegetables,  special  prizes  for  12 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS— 
Mysore      Agri-Horticultural 
Society,  Bangalore 23 

SOCIETIES— 

Blandford  Farmer's  Club 25 

Edinburgh  Botanical '3 

North      Hereford      Agricul- 


NOTICES  OF  BOOKS— 
The  Farm,  the  Garden,  the 

Stable,  and  Aviary 26 

The  Vegetation  of  the  World 

in  Relation  to  Climate  ....   14 

THE  APIARY- 
The     inventor    of    movable 
frames  (with  cut) 14 

FARM  MEMORANDA- 

Lammermuir  Sheep  Farm  ..  26 
The  Yestcr  Farms 27 

CA  LEND  A  R  OF  OPERA  TIONS 

Farm  work  of  the  week 28 

Garden  operations 14 


/-BARTER'S     COLLECTIONS     of     VEGETABLE 

V^    SEEDS.-Price  12J.  U.,  ais.,  3<"-.  •P'-.  and  63s.    PackmK  anii 
337  and  238,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 

/BARTER'S  COLLECTIONS  of  VEGETABLE 
V^  SEEDS  will  produce  a  constant  supply  of  the  best  vegetables 
all  the  year  round. 


ARTER'S  COLLECTIONS  of  VEGETABLE 

SEEDS. 

For  Cottace  Gardens,  1  For  Small  Gardens,  I  For  Medium  Gardens, 

price  iM.M.  I  price  2ir.  I      price  jot.  and  42J. 

Packing  and  carriage  free.     Five  per  cent,  for  cash  payment. 

337  and  238,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.L^ 


CALCEOLARIA  (herbaceous),  of  very  choice  strain, 
from  pans  sown  in  August,  and  once  pricked  out,  3J.  per  dozen  ; 


V  fid.  Der  two  dorcn  ;  {M.  for  50 ; 
■^   AND  R.  STIRZAKEK, 


i&r.  per  100,  free  by  post. 
Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster. 


Double  Tuberoses. 


'THE    UNDERSIGNED    offers    to  the  Trade  finest 

i    quality  flowering  TUBEROSE    BULBS,  own  growth.      Price, 
/7  per  1000.     No  charge  for  box  and  packing. 

JOHN  SAUL,  VVashington,  D.  C.,  United  Stales,  America. 


TTZ-EBB'S      NEW    GIANT 


POLYANTHUS, 
Florist  Flower,  and  GIANT  COWSLIP  SEEDS ;  also  Plants 
of  all  the  varieties,  with  Double  PRIMROSES  of  different  colours ; 
AURICULAS,  both  Single  and  Double;  with  even-  sort  of  Early 
Spring  Flowers.    LIST  on  application,— Mr.  WEBB,  Calcot,  Reading. 

WEBTTS^PRIZE    cols     FILBERTS,     and     other 
PRIZE    COB    NUTS    and    FILBERTS.      LISTS    of   these 
varieties  from  Mr.  WEBB,  Calcot,  Reading. ^_^ 


Notice  to  Subscribers. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS,    payable    in    advance,    including 
Postage  lo  any  pari  of  the  United  Kingdom  :— 
Three  Months    ..  s'-  "i"'-  i  -S"  Months     ..     lis.  iid. 
Twelve  Months     ..     £1  y.  lod. 
Post   O^ce   Orders  to  be  made  payable  to  William 
Richards,  at  the  King  Street  Post  Office. 

Publishing  Office,  41,    Wellington  Street,    W.C. 


GRAND       YORKSHIRE       GALA       (1872). 
FLORAL  FETE 
ADVERTISEMENTS    for  the   forthcoming  SCHEDULE   to   be 
"sent  to  the  SccrctarA-  not  later  than  SATURD.-VY,  January  13. 
Schedules  forwarded  on  application  to            JNO.  WILSON,  Sec 
13,  New  Street,  York.— Ian.  6,  1872. 


extra  stock. — Smooth  Cayennes, 
Jamaicas,  and  Queens,  to  fruit  immediately:  very  strong  and 
;  never  had  scale- 

M.  ROCHFORD,  Page  Green,  Tottenham,  N. 


"piNES,    Fruiting, 


Now  Ready. 
TT  COPER'S  GARDENING  GUIDE  and  GENERAL 

I      I       /-■  »  T  A  T   /-\|-'TTf    r^..   >a-.i     r,r\fB  f,.1     •    Tinut  frpp.   T',iCli.        HOOPER 


XX  CATALOGUE  for  1872.  pnc 
AND  CO.'S  SEED  CATALOGUE  gratis. 
HOOPER  AND  CO.,   ^ 


irice  6^, ;  post  free,  7J^d.     HOOPER 
E  gratis. 
Cove nt  Garden,  London,  W.C. 

UTLER,   Mcculloch,  and  co.'s  spring 

CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS  for  1872  is  now  ready.  It  contams 
many  Novelties  of  merit  and  worth  consideration.  Sent  free  and 
post  pEiid  on  application.  .,     ,        ,       ,        ,,,,-. 

37,  South  Row,  Covent  Garden  Market,  London,  W.C. 
Established  upwards^f  aj;cntury. 


Choice  New  Seeds,  Gladioli.  &c. 

WILLIAM     CUTBUSH    AND    SONS     Descriptive 
Priced  CATALOGUE  contains  every  requisite,  of  the  finest 
quality  only.     Post  free  on  applic.il 


Hichgate  Nur; 


,  London,  N. 


Kitchen  Garden  Seeds. 
/CHARLES    SHARPE    and    CO..   Seed  Growers 


KJ  and  Sffd  Merchants,  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  bee  to   intimat' 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  KITCHEN 


SEEDS  is  now  ready,  and  1 


GARDEN 
if  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  appli- 


Trade  Price  Current  Seeds  for  1872. 

PETER    LAWSON    and   SON  beg  to  intimate  that 
their  trade    LIST   of  AGRICULTURAL.  GARDEN,  and 
FLOWER  seeds,  &c.,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  post 

free,  on  application.  iri-Lu 

20,  Budge  Row,  Cannon  Street,  London,  E.C,  and  Edmburgh. 


Grape  Vines,  Fruiting  and  Planting  Canes, 

55    EACH.—Lewis  Wuodthorpe  begs  to  offer  a  fine 
and   well-erown    STOCK    of    all    the     best    sorts.      Descriptive 
CATALOGI/ES  free.     Second  sized  BLACK  HAMBURGHS,  3*.  6d. 
each      L.  W.'s  system  of  packinc  saves  half  the  cost  of  carnage. 
Munro  Nursery,  Sible  Hedingham,  Essex, 


DS.  THOMSON  begs  to  offer  a  quantity  of  good 
.  Dwarf  trained  PLUMS,  CHERRIES,  and  APRICOTS; 
also  GRAPE  VINES  for  planting— good  ripened  canes  ot  the  best 
varieties.  Nursery,  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

TpKlR     SALE,     a    quantity    of  LANCASTER     LAD 

X?     GOOSEBERRY    TREES,    a-yr    old;    also    some  of  MANN'S 
NAPLES  BLACK  CURRANT  TREES,  the  same  age  for  price. 

W    MANN.  Mncden,  Isleworth. 


Roses  for  Spring  Planting. 

PAUL  AND  SON,  The  Old  Nurseries,  Cheshunt.  have 
still  fine  stocks  of  all  the  leading  ROSES,  and,  all  accumulated 
autumnal  orders  being  cleared  off,  can  send  off  goods  on  receipt  of 
orders.     Priced  LIST  free. 


To  the  Trade.— Dwarf  Roses. 

HUSSEY    AND   SON    beg    to    offer    the    above,    all 
leading  HYBRID  PERPETUAL  kinds,  at  30J.  per  100,  their 
selection.  Mile  End  Nurserj',  Norwich 


Seeds  Direct  from  the  Growers 

The  BEST  MEANS  of  PREVENTING  DISAPPOINTMENT. 

SUTTONS'    £s  3s.    COLLECTION    of    GARDEN 
SEEDS,  for  a  Large  Garden,  carriage  free. 

SUTTONS'    £2  2s.    COLLECTION   of    GARDEN 
SEEDS,  for  a  Medium-sized  Garden,  carriage  free. 

SUTTONS-    £1   IS.    COLLECTION    of   GARDEN 
SEEDS,  for  a  Small  Garden,  carriage  free. 
SUTTON  AND   SONS,  Seedsmen   by  Special  Appointment  to  the 
Queen  and  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Reading. 


New  Soft-wooded  Plants,  1871. 

HCANNELL    begs    to    inform    his    Friends    and 
•   Customers  that  his   AUTirMN    CATALOGUE,  containing 
all  the  above,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  sent  free  on  application. 
-        - id  Fk  '"■  ^      .  ..       .       - 


New  Florist  Flower  and 


Acr  Seed  Mcrchai 


Agricultural  and  Garden  Seeds. 

HAND  F.  SHARPE'S  Trade  CATALOGUE  of 
•  HOME-GROWN  SEEDS  is  now  ready.  It  contains  all  the 
very  best  varieties,  cultivated  under  their  own  superintendence.  The 
quality  is  very  fine,  and  the  prices  low 

Seed  Growing  Establishment,  Wisbech. 


To  the  Trade. 

SOOLY  OUA  CUCUMBER 

SUTTON    AND    SONS   have    a    limited  quantity   of 
SEED  of  the  above  to  offer  to  the  Trade.     Price  on  application. 
Royal  Berks  Seed^  Establishment,  Readmg. 

and 

or  100  seeds,  on 


To  the  Trade 

CUCUMBER    SEEDS.— Pearson's   Long  Gun 
RoUisson's  Telegraph   (true).     Price,   per  oz. 
application  to 


Price, 
"e.  COOLING.  Mile  Ash  Nurseries,  Derby 


B 


New  English  Rose  (Hyhrid  Perpetual  Cllmhing), 

PRINCESS  LOUISE  VICTORIA. 

WM.    KNIGHT,     Floral    Nursery,     Hailsham,    the 
raiser  of  the  above,  is  sending  it  out.  in  good  strong  plants,  at 
71    6d.  each,  or  three  (or  an.    Coloured  Plates,  post  free,  for  12  stamps. 
Priced  CATALOGUES  free  on  application. 


Planting  Sesison.— Roses,  Fruit  Trees,  &c. 

W     KNIGHT  intimates  to  intending  Planters   that 
•   his    NEW    CATALOGUE     of     HARDY     TREES    and 
PLANTS  is  now  ready  for  distribution,  containing  faithful  descrip- 
tions of  his  stock,  which  is  unsurpassed  in  the  Trade.  Catalogues  free. 
Floral  Nurseries,  Hailsham,  Sussex. 


Show  Roses. 

A  PRICED  LIST  of  the  best  Hybrid  Perpetual  Show 
ROSES;     also     a      PRICED     LIST    of     choice    Variegated 
GERANIUMS,  post  free,  on  application  to 

ALFRED  FRYER,  The  Nurseries,  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire. 


AMATEUR  ROSE  GROWERS  should  at   once  get 
my  CATALOGUE.      It  contains  all   the  good  sorts,   and  the 
plants  are  the  finest  that  can  be  produced. 

B.  R.  CANT,  Si.  John's  Street  Nursery,  Colchester. 


Ahles  Whitmaniana,  true. 

EF.    FAIRBAIRN    and  SONS  beg  to  offer  about 
•     60  splendidspecimens  of  the  above  noble  FIR,  4,  5,  to  6  feet 
in  height.     Prices  on  application.  „     ,.  ,        , 

Exotic  Nurseries,  Cariisle.— January  6. 


EVERGREEN  OAKS.— About  200  Evergreen  Oaks, 
strong  and  healthy,  3  to  4  ft.,  twice  transplanted  and  well  rooted. 
TheGARDENF"    "  '        —     •  '        "     - 


VER,  Surrenden,  Pluckley.  Kent. 


w 


HITETHORN  QUICK,    i-yr.,  fine.     For  sample 

and  price  apply  to 
R.  CANT,  St.  John's  Street  Nursen'.  Colchester. 


Christmas  Trees. 

iPRUCE   FIR,  in  all  sizes,    ranging    from   2  feet   to 

15  feet.     For  prices,  apply  t 


THOMAS  CRIPPS  and  SON 


price 
Tunl 


bridge  Wells  Nurseries,  Kent. 


To  the  Trade. 


FOR   SALE,  CETERACH  OFFICINARUM   {scaly 
Splcenwort  Fern),  by  the  dozen  or   hundred.     For  prices,  &c  , 
apply,  F.  GILL,  Exotic  Nursery,  Octagon.  Plymouth. 

TRUE  LONDON  PLANE  TREES.  15  feet  high,  and 
straight   as  gunrods,   42s.    per  dozen;   also   a  great  variety   of 
STANDARD  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  forParkor  Avenue  Planting. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurserymen,  Worcester. 


"URSERYNfEN    can    be    supphed  with  superior 

.  old  Seedling  LARCH,  and  native  SCOTCH  PINE, 


NURSER' 
1  and  2-yr.  1 


CHOICE  ROSES.— The  finest  stock  of  Tea,  Noisette, 
China,  and  other  Roses  to  select  from,  all  strong  and  healthy,  in 
pots.     Descriptive  Priced  LIST  on  application  to 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


ORCHARD-HOUSE    TREES.    Fruiting    in   Pots.— 
Peaches.   Nectarines.    Plums,    Pears,    Apples,    Figs,   Apricots, 
Cherries,  Mulberries,  and  Oranges. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


EVERY        GARDEN         REQUISITE 
KEPT  in  STOCK  at 
CARTER'S  New  Seed  Warehouse,  237  &  238,  High  Holborn,  London. 


THE      PINE-APPLE       NURSERY      COMPANY, 
32,  Maida  Vale,  Edgware  Road,  W. 
JOHN  BESTER,  Manager  of^  the  Nursery  and  Seed  Department. 
The  Company  guarantee  to  their  Customers  Punctuality,  Liberality, 
and  Genuine  Articles.     The  favour  of  a  visit  is  earnestly  solicited. 


Transit  Agency  for  Plants.  Seeds.  &c. 

CJ.    BLACKITH    AND    CO..    late    Betham    & 
•  Blackith,    Cox's   and  Hammond's  Quays,    Lower   Thames 
Street,  London,  S.E. 
Forwarders  to  all  parts  of  the  World. 


O 


AKS,    CHESTNUTS,    BEECH,    ELMS,    suitable 

for  planting,  7or.  per  looo;  SI.  P€r  100. 
WALNUTS,  SYCAMORES,  LABURNUMS,  LARCH,  SBRUCE, 
SCOTCH  and  SILVER  FIRS  ROSES,  and  any  olher  NURSERY 
STOCK.    Carriage  free  to  London. 

WILKIN,  Tiptree,  Kclvcdon. 


&C.,  very  cheap,  by  „  »,  t. 

JOHN  GRIGOR  AND  CO.,  Nurseries,  Forres,  N.B. 


IRD'S  KING    of  the    CUCUMBERS,   is.   6d.  per 
_  packet.     The  best  for  exhibition, 

BIRD'S   OUEEN   of  the    MELONS,  is.   per  pacl<ct.     The  best 
Ereen-flcshecr  variety.     May  be  had  of  all  the  Seed  Trade,  and  of 
TAMES  BIRD,_Nurserym3n  and  Seedsman.  Downham. 


Telegrapli  Cucumber. 

\T7'OOD  AND  INGRAM   offer  the  above  well-known 

V  V  variety,  which  is  perhaps  the  ereatest  bearer  out,  one  sijall 
house,  21  feet  by  14  feet  having  produced  924  first-class  fruit.  Six  fine 
Seeds  for  ir.,  or  Twelve  for  is.  id.    Postage  stamps  with  orders. 

The  Nurseries,  Huntingdon. 


PARIS,  I  SUTTONS'    GRASS    SEEDS    for   ALL 
1867  SOILS.     The  PREMIER  PRIX  SILVER  MEDAL 

for    GAfeDEN    SEEDS,    GRASSES,    and    GRASS    SEEDS,    was 

SUTTON    AND    SONS,  Seedsmen,  by  Special    Appointment,  to 
H.M.  the  Queen,  and  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Reading,  Berks. 

The  Forwardest  Pea  known. 
TTONS'  RINGLEADER. 

Price  ij.jid.  JJer  quart.     May  be  sown  at  once. 


S" 


,1,^.  .,.  jd.  pc.  -, 

SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Reading,  Berks. 


B 


EST 


The  Best  Wrinkled  Pea  Is 

OF        ALL        (McLean's). 


Price  i^s  per  quart.     Trade  price  on  application 
SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Reading,  Berks. 


MCLEAN'S  ADVANCER,   LAXTON'S  PROLIFIC 
LONGPOD    (improved    stock),    SUPREME,   and    ALPHA 
PEAS.     Prices  on  application  to                    ,.        ,     . 
^  F.  lELLEY,  Seedsman,  Stamford. 


MR  LAXTON'S  NEW  PEAS  for  1872.— For 
particulars  of  Mr.  Laxton's  latest  and  remarkable  Novelties  in 
Garden  Peas  which  will  be  sent  out  by  us  this  season  m  tnal  packets, 
see  pages  of  this  day's  Ganfnirrs'C/i'-OTiffc 

HURST  AND  SON,  6,  Lcndcnhall  Street,  London,  E.C. 


To  the  Seed  Trade. 


Just  Arrived  from  OaUfomla. 

A  FINE  LOT  of  the  very  best  CONIFERS  SEEDS, 
such  as  Wellingtonia,  Abies  Parsonsii  (lasiocarpa),  Abies  nobilis, 
Abies    grandis  .Vancouver,    Pinus    Lambcrtiana,  &c.      Special  offers 
on  application 
Messrs.  PETER  SMITH  AND  CO.,  Seed  Merchants,  Hamburgh. 


FOR  SALE,  in  large  quantities,  the  following  PEAS  : 
NE  PLUS  ULTRA^    1   CHAMPION  OF  ENGLAND. 
HAIRS'  DWARF  MAMMOTH. 
All  new  seed  and  true  stock.     For  price  apply  to 
B.    R.   CANT,   St.   John's  Street   Nursery,   Colchester. 


WANTED,     DOUBLE     WHITE     CAMELLIAS; 
healthy  bushy  olants,  not  less  than  5  feet  from  the  tub. 
W.  D.,  42,  Upper  Berkeley  Street,  Edgware  Road,  London,  W. 


WANTED,   Strong    MANETTI    STOCKS. 
price  and  quantity. 
MANETTI,  Gardeners'  ChrontcU  Office,  W.C. 


State 


ANTED,    a    LOT    of   extra    strong    MANETTI 
TOPS,    or    CUTTINGS;    also  MAIDEN    PEACH.    NEC- 
TARINE, and  APRICOT.     Quote  price  and  quantity. 

L.  WOODTHORPE,  Munro  Nursery,  Sible  Hedingham,  Essex. 


W^ 


WANTED,  strong  CRAB,   PLUM,   and  CHERRY 
STOCKS;  also  MAIDEN  PEACHES  and  NECTARINES. 
—State  lowest  price  to  T.  EVES,  Gravesend  Nurseries. 


■Wanted,  Fruit  Stocks. 

TWO     THOUSAND     CRABS,      1000    MUSSELS, 
500  BRUSSELS,  1000  COMMON    PLUM,  500  BROM  PTON. 
Send  price  to  .  _. 

PROTHEROE  AND  MORRIS,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  E. 


dozen    of    the    various    sorts    of 
large    MULBERRYTREE,    2    dozen 


WANTED,     6s 
GERANIUMS,    a    large    jviui.tic.KKi     ^  ^'^'tt  ^    o"«i' 
STANDARD    ROSE  'tREES,    Jdoien   DWARF   ROSE   TREES; 
and  30  Plants  of  the  best  sorts  of  RHODODENDRONS,  all  to  be  of 
double-blossom.    State  price  and  particulars  to 
D.  P.,Gai  •         ■  "'        ■  ■  ""« 


ardmin'  Chtvnicli  Office,  W.C. 


Early  Shaw  Potatos. 

BEDFORDSHIRE  GROWTHS,  ready  for  delivery! 
also  REGENTS  and  VICTORIAS,  from  Scotland. 

T.  BOWICK  AND  CO.,  Bedford. 


Seed  Barley. 

CHEYNE     and     CHEVALIER,     good 
Scotch  and  English  growth. 
T.  BOWICK  AND  CO  ,  Bedford. 


6^. 


Seed  Potatos. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  AND  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  SEKD  MERCHANTS.Slealord,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  imimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  SEED  POTATOS  u 
now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  application. 

Notice  to  Large  Purchasers  of  seeds. 

PURCHASERS  of  large  quantities  of  SLh-US    and 
POTATOS  will  be  supplied  .on  liberal  terms,  on  application,  by 
post  or  otherwise  (stating  quantities  required),  to 

SUTTON  AND  SUNS.  Seed  Growers,  Reading. 


Stocks,     of 


Turnip  and  Mangel  Wurzel  Seed8-1871  CroP. 

JOHN  SHARPE  will  on  application  furnish  his  Llbl, 
with  prices,  of  the  principal  SEEDS  he  is  crowing  this  year, 
Bardney  Manor.Lijicoln.— July 6^ 


RICHARD  WALKER  can  supply  the  following,  for 
cash  :-Best  SEAKALE  for  forcini;,  lor.  per  100;  second  size, 
ss     per   too       ASPARAGUS    for  forcing,  255.    per   1000.      WHUb 
SPANISH  ONION  SEED,  all  new  and  eenuine,  is.  qJ.  per  lb. 
The  Market  Gardens,  Biggleswade,  Beds. 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  6,   1872. 


SUTTONS' 

COLLECTIONS 

OF 

SEEDS, 

CARRIAGE     FREE. 


"toWES*'^ 


COMPLETE  ASSORTMENTS,  to  produce  a  CON- 
STANT SUPPLY  of  CHOICE  VEGETABLES 
for  ONE  WHOLE  YEAR,  in  various  sized  Gardens. 


BUTTONS'    COLLECTIONS 

OF 

VEGETABLE  SEEDS. 


No.  I.      No.  2.  I  No.  3.      No.  4, 
£3    3    0'£2    2    0'£1  11  6'£1     1    0 

Collection  CoUcciion  Collection  Collection 


For  a 

Large 

Garden. 


For  an  For  a  For  a 
ordinary  medium  small 
Garden.  |  Garden.  \  Garden. 

Carriage  Free. 


No.  5. 

15S. 

Collection 


No.  6. 

12s.  6d. 

Collection 


For  very  small 

Gardens.    All  our 

Collections  contain 

best  sorts  only. 


SUTTONS' 

KING  of  the  CAULIFLOWERS, 


A  new  and  distinct  variety,  with  very  large,  firm,  and 
L-'autifully  white  heads.  It  is  the  best  for  early  use,  and 
is  also  suitable  for  producing  a  succession  through  the 
Autumn  and  Winter.  We  now  offer  it  for  the  first  time, 
and  it  cannot  be  too  highly  recommended.  Price 
2s.  6d.  per  packet. 

SUTTONS'  £3  3s.   COLLECTION  of 

Choice  GARDEN   SEEDS  for  One  whole  Years 
Supply,  for  a  large  Garden  (Carriage  Free),  contains  : 

LETTUCE,  6  packets 
MUSTARD,  1  quart 
MELON,  3  packets 
ONION,  13  oz. 
PARSLEY,  2  oz. 
PARSNIP,  6  oz. 
RADISH,  21  oz. 
SPINACH,  3  pints 
SALSAFY,  I  large  packet 
SCORZONERA,  i  large  packet 
TU  RN I P,  16  oz.  [large  pkl. 

VEGETABLE  MARROTV,  i 
SWEET  and  POT  HERBS,  6 
RAMPION,  I  packet  [pkts. 

TOMATO,  I  packet 
CAPSICUlU,  I  packet 
CORN  SALAD,  i  packet 
ORACHE,  I  packet 

Best  Sorts  only. 


PEAS,  20  quarts 
BEANS,  8  quarts 
FRENCH  BEANS,  8  pints 
BEET,  3  packets 
BORECOLE,  or  KALE,  4  pkts. 
BRUSSELS  SPROUTS,  i  large 
BROCCOLI,  7  large  pckts.    [pkt, 
CABBAGE,  7  packets 
SAVOY,  3  pacliets 
CARROT.  16  oz. 
CAULIFLOWER,  2  large  pkts. 
CELERY,  2  large  packets 
COUVE  TRONCHUDA,  ipkt. 
ENDIVE,  t'A  oz. 
ruTTCc  fly^  pint  and 

1.K11.SS     ••(2  packets 
CUCUMBER,  4  packets 
LEEK,  I  oz. 


SPLENDID    NEW    CUCUMBER, 


Marquis  of  Lome. 

This  splendid  new  white-spined  variety  is  tmequalled 
on  account  of  its  immense  size,  yet  most  symmetrical 
form,  and  is  the  finest  Cucumber  ever  introduced.  The 
flesh  is  very  solid  and  firm,  with  but  few  seeds,  while  the 
flavour  is  exceedingly  fine.  Price  3s.  6d,  per  packet. 
Trade  price  on  application. 


For  further  particulars  of  Choice  Seeds  and  Potatos,  see 

SUTTONS'  AMATEUR'S  GUIDE  for  1872, 

Price  IS.,  Gratis  to  Customers,  and 

SUTTONS'  ABRIDGED  LIST  for  1S72, 

Gratis  and  Post  Free  on  application. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS, 

SEEDSMEN  BY  SPECIAL  APPOINTMENT  TO 

THE    QUEEN   and    H.R.H.  THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES, 

READING,   BERKS. 


GENUINE     SEEDS     ONLY. 


James  Veitch  &  Sons 

BEG  TO  ANNOUNCE  THAT  THEIR 

ILLUSTEATED  PEICED  CATALOGUE 

OF  GARDEN  AND  FLOWER  SEEDS  FOR  1872, 

With  List  of  Implements  and  other  Garden  Requisites, 
Is    now    Published,    and   will   be  forwarded   Post   Free    on    application. 

ROYAL  EXOTIC  NURSERY,  CHELSEA,  LONDON,  S.W. 


"  The   Best  Catalogue." — See  opinions  0/  the  Press. 
Just  Published,  Gratis  and  Post  Free, 

Dick  Radclyffe  &  Co.s 

SPEHG    CATALOGUE    OE    SEEDS 

FOR   THn 

KITCHEN    GARDEN,    FLOWER    GARDEN,   and   FARM) 

Garden   Requisites  and   Horticultural   Decorations. 


THE  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
ORCHARD 


CONTENTS  {Illustrated)  :— 
FARiM  r      GARDEN  .SUNDRIES,    IMPLEMENTS,  &c. 

FLOWER  GARDEN      |      HORTICULTURAL  DECORATIONS. 


Seed  Merchants  and  Garden  Furnishers, 

129,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  LONDON,  W.C.        SEED  GROUNDS— ERFURT,  PRUSSIA. 

N.B.    Wholesale  Catalogues  for  the  Trade  only  on  application.       Seed  packed  for  export. 


NEW     AND     GENUINE     SEEDS. 


B.  S.  Williams 

BEGS   TO   ANNOUNCE  THAT   HIS 

DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUE  OF  FLOWER,  VEGETABLE 

AND    AGRICULTURAL    SEEDS    FOR    1872, 

Containing  many  New  and  Choice  Flower  and  Vegetable  Seeds, 
IS    NOW    READY.        POST    FREE    TO    ALL    APPLICANTS. 


VICTORIA   and    PARADISE    NURSERIES,    UPPER    HOLLOWAY,    LONDON,  N. 


Richard   Smith, 

NURSERYMAN  AND  SEED  MERCHANT, 


WOECESTEE. 


ROSES— standard.  Dwarf  and  Climbing. 
FRUIT  TREES  of  every  description. 
CREEPERS,  for  Trellises  and  Walls. 
FOREST,  SCREEN,  and  TIMBER  TREES. 
SHRUBS  for  GAME  COVERTS. 
QUICK  and  other  STOCK  for  HEDGES. 


CONIFEROUS  TREES  and  SHRUBS, 

EVERGREEN 

FLOWERING 

ORNAMENTAL      ,, 

AVENUE 

GARDEN  and  FARM  SEEDS  of  all  kinds. 


DESCRIPTIVE  PRICED  CATALOGUES  to  be  had  on  application. 


TO      THE      SEED      TRADE. 


SPLENDID  NEW  HARDY  ANNUAL,  VISCARIA  OCULATA  CCERULEA. 

F.  K.  BURRIDGE, 

SEED   GROWER,    IPSWICH, 

Has  great  pleasure  in  announcing  that  he  has  now  ready  for  distribution  a  limited  Stock  of  this  Magnificent 
NEW  VISCARIA.  He  feels  the  utmost  confidence  in  recommending  it  as  one  of  the  very  Best  Novelties  amongst 
Annuals  which  has  been  offered  to  the  Public. 

It  is  a  Seedling  from  the  well-known  Vlscaria  oculata  Cardlnalis,  and  was  raised  by  F.  K.  B.,  at  the  Seed 
Farm,  Colchester.  The  flowers  are  very  large,  of  the  most  lovely  blue  colour,  with  a  dark  eye.  It  is  exceedingly 
hardy,  one  of  the  great  recommendations  of  this  fine  novelty  being  that  it  flowers  so  very  freely,  a  perpetual 
succession  of  bloom  is  kept  up  during  the  whole  season.  For  massing  in  beds,  or  as  a  line  in  a  ribbon  border  lor 
spring  gardening,  it  will  be  found  invaluable. 

December,  1871.  PRICE    ON    APPLICATION, 


January  6,  1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette, 


THE  LARGEST,  CHEAPEStInD  BEST  STOCK  OF  ROSES 

IS  STILL  AT 

V^ILL^IAM     PAULA'S. 

PAUL'S  NURSERIES  and  SEED  WAREHOUSE,  WALTHAM   CROSS,  HERTS,  N. 
PRICED  DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUE  FREE  BY  POST. 

THE  ROSE  GARDEN,  Second  Edition,  6s.  6d. ;  ROSES  IN  POTS^Third  Edition^ijs. 
32,   Maida    Vale,   Edgware  Road,  IV. 

THE    PINE-APPLE    NURSERY 

(one  of  the  Oldest  Nurseries  extant) 

IS    NOW    CONDUCTED    BY    A    COMPANY,    WHO    ARE 
PREPARED    TO 

WAEBANT    GENUINE 

EVERY  ARTICLE   SUPPLIED   TO  THEIR    CUSTOMERS. 
THEIR  STOCK  AND  RESOURCES  ARE  ALMOST 

INEXHAUSTIBLE; 

AND 


THEIR   MOTTO   IS   "LIBERALITY.' 


Please  write  for  their  NEW  CATALOGUE,    and  also  for   their   SEED    CATALOGUE,  to  be  published 
January  i,  1S72,  which  will  contain  a  large  fund  of  useful  information. 

Address,  JOHN  BESTER  (Manager), 
PINE-APPLE     NURSERY,      MAIDA      VALE,      LONDON,     W. 


POTATO. 

VEITCH'S    IMPROVED    EARLY    ASHLEAF    KIDNEY. 


J.  C.  WHEELER  &  SON, 

SEED     GROWERS, 

GLOUCESTER   and  -LONDON, 


WHEELERS' KINGSHOLM  COS  LETTUCE 


James  Veitch  &   Sons 

Desire  to  direct  special  attention  to  this  excellent  EARLY  POTATO,  about  which  they  are  constantly  receiving 
very  flattering  Testimonials. 

It  is  quite  distinct  from  every  other  sort,  and  may  be  fairly  described  as  THE  best  Ashleaved  Kidney  in 
CULTIVATION,  being  a  very  heavy  cropper,  of  excellent  quality,  and  A  first-rate  forcer. 

Per  peck,  4s.  ;   per  bushel,  15s. 

PRICE     TO     THE     TRADE    ON    APPLICATION. 

The    following    Finns    have    obtained    a    supply    direct    from    us : — 


Messrs.  Sutton  &  Sons 
,,        Backhouse  &  Son 
,,       G.  Gibbs  &Co.   ., 
,,       Garraway  Sa  Son  ,, 


Reading 

York 

Down  Street,  Piccadilly,  W. 

Bristol 

Mr.  Van  Houtte,  Ghent, 


Messrs.  Rivers  &  Son        . ,  Sawbridgeworth 

,,       Wrench  &  Sons  ..  London  Bridge,  E.G. 

Mr.  F.  A.  Haage    , .         . ,  Erfurt 

,,    Taber Rivenhall,  Essex. 


ROYAL     EXOTIC     NURSERY,      KING'S     ROAD,     CHELSEA,     S.W. 

I  EARLY  ROSE  AND  OTHER  AMERICAN  P0TAT08, 

FRESH    IMPORTED. 


James  Carter  &  Co. 

HAVE  JUST  RECEIVED 

A     SPLENDID     CONSIGNMENT     OF    THE    ABOVE, 

DIRECT   FROM    THE   ORIGINAL    RAISERS   IN    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

Experience  has  proved  that  .the   imported    Potatos  are  far  superior   (both  for  productiveness  and  quality)   to 

English-grown  Seed. 

BRESEE'S    PEERLESS 


EABLT    BOSE 

KING    OF    THE    EAK.LIES 

CLIUAX 


BRESEE'S    PROLIFIC 
EARLY    GOODRICH 


LATE    ROSE  (new). 

LOWEST    PRICE    PER    CWT.    AND    TON    ON    APPLICATION. 


For  full  descriptions,  see 

CARTER'S  ILLUSTRATED   GARDENER'S  VADE  MECUM    FOR  1872, 

Post  Free  Is,  (Gratis  to  Customers). 

JAMES    CARTER  and  CO,, 

SEEDSMEN     TO     THE     QUEEN     AND     THE     PRINCE     OF     WALES, 
237    and    238,    HIGH     HOLBORN,    LONDON,    W.C. 


WHEELERS'  KINGSHOLM  COS  LETTUCE 

This  magnificent  Lettuce,  fully  described  in  previous 
Advertisements,  is  now  offered  in  Packets,  post  free, 
at  IS.  each.  A  List  of  the  Trade  of  whom  it  may  be 
obtained,  will  be  published  in  this  paper. 


WHEELERS'  LITTLE  BOOK  for  1872 

Is  now  ready,  price  6i/.,  post  free,  gratis  to  customers. 
"The  mass  of  buyers  who  have  no  fancies,  but  who 
dislike  being  perplexed,  and  are  satisfied  with  what  is 
excellent,  will  greatly  prefer  a  short  select  seed  list  to  an 
interminable  labyrinth  of  names,  which,  for  the  most  part 
represent  nonentities  or  rubbish.  Messrs.  Wheelers' 
'  Little  Book  '  will  do  something  to  satisfy  their  expecta- 
tions."— Dr.  LlNDLEY. 


WHEELERS'  TOM   THUMB  LETTUCE. 

This  is  undoubtedly  the  best  Cabbage  Lettuce  in 
cultivation,  and  a  remarkable  favourite.  It  is  good 
both  summer  and  winter.  In  our  Little  Book  for  1872 
are  extracts  from  13  letters,  speaking  in  the  very  highest 
terms  of  its  excellence. 

Price  xs.  per  Packet,  post  free.     Small  Packets,  (id. 


PINUS   AUSTRIACA. 

Extra  fine,  transplanted,  very  handsome,  well-rooted 
plants,  3  to  4  feet.  One  of  the  largest  stocks  in  the 
Kingdom.  Price  on  application. 


WHEELERS'  COCOA-NUT  CABBAGE. 


Wheelers'  Cocoa-nut  is  a  new  and.  very  early  variety, 
perfectly  distinct,  of  most  excellent  flavour.  It  should  be 
planted  18  inches  apart :  will  yield  an  early  and  continuous 
supply.  This  Cabbage  is  a  decided  novelty  and  a  great 
acquisition. 

Owing  to  the  small  supply  of  seed  this  season,  we  much 
regret  that  we  cannot  supply  the  Trade  until  we  have 
harvested  our  next  crop. 

Price  IS,  per  Pacliet,  post  free.     Small  Paclcet,  6rf. 


J.  C.  WHEELER  and  SON, 

SEED  GROWERS,    GLOUCESTER  and  LONDON. 


4 


The   Gardeners*   Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


jjailuary  6,   1872. 


Prize  Calceolaria  Seed> 

JDOBSON  AND  SONS'  strain  are  unequalled  for 
•  their  brilliant  and  varied  colours,  larjjc  flowers,  and  dwarf  habit. 
No  other  strain  has  been  awarded  so  many  prizes  at  the  Crj^stal 
Palace,  Royal  Horticultural  and  Royal  Botanic  Society's  Exhibitions 
for  the  last  ao  years.   Sealed  packets,  is.  6d.,2S.  6d.,2i-  w.  and  gJ.  each. 


Woodlands  Nursery,  Isleworth, 


Prize  Cineraria  Seed. 

JDOBSON  AND  SONS  beg  to  offer  this  magnificent 
•  strain,  which  are  warranted  to  produce  some  splendid  flowers  of 
all  shades  of  colour  known  amonfij  this  class  of  plants.  The  seed 
hitherto  sent  out  has  given  the  greatest  satisfaction.  Sealed  packets. 
If.  6d.,  ss.  6d.,  35.  6d.,  and  55.  each. 

Woodlands  Nursery,  Isleworth,  W. 


Prize  Primula  Seed. 

JDOBSON  AND  SONS  offer  this  with  the  greatest 
•  confidence,  as  belter  colours,  flowers,  fringe,  and  habit  cannot 
be  obtained.  Red  and  White,  each  is.  6d,2s.  6d.,2s.  6d.,  and  y.  per 
packet.  Woodlands  Nursery,  Isleworth,  W. 


Carter's  Vade  Mecum  for  1872. 

JAMES  CARTER  and  CO.  have  the  pleasure  to 
announce  the  publication  of  their  ILLUSTRATED  GAR- 
DENER'S and  FARMER'S  VADE  MECUM  for  1872  (37th  Annual 
Edition),  containing  much  useful  information  on  matters  connected 
with  the  Garden  and  Farm,  and  Illustrated  with  over  200  Engravings 
by  the  best  Artists.     Free  by  post  for  is.  ;  gratis  to  Customers. 

JAMES    CARTER    AND    CO.,   Seedsmen   to   the  Queen  and  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  237  and  238,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 


Beech— Extra  Strong,  Transplanted. 

FRANCIS  &  ARTHUR  DICKSON  &  SONS, 
The  "  Upton  "  Nurseries,  Chester,  have  to  offer  large  quantities 
of  strong,  extra  transplanted,  well  rooted  BEECH,  3  to  4  feet  and 
d  to  5  feet :  also  a  large  and  well  grown  stock  of  FOREST,  FRUIT, 
ROSE  and  other  TREES,  SHRUBS,  &c.  Priced  CATALOGUES 
forwarded  on  application. 


Special  Notice. 

ROSES     and     VINES     at    Wholesale    Prices. 
Fine  Standard  ROSES,  best  sorts,  10s.  per  dozen. 
Fine  Dwarf  ROSES,  best  sorts,  7J.  per  dozen. 
Fine  fruiting  VINES,  of  sorts,  51.  each ;  54s.  per  dozen. 
Fine  planting  VINES,  of  sorts,  21.  6d.  each;  245.  per  doz. 
LISTS  free.    Terms  cash.     Post  Office  orders  payable  at  Huntingdon. 
KIRK  ALLEN,  The  Nurseries,  Brampton,  Huntingdon. 


To  the  Trade. 

)AUL  AND  SON  can  offer  their  usual  fine  stocks  of 

the  following  :— 
Standard  VICTORIA  PLUMS 
Standard  APPLES,  with  6  feet  stems 
Standard  PEARS,  WILLIAM  and  others 
Palmette-trained  PEARS,  APPLES,  PLUMS,  and  extra  tine 

CHERRIES 
Standard  ROSES,  of  leading  kinds 
LIMES.  POPLARS,  SYCAMORES,  &c,  10  to  12  leet 
GOOSEBERRIES  and  BLACK-CURRANTS 
SPRUCE  FIRS,  very  handsome,  3105  feet 

And  some  few  other  articles  worth  inspection. 
The  Old  Nurseries,  Chcshunt,  N. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  LIST  of  all  the  EVERGREEN 
FIR  TRIBE,  suitable  for  Britain,  giving  size,  price,  popular 
and  botanical  names^  derivations,  description,  form,  colour,  foliage, 
growth,  timber,  use  m  arts,  native  country  and  size  there,  situation, 
soil,  and  other  information,  with  copious  inde-K  of  their  synonyms. 
Free  by  post  for  six  stamps. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


New  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  Plants,  Fruits,  &c. 

ROBERT  PARKER  begs  to  announce  that  his  NEW 
CATALOGUE,  containing  select  Descriptive  and  Priced  Lists 
of  Agricultural,  Flower,  and  Vegetable  Seeds,  Fruit  Trees,  Miscel- 
laneous Plants,  Sweet  Violets,  &c.,  is  now  published,  and  will  be 
forwarded  to  applicants. 

The  stocks  of  seeds  have  all  been  procured  from  the  best  possible 
sources ;  all  are  warranted  genuine,  and  are  oflered  at  the  lowest  pos- 
sible prices.  Intending  purchasers  are  requested  to  compare  the 
prices  with  those  of  other  houses. 

Exotic  Nursery,  Tooting,  Surrey,  S.W. 


New  Seeds—*'  Only  the  Best." 

MR.      WILLIAM      BULL'S      CATALOGUE 
is  now  ready. 
SEEDS  of  NEW  VEGETABLES, 
SEEDS  of  NEW  FLOWERS. 
"Only   the  best."      Vide  descriptions  in  Mr.  WILLIAM  BULL'S 
CATALOGUE.     "  Every  article  priced." 

Establishment  for  New  and   Rare  Plants,   King's   Road,  Chelsea, 
London,  S.W. 


Primula  japonica  (New  Crimson  Primrose). 

MR.  WILLIAM  BULL  begs  to  announce  that  he  is 
now  sending  out  SEED  of  this  new  hardy  PRIMROSE  and  its 
varieties.  P.  japonica  has  been  figured  in  the  Florisl  and  Poviologist, 
Floral  Magazine,  and  Botanical  Magazine,  and  the  opinion  of  every- 
one who  has  seen  it  in  blossom  may  be  expressed  m  the  one  word. 
"  lovely  I"  When  exhibited  before  the  Floral  Committe  of  the  Royal 
Horticultural  Society,  it  was  voted  a  First-class  Certificate  by 
acclamation. 

The  seed  now  offered  was  saved  in  Japan,  and  has  just  been  received 
from  that  country  through  Mr.  Carl  Kramer  ;  so  that  it  is  offered  with- 
out any  guarantee  as  to  growth,  and  Mr.  W,  B.  thinks  it  only  right  to 
stale  that  it  is  doubtful  if  it  will  grow  :  still,  plants  have  been  raised 
from  seed  received  from  Japan  ofthis  Primula,  and  may  be  again,  but 
imported  seed  has  also  often  failed  to  grow.  In  forwarding  the  seed, 
Mr.  Kramer  remarks  that  care  should  be  taken  not  to  destroy  the 
seed-pans  in  which  the  seeds  are  sown,  because  thevtakea  long  time  to 
germinate;  and  Mr.  W,  B.'s  experience  is  that  tney  lay  six  or  eight 
months  before  starting;  but  Mr.  K.  observes  that  they  sometimes 
take  two  years. 

The  Florist  says  of  it  : — "  Hail !  Queen  of  the  Primroses  I  for  so  its 
introducer  designates  the  lovely  flower  we  now  figure,  which  is  hardy 
as  a  peasant,  resplendent  as  a  princess.  It  is  just  ten  years  since  Mr. 
Fortune  met  with  it  in  Japan  ;  some  plants  were  secured,  but  the 
journey  home  was  too  much  for  them,  and  despite  every  care  none 
reached  England  alive.  Ever  since  that  time  endeavours  have  been 
made  to  introduce  this  lovely  plant.  At  last,  perseverance  has  been 
rewarded,  and  plants  have  been  raised  in  the  establishment  of  Mr.  W. 
Bull,  of  Chelsea-  Our  gardens  have  thus  secured  a  perfectly  new, 
thoroughly  hardy,  and  exquisitely  lovely  Primrose,  one  which  is  really 
valuable.  Of  the  hardiness  of  the  Primula  japonica  there  can  be  no 
doubt,  for  plants  have  stood  all  the  winter,  fully  exposed,  in  the  trying 
atmosphere  of  London." 

The  Floral  Magazine  remarks: — "Since  the  day  when  Lilium 
auratum  was  displayed  to  the  horticultural  public,  we  cannot  recollect 
so  great  a  sensation  to  have  been  occasioned  by  any  plant  as  by  that 
which  we  now  figure,  when  Mr.  William  Bull  exhibited  it,  and  he 
may  well  congratulate  himself  on  being  the  first  to  introduce  it  into 
Europe.  A  Primula  a  foot  anda-half  high,  bearing  four  or  five  separate 
whorls  of  flowers,  each  flower  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  of  a  splendid 
magenta  colour,  and  the  plant  perfectly  hardy — can  anything  be  added 
to  tnis  to  indicate  its  value  ?  " 

One  great  merit  of  the  New  Japanese  Primrose  is  that  it  yields 
varieties  no  less  beautiful  than  itself,  and,  in  addition  to  the  species. 
Seeds  of  the  following  are  offered  : —  Per  pkt. — s.   d. 

PRIMULA   JAPONICA.— Bright   rosy    crimson    or    magenta 

colour,  with  maroon-crimson  centre,  exceedingly  handsome     2    6 
PRIMULA  JAPONICA  ALBA.— This  has  white  flowers,  with 

a  golden-yellow  zone  round  the  eye  ■ .         26 

PRIMULA  JAPONICA   CAR M I NATA.— Flowers  of  a  pure 

carmine-red,  with  a  maroon-crimson  ring  round  the  eye       . .     26 
PRIMULA  JAPONICA    LILACINA.— Eye   surrounded  by  a 

zone   of  orangeredj   shading  outwards  to  a  beautiful  rosy 

lilac,  the  outer  portion  of  the  corolla  lobes  being  white         ..26 
PRIMULA  JAPONICA  ROSEA.— Very  distinct,  with  flowers 

of  a  lilac-rose,  and  having  a  crimson  ring  round  the  eye       - .     26 
PRIMULA    JAPONICA    SPLENDIDA.— Flowers    ofa  deep 

bright  magenta,  the  zone  of  a  rich  bright  crimson        . .         .,26 
The  above  varieties  mixed,  21.  dd. 
Plants  of  the  beautiful  Primula  japonica,  los.  6d.  each. 


New  and  Genuine  Seeds  of  Superior  Stocks. 

187a.  'ffe^^^  ^^7^- 

SEEDSMEN  TO  THE  QUEEN. 

FRANCIS  &  ARTHUR  DICKSON  &  SONS, 
The  Old  Established  Seed  Warehouse,  106,  Eastgate  Street,  and 
The  "  Upton"  Nurseries,  Chester,  beg  to  intimate  that  their  Priced 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  NEW  and  SELECT  VEGETABLE 
and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  &c.,  with  Cultural  Directions  for  1872,  is 
now  published.  Copies  will  be  sent  gratis  and  rosT  free  on 
application. 

Vegetable  and    Flower    Seeds  of  the  value  of  £1  and    upwards 
CARRIAGE  FREE  to  any  part  of  the  Kingdom. 


MAURICE  YOUNG'S  NEW  TRADE  LIST  of 
CONIFERyE,  HARDY  EVERGREEN  TREES  and 
SHRUBS,  ROSES.  RHODODENDRONS,  JAPANESE  PLANTS, 
NEW  AUCUBAS,  &c.,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  on 
application. 

Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming,  Surrey. 


Forest  Trees,  Ornamental  Trees,  Shrubs,  Fruit  Trees, 

ROSES,  &c. 

LITTLE  AND  BALLANTYNE'S  Priced  LIST  of 
the  above  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  sent  free  on  application. 
They  are  prepared  to  supply  well-rooted,  hardy  plants,  and  their  stock 
is  large  and  varied. 

The  Carlisle  Nurseries,  Knowefield 
Office  and  Seed  Warehouses,  44,  English  Street,   and  Blackfriars 
Street,  Cariisle. 


Forest  and  Ornamental  Planting. 

PETER    LAWSON    AND    SON    respectfully    solicit 
early    orders    for    FOREST    TREES     and     ORNAMENTAL 
TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  they  can  supply  to  great  extent. 

The  large  breadths  of  LARCHES,  from  i  to  iJ4  feet.  SCOTCH 
FIR,NORWAV  SPRUCE,  AUSTRIAN  PINES,  and  other  leading 
sorts  of  FOREST  TREES,  are  unusually  fine,  and  worthy  of  inspec- 
tion. CATALOGUES  and  special  offers  will  be  furnished  upon 
application. 

Edinburgh  and  London. — December,  1871. 


WOOD   AND    INGRAM  offer  as  follows,    very  fine 
stuff:—  Per  1000.— j.  d. 

OAKS,  3-yr.  Seedlings 76 

It        3  to  4  feet 30    o 

,(        4  to  s  feet 35    o 

ELM,  English,  i-yr.  Seedlings 50 

„             ,,        2-yr.  Seedlings 76 

.,        Huntingdon,  8  to  10  feet            per  too  50    o 

HORSE  CHESTNUTS,  3-yr.  Seedlings 80 

,,                     ,,             2  to  3  feet 12    o 

OAK,  Evergreen,  i-yr.  Seedlings        ..        ..        .,        ..        . .  10    o 

„                „            3-yr.  Secdhngs        150 

Samples      sent      on      application. 
The  Nurseries,  Huntingdon. 


11  WING   AND   CO.,  The    Royal   Norfolk   Nurseries, 
-i  Norwich,  will  be  happy  to  ^furnish  prices  to  the  Trade  of  the 
following  : — 

Dwarf-trained  Morello,  Mayduke,  and  other  CHERRIES. 

Standard  red-twigged  LIMES,  fine. 

PURPLE  BEECH,  of  the  best  dark  variety, worked, and  furnished 

from  the  ground,  6  to  8  feet. 
Standard  CERASUS  MAHALEB  VARIEGATA 
HERTFORDSHIRE  ELMS,  fine,  6  to  8  feet. 
CHICHESTER  ELMS,  6nc,  6to  10  feet. 
HORSE  CHESTNUTS,  6  to  8  feet,  very  stout. 
COMMON  LAUREL.  2  to  3  feet,  bushy. 
EVERGREEN  PRIVET.  2  to  3  feet. 
JAPAN  PRIVET,  fine,  transplanted, 
PINUS  AUSTRIACA,  transplanted,  i  to  3  feet 
PICEA  PINSAPO.  nice  specimens.  2  to  3  feet. 
THUJA  WARREANA,  ex.  transplantetf,  2  to  4  feet. 
MAHONIA  AQUIFOLIUM,  transplanted. 


Planters  of  Large  Trees  for  Blinds  and  Immediate 

EFFECT  may  be  glad  to  know  they  can  be  SUPPLIED  by 

WILLIAM     MAULE    and    SONS,     from    their 
Nurseries,  Bristol,  in  large  quantities,  at  moderate  prices. 
EVERGREEN  TREES. 
HOLLIES,  Green,  on  stems,  10  to  12  feet 
PINUS  EXCELSA,  8  to  lofeet 
NORWAY  SPRUCE,  8  to  10  feet 
CEDRUS  DEODARA.  8  to  10  feet 
CHINESE  ARBOR-VIT.^.8toiofeet 
ABIES  DOUGLASII,  5  to6feet 
ARAUCARIA  IMBRICATA,  4  to  5  feet 
MOUNT  ATLAS  CEDAR,  6  to  7  feet 
CEDAR  of  LEBANON,  7  to  8  feet 
CHINESE  JUNIPERS.  THUJOPSIS,  and  a  great 

variety  of  choice  EVERGREENS,  7  to  8  feet 
PINUS  AUSTRIACA.  4  to  5  feet 
PORTUGAL  LAURELS,  4  to  5  feet 
CUPRESSUS  LAWSONIANA,  4  tosfeet 
ENGLISH  YEWS,  5  to  6  feet 
RHODODENDRONS,  bushy,  4  to  5  feet 

DECIDUOUS  TREES. 
POPLAR,  BLACK  ITALIAN,  10  to  12  feet 
BIRCH,  10  to  12  feet 
TURKEY  OAK,  10  to  12  feet 
ACACIA,  BEECH,  ELM,  MOUNTAIN  ASH, 

ONTARIO  POPLAR,  LABURNUMS, 

CHESTNUTS— 10  to  12  feet 

Prices  on  application. 


F 


IVE  HUNDRED  THOUSAND  LARCH,  i  to  2, 

2  to  3,  and  3  to  4]-^  feet. 
200,000  SCOTCH,  15  to  24  inches,  thrice  transplanted. 
200,000  SPRUCE,  2  to  2J4.  and  a^  to  3  feet,  thrice  transplanted. 
300,000  OAK,  English,  ij^  to  s'A,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  6  feet. 


100,000  HAZEL,  15  to  24  inches,  and  2  to  3J4  feet. 

200,000  SYCAMORE,  2*4  to  3.  3  to  4.  4  to  6,  and  6  10  o  leet. 

200,000  THORNS,  three,  four,  and  nve^'ears  transplanted. 


100,000  ELM,  Wych,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  6  feet. 

20,000  ASH,  Mountain,  4  to  5,  5  to  6.  6  to  8  feet. 

50,000  ASH,  Common.  2  to  3,  and  3  to  5  feet, 

20,000  OAK,  Turkey,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 

50,000  ALDER,  2I4  to  3^,  and  3'A  to  4l4  feet. 

50,000  BEECH,  2  to  3,  and  3t0  4Ji  feet. 

30.000  BIRCH,  n'A  to  3,  4^106,  6  to  8  feet. 

30,000  AUSTRIAN  PINE,  15  to  20  inches,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 

30,000  LAUREL,  Common,  i"^  to  2,  2  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet. 

10,000  YEW,  English,  i  to  ij^,  iI4  to  2  feet. 
We  also  hold  a  large  general  Stock  of  all  other  FOREST  and 
ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  &c.,  which  will  be  offered  at  very  mode- 
r-ite  prices.  Fifty  tons  good  sound  SEED  POTATOS,  consisting  of 
Kidney,  Early  Ashleaf,  Myatt's,  and  Lemon  ;  Early  Handsworth, 
Golden  Dwarf,  and  Dalmahoy.  For  price  and  CATALOGUES 
apply  to 

H.  &  R.  STIRZAKER,  Skerton  Nursery,  Lancaster. 


THOMAS  THORNTON,   Heatherside  Nurseries, 
Bagshot,  Surrey,  offers  to  the  Trade  : — 
PINUS  INSIGNIS,  very  fine  specimens,  well  transplanted,  4  tog  leet 
LAURUSTINUS,  12  lo  18  inches. 

CRYPTOMERIA  lAPONICA,  2  to  3  feet,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
COMMON  LAURELS,  18  inches  to  2  feet,  and  2  to  3  feet. 
RHODODENDRON  PONTICUM,  12  to  18  inches,  and  very  bushy. 
IRISH  HEATHS  in  variety. 

STRIPED  HOLLIES,  best  Gold  and  Silver  varieties. 
SPECIMEN  THUJA  AUREA. 
SPECIMEN  THUJA  WARREANA. 
DWARF-TRAINED  MOOR  PARK  APRICOTS. 
STANDARD  CHERRIES,  very  fine. 
APPLES  and  PEARS,  fine. 
"        FLOWERING  ALMONDS,  extra  fine. 
LARCH,  18  inches  to  2  feet,  good. 
BIRCH,  3  to  4  feet,  fine. 
QUICK,  2  feel,  strong. 

SCOTCH  FIR,  2-yr.  seedling.  I^mlxed  plantations. 

PINUS  RIGIDA,  strong,  2  to  3  feet,  and  3  to  4  leet— a  fine  Fir  for 

Prices  on  application.    A  New  CATALOGUE  now  ready. 


New  Seeds 

CHARLES  TURNER'S  CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS 
is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  on  application. 
This  Catalogue  contains  selections  of  the  best  in  each  class,  and 
descriptions  oithe  leading  varieties  only. 

C,  TURNER'S  CATALOGUE  of  HARDY  TREES,  including  a 
full  collection  of  Fruits,  Coniferie,  Evergreen   and  Deciduous  ShruDS, 
and  Trees,  Roses,  &c..  may  also  be  had. 
Tne  Royal  Nurseries,  Slough. 


Elvaston  Nurseries. 

WILLIAM  BARRON  and  SON'S  Priced 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  CONIFER^E  and  other 
ORNAMENTAL  PLANTS,  ROSES,  RHODODENDRONS. 
FRUIT  TREES,  Sec,  is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had,  post  free,  on 
application. 

A  visit  to   the   Nurseries  from  intending  purchasers  is  respectfully 
solicited.         Elvaston  Nurseries,  Borrowash,  near  Derby. 


WILLIAM  POTTEN'S  CATALOGUE  of  choice 
VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  all  selected  from  the 
best  stocks,  is  now  ready:  also  his  CATALOGUE  of  BEDDING 
PLANTS,  containing  over  300  sorts  of  the  best  GERANIUMS  in 
cultivation.     To  be  had  post  free  on  application  to 

WM.  POTTEN,  Seedsman   and   Florist,  Sissinghurst,  Staplehurst 
Kent. 


To  the  Trade. 

BETA  CHILENSIS  (True),  the  variety  grown  so 
extensively  in  all  the  London  Parks  and  Public  Gardens. — The 
Undersigned  have  a  small  quantity  to  offer.  Price  per  ounce  on 
application. 

BUTLER,  McCULLOCH  AND  CO.,  Covent  Garden  Market,  W.C. 


ORCHIDS.  —  Gentlemen  interested  in  this  class  of 
Plants  would  do  well  to  inspect  our  Establishment  at  Fairfield, 
and  to  judge  of  our  mode  of  growing  for  themselves,  The  House  wc 
have  recently  erected,  in  wnich  the  plan  of  supplying  moisture  by 
continued  precipitation,  without  any  disadvantage  to  neatness  in 
appearance,  has  been  the  admiration  of  everj'  visitor,  and  excites 
universal  surprise  that  means  so  simple  should  have  been  so  long 
neglected. 

JAMES  BROOKE  and  CO.,  16  and  18.  Victoria  Street,  Manchester. 
Nurseries  :  Fairfield,  near  Manchester. 


Australian  Seeds  and  Plants. 

SEEDS  of  TIMBER  TREES.  PALMS.  SHRUBS, 
&c..  Plants  indigenous  to  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  Fiji, 
including  ARAUCARIAS,  TREE  FERNS,  variegated  FLAX.  &c. 
Orders  may  be  left  with  our  London  Agents,  Messrs.  C,  J.  BLACKITH 
AND  CO.,  Cox's  Quay,  Lower  Thames  Street,  London,  E.C.,  for 
transmission. 

SHEPHERD    AND     CO.,    Nurserymen    and    Seedsmen,    Darling 
Nursery,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales.     Established  1827. 


ROBERT  NEAL.  Nurseryman.  Wandsworth 
Common,  Surrey,  S.W.,  begs  to  offer  to  Gentlemen  who  intend 
planting  this  season  his  large  and  varied  stock  of  FRUIT,  FOREST, 
and  ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES, 
RHODODENDRONS,  CONIFER/E,  SHRUBS,  &c.,  which  are 
now  in  fine  condition  for  removal.  CATALOGUES  may  be  had  free 
on  application. 

The  Nurseries  are  within  a  few  minutes'  walk  of  the  Clapham 
Junction,  and  Wandsworth  Common  Railway  Stations. 


Planting  Season. 

JAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS  beg  to  draw  attention 
to.  and  to  solicit  an  inspection  of,  their  almost  unlimited  stock 
of  FOREST,  FRUIT,  and  ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  SHRUBS, 
ROSES,  and  all  other  NURSERY  STOCK, 

The  "  Newton  "  Nurseries  can  now  be  reached  on  foot  in  8  minutes 
from  the  Chester  Passenger  Station. 

Priced  LISTS  post  free. 
JAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS.  "Newton"  Nurseries,  Chester. 

J  SCOTT,  The  Nurseries,  Merriott,  Somerset,  has  to 
•  offer  300,000  fine  HAZEL,  3  to  3i  feet,  and  3|  to  4!  feet,  at  low 
prices;  alsosoo.ooofinc transplanted  THORNS. 2l,  3,  and  4  leet ;  with 
equal  proportions  of  ALDER,  ASH,  BEECH,  OAK,  and  other 
FOREST  TREES. 

The  FRUIT  TREES  are  healthy  and  in  large  breadth  ;  the  collec- 
tion is  unrivalled,  nearly  1500  sorts  of  Pear,  rooo  of  Apple,  140  of 
Cherry,  184  of  Nectarine  and  Peach,  and  200  of  Plum,  with  other  fruits 
in  proportion,  the  names  of  which  will  be  found  in  J.  S  "s  new  enumera- 
tive  CATALOGUE  of  FRUITS,  36  pages,  Just  published,  gratis, 
and  is  the  most  complete  list  of  Fruit  trees  in  the  English  language. 

T.  S.'s  NEW  SEED  LIST  is  ready,  and  can  be  had  free  by  post. 

The  ORCHARDIST  and  COMPANION,  21.,  in  stamps,  can  still 
be  had. 


LARGE  CAMELLIAS,  ORANGES,  and  LIMES, 
magnificent  TREE  FERNS,  handsome  Pyramid-trained 
AZALEAS,  noble  specimens  of  SIKKIM  RHODODENDRONS, 
set  with  flower;  ARAUCARIA  EXCELSA,  11  feet,  very  handsome ; 
YUCCA  ALOIFOLIA  VARIEGATA;  RHOPALA  CORCOVA- 
DENSE,  q  feet,  well  formed,  a  splendid  plant ;  a  very  large  plant  of 
ERICA  CAVENDISHII,  5  feet  by  g  feet ;  16  handsome,  strong  Con- 
servatory CREEPERS,  in  rustic  and  other  Tubs,  for  immediate  effect ; 
17  large  artistic  SUSPENSION  BASKETS,  TERRA-COTTA 
VASES,  very  large  and  handsome  RHODODENDRONS,  in  Boxes; 
also  a  large  numoer  of  choice  Greenhouse  and  Conservatory  PLANTS, 
— the  whole  of  which  were  recently  purchased  at  great  cost  by  a 
Gentleman  who  is  leaving  and  selling  his  property. — Apply  to 

Mr.  EPPS,  Landscape  Gardener,  and  Garden  Architect  and  Valuer, 
Flora's  Villa,  Lewisham. 


fPO    WILLOW   GROWERS.— The   Planting   Season 

X    having  commenced,  WILLIAM  SCALING,  Willow  Nursery- 
man, Basford,  Notts,  is  now  ready  to  execute  orders  for 

WILLOW    PLANTS    and    CUTTINGS    for    Timber    Trees   and 
Coppice  Wood. 

WILLOW  PLANTS  and  CUTTINGS  for  Onamental  Trees  and 
Shrubs. 

WILLOW  CUTTINGS  for  Basket  Makers' purposes. 

BITTER  WILLOW  PLANTS  and  CUTTINGS  for  Hedges  and 
Game  Coverts. 

WILLOW  STOCKS  for  Budding  and  Grafting. 

Descriptive  CATALOGUES  free  upon  application  as  above. 
"THE  SALIX.  OR  WILLOW,"  second  edition,  post  free,  if.  ;  or 

ofSIMPKlN,  MARSHALL  AND  CO.,  London. 


Tyr    ILFORD  NURSERIES, 

-*•'-'-  near  Godalming. 

For    NEW   and    RARE    HARDY    PLANTS    and 

CONIFERyE,  SCO  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriplive 

CATALOGUE. 

For  HARDY  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  and  SHRUBS, 

EVERGREENS,    &c.,    see    MAURICE    YOUNG'S    New 
Descriplive  CATALOGUE. 

For    RHODODENDRONS    and    other    AMERICAN 

PLANTS,    see    MAURICE    YOUNG'S    New    Descriptive 
CATALOGUE. 

For  STANDARD   and    HALF  STANDARD   ROSES, 

see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  NEW  JAPANESE  AUCUBAS,    see   MAURICE 

YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  JAPANESE  NOVELTIES,  see  MAURICE 

YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 
For  Cheap  EVERGREENS  and  SHRUBS  for  COVER 

PLANTING      or       SHRUBBERIES,       see       MAURICE 
YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  PLANTS  suitable  for  WINTER    BEDDING,    see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  TRANSPLANTED   FOREST  TREES,    see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For    EXTRA   TRANSPLANTED    or   QUARTERED 

FOREST  TREES  for  Planting   Belts  or  Shrubberies,   see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  Catalogue. 

Forwarded  on  application  enclosing  stamp. 

Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming. 


January  6,  1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


To  Florists,  Gentlemen's  Gardeners,  &c 

rpHE  ADVERTISER,  being  about  to  break-up  some 

1  old  Moor  Pasture,  is  vHling,  lo  DISPOSE  of  the  surface 
TURF,  which  would  be  very  suitable  for  various  Garden  purposes, 

'' Pricf;  delivered  at  Wokincham  Station,  3J.  per  Ton  :  or  at  Nine 
Elms,  or  Bricklayer's  Arm  Goods  Station,  in  London,  6s.  6d,  per  1  on. 
For  further  particulars,  address  ,,,,..  t,    i 

Mr.  GEORGF.  ROSS,  Tangley,  Wokingham,  Berks. 


Free  to  London ;  Five  Casks  and  Upwards  to  any 

Station  in  England,  or  15  per  Cent.  Discount. 

EPPS'S  SELECTED  PEAT  is  patronised  by  the 
leading  Horticulturists  and  Amateurs  in  the  three  kingdoms. 
See  testimonials.  Packed  in  4  bushel  barrels,  8j.  each,  inclusive: 
selected  for  Orchids.  9s.  Special  offers  for  large  quantities  for  general 
purposes.     Terms  cash. 

Peat,  Sand,  and  Loam  Stores,  Lewisham,  s.fc.. 


The  Cheapest  and  Best  Insecticide. 
OOLEYS       TOBACCO      POWDER. 

Of  all  Nurscrvmen  and  Seedsmen^ 


To  Nurseiymen  and  Seedsmen. 

The  OLDEST  ESTABLISHED  WAREHOU.SF.    in   LONDON   for 
GENUINE  ROLLED  TOBACCO-PAPER,  CLOTH,  or  CORD,  is 

H       PERKINS,     16,    Cambridge    Circus.     Hackney 
•    Read,  N.E.,  who  has  a  large  STOCK  of  the  best  quality  on 
hand  for  the  ensuing  season. 

Orders  by  Post  promptly  attended  to. 


G 


TOBACCO  TISSUE,  for  FUMIGATING  GREEN- 
HOUSES.—Will  destroy  Thrip,  Red  Spider,  Green  and  Black 
Fly,  and  ATcaly  Bug,  and  burns  without  the  assistance  of  blowing, 
and  is  entirely  free  from  paper  or  rags.  Price  31.  td.  per  lb.,  carnage 
tree.     A  reduction  in  price  for  large  quantities.  ,,        , 

To  be  had  of  Messrs.  ROBERTS  and  SONS,  Tobacco  Manufac- 
turers, 112,  St.  John  Street,  Clerkenwell,  E.G.,  of  whom  Copies  of 
Testimonials  may  be  obtained  :  and  of  all  Seedsmen  and  Nurserymen. 

I     S     H     U     R    S    T 
COMPOUND. 

Used  by  many  of  the  leading 
Gardeners  since  1859,  against 
Red  Snider,  Mildew,  Thrips, 
Green  Fly,  and  other  Blight,  in 
solutions  of  from  i  to  a  ounces 
to  the  Rallon  of  soft  water,  and 
ol  from  4  to  16  ounces  as  a 
■\Vinter  Dressing  for  Vines  and 
Fruit  Trees.  Has  outlived  many 
preparations  intended  to  super- 
sede it. 

Sold  Retail  by  Seedsmen,  in 
boxes,  IS.,  3*.,  and  10s.  (>d. 

Wholesale  by 

PRICE'S  PATENT 

CANDLE      COMPANY 

{Limited), 

Battersea,  London,  S.W, 


Horticultural  and  Window  Glass  Warenouses. 

JAMES     MILES,    6,    High   Street,    and   12  and 
13,  Blosson  Street,  Shoreditch,  London,  E. 
CONSERVATORY  and  ORCHARD-HOUSE  GLASS. 

Genuine  White  Lead,  Oils,  Colours,  Brushes,  &'e. 
GARDEN  ENGINES,  PUMPS,  SYRINGES,  INDIA-RUBBER 
HOSE,  TAPS,  CONNECTIONS,  &c 

Prices  upon  application. 


JAMES    BOYD    AND    SONS,    Horticultural 
ButLDERS  and  Heating  Engineers,  Paisley.  N.B 
CONSERVATORIES,    GREENHOUSES,    VINERIES,    FORC- 
ING HOUSES,  PITS,  and  every  description  of  Horticultural  BuiMmg, 
manufactured  in  Wood  or  Iron  by  Steam-power  Machinery,  and  erected 
in  any   part  of  the  United   Kingdom,     ftlanufacturers  of   Hot-water 
Apparatus  for  Heating  Churches,  Mansions,  Warehouses,  &c. 
Plans  and  Estimates  on  application. 
London  Office  :  r,  Church  Court,  Clement's  Lane,  E.G. 


B 


ICK LEY'S     PATENT    HORIZONTAL    SASH- 
BARS  require   neither   Paint  nor  .Putty ;   an  orchard-house  or 
greenhouse,  &c.,  may  be  easily,  cheaply,  and  quickly  made  with  them 
by  an  amateur.     Four  hundred  feet  can  be  firmly  glazed  or  unglazed  in 
one  hour.     Drawings,  &c.  .for  r  stamp,  of  the  I  nventor  and  Patentee, 
THOMAS  A.  BICKLEY,  70,  Smallbrook  Street,  Birmingham. 
Proceedings  in  Chancery  will  be  taken  against  any  person  infnnging 
this  patent. 


THE    CELEBRATED    GRANITIC     PAINT. 
Manufactured     Solely    and     Only     by    the    Silicate    Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Company. 

For    Price  Lists,  Testimonials,  and  Patterns  of  Colours,  apply  to 
THOMAS  CHILD,  Manager,  sqA,  King  William  Street,  London,  E.C. 

THE  SILICATE  ZOPISSA  COMPOSITION. 
To  CURE  DAMP  in  WALLS,  and  Preserve  Stone,  &c.,  from 
Decay.  Manufactured  Solely  and  Only  by  the  Silicate  Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Company. 

For    Particulars  and   Testimonials   apply   to   THOMAS   CHILD, 
Manager,  3gA,  King  William  Street,  London,  E.C. 


Red 
Spider. 


Ma  gi- 
fted. 


Save  your  Plants  from  the  Frost. 

MARRATT'S       SELF-  REGISTERING 
THERMOMETER,  for  Marking  how  Cold  it  has  been,  and 
telling  the  Present  Temperature.     No  Gardener  should  be  without  it. 
Price  II.,  or  by  post,  is.  4^. 
MARRATT,  Optician,  63,  Kin(?  William  Street,  London  Bridge,  E.C. 


G 


ALVANISED       WIRE      NETTING. 

Awarded  "  Mention  Extraordinaire"  at  the  Amsterdam 
Exhibition, 


Prices  per  Lineal  Yard,  24  inches  high. 


'M 


Mostly  used  for 


Poultry 

Rabbits,  Hares,  &c.  . 
Smallest  Rabbits 


Light.       Medium.      Strong. 


d. 

s.    d. 

•!« 

0    iM 

tk 

I  ly> 

All  guaranteed,  and  carriage  paid  to  any  railway  station, 

J.  B.  BROWN  AND  CO., 

Offices— 90,  Cannon  Street,  London,  E.G.  ;  Netting  Warehouse  and 

Factory,  4,  Laurence  Pountney  Place  (close  to  the  Offices). 


The  Patent  Imperishable  Hothouse. 

AYRES'S  PATENT. 

GLASS,  IRON,  and  CONCRETE. 
Before  building  a   Plant  or   Fruit    House  of  any   kind,  send   six 
stamps,  and  obtain  the  Illustrated  I'rospectus  of  the 

IMPERISHABLE  HOTHOUSE  COMPANY, 

Newark-on-Trent,  Notts, 

MANAGER— W.  P.  AYRES,  C.M.R.H.S., 

Imperishable  Hothouse  Company,  Newark-on-Trent. 

Plans,  Specifications  and  Estimates  supplied  upon  the  shortest  notice. 


GREEN'S    PATENT    "  SILENS    MESSORS"     or 
NOISELESS    LAWN     MOWING,    ROLLING,   and    COL- 
LECTING  MACHINES  for  1872. 

The  WINNER  of  EVERY  PRIZE   in   ALL  CASES  of 
COMPETITION. 


N.B.  Parties  having  Lawn  Mowers  to  Repair  will  do  well  to  send 
them  either  to  our  Leeds  or  London  Establishments,  when  they  will 
have  prompt  attention,  as  an  efficient  staff  of  workmen  are  kept  at 
both  places. 

GREEN'S     PATENT     ROLLERS    for    LAWNS. 
DRIVES.  BOWLING   GREENS,  CRICKET    FIELDS,  and 
GRAVEL  PATHS, 

Suitable  for  Hand  or  Horse-power. 


Illustrated  Price  Lists  free  on  application. 

THOMAS  GREEN  AND  SON.  Smithfield  Iron  Vl^orks,  Leeds; 

54  and  55,  Blackfriars  Road,  London,  S.E. 


MR.     LAXTON'S     NEW    PEAS     FOR    1872. 


SXJPEBIiATIVE,    Average  Size.     (From  a  Phoiograph.) 


Messrs.  Hurst  &  Son, 

HAVING   BEEN   ENTRUSTED   WITH  THE  DISTRIBUTION   OF 

THE    rOLLOWII&    DISTIICT    lOVELTIES    II    GAEDEI    PEAS, 

THE    LATEST    PRODUCTIONS    OF    MR.    LAXTON,    WILL,    THIS    SEASON,    BE    PREPARED    TO    SUPPLY 
A    LIMITED    QUANTITY    OF    EACH,     IN    SMALL    PACKETS,    FOR    TRIAL    ONLY. 


WILLIAM      THE     FIRST. 

The  finest  Pea  yet  sent  out  for  earliness,  flavour,  and  appearance  combined.  It  is 
a  first  early  variety,  with  long  and  well-filled  deep  greenish  pods ;  ripe  seed  parti- 
coloured, like  "  Ne  Plus  Ultra."  It  has  been  thoroughly  tested  and  recommended  at 
the  Royal  Horticultural  Society's  Gardens  at  Chiswick  on  several  occasions,  and  was 
the  only  Pea  exhibited  in  Mr.  Gilbert's  first  prize  "  Gardener's  "  collection  of  Vegetables 
at  the  Society's  Exhibition  at  Nottingham  in  July  last.  Height  3  feet.— For  further 
description  see  *'  Hogg's  Gardeners'  Year  Book  for  1871,"  page  73. 

GRIFFIN. 

A  remarkable  and  distinct  variety,  as  early  as  ' '  Sangster's  No.  i, "  of  a  fine  colour 
and  flavour  when  cooked  ;  the  ripe  seed  is  also  of  a  bright  grass-green  colour,  and  well 
calculated  to  supply  "Green  Peas  all  the  year  round. "  Pods  medium-sized  :  height 
about  2  feet  6  inches. 

POPUIiAR. 

For  general  crop  this  Blue  Wrinkled  Marrow  will  be  found  earlier,  more  prolific, 
and  to  have  better  filled  pods  than  those  of  *'  Champion  of  England,"  to  which  variety 
it  is  quite  equal  in  flavour,  and  against  which  it  should  be  tried.     Height  above  4  feet. 


SUPERLATIVE. 

The  largest  and  finest  podded  variety  yet  raised  :  indispensable  as  an  Exhibition 
Pea.  The  pods,  which  have  been  exhibited  7  inches  in  length,  are  more  than  twice 
the  size  of  those  of  the  parent  Pea,  "  Laxton's  Supreme,"  which  during  the  last  three 
seasons  has  taken  nearly  every  first  prize  when  shown  in  competition.  It  is  also  quite 
as  early  as  that  variety,  and  very  prolific.  As  "Superlative  "  sometimes  runs  7  or  8  feet 
in  height,  it  should  be  sUghtly  pinched  in  when  the  growth  is  about  5  feet.  The  colour 
and  flavour  of  the  Peas,  when  cooked,  are  excellent. 

OMEGA. 

This  dwarfish  late  Pea  was  raised  by  fertilising  "  Ne  Plus  Ultra  "  with  "  Veitch's 
Perfection,"  and  has  all  the  valuable  characteristics  of  the  former  variety.  It  is 
remarkably  prolific,  the  pods  are  very  fine  and  closely  filled,  and  the  flavour  and  colour 
of  the  Peas,  when  cooked,  unequalled.  Ripe  seed  like  "  Ne  Plus  Ultra."  Height 
2  feet  6  inches. 

1^^  These  Peas  can  be  confidently  recommended  by  Mr.  Laxton  as  decided 
acquisitions,  having  been  thoroughly  tested  by  him  for  several  years,  and  selected  at 
great  expense  from  hundreds  of  cross-fertilised  varieties,  themajority  of  which,  although 
far  in  advance  of  older  sorts  in  cultivation,  have  been  discarded  and  suppressed. 


MESSRS. 


They  will   be  sent  out  in  sealed   Packets  only,  at  £1  Is.  the  Collection, 

And  may  be  obtained  Retail  of  the  principal  Seedsmen  in  London  and  the  Provinces. 
Sole    Wholesale    Agents    for    the    United    Kingdom, 

HURST  AND  SON,  SEEDSMEN,  6,  LEADENHALL  STREET,  LONDON,  E.C, 

To  whom  the  Trade  can  apply  for  Terms. 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


[January  6,   1872. 


RENDLE'S  PATENT  ORCHARD  HOUSES, 

PATENT  PLANT  PROTECTORS,  AND  GROUND  VINERIES. 

Secured  by  Her  Majesty' s  Royal  Letters  Patent  (two  separate  and  distinct  Patents,  1869  &  1870/ 


H.R.H.    the    PRINCE    OF    WALES, 

HIS    ROYAL    HIGHNESS    PRINCE    CHRISTIAN. 

HER   MAJESTY'S    COMMISSIONERS    for    ROYAL    PARKS. 

HIS  HIGHNESS  the  MAHARAJAH  PRINCE  DULEEP  SINGH. 

HIS   GRACE   THE   DUKE   OF   RUTLAND, 

HIS  GRACE   THE   DUKE  OF  SUTHERLAND, 

HIS   GRACE  THE   DUKE   OF   DEVONSHIRE, 

THE   MOST   NOBLE  THE   MARCHIONESS   OF  ANGLESEY, 

THE  RIGHT  HON.    THE  EARL  OF  STAMFORD  AND  WARRINGTON. 


Under  the  Distinguished  Patronage  of— 

THE  RIGHT   HONOURiVBLE  THE   EARL  OF   PORTSMOUTH. 

THE  RIGHT   HONOURABLE  THE   EARL   OF   DARTMOUTH, 

THE  RIGHT   HONOURABLE  THE   LORD   PORTMAN. 

THE  DOWAGER   COUNTESS   OF  AYLESFORD. 

THE  RIGHT   HONOURABLE   LORD  ALFRED   CHURCHILL, 

THE  RIGHT   HONOURABLE  LORD   BERKELEY   PAGET. 

THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE   LORD  BOLTON. 

THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE  LORD   DE   L'ISLE  AND  DUDLEY. 
ETC.  ETC.  ETC. 


PATENT   PORTABLE   GLASS   WALL   SCREEN. 


RENDLE'S   PATENT   PORTABLE 
GLASS  COPING  FOR  WALLS. 


These  PORTABLE  GLASS  SCRCENb       hen   kno    n          I  be  un          a  ly  adop  ed  for  co  c    nt,\\alsfo  Fu     lees      AiAan2ofect 

long  couid  be  covered  by  an  unsk    I  d    abou  c      n  ha  f  an  hou        The  b     cens        1  be  supp  cd  a  I  comp  e  e  h  Pi  ent  Galvanized  Iron 

Grooves,  Glass   Uprights,  &c.,            ne  S        ng  pe    squa  e  foo       o      00  feet     Oif  pe    square  foo       or    000  fee  at  gcf   pe    squa  e  foot.     This 
is  the  cheapest  Glass  structure  ever  invented. 

BREHAUT'S   PORTABLE   LAWN   CONSERVATORY, 
OR     FIRST-FRUIT    CASE. 

RENDLE'S    PATENT. 


Foi'  I'lolcclin^'  i'l.-.u.lK'^,  Ncctaiinijs,  Apricots,  and  other  choice 
Fruit  Trees,  from  Sprin;,'  I-rosts,  Heavy  Rains,  &c,  A  Wall  50-feet 
long  can  be  Protected  for  £;]  los, ,  and  a  most  perfect  protection,  too. 
Frost  comes  like  rain — straight  down  the  wall.  The  tender  blossoms  of 
the  Peach  and  Nectarine  are  more  affected  by  frost  after  heavy  rains; 
they  gel  wet,  and  the  frost  comes  and  destroys  their  vitahly, 

FOR  VERANDAHS.— These  Glass  Copings  will  do  excellently  for 
Verandahs,  They  can  be  made  6  or  8  feet  in  width,  or  indeed  any  width 
that  may  be  desired.     Estimates  will  be  sent  if  dimensions  are  given. 

RENDLE'S   PATENT    PORTABLE 

ORCHARD   HOUSES  and  VINERIES 

Erected  at  9  f  per  squire  foot 


For  Prices  and  particulars,  apply  to  tlie  Patentee  and  Inventor.  A  New  Illustrated  Catalogue  of  Mr.  Rendle's  New  Inventions  is 

just  published,  and  can  be  obtained  on  application  Gratis. 

Apply  to  MR.    W.    EDGCUMBE    RENDLE, 
3,    WESTMINSTBB    CHAMBERS,    VICTORIA    STEEET,    S.W. 


January  6,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


CAETER'S 

ILLUSTRATED 

VADE  MECUM  FOR  1872 

Is  now  ready,  containing  upwards  of  Two 
Hundred  Illustrations,  with  much  valuable  in- 
formation.  Post  P'ree,  i^.  ;  Gratis  to  Customers. 


From  The  Farmer,  Dec.  25,  1S71. 

"Messrs  CARTER,  DuNNETT  &  Beale  have  excelled 
themselves  this  year  in  the  produetion  of  their  Catalogue 
It  contains  a  large  amount  of  valuable  information,  both 
about  the  Garden  and  the  Farm.  The  Illustrations  are 
profuse,  and  they  thoroughly  represent  the  articles  which 
they  profess  to  do.  This  is  more  than  can  be  said  of 
many  works  of  a  similar  character, 
flowers  should  possess  a  copy." 


All  who  cultivate 


Pelargoniums  for  the  Million. 

TAMES    HOLDERS  unrivalled    COLLECTION   of 

fj      FRENCH,  FANCY,  and  SHOW  VARIETIES,  now  ready,  in 
strong  Plants.     CATALOGUES  gratis  on  application. 

HtlNT'S  superb  SWEET  WILLIAM,    in    24  varieties,  seed  or 
plants,  as  per  former  Advertisement. 

Crown  Nursery,  Readme. 


CHOICI 
Prince  of  V 


:E    TRICOLOR 

f  Wales 
.  Dunnctt 
Sunbeam 
Wonderful 


Jetty  Lacy 
Sir  Rol 


GERANIUMS. 

Miss  Burbett  Coutts 
Mrs.  John  Clutton 
Italian  Beauty 
Mabel  Morris 


Robert  Napier 
Pre-eminent 
Pha:bus 
The  13  for  21  J.,  cash;  packace  free. 
Remittances  requested  from  unknown  correspondents. 
ALFRED  FRYER,  The  Nurseries,  Chatteris,  CambridKCshire. 


To  OrcMd  Growers. 

JAMES    BROOKE   and    CO.  have  in  slock  a  great 
variety  of  all  the  best  sorts  of  ORCHIDS.    Selections  left  to 
J.  B.  &  Co.,  never  fail  to  Rive  satisfaction.  .,„,.■.■ 

CATALOGUES,  post  free,  on  application  to  16  and  18,  Victoria 
Street,  Manchester. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  LIST  of  EVERGREEN  and 
DECIDUOUS  SHRUBS,  RHODODENDRONS.STANDARD 
ORNAMENTAL  TREES.  CLIMBING  and  TWINING  PLANTS, 
with  their  generic,  specific,  and  English  names,  native  country', 
height,  time  of  flowering,  colour,  &c.,  and  general  remarks,    free 


LAXTON'S  SUPREME  PEA 

(A  GRAND  EXHIBITION  PEA). 

"Awarded  a  First- 
class  Certificate." 

"  Laxton's  Supreme  is 
a  grand  Pea,  a  green 
marrow  of  excellent 
quality,  with  very  long, 
well-filled  curved  pods." 
—  Vide  Report  of  Trials 
bv  the  Royal  Horticul- 
tural Society. 

"It  is  fitting  that  a 
splendid  Pea  like  Lax- 
ton's  Supreme  should 
head  the  list.  It  is  a 
variety  destined  to  be- 
come largely  popular, 
especially  as  during  this, 
a  most  trying  season  for 
new  Peas,  it  has  de- 
veloped a  character  in 
the  highest  degree  satis- 
factory. It  worthily 
deserves  the  First-class 
Certificate  awarded  by 
the  Committee." —  Vide 
Report  of  Peas,  at  Chis- 
■wick  Trials  of  Royal 
Horticultural  Society. 

/\r(7W:J.N.STEWAKDSON, 

Esq.,  Upper  Market, 
Fakenham. 
"July  5,  1871.-— The 
Laxton  Supreme  Peas  I 
had  of  you  last  year,  as 
well  as  those  you  sent 
me  in  January  last,  have 
brought  me  in  each  year 
the  First  Prize  for  Peas 
amongst  great  com- 
petition at  our  July 
Meetings ;  the  other 
seeds  were  all  satisfac- 
tory." 

' '  Very  good  ;  highly 
recommended."  —  Vide 
Trials  of  Peas,  Gar- 
deners' Chronicle,  Sept. 
30,  1871,  /.  1264. 

Price,  per  quart,  2s. 


THE 
IN 


GARDENERS*      ROYAL      BENEVOLENT 

NSTITUTION.— Notice   is  hereby  given,  that  the  ANNUAL 

GENERAL  MEETING  of  the  MEMBERS  of  this  SOCIETY  wil 
be  held  at  the  Bedford  Hotel,  Covcnt  Garden,  on  THURSDAY 
January  ii  next,  when  an  ELECTION  for  THREE  PENSIONERS 
will  take  place.  ,^,     .  .    , 

The  Chair  to  be  taken  at  6  o  Clock  precisely. 
The   Voting  Papers  have  all   been  delivered;  any  Subscriber   not 
havine  received  one  is  requested  to  make  immediate  application. 

EDWARD  R.  CUTLER,  Secretary. 
14,  Tavistock  Row,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  December  20,  1871. 


Noteworthy  Horticulturists  and  Botanists. 

NOTICE.— A  SERIES  of  PORTRAITS  of 
NOTEWORTHY  HORTICULTURISTS  and  BOTANISTS 
is  being  published  in  the  "GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  and 
AGRICULTURAL  GAZETTE."  The  following  have  already 
appeared,  and  separate  copies  on  tinted  paper  may  be  had  on 
application  to  the  Publisher, 
Dr.  Hooker,  C.B.,F.R.S, 


W.Wilson  Saunders,  F.R.S. 
Rev.  M.  J.  Berkeley,  F.L.S. 
M.  Decaisne 
G.  F.  Wilson,  F.R.S. 
Dr.  Moore,  of  Glasnevin 
Rev.  S.  R.  Hole,  M.A, 
Published  by    WILLIAM    RICHARDS, 
Covent  Garden.  W.C. 


Professor  Reichenbach,   Ham- 
burgh 
E.J.  Lowe,  F.R.S. 


James  McNab,  of  Edinburgh. 
Robert  Hogg,  LL.D. 
James  Bateman,  F.R.S. 
Berthold  Seemann. 

41,  Wellington    Street, 


NOTICE.— I'f^zM  this  Number  of  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle  and  Agricultural  Gazette  is 
published  a  Supplementary  Sheet  of  Engrav- 
ings. Subscribers  who  do  not  receive  it  with  their 
Copy  are  requested  to  communicate  with  the 
Publisher. 


CARTER'S 

COLLECTIONS    OF 

VEGETABLE    SEEDS 

PRODUCE  a  SUCCESSION  of  the  BEST  VEGE- 
TABLES ALL  the  YEAR  ROUND. 


Collection  No.  1 
Collection  No.  2 
Collection  No.  3 
Collection  No.  4 


12s. 
21s. 
30s. 

42s. 


6d. 


for  a  Cottage  Garden 
for  a  Small    Garden 
for  a  Medium  Garden 
for  a  Larger  Garden 
Packing  and  Carriage  Free. 
Collections  No.  5  and  6,    for  Large  Gardens, 
63s.  and  84s. 
DETAILED   TABLE  of  CONTENTS  on  application, 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  6,  1S72. 


Five  per  Cent.  Discount  for  Cash. 


JAMES    CARTER   and   CO., 

SEEDSMEN  TO  THE  QUEEN  AND  THE 
PRINCE  OF  WALES, 

237  and  23S,    HIGH    HOLBORN,    LONDON,  W.  C. 


ACCORDING  to  custom  we  propose  to  lay 
before  our  readers  a  brief  review  of  the 
Acquisitions  of  1871,  in  the  shape  of  New 
Plants,  and  in  doing  this  we  shall  take  them 
in  the  several  groups  in  which  they  are  usually 
brought  together  by  cultivators. 

Stove  plants  are  much  the  most  numerous. 
The  more  important  amongst  those  of  the  flower- 
ing division  appear  to  be  the  following ; —  X  Dipla- 
denia  insignis,  the  finest  stove  flowering  plant  of 
the  season,  and  the  produce  of  an  English 
garden,  as  already  recorded  in  our  columns  ;  the 
rich  colouring  and  substance  of  its  flowers  place 
it  in  advance  of  all  the  other  members  of  this 
showy  family.  In  Aristolochia  cordiflora  and  A. 
clypeata  we  have  two  other  hothouse  climbers  of 
interest,  the  former  having  its  oddly  formed 
blossoms  as  large  as  those  of  A.  gigas,  with  a 
cordiform  limb,  the  latter  much  smaller  but 
deeper  in  colour.  Bomarea  chontalensis  is  again 
a  fine  climber  of  the  Alstromeria  family,  and  is 
one  of  the  more  recent  introductions  of  the  late 
Dr.  Seemann  ;  its  waxy-looking  rosy-red  and 
pale  yellow  flowers  are  very  ornamental.  X  Ixora 
amabilis  and  X  I.  Colei  are  two  good  acquisitions 
amongst  stove  shrubs  now  in  course  of  distribution  : 
the  former  having  fine  heads  of  salmon-orange 
flowers,  freely  produced,  the  latter  producing 
immense  globular  heads  of  pure  white  flowers  : 
both  being  of  garden  origin.  To  the  same  group 
belongs  Gloneria  jasminiflora,  a  Brazilian  shrub, 
with  bold  leathery  leaves,  and  long-tubed  white 
flowers  in  panicles,  which  promises  to  be  a  really 
ornamental  object.  Here,  as  also  highly  promising, 
we  may  note  the  fine-leaved  Melastomads,  shown 
by  M.  Linden  under  the  provisional  name  of 
Amaraboya,  and  which  are  said  to  produce  magni- 
ficent flowers.  yEchmea  Maria:  Regince,  a  South 
American  Bromeliad,  with  very  conspicuous  rosy- 
pink  bracts,  and  blue-tipped  flowers,  is  a  showy 
plant  of  its  order  ;  as  are  also  Vriesia  corallina, 
whose  scape  and  bracts  are  bright  purplish  red, 
contrasting  well  with  the  bright  green  flowers  ; 
and  Bromelia  Fernandiffi,  whose  great  globose 
inflorescence,  with  recurved  cinnabar-coloured 
bracts  renders  it  an  object  of  attraction.     The 


Mexican  Cyrtanthera  chrysostephana,  is  a  showy 
Acanthad,  with  terminal  crown-like  corymbs  of 
golden-yellow  flowers  ;  while  in  the  hybrid 
Begonia  Chelsoni,  raised  between  boliviensis  and 
Sedeni,  we  have  gained  a  fine  ornamental  cool 
stove  flowering  plant,  with  bright  orange-tinted 
red  flowers. 

In  the   ornamental-leaved   section    of   Stove 
plants    are    numerous    candidates   for    popular 
favour,  and  the  following,  amongst  others,  seem 
fairly  to  deserve  it : — Spha:rogyne  imperialis,   a 
Peruvian  plant,  which  is  said  to  be  much  superior 
to  S.  latifolia,  and  is  at  any  rate  a  noble  plant,  with 
ample  foliage.     PauUinia  thalictrifolia,   a  woody 
stove  climber,  from  Brazil,  of  quite  an  opposite 
style  of  beauty,   being  slender  in   growth,  with 
beautifully  cut  leaves,  resembling  the  fronds  of  a 
highly-divided   Maidenhair.      Maranta   Mazellii, 
which   v;as    produced   at    one    of   our   summer 
shows,    is    a    fine    acquisition,  in    the    way   of 
M.  illustris,  but  superior  to  it  ;  its  ample,  rotuii- 
date,  shining  leaves  have  two  broad  silvery  longi- 
tudinal bands.     Of  Dracaenas,  from  the    South 
Sea   Islands    we    have    four    of    great  merit — 
D.    amabiUs,   with  green  leaves,  and  pink  and 
white  variegation,    much   superior   to    D.    Guil- 
foylei ;    D.  Wisemanni,  with  bronzy  leaves,  red 
at   the   margin,   and    breaking   out    into    white 
variegation  ;     D.    magnifica,    remarkably    free- 
growing,    with    erect,   bronzy   leaves,   having   a 
delicate    pinkish   bloom   on   the    surface  ;    and 
D.  splendens,  a  dense,  dwarf  plant,  with  recurved 
leaves,  distinct  in  habit,  the  bronzy  leaves  break- 
ing   out    into   a   rich   carmine-rose.      Dracaena 
lutescens  striata,  is  also  a  distinct  and  elegant 
plant,  with  bold  recurved  yellowish  green  leaves, 
marked  by   dark  green  lines  down  the   centre. 
Nepenthes    Sedeni,   is    a   pretty  dwarf  form  of 
Pitcher-plant   of  hybrid    origin,  N.  distillatoria 
being  one  of  its  parents.     Dioscorea  prismatica 
and  D.   eldorado   are   handsome  climbing  stove 
herbs,   with   satiny    richly-coloured  foliage,  the 
former    especially    beautiful,    its    leaves    being 
cordiform,  of  a  rich  green  shaded  with  purple, 
with  ivory-white  ribs,  a  central   silvery  bar,  and 
transverse  purplish  veins.     Cissus  albo-nitens   is 
another   graceful   stove   climber.       In    Alocasia 
Marshallii  we  have  an   improved  form  of  Jen- 
ningsii,  on  which   the   leaves   have,  besides  the 
dark  blotches,  a  central  band  of  white.     Xantho- 
soma  Lindeni,  a  bold  plant  of  the   same  family, 
has  large,  erect,  deep  green  leaves  of  a  sagittate- 
hastate  figure,  with  the  principal  ribs  and  veins 
ivory-white.     Finally,   we  have  to  record  three 
fine    Dieffenbachias  —  D.   imperialis,    with  very 
large  dark  green  leaves,  spotted  with  yellow,  and 
a  pallid    midrib  ;    D.    Bowmanni,   a   handsome 
Brazilian   species,  with  pale  green  leaves  freely 
blotched  with  deep   green  in   a   most   effective 
way  ;  and  D.  Bausei,  of  nearly  the  same  colours, 
but  also  spotted  with  white.     These  two  are  par- 
ticularly   stocky,    and     are    perhaps    the    best 
Dieffenbachias  in   cultivation,  D.  Bausei   being, 
moreover,  an  English  hybrid  raised  at  Chiswick. 
New  Orchids  have  been  numerous,  but  less 
remarkable  than  is  sometimes   the   case.     The 
most  interesting  are  probably  those  belonging  to 
the  cool-house  genus  Masdevallia.     Of  these,  we 
have  seen  during  the  past  season   M.  Lindeni, 
with  channing  flowers  of  a  brilliant  violet-rose  ; 
M.  Harryana,  with  equally  charming  flowers,  of 
a   rich   magenta   colour ;    and    M.    ignea,    the 
flowers  of  which  are  also  very  handsome,  and  of 
a    bright    cinnabar    colour,   having    sometimes 
deeper  coloured  stripes.     Phaius  Marshalliae  is 
a    decided    novelty    amongst    stove    terrestrial 
Orchids,  its  large,  drooping,  pure  white  flowers, 
with  a  lemon-tinted  lip,  having  about    them  a 
charming  delicacy.     Sobralia  macrantha  albida 
is  a  conspicuous  creamy-white  variety  of  a  well- 
known  showy  species,  with  the  labellum  of  a  soft 
rosy  purple.  Epidendrum  Frederici-Guilielmi  is  a 
handsome  species  of  the  type,  having  tall,  leafy 
stems,  in  this   case  terminated  each  by  a  broad 
raceme  of  deep  crimson  flowers,  uniform  in  colour, 
except  the  base  of  the  lip  and  the  column,  which 
are  white.     The  curious  Epidendrum  Pseudepi- 
dendrum,  with  its  bright  green  sepals  and  petals, 
and    bright    orange-coloured   lip,   also   deserves 
mention   in   this  place.      Cattleya    Reineckiana, 
shown   from   the    collection   of    Lord    LoNDES- 
BOROUGH,  may  also   be   referred   to  as  a  very 
charming  Orchid, with  white  flowers,  having  the  lip 
beautifiiUy  variegated  with  purple  and  orange. 

Greenhouse  plants  have  not  been  very  abun- 
dant. The  most  interesting  are  two  white- 
flowered  Bouvardias,  obtained  in  America  as 
sports  from  the  hybrid  variety  named  Hogarth. 
They  are   B.   Vreelandii  and   B.    Davisoni,  and 


8 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  6,   1S72, 


though  evidently  similar,  are  said  to  be  different. 
For  decorative  purposes,  and  for  warm  green- 
house culture,  they  will  be  especially  valuable.  The 
very  distinct  and  pretty  Begonia  Richardsiana, 
from  Natal,  with  bipartite  five-lobed  leaves  and 
white  flowers,  will  be  useful  as  a  companion  to 
B.  Dregei  ;  while  in  Tacsonia  speciosa,  from 
New  Grenada,  we  have  a  very  handsome  green- 
house climber,  with  clear  rosy-red  or  carnation- 
coloured  flowers.  The  lists  of  awards  we  have 
recently  published  will  show  that  several  Agaves 
— interesting  plants,  now  receiving  more  attention 
than  formerly — have  been  rewarded  by  certifi- 
cates. The  species  or  varieties  thus  distin- 
guished have  been  either  unknown  or  unfamiliar 
in  English  collections. 

Ferns  have  yielded  little  of  importance  during 
the  past  year,  if  we  except  the  interminable  and 
hard-named  varieties  of  British  species,  which 
we  owe  to  the  enthusiasm  of  cultivators.  The 
Dicksonia  Sellowiana,  however,  a  Tree  Fern  of 
Brazil,  which  has  found  its  way  to  the  Belgian 
gardens,  will  be  a  nice  addition  to  our  collec- 
tions. Davallia  (or  Humata)  Tyermanii  is  a  charm- 
ing basket  Fern,  from  West  Tropical  Africa,  its 
small  deltoid  tripinnate  fronds  and  silvery-scaled 
rhizomes  being  singularly  ornamental.  Elapho- 
glossum  Herminieri,  christened  the  Eel  Fern  by 
Dr.  See^iann,  from  the  resemblance  of  its 
clustered  glossy  iridescent  sterile  fronds  to 
clusters  of  silvery  eels,  is  a  good  stove  basket 
Fern  ;  and  Trichomanes  auriculatum  is  a  lovely 
creeping  stemmed  hothouse  Film-fern,  with 
transparent  green  narrow  bipinnatifid  fronds. 
Asplenium  marinum  Thompsoniae  and  Poly- 
podium  vulgare  cornubiense  (or  Whytei,  as  it  is 
sometimes  called)  may  be  mentioned  as  most 
distinct-looking  bipinnatifid  varieties  of  the  Sea 
Splcenwort  and  common  Polypody  respectively, 
which,  as  is  well  known,  are  normally  pinnatifid 
only. 

Amongst  Bulbs  the  Liliums  take  the  first  place 
• — and  deservedly  so,  for  few  of  our  garden 
flowers  are  more  beautiful  than  they.  L.  Wash- 
ingtonianum  we  have  already  figured,  and  we 
shall  hope  to  see  blooming  plants  exhibited  in 
the  ensuing  summer.  L.  Maxiraowiczii  tigrinum, 
and  L.  Roezlii,  two  very  charming  sorts— the  first 
from  Eastern  Asia,  the  second  from  the  Rocky 
Mountains, — we  shall  leave  Mr.  Baker  to  locate, 
being  content  to  record  the  fact  of  their  having 
found  their  way  to  European  collections.  The 
South  African  Gastronema  sanguineum  flam- 
meum  is  a  charming  dwarf  greenhouse  bulb, 
with  linear-lanceolate  leaves,  and  rosy-crimson 
flowers  of  great  beauty.  The  ranks  of  the 
Gladioli,  augmented  a  year  or  two  since  by  the 
importation  of  G.  cruentus,  which  is  now  yield- 
ing the  fruits  of  hybridisation,  have  been  still 
further  strengthened  by  the  acquisition  of  a 
showy  yellow-flowered  species,  and  also  of 
G.  Saundersii,  which  is  very  distinct  and  re- 
markably handsome,  with  scarlet  flowers  marked 
with  white  on  the  lower  segments,  the  blossoms 
themselves  being  decurved.  Finally,  Xiphion — 
the  genus  of  the  bulbous  Irises,  gives  us  two 
very  ornamental  additions,  X.  filifolium,  with 
rich  violet-purple  flowers,  and  X.  junceum,  the 
blossoms  of  which  are  of  a  golden  yellow. 

Amongst  Hardy  Trees  of  deciduous  character, 
the  most  distinct  would  appear  to  be  the  Maackia 
amurensis,  from  the  valley  of  the  Amoor,  which 
is  said  to  be  perfectly  hardy,  and  which  forms  a 
tree  with  flexuous  branches,  pinnate  leaves  formed 
of  3 — 4  pairs  of  ovate-oblong  leaflets,  and  small 
greenish-white  flowers,  in  long,  dense,  spike- 
like racemes.  The  Robinia  Pseud-Acacia  sem- 
perflorens,  if  perpetual-flowering,  that  is,  bloom- 
ing on  from  April  till  autumn,  as  it  is  stated  to 
be,^  will  "be  a  real  acquisition  in  its  class,  the 
general  aspect  of  the  tree  resembling  that  of  the 
common  Locust.  The  Albizzia  rosea  of  North 
America  is  described  as  a  handsome  and  flori- 
ferous  small  tree,  the  heads  of  long  crimson 
stamens  being  very  conspicuous.  There  is  also 
a  drooping  variety  of  Purple  Laburnum,  Cytis- 
us  Adami  pendulus,  which  is  said  to  resemble 
in  habit  the  weeping  forms  of  Sophora  japonica. 
Two  very  pretty  deciduous  shrubs  have  been 
secured  in  Cerasus  Sieboldii  roseo-plena  and 
C.  pendula  rosea,  both  Japanese,  the  first  having 
long  pendent  branches,  furnished  with  masses 
of  rose-coloured  double  flowers,  the  second  hav- 
ing its  slender  drooping  branches  clothed  with  a 
profusion  of  delicate  pink  blossoms.  Rhus 
Osbeckii,  another  Japanese  introduction,  bears 
handsome  pinnate  leaves,  with  winged  rachides  ; 
while  from  China  has  Ijeen  introduced  to  the 
French    gardens     Philadelphus     rubricaulis,    a 


species  remarkable  for  its  violet-red  bark,  and 
its  yellowish-white  odoriferous  flowers.  The 
Japanese  Azalea  (or  Rhododendron)  mollis  pro- 
mises to  yield  a  race  of  hardy  Azaleas,  eclipsing 
in  beauty  those  obtained  from  A.  sinensis  and 
the  North  American  species.  It  has  already 
yielded  many  different  tints  and  shapes,  but  the 
typical  form  bears  a  grand  broad-lobed  flower  of 
a  ,deep  golden-yellow.  Rosa  rugosa  (Regeliana), 
another  Japanese  plant,  bears  corymbs  of  large 
cup-shaped  deep  crimson  flowers,  looking  like 
single  Paeonies.  In  evergreens,  one  of  our  finest 
acquisitions  is  Mr.  Young's  Juniperus  chinensis 
aurea,  a  garden  sport  of  one  of  the  most  useful 
of  hardy  evergreen  Conifers,  and  differing  in 
having  the  branches  marked  with  a  thoroughly 
fixed  bright  golden  variegation.  As  a  half-hardy 
evergreen  tree  of  much  promise  we  may  finally 
mention  Quercus  stricta,  from  Japan, — a  tree  of 
pyramidal  habit,  with  ovate-lanceolate  leaves, 
obliquely  marked  with  alternate  bars  of  green 
and  gold. 

Amongst  Hardy  Perennials,  the  Primula  japo- 
nica is  the  plant  of  the  year,  its  stately  habit 
and  grand  tiers  of  rich  magenta  flowers  are 
strikingly  handsome,  and  well  represented  in  our 
fig-  277,  p.  1225,  1871  ;  and  it  well  deserves  the 
title  of  Queen  of  the  Primroses,  which  has  been 
given  to  it.  Linum  campanulatum  is  a  fine  dwarf- 
growing  plant,  reminding  one  of  L.  flavum, 
but  more  compact  and  floriferous,  with  deeper 
golden-yellow  flowers.  Lithospermum  Gastoni 
and  petra:um,  are  two  useful  Boraginaceous 
plants,  both  blue-flowered  and  ornamental.  In 
Sa.xifraga  Maweana,  figured  at  p.  1355,  1871, 
we  have  a  fine  acquisition  to  the  large  white- 
flowered  Saxifrages,  while  Baptisia  leucophasa, 
with  its  long  spikes  of  white  flowers,  is  re- 
nrarkably  ornamental.  Cirsium  Grahami,  pos- 
sibly biennial,  a  New  Mexican  Thistle,  with 
large  heads  of  rich  crimson  flowers,  is  a  really 
handsome  plant  of  its  class,  as  is  the  Cardo- 
patium  corymbosum  of  Greece,  which  has 
branched  corymbose  masses  of  azure-blue  flower- 
heads. 

We  have  seen  very  few  new  Hardy  Annuals 
during  the  past  season.  The  CoUinsia  violacea 
is  one  of  the  best  of  them,  being  compact  in 
growth  and  free  flowering,  the  flowers  large,  and 
having  a  white  upper  and  violet-coloured  lower 
lip.  Gilia  liniflora,  which  has  flowers  resembling 
a  white  Linum,  is  also  free  flowering  and  orna- 
mental. Last,  but  not  least,  we  come  to  the  half- 
hardy  Amaranthus  salicifolius,  a  remarkably 
beautiful  plant,  adapted  both  for  pot  culture  and 
for  the  summer  flower  garden,  and  which,  as  it 
has  been  already  pictorially  represented  in  our 
columns,  p.  1550,  1871,  we  need  not  further 
describe. 

We  might  have  added  others  which  have  come 
prominently  forward  during  the  season  of  1871, 
but  the  foregoing  will  suffice  to  show  that  novelty 
does  not  yet  fail  to  lend  its  charm  to  our  modern 
gardens. 

Mr.    William   Carruthers,    F.R.S.,    has 

figured  and  described  in  the  December  number  of  the 
Geological  Magazine,  two  new  species  of  Fossil  Coni- 
ferous Fruits  from  the  gault  beds  of  Folkstone. 
He  states  one  species  to  be  allied  to  the  existing 
WeUingtonia,  and  shows  that  they  point  to  the  exist- 
ence of  a  coniferous  vegetation  on  the  high  lands  of  the 
Upper  Cretaceous  period,  which  had  3.  fades  similar  to 
that  now  existing  on  the  mountains  on  the  west  of 
North  America,  between  the  30th  and  40th  parallels 
of  latitude.  No  fossil  referable  to  Sequoia  has  hitherto 
been  found  in  strata  older  than  the  gault,  and  here,  on 
the  first  appearance  of  the  genus,  we  find  it  is  associated 
with  Pines  of  the  same  group  that  now  flourish  by  its 
side  in  the  New  World. 

The  idea  was  recently  started,  says  the  Builder, 

that  a  system  of  Post-card  Telegrams  might  be 
adopted,  which  would  prove  a  boon  to  the  general 
public.  A  pattern  card  was  ordered,  and  has  been 
approved  of.  On  the  one  side  it  bears  an  impressed 
shilling  stamp,  with  printed  directions, — as  in  the  case 
of  a  post-card, — that  the  address  of  the  person  for 
whom  the  message  is  intended  should  be  ^nitten  on 
that  side.  On  the  other  there  is  a  space  for  the  name 
and  address  of  the  sender,  and  five  lines  ruled  for  four 
words  each,  which  are  to  constitute  the  message  of  20 
words.  An  order  for  an  immense  number  of  these 
cards  has  been  issued,  and  they  are  at  this  moment 
being  printed,  and  will  shortly  be  for  sale.  A  card 
may  be  dropped  into  the  nearest  pillar-box,  and 
one  of  the  regulations  in  connection  with  this  new 
system  will  be  that  immediately  on  receipt  of  the 
message  at  the  post-office  to  which  it  is  taken  it  shall 
be  '*  wired." 

• — -  A  beautiful  silver  cup,  the  work  of  Jamnitzer, 
the     Nuremberg    goldsmith,    and     contemporary    of 


Cellini,  has  just  been  added  to  the  art  collection  of 
the  South  Kensington  Museum.  The  educa- 
tional division  has  lately  received  a  very  curious  toy- 
house  made  in  Nuremberg  two  centuries  ago,  filled 
with  models  of  utensils  of  the  period,  illustrating 
German  life  and  manners.  It  is  at  present  shown  in 
the  north  court.  Mr.  William  Smith's  gift  of 
water-colours  will  be  exhibited  as  soon  as  the  room  is 
prepared  to  receive  them. 

• ■  The  following  passage,  relating  to  the  proper 

disposal  of  Sewage,  is  taken  from  a  communication  of 
Mr.  Edwin  Chadwick  to  the  Society  of  Arts  J  ournal. 
The  writer  is  speaking  particularly  of  house  sewage. 
It  is  clear  that  what  he  says  would  not  apply  to  stable 
manure — a  gardener  or  farmer  preferring  to  employ 
rotten  dung  to  fresh,  and  with  justice.  But  it 
must  also  be  remembered  that  Mr.  Chadwick  is  s 
peaking  more  from  a  sanitary  than  a  cultural  point 
of  view  : — 

"Not  the  chemist,  but  the  horticulturist — not  the  drug- 
gist with  his  deodorisers,  which  commonlyonly  mask,  or  at 
least  mitigate,  the  mischief,  but  in  rural  districts  the  gar- 
dener is  the  person  who  should  be  made  responsible  for 
removing  daily,  or  every  other  day,  by  pump  and  hose,  the 
contents  of  the  sewer  tank,  and  distributing  it  on  a  piece  of 
ground  properly  trenched  and  prepared  to  receive  it  as 
manure.  His  skill  as  a  gardener  will  be  in  distributing  it 
in  appropriate  doses,  sufficient  for  the  soil  to  receive  it 
without  excess,  and  as  to  the  quantities  and  modes  of  ap- 
plication, his  best  authorities  will  be  those  horticulturists 
— like  Sir  Joseph  Paxton,  cited  in  the  minutes — who 
have  paid  special  attention  to  the  modes  of  feeding 
plants,  and  who  have  been  the  most  successful  in  raising 
prize  fruits.  He  may  be  admonished  that  decomposed 
manure,  or  putrid  manure,  is  wasted  manure,  and  that 
his  interest  is  in  getting  the  manure  in  the  ground  whilst 
it  is  fresh,  and  before  decomposition  commences." 

Mr.  M.  C.  Cooke,  whom,  by  the  way,  we  are 

sorry  to  miss  as  editor  of  Science  Gossip,  has  just  issued 
a  fifth  century  of  dried  specimens  of  British  Fungi, 
comprising  some  new  and  several  very  interesting 
species.     Mycologists,  take  note. 

With  reference  to  the  State  of  the  Weather 

in  the  vicinity  of  London,  Mr.  Glaisher  reports 
that  the  reading  of  the  barometer  during  the  week 
ending  on  December  30,  1 871,  was  nearly  30 
inches ;  a  decrease  set  in  on  the  morning  of  the 
24th,  and  decreasing  readings  were  recorded,  till 
the  minimum  {29.2  inches)  was  reached  on  the 
evening  of  the  28th  ;  the  mean  value  for  this  day  being 
0.6  inch  below  the  average.  A  rapid  increase  to 
29.8  inches  on  the  evening  of  29th  then  occurred, 
followed  by  a  slight  fall  till  3  p.m.  of  the  30th.  The 
mean  departure  in  defect  of  the  average  for  the  whole 
week  was  o.  3  inch.  Throughout  the  week  the  range  of 
temperature  on  each  day  was  small,  the  greatest  being 
less  than  10".  The  mean  daily  temperature  of  the  air 
was  above  the  average  throughout  the  week ;  the 
daily  departures  in  excess  being  as  follows  : — 24th, 
3°. 2;  25th,  3°.3  ;  26th,  7°. I  ;  27th,  7°.4  ;  28th,  8°. 7; 
29th,  3^.4  ;  30th,  5°. 8  ;  and  the  mean  excess  for  the 
week  was  5*.  6.  The  mean  for  the  week  was  43% 
being  the  highest  in  any  week  since  that  ending 
November  4-  The  direction  of  the  wind  was  generally 
S.W.,  and  at  times  the  pressure  was  great.  The  sky 
was  generally  cloudy,  though  parts  of  the  27th  and 
29th  were  exceptions  to  this  rule.  Rain  fell  on  every 
day  except  Sunday,  Dec.  24,  the  amount  collected 
being  0.56  inch.  The  greatest  fall  occurred  on  the 
morning  of  the  26th,  and  amounted  to  0.39  inch. 
In  England  the  extreme  high  temperatures  during 
the  week  in  question  ranged  between  52*^  at  Liver- 
pool and  48^  at  Norwich,  the  general  average  over 
the  country  being  49!".  The  extreme  low  tempe- 
ratures varied  from  37*  at  Birmingham  and  31° 
at  Manchester,  the  general  average  being  33|°. 
The  average  range  of  temperature  in  the  week  was 
about  1 5°.  The  mean  for  the  week  of  the  highest 
temperatures  observed  every  day  was  47°,  the  highest 
being  at  Portsmouth,  48.1",  and  the  lowest,  45°,  at 
Hull ;  the  general  mean  for  the  whole  country  was  47° 
nearly.  The  average  daily  range  of  temperature  was  <i\°. 
The  mean  temperature  for  the  week  was  about  42|%  vary- 
ing from  404°  at  Norwich,  to  43i°,  nearly,  at  Leeds. 
Rain  fell  in  Lancashire  on  every  day  ;  in  the  midland 
counties  on  five  days  in  the  week,  and  at  Norwich  and 
Leeds  on  two  or  three  days  only.  The  fall  of  rain 
exceeded  nine-tenths  of  an  inch  at  Birmingham  and 
Manchester,  and  was  less  than  two-tenths  at  Norwich 
and  Leeds  ;  the  average  fall  for  the  whole  country  was 
six-tenths  of  an  inch  nearly.  In  Scotland  the  extreme 
high  temperatures  ranged  from  54°  at  Perth  to  48:;"  at 
Aberdeen ;  the  mean  for  the  several  stations  being  5i'(° ; 
the  extreme  low  temperatures  varied  between  364°  at 
Greenock  and  26"  at  Edinburgh,  the  general  average 
being  324°.  The  average  range  of  temperature  was 
about  18.^°.  The  mean  daily  temperatures  varied 
between  43.^°  at  Greenock  and  39°  at  Edinburgh  ;  the 
mean  temperature  for  the  week  being  about  4ii°. 
Rain  fell  at  each  of  the  several  stations,  the  fall  at 
Greenock  being  as  much  as  2.9  inches,  and  at  Glasgow 
and  at  Perth  ij  inch  and  1.2  inch  respectively.  The 
fall  at  the  other  stations  varied  from  \  inch  at  Aberdeen 
to  o.4inch  at  Leith  ;  the  average  fall  for  the  whole 
being  1.05  inch.  For  details  as  to  the  state  of  the 
weather  at  Blackheath  up  to  the  3d  inst.,  we  refer  to 
Mr.  Glaisher's  Table,  at  p.  14. 


January  6,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners*    Chronicle    and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


New  Garden    Plants. 

CcELiOPSIs,  «.  gen.  Orchid. 
Aff.  Sievelcingiffi.  Pcrigonium  externum  crassum.  Sepaliim 
dorsale  oblongo-ligulatum  :  sepala  latcralia  alte  connata,  apice 
biloba,  basi  menlum  obtvisangulum  rctrorsum  efficient  ia. 
Tepala  triangula,  abbrevlata,  supra  basin  inferioreni  obtus- 
angula.  Labellum  de  columna  omnino,  immediate  de- 
flexum,  oblongum  acutum  fornicatum,  apicciii  versus  multipli- 
catum,  omnino  inunobile,  omnino  ecallosum.  Columna 
clavata  retusa,  androclinio  emarginato.  Anthcra  depressa. 
Pollinia  gcmina  depresso  pyriformia,  basi  bene  stipitata- 
coarclata  extus  fissa,  sessilia  in  glandula  hippocrepica. — 
Planta  habitii  Maxillaria:  squalentis  ex  icone  a  cl.  Saunders 
benigue  niissa.  Flores  spicati  illis  ejusdem  xquimagni.— 
C.  hvncint/iostiia. 

A  very  careful  sketch,  prepared  by  W.  Wilson 
Saunders,  Esq.,  and  three  fresh  flowers,  have  fur- 
nished the  materials  upon  which  the  genus  is 
founded.  The  sketch  represents  the  pseudobulbs 
pear-shaped,  with  longitudinal  wrinkles,  and  three 
plaited,  cuneate-oblong  acute  leaves,  as  much  as  iS 
inches  long.  The  peduncle  arising  fron\  the  base  of  the 
well-sheathed  bulb,  has  several  sheatlis,  and  a  dense 
raceme  of  6— S  flowers  with  long  triangular  bracts, 
nearly  equal  to  the  ovary,  which  is  covered  with  small 
blackish  acute  papillx,  as  in  many  of  the  allied  forms. 
The  flowers  are  of  a  thickish  consistence,  white,  except 
that  the  point  of  the  superior  sepal,  of  the  petals,  and  the 
base  and  apex  of  the  lip  are  orange,  and  there  is  a  deep 
crimson  blotch  in  the  middle  of  the  white  part  of  the 
lip,  while  the  foot  of  the  column  is  purplish-crimson. 
I  am  informed  that  the  flowers  had  the  most  delicious 
perfume  of  Hyacinths.  The  plant  appears  to  be 
quite  distinct.  We  may  by-and-by  know  its  cousins, 
and  then  understand  it  better.  It  appears  to  stand  next 
Sievekingia,  yet  to  be  widely  distinct  in  the  column, 
pollen  apparatus,  and  lip.  It  flowered  in  the  garden 
of  W.  Wilson  Saunders,  Esq.,  who  got  it  from 
Panama.  From  the  sketch  the  plant  must  be  vigorous 
and  well-doing  under  the  care  of  Mr.  Green.  //.  G. 
Rchb.  fit. 


PEZIZA    CHA  TERI,  sp.  nov. 

A  SHORT  time  since  we  received  a  pretty  red 
Fungus  from  Mr.  J.  J.  Chater,  of  Cambridge,  with  a 
note  requesting  its  name.  Like  many  other  subjects 
first  sent  to  the  Gardeners  Chronicle  for  determination, 
this  plant  proved  to  be  a  new  species,  which  we  here 
propose  to  describe  under  the  name  of  Peziza  (Humaria) 
Chateri,  in  recognition  of  its  discoverer,  Mr.  Jabez  Jay 
Chater,  of  Gonville  Nurseries,  Cambridge,  and  at  the 
same  time  to  say  a  few  words  regarding  the  interesting 
set  of  plants  to  which  this  new  species  belongs. 

The  genus  Peziza  contains  an  enormous  number  of 
species,  of  which  we  have  nearly  200  in  this  country  ; 
many  are  extremely  beautiful  both  in  form  and  colour, 
the  majority  being  small,  like  the  subject  of  our  illus- 
tration. A  considerable  number  grow  upon  the 
ground,  but  by  far  the  larger  number  are  parasitic 
upon  fallen  twigs,  decayed  stumps,  &:c.  Most  of  the 
species  take  an  elegant  cup-like  form,  particularly  when 
young  ;  but  others  (especially  the  larger  species)  lose 
this  shape  at  an  early  period,  and  make  irregular  ear- 
like growths.  Some  species  have  the  margin  of  the 
cup  exquisitely  toothed,  or  even  fringed  with  long 
hairs,  others  have  the  disc  tinted  with  the  most  brilliant 
colours  ;  most  of  the  species  are  sessile,  but  a  few 
have  their  cups  balanced  on  a  stalk,  sometimes  long  and 
slender,  but  at  other  times  thick  and  elegantly  fluted. 

This  large  genus  is  primarily  divided  into  three 
groups,  distinguished  by  the  furfuraceous,  pilose,  or 
smooth  external  coats  of  the  constituent  species  ;  these 
groups  are  again  divided  into  about  a  dozen  sections, 
which  depend  upon  their  form  and  structure  for  their 
sectional  characters,  and  these  cohorts  are  again  sepa- 
rated into  numerous  groups  marked  by  less  important 
characters  than  those  of  the  former  sections. 

Peziza  is,  perhaps,  the  most  important  genus  of  the 
family  Ascomycetes,  and  its  numerous  species  are  dis- 
tinguished by  their  soft,  fleshy  substance,  cup-like 
form,  and  fruit  consisting  of  eight  sporidia  contained 
in  innumerable  slender  transparent  asci  or  sacs,  packed 
on  the  upper  surface  (or  hymenium)  of  the  cups. 

The  structure  of  one  species  will  serve  as  an  illustra- 
tion for  all.  Therefore  if  any  Peziza  be  cut  in  two  the 
fruit  will  be  displayed  somewhat  as  shown  in  fig.  i,  e, 
where  Peziza  Chateri  is  figured  in  section  magnified  to 
twice  its  actual  size.  The  fructification,  however,  is  so 
extremely  minute  that  the  highest  powers  of  the  micro- 
scope are  required  to  make  it  out.  Now  to  see  the 
fruit  of  any  Peziza  satisfactorily,  an  extremely  thin 
slice  must  be  adroitly  cut  off  one  of  the  exposed  sec- 
tional surfaces  ;  indeed,  so  small  and  thin  needs  this 
slice  to  be,  that  the  smallest  fragment  taken  off  the 
hymenial  surface  with  a  lancet  is  sufficient  to  show  the 
character  of  the  fruit.  When  this  filmy  slice  has  been 
detached,  it  has  to  be  carefully  laid  on  a  piece  of  thin 
glass,  and  overlaid  and  crushed  with  one  of  the  very 
thin  discs  of  fine  glass  sold  for  this  purpose  by 
opticians.  If  placed  under  the  microscope,  it  may  now 
be  seen  as  a  transparent  object,  and  viewed  with  a 
power  enlarging  at  least  500  diameters.  As  all  this 
trouble  and  loss  of  time  is  necessary  before  the  majority 
of  these  little  Fungi  can  be  determined  with  certainty, 
our  correspondents  may  judge  of  what  a  tax  it  is  upon 
our  time  and  patience  to  name  even  half-a-dozen  (the 
prescribed  Gardeners^  Chronicle  limit)  of  these  minute 
things  J  and  not  only  has  the  work  already  described 


to  be  done,  but  it  often  so  happens  that  the  fruit  itself 
must  be  measured  in  decimals  of  an  inch  before  a 
definite  answer  can  be  given. 

When  the  said  slice  has  been  satisfactorily  prepared 
and  placed  under  the  microscope,  the  fragment  will  be 
seen  more  or  less  like  fig.  I,  c  d,  which  shows  the  hyme- 
nium or  fruit-bearing  surface  of  Peziza  Chateri.  The 
asci,  or  sacs,  c,  are  here  seen  packed  side  by  side,  each 
bag  containing  its  normal  eight  sporidia,  each  of  these 
sporidia  (or  reproductive  bodies  analogous  with  seeds), 
being  under  fitting  circumstances  capable  of  repro- 
ducing the  parent  plant,  as  surely  as  the  healthy 
seed  of  any  flowering  plant  does  the  same  thing 
when  planted.  Side  by  side  with  the  asci,  c,  may 
be  seen  slender  club-like  sacs  without  sporidia  ;  these 
are  named  the  paraphyses,  D,  and  are  usually  con- 
sidered as  aborted  asci.  The  spores  (or  sporidia)  in 
Pezizas  are  extremely  varied  in  shape  and  size,  and  in 
P.  Chateri  they  are  both  ])eculiar  and  beautiful,  as 
shown  at  e,  enlarged  to  a  still  larger  scale  than  the 
section  of  hymenium.  The  way  in  which  these  bodies 
are  forcibly  ejected  from  the  sacs  is  very  remarkable  ; 
they  are  expelled  with  sudden  elastic  force  in  myriads, 
the  generally  received  explanation  being  that  the  asci 
are  extremely  sensitive  to  atmospheric  and  other  in- 
fluences, and  consequently  that  the  rays  of  the  sun,  a 
sudden  touch  or  a  breath,  immediately  causes  the  asci 
to  collapse  and  discharge  the  sporidia  into  the  air  in 
the  form  of  a  thin  smoke,  there  to  take  their  chance, 
with  other  things,  in  the  general  struggle  for  existence. 


searching  through  his  own  herbarium  of  Pezizas,  and 
through  Fiickel's  Fungi  Rhenain,  for  any  traces  of  a 
similar  species  to  the  one  here  described.    IV.  G.  S. 


Fig.  I.— peziza  chateri. 

A,  Peziza  Chateri,  real  size  ;  b,  Section  of  do.,  twice  real  size  ; 

c,  Asci,  containing  sporidia  ;  d,  Paraphyses;  e,  Sporidia, 

enlarged  700  diameters. 

It  sometimes  happens,  as  we  have  observed,  that  both 
within  and  without  the  asci  certain  granular  particles 
display  the  so-called  Brownian  movements,  not  dis- 
similar to  the  movements  of  the  spermatozoa  of  animals. 
When  once  seen  these  movements  can  never  be  mistaken 
or  forgotten  ;  the  particles  move  rapidly  but  almost 
imperceptibly  (the  movement  being  extremely  slight) 
in  a  zig-zag  fashion,  ever  and  anon  turning  over  on 
themselves,  or  swaying  from  side  to  side;  when  the 
particles  are  egg-shaped,  sometimes  the  long  surface  is 
presented  to  view,  then  suddenly  the  smaller  ends  come 
into  sight,  but  continuously  swaying  from  side  to  side 
or  zig-zagging  about. 

Peziza  (Humaria)  Chateri,  sp.  nov. 

Cups  concave,  at  length  expanded,  margin  curved  inwards, 
sessile,  bright  orange- red  within,  pale  brown  externally  from  the 
colour  of  the  cells  of  the  cup.  from  2  to  6  lines  across  ;  asci 
cylindrical,  containing  8  elliptic,  rough  sporidia  with  2  nuclei, 
.oooiJ  inch  long  by  .0004  inch  wide,  arranged  in  one  row  ;  para- 
physes linear  with  clavate  tips.  Cup  composed  of  clavate,  pale 
brown,  septate  cells,  whose  tips  give  a  granulated  appearance  to 
the  outer  surface,  which  is  without  hairs.  Its  nearest  affinities 
are  with  P.  melaloma  and  P.  hirla. 

Mr,  Chater  informs  us  that  his  plants  were  found  on 
the  north  and  north-east  sides  of  a  heap  of  road  earth, 
gathered  for  use  in  the  garden,  some  two  years  back,  at 
the  Gonville  Nurseries,  Cambridge. 

We  are  indebted  to  Mr,  C.  E.  Croome  for  the  sketch 
of  hymenium,  for  the  specific  characters,  and  for  kindly 


GARDENS  AND  FORESTS  OF  INDIA.* 

Anglo-Indians  are  sometimes  heard  to  complain, 
and  not  without  some  show  of  justice,  of  the  compara- 
tive apathy  that  exists  in  this  country  as  to  Indian 
affairs.  There  is  no  doubt,  too,  that  many  of  our 
more  intelligent  countrymen  are  far  more  familiar  with 
India  as  it  appears  in  the  graphic  writings  of  Macaulay, 
than  they  are  with  the  actual  condition  and  prospects 
of  that  enormous  and  most  varied  territory.  Every- 
day experience,  however,  indicates  that  the  ignorance 
and  apathy  as  to  Indian  affairs  is  rapidly  giving 
way,  thanks  especially  to  the  enlightened  policy 
of  the  Government,  and  the  much  more  speedy  transit 
to  and  fro  than  was  the  case  but  a  few  years  ago.  The 
opening  of  the  Suez  Canal,  too,  is  fraught  with  import- 
ance in  this  last  respect.  India  offers  so  fine  a  field  for 
practical  gardeners,  with  brains  as  well  as  hands,  so 
many  chances  are  opened  up  to  competent  men,  in  the 
superintendence  and  management  of  forests,  public 
gardens,  plantations  of  Indigo,  Tea,  Cotton,  Cinchona, 
and  the  like,  that  we  think  we  shall  be  doing  an 
acceptable  service  by  calling  attention  in  a  suggestive, 
by  no  means  exhaustive,  way  to  sundry  features  of 
Indian  horticulture  and  allied  pursuits. 

Horticulture  in  India  naturally  varies  greatly,  ac- 
cording to  the  climate  of  particular  districts,  the  tastes 
of  European  residents,  and  the  like  ;  but  its  pvogess  is 
mainly  fostered  by  the  various  societies,  such  as  the 
Agri- Horticultural  Society  of  India,  es;tablishcd  in 
1820,  whose  headquarters  are  at  Calcutta,  that  of 
Madras,  of  Bombay,  of  Mysore,  of  the  Punjab,  &c. 
These  societies,  by  means  of  their  journals,  diffuse  a 
great  deal  of  valuable  information  to  many,  both  Euro- 
peans and  natives,  and  serve  to  stimulate  and  keep  alive 
their  zeal.  By  means  of  their  gardens,  too,  the 
societies  are  enabled  to  distribute  seeds,  grafts,  bulbs, 
plants,  &c.,  among  their  members. 

In  the  Bengal  Presidency  horticulture  is  likely  to 
receive  a  new  impulse  from  the  recent  grant  by  the 
Government  of  a  new  site  for  the  Horticultural  Society's 
Garden.  The  requirements  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Garden 
in  Calcutta  obliged  the  Society,  some  five  years  back,  to 
withdraw  from  that  corner  of  it  which  they  had  so  long 
occupied,  and  which  had  proved  so  useful  a  nursery  for 
feeding  the  private  gardens  of  members  dispersed  over 
the  Presidency. 

The  societies  also  rendergreat  service  in  the  establish- 
ment of  flower  shows,  which  are  found  in  India  as  else- 
where to  be  highly  useful  in  stimulating  a  competitive 
spirit  among  gardeners.  In  Calcutta  there  are  two  or 
three  such  shows  ever  year — the  last  being  the  Orchid 
show,  generally  at  the  beginning  of  April.  We  may 
remark  in  passing  that  the  cultivation  of  the  Asiatic 
Orchids  has  been  much  promoted  since  1S66  by  Dr. 
Anderson's  successful  system  of  growing  them  in 
thinly  thatched  structures,  to  protect  the  plants  from 
the  ungenial  climate  of  Bengal.  As  the  Curator  of 
the  Royal  Botanic  Garden  (whose  remarks  on  this  sub- 
ject we  lately  reprinted)  testifies,  there  are  now  not 
a  few  amateurs'  collections  in  Calcutta  and  its  vicinity 
which  would  lose  nothing  by  a  comparison  with  some 
of  the  better  private  collections  in  Europe.  In  order 
to  show  the  spirit  with  which  the  flower-shows 
are  conducted,  we  have  availed  ourselves  of  some 
photographs  placed  at  our  disposal  by  Mr.  W.  Bull, 
and  representing  a  flower  show  held  in  Bombay  on  the 
occasion  of  the  visit  of  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh  a  year 
or  two  since.  From  these  sketches,  given  as  a 
supplement  with  the  present  number,  it  will  be  seen  that 
our  Indian  friends  have  not  much  to  learn  from  us  as  to 
the  artistic  arrangement  of  their  exhibitions,  while 
the  novelty  of  the  scene  must  strike  any  one  who  is 
accustomed  to  the  sameness  of  our  horticultural  dis- 
plays  at  home.  On  all  hands  we  hear  encouraging 
reports  as  to  the  value  of  these  meetings  in  instructing 
the  natives,  and  stimulating  the  zeal  of  Europeans. 
We  doubt,  from  what  we  can  gather,  if  sufficient 
attention  is  paid  to  the  improved  culture  of  native 
flowers,  fruits,  vegetables,  &c.,  in  contradistinction  to 
European  products,  the  culture  of  which  must  in  many 
cases  be  carried  on  under  the  greatest  difficulties. 
European  gardeners,  too,  need  some  apprenticeship  ere 
they  can  fairly  adapt  their  proceedings  to  the  different 
climatal  conditions.  Nevertheless,  the  papers  of  Mr. 
Scott,  to  mention  only  one,  show  how  this  adaptation 
can  be  made  when  both  the  will  and  the  ability  are 
present  ;  and  one  has  but  to  look  through  the  publica- 
tions of  the  societies  before  alluded  to,  to  find  further 
illustrations  of  this  assertion. 

We  turn  now  to  the  subject  of  Indian  forests,  a 
matter  which  has  of  late  occupied  much  attention  on 
account  of  the  endeavours  made  by  Roxburgh, 
Wallich,  Royle,  Strachey,  Wight,  and  Falconer 
in  former  times  to  put  a  stop  to  the  waste  and 
destruction  of  Indian  forests, — endeavours  followed 
up  in  our  own  days  by  the  reports  of  Cleghorn, 
Brandis,  Gibson,  Edgeworth,  Dalzell,  and  Stewart. 
Thanks  to  the  persistent  energy  of  these  gentlemen  and 
other  forest  conservators,  great  efforts  have  been  made 
and  are  making  to  secure  a  proper  system  of  forest 
conservancy  in  all  the  forest  districts  of  India.     We 

*  See  engravings  on  supplementary  page  in  present  is«;ue. 


lO 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


rjatiuafy  6,  1872. 


have  on  former  occasions  alluded  to  the  scheme  of 
education  proposed  for  forest  officers — a  scheme  that  is, 
we  believe,  merely  experimental  and  provisional,  and 
which  has  brought  out,  as  might  have  been  expected, 
various  opinions  on  the  probable  benefits  arising  there- 
from. That  a  system  of  training  is  necessary  to  enable 
officers  to  fulfil  their  duties  efficiently  is  not  denied  by 
any  one — the  only  question  is,  how  that  training  shall 
be  conducted  to  produce  the  best  results. 

Major  R.  H.  Beddome,  in  a  report  upon  his  depart- 
ment, writing  upon  the  necessity  of  a  Forest  School, 
says: — "A  great  disadvantage  that  the  department 
labours  under  at  present  is,  that  all  officers  and  over- 
seers join  without  any  preliminary  training,  and  they 
are  expected  to  take  charge  of  plantations  and  conser- 
vancy operations,  &c.,  although  they  may  be  perfectly 
ignorant  of  the  very  rudiments  of  arboriculture  or  of 
vegetable  physiology.  There  is  now  an  ample  field 
for  a  Forest  School  in  this  presidency  (Madras)  ;  there 
are  plantations  at  all  elevations  from  the  sea  level  up  to 
7000  feet,  and  the  cultivation  of  almost  every  descrip- 
tion of  tree  is  receiving  attention.  A  small  museum 
of  economic  botany  and  forest  products,  and  a  forest 
library,  is  almost  all  that  is  required.  It  is  believed  that 
officers  could  be  trained  to  far  better  advantage  in  India 
than  in  Europe.  There  are  certainly  first-rate  forest 
schools  in  France  and  Germany,  but  the  education  is 
too  elaborate  for  anything  required  in  this  country  ; 
and  a  knowledge  of  French  or  German  is  unnecessary 
when  ultimate  requirements  call  for  Hindustani,  Tamil, 
or  Tulugu ;  students  besides  would  not  become 
familiarised  with  a  single  Indian  tree,  and  it  is  very 
doubtful  if  an  intimate  knowledge  of  Oak,  Larch,  &c., 
would  be  of  much  service  to  a  forester  out  in  this 
country.  The  extinction  of  the  old  native  army  has 
prevented  this  department,  as  well  as  many  others, 
from  looking  in  that  direction  for  young  officers  qualified 
in  the  native  languages,  and  familiar  with  the  natives  ; 
but  still  there  are  plenty  of  young  men  among  the 
sons  of  officers  and  civilians  who  are  ready  to  enter  the 
department. 

"  It  is  suggested  that  none  should  be  admitted  as  candi- 
dates until  they  have  passed  the  lower  standard,  in  at 
least,  one  of  the  native  languages,  and  that  they  should 
then  be  trained  for  a  period  of  five  or  six  months  in 
their  profession,  and  be  required  to  give  some  attention 
to  the  rudiments  of  botany  and  vegetable  physiology 
before  being  permanently  appointed  to  any  range.  A 
forest  life  in  most  districts  is  one  of  great  expo- 
sure, and  jungle  fever  more  or  less  is  a  certainty  ;  and 
the  nature  of  the  work  compels  a  solitary  residence  in 
jungles  far  from  any  Europeans.  Attention  as  to  the 
constitution  and  natural  proclivities  of  candidates  is, 
therefore,  of  great  importance.  It  has  sometimes  been 
doubted  whether  a  botanical  knowledge  is  necessary 
for  a  forester.  It  is  certainly  most  important  in 
India,  where  every  jungle  and  forest  abound  with 
a  great  variety  of  trees  and  timbers  of  every 
description  (many  quite  unknown),  and  where  no 
reliance  can  be  placed  upon  the  information  ob- 
tained from  the  woodcutters  or  natives,  as  in 
every  district  there  is  some  ridiculous  prejudice 
against  particular  timbers,  though  they  may  be  of  great 
value  and  use  in  other  districts  j  or  other  timbers, 
though  of  great  value  and  much  prized,  perhaps,  in 
another  district,  may  be  pronounced  valueless  and  never 
used  simply  because  their  ancestors  never  felled  them. 
To  work  a  forest  near  the  railway  economically  the 
trees  useless  as  timber  have  to  be  felled  out  for  fuel, 
and  space  given  to  the  more  valuable  species.  Again, 
a  forest  officer  should  know  eveiy  tree  botanically,  or 
he  can  have  little  idea  at  what  size  they  reach  maturity. 
It  is  to  be  regretted  that  many  of  the  officers  and  over- 
seers hardly  know  a  tree  in  their  forests,  except  those 
in  everyday  use,  and  often  not  even  these." 

It  is  to  remedy  this  state  of  things  that  various  books 
have  been  recently  published  or  are  in  course  of  publi- 
cation, such  as  the  Flora  Sylvatka  of  Major  Bed- 
dome,  devoted  to  the  description  and  illustration 
of  all  the  principal  timber  trees  of  the  Madras 
Presidency.  Works  of  similar  character  and  objects, 
either  complete  or  in  progress,  are  Cleghorn's  Forests 
and  Gardens  of  India,  Stewart's  Flora  ^  the  Forests  of 
North-  Western  India  and  the  Central  Provinces,  Kurz  s 
Burjnese  Forest  Flora,  Balfour's  Timber  Ty-ees,  '2\x^- 
y!Ood\  Bombay  Products,  Major  Drury's  Useful  Plants 
of  Jidiay  and  Stewart's  Pujijaiib  Plants,  &c. 

We  should  trespass  far  too  much  on  the  patience  of 
the  reader  if  we  enumerated  the  strictly  botanical 
publications  relatintr  to  India,  from  those  of  Roxburgh, 
Wallich,  Wight,  Royle,  to  those  of  Hooker,  Thom- 
son, and  many  living  botanists.  We  must  not,  how- 
ever, omit  to  mention  that  at  last  satisfactory  progress 
is  being  made  with  the  Indian  Flora^  under  the  conduct 
of  Dr.  Hooker,  and  which  will  be  a  sine  gud  noji  to  all 
concerned  with  horticulture,  arboriculture  or  botany  in 
India. 

The  mention  of  the  names  of  the  eminent  botanists 
just  cited,  and  which,  did  space  allow,  might  be  con- 
siderably extended,  is  sufficient  to  recall  the  splendid 
services  which  botanists,  as  such,  have  rendered  and 
are  rendering  to  the  empire  in  general.  If  we  look  to 
horticulture  only,  we  have  only  to  recall  the  introduc- 
tions of  Royle,  of  Hooker,  of  Benson,  of  Parish,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  professional  collectors,  to  see  how 
largely  our  gardens  and  plantations  have  profited  by 
the  zeal  of  our  botanists,  too  often  thought  to  *'  care  for 
none  of  these  things." 


In  the  matter  of  Cinchona  growing  in  Ceylon, 
Sikkim,  and  the  Neilgherries,  we  have  on  the  whole 
most  satisfactory  progress  to  record.  The  death  of 
Dr.  Anderson,  the  late  director  of  the  Botanic  Garden, 
Calcutta,  who  did  so  much  to  promote  this  branch  of 
culture,  fortunately  will  not  mar  its  prospects. 

Cotton  growing  in  the  Central  Provinces  is  evidently 
carried  on  with  the  greatest  spirit.  Mr.  Rivett 
Camac's  zeal  and  energy  seem  to  be  producing  their 
proper  fruit.  According  to  recent  reports,  nearly 
300,000  bales  were  sent  in  one  year  from  the  Central 
Provinces  to  Bombay.  Here,  again,  the  services  of  a 
superintendent  and  man  of  position,  as  well  as  those  of 
practical  gardeners,  are  required  in  various  districts  to 
develope  to  the  full  the  culture  of  this  important 
staple,  whose  culture  in  India  received  so  great  a 
stimulus  during  the  American  war. 

We  can  only  jui.t  refer  to  the  culture  of  Indigo,  Tea, 
Tobacco,  silk,  and  other  products.  Enough  has  been 
said  to  show  how  vast  and  how  varied  in  our  Indian 
possessions  are  the  interests  connected  with  horticulture, 
agriculture,  and  arboriculture.  We  have  but  touched 
on  the  subject  in  the  most  discursive  manner,  and, 
restrained  by  the  exigencies  of  space,  have  not  even 
attempted  to  do  more  than  hint  at  the  importance  of 
the  subjects,  and  the  brilliant  services  of  those  chiefly 
concerned. 


AUCUBA  SPORTS. 


The  sport  of  Aucuba  japonica,  referred  to  by 
Mr.  P.  Robertson  in  your  last  year's  volume  (No- 
vember II,  p.  1456),  is  not  at  all  uncommon.  I 
have  seen  similar  sports  on  several  plants  for  many 
years  past,  and  I  have  several  plants  in  my  nursery 
showing  the  same  feature.  I  will,  however,  describe 
only  one,  which  I  think  peculiar,  and  which  opens  a 
wide  field  for  scientific  inquiry,  as  to  the  causes  pro- 
ducing such  remarkable  results.  The  plant  in  question 
stands  close  to  my  office  door,  and  is  about  2  feet  high, 
on  a  stem  of  9  inches,  where  it  branches  into  two  to 
form  the  head  ;  one  of  these  branches  has  the  bark  half 
green  and  half  yellow  in  some  parts,  all  yellow  in 
others,  aud  some  portions  all  green ;  it  has  the 
spotted  leaves  of  the  old  Aucuba  as  well  as  those 
with  the  irregular  blotch  in  the  centre.  This  same 
eccentric  branch  has  four  smaller  ones  with  fruit,  of 
which  I  find  No.  i  has  green  and  yellow  bark,  leaves 
all  spotted,  fruit  of  four  berries,  three  green  and  one 
green  with  a  small  yellow  blotch  ;  branch  No.  2,  wood 
all  yellow,  leaves  partly  spotted  and  partly  with  the 
central  blotch  more  or  less  developed,  fruit  of  four 
berries  on  three  yellow  stalks,  one  berry  on  each  of  the 
side  stalks  yellow,  two  berries  on  the  centre  stalk,  one 
yellow  and  one  green  ;  No.  3  branch  is  but  slightly 
tinged  with  yellow,  leaves  all  spotted,  fruit  of  six 
berries,  all  green.  No.  4  branch  has  the  wood  half 
yellow  and  half  green,  has  spotted  leaves  on  the  shoot 
springing  from  the  green  side,  and  from  the  yellow  side 
a  shoot  with  yellow  wood  and  the  gold  central  blotched 
leaves  ;  it  has  eight  berries  on  three  stalks  (the  latter 
being  green  and  yellow)  :  the  centre  stalk  has  two 
berries,  one  green  and  one  yellow,  the  side  stalks  have 
three  berries  each, — on  one  of  them  two  are  yellow  and 
one  green,  on  the  other  one  green,  one  yellow,  and  one 
half-and-half.  On  the  other  and  stronger  branch  of  the 
two,  forming  the  greater  half  of  the  plant,  the  wood  is  all 
green,  leaves  of  the  common  Aucuba,  and  green  berries. 
So  much  for  the  vagaries  of  our  old  friend  :  now 
a  word  or  two  on  her  recently  introduced  relations 
and  their  descendants.  We  have,  I  believe,  four  dis- 
tinct varieties,  or,  perhaps,  species,  of  green  Aucuba, 
viz.,  the  viridis,  sent  out  as  seedling  plants  by 
Messrs.  Veitch ;  the  vera  (or,  as  it  is  sometimes 
called,  ovata),  sent  out  by  Mr.  Standish  ;  and  two 
distinct  forms  of  longifolia,  sent  out  by  the 
above  firms  respectively.  I  believe  that  neither 
of  these  four  varieties  has  shown  the  least  disposition 
to  sport  (although  there  is  a  rather  inconstant  form 
called  longifolia  variegata,  which  I  think  was  im- 
ported) since  their  introduction  ;  and  as  there  are  male 
varieties  of  the  same  type  and  habit  as  viridis  and 
vera,  I  am  inclined  to  think  those  two  at  least  are  dis- 
tinct species.  Of  the  two  varieties  of  longifolia  I  am 
not  aware  there  is  any  male  counterpart ;  but  a  variety 
of  viridis,  with  rather  long  and  narrow  foliage,  has 
been  sent  out  as  longifolia  mascula  ;  yet  neither  in 
habit  nor  general  character  has  it  any  resem- 
blance to  that  very  distinct  and  handsome  kind. 

Of  the  sports  I  will  only  allude  to  two,  both 
of  which  I  purchased  at  the  sales  of  Japanese 
plants  which  took  place  in  London  ;  one  is  named 
medio-argentea  mascula,  and  the  other  was  not 
named,  but  is,  I  believe,  known  now  as  A.  picturata. 
Both  have  central  blotched  leaves,  though  very  distinct 
from  the  sport  previously  referred  to,  and  both  of 
them  with  cultivation  revert  to  the  green  state,  only 
occasionally  showing  the  variegation  in  some  side 
shoot.  Of  seedlings  I  have  raised  many  thousands, 
amongst  which  are  some  very  good  crosses,  which  will 
be  worth  propagating.  In  some  the  spotted  leaves  are 
produced  in  endless  variety,  the  yellow  predominating 
to  such  an  extent  that  the  leaves  seem  only  veined  with 
green  ;  in  others,  the  yellow  is  only  represented  by  an 
occasional  spot  ;  while  others,  contrary  to  the 
experience  of  Mr.  Robertson,  are  all  green. 

The    tendency  of  seedlings  to  spotted  leaves  may 
'  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  most  of  them  have 


been  produced  from  the  old  spotted  variety,  as  well  as 
through  the  agency  of  the  spotted  male  supplying  the 
pollen  for  the  fructification  of  the  green  female  varie- 
ties ;  nevertheless,  I  have  no  doubt  that  purely  green 
seedlings  may  be  raised  by  having  purely  green  plants 
for  parents.  As  the  fruiting  of  the  Aucuba  is  one  of 
its  most  valuable  qualities,  it  may  be  interesting  to 
state  that  on  three  large  plants,  growing  in  this 
village,  I  found  fruit.  The  only  male  plants  were  in 
my  nursery,  and  about  100  yards  distant.  That  the 
new  Aucubas  will  eventually  obtain  a  great  amount 
of  popularity,  as  hardy  ornamental  evergreens,  I  have 
no  doubt.  Alaurice  Yottng,  Milford  Nurseries,  yiear 
Godalming. 


DR.  MUELLER  ON  FOREST  CULTURE. 

{Continued  front  p.  i68r,  1871.) 

A  LEADING  industry  in  all  forests  is  the  production 
of  charcoal.  It  may  be  made  in  mounds,  caverns,  or 
ovens.  The  method  most  frequently  adopted  is  that  in 
mounds  or  meilers.  The  wood  is  closely  packed  around 
a  central  post  in  regular  form,  the  pieces  placed  either 
all  horizontally,  or  oftener  the  lower  vertically.  Only 
such  wood  should  be  used  as  is  unfit  for  timber  ;  it 
must,  however,  be  of  one  kind  only,  or  of  such  various 
sorts  as  require  the  same  degree  of  heat  for  being  con- 
verted into  a  perfect  coal.  It  must  be  sound  and 
almost  air-dry.  A  loamy  sand  soil  forms  the  best  base 
for  a  mound  ;  and  this  soil  requires  to  be  broken  up, 
levelled  and  pressed,  also  dried  by  branchlets  being 
burnt  on  the  ground.  The  form  of  the  mound  or  meiler 
is  usually  hemispherical,  and  support  is  given  to  this 
mound,  the  outer  support  consisting  of  short  logs  of 
wood,  the  inner'part  of  the  cover  being  formed  of  sods  of 
grass,  branchlets,  Rushes  and  similar  substances ;  and 
over  this  is  placed  the  outer  portion  of  the  cover,  consist- 
ing of  moist  forest  soil,  particularly  fresh  humus.  The 
united  covering  must  permit  the  vapours  of  the  glowing 
meiler  to  escape.  Shelter  against  wind  is  absolutely 
requisite  ;  the  operation  of  burning  coal  can  therefore 
only  be  well  performed  in  still  weather.  The  ignition 
commences  from  an  opening  left  purposely  either  at  the 
base,  or  less  frequently  at  the  summit  of  the  structure, 
but  either  opening  is  closed  again  during  the  burning 
process.  Caution  is  needed  to  prevent  the  expansive 
vapours  and  gases  causing  explosions  during  the  glowing 
of  the  wood.  To  promote  combustion  on  places  where 
it  may  have  been  suppressed,  holes  are  forced  through 
the  covering  on  the  second  or  third  day,  particularly 
on  the  lee  side. 

A  bursting  forth  of  gases  of  a  blueish  hue  indicates 
active  burning,  and  under  such  circumstances  the  access 
given  to  the  air  must  be  closed,  while  new  perforations 
are  made  in  any  yet  inactive  portion  of  the  meiler. 

Over-great  activity  of  fire  is  suppressed  by  water 
applied  to  the  covering,  or  by  adding  to  the  thickness 
of  the  latter.  Strong  sinking  of  the  cover  during  the 
earlier  burning  proves  more  or  less  complete  combus- 
tion of  the  coal,  and  it  may  then  become  necessary  to 
refill  hurriedly  the  holes  with  wood  or  coal,  under- 
closure  of  all  openings,  and  careful  restoration  of  the 
cover  thus  temporarily  removed  on  one  spot.  This 
refilling,  in  large  meilers,  may  be  required  for  five  days 
in  succession  ;  but  the  more  carefully  the  mound  has 
been  built,  and  the  more  watchfully  the  early  glowmg 
process  has  been  conducted,  the  less  necessity  will  arise 
for  the  troublesome  and  wasteful  process  of  refilling. 
A  final  additional  covering  becomes  frequently  needful. 
The  operation  closes  by  the  sinking  of  the  cover,  or  by 
its  being  partially  forced  downward,  and  the  ready 
coals  are  removable  one  day  afterwards.  Partial  with- 
drawals of  coal  can  be  effected  from  the  lee  side  while 
the  meiler  is  still  active. 

By  the  method  of  carbonising  wood  in  ovens,  tar  and 
other  volatile  products  can  be  secured.  The  wood 
chosen  for  charcoal  intended  for  gunpowder  is  chiefly 
that  of  Willows,  Poplars,  Alder,  and  Lime.  It  must 
be  healthy,  and  is  prefen-ed  from  young  trees.  Woods 
which  contain  a  good  deal  of  hygroscopic  salts — such 
as  that  of  Elms,  Firs,  Oiks — are  not  adapted  for  the 
purpose.  Extreme  degrees  of  heat  in  producing  coal 
for  gunpowder  or  blasting  powder  should  be  avoided, 
otherwise  the  best  wood  will  not  serve  the  purpose, 
because  the  powder  will  be  less  ready  to  ignite.  The 
yield  of  this  coal  is  ^'^^  to  i\|j  from  the  wood.  Local 
powder  mills  are  sure  to  be  established  here,  espe- 
cially as  sulphur  is  readily  obtainable  from  New 
Zealand.  The  increase  of  manufactures  is  also  certain 
to  augment  the  demand  for  wood  and  coal  hereafter. 
For  many  industrial  purposes  charcoal  is  far  preferable 
to  fossil  coal. 

It  will  be  scarcely  credited  that  the  paraffin,  which 
now  largely  enters  into  the  material  for  the  candles  of 
our  households,  is  not  only  obtainable  from  bituminous 
slates,  turf  and  fossil  coal,  but  is  also  produced  by  the 
heating  of  wood  under  exclusion  of  air.  This  substance 
is  furthermore  a  hydrocarbon  of  great  purity  j  and  its 
cheap  preparation,  along  with  other  substances  from 
our  native  wood,  may  possibly  become  a  local  source 
of  immense  wealth.  For  obtaining  information  on  the 
products  from  heated  wood,  and  the  various  apparatus 
employed  in  dry  distillation,  reference  may  be  made  to 
the  great  work,  "Chemistry  Applied  to  Arts  and 
Manufactures,"  by  Professor  Muspratt. 

Presented  to  you  here  are  samples  of  tar,  acetic  acid, 

and  alcohol,  from  several  of  our  more  common  woods ; 

I  also  pieces  of  pinewood,  coated  with  Eucalyptus  tar, 


January  6,  1S72.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


II 


the  black  colour  with  its  fine  lustre  having  remained 
unimpaired  for  a  series  of  years.  Our  wood  tar  would 
for  many  industrial  purposes  be  equal  in  value  to  the 
best  kinds  of  other  tar,  and  may  prove  in  some  respects 
superior  to  them. 

Among  the  undeveloped  wood  resources  we  must  not 
pass  that  referring  to  potash,  particularly  as  this  alkali 
can  be  obtained  without  sacrifice  of  any  valuable 
timber,  and  from  localities  not  accessible  to  the  wood 
trade. 

For  the  preparation  of  potash  the  wood,  bark, 
branches,  and  foliage  are  burnt  in  pits  sunk  3  or  4  feet 
in  the  ground  ;  the  incineration  is  continued  till  the  pit 
is  almost  filled  with  ashes.  Young  branches  and 
leaves  are  usually  much  richer  in  potash  than  the 
stem  wood,  hence  they  should  not  be  rejected.  The 
ashes  thus  obtained  are  placed  in  tubs  or  casks  on 
straw,  over  a  false  bottom.  Cold  water  in  moderate 
quantities  is  poured  over  the  ash,  and  the  first  strong 
potash  liquid  removed  for  evaporation  in  flat  iron 
vessels,  while  the  weaker  fluid  is  used  for  the  li,\iviation 
of  fresh  ashes. 

While  the  evaporation  proceeds,  fresh  portions  of 
strong  liquid  are  added  until  the  concentrated  boiling 
fluid  assumes  a  rather  thick  consistence.  At  last,  with 
mild  heat  and  final  constant  stirring,  the  whole  is 
evaporated  to  dryness.  This  dry  mass  represents  crude 
potash,  more  or  less  impure,  according  to  the  nature  of 
the  wood  employed.  A  final  heating  in  rough  furnaces 
is  needed,  to  expel  sulphur  combinations,  water,  and 
empyreumatic  substances  ;  also,  to  decompose  colour- 
ing principles.     Thus  pearlash  is  obtained. 

Pure  carbonate  of  potassa  in  crude  potash  varies 
from  40  to  So  per  cent.  Experiments,  as  far  as  they 
were  instituted  in  my  laboratory,  have  given  the  follow- 
ing approximate  results  with  respect  to  the  contents  of 
potash  in  some  of  our  most  common  trees.  The  wood 
of  our  She-oaks  (Casuarina  suberosa  and  Casuarina 
quadrivalvis),  as  well  as  that  of  the  black  or  silver 
Wattle  (Acacia  decurrens),  is  somewhat  richer  than 
wood  of  the  British  Oak,  but  far  richer  than  the  ordinary 
pine -woods. 

The  stems  of  the  Victorian  blue-gum  tree  {Eucalyptus 
globulus),  and  the  so-called  swamp  Tea  tree  (Mela- 
leuca ericifolia),  yield  about  as  much  potash  as  European 
Beech,  The  foliage  of  the  blue-gum  tree  proved 
particularly  rich  in  this  alkali  ;  and  as  it  is  heavy 
and  easily  collected  at  the  sawmills,  it  might  be 
turned  there  to  auxiliary  profitable  account,  and, 
indeed,  in  many  other  spots  of  the  ranges. 

A  ton  of  the  fresh  leaves  and  branchlets  yielded  in 
two  analyses  4I  lb.  of  pure  potash,  equal  to  about 
double  the  quantity  of  the  average  kinds  of  pearlash. 
The  three  species  of  Eucalypts  spontaneously  occurring 
close  around  Melbourne — the  red-gum  tree  (Euca- 
lyptus rostrata),  the  manna-gum  tree  (Eucalyptus 
viminalis),  the  box-gum  tree  (Eucalyptus  melliodora) 
produced  nearly  3  lb.  of  pure  potash,  or  about  5  lb.  of 
pearlash,  from  a  ton  of  fresh  leaves  and  branches  ; 
while  a  ton  of  the  wood  of  the  red-gum  tree  in  a  dried 
state  gave  nearly  2  lb.  weight  of  pure  carbonate  of 
potassa,  whereas  the  wood  of  the  blue-gum  tree  proved 
still  richer.  A  ton  of  the  dry  wood  of  the  erect  She-oak 
(Casuarina  suberosa)  furnished  the  large  quantity  of 
64  lb.  of  pure  potash.  This  result  is  about  equal  to 
that  obtainable  from  the  European  Lime  tree  or  Linden 
tree,  which  again  is  one  of  the  richest  of  all  European 
trees  in  this  respect. 

I  wish  it  to  be  distinctly  understood  that  I  do  not 
advocate  an  indiscriminate  sacrifice  of  our  forest  trees 
for  any  solitary  one  of  its  products,  such  as  the 
potash  ;  because  by  any  such  procedure  we  would  still 
more  accelerate  the  reduction  of  our  woods.  On  the 
contrary,  good  timber,  fit  for  splitting  or  for  the  sawmill, 
ought  to  be  far  too  precious  for  potash  or  tar  prepara- 
tion. But  branchwood,  bark,  roots,  crooked  stems, 
and  even  foliage,  might  well  be  utilised  for  this  industry, 
wherever  the  place  is  too  remote  to  dispose  of  this 
material  for  fuel.  The  recommendation  carries  with  it 
still  more  weight,  if  we  remember  how  on  many  places 
the  close  growth  of  suckers  or  seedlings  has  to  be 
thinned  to  allow  of  space  for  the  new  and  unimpaired 
upgrowth  of  actual  timber  ;  whereas,  moreover,  now 
the  remnants  at  places  where  trees  have  been  felled, 
often  block  by  impenetrable  barricades  the  accessible 
lines  of  traffic  through  the  forests,  and  are  frequently 
the  cause  of  the  extensive  conflagrations  of  the  woods, 
by  placing  so  much  combustible,  dry  and  mostly  oily 
material  within  the  easy  reach  of  the  current  of  flames. 
Should,  unfortunately,  the  fiery  element  have  any- 
where swept  through  the  forest,  it  may  then  prove 
advantageous  to  collect  the  fresh  ashes  before  they  are 
soaked  by  rain,  with  the  object  of  extracting  from  them 
large  quantities  of  potash.  The  whole  process  of  potash 
preparation  being  one  of  the  simplest  kind,  and  involv- 
ing only  a  very  trifling  expense  in  casks  and  boiling 
pans,  can  be  carried  out  anywhere  as  a  by-work,  the 
profit  thus  being  not  reduced  by  skilled  or  heavy  labour 
or  by  costly  plant.  The  demand  for  potash  must 
always  be  considerable,  as  it  is  required  for  the  factories 
of  nitre  (particularly  from  soda  saltpetre),  one  of  the 
three  principal  ingredients  of  gunpowder  and  blasting 
powder ;  it  is  needed  also  for  glass,  alum,  various  kinds 
of  soaps,  dyes  and  many  chemicals.* 


*  Flint-glass  contains  about  a  fifth  pure  pearlash  ;  crown-glass, 
the  best  of  window-glass,  rather  more  than  a  quarter.  Some 
potash-nitre  is  wanted  also  in  either  case. 


Potash,  although  universally  distributed,  is  best 
obtained  in  the  manner  indicated.  I  may  remark, 
however,  though  deviating  from  my  subject,  that  it  is 
one  of  the  most  potent  constituents  in  all  manures, 
being  especially  needed  in  the  soil  for  all  kinds  of  root 
crops,  for  Vines  and  Maize ;  nor  can  most  other  plants 
live  without  it  altogether,  although  the  quantity  re- 
quired may  be  small ;  but  I  must  add  that,  for  manur- 
ing, potash  by  itself  would  be  far  too  valuable. 

Almost  every  kind  of  forage  affords  potash  salts, 
these  being  among  the  necessaries  for  the  support  of 
herbivorous  animals.  Their  undue  diminution  in  food 
is  the  cause  of  various  diseases  both  in  the  animal  and 
vegetable  world  ;  or  predisposes,  by  abnormal  chemic 
components  of  the  organisms,  to  disease. 

The  muscles  of  the  human  structure  require  a  com- 
paratively large  proportion  of  carbonate  of  potassa  ;  it 
is  also  absolutely  required  in  blood,  predominating  in 
the  red  corpuscles.  Plants  grown  in  soil  of  rocks  con- 
taining much  felspar — such  as  granite,  gneiss,  syenite, 
some  porphyries,  diorite — are  always  particularly  pro- 
ductive in  potash,  potassium  entering  largely  into  fel- 
spatic  compounds.  The  latter  mineral  yields  in  most 
cases  from  12  to  1 5  per  cent,  of  potassa,  which,  if 
changed  to  carbonate,  would  become  augmented  by 
nearly  one-half  more.  It  is  fixed  chiefly  to  silicic  acid 
in  felspar,  and  thus  only  tardily  set  free  through  dis- 
integi'ation,  partly  by  the  chemic  action  of  air,  water, 
and  various  salts,  partly  through  the  mechanic  force  of 
vegetation.*  The  importation  of  potash  into  Victoria 
during  1S70  was  only  170  tons,  but  with  the  increase  of 
chemic  factories  we  shall  require  much  more. 

It  has  justly  been  argued,  that  the  chemical  analysis 
affords  a  very  unsafe  guide  to  the  artisan,  as  regards 
the  quantity  of  potash  obtainable  from  any  kind  of  tree 
or  other  plant,  inasmuch  as  necessarily  the  percentage 
must  fluctuate  according  to  the  nature  of  the  soil,  this 
again  depending  on  geologic  structure,  and  the  quality 
and  quantity  of  decaying  foliage  on  any  particular  spot. 
It  should,  however,  not  be  quite  forgotten,  that  most 
plants  have  a  predilection  for  that  soil  which  contains, 
in  regions  otherwise  favourable  to  them,  also  due  pro- 
portions of  such  mineral  particles  as  are  essentially 
necessary  for  the  normal  nutrition  of  the  peculiar 
species  ;  for,  otherwise,  in  the  wild  combat  for  space  it 
would  succumb  or  give  place  before  the  more  legitimate 
occupant  of  such  soil.  Hence,  at  a  glance,  even  from 
long  distances,  we  may  recognise  in  many  of  our  forest 
regions  an  almost  abrupt  line  of  demarcation  between 
the  gregarious  trees,  where  one  geologic  formation 
meets  or  replaces  the  other.  Thus,  trees  richer  in  pot- 
ash, or  oils,  or  any  other  product,  may  often  be  traced 
with  ease  over  their  geologic  area. 

{To  be  Continued.') 


The  Foxglove. — "  H.  K.'s  "  note  upon  the  desira- 
bility of  a  more  general  use  of  this  plant  for  shi-ubbery 
and  wild  garden  decorative  purposes  is  exceedingly 
well  timed,  but  from  the  experience  of  several  years 
growth  of  these  semi-cultivated  flowers,  I  am  led  to 
differ  from  him  as  to  the  necessity  of  raising  seedlings 
in  heat,  and  pricking  them  out  under  handlights,  &c. 
If  seed  is  scarce,  a  portion  sown  in  a  box  or  large  pan 
in  a  cold  frame,  during  the  month  of  April,  and  then, 
when  the  seedlings  are  large  enough,  pricked  out 
into  some  shady  corner  for  the  summer,  will  give  lots 
of  big  plants  by  the  ensuing  November;  but  where  seed 
is  plentiful  and  labour  scarce,  then,  if  a  piece  of  ground 
be  raked  down  fine,  and  the  seed  cast  thinly  over  it 
about  the  end  of  April,  there  will  be  need  of  little 
farther  trouble  in  relation  thereto,  except  a  slight  thin- 
ning until  planting-out  time  comes.  *' H.  K."  is 
evidently  not  aware  that  we  have  been  growing  for 
several  years  in  this  country  a  spotted  variety,  known 
as  gloxinioides,  the  ground  colours  of  the  flowers  vary- 
ing from  bright  purple  to  the  purest  white,  and  all  of 
them  richly  spotted  with  deep  purple  and  crimson 
spots,  the  individual  flowers  very  large  and  the  spikes 
of  great  length.  Messrs.  Ivery  enjoyed  a  year  or  two 
since  a  well  earned  fame  for  the  beauty  of  their  fine 
varieties.  Growers  of  the  Foxglove  should  never  trust 
to  chance  seedlings  even  in  the  wildest  spots,  as  in  such 
case  the  seedlings  generally  come  up  all  of  a  lump 
and  starve  each  other,  besides  being  invariably  in  the 
wrong  place.  There  are  few  gardens  in  which  there 
are  not  some  out-of-the-way  corners  where  seed  might 
be  sown  without  entrenching  upon  more  valuable  space, 
and  there  is  not  a  shrubbery  that  will  not  look  the 
gayer  the  following  summer,  for  having  a  batch  of  these 
seedlings  planted  out  in  its  midst.    Alex.  Dean. 

Hardiness  of  Primula  japonica,  &c.  —  This 
plant  is  not  the  only  variety  of  outdoor  Primulas  that 
must  be  classed  as  tender.  During  the  past  summer  I 
succeeded  in  raising  from  a  packet  of  German  seed 
one  plant  only  of  Primula  luteola,  a  variety  of  which, 
as  yet,  I  know  nothing  more  than  that  its  foliage  is 
long,  pointed,  and  diff'ers  materially  from  that  of  the 
Auricula  or  the  Primrose.  This  was  planted  out-of- 
doors  in  the  autumn,  a  strong  robust  plant,  but  the 
first  frost  cut  up  all  the  expanded  foliage,  leaving  the 
heart  of  the  plant  uninjured.     Being  led  to  inspect  the 


The    proverb    of   chemistry — **  Co7-pora    non    agunt,    nisi 
fi-uida  " — is  here  also  applicable. 


appearanceof  some  other  seedlings,  I  found  that  frost  had 
served  the  foliage  of  Primula  acaulis  flore-pleno,  acaulis, 
and  veris  duplex,  exactly  the  same ;  so  that  it  is 
evident  Primula  japonica  is  far  from  being  singular  in 
its  tenderness.  It  may  well  be  a  question,  however, 
whether  this  apparent  lack  of  hardiness  is  a  very 
serious  matter,  as  growers  of  all  the  Primrose  tribe 
know  too  well  that  it  is  usually  much  more  difficult  to 
preserve  plants  uninjured  through  a  hot  summer,  than 
through  a  severe  winter.  Possibly  these  tenderer 
kinds  will  be  enabled  to  withstand  our  summers  more 
easily,  and  prove  that  the  foliage  destroyed  by  frost  in 
winter  scarcely  results  in  so  much  injury  as  follows 
from  a  similar  destruction  to  the  leaves  of  hardier 
kinds  by  the  heat  of  July  and  August.  A.  D. 

Yuccas . — Dr.  Engelmann's  paper  upon  Yuccas, 
&c.,  referred  to  by  Mr.  Baker,  at  p.  1516  (1S71),  is  a 
short  contribution  to  a  most  interesting  volume,  not  yet 
fairly  published — The  Botany  of  the  Exploration  from 
California  to  the  Rocky  Alonntains,  along  the  40M 
Parallel,  under  Clarence  King  (by  Sereno  Watson) — a 
4to  volume,  with  many  plates,  published  under  autho- 
rity of  the  U.  S.  War  Department.  A.  Gray. 

A  Potato  Trial  in  Cornwall. — It  having  been 
suggested  to  me  that  the  results  of  an  experiment 
made  in  these  gardens  during  the  past  year  with  several 
sorts  of  Potatos,  showing  the  produce  in  weight  of 
I  lb.  of  each  sort,  would  be  interesting  to  many  of  your 
readers,  I  am  induced  to  offer  them  to  your  notice. 
The  mode  adopted  for  carrying  out  the  experiment  was 
as  follows  : — Having  selected  a  convenient  place  in  the 
garden,  and  manured  it  in  common  with  the  rest  with 
stable  manure  only,  I  weighed  off  i  lb.  of  each  sort  of 
Potato,  dividing  each  pound  into  eight  sets,  and  plant- 
ing each  set  in  rows  3  feet  apart,  each  set  being  likewise 
3  feet  from  the  others.  The  garden  is  situated  on  the 
bank  of  a  river,  in  a  deep  valley,  contiguous  to  the 
high  moorland  district  of  this  county,  and  is  conse- 
quently subject  to  severe  and  unseasonable  visitations 
of  frost.  This  was  the  case  in  a  remarkable  degree 
during  the  past  year.  The  haulms  of  the  plants  were 
twice  cut  to  the  ground,  once  in  the  month  of  April, 
and  again  on  the  night  of  June  5,  when  ice  was  formed 
as  thick  as  a  shilling.  Many  of  the  plants  seemed  to 
recover  in  a  degree  from  the  effects  of  this  severe  trial, 
but  I  had  given  up  all  hope  of  even  an  approach  to 
a  satisfactory  result,  and  was  not  a  little  pleased  to 
find  the  recuperative  power  of  the  Potato  plant  exem- 
plified in  so  many  instances.  The  Potatos  were 
planted  on  March  20,  and  taken  up  the  first  week  in 
November. 
Prodtfce  of  1  lb.  of  Potatos  of  each  of  the  wtdermentioned  Sorts. 


lb. 

lb. 

I. 

Bresee's  King  of  Earlies 

6 

II. 

Prairie  Seedling            . , 

2. 

Cambridge  Kidney 

IS 

12. 

Bresee's  Prolific. . 

SO 

Early  Rose 

26 

Eresee's  Peerless 

at) 

4- 

Early  Goodrich . . 

•^o 

14- 

Red-skin  Flourball       .. 

29 

S- 

Wood's      Scarlet      Pro 

IS- 

Early  Scariet  Emperor 

10 

lific        

2S 

16. 

Salisbury      (name     un- 

fi. 

Paterson's  Victoria 

2^ 

known)  

s 

7- 

Negro 

^ 

17. 

Bovinia 

4 

«. 

Early  Racehorse 

2 

18. 

Sutton's  Scarlet. . 

22 

Q. 

Peach  Bloom 

IS 

IQ. 

Fir    Apple    (it    tubers 

0. 

Pink-eyed  Rusty  Coat. . 

5 

about  fourfold 

I  propose  next  year  to  take  2  lb.  of  small  tubers,  as  a 
basis,  instead  of  i  lb.,  and  to  plant  them,  as  far  as 
possible,  whole.  John  Daioe,  Gr.,  Trebartha  Hall^ 
Launcestoft,  Co^'HwalL 

Fuchsia  Riccartoni. — I  should  be  much  obliged 
if  Mr.  Tillery  would  send  me  a  root  or  cutting  of  his 
Fuchsia  Riccartoni,  I  have  a  fancy  that  the  true  sort 
is  by  no  means  common.  Your  description  of  his 
splendid  plants  reminds  me  of  sights  seen  in  Scotland, 
I  would  rather  not  write  how  long  ago.  I  have  a 
so-called  Riccartoni  here,  but  it  does  nothing  like  the 
old  plant.  I  should  be  glad  to  try  again  with  the  true 
sort.  Well  done,  as  Mr.  Tillery  does  it,  I  know  of 
no  Fuchsia  to  equal  it,  unless  it  be  the  old  F.  globosa, 
grown  out-of-doors  in  the  same  manner.  I  should  be 
glad  of  a  slip  of  it  at  the  same  time,  if  Mr.  Tillery  has  it. 
In  return  I  can  only  promise  him  a  bit  of  the  Myosotis 
dissitiflora,  true ;  and  if  he  has  never  yet  grown 
the  latter,  and  will  now  accept  of  a  stock,  and  do  it 
as  well  as  he  has  done  this  fine  old  Fuchsia — my  word 
for  it,  the  Fuchsias  had  better  take  care  of  their 
laurels.  D.  T.  Fish. 

Royal  Horticultural  Meetings  in  the  Pro- 
vinces.— As  you  have  invited  opinions  and  sugges- 
tions in  reference  to  the  forthcoming  meeting  at  Bir- 
mingham, will  you  allow  an  outsider  to  say  a  few 
words  ?  I  am  not  going  to  enter  into  the  causes  of 
failure  on  former  occasions,  or  to  the  success  at  Not- 
tingham. This  only  would  I  humbly  suggest,  on  this 
point,  that  not  all  the  excellence  of  the  arrangemants 
would  have  been  of  the  least  avail  had  it  not  been  for 
the  exceptionally  fine  weather.  Let  any  one  picture  to 
himself  what  would  have  been  the  state  of  the  case 
had  it  been  a  wet  week  ;  and  therefore,  let  anticipa- 
tions for  the  future  be  somewhat  moderated  by  the 
possibility  of  unfavourable  weather.  As  it  is  desired 
to  make  the  meeting  a  profitable  one,  there  are  two 
things  that  strike  me,  arising  from  what  I  believe  to  be 
one  of  the  great  benefits  of  an  exhibition  like  this — the 
bringing  together  horticulturists  of  all  grades  from 
different  parts  of  the  kingdom  ;  one  is,  that  a  place 
should  be  provided  on  the  ground,  a  tent,  or  even  a 


12 


The    Gardeners*    Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  6,    1S72. 


wooden  hut  of  good  dimensions,  as  a  sort  of  club  tent, 
where  all  horticulturists  might  have  the  entrk  {to  be 
arranged  hereafter),  provided  with  tables,  seats,  news- 
papers, writing  materials, — where  appointments  might 
be  made,  and  where  one  would  be  sure  of  meeting 
those  one  wanted  to  see.  As  there  are  plenty  of  tents 
with  refreshments,  there  would  be  no  need  to  arrange 
for  these.  The  other  is,  that  instead  of  a  congress— 
whicli,  unless  properly  managed,  is  the  slowest  thing 
imaginable — there  should  be  held  a  conversazione  on 
two  or  three  evenings.  In  my  earlier  days  I  was  the 
founder  and  secretary  of  a  natural  history  society 
(which  still  exists),  and  one  of  our  most  successful  hits 
were  our  conversaziones.  They  brought  people 
together  far  better  than  a  dinner.  At  a  dinner 
you  generally  manage  to  get  into  little  parties, 
and  there,  more  for  convenience,  you  remain  until  the 
evening  is  over.  But  not  so  at  a  conversazione.  You 
may  spend  your  quarter  of  an  hour  chatting  with  one, 
and  a  quarter  with  another.  You  are  introduced  to 
people  you  wish  to  know,  and  in  the  way  of  becoming 
acquainted  with  folk  you  do  far  more  than  at  a  dinner. 
Let  the  dinner  be  held  by  all  means;  but  I  believe, 
once  tried,  the  conversazione  would  be  found  very  use- 
ful. Let  tea  and  coffee  be  provided  at  a  moderate 
charge,  and  I  think  the  experiment  would  work  well. 
And  may  I  say,  let  all  patronising  be  done  away  with. 
I  don't  think  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  can 
afford  to  patronise,  and  I  am  quite  sure  the  horticul- 
turists of  England  don't  need  it.  Let  it  be  remem- 
bered that  our  great  London  shows  owe  a  large  propor- 
tion of  their  success  to  provincial  exhibitors,  and  let 
this  tend  to  a  true  ''fraternity"  amongst  all.  I  know 
something  of  the  working  bees  of  the  horticultural  hive, 
and  I  know  that  under  many  a  blue  apron  there  is  as 
much  refinement  and  true  gentlemanly  feeling  as  is  to 
be  met  with  in  any  class,  and  that  it  is  an  insult  to  these 
men  to  attempt  that  patronising  air  which,  after  all, 
never  marks  the  true  gentleman.  Z>.,  Deal. 

Special  Prizes  for  Vegetables. — Opinions  have 
been  prevalent  that  vegetables  were  worthy  of  better 
support  at  our  great  exhibitions,  and  year  after  year 
has  seen  them  creep  into  favour  ;  but  few  thought  that 
they  would  ever  vie  with  Flora  and  Pomona  in  prize 
value,  yet  such  is  the  case.  Only  think  of  a  50  guinea 
cup  (the  Carter  Prize  Cup)  for  24  dishes  of  vegetables, 
and  though  the  cup  has  to  be  won  three  times  before 
it  becomes  the  property  of  the  competitor,  the  prize 
is  very  liberal.  I  fear  the  conditions  of  winning 
it  are,  however,  fraught  with  misunderstanding. 
I  purposely  write  to  have  those  conditions  under- 
stood more  clearly.  I  wish  to  know  who  is  to  be 
considered  as  the  "  competitor."  Some  say  that  it  is  the 
gentleman,  others  the  gardener.  Whichever  it  is  I  think 
it  a  slur  upon  those  gardeners  who  are  likely  to  enter  the 
competition,  to  say  that  the  challenge  cup  shall  be  in 
the  possession  of  the  employer,  and  not  of  the  gardener. 
We  have  never  seen  keen  competition  for  these  gieat 
prizes,  and  it  will  scarcely  be  created  by  such  an  injus- 
tice. The  gardeners*  prize  for  vegetables  at  Notts 
was  pronounced  to  be  second  to  nothing  at  the 
exhibition.  My  5^.  are  ready  any  moment  for  such 
another  purpose,  also  ^s.  towards  a  county  prize. 
If  there  is  one  thing  more  than  another  which  gardeners 
have  learnt  from  the  provincial  visits  of  the  Royal 
Horticultural  Society,  it  is  that  the  North  of  England 
cannot  hope  to  cope  successfully  with  the  South 
in  the  production  of  vegetables  so  early  as  June. 
Therefore  I  would  solicit  aid  and  discussion  on  the 
question.  A  county  vegetable  prize  or  prizes,  or  say  for 
the  North  of  England,  Hmited  by  a  line  drawn  from  the 
Mersey  to  the  llumber,  would  cause  a  good  deal  of 
competition,  and  would  bring  more  gardeners  to  the 
scene  of  action.  What  say  other  pens  more  potent  than 
mine?  Andre^v  Meikle,  Read  Hall ^  Whalley,  Lancashire. 

Variegated  Silver  Fir. — I  am  glad  to  be  able  to 
chronicle  another  instance  of  a  different  type  to  those 
before  alluded  to.  Some  two  or  three  weeks  ago 
my  attention  was  directed  to  a  noble  tree,  standing 
some  60  yards  off.  On  approaching  it  I  found  it 
to  be  a  Silver  Fir,  some  26  or  30  feet  in  height, 
and  one  of  the  most  beautiful  trees  that  it  has  been  my 
lot  to  see.  The  colour  was  of  the  purest  and  brightest 
yellow,  far  brighter  than  our  Golden  Yew.  The  tree 
was  in  the  most  vigorous  health,  having  made  a  lead- 
ing slioot  of  about  2  feet :  even  in  this  the  one  side  was 
of  a  grand  golden  colour.  With  permission  I  secured 
a  large  supply  of  grafts,  which  I  hope  to  be  able  to  get 
to  grow.  Should  any  of  your  many  correspondents  have 
seen  the  Silver  Fir  variegated  before  I  should  be  glad 
to  hear,  and  if  any  of  them  can  give  me  any  advice  as 
to  the  mode  of  grafting,  or  the  surest  way  of  making 
plants,  they  will  greatly  oblige.  Robt,  Craig,  Gr.  to 
Hon.  Mrs.  Hoivard,  Lezuns Hail,  Westmoreland,  yan.l. 

Indrajab  and  Kurchi. — Can  you  give  me  any  in- 
formation respecting  these  plants,  concerning  which 
the  following  note  appears  in  the  Press  and  St.  James's 
Chronicle  :~ 

"  Dr.  Bose,  civil  surgeon,  of  Furreedpore,  has  dis- 
covered a  remedy  for  leprosy,  by  which  he  has  saved 
many  lives.  The  remedy  is  no  other  than  the  Indrajab, 
a  seed  gathered  from  the  famous  Kurchi  ot  the  Indian 
flora,  whose  bark  is  so  widely  used  in  curing  dysentery. 
This  much  has  been  known,  but  nothing  besides.  Neither 
'Indrajab'  nor  'Kurchi'  are  to  be  traced  in  Dr. 
Birdwood's  P'egetable  Products  0/ Bombay," 


At  the  Exhibition  in  1S51,  the  late  Dr.  J.  F.  Royle 
displayed  a  most  interesting  collection  of  substances 
useful  in  medicine  and  the  arts,  which  he  had  pur- 
chased in  the  bazaars  of  the  Bengal  Presidency.  A 
detailed  list  of  this  collection  will  be  found  in  the 
Illustrated  Catalogue  of  that  Great  Exhibition.  In 
this  list,  Koorchee  appears  amongst  the  barks,  but 
without  any  reference  to  the  tree  which  produces  it, 
or  to  the  part  of  India  whence  it  is  obtained.  The 
list  contains  445  names  of  fruits  and  seeds,  and  464 
names  of  other  vegetable  products  ;  but  I  fail  to  find 
amongst  them  any  word  at  all  resembling  Indrajab. 
IV.  T.  [In  Dr.  Forbes  Watson's  Index  of  Native 
/Varnes  "Indrajow"  is  given  as  the  native  name 
for  Wrightia  antidysenterica  and  *'  Kurasecha " 
for  Echites  antidysenterica,  but  the  preferable 
name  is  Holarrhena  antidysenterica,  a  name 
which,  if  adopted,  will  dispel  the  confusion  that 
has  arisen  from  plants  of  two  distinct  genera  having 
been  accidentally  combined  under  one  and  the  same 
specific  name.  The  history  of  the  plant  is  given  in 
Wight's /<r(7tt£'j,  2,  439.  At  any  rate  the  shrub  belongs 
to  the  Apocynads,  and  has  a  bitter  tonic  bark,  formerly 
used  in  European  medicine,  and  esteemed  in  India  for 
dysentery.  We  find  the  name  also  spelt  Anderjow 
and  Indurjuo.  The  nearly  allied  Oleander  is  used  in 
leprosy  in  India.   Eds] 

Dasmonorops  accidens. — Herewith  I  .send  you  a 
sketch  (fig.  2)  of  D^monorops  accidens,  which  is 
one  of  the  prettiest  plants  for  table  decoration,  having 


V.G.S. 

Fig.  2, — D,ivMONOROPs  accidens. 

graceful,  feathery,  dark  green  foliage,  and  elegant 
habit.  The  same  may  also  be  said  of  D.  plumosa  and 
D.  trichorus.  F.   W.  B. 

Mildness  of  the  Season  in  the  North  of 
Scotland. — The  following  is  a  list  of  plants  in  flower 
in  the  open  air  at  Gordon  Castle  on  January  i  : — 
Cydonia  japonica,  Magnolia  grandiflora.  Carnations, 
Arbutus,  Stocks,  Antirrhinums,  pot  Marigold,  Alyssum 
saxatile,  Pansies,  Ivy  (common),  Tritoma  media, 
purple  Primrose,  Violets,  Arabis  verna,  Helleborus 
niger  or  Christmas  Rose,  Colchicum  autumnale.  Wall- 
flower (sorts),  Daisies  (sorts),  Verbascum  Thapsus, 
Geum  coccineum.  Viburnum  Tinus,  the  Laurustinus, 
Auricula,  Garrya  elliptica,  Escallonia  macrantha, 
Fairy  Roses,  and  many  varieties  of  hybrid  perpetuals, 
Bourbons,  &c.  y.   Webster. 

TortoisesheU  Butterfly. — Last  evening  (Dec.  29, 
1S71),  on  our  retiring  for  the  night,  we  were  much 
surprised  to  see  a  healthy  tortoiseshell  butterfly  (Vanessa 
urticae)  resting  on  a  candlestick.  I  very  inconsiderately 
had  it  brushed  off  into  the  garden,  forgetting  the 
inclemency  of  the  night.  I  afterwards  endeavoured 
to  find  it,  but  was  unsuccessful.  //.  Allnutt,  3,  Holland 
Poadj  Keiistftgton,   IV, 

Unseasonable  Flowering  of  the  Pear  Tree. — 
The  tree  in  question  is  Knight's  Monarch,  and  the 
past  summer  yielded  a  good  crop  of  Pears,  but  not 
content  with  that,  it  flowered  and  fruited  again,  though, 
as  may  be  supposed,  to  a  minor  extent.  Strange  to 
say,  it  is  now  showing  signs  of  a  third  process  of  bloom- 
ing, of  which  I  enclose  a  specimen,  together  with  a 
sample  of  its  second  fruit.  I  have  frequently  met  with 
cases  of  a  second  blooming  both  in  the  Pear  and  Apple, 
but  not  the  third.  Can  any  of  your  correspondents 
jive  a  hint  as  t©  the  cause  of  this  curious  phenomenon? 


It  may  be  well  to  mention  that  the  tree  in  question  is 
situate  exactly  opposite  and  about  two  yards  distant 
from  the  chimney  of  a  forcing  pit;  would  this  have  such 
an  effect?  E.  Morgan,  Harroio-on-the-Hill.  [Has  the 
tree  been  recently  moved,  or  its  roots  disturbed?  Eds.] 

Stealing  Holly  (1871,  p.  16S1). — Your  corre- 
spondent shares  in  a  wide-spread  grievance,  in  the 
yearly  demolition  of  his  Hollies.  From  their  size  and 
extent  they  are  possibly  beyond  the  protection  of  a  very 
simple  remedy  which  I  have  known  answer  well  for 
many  years,  otherwise  I  would  suggest  that  of  having 
them  stripped  of  their  berries  a  fortnight  or  so  before 
Christmas  would  ensure  their  safety.  I  have  known 
this  plan  tried  with  great  success  where  ornamental 
Hollies,  which  it  was  wished  to  preserve,  stood  near  a 
public  road ;  and  if  it  was  impossible  to  clear  the  whole 
tree,  merely  clearing  the  leading  shoots,  and  enough  of 
the  berries  from  the  rest,  to  destroy  the  beauty  of  the 
branches,  would  be  a  great  protection.  E.  A,  O, 

Open  Air  Fig  Culture. — A  lady  once  told  me 
that  gardeners,  like  doctors,  very  often  differed  in 
opinion,  but  it  happens  in  many  cases  that  the  differ- 
ence will  be  found  more  apparent  than  real.  Mr.  Fish's 
great  success  in  open  air  Fig  growing  is,  in  some 
measure,  due  to  the  dry  bottom  and  the  paved  court, 
assisted  by  the  warm  stables  and  the  genial  climate  of 
Bury  St.  Edmund's  when  accompanied  by  rational 
treatment  ;  and  were  I  in  his  position,  in  all  proba- 
bility I  should  adopt  his  mode  of  treatment.  But  Mr. 
Fish  is  too  able  a  cultivator  not  to  admit  that  under 
different  conditions  and  indifferent  situations  the  same 
treatment  will  not  invariably  produce  like  results. 
The  same  may  also  be  said  in  reference  to  the  recom- 
mendation of  a  free  application  of  the  knile.  That  it 
succeeds  in  some  instances  I  freely  admit,  but  in  others  it 
only  aggravates  the  evil  complained  of.  Looking  back 
through  the  vista  of  years,  I  can  recall  a  case  that 
exactly  illustrates  my  meaning.  The  Fig  trees  I  allude 
to  were  a  fine,  healthy- looking  lot,  and  had  been 
managed  after  the  reputed  orthodox  fashion  of  a  free 
application  of  the  knife  ;  but  the  greater  part  of  the 
fruit  fell  before  it  was  half  grown,  and  very  little  really 
came  to  perfection.  The  truth  was,  the  trees  were  too 
vigorous,  the  wood  was  too  gross,  and  the  free  use  of 
the  knife  made  matters  worse.  The  gardener  then  in 
charge  in  this  case,  was  a  thoughtful,  intelligent  man, 
and  after  a  year  or  two  spent  in  trying  to  induce  a 
fruitful  habit  by  slashing  away  at  the  branches,  he 
reversed  his  treatment  and  commenced  upon  the  roots, 
and  he  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  his  trees  assume  a 
thoroughly  fruitful  habit.  I  think  the  aim  of  the  culti- 
vator ought  to  be  to  obtain  a  thorough  control  over  his 
trees,  both  roots  and  branches.  It  is  a  well  known 
fact  that  a  man  may  be  a  successful  Fig  grower  in  one 
place  and  yet  fail  in  another  :  thus  proving  that  the 
same  treatment  will  not  succeed  in  all  cases  alike.  But 
in  any  doubtful  case  a  gardener  cannot  be  far  wrong  if 
he  has  a  thorough  control  over  his  trees  ;  his  success 
then  will  be  regular  and  certain,  and  he  will  be  inde- 
pendent of  local  circumstances.  Edward  Hobday^ 
Ramsey  Abbey. 

Garden  Pots. — That  the  porous  garden  pots  now 
used  cool  the  roots  of  plants  by  evaporation,  as  noticed 
by  Mr.  Forsyth  {Gardeners'  Chronicle^  p.  1650,  1S71), 
is  undoubted,  yet  I  believe  most  horticulturists  prefer 
such  pots  to  those  made  of  China  ware.  In  hot  coun- 
tries, however,  wooden  tubs  are  preferred.  Some 
years  ago,  to  lessen  evaporation  from  pots  in  an 
orchard- house,  I  painted  them  outside  with  linseed 
oil,  and  then  gave  them  a  coat  of  paint ;  but  I  must 
confess  that  1  never  could  perceive  any  good  result. 
The  subject,  however,  deserves  discussion,  as  practice 
and  theory  do  not  always  seem  to  accord.    G.  S. 

Cucumbers. — I  have  Rollisson's  Telegraph  Cucum- 
ber, but  it  is  possible  I  have  not  the  true  one,  if  there 
are  two  sorts  of  it.  We  cut  a  brace  of  good  fruit  of 
Telegraph  this  week  ;  but  I  may  tell  Mr.  Simmonds, 
candidly,  it  is  not  such  a  handsome  Cucumber,  nor  as 
prolific,  as  Blue  Gown.  I  am  quite  ignorant  who 
raised  this  queer-named  Cucumber,  but  whoever  that 
honour  belongs  to,  we  may  expect  still  further  improve- 
ment from  him,  as,  to  my  mind,  he  has  his  idea  fixed 
on  the  right  thing  as  regards  Cucumbers.  We  always 
turn  aside  from  deep-eyed  Potatos  on  account  of  the 
waste,  and  for  the  same  reason  in  peeling  a  Cucumber, 
the  Telegraph  for  instance,  a  too  thick  skin  brings  us 
too  near  the  seed,  which  is  stronger  and  more  watery. 
However,  not  being  a  lover  of  Cucumbers,  I  can  speak 
but  very  imperfectly  as  to  the  flavour,  but  having  to  grow 
as  many  as  possible  to  supply  indispensable  wants,  we 
grow  those  which  we  find  most  useful,  and  these  are 
Blue  Gown,  Cox's  Volunteer,  Sion  House,  and  Tele- 
graph, and  in  regard  to  the  esteem  in  which  they  are 
held  they  stand  in  the  order  named.   H.  Knight^  Floors. 

Arrested  Growth  :  Root  Forms. — I  was  much 
interested  with  the  views  expressed  on  these  subjects  in 
No.  16  of  "Botany  for  Beginners"  (p.  14S3,  1S71). 
I  believe  arrested  growth  is  a  legitimate  explana- 
tion of  many  of  the  peculiar  forms  of  vegetable 
structure.  But  then,  what  arrests  it  ?  And  why 
are  the  twin  orders  to  stop  growing,  and  to  go  on 
again,  at  times  so  regular  and  at  others  so  capricious  ? 
Take,  for  instance,  the  case  of  the  Cauliflower  crop 
of  the  past  season.  As  a  rule,  the  growth  is  arrested 
at    the     right    time     to    secure    the    nice     succulent 


January  6,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


13 


heads,  so  higlny  appreciated  on  our  dinner-tables.  But 
last  season  there  has  been— shall  I  call  it  a  mistake 
somewhere  ? — there  was  no  stoppage,  or  at  least  a 
very  short  one  ;  and  we  had  a  loose  bundle  of  stick- 
like branches— tender,  it  is  true,  because  so  young— 
but  wretched  apologies  for  good  Cauliflowers  at  the 
best.  This  premature  bolting  was  very  prevalent 
during  the  past  summer.  The  first  crop,  matured 
under  handlighls,  and  the  last  autumnal  crops— 
whether  of  Veitch's  variety,  or  others — were  pretty 
good.  But  in  many  gardens  nearly  all  the  intermediate 
crops  were  sadly  out  of  form,  by  this  provoking  rush 
into  stick-like  branches  ;  they  came  so  from  the  very 
first.  I  removed  the  leaves,  and  examined  the  heads 
before  they  opened,  and  there  was  the  lack  of  sym- 
metry and  evenness  which  distinguish  good  Cauli- 
flower and  Broccoli  crowns  in  embryo.  Instead 
of  these  was  the  ragged  looseness,  the  earnest  of 
sure  and  certain  bolting.  How  came  this  state  ? 
Were  the  conditions  of  growth  so  favourable,  as  Mr. 
Earley  put  it,  that  the  order  to  arrest  it  was  overruled 
by  the  vital  force  of  the  plant  taking  advantage  of 
these  exceptional  conditions,  and  making  a  dash 
seedward  without  halting  to  oblige  us  with  a  delicious 
mass  of  sweet  succulency  as  usual?  Perhaps  so.  I 
fancy  the  way  the  writer  puts  the  matter  rather 
favours  Mr.  Earley's  views,  and  though  I  have  ventured 
another  explanation,  I  have  no  objection  to  "cave  in" 
upon  seeing  more  light.  So  much,  I  think,  must  be 
admitted.  If  we  owe  the  Cauliflower  that  we 
eat  to  arrested  growth,  whatever  conditions  abnor- 
mally stimulate  growth  must  endanger  our  edible 
Cauliflowers,  including,  of  course,  Broccoli.  Prac- 
tical experience,  to  a  great  extent,  confirms  this 
theory.  While  rich  feeding  is  needful  for  Cauliflower, 
&c.,  it  is  possible  to  overdo  it,  and  to  grow  leaves  or 
seed  rather  than  the  compact  crowns  we  want.  It  is 
very  singular,  too,  that  many  Broccoli  seem  to  require 
that  their  growth  should  be  forcibly  arrested  before 
they  will  form  succulent  heads.  Force  them  too 
early,  they  rush  off  to  seed,  not  stopping  even  to 
form  proper  crowns  before  doing  so.  Time  them 
aright,  they  acquire  a  certain  strength  before  winter 
the  frost  stops  their  growth,  and  when  spring 
quickens  them  afresh,  behold  the  mass  of  sweetness 
and  succulency,  the  produce  of  such  arrestment.  By 
the  way,  this  is  cited  as  a  case  of  compensation  [the 
word  was  used  in  the  sense  of  "  balance"]  ;  but  I 
question  if  the  Cauliflower  would  look  upon  it  in  that 
light.  The  growth  is  arrested  that  we  may  be  filled, 
but  surely  our  gain  is  a  total  looS  of  time  and  strength 
to  the  plant.  And,  even  if  we  left  the  flower  un- 
touched, the  plant,  as  we  often  see,  hardly  knows  what 
to  do  with  it,  for  a  great  portion  of  the  best  Cauli- 
flowers are  useless  for  seed-bearing.  But  might  not  a 
series  of  untimely  checks  likewise  throw  such  plants  as 
Cauliflowers  out  of  their  right  time  of  stopping?  We 
know  they  do.  Let  young  Cauliflowers  be  frequently 
and  severely  frozen  in  the  winter,  and  the  majority  of 
them  will  most  assuredly  button  the  following  spring. 
This  I  have  proved  over  and  over  again.  Growth  has 
been  forcibly  arrested,  and  their  little  stock  of  succulency 
has  been  sent  to  the  front  in  consequence.  The  same 
thing  often  happens  to  a  whole  crop  of  plants  nursed 
in  frames,  and  planted  out  in  May.  A  late  frost  nips 
them  severely — in  other  words,  arrests  their  growth 
for  several  weeks,  and  behold,  they  button  by  whole- 
sale ;  and  this  buttoning,  be  it  noted,  is  exactly  like 
what  we  have  had  this  season.  This  term  is  expres- 
sive, but  not  descriptive.  These  miniature  heads  have 
no  resemblance  to  buttons  ;  on  the  contrary,  they  stand 
up  and  out  from  the  first  like  tiny  bundles  of  stumpy 
branches ;  in  fact,  the  crops  buttoned  in  the  latter 
sense  almost  by  wholesale  this  season,  and,  I  believe, 
still  from  the  same  causes,  a  series  of  forcible  and 
unseasonable  arrestments  of  growth.  Night  frosts,  cold 
rains,  alternating  with  warm  showers  and  bright  sunny 
weather,  pushed  the  plants  off"  the  usual  lines  of  growth, 
and  they  made  a  premature  dash  seedwards  in  conse- 
quence. Such  is  the  explanation  I  venture  to  offer  ; 
and  if  any  one  will  favour  me  with  a  better  of  a  very 
troublesome  phenomenon,  and  will  instruct  us  how  by 
any  means  to  prevent  the  bolting  of  green  crops  in  the 
future,  I  will  thank  him  heartily.  The  importance  of  the 
subject  can  hardly  be  over-rated.  It  is  obvious  that  if 
the  most  favourable  conditions  of  growth  cause  bolting, 
a  series  of  checks  would  be  likely  to  prevent  it ;  on  the 
contrary,  if  checks  originate  it,  the  most  favoured 
conditions  of  growth  from  first  to  last  are 
our  best  remedy  for  the  evil.  Space  forbids  me  to 
enter  into  the  matter  of  root  modification  at  any  length 
at  present.  I  like  your  two-fold  classification  much — 
"anchors  and  feeders,"  holdfasts  and  collectors  of 
supplies.  Now,  the  greatest  point  in  horticulture 
possibly  is  to  get  rid  of  the  anchors.  We  don't  want 
them  in  our  houses,  on  our  walls,  hardly  within  our 
gardens  at  all.  The  ship  on  the  ocean,  the  tree  on 
the  mountain,  need  anchors  strong  and  sure,  and 
withal  it  can  hardly  hold  on  at  times,  as  the  wind  roars 
and  the  storm  rages  ;  but  the  boat  on  the  placid  lake 
that  mirrors  the  green  turf  or  glowing  beauty  of  the 
flowers  in  the  pleasure-ground,  needs  no  anchor,  any 
more  than  most  of  our  fruit  trees  in  well  sheltered 
gardens.  If  a  holdfast  is  used  give  then  a  stake  to 
hold  on  by.  Anchors  are  for  fruit  trees  in  orchards 
and  fruit  trees  in  woods,  and  specimen  trees  every- 
where ;  but  for  iruit-bearing  trees  they  are  worse  than 
useless  ;  their  size  and  strength  degenerate  into  gross- 


ness,  and  in  this  they  carry  the  top  with  them,.  I  think 
the  time  has  come  for  raising  a  new  cry — cut  the  cable 
oft"  with  the  anchor,  and  let  our  fruit  trees  and  bushes  run 
freely  before  the  breeze  of  constant  certain  fertility.  In 
other  words,  by  judicious  root-pruning  let  us  convert  all 
the  roots  into  feeders.  It  is  easily  done.  Every 
anchor  severed  developes  a  dozen,  a  score,  a  hundred 
feeders.  The  more  numerous,  and  the  more  minutely 
divided,  the  more  fruit  and  the  better,  and  vice  vend. 
Who  ever  heard  of  anchors  freighting  a  vessel,  or 
bringing  it  into  port.  True  they  can  hold  it  fast,  but 
this  we  can  dispense  with  in  our  gardens.  And  we  shall 
gain  immensely  by  converting  our  steady  holdfasts  into 
busy  collectors,  and  possibly  discriminating  selectors  of 
food.  I  should  be  grateful  if  some  one  would  take  up 
the  questions  of  the  influence,  if  any,  of  size  of  root  on 
the  quality  of  the  food  collected  or  conveyed  thereby, 
and  the  effect  of  soils  on  root  forms  and  functions.  D. 
71  Fish^  F.R.H.S.  [We  shall  have  something  to  say 
on  some  of  the  subjects  touched  on  in  this  communi- 
cation shortly.  Eds.] 

Pine  Growing  in  a  Small  Area. — The  pinery 
here  is  built  for  the  sole  purpose  of  Pine  growing,  the 
plunging  material  being  tanner's  bark.  The  house  is 
in  three  compartments,  one  for  each  of  the  three  stages 
of  growth,  viz.,  fruiting,  succession,  and  suckers.  The 
fruiting  bed  is  iS^  feet  long  and  9  feet  wide,  being  i66| 
superficial  feet,  or  not  quite  double  that  of  your  corre- 
spondent's, mentioned  at  p.  1584(1871).  The  succession 
bed  is  of  the  same  dimensions,  and  that  which  contains 
the  suckers  is  9  feet  by  7  feet.  Now,  out  of  this  1664 
superficial  feet  I  have  cut  since  the  beginning  of  last  April 
74  fruit,  weighing  in  the  aggregate  2551b.,  and  of  the 
best  quality,  the  sort  grown  being  the  Queen.  \Vm, 
Armstrongs  Gr.,  Woodstock  Mousey  Hendoii,  N.  W. 


Societies. 

Edinburgh  Botanical  ;  December  14,  1871.  — 
Alexander  Buchan,  Esq.,  M.A.,  in  the  chair.  Professor 
Wyville  Thomson,  LL.D.,  was  elected  President  for 
1871-72,     The  following  communications  were  read  ; — 

I.  Notes  on  the  Meres  of  Shropshire.—  By  Mrs.  Wright, 
Halston  Hall ;  communicated  by  Mr.  Sadler.  Mrs.  Wright 
had  sent  to  Mr.  Sadler,  in  August  last,  a  couple  of  bottles 
filled  with  water  taken  from  White  Mere,  near  EUesmere, 
in  Shropshire.  The  water  contained  thousands  of  minute 
floating  plants  of  a  species  of  Rivularia,  which,  from  their 
enormous  development  at  that  season  of  the  year,  render 
the  waters  in  certain  of  the  meres  as  thick  as  pea  soup, 
which  is  called  the  "  breaking  of  the  water,"  and  during 
which  the  fish  will  rarely  take  bait.  The  soil  around  the 
meres  is  very  variable.  Mrs.  Wright  says  ; — "At  EUes- 
mere, a  curious  thing  happened  since  we  came  to  Shrop- 
shire. The  town  comes  down  to  the  side  of  the  lake,  and 
the  owner  of  one  of  the  houses  made  a  terrace-garden 
close  to  the  water-edge,  which  at  that  place  was  only 
6  inches  deep.  A  large  quantity  of  soil  was  used  to  form 
the  terrace,  and  it  was  all  finished  one  Saturday  night. 
Next  morning  the  terrace  had  entirely  disappeared,  and  a 
small  island,  which  still  remains,  had  appeared  at  a  short 
distance  from  the  shore.  The  water  was  now  over  20  feet 
deep,  and  increased  some  feet  more  in  depth  in  the  course 
of  the  day.  The  same  thing  happened  in  making  a  rail- 
way embankment  between  this  and  Shrewsbury,  In  both 
these  meres  I  have  seen  the  green  globules  (Rivularia)  in 
abundance,  A  third  mere.  Coomere,  is  remarkable  for 
several  curious  things.  The  reed  sparrow  builds  there 
regularly,  plaiting  its  nest  with  the  broad  leaves  of  the 
reeds  growing  in  the  water.  The  Nuphar  pumila  also 
grows  there.  At  one  time  the  mere  was  surrounded  by 
Fir  trees,  and  the  fishing  nets  used  to  bring  up  large 
masses  of  the  withered  Fir  tree  leaves,  in  round  or  oblong 
balls  of  great  size,  probably  formed  by  some  whirl  in  the 
water.  1  believe  they  are  not  now  found  there.  A  species 
of  Conferva  is  found  in  the  form  of  small  balls,  floating  in 
the  water  [Conferva  segagropilaj.  This  mere  is  about 
one  mile  from  EUesmere." 

II.  Remarks  on  a  Beech  tree  struck  by  Lightning.  By 
Mr.  M'Nab,  Botanic  Gardens,  While  travelling  through 
some  of  the  extensive  forests  of  North  America,  in  the 
summer  and  autumn  of  1834,  I  was  astonished  to  find 
that  during  a  thunder  storm  many  of  the  inhabitants  took 
shelter  under  the  nearest  Beech  tree,  believing  that  such 
trees  are  never  struck  by  lightning.  Wishing  to  investi- 
gate the  truth  of  this  opinion,  I  made  inquiry  in  various 
districts  through  which  I  passed,  but  in  none  could  I  hear 
of  a  single  instance  of  a  Beech  tree  having  been  struck  by 
the  electric  fluid,  although  I  had  seen  Elms,  Oaks, 
Chestnuts,  and  Ash  trees  more  or  less  disfigured,  both  in 
the  United  States  and  the  Canadas.  The  stems  of  Elms 
and  Oaks  were  generally  torn  into  long  narrow  strips,  while 
the  Ash  was  in  elongated  detached  masses  of  various  sizes. 
On  returning  to  Edinburgh,  I  made  inquiry  in  various 
parts  of  Britain  to  ascertain  if  such  was  the  case  in 
regard  to  the  Beeches  in  this  country.  Although  I  have 
seen  and  heard  of  many  species  of  trees  being  more  or 
less  injured,  not  one  proved  to  be  the  Beech.  From  this 
seeming  exemption,  I  was  inclined  to  think  that  there 
must  be  something  in  the  constitution  of  the  Beech  dif- 
ferent from  other  trees,  rendering  it  less  susceptible  to  the 
electric  fluid.  I  may  here  mention  one  circumstance 
which  is  pretty  well  known  to  all  proprietors  of  Beech 
forests,  that  is,  the  scarcity  of  vegetation  in  such  places, 
and  in  close  Beech  woods  nothing  is  seen  but  the  brown 
decaying  leaves  of  many  successive  years.  In  the  Ame- 
rican Beech  woods,  as  well  as  some  of  those  in  Britain, 
we  do  find  a  few  herbaceous  plants  peculiar  to  such 
places,  totally  different  in  appearance  from  the  plants 
found  growing  under  any  other  species  of  timber  trees. 
Under  the  Beech  trees  in  American  forests  we  find  the 
different  species  of  "Indian  Pipe,"  Monotropa  uniflora, 
and  M.  lanuginosa,  also  the  "Cancer  Root,"   Epiphagus 


virginianus.  while  the  Monotropa  Hypopitys  is  indigenous 
in  some  Beech  woods  in  England.  These  plants  have,  more 
or  less,  a  waxy  appearance,  of  a  peculiar  whitish-brown 
colour,  devoid  of  leaves,  but  covered  with  scale-like  bodies. 
During  a  recent  tour  through  England,  I  was  interested 
to  see,  in  the  extensive  nursery  establishment  belonging 
to  Messrs.  Smith  &  Son,  at  Worcester,  a  large  Weeping 
Beech,  which  was  struck  by  lightning  during  the  month  of 
June,  1857.  This  tree  is  25  feet  high,  with  a  stem  6  feet 
m  circumference  at  base,  and  branches  off  horizontally  at 
top.  The  spread  of  the  branches  varies  from  35  to  40  feet 
in  diameter.  This  Beech,  instead  of  being  riven  in  pieces 
like  the  generality  of  lightning-struck  trees,  has  the  bark 
on  the  upper  horizontal  portions  of  the  branches  injured, 
just  looking  as  if  they  had  been  seared  with  a  hot  iron. 
The  health  of  this  tree  does  not  appear  to  have  suffered, 
as  the  points  of  the  branches  then  struck,  as  well  as  the 
secondary  ones  immediately  below  the  seared  portions  of 
the  large  branches,  have  grown  quite  as  freely,  and  continue 
as  healthy  as  those  which  were  untouched  by  the  electric 
fluid.  The  three  main  branches  injured  vary  from  21  to 
27  inches  in  circumference,  and  the  portion  of  bark  riven 
along  their  upper  surface  varies  from  4  to  5  inches  in 
breadth,  in  small  irregular  flakes,  standing  quite  upright. 
The  electric  fluid  must  have  passed  off  by  means  of  the 
pendent  branches,  as  no  trace  is  observable  on  the  surface 
of  the  horizontal  ones  beyond  ro,  13,  and  16  inches  in  cir- 
cumference, nor  is  there  the  slightest  appearance  on  the 
stem  of  any  electric  fluid  having  passed  down  it,  which  is 
not  unfrequently  the  case  with  some  lightning-struck  trees. 
Owing  to  the  peculiar  effect  produced  by  lightning  on  this 
Weeping  Beech,  I  am  still  inclined  to  think  that  there 
must  be  something  in  the  constitution  of  the  Beech  tree 
which  ought  to  be  investigated,  and  which  renders  it 
incapable  of  being  injured  to  the  extent  of  other  forest 
trees.  Still,  large  Beech  trees  may  occasionally  be  struck, 
and  show  no  more  injury  than  the  Weeping  Beech  at 
Worcester. 

III.  Mode  of  Transmitting  Seeds  and    Cuttings. — By 
Mr.  M'Nab.     The  introduction  of  certain  seeds  "in  a  fit 
state  for  germination  has  long  been  wished  by  cultivators. 
I  have  repeatedly  tried  to  get  collectors  to   send   home 
seeds  in  strong  earthen  jars,  or  bottles  firmly  packed  in 
soil  and  closely  corked,  the  soil  to  be  taken  6  or  8  inches 
under  the  surface,  so  as  to  contain  the  natural  moisture 
only ;  however,  few  individuals,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  seem 
inclined   to  give   this   method  a  fair  trial,  being  rather 
disposed  to  send  by  the  old  system,  viz.,  in  dry  paper. 
As  far  back   as   1834   I   introduced    in   this  way  acorns 
of  many  varieties  of  American  Oaks  in  excellent  condition 
for  growing,  while  portions  of  the  same  seeds,  brought 
home  in   paper  and   also  in  canvas   bags,  did  not  suc- 
ceed.     Some  acorns  were  also  brought  home  in  a  box 
between  layers  of  Sphagnum    Moss,   having  the  super- 
fluous  moisture    previously  wrung  out   of  it.      By  this 
method     of    packing     the    acorns    all   succeeded    well. 
Dr.  Little,   ot  Singapore,  a  gentleman  eminently  distin- 
guished for  his  horticultural  skill  and  ardent  love  for  the 
seience  of  botany,  has  been  very  successful  in  introducing 
into  this  country  many  rare  plants,  such  a?  gutta  percha 
(Isonandra  Gutta),  and  many  rare  and  valuable  Orchids. 
Dr.  Little  seldom  misses  an  opportunity  of  sending  home 
seeds  peculiar  to  his  district,  but  it  too  frequently  happens 
that   they  are  completely  dried  up   before  reaching  this 
country.     During  Dr.  Little's  visit  to   Edinburgh,  in  the 
year    1870,  I  told   him  of  the  disappointments  so  often 
experienced  with  many  of  his  seeds,  and   recommended 
him  to  try  the  stone-bottle  system.     About  the  middle  of 
November  last  I  had  the  pleasure  of  receiving  a  stone 
jar  from  Dr.  Little,  filled  with  Palm  seeds,  firmly  packed 
in  soil,  all  quite  fresh  and  capable  of  germination.     In 
districts  where  Sphagnum  Moss  abounds,  I  would  recom- 
mend it  in  preference  to  soil,  as  it  retains  the  moisture 
for  a  much   longer  time,   and  is  not  liable  to  mould  or 
decay.     In  Sphagnum  the  radicles  of  the  seed  are  often 
slightly  protruding  when  they  reach  their  destination,  while 
the  soil,  with  its  natural  moisture,  keeps  the  seeds  much  in 
the  same  condition  as  when  sent  away.     Either  system 
is    good,    and   ought    to    be    more    generally    adopted, 
more    particularly     now,    with    the     facilities     afforded 
by  the  Post  Office  for  such  transmission   from  abroad. 
With  pulpy  or  berried  seeds,  the  above  methods  are  by 
no  means  satisfactory.    I  have  found  from  experience  that 
all   pulpy  seeds  succeed  best  when   rubbed  out  in   dry 
white  sand.     After  being  spread  out  in  the  sun  or  wind 
for  a  day  or  two  to  dry,  collect  the  mass  and  pack  firmly 
in  stone  jars,  and  when  they  reach  their  destination,  take 
out  the  contents  of  the  jars,  and  cover  with  soil  according 
to  the  size  of  the  seeds.  By  this  method,  I  have  frequently 
sent  to  Australia,  Canada,  and   other  distant   parts  of 
the  world,  the  seeds  of  Strawberries,  Gooseberries,  Rasps, 
Brambles,   Currants,  Blackberries,  Laurels,   Elderberries, 
Thorns,    Hollies,  Yews,    &:c.     Any   portion  of  the  pulp 
remaining  with  the  seeds  seems  less  liable  to  decay  when 
mixed  with  dry  white  sand  than  with  soil  or  Sphagnum. 
For  a  long  series  of  years  it  has  been  customary  to  send 
home  seeds  packed  in  charcoal,  and  I  regret  to  see  it  still 
recommended.     Such  a  practice,  however,   ought  to  be 
entirely  abolished,  as  it  tends  to  destroy  the  vitality  of  the 
seed.      Unless   in  the    case   of    seeds   with  very   fleshy 
cotyledons,    few  others   packed   in  this  way  ever  grow. 
It  is  not  necessary  that  seeds  should  always  be  sent  home 
in  comparatively  dry  soil  in  earthenware  bottles.     About 
i8  years  ago,  I  had  some  seeds  of  the  Akee  fruit  (Blighia 
sapida)  sent  from  the  West  Indies.     The  seeds  had  been 
put  into  a  large  old  blacking-bottle  (after  being  thoroughly 
cleaned   inside),  in   a  mixture  of  soil  and  water,   firmly 
closed  with  a  clean  bung-cork,   and  thickly  sealed  over. 
When  they  reached  me,   I  broke  the  bottle,  and  found 
every  seed  in  a  growing  state.     Each  seed  was  put  in  a  pot 
and  set  in  a  dark  place  for  a  time,  light  being  admitted 
gradually  ;  they  soon  lost  their  pale  hue.   and  arc  now 
fine  thriving  trees.     This  simple  method  is  also  worthy  of 
imitation  with  many  hard  tropical  seeds.     Wide-mouthed 
glass  bottles  are  also  extremely  useful  to  botanical  col- 
lectors and  amateur  horticultural  travellers.     During  my 
annual  autumn  peregrinations  both  in  this  country  and 
abroad,  I  have  kept  cuttings  of  rare  stove  and  greenhouse 
plants  in  clean  old  pickle  bottles,  in  excellent  preservation 


14 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  6,  1872. 


for  a  fortnight,  with  a  little  moss  and  water,  and  have 
always  found  them  to  succeed  well  after  reaching 
home,  if  placed  in  an  ordinary  propagating  pit  or 
frame,  in  a  pot  of  fine  sand  covered  with  a  bell-glass. 
During  a  visit  to  the  forest  of  Fontainebleau,  I  picked  up 
a  number  of  two  years  old  seedling  Oaks,  Elms,  and  other 
trees,  and  put  them  all  in  aglass  bottle  among  clean  moss 
and  water.  After  10  days'  confinement,  I  broke  the 
bottle,  put  the  young  trees  into  pots  and  placed  them  for 
a  time  in  a  shady  situation  ;  they  are  now  fine  healthy 
trees.  I  mention  this  circumstance  for  the  information  of 
parties  wishing  to  bring  home  from  some  remote,  cele- 
brated or  interesting  spot,  a  memorial  of  their  visit,  as  was 
the  case  with  myself  Such  seedlings  will  succeed  equally 
well  if  lifted  any  time  during  the  spring,  summer,  or 
autumn  months.  The  chief  risk  is  the  sudden  exposure 
to  air  and  light.  Alpme  plants  are  easily  conveyed  from 
their  native  habitats  by  the  glass  bottle  system  ;  a  strong 
wide  mouthed  bottle  will  hold  a  large  number  of  such 
plants,  if  put  up  in  the  way  described.  By  this  method 
they  will  reach  home  in  a  much  better  condition  for  grow- 
ing than  they  do  when  rolled  in  brown  paper,  as  frequently 
happens. 


Die    Vegetation    der   Erde    nach    ihrer    Klima- 

tischer     anordnung.        (The   Vegetation    of   the 

World  in  Relation  to  Climate.)     By  A.  Grisebach. 

Two  vols.   8vo.     Pp.  1238.     Leipzig  :  Engelmann. 

(Williams  &  Norgate.) 
We  must  not  fail  to  announce  at  once  the  publication 
of  Professor  Grisebach's  work  above  cited,  which  is  not 
of  a  character  to  be  dismissed  with  a  hasty  notice,  as 
its  value  to  cultivators  and  botanists  will  probably 
prove  to  be  very  great.  We  must  content  our- 
selves now  with  the  announcement  of  its  publication 
and  an  indication  of  its  contents,  trusting  shortly  to 
lay  before  our  readers  a  fuller  account  of  it.  After 
a  few  preliminary  remarks  as  to  the  division  of  the 
globe  into  separate  floras,  according  to  variations  of 
cUmatal  conditions,  Professor  Grisebach  gives  a  classi- 
fication of  plants  according  to  their  external 
appearance,  thus  following  up  Humboldt's  idea 
of  a  physiognomy  of  plants.  This  portion  of 
the  subject  is  of  interest  now  when  the  so-called 
"mimetic  analogies  of  plants"  occupy  so  much  atten- 
tion. The  first  section  is  devoted  to  the  arctic  flora, 
its  relation  to  the  floras  of  mountains,  the  peculiarities 
resulting  from  warm  currents,  shorter  period  of  growth, 
and  former  geological  changes.  To  this  succeeds  a 
general  sketch  of  arctic  vegetation,  and  the  physical 
geography  of  the  arctic  regions,  so  far  as  it  is  dependent 
on  plants.  Subdivisions  of  the  flora  according  to  these 
circumstances  follow  next,  and  then  a  discussion  of 
centres  of  vegetation  and  migrations  of  arctic  plants. 

The  second  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  consideration 
of  the  forest  regions  of  the  eastern  continent,  treated, 
as  are  all  the  subsequent  chapters,  in  a  similar  way, 
midaiis  mutandis,  to  the  arctic  flora,  and  necessarily  at 
greater  length.  The  Mediterranean  region  next  occupies 
attention,  then  in  order  the  Steppes,  the  Chinese  and 
Japanese  regions,  the  Indian  monsoon  region,  the 
Sahara,  Soudan,  Kalahari,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
Australia,  the  forest  districts  of  North  America,  the 
prairie  districts,  the  Californian  coast  region,  the 
Mexican  region,  the  West  Indies,  the  northern  portions 
of  South  America,  the  Amazon  districts,  Brazil,  the 
tropical  portions  of  the  Andes,  the  Pampas  regions, 
the  Chilian  provinces,  the  antarctic  forest  district,  and 
lastly  the  discussion  of  the  floras  of  oceanic  islets.  The 
work  ends  with  a  list  of  authorities  cited,  apparently 
not  so  complete  as  it  might  have  been,  and  a  number 
of  explanatory  notes,  but  with  no  index — a  lamentable 
defect  in  such  a  work. 

We  may  give  one  further  illustration  of  the  probable 
value  of  this  work  to  cultivators  by  citing  the  contents 
of  the  chapter  devoted  to  the  district  of  the  Indian 
monsoons.  First  comes  a  discussion  of  the  climate  at 
various  seasons  audits  variations  ;  then  an  enumeration 
and  slight  sketch  of  the  vegetation  arranged  under  the 
heads  of  Palms,  Bamboos,  Pandanads,  Tree  Ferns, 
deciduous  trees,  Banyan  forms.  Mangrove  forms ; 
Bombax  and  Clavija-like  plants  ;  Laurel  forms  (Laurus 
and  plants  of  Laurel-like  aspect).  Sycamore-like  trees, 
Tamarind  and  Mimosa-like  forms,  Conifers  and  Casua- 
rinas,  climbing  plants.  Epiphytes,  Loranths,  Epiphy- 
tical Orchids,  shrubs,  Scitaminese,  Arads  and  allied 
forms,  Ferns,  Pitcher-plants,  water  plants,  grasses. 

To  this  follows  a  sketch  of  the  vegetation  of  tropical 
forests,  savannahs,  jungles  and  cultivated  districts. 
A  discussion  of  the  range  of  certain  trees  in  the  tropical 
regions  comes  next ;  then  an  account  is  given  of  the 
forests  of  the  Himalaya,  the  Neilgherries,  and  of  the 
vegetation  of  the  mountains  in  the  islands  of  the  Indian 
Archipelago.  The  section  ends  with  a  discussion  of 
the  centres  of  vegetation,  the  migrations  of  plants,  and 
the  interchange  of  plants  from  one  country  to  another. 

A  coloured  map  of  the  world,  showing  the  limit  of 
the  various  regions  mentioned  in  the  text,  is  given  at 
the  end  of  the  second  valume. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  so  important  a  work  will  not 
be  allowed  to  remain  long  in  its  German  dress,  but  will 
speedily  find  a  competent  translator. 

.  Amongst   New   Publications,   to  some   of 

which  we  may  again  call  attention  at  a  future  time,  we 
have  received  The  Field  Quartei'ly  Magazine  and 
Review  {Horace    Cox).  —  The    Weather  Almanac^  by 


Orlando  Whistlecraft.— .^/ra^fw  for  Sunday,  by  Peter 
Spencer,  B.A.  (Longmans). — Old  Merry's  Monthly^ 
a  new  serial  for  boys  (Warne).—  Volcauos  ;  the  Charac- 
ter of  their  Phenomena,  &c.  ;  by  G.  Poulett  Scrope, 
F.R.S.  (Longmans). 


Some  controversy  exists  as  to  the  actual  inventor  of 
movable  frames,  and  in  order  to  clear  up  the  matter, 
the  American  Bee  Keeper^ s  Journal  recently  devoted 
an  article  to  the  history  of  these  frames,  from  which  we 
extract  the  following  particulars  [Eds.]  : — • 

'■  For  centuries,  the  Grecians  used  bars  in  their  hives' 
similar  to  the  narrow  top-bars  now  used  in  movable-comb 
hives,  but  Francois  Huber,  of  Geneva,  Switzerland,  was 
probably  the  first  inventor  of  the  present  style  of  movable 
frames.     This  was  about  three-quarters  of  a  century  ago. 

"  Huber  first  made  an  observation  hive  containing  a 
single  comb,  with  glass  on  each  side.  As  it  was  difficult 
to  winter  bees  in  such  a  hive,  he  set  several  side  by  side, 
removing  all  the  glass  except  the  panes  on  the  outsides. 
The  bars  of  these  frames  were  too  wide  for  a  single  comb 
after  removing  the  glass,  which  led  him  to  construct 
a  hive  with  frames,  having  bars  about  i\  inch  wide, 
securing  them  together  by  hinges.  This  was  the  regular 
Huber  hive,  but  one  plate  in  his  book  shows  narrow  bars 
resting  in  rabbets  in  a  case  or  hive,  with  the  long  screws 
like  side  bars  for  elevating  the  comb,  naturally  suggesting 
what  is  called  the  '  bars  and  frames '  m  England,  and 
'  movable  frames  *  in  this  country  and  Germany. 

"For  nearly  half  a  century  bee-keepers  advanced  no 
farther  than  the  use  of  the  Grecian  bars,  with  honey 
board  and  supers  above,  usually  bell-glasses  in  Europe, 
because  they  are  cheaper  there  than  wooden  boxes  with 
glass  sides,  Bevan  and  others  placed  one  hive  upon 
another.  It  is  a  conmion  remark  in  England  that  his 
book,  Bevan  on  the  Honey  Bee,  has  furnished  matter  for 
most  of  the  later  works  on  the  subject,  both  in  England 
and  America. 


Fig,   3, — MAJOR  MUNN*S  FRAME  HIVE. 

' '  W.  Augustus  Munn,  of  Dover,  England,  was  pro- 
bably the  first  to  invent  narrow  frames  to  be  used  within 
a  case  or  hive.  He  made  his  first  hive  with  frames  in  1834. 
By  1843  he  had  taken  out  a  patent  in  Paris,  France  (for 
the  hive  had  been  in  too  general  use  in  England),  and  a 
friend  using  the  hives  had  described  the  same  with  an 
engraving  [here  reproduced]  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle 
(1843,  p.  317).  This  hive  really  embraced  all  practical 
features  of  the  movable  frames  of  to-day.  The  same 
was  also  described  in  a  pamphlet  by  Major  Munn  in 
1844,  and  in  the  second  edition,  1851,  he  describes  the 
same  with  triangular  frames  to  lift  out  at  the  top.  His 
descriptions,  though  brief,  show  that  he  was  familiar 
with  supers,  and  that  with  his  oblong  frames  he  used 
a  honey  board,  the  shallow  chamber,  and  surplus  honey- 
boxes  above  ;  to  all  of  which  Major  Munn  has  made 
solemn  oath,  perfectly  invalidating  the  pretended  claims 
of  Mr.  Langstroth, 

"  The  Russian,  Prokopovitsk,  perhaps,  should  be  men- 
tioned here,  for  he  supplied  the  market  at  St,  Petersburg 
with  thousands  of  pounds  of  honey  in  frames,  but  his 
frames  were  not  used  in  the  breeding  apartment,  and 
therefore  do  not  invalidate  Mr,  Langstroth's  claims, 
though  his  hive  was  described  in  a  pamphlet  in  1841. 

"  We  shall  next  mention  movable  frames  used  in 
France.  M.  De  Beauvoys  is  the  author  of  a  series  of 
excellent  works  on  bee  culture.  In  the  second  edition, 
published  in  1847,  and  the  third  in  Paris,  1851,  he 
describes  movable  frames  containing  all  the  features  of 
the  most  perfect  frames  now  used  in  America. 

"The  name  of  Augustus  Baron  von  Berlepsch,  formerly 
of  Seebach,  Germany,  now  of  Munich,  Bavaria,  should 
be  next  mentioned  among  European  inventors.  We  have 
the  hive  which  he  presented  March  16,  1852,  to  the  Editor 
of  the  Bicncnzeitung  (the  German  bee  journal,  published 
at  Eichstadt)  a  description  of  which  was  published  in  the 
May  number  for  1852.  The  hive  is  stamped  with  the 
seal  of  Dr.  Buchner,  Royal  Notary  Public  of  Munich. 
«  •  *  The  Baron  of  Berlepsch  says,  that  in  the  winter 
of  1842-43  he  first  heard  of  Dzierzon's  hive  with  movable 
bars,  and  obtained  a  sample  which  he  perceived  to  be  an 
invention  of  the  first  rank,  but  still  in  its  infancy,  and 
that  the  bars  should  be  replaced  with  frames.  He 
made  frames  for  a  hive  in  which  he  put  a  swarm  early 


in  June,  1840,  but  was  troubled  to  keep  the  frames  the 
proper  distance  from  each  other.  He  remedied  this  par- 
tially in  1844,  and  in  1845  he  left  space  between  the 
frames  and  the  walls  of  the  hives  to  prevent  the  bees  from 
gluing  the  side  bars  to  the  walls.  In  1846  he  and  his 
partner,  Jacob  Schultze,  obtained  50  glass  jars  or  bell 
glasses,  and  30  of  them  were  filled  in  May,  1846.  We 
saw  samples  of  these  frames,  and  they  were  exactly  like 
the  narrow  frames  with  tops,  so  improperly  called 
■  Langstroth '  frames  in  this  country.  They  were  used 
with  all  the  features — air  spaces,  shallow  chamber,  per- 
forated top,  and  surplus  or  bell  glasses  above— from  1846 
to  1850,  when  they  were  improved  by  side  projections, 
and  described  in  the  German  bee  journal,  as  before 
stated,  in  May,  1852." 


LOND 

STA  TB  OF  THE  IVEA  THBR  A  T  BLACKHEA  TH 

orv. 

For  the  Week  ending  Wednesday,  Jan.  3, 

i87». 

H;>grorae- 

tncal    De- 

Temperature of 

ductions 

Barometer. 

THE  Air. 

from 
Glaisher's 
Tables  sih 

Wind. 

1871—2. 

. 

Edition. 

J 

Month 

■i 

M           S 

S'3 

Day. 

1 

a 

^ 

Si- 
a 

c 
'3 

S 

<5 

<i5 

I 

1871. 

In. 

In. 

„ 

Tn 

29=7 

-062 

48.444.3'   4.i'4S.9 

-fS.7 

41.2 

84 

s.s.w. 

0.03 

»     29 

29,62 

-0.28 

44.636.0'   86140.7 

43.4 

37.6 

S9J 

S.W.: 
N.W. 

0.02 

.1     30 

29.64 

—  0.26 

46.5372 

03  43.2 

+  =;.« 

41.0 

r. 

S.W. 

0.04 

-t     31 

2995 

+  0.06 

41. 533-0 

8.5 

36.5 

—1.0 

31.4 

w. 

0.00 

1872. 
Jan.      I 

29.86 

+  0.03 

43.234.0 

9.2 

39-2 

+  1.9 

34.3 

83{ 

S.S.W. ; 

o.oa 

ti       2 

29.6^ 

-0.15 

46-7|39.7 
46.536.0 

7.0 

41.2 

4  6.2 

40.8 

^ 

S.S.W. 

O.IO 

..       3 

29.72 

—0.05 

10.  s 

41.2 

+3.'; 

17.8 

W.S.W. 

0.00 

1 

Dec  28. — Generally  overcast  throughout     Strong  wind  prevalent. 
Rain  Icll  frequently. 

—  29.— Overcast,  and  thin  rain  fell  in  early  morning.     Generally 

cloudless  from  3  p.m.  onwards.     Hoar  frost  at  night. 

—  30.— Generally  cloudy   till   night;   then  variable.     Windy   till 

night.     Thin  rain  fell  occasionally. 

—  31.— Nearly  cloudless  throughout.     Hoar  frost  and  slight  fog 

in  morning  and  at  night.     This  was  the  only  day  during 
the  week  that  the  temperature  was  below  its  average. 
Jan.      I. — The  amount  of  cloud  variable  throughout.     Hoarfrost  in 
morning,     Strong  wind.     Generally  fine, 

—  2. — Rain   fell   in   early   morning.      Clouds  very  variable   till 

9  P.M.     Cloudless  after  that  time.     A  fme  day. 

—  3' — A.  very  line  day.     Hoar  frost  in  morning.     Light  clouds 

prevalent.    Strong  winds  at  night. 

JAMES  GLAISHER. 


(for  the  ensuing  fortnight.) 
PLANT  HOUSES. 

The  Conservatory  may  now  be  made  most 
enjoyable  by  attending  to  order  and  neatness  in  the 
grouping  of  the  various  plants,  which  at  this  season 
should  be  both  abundant  and  brilliant.  We  may 
mention  the  Camellias,  Poinsettias,  F.piphyllumSj 
Pritnulas,  Carnations,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  Hyacinths, 
Tulips,  one  and  all  of  which,  cast  in  groups  or  rows, 
alternated  with  Ferns,  Jsolepis,  Mosses,  Succulents, 
Iresijies,  &c.,  on  stages,  or  in  beds  or  vases,  have 
a  charming  effect  when  arranged  in  an  artistic  manner. 
This  structure  differs  entirely  in  different  gardens. 
The  Jardin  d'Hiver  kind  of  conservatory  is  the  one  to- 
day the  most  popular,  and  the  most  natural,  with  large 
permanent  Camellias  and  other  plants  planted  here 
and  there,  vases,  jardiniers,  beds  elevated  with  a  stone 
kerb,  and  filled  gracefully,  and  the  paths  of  cast-iron, 
Minton  tiles,  cement,  or  gravel,  edged  or  otherwise 
relieved  with  such  an  evergreen  as  the  Selaginella 
denticulata,  or  Adiantuvl  Capillus-  Veneris,  In  this 
glass  structure — Nature's  drawing-room,  or  boudoir,  or 
whatever  it  may  be  called — ample  scope  should  be 
allowed  for  the  accommodation  of  all  the  most  perfect- 
grown  plants,  whether  of  flower  or  foliage,  that  the 
other  houses  furnish  and  bring  to  maturity.  The 
temperature  should  fluctuate  from  50°  to  60°  with  a 
mild  night  and  a  clear,  sunny  day,  and  40°  to  50°  with 
freezing  nights  and  sunless  days.  In  such  a  medium 
temperature  most  kinds  of  plants  will  be  none  the 
worse  for  a  week's  show-ofi'  amongst  their  neighbours, 
vieing  with  each  other  in  beauty.  Cleanliness  must  be 
the  order  of  the  day,  with  fresh  air  and  moderate  heat. 
Water  carefully  every  plant,  and  allow  none  to  dry  to 
the  drooping  point.   H.  Knight,  Floors  Castle. 

Greenhouse  Soft-wooded  Plants. — E.xcept  in 
very  dry  weather,  it  is  at  this  season  necessary  to  give 
plenty  ol  air,  but  so  as  not  to  cause  draught.  A  little 
fire-heat  is  useful  to  dispel  damp,  but  great  moderation 
is  required  in  its  application  in  this  department,  more 
especially  in  the  dead  of  winter.  A  temperature  of 
from  42°  to  45°  by  night,  and  from  50°  to  55°  by  day, 
will  be  quite  sufiicient.  Trofcroli<m  tricolorum  and  the 
allied  sorts  should  now  be  potted,  to  insure  their 
blooming  in  the  coming  season  ;  they  should  be  placed 
at  the  warm  end  of  the  house,  and  no  water  should  be 
given  until  their  shoots  appear;  the  moisture  in  the 
soil  will  be  sufficient  to  start  the  roots,  and  a  greater 
amount  would  be  likely  to  rot  them.  If  proper  atten- 
tion has  been  paid  to  the  varieties  of  the  T.  Lobbianum 
section,  they  will  be  coming  nicely  into  bloom, 
and  their  brilliant  scarlet  flowers  will  well  repay 
the   small  amount  of  trouble  they   give.      Cyclamens 


January  6,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    Airicultural    Gazette. 


15 


that  are  well-rooted  will  be  the  better  for  a  little  weak 
soot  and  manure-water  given  alternately  with  clear 
water  ;  too  much  water  must  be  guarded  against  on  the 
crown  of  the  bulb,  otherwibC  the  flowers  might  damp 
off.  Some  of  the  Privudas  must  be  potted  on,  to 
keep  up  a  supply  of  bloom  in  the  spring  months  ;  the 
double  and  semi-double  sorts  are  the  best  for  cutting 
purposes  ;  pot  them  in  a  rich,  light  soil ;  they  are  very 
impatient  of  having  too  much  moisture  continually 
about  their  roots.  Ciuerarias  left  over  in  the  autumn 
in  small  pots  will  require  to  be  potted  on  ;  watch  for 
their  enemy,  greenfly  ;  and,  as  prevention  is  better 
than  cure,  a  little  tobacco  smoke  every  fortnight  should 
be  used  to  keep  them  clean.  Calceolarias  may  he 
treated  like  the  Cineraria.  Of  Fuchsias,  the 
first  batch  may  be  shaken  out,  their  shoots  shortened, 
and  the  plants  repotted,  placing  them  in  the  early 
vinery  where  the  Vines  are  just  breaking;  they  will 
soon  produce  cuttings  for  stock,  and  the  old  plants 
may  be  had  in  flower  at  the  end  of  June.  Begojtias 
of  the  flowering  section  form  beautiful  objects  for 
spring  decoration  ;  they  should  be  grown  at  the  warm 
end  of  the  house.  The  Epiphylhims  that  are  going 
out  of  flower  should  have  a  rest  by  placing  them  in  a 
cool  part  of  the  greenhouse,  and  by  withholding  water. 
The  Kalosanths  must  not  suffer  for  want  of  water. 
G.  Baker,  Clapham. 

Flower  Forcing. — It  is  of  the  first  importance  that 
in  this  department  there  should  be  a  thorough  command 
of  heat,  for  if  too  little  piping  is  used,  the  forcing  re- 
quired will  act  most  injuriously  on  the  plants. 
There  should  also  be  if  possible  a  little  bottom-heat 
provided,  as  many  of  the  plants  are  then  more  certain  to 
show  flower,  especially  such  as  Amaryllis,  which  have 
been  grown  freely  the  last  summer,  and  have  been  allowed 
a  rest  for  the  last  two  months.  Give  only  sufficient 
water  to  keep  the  leaves  from  flagging  too  much  ; 
examine  the  drainage  without  disturbing  the  ball, 
surface-dress  with  a  little  rich  loam,  plunge  in  bottom- 
heat  of  about  65',  and  they  will  soon  show  the  flower- 
stems ;  if  removed  to  an  intermediate  house  just  when 
the  first  bloom  begins  to  expand,  it  is  astonishing  how 
long  they  will  stand  in  bloom.  Rhododendrons  should 
also  receive  some  attention,  by  selecting  those  with  the 
most  prominent  buds,  dewing  them  over  several  times 
a  day  to  induce  them  to  swell  more  freely.  Roses 
will  now  be  progressing  ;  they  require  very  careful 
treatment  when  put  in  so  early,  as  they  are  very 
impatient  of  strong  heat,  and  moisture  will  bring  on 
mildew,  which  should  be  dusted  over  with  sulphur  on 
its  first  appearance,  and  maybe  held  in  check  by  keeping 
them  at  the  coolest  end  of  the  house  and  not  syringing 
them.  Of  Kalmias  a  few  may  now  be  introduced,  as 
they  are  valuable  as  cut  flowers.  The  Begonias  are  a 
class  which  deserve  more  attention  than  they  receive; 
the  winter  flowering  varieties  are  grand,  either  as  table 
plants,  when  grown  in  suitable  pots,  or  for  cutting  from. 
Lily  of  the  Valley  should  be  put  in  in  large  quantities 
when  there  is  a  great  demand  for  it ;  when  the  forcing 
pit  proper  for  them  is  full,  if  the  Mushroom-house  is 
at  work,  let  them  be  put  in  there,  on  a  little  of  the 
manure  which  is  being  prepared  for  future  Mushroom 
beds,  and  along  with  \\\^m.  Spirtsa  japonica  2.rADielytra 
spectabilis,  which  will  all  do  well  until  fairly  started 
into  growth.  A.  H. 

Stove  Plants,  —  If  not  already  done,  all  stove 
plants  should  be  thoroughly  cleaned  at  once,  especially 
where  such  pests  as  mealy-bug,  scale,  or  thrips  exist. 
"We  find  nothing  better  for  either  of  the  above  than 
syringing  the  plants  all  over  with  strong  soapsuds. 
Let  all  the  interior  of  the  house  be  well  washed.  Clean 
and  regulate  climbing  plants.  An  occasional  syring- 
ing with  soapsuds  will  be  found  very  beneficial  for 
keeping  the  plants  clean — \  lb.  of  soft  soap  to  4  gallons 
of  water  will  not  be  too  strong.  Temperature :  from 
50"  to  55'  will  suffice  just  now.  A,  Ingram,  Alnwick 
Castle. 

FLOWER    GARDEN.    ETC. 

Roses. — But  little  can  be  done  in  the  Rose 
garden  at  this  season.  The  protection  which 
should  have  been  given  to  Teas  some  time  since 
should,  however,  be  carefully  looked  over  from  time 
to  time,  and  where  it  has  been  displaced  by  high 
winds,  or  otherwise,  it  should  be  at  once  set  right,  as 
one  night's  exposure  to  severe  frost,  which  sometimes 
sets  in  very  suddenly,  might  ciuse  the  loss  of  valuable 
plants.  Care  should  also  be  taken  to  see  that  none  of 
the  standards  sway  about  with  the  wind,  as  this  is  apt 
seriously  to  injure  the  roots  of  the  plants.  R.  B. 
Postansy  Brentwood. 

Alpine  and  Herbaceous  Plants. — Maintain  in 
the  pits  and  frames  a  free  circulation  of  air  in  mild 
weather,  being  careful  only  to  exclude  frost,  snow,  and 
rain.  Attend  diligently  to  the  removal  of  all  damping 
matter,  and  be  on  the  alert  to  catch  and  destroy  slugs, 
which  are  more  active  in  winter  time  than  is  often 
supposed.  Should  the  tendency  to  damp  prove 
persistent  among  weakly  plants  or  in  store  pots  of 
cuttings  or  seedlings,  dust  them  frequently  with  pow- 
dered charcoal  or  wood-ash  dust,  or  gather  the  affected 
subjects  together  in  one  place  where  a  few  lumps  of 
unslaked  lime  may  be  set  near  them.  These  will 
rapidly  absorb  excessive  atmospheric  humidity,  and 
thus  keep  in  check  one  cause  of  damping.  Give  water 
sparingly,  and  only  when  required,  to  all  dormant 
species,  and  water  only  in  the  mornings  of  those  days 
when  air  may  be  freely  given.  Early  flowering  ^wfWi'WifJ', 


Squills,  Primulas,  &c.,  should  be  examined  with  a  view 
to  correcting  defects  in  drainage  ;  at  the  same  time 
remove  the  surface  soil  if  it  is  exhausted,  and  dress 
them  with  fresh  rich  compost ;  before  doing  this,  how- 
ever, moisten  the  ball,  if  dry.  Fresh  sandy  loam 
three  parts,  and  partially  decomposed  horse-droppings 
that  have  been  dry  some  time  one-part,  with  a  liberal 
dash  of  silver  sand,  form  a  suitable  compost  for  sur- 
facing alpine  plants  generally.  In  the  Rock  Garden 
contemplated  alterations,  or  improvements  involving 
much  disturbance  of  the  plants,  should  be  deferred  till 
February  or  March,  but  any  work  of  this  kind  that 
may  now  be  done  without  risk  to  valuable  specimens 
should  be  accomplished,  in  order  to  save  time  at  a  more 
busy  season.  Maintain  order  and  cleanliness.  Protect 
during  rigorous  weather  species  that  are  scarce  or 
tender,  or  whose  hardiness  has  not  been  fully  tested. 
Charcoal  broken  small,  rough  siftings  of  wood- 
ashes,  or  spent  tan,  are  tidy  and  suitable  materials 
for  protecting  all  species  that  may  be  covered  with  a 
few  inches  above  the  soil-Hne.  For  evergreen  plants 
no  better  protection  need  be  wished  than  well-clothed 
Spruce  Fir  branches.  These  latter  should  be  freely 
used  also  for  the  protection  of  tender  blossoms  from 
dashing  or  cutting  winds.  Herbaceous  plants  in 
beds  and  borders  should  receive  a  dressing  of  rot-heap 
material  when  frost  favours  wheeling  operations. 
Digging  is  objectionable,  but  the  dressing  may  be 
forked  lightly  in  at  convenience  in  open  weather.  If 
it  is  the  practice  to  winter  tall  Lobelias  out-of-doors, 
lay  several  inches  thick  of  either  of  the  above-men- 
tioned protecting  materials  over  the  places  they 
occupy.  Plant  Anemone  hortensis  and  other  tuberous- 
rooted  spring-flowering  subjects,  if  they  are  yet  to  do, 
without  delay.  Apply  also  the  latter  direction  to  all 
hardy  early  blooming  bulbs,  indeed  to  hardy  bulbs 
generally  that  are  not  yet  planted,  W.  Sutherland, 
Minto  Gardens, 

FRUIT  HOUSES. 

Vines. — Houses  in  which  Grapes  are  hanging  should 
be  kept  as  dry  as  possible,  with  an  average  temperature 
of  45°.  Go  over  every  bunch  several  times  a  week 
and  remove  all  decayed  berries.  Prune  the  Vines  in 
all  houses  from  which  the  fruit  has  been  cut.  If  they 
had  any  red  spider  last  year  wash  them  well,  after  the 
old  bark  is  removed,  with  a  solution  of  Fowler's  insecti- 
cide, scrubbing  them  well  with  a  hard  brush  ;  then 
paint  them  with  a  mixture  of  clay,  lime,  soft  soap  and 
sulphur  ;  wash  out  all  surfaces,  whitewash  the  walls, 
and  paint  the  woodwork  if  necessary.  After  all  this  is 
done,  the  loose  surface  soil  ought  to  be  removed,  which 
will  do  away  with  the  eggs  of  insects.  Vine  eyes  may 
now  be  put  in.  Choose  the  best  matured  wood  with 
large  prominent  eyes.  We  generally  put  them  in  and 
start  them  in  seed-pans,  always  putting  in  more  than 
we  require,  and  when  they  are  about  2  inches  long  pick- 
ing out  of  the  best  the  number  wanted,  and  potting  them 
on  as  they  require  it.  Early  houses  can  now  have  an 
extra  few  degrees  of  heat.  Forcing  will  not  be  so  much 
against  Nature,  now  that  we  have  the  turn  of  the  day. 
Heavy  cropping  should  be  avoided  as  much  as  possible 
in  early  forcing.  It  is  much  better  to  have  a  less  quan- 
tity and  good  quality,  than  an  over  crop  and  all  bad. 
G.  Johnston,  Glamis  Castle. 

Cucumbers. — Those  who  are  desirous  of  having 
Cucumbers  in  March  or  April  should  commence  at  once, 
in  order  to  be  successful.  One  of  the  best  modes,  if  not 
the  best,  is  by  means  of  beds  of  hot  manure,  fresh  from 
the  stables.  This  must  be  thrown  into  a  heap,  and  when 
sufficiently  heated,  must  be  turned  two  or  three  times 
to  "sweeten,"  as  is  commonly  said.  A  one-light 
frame  will  be  large  enough  for  the  purpose.  Make  up 
a  bed  of  the  hot  manure  4  feet  high,  and  about  a  foot 
larger  than  the  frame  ;  then  place  on  the  frame,  and 
when  the  bed  has  settled,  which  will  be  in  a  day  or  so, 
place  about  3  or  4  inches  of  suitable  soil  all  over  it, 
taking  care  daily  that  the  soil  is  kept  close  to  the  sides 
of  the  frame,  in  order  to  prevent  the  rank  heat  from 
escaping  into  it.  When  the  hotbed  is  thus  made 
ready,  sow  the  seeds  of  some  early  kind,  and  don't  be 
against  having  a  plant  of  the  old  ridge  variety  for  a 
trial,  as  this  sometimes  has  succeeded  when  the  others 
have  failed.  Sow  again  in  10  days,  in  case  of  a  failure. 
As  soon  as  the  plants  have  shown  the  first  rough  leaf, 
repot  them  close  up  to  the  leaf  and  plunge  the  pots  up 
to  the  rim.  Keep  the  temperature  at  about  75°  to  80*. 
Watch  the  thermometer  and  bottom-heat,  and  have 
dung  in  readiness  with  which  to  renew  the  heat.  A 
good  plan  is  to  place  a  lining  round  one-half  of  the  bed 
weekly,  until  the  plants  are  old  enough  to  be  trans- 
planted to  their  fruiting  quarters.  R.  Draper,  Seaham 
Hall.  

FRUIT  GARDEN. 

Wall  Fruits. — The  work  done  in  this  department 
will  depend  on  the  state  of  the  weather.  If  frosty, 
old  nails  and  shreds  may  be  cleaned,  new  shreds,  cut 
and  stakes  prepared.  In  open  weather,  the  pruning, 
regulating,  and  nailing  of  wall  trees  may  be  proceeded 
with.  Finish  Apricots  first,  as  they  are  the  earliest  to 
move.  Pears,  Plums,  and  Cherries  should  have  the 
spurs  and  buds  well  thinned  out  ;  these  are  generally 
too  crowded  on  old  trees.  The  ripest  and  most  plump 
buds  are  at  the  ends  of  the  spurs,  but  all  good  buds 
near  to  the  origin  of  the  spur  should  be  retained. 
Before  nailing  the  trees,   they  should  have  a  good 


dressing  of  the  following  mixture  : — Lime,  soot,  sulphur 
and  clay,  reduced  to  the  consistency  of  paint,  with 
soapsuds.  This  will  destroy  and  keep  down  insects. 
M.  Saul,  Stourton  Park. 

Hardy  Fruits. — In  favourable  weather  cleanse  the 
stems  and  prune  standard  trees.  This  is  generally  too 
much  neglected.  Most  trees  are  overcrowded  with 
wood  and  spurs,  and  the  consequences  are,  that  one 
season  there  is  an  abundance  of  inferior  fruit,  as  in 
1870,  and  the  following  season  little  or  none,  as  was 
the  case  last  year.  This  season  we  may  expect  to  have 
a  heavy  crop.  Were  fruit  trees  judiciously  pruned 
every  year,  and  the  fruit  properly  thinned,  we  should 
hear  very  little  about  failing  crops,  and  the  fruit  would 
be  of  superior  quality.  Thin  out  crowded  and  cross 
branches,  so  as  to  admit  the  sun  and  air  freely  ;  thin, 
also,  the  spurs  and  buds  ;  a  few  years'  attention  will 
make  the  trees  productive  of  regular  crops  of  fine  fruit. 
Attend  to  the  pruning  of  pyramid  and  dwarf  trees. 
Give  Strawberries  a  good  dressing  of  half  rotten  stable 
manure  ;  this  will  protect  the  plants  from  frost  and 
cutting  winds,  and  keep  the  fruit  clean  in  summer. 
M.  Saul,  Stourton  Park. 

Bush  Fruits. — If  these  are  pruned  early,  and  the 
surface  of  the  soil  is  carefully  drawn  out  from  around 
the  stem  and  immediately  under  the  bushes,  between 
the  rows,  and  allowed  to  remain  there  until  it  has  had 
the  influence  of  a  few  frosty  nights,  before  turning  the 
soil,  there  would  be  less  complaint  of  the  ravages  of 
the  caterpillar.  Some  persons  defer  pruning  Goose- 
berry bushes  until  spring,  on  account  of  the  depreda- 
tions of  the  bullfinch  during  the  winter  months  ;  but  we 
have  known  them  pass  by  pruned  trees  where  the  soil 
is  turned  up,  for  those  which  remain  unpruned,  and 
with  the  soil  overgrown  between  them.  We  have  also 
noticed  that  where  the  caterpillar  is  a  yearly  visitant, 
so  is  the  bullfinch.  H.  Mills,  Enys. 


KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

Outdoors. — The  crops  of  early  Peas  sown  on  south 
borders,  and  now  breaking  through  the  ground,  should 
be  lightly  covered  with  coal-ashes,  for  the  double  pur- 
pose of  protection  from  frost  and  slugs.  Take  advantage 
of  dry  days  to  sow  successions  of  Peas,  Beans,  and 
Radishes  in  sheltered  places.  The  spade  should  be  in 
constant  use  in  digging  or  trenching  all  vacant  quarters. 
The  Cabbage  plants,  which  the  late  frosts  have  some- 
what loosened,  should  be  gone  over  the  first  fine  day, 
and  made  firm  by  pressing  with  one  foot  on  each  side  the 
row  ;  and  in  hoeing  the  ground,  earth  up  the  plants  by 
inclining  the  soil  towards  them.  Sweep  and  roll  walks 
weekly,  and  try  to  make  the  kitchen  garden  as  enjoy- 
able as  the  pleasure  grounds.  R.  Gilbert,  Burghlew 

Forcing  Department. — Now  is  a  capital  time  to 
fill  all  outlying  frames  with  litter,  dung,  or  leaves — in 
fact,  almost  anything  in  this  way  is  sufficient  to  give  a 
slight  heat.  Put  in  7  to  8  inches  of  light  soil  for 
Early  Carrots  and  Potatos,  and  sow  Radishes  between 
the  rows — waste  not,  want  not.  The  first  Potatos 
which  were  put  into  boxes  for  starting,  now  3  inches 
high,  should  be  at  once  turned  out  into  the  frames, 
taking  care  to  carefully  protect  from  frost.  Above  all, 
take  care  of  the  small  things,  and  bear  in  mind  that 
such  viands  as  lamb  cannot  be  served  without  green 
Mint,  neither  can  a  salad  be  called  perfection  without 
Tarragon — consequently  these  small  matters  must  have 
due  attention.  The  usual  quantity  of  Seakale,  Aspara- 
gus, and  Rhubarb  must  be  put  into  work  as  occasion 
requires.   R.  Gilbert,  Burghley, 

[Other  departments  of  the  garden  will  be  treated  on 
from  week  to  week  in  succession,  according  to  the  re- 
quirements of  the  season.  Eds.] 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Apple  :  D.  T.  F.  A  large,  handsome,  and  excellent 
kitchen  or  sauce  Apple,  which  we  shall  figiire  and 
describe  in  a  future  number. 

Cucumbers:  Cucumber.  Try  the  raisers,  Messrs.  Rd- 
lisson,  Tooting. —£.  D.  No.  We  cannot  define  the 
difference,  if  any  exists.  We  have  no  knowledge  of  the 
Stockwood  Cucumber. 

Manure  for  Conifers. — Messrs.  Dickson,  of  Chester, 
have  sent  us  some  seedling  Larches,  quite  equal  in 
every  respect  to  those  reported  in  this  JoiUTial.  Dec.  30, 
1871,  though  no  manure  had  been  used.  We  doubt 
very  much  whether  the  application  in  such  a  case  of 
guano  is  a  wise  practice.  It  is,  we  conceive,  dangerous 
both  for  the  grower  and  the  purchaser.  If  one  reflects 
upon  the  conditions  under  which  Larch  is  in  general 
planted,  the  advantage  would  certainly  seem  to  be  in 
favour  of  plants  which  had  been  less  pampered. 
M.  J.  B. 

Names  of  Fruit  :  W.  R.  Pears :  r,  Knight's  Winter 
Crassane  ;  2,  3,  Beurre  Diel  ;  4,  Lechfriande ;  S' 
Verulam  ;  6,  Beurr6  Ranee. 

Names  of  Plants  ;  F.  B.,  Markree  Castle.  Your 
Orchid  is  a  species  of  Brassia  which  we  do  not  remeni- 
ber  to  have  seen  before.  If  it  come  from  Guiana  it 
might  be  a  small  and  poor  variety  of  B.  Lanceana. — 
A.  M.  We  cannot  attempt  to  name  such  scraps.—  W. 
R.     Adiantum  Capillus- Veneris  incisum. 


Catalogues  Received  :— Alfred  Legerton  (5,  Aldgate, 
London.  E.),  Trade  Catalogue  of  Garden,  Agricul- 
tural, and  Flower  Seeds.— John  Scott  (Memott),  Cata- 
logue of  Fruit  Trees.  —  Joseph  Schwartz  (Lyons, 
France),    Catalogue  of  Roses.— Wm.   Wood  &  Soni 


i6 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


[Janaary  6,    1S72. 


(Maresfield),  Catalogue  of  Seeds.— Haage  &  Schmidt 
(Erfurl),  Trade  List  of  Garden  and  Agricultural  Seeds. 
— E.  P.  Di-\on  (Hull).  Catalogue  of  Seeds  for  the  Farm 
and  Garden.— Chas.  Wright  &  Co.  (Newark-on-Trent), 
Price  List  of  Garden  Nets. 


CO.MMUNICATIONS  RECEIVED:  D.  S. —Seedling.  — F.  A.  Miller. 
—South  Devon. -Spec— R.  S.-T.  M.  T.-F.  W.  B.-W.  P. 
— Theoboldus.— W.  R.— S.  T.— W.  P.  — F.  Antoine.— J.  W.— 
T.  B.— W.  G.— E.  B.— W.  I.— H.  A.— J.  F.— A.  W.— J.  S.— 
W.  B.— H.  Weddell  (it  shall  be  done  as  you  wish).— W.  B. 
(thanks).— Mr.  Glover.-A.  D.— M.  A.  M. 


CO  VENT  GARDEN.— Jau,  5. 
We  have  not  experienced  any  change  worth  notice,  the 
open  weather  enabling  the  growers  to  keep  us  well 
supplied  with  all  kinds  of  outdoor  produce,  inferior 
qualities  of  which  are  being  sold  at  merely  nominal  prices. 
A  fair  supply  of  salading  reaches  us  weekly  from  Paris 
and  its  neighbourhood.  Hothouse  Grapes  are  freely 
supplied,  large  quantities  coming  from  Scotland. 
Flowers. 

^,  d.  s.  d. 
Azaleas,p.doz.sprayb2  o  to  4  o 
Cainelhas,  per  doz. 

blooms      . .  ,.60  — T2  o 

Heliotropes,  p.  doz. 

sprays       . .  .,10  —   . . 

Hyacinths,  each    . .  06  —  10 
Lily  of  the  Valley, 

p.  doz.  sprays     ..  6  o — 12  o 
Pelargoniums, 

French, p.izsprays    ..  —  20 


5.  d.     s.  d. 


Pelargoniums,  Scar- 

let, p.  12  sprays.. 

I  0  to  3  0 

Poinsettias,  each  . . 

06  —  10 

Roses,  per  doz. 

6  0  — 12  0 

Tropa;olunis,  p.  bun. 

0  6—  .. 

Tulips,  per  doz.     . . 

3  0  —   . . 

Violets,  Neapolitan, 

per  bunch 

10  —  . . 

White  Lilac,  p.  doz. 

sprays 

i8  0—24  0 

s.  d.  s.  d. 
Apples,  per  J  sieve  2  o  to  5  o 
Cobs,  per  loo  lb,  .  .60  o  — 63  o 
Filberts,  per  Ih.  . .  o  S  —  10 
Grapes,  per  lb.  .,40  —  80 
Lemons,  per  100   ..70  — 10  o 


s.  d.     £.  d. 

Melons,  each  ..    2  o  to  5  o 

Oranges,  per  100  ..60  — 10  o 
Pears,  per  dozen  . .  40  —  80 
Pine-apples,  per  lb.  40 —  80 
Pomegranates,  each  04  —  08 


Vegetables. 
s.  d.  s.  d. 
Artichokes,green,ca.  o  6  to  o  8 
Asparagus,  per  100  8  o  — 10  o 
Beet,  per  doz,  . .  i  o  —  20 
Broccoli,  purple,  per 

bundle 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p, 

half  sieve.. 
Cabbages,  p.  doz.  . , 
Capsicums,  p.  100.. 
Carrots,  p.  bunch  . 

—  French,  do. . . 
Cauliflowers,  p.  doz, 
Celery,  per  bundle  , 
Chilies.  per  100 
Cucumbers,  each  . 
French  Beans,  new, 

per  100  ,, 


10—  I  3 

16  —  26 
.  10  —  13 

16  —  20 
.05—07 

10  —  16 
,  20  —  60 
,  10  —  20 

16  —  20 

TO  30 


3  o- 


■  4  o 


s.  d.  s.  d. 
Herbs,  per  bunch  . .  o  2  to  o  4 
Horse  Radish, p.  bun.  3  o —  50 
Leeks,  per  bunch  . .  02  —  04 
Lettuces,  perscorc. .  16 —  20 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott,  i  o  —  26 
Onions,  per  bunch  ..04  —  09 
Parsley,  p.  bunch  ..02  —  04 
Peas,  new,  per  pun.  —  —  30 
Radishes,  per  bunch  02 —  .. 

—  French,  do. . .  04—06 
Rhubarb,  p.  bund.  .16  —  20 
Salsafy,  p.  bun.  . .  o  g  —  i  3 
Scorzonera,  p.  bun.  09  —  13 
Seakale,  per  punnet  16  —  26 
Shallots,  per  lb.  ..08—.. 
Spinach,  per  bushel  30  —  40 
Turnips,  p.  bunch..  02  —  04 


Potatos,  Regents,  tqos.  to  1305.  ;  Flukes,  120s.  to  isar.  ; 
French  Shaws,  6cj.  to  yor. 


BOROUGH  MARKET. 
Wholesale  Prices. 


Savoys. 


Dec.  30 . 
Jan.      2. 


Greens. 


Per  doz. 
.    d.      s.  d. 
>     7  to  o  10 

\    6  —  I    o  I 

I     4  —  o     91 


Per  doz.  bun. 
J-.    d.      s.  d. 


Parsnips. 


Per  score. 
d.      s.  d. 
o.  to  3     00     S  to  o  10 

9  —  2     6|0     6  —  o 

6^2     60    6  —  o 


Per  doz. 
s.    d.      s.  d. 


Red  Beet. 


POTATOS.— Southwark,  Jan.  i. 

During  the  past  week  the  arrivals  coastwise  have  been 
fair.  The  trade  has  been  quite  of  a  holiday  character, 
and  next  to  nothing  doing—  only  a  few  of  the  best 
samples  sold  at  reduced  prices.  The  following  are 
this  days  quotations,  which  are  merely  nominal  ; 
—Yorkshire  Flukes,  per  ton,  loos.  to  130J.  ;  Yorkshire 
Regents,  60s.  to  looj. ;  Dunbar  and  East  Lothian  do., 
looj.  to  130J. ;  Perth,  Forfar,  and  Fifeshire  do.,  85^.  to 
loos.  \  do.  Rocks,  8oj.  to  gos.  ;  Kent  and  Essex 
Regents,  50J.  to  90^^.;  do.  Rocks,  6oj.  to  8oj.  ;  French 
Whites,  60s.  to  JOS. 


For  Want  Places,  &c.,  see  page  31. 


NUTTING  AND  SONS,  having  had  many  complaints 
that  tl.cir  WHOLESALE  SEED  LIST  has  NOT  BEEN 
RECEIVED,  allhoiit'h  duly  posted,  v/ill  be  oblieed  to  their  friends 
\vho  have  not  had  one  by  applying  at  once,  when  another  shall  be 
immediately  forwarded. 

Seed  Warehouses,  60,  Barbican,  London,  E.C. — ^January  6. 


OEEDS    NOT  to  be  SURPASSED  for   QUALITY 

^^  and  Cheapness  combined. — All  Orders  amounting  to  $s.  sent 
Larri.nge  free  to  any  Railway  Station  in  England.  Scotland,  or  Wales, 
or  to  any  seaport  town  in  Ireland.  No  charge  is  made  for  packing  or 
packages.     Your  early  orders  will  greatly  oblige. 

CATALOGUE  free  on  application. 
G.    M.    KEMP-WELCH,     Nurseryman,     Seedsman    and     Florist, 
Coiham,  Bristol. 


rj-'O  PLANTERS.— STRONG  FOREST  TREES,  &c. 

X     LARCH,  2  to  3,  ii%  to  3X,  and  3  to  4  feel. 
SCOTCH,  i]A  to  2,  2  to  2^',  and  2%  to  3  leet. 
SPRUCE,  1J4  to  2,  z  to  2%,  2%  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
ENGLISH  OAKS,  1%  to  3?^,  3104,  4105,  5  to  6,  and  6  to  7  ft. 
BIRCH,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet. 
ELMS  (Wych),  2  to  3,  3  to  j,  and  4  to  5  feel. 
HAZELS,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  ana  4  to  5  feet. 
MOUNTAIN  ASH,  2  to  3,  3104,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
SYCAMORES,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet. 
With  many  others,  all  of  the  best  auality.     The   Larch  are  clean, 
stout,  well-grown  stuff,  .ind  hai'c  never  been  injured  by  frost. 
JOHN  illLl,,  The  Nurseries,  Spot  Acre,  near  Slonc,  Staffordshire. 


To  Curators  of  Public  Parks,  &c. 

JAMES  CARTER  AND  CO.  offer  their  entire  surplus 
stock  of  splendid  named  HYACINTHS,  TULIPS,  NARCISSUS, 
&c.,  at  a  very  low  price,  for  immediate  clearance.  Price  and  par- 
ticulars on  application. 

237  and  238,  High  Hotborn,  London.  W  C. 


Gladioli  and  Roses. 

PRICED      DESCRIPTIVE      CATALOGUE      of 
FRENCH    HYBRID    GLADIOLI,    ROSES,  &c.,  forwarded 
free  on  application  to 

DKUMMOND       BROTHERS,      Seedsmen,     Nurserymen,     and 
F'lorists,  52,  George  Street.  Edinburgh- 


Lilies  of  the  Valley. 
Tji     H.     KRELAGE    AND    SON.     Nurserymen, 

X)j  •  Seedsmen,  and  Flokists,  Haarlem,  Holland,  have  yet  to 
spare  a  few  hundred  extra  strong  3  yr.  old  Clumps  of  LILIES  OF 
'1  H  F-  VALLF:Y,  very  fit  for  forcing.  Price  on  application.  Immediate 
orders  are  solicited. 


New  Japanese  LUies,  Orcliids,  Maples,  Conifer  Seed,  &c. 

MESSRS.    TEUTSCHEL     AND     CO.,     Colchester, 
Agents   for   Messrs.  Kramer  &  Co,,  Seedsmen  and  Nursery- 
men, Yokohama.  Japan. 

CATALOGUES  of  Importations  in  preparation,  will  include  three 
New  Lilies  and  L.  Leichtlinii,  several  New  Orchids,  Seeds  of  Abies 
Firma,  &c. 


British  Fern  Catalogue. 

ROBERT  SIM  will  send,  post  free  for  six  postage 
stamps.  Part  I.  (British  F'erns  and  their  varieties,  36  pages, 
including  prices  of  Hardy  Exotic  Ferns),  of  his  Priced  DescripUve 
CATALOGUE  of  BRITISH  and  EXOTIC  FERNS,  No.  7- 

Foot's  Cray  Nursery,  Sidcup  Hill,  Kent. 


Lycopodium  denticulatum. 

WANTED,  100  dozen  strong  plants,  in  48-sized  pots  ; 
also  large  PALMS,  such  as  Seaforthia  elegans,  from  8  to  20 
feet  high;  also  handsome  TREE  FERNS,  with  8  feet  stems;  also 
strong  GREENHOUSE  CREEPERS,  established  in  large  pots. 
Send  full  particulars  as  to   size,  price,  &c.,  to 

JOHN     WILLS,     Royal    Exotic      Nursery,     Sussex     Place,     Old 
Brompton,  London,  S.W. 


Lord  Mayor's  Banquet. 

THE     FLORAL      ORNAMENTATION    was    by 
Mr.  John  Wills,  of  Old    Brompton,  whose    taste  was  gene- 
rally commented  on  in  terms  of  eulogy.  "—fiiiiCi/y  Press.  Nov.  ti,  1871. 
All  kinds  oJFLORAL    DECORATIONS,  WEDDING,    OPERA, 
and  other  BOUQUETS. 

JOHN  WILLS,  Royal  Exotic  Nursery  and  Floral  Depflt,  Sussex 
Place,  Old  Brompton,  London,  S-W. 


Grape  Vines. 

FRANCIS  R.  KINGHORN  has  Fruiting  and  Planting 
Canes  of  the  most  esteemed  sorts,  in  fine  condition;  the  following 
in    considerable     number :— BLACK    HAMBURGH,     MTLLHILL 
HAMBURGH,     BUCKLAND     SWEETWATER,     ESPEKIONE, 
and  FOSTER'S  SEEDLING,  31,  td.,  7s.  6.i  ,  and  10s.  6d.  each. 
Sheen  Nursery,  Richmond,  Surrey. 


Fruit  Trees,  Fruit  Trees. 
JOHN     PERKINS,     Sen.,     begs     to     offer    the 

fJ  following : — 

Standard  PEARS  of  all  the  leading  sorts, J  to  6  feet  stems,  601.  per  100. 

Dwarf-Trained  MOORPARK  APRICOTS,  241.  per  dozen. 

„  PEACHES,  24s.  per  do«n. 

„  MAYDUKE  CHERRIES   &c.,  iSj.  per  dozen. 

5a,  Market  Square.  Northampton. 


VJTRONG     STANDARD     APPLES,     PEARS,    and 

O  WALNUTS.— Fine   Standard    and    dwarf  trained    APRICOTS. 
PEACHES,   and   NECTARINES,    Standard  and    Dwarf    Perpetual 
Rt)SES,  Evergreen  and    Deciduous   Flowering  SHRUBS,    FOREST 
TREES  of  sorts,  from  2  to  10  feel.     Prices  on  application  to 
CHARLES  BURGESS.  The  Nurseries.  London  Road,  Cheltenham. 


Special  Offer. 

ALDER.  3^  to  4i  feet,  20J. ;  BIRCH,  2  to  3  feet.  21^.; 
HERBERIS    VULGARIS,    i    to    1%   foot.    14J.  ;    BERBERIS 
An Ul  FOLIUM,  2-yr.,  31.  bd.  per  looo.     Samples  on  application  to 

j.    J.    MARRIOTT,    Littleton     Street,    Walsall;    and    Highfield 
Nurser>',  Matlock. 


To  the  Trade. 

STRONG  HAZEL,  SLOES,  3-yr.  Seedling  OAK, 
2-yr.  Seedling  BIRCH,  2-yr.  (i-yr.)  AUSTRIACA,  i  and 
2-yr.  Seedling  LARCH,  i-yr.  transplanted  LARCH,  VICTORIA 
RHUBARB. 

DICKSONS  AND  CO.,  Waterloo  Place,  Edinburgh. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  FRUIT  LIST  contain  a 
sketch  of  the  various  forms  of  Trees,  with  Directions  for 
Cultivation,  Soil,  Drainage,  Manure,  Pruning,  Lifting,  Cropping, 
Treatment  under  Glass,  also  their  synonyms,  quality,  size,  form, 
skin,  colour,  flesh,  flavour,  use,  growth,  duration,  season,  price,  &c. 
F'ree  by  post  for  one  stamp. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


Agricultural  Seeds. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  Seicd  Merchants,  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  HOME-GROWN 
AGRICULTURAL  SEEDS  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded, 
post  free,  upon  application. 


RAYNBIRD.       CALDECOTT,       BAWTREE, 
DOWLING  AND  COMPANY   (Limited), 
Corn,  Seed,  Manure,  and  Oilcake  Mebchant.s. 
Address,  26,  Seed  Market,  Mark  Lane,  E.C.  ;  or  Basingstoke. 
Samples  and  prices  post  free  on  application.      Prize  Medals,  1851, 
for  Wheat;  1862,  for  "  Excellent  Seea  Corn  and  Seeds." 


Extra  fine  Forcing  and  Planting  Seakale. 

C^  EORGE  CLARKE  has  many  thousands,  very  fine 
X  clean  stuff,  this  season,  which  he  begs  to  offer  as  under: — 
Planting  size,  5s.  per  100;  forcing,  los.,  12s.,  and  some  superfine 
selectea  Crowns,  15*.  per  100. 

Brixton  Hilt,  London,  S.W. ;  and  Mottingham,  Kent,S.E. 


o 


H       E 


R 


D 


Choice  PRIMULA  SINENSIS  FIMBRIATA  ALBA 

NUNEHAM   PARK  ONION 

CUTBUSH'S  CRIMSON   HEET  (unsurpassed  ycl) 

SCRYMGER'S  BRUSSELS  SPROUTS 

BETA  CHILENSIS,  fine  slock 

TROP.'EOLUM  CANARIENSE 

Prices  on  application  to 
WILLIAM  CUTBUSH  &  SON,  Seedsmen,  Ilighfiatc,  London,  N. 


H 


Seed  Potatos. 

AND    F.  SHARPK'S  Wholesale  LIST  of  SEED 

•  POTATOS  is  now  readv,  and  may  be  had,  post  free,  on 
application.  It  comprises  all  the  nest  early  and  late  varieties,  also  all 
the  American  sorts  worthy  of  cultivation.  The  quality  is  excellent, 
and  the  prices  very  moderate. 

Seed  Growing  Establishment,  Wisbech. 


SELECT        SEED       POTATOS. 
Gooderich,  very  early  white 
Dalmahoy.  fine  early  White    |    Reef  Bo(j,  fine  early  White 
GryfTe  Castte,  splendid  second  early  White 
Walker's  Early  Regent,  for  main  crop 
Paterson's  Victoria,  for  late  crop. 
We  ofter  the  above  leading  kinds,  all  carefully   selected  and  grown 
specially  for  seed,  in  wholesale  quantities,  at  moderate  prices,  to  be 


had  on  application. 
'MITH 


AND  SIMONS,  36  and  38,  Howard  Street,  Glasgow. 


THE     BEST     NEW     PEA 

OF  THE  SEASON, 

CULLINGFORD'S 

MAGNUM   BONUM. 


WM.   CUTBUSH    &    SON 

Have  much  confidence  in  introducing  this 
first-class  Pea,  believing  it  to  be  thoroughly  dis- 
tinct and  a  great  acquisition.  It  is  a  Wrinkled 
Marrow,  and  a  most  extraordinary  bearer,  the 
haulm  being  literally  covered  with  pods,  each 
containing  eight  or  ten  enormously  large  Peas. 
The  colour  is  deep  green,  and  most  delicious 
flavour.  The  height  is  from  5  to  6  feet,  branch- 
ing and  robust  habit,  and  should  be  sown  or 
planted  very  thin.  Its  continuous  bearing  pro- 
perties are  remarkable.  We  annex  a  few  Testi- 
monials, which  will  more  than  confirm  all  we 
can  state  in  regard  to  its  superiority  : — 

From  Mr.  Tillyard,  Brockksby  Park  Gardens,  Lincoln. 

"The  Magnum  Bonum  is  really  a  first-class  Pea;  out  of  all  the 
kinds  I  had  this  season  there  are  none  1  thought  so  much  of.  \  had 
them  cooked  for  many  persons  to  taste  who  called  here,  and  they  ail 
pronounced  them  of  first-rate  flavour ;  size  and  quantity  all  that  could 
be  desired.  Amongst  others,  Mr,  Niven,  of  the  Botanic  Gardens, 
Hull,  and  Mr.  Kingston,  of  Brantingham  Thorpe  Gardens,  endorse 
this  favourable  opinion." 

From  Mr.  E.  Bennett,  EnvLlU  Hall  Gardens^  Stour- 
bridge. 

"Your  Magnum  Bonuin  Pea  will  prove  quite  an  acquisition,  the 
flavour  being  particularly  line." 

From  Mr.  Willakd,  Holly  Lodge  Gardens,  Higkgate, 

"  The  Magnum  Bonum  Pea  I  found  to  be  very  large,  but  not  coarse, 
deep  green,  and  the  flavour  all  that  could  be  desired  ;  indeed,  I  regard 
it  as  a  first-class  Pea. 

From  Mr.  Hill,  Keek  Hall  Gardens,  Staffordshire. 

"Your  Magnum  Bonum  Pea  is  certainly  a  verj-  fine  marrow  ;  sown 
May  20,  fit  lor  table  the  middle  of  August.    A  most  abundant  cropper. 

From  Mr.  Welch,  Holkycombe  Gardens,  Hampshire. 

'*  Your  Magnum  Bonum  Pea  is  one  of  the  best  I  ever  saw.  Wc 
had  some  for  dinner  a  few  days  ago.  and  although  apparently  old  for 
cooking,  they  came  to  table  beautifully  tender  and  green,  and  the 
flavour  excellent.     I  am  much  pleased  with  it." 

From  Mr.  DOUGLAS,  Loxford  Hall  Gardens,  Uford. 

"  I  gave  your  Pea  Magnum  Honum  a  fair  trial.  I  think  it  first-rate, 
both  as  regards  quality  and  productiveness." 

From  Mr.  Kingston,  Brantingham  Thorpe  Gardens. 

*'  The  new  Pea  I  saw  ;,'rowing  in  the  Gardens  at  Brocklesby  Park 
I  consider  a  fine  promising  variety,  good  colour,  good  flavour,  and 
very  prolific. 

From  Mr.  Tames  Niven.  Curator,  Botanic  Gardens, 
Hull. 

"  I  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  Magnum  Bonum  Pea  at 
Brocklciby  I'ark,  and  gladly  bear  testimony  to  its  qualities.  The 
pod  large  and  well-filled  with  Peas,  more  like  Beans  as  regards  size, 
and  of  excellent  flavour,  added  to  which  it  had  every  appearance  of 
being  a  strong  vigorous  grower.  It  is  perfectly  distinct  from  any 
variety  of  Pea  that  I  am  acquainted  with,  and  well  maintains  the  very 
appropriate  name  which  has  been  given  to  it." 

Retail  price :— auarts,  43.  ;   Pints,  2s.  6d. 


WRIGHT'S  GROVE  WHITE  CELERY,  one  of 
the  largest  and  best-flavoured  bleaching  varieties  ever  intro- 
duced; after  the  same  character  as  the  Grove  Red,  sent  out  by  me, 
but  blanches  about  a  fortnight  earlier.  It  has  been  awarded  the  First 
Prizes  at  the  two  Celery  Shows  held  at  Retford,  the  average  weight  of 
the  sticks  exhibited  being  6  lb.  each.  It  was  raised  by  myself,  and 
will  be  found  one  of  the  best  white  Celeries  in  cultivation.  This  is 
the  second  season  I  have  sent  it  out,  and,  as  the  stock  of  seed  is 
limited,  early  orders  are  requested.  Price  is.  p,  packet,  or  6i.  p.  doz. 
W.  WRIGHT.  Seed  Merchant,  East  Retford. 
Agents  ;  HURST  and  SON,  6,  Leadcnhall  Street,  London,  E.C. 


The   Handsomest   Early    Potato 

OF  THE  SEASON, 

POTTLE'S  PRINCE  TECK 

This  superb  Early  Kidney  Potato  was  exhibited 
by  Mr.  Pottle  in  his  Collection  of  Vegetables, 
which  received  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  Prize 
at  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society's  Show  at 
Manchester,  in  July,  1S69,  and  was  universally 
admitted  to  be  the  finest  Potato  ever  shown.  It 
was  sent  in  May  last  to  the  Fruit  Committee  of 
the  Royal  Horticultural  Society,  and  was  con- 
sidered "a  fine-looking  Kidney  Potato,  which 
proved  of  good  quality  when  cooked."  We  can 
most  confidently  recommend  this  superb  Potato 
for  frame  or  early  planting.  It  is  particularly 
short  in  the  haulm,  and  productive.  The  flesh  is 
yellowish  white,  very  floury  when  cooked,  and 
of  most  excellent  flavour.  Those  who  require  a 
first-class  early  Potato,  either  for  home  use  or 
exhibition,  will  find  this  unequalled. 

The  stock  is  very  limited,  and  vvill  be  sent  out 
strictly  in  rotation,  as  orders  are  received. 

In  Sealed  Peck  Bags  (14  lb.),  7s.  6d. 


Trade  Price  of  Magnum   Botium  Pea,   and 
Prince  Tec/c  Potato,  on  application. 

U^"  Names  of  Firms  procuring  supplies  will 
be  published  the  third  Saturday  in  January. 


HIGHGATE  NURSERIES, 

LONDON,  N. 


January  6,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


17 


irHE     LONDON     MANURE     COMPANY. 

X  (Established  1840).  . 

Have  now  rearfy  for  dclivor)-,  in  hne  dry  condition- 

TONCENTRATYb°\?l°l'o'NIACAL  MANURE,  for  Top-Dressing 
PURSER'S  BONE  TURNIP  MANURE. 
SUPERPHOSPHATE  of  LIME. 

S'AVG°E''L"'il^';?,1,If  POTATO  MANURES.     Also 
PERUVIAN    GUANO   (as   imported   by   Messrs.  1  homson,    Honar, 
&  Co.),  NITRATE  of  SODA,  SULPHATE  of  AMMONIA,  &c 
ii6,  Fcnchurch  Street.  EDWARD  PURbEK,  Secretary. 


REES  AND  CO.'S  BIPHOSPHATED  PERUVIAN 
GUANO  (Registcicd  Trade  Mark,  Flying  Albatross)  is  now 
ready  for  deliver^'  in  quantity  and  in  fine  condition.  It  is  believed  to 
be  the  best  Artificial  Manure  yet  produced,  ,Itsbajie  is  Peruvian 
Government  Guano;  it  contains  21  percent,  of  Soluble  Phosphates, 
^  to  7  per  cent,  of  Ammonia  with  Sails  of  Potash.  See  reports  of  Dr. 
Voelcker,  Dr.  Anderson,  Professor  Way,  Mr.  Ogston  and  Mr  Sibson, 
Delivered  in  2  cwt.  bags,  each  ol  which  is  secured  by  a  leaden  seal, 
bearing  the  Company's  Trade  Mark.  The  analysis  is  guaranteed  so 
long  as  the  seals  remain  unbroken. 

REES  AND  CO.  (Limited),  58,  Old  Broad  Street,  London,  E.C. 

A  "gents  wanted  for  an  OLD  ESTABLISHED 
MANURE.  Liberal  Commission.  Address,  by  letter  only, 
R.  M.,  Messrs.  Dalton  &  Morgan,  Wholesale  Stationcrs,46,  Southwark 
Street,  Borough,  London,  S  E. 


FOWLER'S     PATENT    STEAM     PLOUGH 
and    CULTIVATOR    may    be    SEEN    at    WORK    in    every 
Agricultural  County  in   England. 

For  particulars  apply  to  JOHN  FOWLER  and  CO.,  71,  Comhill, 
London,  E.C.  ;  and  Steam  Plough  Works,  Leeds. 


MR.   JAMES    ERASER.    Horticultural   and 
Agricultural  Valuer  and   Auctioneer,  Mayland's  Farm, 
Romford,  Essex  ;  late  of  the  firm  ol  J.  &  J.  Eraser,  Lea  Bridge  Road. 

To  Land  Agents. 

ANTED,  either  to  BUY  a  SMALL  FARM  or  to 


W 


.  -  RENT  a  GRAZING  FARM  of  about  150  or  200  Acres,  with 
a  nice  house  on  it,  in  the  Midland  Counties.     Address  particulars  to 

Captain  SOAMES,  Messrs.  Soanics  &  Thompson,  17,  Moorgatc 
Street,  London,  E.C.  


VINERIES  TO  BE  LET,  with  Immediate  Possession, 
comprising  about  180  feet  of  Glass  by  17,  with  Vines  in  full 
bearing,  and  healed  chiefly  with  hot  water,  &c.  Some  Garden  Ground 
may  be  had  with  them.  The  Owner  cannot  attend  to  them,  as 
hitherto.  Sixty  miles  north  of  London.  None  but  Churchmen  of  good 
character  will  have  them. 

RECTOR,  Gardaicn'  Chronicle  Office,  W.C. 


To  Nurserymen,  Vine  Growers,  and  Others. 

SOUTH     BOURNE    WINTER    and    SUMMER    GARDENS 
COMPANY.   LIMITED. 

TO  BE  LET.  or  SOLD,  by  Tender,  all  that 
CONSERVATORY  and  GARDEN  situate  at  South  Bourne, 
near  Eouincmouih,  Hants;  the  Conservatory  formerly  erected  at 
Tcdworlh,  by  Ashcton  Smith,  Esq.,  314  feet  long,  40  feet  wide,  and  14 
feet  high,  now  removed  to  South  Bourne,  with  the  Gardens,  consisting 
of  about  3  acres.  The  Company  is  willing — i.  To  sell  the  Garden  and 
the  Building  as  it  stands ;  z.  To  sell  the  Building  for  removal ;  3,  To  let 
for  a  term  of  years.  It  is  confidently  believed  thai  a  verj'  large  income 
may  be  made  by  the  cultivation  of  Grapes  alone.  Further  particulars, 
with  terms  of  sale  or  letting,  may  be  had  of  Mr.  MATTHEW  WEBB. 
Bournemouth.  Honorarj-  Secretary.  Tenders  for  purchase  or  lease, 
specifying  price,  tcnn,  rent,  and  other  conditions  required,  may  be 
sent  to  Mr.  MATTHEW  WEBB,  before  February  1,  next.  The 
Llircctors  do  not  engage  to  accept  any  Tender. 


SALES     BY    AUCTION. 

SALE    THIS    DAY,  al  IIAI.K-PAST   TWELVE    O'CLOCK. 

Plants  and  Bulbs. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  on 
SATURDAY,  January  6,  at  half-past  iz  o'clock  precisely.  First-class 
Slanciardand  Dwarf  ROSES.  Standard-trained  and  Pyramid  FRUIT 
TREr,S,  CONIFERS,  LAURELS,  CARNATIONS,  PICOTEF.S 
and  PINKS,  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS,  DUTCH  BULBS, 
GLADIOLI    &c. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Lillum  auratum  and  other  Bulbs  from  Japan. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Kooms.  ^S,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  on 
TUESDAY.  January'  q.  at  "half  past  12  o'clock  precisely,  8000  BULBS 
of  LILIUM  AURATUM,  iust  arrived  from  Japan  in  splendid 
condition.  Also  a  variety  of  New  and  Rare  LILIES,  several  of 
which  have  never  yet  been  offered  for  sale.  6  lb.  of  SEED  of 
CUPRESSUS  LAWSONIANA. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Llttlebury,  near  Saffron  Walden. 

IMPORTANT    SALE    of   SHORTHORNS. 

MR.  STRAFFORD  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
received  instructions  from  the  Executors  of  the  late  John 
Clayden,  Esq  ,  of  I.ittlcbury.  to  SELL  by  AUCTION,  without  reserve, 
on  TUESDAY.  March  iQ  next,  the  very  select  HERDofPURE-BREl) 
SHORTHORNS,  consisting  of  about  ^5  Head  of  Bulls,  Cows,  and 
Heifers,  chiefly  of  the  far-famed  Knightley  blood,  and  including  a  few 
very  choice  specimens  of  the  Kirklevington  sort.  First-class  Bulls  of 
these  renowned  families  have  been  used. 

Catalogues  with  Pedigrees  will  be  issued  in  due  time,  and  further 
particulars  given  in  future  Advertisements.— 13,  Euston  Square,  N.W. 


Berkeley  Castle,  Gloucestersliire. 

THIRD  PERHiDICAL  SALE  of  PURK-BRED  SHORTHORN 
STOCK.   BERKSHIRE  PIGS,  &c. 

MR.  JOHN  THORNTON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 
without  reserve,  on  FRIDAY.  March  8,  at  the  Home  Farm. 
Berkeley,  FORTY  HEAD  of  PURE-BRED  SHORTHORNS,  the 
property  of  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Fitzhardingc.  About  half  the 
number  are  choice  Cows  and  Heifers,  including  several  good  speci- 
mens of  the  Florentia,  Ursula,  and  Violet  tribes,  from  Col.  Kingscotc. 
Messrs,  Bowly  and  Rich's  herds.  The  Bulls  comprise  many  promis- 
ing young  animals  of  fashionable  blood,  such  as  the  Darlington, 
Craggs,  Cowslips.  Musical,  and  Seraphina  families.  Thej'  arc  all  I  y 
first-class  Bates  Sires,  and  chiefly  by  the  well-known  Bull  Lord  Wild 
Eyes  sth  (26,762),  who  is  also  included  in  the  Sale. 

Several    first-class    young    BERKSHIRE  PIGS,  from    the    noted 

Berkeley  stock,  which  realised  such  extraordinary  prices  last  vear, 

will  also  be  SOLD.  ' 

Catalogues,  with  Pedigrees,  will  soon  be  issued. 

Sale  of  tlie  late  Mr.  Pawlett's  Herd  of  Shorthorns, 

At  EEESTON,  SANDY,  BEDS. 

MR.  JOHN  THORNTON,  in  connection  "with 
Messrs.  CONDER  and  SON,  will  SELL  by  UNRESERVED 
AUCTION,  by  order  of  the  Executors,  on  THURSDAY,  April  4  at 
Eeeston.  about  a  mile  from  Sandj',  the  ENTIRE  HERD  of  SHORT- 
HORNS, bred  by  the  late  Mr.  T.  E.  Pawlett.  This  Stock  is  of  a  verj' 
first-class  character;  it  consists  entirely  of  two  families,  the  Mantalini 
tribe,  bred  by  Mr.  John  Booth,  and  the  Fame  tribe,  bred  by  Mr. 
Richard  Booth;  to  these  have  been  used  first-class  bulls,  chiefly  of 
the  favourite  Bracelet  or  Buckingham  blood  ;  and  the  sires  at  present 
in  use  are  Prince  Regent  (29,677),  of  the  Fame  tribe,  and  Lord  Blithe- 
some (20,067).  of  the  Mantalini  family;  (he  former  bv  Mr.  Booth's 
King  Cnarles,  and  the  latter  by  Lord  Blithe,  own  brother  to  the 
celebrated  prize  cow  Lady  FragranL 

The  whole  of  the  LIVE  and  DEAD  FARMING  STOCK  will  be 
SOLD  the  following  week,  particulars  of  which  will  be  duly 
advertised. 

Catalogues,  with  Pedigrees,  will  soon  be  issued. 


THE      LANDS      IMPROVEMENT      COMPANY. 
(Incorporated  bv  Special  Acts  of  Parliament.) 
DRAINAGE,  RECLAMATION,  FARM   BUILDINGS, 
LABOURERS'  COTTAGES.  TRAMWAYS,  RAILWAYS,  &C. 
Directors. 


fohn  Clutton,  Esq. 
Frederick  L.  Daanwood,  Esq. 
Henrv'  Farquhar,  Esq. 
Lord  Garlics,  M.P. 
John  Horatio  Lloyd,  Esq. 


Granville  R.  Ryder.  Esq. 
Granville  R.H. Somerset, Esq., Q.C. 
Henry  W.  West,  Esq.,  M.P. 
Charles  Watkin  Williams  Wynn, 
Esq.,  M.P.  (Chairman). 
The  Company  advances  money,  unlimited  in  amount,  for  all  purposes 
of  Agricultural  Improvement,  including  the   Erection  of  Cottages  and 
Farm  Buildings,  to  the  Owners  of  settled  and  other  Estates,  and  to 
the  Clergy  in  respect  of  their  Glebe  Lands. 

Tenants  may,  with  the  consent  of  their  Landlords,  execute  the 
necessary  I  mproveraents  upon  the  Farms  which  they  occupy,  charging 
them  with  the  cost. 

UTILISATION  of  SEWAGE.— The  Company  also  advances 
money  for  the  purpose  of  Works  of  Sewage  Irrigation. 

The  whole  outlay  and  expenses  are  liquidated  by  a  rent-charge  upon 
the  land,  redeeming  principle  and  interest,  over  23  years. 
No  investifiation  of  title  is  required. 

For  Forms  and  further  information,  apply  to  GRANVILLE  R. 
RYDER,  Esq.,  Managing  Director,  No,  i,  Great  George  Street, 
Storey's  Gate,  Westminster,  S.W.  


Agricultural  Land  Improvements. 

DRAINAGE,    SEWAGE    IRRIG\IU>N.    FARM     BUILDINGS, 
LABOURERS'  COTTAGES,  &c. 

THE    GENERAL     LAND     DRAINAGE    and 
IMPROVEMENT  COMPANY. 
(Incorporated  by  Act  of  Parliament  in  iSjg.) 
Directors. 

The  Right  Hon.  Viscount  Com- 


T.  Chapman,  Esq.,  F.R.3. 
George  Thomas  Clark,  Esq, 
John  C.  Cobbold,  Esq. 
Henry  William  Currie,  Esq 


bermere. 
Edward  lohn  Hutchins,  Esq. 
Sir  WiUiam  Tite,  M.P.,  C.B. 
Principal  Engineer,  Mr.  J.  BAILEY  DENTON. 
Agricultural    Improvements    of    every   kind    are   executed   by   the 
Company,  or   the  outlay  thereon  repaid   to   Landowners  who   prefer 
carrying  out  the  works  by  their  own  agents. 

Tenant  Farmers  may  also,  by  agreement  with  their  Landlords, 
procure  the  execution  of  such  Improvements. 

The  outlay,  with  all  official  expenses,  may  be  charged  upon  the 
Estate,  and  paid  off  by  a  Rent-charge  of  about  6  per  cent.,  in  31  years, 
or  at  the  option  of  the  Landowners  in  a  shorter  term. 

No  investigation  of  title  necessary,  and  no  legal  expenses  incurred. 

UTILISATION  of  SEWAGE. 
Special  arrangements  will  be  made  with  Boards  of  Health,  Sewer 
Authorities,  and  others,  for  undertaking  Works  of  Sewage  Irrigation, 
together  with  all  Works  incidental  thereto.  The  outlay  in  respect 
thereof  maybe  repaid  either  by  a  sum  in  gross,  or  by  a  terminable 
yearly  payment,  discharging  in  a  fixed  period  the  principal  amount 
with  interest  thereon. 

Application  to  be  made  to  ARTHUR  MILMAN,  Esq.,  the 
Sec  rctary,  at  the  Offices  of  the  Company,  22,  Whitehall  Place.  S.W. 


FRENCH  PEASANT  FARMERS'  SEED  FUND. 
Notice  is  hereby  given,  that  all  CLAIMS  against  the 
EXECUTIVE  COMMIl  PEE  of  this  FUND  must  be  sent  in  to 
ihe  Honorary  Secretaries  on  or  before  MONDAY,  January  15. 
Secretaries  to  Local  Committees  and  Agricultural  Societies.  Clerks  to 
Boards  of  Guardians  and  others,  are  also  requested  to  PAY  their 
BALANCES  to  the  account  of  the  Fund  at  the  London  and  County 
Bank,  or  to  the  Honorary  Secretaries,*  by  the  above  dale. 
By  order  of  the  Executive  Committee. 

■*  iiT.'nnAKtT-^D 


B.  T.  BRANDRETH  GIBES) 
H.  M.  lENKINS  ) 

W.  H.  DELANO  J 

Salisbury  Hotel.  S.-ih^bury  Square.  Fleet  Street.  E.C. 


Honorary 
Secretaries. 


Dutch  Agricultural  Society. 

INTERNATIONAL  EXHIBITION  for  AGRICUL- 
TURAL MACHINERY  and  IMPLEMENTS.  HAGUE. 
SEPTEMBER,  1872.  LAST  DAY  of  ENTRY,  AUGUST  15.  For 
Lists  of  Prizes,  &c..  apply  to  P.  F.  L.  WALDECK,  Secretary,  at 
Looscluinen.  near  the  Hague,  Holland. 


E)OYAL  AGRICULTURAL 
t       SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND. 


AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION. 


The  Examination  of  Candidates  for  the 
Society's  Prizes  will  take  place  in  the 
WEEK  COMMENCING  TUESDAY, 
APRIL  r6,  1872.  The  age  of  Candidates  for 
the  Society's  Prizes  must  not  be  above 
21  years  on  March  i ;  but  Candidates, 
irrespective  of  age,  may  Compete  for  the 
Society's  Certificates. 

Copies  of  the  Form  required  to  be  sent  in 
by  March  i  may  be  had  on  application  to 
H.  M.  JENKINS,  Sccrctarj'. 

12,  Hanover  Square,  London,  \V. 


C|c|^grMteraI6a^ette, 

SATURDAY,  JANUARY  6,  1872. 


THE  Agriculture  of  Great  Britain  is 
undoubtedly  the  foremost  of  the  world. 
Our  climate  is  not  better,  nor  are  our  soils  more 
fertile  ;  but  our  average  crops  are  heavier  than 
are  realised  elsewhere.  Our  breeds  of  cattle, 
sheep,  and  pigs  are  superior  to  any  other.  Our 
agricultural  machinery  is  unrivalled.  The  capital 
employed  by  our  farmers  is  in  no  other  country, 
as  a  whole,  so  large.  Go  to  the  Continental 
agricultural  shows  and  you  will  see  our  threshing- 
machines,  our  steam-engines,  our  steam-ploughs, 
our  reaping-machines  as  it  may  be  contended, 
even  our  implements  and  tools  of  cultivation — 
ploughs,  harrows,  cultivators,  horse-hoes,  rollers, 
rakes — our  Shorthorn  cattle  and  Leicester  sheep, 
or  crosses  of  them — all  representing  the  most 
advanced  stage,  or  perhaps  one  step  beyond  that, 
of  the  agricultural  progress  of  the  foreigner. 
Th.at  great  agricultural  improvement  of  most 
soils — the  subsoil  drainage  of  the  land — originated 
with  us  ;  and  here,  tirst,  has  been  that  immense 
development  of  the  use  and  manufacture  of 
artificial  manures  which  the  present  generation 
of  farmers  have  witnessed. 

But  there  is  another  side  to  this  picture.  What 
shall  we  say  of  the  agriculture  of  a  country  so 
outrageously  unable  to  feed  its  inhabitants  as 
ours  has  proved  ?  We  have  30,407,579  occu- 
pied acres,  and  only  26,062,721  people  in  Great 
Britain.  We  have  even  17,250,172  arable  acres 
for  the  maintenance  of  that  population.     Taking 


the  whole  United  Kingdom,  we  have  46,177,370 
acres  in  the  hands  of  farmers,  and  only  3 1 ,465,470 
people  to  be  fed.  Let  .any  one  who  knows  the 
produce  of  his  own  quarter-acre  garden,  and  what 
it  does  towards  the  maintenance  of  his  family,con- 
trast  with  it  this  enormous  acreage,  arable  and 
pasture — 6.3  acres  for  every  family  of  five  of  all 
ages  throughout  the  country — and  say  what  he 
thinks  of  the  fact,  that  out  of  every  100  loaves  that 
family  consumes,  not  more  than  60  have  been  pro- 
duced by  English  soil.  What  will  he  say  of  the  fact 
that  since  1856-62,  when  the  number  of  animals, 
i.e.,  "  oxen,  cows,  and  calves,"  imported  varied 
from  80,000  to  100,000  annu.ally,  this  number, 
excluding  the  cattle  plague  years,  has  since  risen 
to  upwards  of  200,000  annually,  and  241,1 16  have 
been  imported  during  1 1  months  of  1S71  ?  Or  of 
the  fact  that  whereas  in  i856-'7-'8,  the  number  of 
sheep  imported  varied  from  150,000  to  iSo,ooo 
annually,  of  late  years  the  number  has  e.xcceded 
half  a  million,  and  in  the  1 1  months  of  last  year 
no  fewer  than  882,260  landed  on  our  shores  ? 
Or,  to  take  any  other  of  our  staple  agricultural 
products  as  the  test  of  our  growing  or  our  waning 
powers  of  agricultural  produce,  we  have  for 
many  years  been  more  or  less  dependent  on  other 
countries  for  our  supplies  of  bacon,  beef,  butter, 
and  cheese.  Our  annual  imports  12  or  15 
years  ago  were  25,000  tons  of  bacon  and 
pork,  7000  or  8000  tons  of  beef,  20,000 
to  30,000  tons  of  butter,  and  as  much 
cheese  ;  since  then  the  quantities  have  been 
more  than  doubled,  and  in  the  1 1  months  of 
1871,  of  which  alone  the  statistics  have  yet  been 
published,  nearly  60,000  tons  of  pork  and  bacon, 
12,000  tons  of  beef,  6o,ooo  tons  of  butter,  and 
nearly  as  much  cheese,  have  been  imported  from 
abroad.  Our  growing  imports  of  Wheat  have 
been  inferred  from  our  remarks  on  the  bread 
consumed.  They  now  amount  to  from  30  to 
38  million  cwt.  of  Wheat,  and  three  to  five  million 
cwt.  of  Wheat  flour,  not  to  speak  of  nearly  as 
much  in  point  of  weight  of  IJarley,  Oats,  and 
Maize,  adding  the  three  together  ;  and  our  whole 
home  growth  cannot  be  put  at  more  than 
55,000,000  cwt.  of  Wheat,  42,000,000  cwt.  of 
Barley,  60,000,000  cwt.  of  Oats.  We  used 
15  years  ago  to  import  from  70  to  80  lb.  of 
Wheat  or  Wheat  flour  for  every  individual  of 
our  population  :  we  now  import  from  100  lb.  in 
good  years  to  150  lb.  apiece  in  bad  ones  ;  and 
in  the  last  i  r  months  we  have  imported  36,469,535 
cwt.  of  Wheat,  and  3,645,084  cwt.  of  flour — the 
highest  import  previously  recorded  for  a  whole 
12  months  having  been,  in  1869,  37,695,828  cwt. 
of  Wheat,  and  5,401,535  cwt.  of  flour. 

This  enormous  import — this  great  dependence 
on  other  countries  for  our  food  supply — doesn't 
look  like  a  prosperous  or  growing  agriculture. 
It  is  a  paltry  comfort  after  all  that  is  gathered 
from  the  proof  that  we  are  better  farmers  than 
our  neighbours.  Taken,  not  comparatively,  but 
absolutely,  and  considering  both  what  our  land 
produces  on  the  whole  and  what  it  actually  pro- 
duces in  particular  examples,  its  outrageous 
failure  to  produce  sufficient  for  the  wants  of  the 
people  living  on  it  is  nothing  less  than  dis- 
graceful. 

There  is  nothing  like  it  in  any  other  of  our 
manufactures.  Excepting  the  products  of  our 
agriculture,  in  hardly  any  other  thing  which  we 
could  produce  for  ourselves  are  our  imports  con- 
siderable. When  the  raw  material  has  to  be  dug 
out  of  the  very  bowels  of  the  earth,  or  even  im- 
ported from  the  other  side  of  it,  we  supply  the 
whole  world  with  our  finished  goods  over  and 
above  our  own  immediate  wants.  When  it  lies 
immediately  beneath  us  and  around  us — in  the  soil 
on  which  we  tread,  or  in  the  very  air  we  breathe — 
somehow  the  usual  triumphant  success  of  Eng- 
lish pluck  and  perseverance  is  awanting.  We 
do  not  even  meet  our  own  demands — still 
less  can  we  pretend  to  supply  the  wants  of 
others. 

This  not  only  strikes  the  student  of  our  manu- 
facturing industry  ;  it  is  admitted  by  all  our 
agricultural  authorities.  We  could  hardly  quote 
one  more  trustworthy  on  this  subject  than  the 
Earl  of  Leicester — a  great  landowner,  a  good 
practical  farmer,  and  a  traveller.  He  lately 
said  : — 

"  I  have  travelled  much  through  England  and  through 
parts  of  Scotland,  and,  taking  into  consideration  the 
whole  of  the  land  that  1  have  seen  under  cultivation,  I 
thinli  I  may  safely  slate  that  the  produce  of  the  land 
might  be  nearly  doubled  under  a  perfect  system  of  agri- 
culture. I  have  observed  a  want  of  capital  and  skill  on 
the  part  of  the  occupier,  and  an  apparent  want  of  assist- 
ance and  encouragement  on  the  part  of  the  owner.  The 
buildings  were  bad  and  inconvenient,  the  fields  too  small 


i8 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and    Aofricultural    Gazette. 


[January  6,   1872. 


and  ill-arranged,  and  too  often  covered  with  useless 
timber.  But  the  two  greatest  evils  that,  in  my  opinion, 
prevented  the  growth  of  larger  crops  were — inferior 
drainage  and  shallow  cultivation." 

We  do  not  quote  this  for  the  lesson  which  it 
offers  but  for  the  fact  to  which  it  bears  witness. 
The  land  is  about  half  cultivated — that  is  the  end 
to  which  "  the  foremost  agriculture  of  the  world" 
has  at  length  attained  ! 

In  a  future  history  of  animal  plagues,  the  past 
year  will  occupy  a  remarkable  place  as  a  period 
during  which  almost  every  contagious  disease 
to  which  stock  are  liable  prevailed  at  home  and 
abroad. 

Cattle  plague,  which  in  its  normal  condition  is 
confined  to  eastern  Europe,  was  introduced  into 
the  western  countries  during  the  war,  and,  obey- 
ing the  laws  which  always  regulate  its  spread, 
it  followed  the  advancing  armies  into  France, 
where  it  has  continued  its  ravages  up  to  the 
present  time.  At  first  the  exigencies  of  war  pre- 
vented the  adoption  of  those  means  which  alone 
have  been  found  effectual  in  getting  rid  of  the 
disease,  and  when  the  war  ceased,  the  demands 
of  science  stood  in  the  way  of  the  rough-and- 
ready  "  stamping  out "  system,  and  the  disease 
was  fostered,  while  veterinarians,  under  the 
direction  of  Professor  BoULEY,  were  doing  their 
best,  or  their  worst,  to  cure  it  by  doses  of  phenic 
acid,  and  other  antiseptics  which  had  failed  here 
and  in  Holland. 

Belgiuin  made  energetic  efforts  meanwhile  to 
guard  her  southern  frontier,  but  with  only 
partial  success,  and  the  disease  broke  out  in 
January,  and  continued  until  March,  when  it 
finally  yielded  to  the  severe  repressive  means 
which  were  employed.  Scientific  experiments 
were  still  carried  on  in  France,  and  at  length 
Belgium  appears  to  have  been  roused  to  remon- 
strate. We  learn  that  a  meeting  of  Belgian 
and  French  veterinary  surgeons  was  held  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  year,  and  that  after 
considerable  discussion  it  was  determined 
to  discontinue  treating  the  plague,  and  in  place 
of  medicine  to  employ  those  stringent  measures 
which  have  usually  succeeded  in  arresting  the 
progress  of  the  disease.  We  have  not  heard  that 
the  "  stamping  out  "  plan  has  yet  been  adopted 
in  France,  but  we  may  be  tolerably  certain  that 
the  plague  will  not  give  way  to  less  severe 
means.  In  the  beginning  of  December  the  cattle 
plague  again  appeared  in  Belgium  in  two  places, 
and  was  at  once  met  by  the  immediate  slaughter 
of  the  diseased  animals  and  the  establishment  of 
the  cordon.  These  measures,  however,  do  not 
appear  to  have  been  effectual. 

According  to  the  Journal  dc  la  Socidtc  Agri- 
cole  du  Brabant  of  December  17,  the  plague  has 
extended  considerably  since  the  first  outbreak  at 
Audenarde,  from  which  place,  it  is  said,  the 
disease  has  been  carried  in  various  directions 
by  means  of  the  meat  and  offal  of  diseased 
animals,  and  also  by  persons  who  have  been  in 
communication  with  infected  places. 

A  farmer  at  Audenarde  is  credited  with  the 
largest  share  of  the  mischief,  he  having  kept 
secret  the  existence  of  the  plague  in  his  herd, 
preferring  the  plan,  which  is  not  unknown  in 
this  country,  of  killing  the  animals  and  sending 
the  meat  to  market.  Owing  to  this  nigligence, 
as  it  is  gently  designated,  the  disease  appears  to 
have  extended  not  only  in  the  district  but  also 
to  several  surrounding  villages.  Slaughter 
and  disinfection,  we  are  told,  are  carried  on, 
under  the  superintendence  of  Government  veteri- 
nary surgeons  ;  and  400  soldiers  are  employed  in 
guarding  all  outlets,  and  preventing  all  communi- 
cation with  the  infected  districts. 

Stock  owners  generally,  it  is  said,  co-operate 
with  the  authorities  in  carrying  into  effect  the 
necessary  measures.  This  is  so  far  satisfactory  ; 
but  we  recollect  that,  in  a  previous  number  of 
the  yournal,  the  editor  had  to  deplore  that  the 
measures  of  prevention,  although  energetic,  were 
not  in  his  opinion  sufficient  to  arrest  the  course 
of  the  disease  ;  and  it  was  very  plainly  hinted 
that  "  information  had  been  received "  of  the 
holding  of  markets  surreptitiously  in  some 
places  even,  as  we  should  phrase  it,  under  the 
very  noses  of  the  authorities.  One  gentleman  at 
Audenarde  is  marked  out  for  particular  animad- 
version, because  he  has  just  published  a  speech 
which  he  made  in  1866,  finding  fault  with  every- 
thing which  the  authorities  have  done  in  the 
way  of  prevention.  An  English  editor  would 
hardly  think  it  worth  while  to  notice  an 
incident  which  in  this  country  is  so  common 
Western  Flanders  is  reported  to  be  free  from 
plague,     thanks     to     the     promptitude    which 


was  evinced  in  the  extinction  of  the  centre 
ol  contagion  which  existed  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Everdinghe. 

The  sanitary  cordon,  which  had  been  tempora- 
rily withdrawn  from  the  frontiers  of  Luxembourg 
and  Namur,  has  been  re-established  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  give  assurance  of  efficient  pro- 
tection against  that  part  of  France  from  which 
most  danger  is  to  be  apprehended. 

In  France,  where  the  cattle  plague  is  still 
making  great  ravages,  more  rigorous  measures 
have  been  determined  on,  and  a  recent  circular 
of  the  Minister  of  Agriculture  and  Commerce 
calls  attention  to  the  circumstance  that  medical 
treatment  of  the  disease  is  forbidden  ;  and  orders 
the  immediate  slaughter  of  diseased  or  sus- 
pected animals. 

In  central  and  eastern  Europe  cattle  plague 
has  prevailed  extensively,  and  in  some  districts 
the  Siberian  plague  and  various  forms  of  anthrax 
have  even  rivalled  it  in  intensity  and  fatality. 
Sheep-pox  has  also  been  very  rife  in  Pomerania  ; 
but  although  cargoes  of  sheep  from  Stettin  have 
been  regularly  landed  in  this  country,  we  have 
escaped  any  introduction  of  the  malady,  and 
only  one  instance  of  a  diseased  sheep  has  been 
reported  by  the  inspectors,  and  that  occurred  in 
a  cargo  from  Hamburgh,  landed  in  London. 

Foot-and-mouth  disease  advanced  during  the 
year  with  a  rapidity  quite  unprecedented.  In 
January  the  weekly  attacks  amounted  to  about 
6000  ;  increasing  week  by  week  they  reached  the 
enormous  total  of  nearly  39,000  in  September, 
and  then  gradually  declined  to  under  28,000  in 
December.  From  Ireland  we  have  no  returns, 
but  it  is  known  that  the  disease  exists  in  every 
part  of  the  country.  Legislation  has  certainly 
done  nothing  to  arrest  the  course  of  the  disease, 
for  the  simple  reason  that  none  of  the  provisions 
of  the  Act  or  Order  have  been  carried  into  effect. 
There  is  a  very  general  conviction  that  the 
effects  of  the  restrictions  are  really  more  damag- 
ing than  the  disease,  and  under  such  circum- 
stances it  is  useless  to  expect  that  the  law  will 
find  much  favour  from  those  without  whose  co- 
operation it  cannot  be  successfully  put  in  action. 
On  the  Continent  foot-and-mouth  disease  does 
not  seem  to  have  occasioned  sufficient  mischief 
to  excite  attention.  Comparatively  few  foreign 
animals  have  been  condemned  on  account  of  the 
disease  at  our  ports,  and,  in  fact,  the  only 
remarkable  circumstance  connected  with  the 
progress  of  the  disease  abroad,  is  its  appearance 
in  Spain — a  country  which  has  for  many  years 
past  been  free  from  it,  and  other  infectious 
maladies  of  stock. 

Pleuro-pneumonia  has  not  varied  much  in  its 
rate  of  progress.  In  January  last  there  were 
36  infected  counties  in  England  and  Scotland, 
and  in  December  the  number  had  increased  to 
40,  but  few  animals  were  attacked,  and  in  many 
cases  immediate  slaughter  of  the  diseased  beast 
was  adopted  as  the  most  economical  course, 
while  in  several  of  the  infected  counties  com- 
pulsory slaughter  has  been  carried  out  by  direc- 
tion of  the  local  authority.  These  means  have 
doubtless  kept  the  disease  in  check,  except  in 
the  dairies  of  London  and  some  other  large 
towns,  where  it  carries  on  its  ravages  without  let 
or  hindrance. 

Sheep-scab  is  far  too  widely  spread  for  our 
credit  as  model  farmers  ;  the  disease  is,  of  all 
affections,  the  most  easily  cured,  and  is  certainly 
preventible  by  the  use  of  well-known  remedies, 
in  proof  of  which  it  never  exists  on  a  well- 
managed  farm  for  any  length  of  time.  The 
present  law  on  the  subject  is  stringent  enough, 
rendering  it  an  offence  for  a  farmer  to  leave 
a  scabby  sheep  undressed,  but  legislation 
will  not  protect  those  who  deliberately  defy 
sanitary  laws.  If  farmers  will  purchase  animals 
in  fairs  and  markets,  and  at  once,  at  the  end  of 
a  long  journey  by  road  or  rail,  put  them  into 
the  sheds  or  meadows  with  other  stock,  without 
any  precaution,  no  government,  however  paternal, 
can  save  them  from  the  consequences  of  their 
rashness.  After  all  is  said  and  done,  prevention 
of  disease  is  a  matter  for  individual  thought  and 
action.  

The  new  Foreign  Cattle  Market  at 
Deptford  was  formally  opened  by  the  Lord 
Mayor  and  Corporation  on  December  28,  and 
on  the  following  day  the  Lords  of  the  Council 
passed  an  Order,  declaring  their  satisfaction 
with  the  arrangements  in  the  following  terms  : — 

"The  Mayor,  Aldermen,  and  Commons  of  the  City  of 
London  have  provided  and  opened  for  public  use  a 
market  for  the  purposes  of  Part  III.  of  the  Act  of  1869  to 


the  satisfaction  of  the  Privy  Council.  (Signed)  Edmund, 
Harrison." 

At  present,  only  two  of  the  three  landing- 
places,  with  their  lairs  and  slaughter-houses,  are 
in  a  condition  for  use,  but  they  form  a  market 
which  is  more  than  sufficient  for  the  present  trade, 
and  in  a  few  weeks  the  entire  work  will  be  com- 
pleted. Importation  of  cattle  from  scheduled 
countries — that  is  to  say,  from  Germany  princi- 
pally—will not  amount  to  anything  considerable 
for  some  time,  but  the  market  is  not  ready  a 
moment  too  soon  to  receive  the  cargoes  of  sheep 
from  Belgium,  where  cattle  plague  is  spreading. 

Immediately  after  the  official  declaration  of 
the  satisfaction  of  the  Privy  Council,  the  Order 
of  December  20  came  into  operation,  and  on  the 
first  day  of  January  the  whole  of  the  previous 
Orders,  relating  to  inovement  of  cattle  in  the 
metropolis,  &c.,  ceased  to  be  in  force  ;  and  for 
the  first  time  since  the  cattle  plague  restrictions 
were  imposed,  the  inetropolitan  market  was 
freed  from  all  encumbrances,  police  orders,  and 
market  passes,  which  have  given  rise  to  so  many 
complaints.  Most  of  the  restrictions  which  for- 
merly affected  diseased  animals  have  been  re- 
enacted  in  the  Order  of  December  20,  and  in  some 
cases  the  regulations  are  more  severe  than  they 
were.  For  example,  animals  affected  with  any 
contagious  disease  cannot  be  moved  from  the 
market  by  licence  to  a  slaughter-house,  but 
must  be  seized  and  placed  in  custody  of  the 
local  authority,  in  fact  several  animals  were  so 
dealt  with  on  Monday  last,  at  Islington. 
Animals,  however,  which  do  not  show  any  signs 
of  disease,  but  which  may,  nevertheless,  be 
infected,  may  be  sent  out  of  the  metropolis,  and 
all  over  the  country.  And  knowing  something 
of  the  state  of  prevalence  of  pleuro-pneumonia 
in  London  dairies,  and  also  of  the  usual  course 
which  the  owners  adopt  when  an  outbreak 
occurs,  we  see  strong  grounds  for  apprehension, 
now  that  we  no  longer  have  the  protection  of  the 
cordon  round  London. 


■  The  Com  market  opened  on  New  Year's  Day 

without  animation,  good  samples  being  taken  at  late 
rates,  and  ill-conditioned  parcels  being  neglected.     On 

Wednesday  also   trade    was    dull. In   the   Cattle 

market  trade  was  firm,  and  prices  rose  zd.  per  8  lb. 
The  restrictions  on  the  transportation  of  cattle  beyond 
the  four  miles'  radius  having  been  removed,  country 
buyers  attended.     No  business  was  done  in  the  foreign 

cattle  market. A  large  business  has  been  done  in 

Wool,  and  it  is  now  confidently  expected  that  good 
Kent  and  Leicester  fleeces  will  get  to  2j.  ^d.  per  lb. 

The  Seed  trade  continues  in  an  inactive  state. 

An  improved  demand  is  reported  for  English  Hops, 
at  slightly  higher  quotations. 

The  arithmetic  of  our  notice  of  the  total  Short- 

homsalesof  1871  (p.  1661,  1871)  is  hardly  correct.  The 
total  sum  received  was  not;^tI9,865  8j.  4^/.,  as  there 
stated,  but  ^^120,865  l8.f.  4^2?.  This  sum,  over  2254 
animals,  amounts  to,  not  ^'53  3J-.  (id.,  but  no  less  than 
;^53  I2J.  5^(/.  The  following,  therefore,  is  the  form  in 
which  the  tabular  comparison  of  the  four  past  years 
should  have  appeared  : — 

In  1868,  1423  Shorthorns  averaged       . .  ;£35    7    o  each. 

1111869,1585         „  „  ..       35     5     o       .. 

In  1870,  1430        ,,  ,,  ..       35  13     5 

In  1871,  2254         „  ,,  ..       53  12     54     ,, 

In  a  recent  number  of  the  Cape  Monthly  Maga- 
zine there  is  an  excellent  paper  on  Soul  H  African 
Agriculture.  The  writer  strongly  advocates  the 
importation  of  Suffolk  Punch  and  dray  horses,  for  the 
purpose  of  establishing,  if  possible,  in  the  colony  "  a 
breed  of  comparatively  heavy  draught  animals,  which 
it  is  thought  will  supply  the  demand  of  the  arable  dis- 
tricts of  the  country  of  the  Cape,  where  improved 
methods  of  ploughing,  and  the  want  of  sufficient  pasture 
to  maintain  at  a  less  expense  a  large  number  of  oxen, 
makes  a  system  of  more  perfect  culture,  and  the  em- 
ployment of  such  true  pullers  as  the  Suffolks  advisable." 
With  regard  to  cattle  breeding  the  writer  says  : — 

"The  question  may  be  considered  settled,  that  for 
towns  and  villages  where  cows  must  be  fed,  the  Dutch 
breed  has  been  found  to  answer  best ;  but  where  the 
natural  pasture  of  the  district  is  all  that  we  are  to  depend 
upon,  great  difference  of  opinion  still  exists,  and  the 
system  of  crossing  half-bred  Dutch,  Ayrshires,  and  Alder- 
neys  without  any  fixed  principles  of  constant  selection,  is 
much  the  same  as  ever.  He  says  the  Devons  have  been 
tried  and  condemned,  whilst  the  English  Shorthorn  has 
not  been  much  supported  in  the  West,  though  good  prices 
have  been  given  in  the  East."  The  possibiUty  of 
producing  a  breed  of  small-boned  sheep  with  long 
fleece  is  thus  spoken  of:— "It  would  be  a  curious 
experiment  to  try  whether,  for  colonies,  where  mutton  is 
smelted  down,  owing  to  its  low  price,  it  would  not  be 
possible,  by  a  system  of  crossing  and  selection,  to  produce 
a  race  with  comparatively  small  carcases  and  larger 
fleeces.  Practical  men  may  smile  at  such  theories  ;  but 
we  all  know  that  Bakewell  produced  a  special  breed 
of  cattle  and  sheep,  by  constantly  selecting  such  as  were 
small  in  the  bone,  by  these  means  substituting  flesh  and 
fat  for  bone,  so  preventing  waste  of  nourishment  on  a 


January  6,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


19 


less  useful  part  of  the  carcase.  As  a  vast  extent  of  bouth 
Africa  will  never  become  fit  for  arable  purposes,  and 
no  other  animal  is  likely  to  be  so  extensively  reared  as  the 
wool-bearing  sheep,  for  whose  fleece  there  always  will  be  a 
demand  it  is  clear  that  our  land,  when  it  has  fallen  to  the 
price  of  similar  land  in  other  wool-exporting  countries,  is 
likely  to  remain  firm  ;  for  though  it  appears  that,  without 
takint'  South  America  into  consideration,  even  Australia 
continues  to  increase  in  the  quantity  exported,  we  must 
aot  forget  that  the  population  of  the  world  is  becoming 
more  civilised,  and  that  of  America  rapidly  increasing, 
and  consequently,  the  consumption  of  woollen  fabrics 
also.  In  182S  only  28,000,000  lb.  of  wool  were  imported 
into  England  from  all  quarters.  The  importation  in 
r866  amounted  to  239,000,000  lb.,  and  in  r870  to 
263  2KO  499  lb.  In  little  more  than  40  years  the  demand 
has  increased  more  than  eight-fold,  so  that,  on  the  whole, 
we  may  expect,  now  that  the  sheep-producing  countries 
are  pretty  well  stocked,  the  rates  of  consumption  will, 
after  a  few  years,  excel  the  ratio  of  production.  Nor  can 
we  maintain  that  our  colony,  which  40  years  ago  pro- 
duced about  40,000  lb.  of  wool,  and  now  exports  nearly 
40  millions,  has  retro- 
graded." 

The  bulk  of  the  paper 
from  vvliich  the  fore- 
goingextractsare  taken, 
refeis  principally  to 
local  progress  in  agri- 
culture, and  the  capa- 
bilities of  South  African 
soil.  It  is,  however, 
satisfactory  to  see  the 
subject  of  agricultural 
advance  taken  up  with 
such  spirit  in  distant 
lands. 

The    following 

Milanese  experience  in 
the  Utilis.ition  of 
Sewage  is  reported  in 
the  yourtial  of  the 
Society  of  Arts  : — 

The  Societi  Vespasi- 
ana  is  a  company  estab- 
lished about   two  years 
ago  for  dealing  with  the 
hquid  refuse  of  the  pub- 
lic urinals  in  that  city. 
The  urine  is  sold  at  the 
rate  of  50  centimes  per 
100  litres  (or  less   than 
one  farthing  per  gallon), 
in     petroleum     baiTels, 
holding  about  175  litres 
each,    so  that  the  value 
of    a   barrel    would    be 
nearly  90  centimes.    The 
barrels  are  lent  gratis  to 
the    purchasers  for  ten 
days,    after  which  time 
5   centimes  per  day  are 
charged  for  the  hire  of 
each  barrel.     The  urine 
sold  as  manure  is  mixed 
with  water  or  earth,   in 
the    proportion    of  one 
part  lu-ine  to  two  parts 
earth    or    water.      This 
mixture  forms  an  excel- 
lent manure  for  almost 
every     kind      of     crop, 
but  more  especially  for 
cereals      and      meadow 
lands.      A     mixture    of 
peat  and  urine  is  sold  at 
2.50  f.  per  quintal  (about 
IS.     per    cwt).,    and    is 
highly  recommended  as 
a  manure  for  Mulberry 
trees     and    for    market 
gardens.       A     chemical 
process,    introduced   by 
Dr.      Cardone,      is 
adopted    by    the     com- 
pany   for    precipitating 
the     fertilising    part    of 
the  urine,  especially  rich 
in   nitrogen    and    phos- 
phates.    The  powder  so  obtained  Is  sold  in  sacks,  at  the 
rate  of  20 f.  per  quintal  (8j.  per  cwt.),    and  is  used  for 
manuring  Maize,   in  the  proportion  of  about   a  table- 
spoonful  to  each  plant ;  some  farmers  add  also  a  small 
quantity  of  ashes.     For  Potatos,  30  kilogrammes  of  pre- 
cipitate to   about  the  same  quantity  of  dry  earth,  well 
mixed  together,   should  be  used  and  scattered  over  the 
land.     Other  crops  are  manured  with  a  mixture  of  pre- 
cipitate and  earth,  in  the  proportion  of  one  part  of  the 
former  to   two  of  the   latter.      For  Wheat  it  is  found 
advantageous  to  add  to  the  above-mentioned  mixture  an 
equal  quantity  of  ashes.      The  quantity  of  precipitate 
required  to   manure  a  hectare  is  is  quintals,  or  12  cwt. 
per  acre.      The  residue  liquid    from    the  precipitating 
process,   containing  a  large  amount  of  potassa,  is  used 
most  advantageously  as  a  liquid  manure  for  meadows, 
and  is  sold  for  this  purpose  at  th«  rate  of  40  centimes  per 
barrel,  containing  r75  litres. 

Messrs.    Carter   &   Co.    have  introduced   a 

New  Mustard  from  China,  which,  as  a  salad  plant 
for  domestic  use,  and  as  a  green  forage  plant  for  sheep, 
is  stated  to  be  superior  to  the  common  white  Mustard, 
the  leaves  being  fully  twice  the  size,  the  stems  being 
more  succulent  and  the  flavour  more  pleasantly  sweet 


and  pungent.  The  seed  is  distinctly  larger  than  that 
of  the  common  brown  Mustard,  though  not  so  large  as 
that  of  the  white  variety,  and  it  yields  well.  We  have 
not  yet  heard  of  its  "crushing"  and  "flouring" 
qualities,  the  former  for  oil,  and  the  latter  for  the  well- 
known  condiment,  and  therefore  we  cannot  say  how 
far  it  may  rival  brown  Mustard  for  dietetic  and  medici- 
nal purposes,  but  its  value  for  yielding  such  products 
will  soon  be  known. 


NOTEWORTHY  AGRICULTURISTS. 

Mr.  Henry  Stephens,  F.R.S.E. 

The  author  of  the  Book  of  the  Farm  needs  no  intro- 
duction to  agricultural  readers.  His  well-known 
standard  work,  the  first  of  a  number  professing  to 
represent  the  whole  agricultural  field,  which  were 
issued  some  20  years  ago,  when  the  writings  of  Liebig 
and  of  Johnston,  and  the  young  activity  of  many  a  new 


Mk.    henry    STEPHENS,     F.  R.  S.  E. 


agricultural  society,  had  stirred  agricultural  enterprise 
into  unusual  activity,  has  been  now  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury before  the  world,  and  everybody  knows  its  author 
as  having  made  a  noble  contribution  to  the  promotion 
of  agricultural  progress,  and  to  the  establishment  of 
agricultural  truth.  A  second  edition  has  recently  ap- 
peared, and  for  its  completion  within  the  last  few 
months  we  have  again  to  thank  Mr.  Stephens.  A  much 
younger  man  than  he  might  well  have  handed  over  the 
heavy  task  of  re-writing  and  re-editing  so  large  a 
volume  to  another.  It  is  characteristic  of  his  energy  and 
love  of  work,  that  when  a  new  edition  was  demanded 
he  determined  that  he  alone  would  undertake  it. 

Mr.  Stephens  has  long  been  one  of  the  directors  of 
the  Highland  and  Agricultural  Society  of  Scotland. 


OUR  LIVE  STOCK. 

CATTLE. 

The   Lightburne  Herd. — Within   the  past  few 

years  a  visible  and  manifest  improvement  has  shown 

itself  in  the  stocks  of  North  Lancashire.     This  must  in 

a  great  degree  be  attributed  to  the  excellence  and 


proximity  of  the  Holker  herd,  the  property  of  his 
Grace  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  fostered  and  brought 
to  as  near  perfection  as  can  be  attained  by  Mr.  Drewry. 
In  imitation  of  this  great  breeder,  numerous  lesser 
luminaries  have  their  existence  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Holker,  foremost  of  which  stands  the  Lightburne 
herd,  the  property  of  Alexander  Brogden,  Esq.,  M.P., 
of  Lightburne  House,  Ulverston.  Mr.  Brogden 
commenced  his  Shorthorn  career  in  1864.  Combined 
with  good  judgment  in  his  purchases,  he  has  spared  no 
expense,  and  at  the  present  time  he  possesses  a  herd 
which,  for  colour,  symmetry,  and  substance,  is  all 
that  could  be  wished.  Frequent  interchange  of  male 
animals  between  Holker  and  Lightburne  account  for 
the  similitude  between  the  animals.  Mr.  Brogden's 
herd  maybe  said  to  be  a  "Princess  "  herd,  for  though 
there  are  animals  of  four  distinct  tribes,  nine  of  1 7  females 
are  descended  from  Princess  Elvira  2d,  ^d,  Sth,  gt/i,  loth, 
and  Ruby  Rose  nfh,  $th,  and  6th  are  all  descended  from 
Elvira  by  Phenomenon  (491).  The  daughters  of 
Princess,  Princess  2d, 
and  e^h  are  descended 
from  Anne  Boleyn  by 
Favoukite  (252). 
Another  daughter  of 
Princess —  Winsome  fth. 
— is  from  Mr.  Bates* 
"Wild  Eyes"  tribe. 
Red  Rose  4th  is  from 
Mr.  Bates'  "Cambridge 
Rose  "  tribe.  The  Cor- 
delias are  descended 
from  a  cow  bred  at 
Holker,  by  the  bull 
King  Lear  (8196), 
purchased  27  years  ago 
at  one  of  the  Wiseton 
sales  for  200  gs.  Since 
that  time  they  have 
been  crossed  with  bulls 
used  at  Holker. 

We  have  re- 
ceived the  following 
Hereford  news  : — Mr. 
W.  G.  Purdon,  Killu- 
can,  Ireland,  has  se- 
lected Crinoline  and  her 
more  than  half-sister. 
Blossom  2d,  from  Mr. 
Morris'  herd.  Town 
House,  Madley  :  the 
former  by  Interest 
(2046),  and  the  latter 
by  his  son,  Principal 
(3358),  and  both  from 
Blossom  by  Little 
Tommy  (985),  bred  by 
the  late  Mr.  Price, 
Pembridge,  and  by  his 
favourite  bull  Magnet 
(823) — Interest,  bred 
by  Mr.  Rogers.  The 
Grove  goes  direct  back 
to  Hewer's  Old  Sove- 
reign (404).  With 
these  Mr.  Purdon  has 
sent  Spangle  4//^  and 
Lady  ^h,  both  from  the 
Marlow  Lodge  herd, 
and  by  Mr.  Green's  old 
favourite  bull  Zealous 
(2349),  by  Sir  Ben- 
jamin (13S7),  from  his 
old  Jeffries  cow.  Go- 
verness. Both  Spangle 
and  Lody  are  descended 
in  a  direct  line  on  both 
sides  from  Sovereign 
(404). 

Mr.     R.    W. 

Reynell,  of  Killynon, 
Killucan,  Ireland,  hav- 
ing disposed  of  his 
Shorthorn  herd,  has  added  to  his  Herefords  by 
the  purchase  of  Prince  of  Madley,  from  the 
Town  House  herd,  and  bred  by  Mr.  J.  Morris, 
Madley,  Hereford,  by  his  celebrated  bull,  Stow 
{3478),  winner  of  1st  Royal  at  Manchester,  and 
from  his  Wolverhampton  commended  heifer.  Chignon. 
Prince  of  Madley  claims  through  his  grand- 
sire,  Sir  Thomas  (2228),  Sir  Benjamin  (1387) 
as  his  great-grandsire,  and  on  the  dam's  side  goes  direct 
back  to  Sir  David  (349),  the  sire  of  Sir  Benjamin. 
He  is  accompanied  by  Flora  by  Renown  {2719),  from 
the  Marlow  herd,  and  bred  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Green,  Mar- 
low  Lodge,  Leintwardine.  Flora,  through  Renown, 
combines  some  of  the  best  of  the  blood  from  the  late 
Lord  Berwick's  herd  at  Crookhill  with  that  of  the  late 
Jeffries  of  the  Grove,  through  her  dam.  Flora  by 
Zealous  (2349),  and  her  further  pedigree  discloses  the 
fact  of  combinations  from  the  herds  of  the  late  Monk- 
liouse,  Perry,  and  other  celebrities  of  their  day. 

Among  coming  events  is  the  pending  sale  of 

the  herd  of  the  late  Mr.  Pawlett,  of  Beeston,  Biggles- 
wade.    The  late  Mr.  Pawlett  was  well  known  as  a 


20 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and   A5:^ricultural    Gazette. 


[January  6,    1S72. 


breeder  of  Leicester  sheep  and  Shorthorns,  as  well  as  a 
prominent  man  in  the  agricultural  world.  Mr.  Paw- 
lett  was  a  man  who  tested  his  method  by  rigid  experi- 
ment, and  in  this  way  proved  himself  to  be  actuated  by 
the  truest  appreciation  of  science  as  well  as  of  practice. 
Of  this  there  are  abundant  proofs  in  his  excellent 
essay  on  sheep  in  the  yoin-nal  of  the  Agricultural 
Society  of  England,  where,  in  place  of  the  mere 
opinions  so  often  expressed  by  writers,  figures  are 
given  well  worth  the  study  of  the  breeder  and 
grazier.  The  question  of  the  proper  period  for 
weaning  lambs  was  approached  in  a  scientific  spirit, 
and  the  result  was  in  favour  of  early  weaning.  Shed 
feeding  of  sheep  was  also  subjected  to  experiment,  the 
result  being,  in  Mr.  Pawlett's  opinion,  unfavourable  or 
not  positively  favourable  to  this  method.  The  feeding 
value  of  white  Turnips,  as  compared  with  Swedes, 
was  another  point  that  he  investigated,  with  the  result 
that  in  early  autumn  white  Turnips  are  really  more 
nourishing,  while,  as  the  winter  advances,  the  Swedes 
gradually  assert  their  superiority.  Carrots  were 
found  to  be  an  unsuitable  food  for  sheep. 
Would  that  such  methods  of  testing  agricultural 
practice  were  more  general.  It  is  a  significant  fact 
when  we  find  men,  like  the  late  Mr.  Pawlett,  and  the 
still  more  distant,  in  point  of  time,  Mr.  Bates,  of  Kirk- 
levington,  labouring  to  gain  an  insight  into  the  merits 
of  their  cattle  and  sheep,  by  subjecting  their  aptitudes 
to  direct  experiment.  The  greatest  produce  of  beef, 
mutton,  and  wool,  with  the  least  expenditure  of  food 
and  money,  must  be  the  ultimate  aim  of  all  breeders. 
This  is  a  fact  which  requires  to  be  kept  in  mind  in 
these  days  when  cattle  are  surrounded  by  a  halo  of 
romance,  and  the  august  names  of  bulls  and  cows  thrill 
the  hearts  of  enthusiastic  aristocrats —when  the  names 
of  Hubback  and  Favourite  have  become  talismanic, 
and  those  of  the  respectable  farmers  who  owned  them 
have  been  raised  into  a  kind  of  Pantheon  of  the 
imagination. 


RECENT  RESEARCHES  IN  AGRICUL- 
TURAL CHEMISTRY. 

When  the  chemist  has  to  deal  with  a  mixture  of 
several  bodies,  very  similar  in  composition  and  proper- 
ties, he  is  very  apt  to  make  a  mistake.  The  result  of 
his  first  examination  is  frequently  to  regard  the  mix- 
ture as  a  simple  substance  ;  it  is  only  after  an  extended 
acquaintance  with  its  history  and  properties  that  its  true 
character  is  made  known,  and  the  chemist  is  able  to 
distinguish  its  component  parts.  Thus  for  many  years 
margarine  was  enumerated  among  the  animal  fats  ;  it 
was  said  to  be  of  universal  occurrence  in  the  bodies  of 
men  and  other  animals.  It  is  now  known  that  what 
was  termed  margarine  was  only  palmitine,  more  or  less 
disguised  by  mixture  with  other  fats.  A  similar  change 
of  opinion  seems  just  now  to  be  in  progress  with  regard 
to  vegetable  fibre,  the  substance  forming  the  frame- 
work of  all  plants.  Originally  regarded  as  one  uniform 
material,  the  differing  properties  of  which,  when  ob- 
tained from  various  sources,  were  merely  due  to  differ- 
ences in  the  density  of  its  structure,  it  is  now  viewed 
by  many  chemists  as  a  mixture  of  at  least  two  sub- 
stances. That  substance  forming  the  true  skeleton  of 
the  plant  is  termed  by  these  chemists  cellulose,  while 
the  matter  with  which  the  skeleton  is  encrusted  is  said 
to  be  distinct  in  several  of  its  properties,  and  is  termed 
lignin.  Both  of  these  names  were  formerly  applied 
with  little  discrimination  to  woody  fibre.  The  question 
still  demands  further  investigation.  One  practical 
point  seems,  however,  to  be  made  out,  namely,  that 
the  cellulose  is  far  more  digestible  than  the  other  kinds 
of  vegetable  fibre.  Dietrich  and  Konig  have  observed 
that  the  non-cellulose  portion  of  the  fibre  abounds  in 
the  Aeces  of  herbivorous  animals,  while  the  cellulose 
originally  present  in  the  food  has  to  a  great  extent  dis- 
appeared. When  further  investigations  shall  have 
placed  in  the  hands  of  chemists  a  satisfactory  mode  of 
determining  the  quantity  of  each  kind  of  fibre  present 
in  a  sample  of  fodder,  a  great  step  will  have  been  made 
in  the  useful  applications  of  chemistry. 

Much  has  recently  been  done  by  Continental  chemists 
in  determining  what  proportion  of  the  various  con- 
stituents of  fodder  is  assimilated  by  the  animal.  The 
results  must  be  regarded  as  approximative  only  ;  they 
are  still,  however,  of  considerable  value.  Dr.  Marcker 
has  made  experiments  at  Weende  on  the  assimilation 
of  meadow  hay  by  sheep.  He  employed  two  samples 
of  hay  of  fair  average  quality,  and  determined,  by 
analysis  of  the  fteces,  the  proportion  of  the  principal 
constituents  digested  by  the  animal.  The  figures  below 
give  the  mean  of  his  results.  The  results  he  obtained 
with  hay  made  from  the  second  cut  of  meadow  grass  are 
also  shown  : — 

Proportion  0/  each  Constituent  Digested/or  100  Consumed. 


animal.  The  ingredients  most  readily  digested  are  the 
soluble  non-nitrogenous  substances,  such  as  sugar, 
mucilage,  &c.  The  albuminous  compounds  are  appa- 
rently the  ingredients  of  hay  whicli  are  digested  with 
most  difficulty.  An  important  practical  fact  shown  by 
the  Table  is  that  hay  of  the  aftermath  is  considerably 
more  digestible  than  hay  of  the  first  cutting  ;  the 
difference  in  digestibility  seems  to  be  most  marked  in 
the  case  of  the  albuminous  constituents. 

Professor  E.  Wolff  has  made  similar  experiments 
with  red  Clover  hay,  and  with  a  mixed  diet  of  Clover 
hay  and  Mangel  Wurzel.  His  sheep  received  at  first 
3  lb.  of  hay  per  day,  and  on  this  diet  gained  4  lb.  in 
weight  during  three  weeks.  The  hay  was  then 
reduced  to  2  lb.,  on  which  diet  the  sheep  neither 
gained  nor  lost.  He  next  added  4  lb.  of  Mangel  to 
the  2  lb.  of  hay,  the  sheep  then  gained  6  lb.  in  three 
weeks.  The  hay  was  lastly  reduced  to  i  lb.,  the 
roots  remaining  as  before  ;  the  sheep  now  lost  weight. 
Professor  Wolff  having  ascertained  what  proportion  of 
the  Clover  hay  was  digested  when  it  was  supplied 
alone,  assumed  that  the  same  proportion  was  digested 
in  the  subsequent  experiments  with  Mangel  Wurzel, 
and  was  thus  able  to  calculate  what  proportion  of  the 
Mangel  had  been  digested.  The  following  Table 
shows  his  analysis  of  the  food  employed,  and  the  pro- 
portion of  the  principal  food  constituents  digested,  by 
the  sheep  : — ■ 


Water 

Mineral  matter 

Fatty  matter 

Crude  fibre 

Albuminous  com-  [ 
pounds     . .  I 

Non  -nitrogenous") 
soluble  sub-  > 
stances    . .  ) 

Total  organic  > 
matter  j 


Red  Clover  Hay. 

Mangel  Wurzel. 

D:ge.sted 

Digested 

Composi- 

for 100  of 

Composi- 

for .00  of 

tion  per 

each  con- 

tion  per 

each  con- 

cent. 

btituent 

cent. 

stituent 

17.51 

consumed. 

consumed. 

89.17 

6.96 

40.4 

,92 

86.5 

3'7 

54-9 

.06 

20.09 

5S.0 

,76 

16.00 

58-9 

■■47 

76.1 

36.J7 
75-33 

633 

7,62 

97-2 

59  3 

9.91 

89.2 

Crude  fibre 

Albuminous  compounds  . 

Non-nitrogenous  soluble  i 
substances  . .  \ 

Total  organic  matter 


Hay  I. 


60.6 
54-7 
617 
60.2 


Hay  II. 


57-4 
54-4 


61.9 


Hay  from 
second  cutting. 


74.2 
70.3 


It  appears  from  these  figures  that  only  about 
60  per  cent,  of  the  organic  matter  of  meadow  hay  is 
digested  by  sheep,  the  remainder  passes  through  the 


If  we  compare  the  proportion  of  Clover  hay  di- 
gested by  the  sheep  with  the  results  of  Dr.  Miircker's 
perfectly  independent  experiments  with  meadow  hay, 
we  find  the  figures  very  similar.  The  total  amount  of 
organic  matter  assimilated  by  the  sheep  is  almost 
exactly  the  same  with  both  kinds  of  fodder  ;  while  the 
albuminous  constituents  of  Clover  hay  seem  to  be  rather 
more  digestible,  and  its  vegetable  fibre  somewhat  less 
digestible  than  the  corresponding  ingredients  of  mea- 
dow hay.  Profe-ssor  Wolff  ascertained  in  another 
experiment  that  Clover  which  had  not  blossomed  was 
about  one-sixth  more  digestible  than  Clover  after 
blossoming.  This  result,  coupled  with  the  observation 
of  Dr.  Miircker  with  respect  to  aftermath,  clearly 
points  out,  that  when  hay  crops  are  allowed  to  reach 
perfect  maturity  before  cutting  it  is  at  the  expense  of 
their  feeding  value. 

Dr.  Wolff's  calculated  results  for  Mangel  Wurzel  are 
necessarily  somewhat  less  accurate  than  the  figures 
given  for  Clover  hay,  they  show,  however,  unmis- 
takably, the  far  greater  digestibility  of  the  Mangel. 
We  should  naturally  anticipate  such  a  result  from  the 
succulent  character  of  the  root,  as  compared  with  the 
hardened  tissues  of  the  Clover  hay  ;  and,  indeed,  were 
it  not  for  this  high  digestibility  roots  would  be  of  scarce 
any  value  as  food,  owing  to  the  small  amount  of  solid 
matter  they  contain. 

Leaving  the  subject  of  digestibility,  we  turn  to  the 
no  less  important  question  of  the  influence  which  the 
character  of  the  food  has  upon  the  animal  products 
obtained  by  its  consumption.  In  the  early  days  of 
animal  chemistry,  when  the  connection  between  the 
ingredients  of  the  food  and  the  elements  of  the  animal 
frame  had  been  just  established,  it  was  naturally  con- 
cluded that  considerable  control  could  be  exercised  over 
the  development  of  the  animal  by  altering  the  character 
of  the  food  in  the  direction  desired.  Thus,  for  instance, 
food  rich  in  albumin  was  thought  to  have  a  special 
tendency  to  produce  development  of  muscle,  and  of 
other  albuminous  products.  Experience  has  not  alto- 
gether confirmed  this  notion.  The  feeder  of  stock 
knows  that  he  cannot  produce  an  abundance  of  lean 
meat  by  confining  his  oxen  to  a  diet  of  Beans  and 
Lentils  ;  he  finds  that  his  best  results  are  obtained 
from  a  liberal  mixed  diet,  the  task  of  selecting  the 
elements  required  for  growth  being  left  entirely  to  the 
animal  economy.  Many  exact  experiments  on  this 
subject  have  been  made.  Dr.  Marcker  sums  up 
some  of  his  recent  researches  by  stating  that 
an  increase  in  the  proportion  of  albumin  stored  up  by 
the  animal  cannot  be  obtained  by  an  increase  of  the 
amount  of  albumin  in  the  food  ;  the  excess  of  albumin 
supplied  in  the  food  simply  produces  a  larger  amount 
of  nitrogenous  excrement.  On  the  other  hand,  an 
increase  in  the  non-nitrogenous  elements  of  food,  the 
fat,  starch,  &c.,  does,  by  fattening  the  animal,  pro- 
duce an  increase  in  the  proportion  of  albumin 
stored  up. 

We  will  conclude  with  a  short  account  of  Dr.  Kiihn's 
very  interesting  experiments  on  the  influence  of  food 
i  upon  the  quality  of  milk. 


The  cows  in  the  first  instance  rectived  a  moderate 
diet  of  hay,  barley-straw,  and  Turnips.  After  a  few 
weeks  the  albuminous  ingredients  of  the  food  were 
doubled,  by  the  addition  of  bruised  Beans.  One  cow, 
after  three  weeks  of  this  diet,  received  a  further 
addition  of  rape-oil,  in  such  quantity  as  to  more  than 
double  the  fatty  matter  of  the  preceding  diet.  The 
food  in  the  final  stage  of  the  experiment  was  the  same 
as  at  the  commencement.  The  results  with  all  the 
cows  are  very  similar.  We  will  take  the  case  of  the 
cow  which  received  the  rape-oil,  as  furnishing  a 
greater  variety  in  the  quality  of  the  food  than  the 
others.     The  results  are  as  follow  : — 


Character  of 
Diet. 


Normal  diet  . , 

Albuminous  diet 

Albuminous        and  ] 
oleaginous  diet      j 

Normal  diet  . . 


Milk  in       I 
Natural  Con-| 
dition. 


Milk  Reduced  to  12  per 
Cent.  Dry  Contents. 


Q     W 


7-14 
7.58 

8.27 

7.16 


SO 


11.56 
12.36 

12. 54 
12,02 


3- '3 
338 

3-32 

3-34 


=■57 
2,61 

2,66 

2,62 


0,57 
0,51 

0,48 

0.4s 


4-54 
4-5= 

4-4> 

4-49 


The  cow  gained   in  weight  in  the  second  and   third 
period,  but  not  in  the  first  or  fourth. 

It  is  seen  that  the  yield  of  milk  increased  as  the 
diet  improved,  and  fell  bacic  again  to  the  original 
amount  when  the  diet  reverted  to  that  first  given. 
The  quality  of  the  milk  also  improved  to  some  e.xtent 
with  the  better  diet,  as  is  shown  by  the  larger  amount 
of  dry  matter  it  contained.  When  we  come,  however, 
to  the  proportion  between  the  various  ingredients  of 
the  milk  we  observe  no  perceptible  change.  The 
albuminous  diet  does  not  furnish  a  milk  extra  rich  in 
casein  or  albumin,  neither  does  an  oleaginous  diet 
increase  the  proportion  of  butter.  The  nature  of  the 
food  has  no  effect  on  the  composition  of  the  milk,  save 
that  a  liberal  diet  diminishes  somewhat  the  amount  of 
water.  It  is  wise  that  it  should  be  so.  Did  the 
composition  of  the  milk  depend  to  any  considerable 
extent  on  the  quality  of  the  food,  the  offspring  of  the 
animal  must  suffer.  Nature  has,  in  fact,  her  own  plans, 
from  which  no  contrivance  of  ours  will  move  her,  and 
the  profitable  result  of  the  study  of  Nature  is  to  teach 
us  how  best  to  fall  in  with  her  schemes  of  action. 


THE  IMPLEMENTS  AT  THE  AGRI- 
CULTURAL HALL. 

BiiFORE  all  interest  in  the  late  Smithfield  Club  cattle 
show  ceases,  allow  me  to  make  some  observations  on 
the  great  want  of  a  catalogue  for  the  implements,  A 
catalogue  for  the  beasts,  which  are  all  killed  in  the 
course  of  a  week  or  two,  was  to  be  had,  but  of  the 
admirable  and  extensive  collection  of  implements, 
which  latter  are  constantly  requited  on  a  farm,  and  by 
means  of  which  food  is  raised  for  fattening  such 
animals,  no  catalogue  was  printed  this  year.  When 
the  secretary  of  the  Club  forwarded  the  papers  to  the 
various  persons  who  applied  for  space,  the  usual  ruled 
page  was  sent  to  be  filled  up  with  a  list  of  articles  that 
they  intended  to  exhibit,  and  of  course  the  applicants 
for  space  entered  the  implements  they  considered 
most  worthy  of  attention,  and  it  was  of  great  con- 
sequence to  have  them  printed  in  the  catalogue 
as  in  former  years.  Judge,  then,  our  astonish- 
ment when,  after  paying  our  money  (mark  that, 
Mr,  Editor),  we  each  received  a  small  scrap  of  printed 
paper  informing  us  that  it  had  been  determined  to  have 
no  catalogue  of  the  implements  !  We  were,  however, 
told,  in  a  condescending  manner,  that  our  names  would 
appear  in  the  catalogue  of  the  cattle  in  any  way  we 
desired,  if  we  expressed  our  wishes  in  this  respect  to 
the  secretary  of  the  Agricultural  Hall  Company,  It  is 
worthy  of  note  that  this  communication  was  not  dated, 
but  we  know  that  a  few  days  previous  to  its  receipt  a 
meeting  had  taken  place  at  which  this  course  was 
adopted.  This  new  arrangement,  I  repeat,  was  an- 
nounced to  us  after  we  had  filled  up  the  paper  with 
our  articles  for  exhibition  and  paid  for  our  space, 
I  think  you  will  agree  with  me  that  this  was  not  a 
creditable  transaction  on  the  part  of  the  Smith- 
field  Club,  for  I  contend,  if  they  did  not  know 
there  was  to  be  no  implement  catalogue,  they  should 
have  known  this  circumstance,  and  have  fairly  stated 
it  to  the  parties  applying  for  space  before  they  made 
their  entries.  It  would  then  have  been  optional 
whether  they  exhibited  or  not. 

Any  one  acquainted  with  the  business  of  the 
cattle  show  will  tell  you  that  the  catalogue  of  imple- 
ments is  considered  of  great  importance, — that,  in 
fact,  if  the  exhibitors  but  cleared  their  expenses 
at  the  show  they  were  satisfied  because  the  cata- 
logue brought  them  orders  afterwards.  In  many 
instances  the  exhibition  is  a  present  loss  ;  I 
know  of  one  having  a  large  space  who  did  not 
receive  a  single  order  ;  and  what,  I  ask,  can  he 
now  expect,  when  there  is  no  implement  catalogue, 
as  in  former  times  ?  Country  gentlemen  were  enabled 
to  look  over  the  same  at  their  hotels,  and  most 
frequently  the  following  day  they  would  call  at 
certain   stands   and   examine  special  implements   and 


January  6,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Ao-ricultural 


Gazette. 


21 


make  notes  of  the  articles  on  the  catalogue,  and  in  due 
course  when  they  returned  home  orders  were  sent  for 
such  and  such  implements.  I  am  aware  it  has  been 
asserted  that  the  catalogue  does  not  pay— possibly  not  ; 
thouMi  I  am  not  altogether  satisfied  on  this  point,  and 
I  should  like  to  know,  for  my  enlightenment  on  this 
head  who  had  the  money  for  the  numerous  advertise- 
ment's at  the  end  of  the  catalogue.  Even  now,  if  it 
does  not  actually  pay,  the  loss  must  be  very  triflmg 
indeed,  and  can  well  be  met  by  those  wlio  receive  the 
enormous  amount  taken  at  the  doors  for  admission  to 
the  cattle  show. 

Again,  I  have  heard  it  remarked  that  the  exhibition 
of  implements  is  quite  a  secondary  matter,  a  sub- 
ject of  indifference  to  the  Smithfield  Club  ;  indeed, 
as  far  as  any  single  exhibitor  goes,  the  committee 
would  probably  simply  tell  him,  if  he  did  not 
choose  to  take  space,  there  were  plenty  of  appli- 
cants who  would.  Truly  they  can  aftord,  in  the 
plenitude  of  their  power,  to  be  very  off-hand  with 
any  single  exhibitor,  but  it  is  rather  a  serious  expe- 
riment to  attempt  to  lord  it  over  the  whole  body.  I 
ask,  are  the  committee  prepared  for  a  strike  of  all  the 
exhibitors?  Notwithstanding  their  indifference  to  the 
exhibition  of  implements,  what  would  become  of  the 
cattle  show  if  the  galleries  were  empty?  Let  them 
try  the  experiment  for  one  season.  In  truth,  the 
cattle  may  be  considered  the  body  and  the 
implements  the  limbs— neither  can  say  to  the  other, 
**  I  have  no  need  of  thee."  Call  the  show  what 
you  please,  it  would  be  a  very  poor  affair  without  the 
implements  ;  in  fact,  I  think  it  is  high  time  that  the 
latter  should  be  recognised  in  the  exhibition  by  calling 
it  the  "  Fat  Cattle  and  Implement  Show."  The  sale  of 
the  catalogue  was  not  exactly  a  fair  transaction  ;  care 
seemed  to  be  taken  not  to  call  it  by  its  real  title, 
"Description  of  the  Cattle,  ^c."  Some  people  in  the 
gallery  evidently  purchased  the  catalogue,  fully  expect- 
in^T  it  to  be  a  guide  to  the  various  implements.  1  ask, 
what  was  the  use  of  paying  the  6/.  to  find  such  a  line 
as  this  {there  were  76  such  blanks  out  of  202 
exhibitors)  : — 

iViiwc.                   I            Trad,:  I  A  <Uress. 

153.  Corbett,  Thomas    ..  | |  Shrewsbury. 

I  beg  pardon,  '*  Salop  "  was  added,  to  enlighten  the 
people,  I  suppose.  What  Mr.  Corbett  brought  to 
exhibit  in  London  all  the  way  from  Shrewsbury,  and 
many  others  in  a  similar  position,  the  reader  was  left 
to  conjecture ;  no  information  whatever  appeared. 
Again,  in  another  page  we  find : — 


would  be  outrageously  high,  and  would  act  as  an  extin- 
guisher to  the  catalogue.  Some  parties  may  assert  that  I 
have  overrated  the  importance  of  a  catalogue  ;  I  think 
not  :  and  as  an  evidence  of  its  value  we  find  no  exhibi- 
tion of  any  pretension  without  a  catalogue  ;  it  fixes  the 
memory,  otherwise  it  is  all  confusion  in  the  mind  and 
ephemeral,  and  is  like  a  book  without  an  index.  In 
conclusion,  I  have  only  to  add  that  the  catalogue  of 
implements  should  be  drawn  up  with  care,  so  thai 
gentlemen  may  find  it  valuable  for  reference  after  the 
show ;  and  I  trust  that  some  steps  will  be  taken  to 
ensure  this  desideratum  before  the  cattle  show  of  1872 
takes  place.  Considering  it  an  unhandsome  thing  to 
"hit  anyone  in  the  dark,"  I  subscribe  my  name, 
though  with  the  dread  of  being  excommunicated  by 
the  Smithfield  Club.  Henry  Aihiutl,  Estates  Gazette 
and  Agricultural  Library^  stand  53  in  the  Gallery^ 
and  200,  Fleet  Street. 


Navte. 
54.  Agricultural  and  Hor- 
ticultural Associa- 
tion 


Trade. 


Address. 


Here  the  information  stops,  the  name  only  is  given- 
no  county  even  is  vouchsafed,  and  no  address,  although 
the  person  who  prepared  the  list  of  names  could  have  had 
full  particulars  from  the  sheet  sent  in  by  each  exhibitor, 
as  first  stated.  Was  this  fair  dealing  ?  The  excuse  may 
be  made  that  the  exhibitors  did  not  send  in  their  names 
to  the  secretary  of  the  Agricultural  Hall  Company  as 
requested  ;  but  I  contend  the  names  had  already  been 
given  in  with  every  particular  ;  and  I  should  like  to 
know  what  the  exhibitors  of  implements  had  to  do  with 
the  secretary  of  the  Agricultural  Hall  Company? 
Their  engagements  were  with  the  secretary  of  the 
Smithfield  Club.  Although  the  exhibitors  were  treated 
so  badly,  you  will  not  fail  to  see  that  others  who 
had  no  business  with  the  cattle  show  employed  the 
catalogue  to  advance  other  interests.  Look  at  the 
top  of  every  page  ;  an  announcement  is  made  that 
the  Horse  Show  of  1872  opens  on  Saturday,  June  i. 
Once  more,  it  may  be  said  that  the  Smithfield 
Club  did  not  issue  the  catalogue,  but  it  is  printed 
by  the  Agricultural  Hall  Company.  This  excuse 
will  not  hold  water.  It  reminds  me  of  one  com- 
plaining of  some  objectionable  act  to  a  master. 
**Oh!"  says  he,  "it  is  my  man  who  has  done 
it,  speak  to  him."  Then,  going  to  the  man,  he 
scratches  his  head,  and  says,  **  Vou  must  talk  to 
measter!"  How  was  it  managed  in  other  years?  Is  the 
Smithfield  Club  so  bound  hand  and  foot  to  the  Agri- 
cultural Hall  Company  that  the  latter  can  do  just  as 
they  please,  irrespective  of  the  fair  requirements  of  the 
exhibitors  of  the  Smithfield  Club  show  ?  I  recommend 
the  exhibitors  of  implements  to  combine  and  form  an 
"Ami- Non-Catalogue  Society,"  and  have  a  clear 
understanding  whether  there  will  be  a  proper  catalogue 
of  implements  or  not.  Until  this  is  settled  in  a  satis- 
factory manner,  let  them  hold  themselves  aloof  from 
the  show. 

Perhaps  it  would  be  as  well,  for  the  sake  of  peace, 
to  make  some  suggestion  before  closing  this  letter. 
Will  you  let  me  propose  that  each  exhibitor  of  imple- 
ments be  entitled  to  as  many  lines  of  brevier  type 
all  across  the  page  in  the  catalogue  free  of  cost  as 
he  has  feet  of  frontage — this  exclusive  of  his  name  and 
address ;  afterwards,  should  he  require  a  greater  number 
of  lines  to  describe  his  articles,  let  him  pay  2'^.  or  ^d.  a 
line  of  brevier  type — a  page  would  contain  about  60 
lines,  which,  at  3^/.,  would  yield  15^. — no  exhibitor  to 
be  allowed  to  have  beyond  — -  pages,  for  I  think  some 
limit  should  be  named  ;  this  would  help  the  expenses 
of  the  catalogue,  and  with  the  advertisements  and 
sile  cf  the  catalogues,  I  doubt  not,  clear  the  ex- 
pense?. I  believe  a  year  or  so  ago  something  was 
said  about  charging  the   exhibitors    is.  a  line;    tli; 


A  GRICUL  TURK  A  ND  THE  LA  BO  URER. 
Here  is  a  capital  speech  on  this  important  subject. 
At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Bedfordshire  Agricultural 
Society — 

Mr.  Charles  Howard  said  that  farming,  farm 
labourers,  land-laws,  and  land  questions  generally, 
had  received  of  late  more  than  ordinary  attention. 
Statesmen  and  eminent  landlords  had  written  and 
spoken  upon  them  ;  Social  Congresses  had  thought 
them  worthy  of  debate  ;  while  political  economists  had 
on  various  occasions  favoured  us  with  their  theories. 
With  some  of  the  latter  the  remedy  for  many  of 
England's  evils  was  the  sub-division  of  our  large 
domains,  and  parcelling  out  the  country  into  small 
farms  ;  but  if  these  gentlemen  would  point  him  out  a 
large  territorial  estate  where  large  and  moderate-sized 
farms  prevailed,  then  he  would  show  them  where  the 
most  corn  and  meat  was  produced,  a  fact  which  the 
consuming  classes  of  this  country  ought  not  to  lose 
sight  of.  The  farmers  had  no  wish  to  see  the  Lords 
abolished,  nor  their  ancestral  estates  cut  up  :  on  the 
contrary,  they  thought  it  would  be  better  for  the  agri- 
culture of  the  country  if  the  land  had  fewer  owners. 
Their  irrepressible  and  lively  friend,  Mr.  Mechi,  had  of 
late  inundated  the  press  with  his  letters.  Those  who 
knew  Mr.  Mechi  appreciated  him  very  much  for  the 
kindness  of  his  disposition,  and  his  desire  to  benefit 
agriculture,  but  the  fact  could  not  be  disguised  that  in 
most  of  his  letters  there  was  an  evident  leaning  to  the 
landlord  at  the  expense  of  the  tenant.  Take  the  ques- 
tion of  the  over-preservation  of  game,  which  had  been 
the  ruin  of  hundreds  of  farmers.  When  tenants  com- 
plained of  the  injury  done  them,  Mr.  Mechi  bade  them 
farm  the  best  and  highest  where  the  most  damage  was 
done,  viz. ,  about  the  coverts,  or  to  run  wire  fences  all 
round  the  fields,  a  course  which  some  would  pronounce 
as  "adding  insult  to  injury."  Avery  good  farmer, 
not  far  from  Bedford,  had  tried  this  plan,  but  very 
soon  had  a  notice  to  take  up  his  wire  fence  or  a  notice 
of  another  form  would  be  the  result, 

Mr.  Mechi  had  access  to  the  Times,  and  with  such 
an  advantage,  instead  of  schooling  the  tenants  he 
might  do  vast  service  to  agriculture  and  to  the  country, 
by  drawing  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  land  can  never 
be  made  to  produce  its  proper  amount  of  corn  and 
meat  until  landlords  either  grant  leases,  or  (still  better) 
agreements,  subject  to  two  years'  notice,  with  com- 
pensation clauses  for  unexhausted  improvements.  Men 
of  capital  and  skill  would  not  take  land  under  sharp 
landlords,  subject  to  a  six  months'  notice  to  quit.  This 
was  a  question  which  concerned  the  consuming  classes 
more  than  they  at  present  realised,  and  the  high  price 
of  meat  was  partly  the  penalty  of  such  a  state  of  things. 
Agriculturists  intended  that  their  agriculture  and  their 
various  breeds  of  animals  should  continue  to  be  the 
boast  and  admiration  of  the  world,  and  he  trusted  that 
the  reading  of  papers  on  such  occasions  as  these,  fol- 
lowed by  practical  discussions,  would  lead  to  so  desir- 
able a  result.  This  movement,  he  remarked,  had  been 
frequently  suggested  by  their  late  lamented  friend,  Mr. 
James,  of  Cople,  but  it  was  reserved  for  the  year  of 
presidency  of  the  chairman,  who  had  brought  the 
subject  prominently  before  the  Society,  for  the  move- 
ment to  be  inaugurated,  and  he  (Mr.  C.  Howard)  ap- 
peared before  them,  at  the  request  of  the  committee, 
to  open  the  first  discussion.  In  a  carefully  prepared 
article  in  the  Mark  Lane  Express  of  November  20,  it 
was  estimated  that  the  annual  value  of  the  corn  crops 
alone  in  Great  Britain  was  over  £^o,ooo,QOO,  and  that 
the  annual  value  of  all  agricultural  produce  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  is  over  ;^300, 000, 000, — facts  which 
those  who  were  in  the  habit  of  depreciating  agriculture 
wou^d  do  well  to  study. 

Of  late  years  the  harvest  had  become  a  most  anxious 
and  trying  season,  the  farmer  needing  much  grace  and 
patience.  Our  labour  supply  is  no  longer  what  it  was. 
Those  itinerant  bands  of  Irish  reapers  who  came  yearly 
to  cut  down  our  harvest,  either  remained  at  home,  or 
had  left  their  country — in  some  instances,  doubt- 
less "for  their  country's  good."  Nor  did  other 
portions  of  our  population  turn  out  as  formerly 
for  the  harvest  month.  The  continued  extension  of 
railways,  the  opening  of  iron-stone  quarries,  and  the 
great  prosperity  of  the  building  and  other  trades,  had 
drawn  largely  upon  our  agricultural  population,  and 
would  continue  to  do  so  until  farmers  competed  with 
them  in  the  price  paid  for  labour.     Hitherto  the  farmer 


had  proved  equal  to   the  emergency  of  his  position, 
though   at   some  considerable    cost.     His   wants   and 
requirements  had  brought  into  existence  during  the  last 
25  or  30  years  gigantic  manufactories  of  agricultural 
miplements,    and    those    who    remembered    the   early 
meetings  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  could  bear 
witness  to  the  enormous  increase  in  this  branch  of  its 
proceedings.      Although  farmers  rarely  made  fortunes, 
many  had  been  made  out  of  them  ;  but  they  honoured 
the   men  vvho  had   so  prospered,  and  during  the   last 
harvest  many  a  thanksgiving  went  up  for  the  reaping 
machines,  without  which  much  corn  must  have  been  in 
the  fields  at  this  moment.     The  farmer  was  therefore 
fully  alive  to  the  fact  that  he  must  fly  to  machinery  to 
meet   the    scarcity    of    labour.       The    labourer    had 
gradually  withdrawn  his  opposition  to  machinery,  as  he 
found   the  hard  work  done  for  him,    and,   thanks    to 
public  opinion,   the  opposition  to  it  on  the  part   of  the 
landlord  had   nearly  died  out.      He  (Mr.  C.  Howard) 
had  only  heard  of  one  case   last  harvest  where  a  tenant 
was   forbidden    the  use  of  a   reaping-machine.     This 
good  man  came  and  told  him  his  troubles.     He  had 
50  acres  ot  Wheat  which  required  cutting,  and  scarcely 
any  men  to  do  it.      I  asked  him  whether  his   landlord 
expected   his   rent.     He   replied,    "Oh   yes,    and   no 
mistake."      I  then   said,  "  Are  you  an  Englishman  ?" 
"  Oh,  yes,"  he  replied.      "Well,  go  home  and  act  like 
one  ;  use  your  machine  at  all  hazards."     His  reply  was 
— and  I  would  have  all  those  who    have  any  doubt 
about  the  propriety  of  an  equitable  tenant-right  mark 
it — "  I  should  have  no  hesitation,  but  I  have  laid  out  a 
good  deal  of  money,  and  if  I  offend  I  can  be  got  rid  of 
by  a  six  months'  notice  to  quit."     To  men  of  this  class, 
and  others  opposed  to  the  introduction  of  machinery,  I 
will  use  the  expressive  language  of  the  great  Mr.  Cob- 
den.      Of  course  it  did  not  suit  us  at  the  time,  as  it  was 
applied  to  the  agricultural  interest  in  their  opposition 
to  free  trade.      "To  check  it,"  said  he,  "you  are  as 
powerless  as  a  cork  upon  the  cataracts  of  Niagara." 
In  tracing  the  history  of  the  reaping-machine  from  the 
earliest  period  to  the  present  time,  to  make  the  farmers 
happy  they  required   a  companion  machine  to   tie  the 
corn  up.     The  reaping-machine  most  in  favour  was  the 
two-horse  side  sheaf  delivery,  but  on  most  farms  in  this 
neighbourhood   reaping-machines    were   used   of   one 
make  or  another,   and    various   were  the  methods   in 
which  the  harvest  was  conducted.     Nine  farmers  out 
of  ten  let  the  work  in  one  form  or  another,  but  a  few 
preferred  the  old  system  of  engaging  the  (men  by  the 
month,  others  preferring  to  let  the  whole  of  the  harvest. 
By  far  the  greater  number,   however,  merely  let  the 
cutting  and  tying,   charging  a  price  per  acre  for  the 
machine,  the  remainder,  with  the  exception  of  thatch- 
ing, being  done  by  the  day.     He  thought  it  preferable 
to  put  the  machine  in  the  hands  of  one  of  the  best  men, 
who  should  be  rewarded  for  extra  exertion  and  care  of 
machine  ;  the  tying,  shocking,  and  dragging  to  be  let 
either  to  their  own  men  or  to  strranges.     He  thought  it 
desirable  that  a  field  or  large  portion  of  a  field  should 
be  cut  before  the  men  were  put  in  it ;  by  this  means 
the  men  could  be  placed  in  as  many  companies  as  the 
master  might  prefer.     By  placing  a  large  number  of 
men  together,  the  good  man  would  be  reduced  to  the 
level  of  the  indifferent  one.     Great  vigilance,  however, 
was  necessary  on  the  part  of  the  master.     Valuable  as 
the  horse-drag  was,  he  had  seen  great  mischief  done  by 
its  too  free  use,  especially  on  clay  soils,  too  much  dirt 
being   collected   by   it.      He   thought   the   hand-drag 
should  be  used  only  over  the  whole  of  the  land  at  the 
time  of  shocking,  its  gatherings  tied  up  in  bundles  and 
stacked  separately,  the  horse-drag  giving  the  finishing 
stroke  after  all  was  carted.    As  to  the  stack,  he  thought 
that  there  should  be  sufificient  in  it  for  a  full  day's  work 
with  the  threshing-machine.    He  inclined  to  the  oblong 
shape  with  the  hipped  roof,  or  the  old  hovel  without 
its  stand  or  frame,  the  size  he  preferred  being  10  yardE 
long  by  5i  yards  wide. 

Much  damage  was  often  sustained  by  the  roofs  o 
stacks  not  being  properly  built,  many  stackers  r*n 
taking  suf^cient  care  to  keep  the  middle  full  so  that  t/'< 
outside  sheaves  should  shoot  off  the  rain  rather  than 
conduct  it  into  the  stack.  It  was  a  great  boon  to  the 
farmer  to  have  in  his  service  some  good  stackers  and 
thatchers,  and  these  men  deserved  every  encourage- 
ment. He  regretted  that  the  funds  of  the  society  did 
not  allow  them  to  continue  prizes  for  these  operations. 
He  also  thought  it  desirable  to  place  the  stacks  in 
several  convenient  spots  on  the  farm  rather  than  alto- 
gether. In  case  of  fire  it  was  not  right  of  the  insurance 
office,  nor  was  it  good  policy,  to  risk  the  destruction  of 
the  whole  of  the  hay  and  straw  of  a  farm.  A  labour- 
saving  machine  was  being  gradually  introduced  in  the 
stacking  of  hay  and  corn — he  alluded  to  the  elevator. 
During  the  last  harvest  he  had  applied  a  i-horse  gear 
to  his  ordinary  straw-jack,  and  had  used  it  with  con- 
siderable advantage  in  the  stacking  of  Barley,  saving  at 
least  two  men  on  a  stack.  He  believed  they  were  made 
also  for  carrying  up  corn  in  a  sheaf,  and  he  did  not 
doubt  they  would  come  into  more  general  use.  Now, 
as  to  thatching.  In  the  course  of  his  25  to  30  years' 
experience  he  did  not  remember  so  much  damage  being 
done  to  stacks  as  by  the  4-inch  rainfall  during  the  latter 
end  of  last  September.  The  cost  of  thatching  was  very 
considerable  each  year  ;  but  he  would  not  dwell  further 
upon  this  subject,  preferring  rather  to  devote  his  atten- 
tion to  the  beer  question,  which  had  been  so  long  a 
source  of  trouble  and  annoyance  to  the  farmer. 

From  all  he  could  learn,  the  farmers  of  Bedfordshire 


22 


The    Gardeners*    Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  6,   1872. 


were  more  hampered  by  this  custom  than  those  in  most    to    dwell  in. — He  (Mr, 

other  counties.      Money  payments,  all   the  year  round,     satisfaction  the  prospect  of  an  improved  education  for 
had  been  substituted  by  one  or  two  gentlemen,  but  he    the  rising  generation  of  labourers,   and  he  hoped  the 
had  personally  long  wished  to  see  his  way  out  of  the    farmers  would  do  all  they  could  to  forward  it  by  re- 
difficulty,  and  he  confessed  he  had  not  yet  done  so.    fusing  to  employ  any  boy  under  10  years  of  age. 
So  long  as  the  present  drinking  customs  remained,  his 
only  fear  was,  if  the  masters  did   not  provide  a  good  1 
wholesome  beverage,  that  the  man  would  introduce  on  , 
the  farm,  and  at  all  hours,  the  frightful   stuff  of  the 
nearest  beer-shop,  the  result  being  that  the  work  would 
be  neglected,  and  that  the  man  would  be  rendered  half 
mad. 


Howard)  hailed  with  much  [  in  more  ways  than  one,  but  up  to  this  date  they  have 
never  been  so  save  in  the  new  machine  of  the  Messrs. 
Burgess  &  Key  under  notice. 

The  solution  of  this  problem  has  been  effected  by 
the  substitution  of  a  simple  reaper  bracket  and  gear- 
ing, with  a  small  guide-wheel  in  front,  in  place  of 
the  mower  bracket  and  gearing  behind — the  peculiar 
mechanism  of  B.  ti  K.'s  machines  admitting  this,  the 
working  parts  being  outside  the  carriage-wheels.  This 
improvement  is  very  easily  effected,  fig.  5  being  con- 
verted into  fig.  6  at  no  great  expense,   the  converted 


BURGESS  AND  KEY'S  MOWERS  AND 

REAPERS  FOR  1872. 

The  three  annexed  engravings  illustrate  two  machines, 

g.  5  being  convertible  into  fig.  6  by  a  very  simple 

Money   payments    might,  however,  be   intro-  .,  mechanism,  recently  invented,    and   for  the  first  time  |  machine,   whether  mower  or  reaper,  being  complete 

duced  among  the  boys,  and  he  would  advocate  liberal  \  exhibited  at  the  last  Christmas  meeting  of  the  Smith-  j  in  itself,  and  entirely  free  from  the  objections  to  which 

payments,  too.    He  had  often  felt  condemned  in  giving    field  Club  in  the  Agricultural    Hall,    IsUngton.     We  '  other   convertibles,   or   combined  machines,   are   sub- 


ject, the  direction  and  velocity 
of  whose  knives  remain  un- 
changed. 

The  small  expense  of  com- 
bined mowers  and  reapers  gives 
to  them  a  popularity  they  might 
not  otherwise  possess.  Farmers 
must  study  the  means  they  have 
at  command.  There  is  no  prac- 
tical axiom  in  farming  better 
understood  than  this,  for  field 
results  as  well  as  theoretical  con- 
clusions must  give  way  to  it. 
Thus,  if  a  farmer  can  start  a 
mower  in  hay  harvest,  and  then 
by  a  few  shillings  more  can  con- 
vert his  mower  into  a  reaper 
for  hand  delivery  in  com  har- 
vest, the  practical  argument  is 
to  him  conclusive  ;  and  to  such 
farmers  the  Messrs.  Burgess  & 
Key  are  now  prepared  to  supply 
the  most  efficient  combined 
mowers  and  reapers  now  in 
use.  The  two  seats  (fig.  6)  will 
readily  be  understood  to  be,  the 
one  for  the  driver,  and  the  other 
for  the  raker.  Fig.  5  is  a  back 
view  of  the  mower,  and  shows 
the  knife  behind,  the  raker's 
shall  notice  each  machine  separately,  taking  them  in    seat ;  the  platform  is  removed,  and  the  mower-bracket. 


Fig.  5. — BURGESS  &  key's  mower  and  reaper  for  1872. 


grass- 


little  boys  so  much  beer.  He 
thought  that  if  they  could  see 
their  way  to  a  new  great-coat  at 
the  end  of  the  harvest  they 
would  be  well  pleased  to  forego 
their  beer.  He  had  no  doubt 
that  by  the  time  the  boys  who 
were  to  receive  the  benefit  of  an 
improved  education  became  men 
the  substitution  of  money  pay- 
ments for  beer  would  be  the 
rule.  This  led  him,  in  conclu- 
sion, to  refer  to  the  condition  of 
the  agricultural  labourer.  One 
farmer-member,  and  long  may 
he  remain  so — Mr.  C.  S.  Read 
— in  his  address  to  the  Farmers' 
Club  only  the  other  day,  and 
Mr.  Dent,  M.  P.  for  Scarbo- 
rough, in  an  article  in  the  last 
volume  of  the  Royal  Agricul- 
tural  Society's  yoiirnaly  have 
both  done  good  service  inplacing 
before  the  public  the  true  posi- 
tion of  our  labourers.  Both 
articles  are  worthy  of  every 
farmer's  perusal. 

No  man,  in  my  opinion,  said 
Mr.  Howard,  is  more  rapidly  im- 
proving than  the  farm  labourer. 

The  heavy  work  of  the  farm  is  now  done  by  machinery. 
The  flail  is  preserved  as  a  relic  of  a  barbarous  age  ; 
the  scythe  and  sickle  are  gradually  disappearing ;  yet 
the  agricultural  labourer  is  at  this  moment  receiving  more 
for  his  work  than  at  any  former  period  of  his  history.      I 
do  not  for  a  moment  think  it  will  compare  with  that  of 
the  higher  class  of  artisans.     But  if  the  following  ad- 
vantages  are    taken    into    consideration  —  his    piece- 
work,   his   extra   wages  in  hay-time   and  in   harvest, 
his   allowance  of  beer  at    a  weekly    cost  of   \s.   6d. 
the  year  through,   his   cheap  cottage,  and  exemption 
from    all    rates,    his    garden    and    allotment    of  land 
of  a  rood  to  half  an  acre,  together  with  the  gleaning 
of    his   wife    and    family,    the    weekly   income   of  a 
steady       agricultural 
labourer    will     com- 
pare favourably  with 
that  of  the  lower  class 
ofartizan.      Perhaps 
you   will  think   it    a 
bold  assertion,  but  I 
verily    believe     that 
according  to  numbers 
employed,  I  can  find 
a  greater  proportion 
of  men  on  my  farm 
than      my     brothers 
(Messrs.     J.     &    F. 
Howard)  can  at  their 
works,      who      will 
change  you   a   sove- 
reign on  any  day  in 
the     middle    of    the 
week.   As  tothenine- 
hour    movement,    of 
which  we  have  heard 
so   much  lately,    our 
labourers  have  availed 
themselves     of    that 
boon      without     any 
strikes  for  many  long 
years  past.    Our  men, 
after     reaching     the 
homesteads,  have  per- 
haps to  go  to  a  dis- 
tant field  to  work,  the 
walk  occupying  some 
15  to  30  minutes;  the  time  allotted  for  meals  and  leaving    with  the  law  of  forces,  the  knife  moves  in  its  proper  j  cially  at  the  turnings. 


the   order  of  the   harvest  seasons,    /.    e.,    the 
mower  first. 

Fig.  5  represents  Burgess  &  Key's  new  mower 
arranged  for  cutting  meadow  grass.  Clover,  Sainfoin, 
and  other  crops  of  this  kind,  used  either  for  green 
forage  or  hay.  In  cutting  such  crops  the  weight 
of  the  crop  on  the  finger-bar  and  the  onward 
draught  of  the  team  have  a  tendency  to  pull  the  knife 
downwards.  To  counteract  this  the  knife  is  placed 
behind  the  axis  of  the  main  or  carriage  wheels,  as 
shown  in  the  engraving.  The  mechanical  rationale 
of  this  is  simple,  for  by  this  position  the  horses  pull 
the  points  of  the  fingers  upwards,  so  that,  in  accordance  .  increased. 


with  its  gearing  and  leverage,  is  substituted  for  that  of 
the  reaper.  Fig.  6  is  a  front  view  of  the  reaper,  and 
shows  the  knife  and  small  guide  wheel  before  the  main 
carriage  wheel.  In  both  illustrations  the  crank,  con- 
necting rod  and  mode  of  altering  the  inclination  of  the 
pole,  will  be  understood  without  a  formal  description. 
Fig.  7. — This  machine  has  been  greatly  improved 
since  it  was  first  introduced  some  12  months  ago.  It 
was  then  reported  by  the  Times  ioh^  "the  very  simplest 
self-raker  we  have  yet  seen,"  and  the  improvements 
effected  do  not  in  any  way  complicate  its  mechanism, 
but  the  contrary,  its  efficiency  in  the  harvest-field  being 


off,  except  when  at  the  homestead,  cannot  be  so  rigidly 
enforced  as  in  a  manufactory  ;  on  threshing  days,  and 
other  busy  occasions,  there  is  the  time  devoted  to 
*'ll  o'clock"  and  "4  o'clock."  These  deductions, 
coupled  in  the  short  days  of  winter,  justify  me  in  the 
statement  that  the  farm  labourer  does  not  the  year 
through  work  more  than  nine  hours  a  day.  Still,  on 
some  farms  they  carry  the  hours  of  harvest  labour  to  an 
extreme.  As  to  the  apprehension  lest  the  agricultural 
labourers  should  be  over-educated,  my  own  experience 
was  to  the  contrary,  as  I  have  found  that  those  men 
who  have  had  the  most  educational  advantages  are  the 
best  labourers,  and  the  most  reasonable  to  deal  with. 
Let  the  agricultural  labourer  be  better  educated,  and 
the  better  dwelling  must  follow,  for  he  would  refuse  to 
live  in  such  hovels  as  his  forefathers  had  been  content 


When  first  exhibited  the  four  wooden  arms 
were  rigidly  fixed  in 
the  standard,  so  that 
the  path  of  the  rakes 
and  reels  was  that  of 
the  frustrum  of  a 
cone,  so  to  speak, 
and  the  platform  had 
to  be  curved  accord- 
ingly. Now  tubular 
iron  arms  have  been 
substituted  for  the 
wooden  ones,  with  a 
Dorsey  undulating 
cam  and  small  rollers, 
which  enables  the 
reels  and  rakes  to 
bring  the  standing 
corn  better  on  to  the 
knife,  and  to  sweep 
the  cut  corn  off  the 
platform  in  sheaves 
at  the  side  with  less 
power  andstrainupon 
the  gearing.  In  the 
first  machine  the 
driver  rode  upon  the 
near  horse's  back,  so 
that  he  had  to  keep 
a  continuous  eye,  as 
it  were,  behind,  which 
thus  rendered  the  con- 
trol of  the  machine  a 
little  awkward,  espe- 
Now  a  seat  is  provided  behind, 
direction.  '  as  shown  in  the  engraving,  which  gives  the  driver  com- 

The  proper  direction,  velocity  and  cutting  power  of  I  plete  control  over  both  his  team  and  machine,  while 


Fig.  6.— burgess  &  key's  combined  reaper. 


the  knife,  are  very  important  practical  questions,  and 
as  the  knife  of  a  mower  requires  to  be  worked  at  a 
greater  velocity  than  that  of  a  reaper,  it  follows  that  in 
combined  machines  provision  should  be  made  for  such 
differences,  for  unless  this  is  done  there  will  be  a 
sacrifice  of  motive-power,  &c, ,  experienced.    And  more 


his  weight  greatly  counterbalances  that  of  the  pole, 
thus  relieving  the  necks  of  the  horses,  and  at  the  same 
time  increasing  the  bite  of  the  main  or  driving-wheel 
on  the  ground.  A  bent  lever  comes  round  the  wheel 
to  the  driver's  hand,  which  enables  him  to  throw  the 
machine  (knife  and  rakes)  out  of  and  into  gear  with  the 


than    this,   for  in  crossing  ridge-and-furrow  land  the  '  greatest  ease.     The  driver's  seat  and  bent  lever   can 


driver  must  have  full  control  over  the  knife  by  raising 
or  lowering  it  as  occasion  requires,  otherwise  the 
points  of  the  fingers  will  at  one  time  dig  into  the 
ground,  and  at  another  rise  too  high  above  it.  The 
direction  of  the  knife  of  a  combined  machine  is  there- 
fore as  great  a  desideratum  as  its  velocity  and  cutting 
power.     Doubtless  such  improvements  may  be  effected 


both  be  removed  and  placed  on  the  machine  out  of  the 
way  when  required,  as  when  passing  through  gates, 
&c.  The  surface  of  the  tire  of  the  driving-wheel  is 
smooth,  and  last  year  this  was  found  to  have  sufficient 
bite  to  drive  the  working  parts.  Indeed,  from  the 
simplicity  of  the  whole  of  the  working  parts,  less 
power  is  required  to  actuate  them  than  is  consumed  in 


January  6,  1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    Asyricultural    Gazette. 


23 


driving  more  complicated  mechanism.  Simplicity 
of  mechanism  is  the  chief  characteristic  of  this 
new  reaper,  which,  expressed  in  other  words,  is  the 
construction  of  the  working  parts  on  sound  prin- 
ciples. Thus  the  gearing  for  actuating  the  rakes  is 
outside  the  main  wheel— that  for  driving  the  knife 
inside,  so  that  their  united  weights  balance  each  other 
in  the  best  possible  way,  and  in  the  same  vertical  line, 
giving  greater  steadiness  of  bite  and  driving  power  to 
the  wheel  than  were  they  otherwise  placed — and  as 
the  standard  centres  with  the  axis  of  the  main  wheel, 
it  is  driven  by  a  single  pair  of  gear-wheels— a  small 
driving  one  on  the  main  wheel,  and  a  larger  driven  one 
on  the  standard.  This  position  of  the  centres,  and 
the  calculation  of  the  gearing,  effect,  too,  the  greatest 
economy  of  power  in  working  the  rakes.  A  similar 
economy  of  power  is  effected  by  the  low  position  and 
"direct  thrust"  of  the  knife.  And  the  economy  is 
greater  when  the  knife  is  in  a  line  with  the  axis  of  the 
main  wheel  (the  ground  under  this  wheel  being  the 
common  fulcrum  of  the  whole  system  of  levers  in 
operation),  than  when  it  is  not  in  a  line.  Again,  as 
the  land  wheel  is  directly  opposite  the  main  wheel,  and 
the  connection  rigid,  the  machine  is  easy  to  guide, 
whether  cutting  in  a  straight  line,  turning  corners,  or 
in  backing,  as  occasion  may  require. 

Such  is  a  general  outline  of  the  improvements  made 
in  this  machine  since  last  year,  and  of  the  simplicity  of 
its  construction,  with  the 
advantages  that  follow. 
Certain  improvements  are 
common  to  figs.  5  and 
6  as  to  fig.  7,  such  as  the 
*' direct  thrust  "  of  the 
knife,  the  construction  of 
the  knife  and  finger-bar, 
and  the  lubrication  of  the 
bearings  by  B.  &  K. 's 
**  patent  oilers."  The 
chilling  of  the  working 
parts  of  the  fingers  by  a 
peculiar  process  is  an  ac- 
knowledged triumph  in 
the  art  of  manufacture,  as 
it  insures  a  cleaner  cut 
and  a  more  enduring  sur- 
face than  steel.  Such, 
with  their  patent  oilers, 
central  action  of  their 
self-raker,  and  direct 
thrust  of  the  knife,  are 
great  advances  made  by 
this  firm  in  the  construc- 
tion of  mowers  and 
reapers — advances  which 
])romise  to  keep  them, 
where  they  have  hitherto 
moved,  in  the  vanguard 
of  progress. 


for  themselves  or  others,  consider  themselves  ill- 
used.  How  many  persons  out  of  a  hundred  who 
have  nothing  would  be  able  to  take  care  of  them- 
selves or  their  property  if  they  had  any  ?  I  trow 
very  few.  Reverting  again  to  the  inmates  of  our  gaols 
and  workhouses,  who  that  knows  the  homes  and  habits 
of  these  people  but  can  trace  their  positions  to  their 
causes.  There  are  certain  families  so  tainted  with  idle- 
ness or  crime,  that  it  runs  through  generations.  Work 
to  these  is  the  greatest  possible  punishment.  A  system 
of  out-door  relief,  I  incline  to  think,  acts  as  an  encou- 
ragement to  such,  and  destroys  the  little  self-reliance 
they  ever  possessed.  Many  persons  have  an  idea  that 
the  remedy  for  the  evil  lies  in  education.  The  fact, 
however,  must  not  be  overlooked  that  we  have  had 
educated  as  well  as  ignorant  vagabonds,  and  increased 
knowledge  makes  a  man  more  powerful  for  evil  as  well 
as  for  good.  We  have  had  Roupells,  Redpaths,  and 
Robsons,  as  well  as  Palmer  and  others  so  skilled  in 
the  properties  of  poisons  as  to  be  enabled  to  destroy 
life  in  such  a  scientific  manner  that  no  one  knows  the 
number  of  their  victims.  While  the  boor  may  rob  the 
sheepfold  or  invade  the  hen-roost,  the  mischief  is 
trifling  compared  with  the  devastation  which  may  be 
caused  by  the  educated  villain.  A  mere  book  educa- 
tion will  do  little  good  unless  children  are  taught  to 
reason  and  think.  They  should  be  trained  in  a  know-  ] 
ledge  of  cause  and    effect,    to   understand  that  every  ■ 


THE  VERY  POOR. 

Who,  and  what  are 
the  very  poor  ?  The 
question  is  best  answered 
by  visits  to  our  gaols  and 
workhouses.  Who  can 
wonder,  with  such  low 
types     of    humanity     as 

many  of  the  inmates  pre-  —^^^^^^ — ._ 

sent,  that  there  is  poverty 
in  the  land.  In  a  free 
country,  like  our  own, 
such^  persons  are  allowed 

unrestrictedly  to  propagate  and  multiply  the  species. 
There  is  no  law  to  compel  a  man  to  marry  at  iS  or 
20,  with  IOJ-.  or  \2s.  a  week;  nor,  in  fact,  at  any  age, 
and  with  any  income  whatever.  Yet  we  find  that  no 
man  marries  with  such  utter  recklessness  as  the  work- 
ing man.  If  persons  in  the  higher  classes  indulged  in 
the  same  imprudence,  they  would  very  soon  lose  their 
positions.  Now,  by  what  means,  except  the  paternal 
system,  both  social  and  governmental,  can  these  people 
be  cared  for?  Yet  this  is  what  is  sneered  at  by  the 
self-styled  leaders  of  the  people,  and  they  are  taught  to 
believe  that  what  assistance  they  receive  they  are  not  to 
regard  as  an  act  of  grace,  but  as  of  right.  If  all  man- 
kind were  bom  with  equally  good  iaculties  and  parts, 
every  member  would  be  able  to  take  care  of  himself,  and 
Society  would  be  pretty  much  at  a  dead  level.  But  so 
far  as  I  can  see,  nowhere  in  creation  is  the  prin- 
ciple of  a  dead  level  observed.  If  we  look  into  the 
heavens,  we  find  that  "  one  star  differeth  from  another 
star  in  glory."  If  we  go  into  the  forest  we  find  that 
there  are  large  trees  and  small  trees,  and  yet  all  have 
their  fitting  places  and  proper  uses.  So  it  is  with  man. 
There  are  men  of  the  most  gigantic  intellect ;  there  are 
others  who  in  this  respect  are  little  removed  from 
savages.  Nothing  can  alter  this,  except  creative  power, 
which  could  remake  them.  I  am  perfectly  satisfied 
that  in  this  country  no  man  of  sound  body  and  mind 
need  be  very  poor,  but  for  causes  quite  within  his 
control.  All  that  is  required  is,  that  every  man  should 
be  free,  and  have  fair  play — in  England  he  has  it — 
and  the  world  will  winnow  us  all.  The  worst  part  of 
it  is  that  the  tailings,  who  are  the  idle,  the  dawdles, 
and  the  profligate — the  persons  who  never  did  any  good 


Fig.   7.— itURGEss  &  key's  self-raker  reaper. 


single  action  will  have  an  effect  on  their  future  life,  or 
that  of  others.  If  any  scheme  can  be  planned  by  which 
they  can  be  taught  to  reason  and  think,  and  act  up  to 
their  knowledge,  the  occupation  of  the  stump  orator 
will  be  gone,  and  the  demagogue  will  howl  in  vain, 
while  the  conduct  of  the  masses  being  governed  by 
greater  prudence,  the  general  happiness  will  be  in- 
creased.  F.   IV.  Bigiiell.,  Loiighton^  Stony  Stratford. 


gome  €^0rresponbencc. 

Scottish  Chamber  of  Agriculture  :  On  the  Land 
Laws, — The  following  is  an  extract  from  an  address 
on  the  above  subject  delivered  by  Mr.  M'Neal  Caird  : 
— "  Again,  if  an  enterprising  farmer  erects  farm 
buildings  or  labourers'  cottages,  or  executes  drainage  or 
other  permanent  improvements,  the  law  is  prompt  to 
punish  him  for  his  rashness.  The  house  is  no  sooner 
built — the  moment  the  improvement  is  executed  the 
law  takes  the  ownership  of  it  from  the  man  who  built 
it,  and  transfers  it  without  compensation  to  the  land- 
lord." Whether  the  above  is  true  as  regards  Scotch 
farming  matters  I  know  not,  but  with  respect  to  the  law 
on  such  subjects  in  England,  it  is  not  so  ;  and  as  a 
great  misconception  exists  as  to  this  (in  so  far  as 
buildings  are  concerned),  I  will  give  a  case  in  which  I 
was  myself  interested,  and  a  quotation  from  the  Act  of 
Parliament,  by  which  it  will  be  seen  that  if  proper 
business  precaution  be  taken,  nothing  could  be  fairer 
or  better  than  the  law  on  this  subject.  I  had  held  the 
farm  on  which  I  am  now  living  for  15  years  when  the 
landlord  died,    and   it   came   into   the  hands    of  his 


executors  J  in  the  course  of  their  business  with 
me  they  inquired  how  it  was  that  certain  buildings 
had  been  partly  pulled  down,  and  required  me  to  re- 
instate them,  or  pay  the  value  in  money.  I  contended 
the  buildings  were  mine,  and  that  as  I  had  not  removed 
all  of  them  they  must  pay  me  for  what  was  left  stand- 
ing. To  this  they  would  by  no  means  agree,  and  as 
the  matter  of  the  will,  of  which  they  were  executors, 
had  been  put  into  the  Court  of  Chancery,  the  question 
came  before  the  Chief  Clerk.  After  he  had  heard  the 
solicitor  for  the  executors,  I  was  called  upon  to  say 
how  I  could  contend  the  buildings  were  mine.  In 
answer  I  produced  a  letter  of  the  landlord's,  granting 
permission  to  erect  them,  and  I  then  said  that,  under 
the  Act  of  Parliament,  it  was  plain  they  were  my 
property  ;  but  the  Chief  Clerk  said  he  knew  of  no  Act 
such  as  was  mentioned,  whereupon  I  produced  it,  and, 
after  reading  it,  he  said  I  was  perfectly  right,  and 
made  an  order  that  I  should  be  paid  for  the  part  left 
standing,  and  the  price  for  this  was  arranged  and  stated 
in  the  order  before  we  left  the  room.  Now,  if  a  Cliief 
Clerk  in  Chancery  did  not  know  of,  or  had  forgotten, 
this  Act,  it  may  be  perhaps  pardoned  that  a  farmer 
should  be  ignorant  of  its  existence,  but  I  contend  that 
no  land-agent  or  landowner's  solicitor  should  be  un- 
aware of  it  ;  and  yet  I  have  not  met  with  one  land- 
agent  who  knows  of  it,  and  I  think  few,  if  any,  land- 
lords are  acquainted  with  it.  But  the  Act  is  so  plain, 
and  the  arrangement  so 
good  for  both  sides,  land- 
lord and  tenant,  that  it  is 
a  pity  it  should  not  be 
known  and  used  ;  and  it 
is  in  the  hope  of  making 
it  more  widely  known 
that  I  write  to  you,  and 
shall  be  glad  if  you  con- 
sider this  worthy  of  in- 
sertion in  your  paper. 
We  are  constantly  hear- 
ing and  reading  sucTr 
addresses  as  Mr.  Caird's, 
and  as  there  can  be  no 
difficulty  in  applying  the 
Act,  it  seems  unfair  that 
the  law  should  not  be 
well  known.  Leisurely. 
[Extract  from  Act  of 
Parliament.  By  section  3 
of  this  Act  it  is  enacted, 
**  That  if  any  tenant  of  a 
farm  or  lands  shall,  after 
the  passing  of  this  Act 
(14  &  15  of  Victoria, 
c.  25,  July  24,  1S51), 
with  the  consent  in  writ- 
ing of  the  landlord  for  the 
time  being,  at  his  own 
cost  and  expense,  erect 
any  farm  buildings,  either 
detached  or  otherwise,  or 
put  up  any  other  build- 
ing, engine,  or  machinery, 
either  for  agricultural 
purposes  or  for  the  pur- 
poses of  trade  and  agri- 
culture (which  shall  not 
have  been  erected  or  put 
up  on  pursuance  of  some 
obligation  in  that  behalf), 
then  all  such  buildings, 
engines,  and  machinery, 
shall  be  the  property  of 
the  tenant,  and  shall  be 
removable  by  him,  not- 
withstanding the  same  may  consist  of  separate  buildings, 
or  that  the  same  or  any  part  thereof  may  be  built  in  or 
permanently  fixed  to  the  soil,  so  as  the  tenant  making 
any  such  removal  do  not  in  any  wise  injure  the  land  or 
buildings  belonging  to  the  landlord,  or  otherwise  do 
put  the  same  in  like  plight  or  condition  or  as  good 
plight  and  condition  as  the  same  were  in  before  the 
erection  of  anything  so  removed.  Provided,  neverthe- 
less, that  no  tenant  shall,  under  the  provision  last 
aforesaid,  be  entitled  to  remove  any  such  matter  or 
thing  as  aforesaid  without  first  giving  to  the  landlord 
or  his  agent  one  month's  previous  notice  in  writing  of 
his  intention  so  to  do  ;  and  thereupon  it  shall  be  lawful 
for  the  landlord,  or  his  agent  on  his  authority,  to  elect 
to  purchase  the  matters  and  things  so  proposed  to  be 
removed,  or  any  of  them,  and  the  right  to  remove  the 
same  shall  thereby  cease,  and  the  same  shall  belong  to 
the  landlord  ;  and  the  value  thereof  shall  be  asctrtained 
and  determined  by  two  referees,  one  to  be  chosen  by 
each  party,  or  by  an  umpire  to  be  named  by  such 
referees,  and  shall  be  paid  or  allowed  in  account  by  the 
landlord  who  shall  have  so  elected  to  purchase  the 
same."] 


Foreign  Correspondence. 

Mysore  Agri-Horticultural  Society,  Ban- 
galore :  Noz:  28.— Referring  to  your  article  of 
October  21,  p.  1366,  and  its  concluding  paragraph 
about  Sorghum  saccharatum,  though  it  was  tried  some 
years  ago  in  all  districts  of  Madras  by  order  of  the 
Revenue  Board  as  a  sugar  producing  plant,  and  reported 
on  unfavourably  everywhere,  I  brought  it  to  notice  in 


24 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Ajyricultural    Gazette. 


[January  6,   1S72. 


Mysore  last  year  as  a  forage  plant  worthy  of  adoption ; 
and  it  has  turned  out  fully  as  well  as  I  expected,  grow- 
ing well  under  dry  or  wet  cultivation,  and  proving  the 
best  forage  crop,  superior  to  all  kinds  of  grasses.  Next 
in  value  as  cattle  food  here  is  the  Holcus  Sorghum,  or 
Cholum  of  the  country.  The  rapidity  of  growth  and 
nourishing  properties  of  these  tropical  forage  crops  are 
surprising,  milch  cows  fed  on  them  rapidly  improve, 
and  their  milk  yields  much  more  butter.  Sorghum 
has  been  grown  at  the  Hydapet  farm  at  Madras  by  Mr. 
Robertson  with  fair  success.  A  large  breadth  of  land 
will  next  season  be  put  under  Sorghum  cultivation  in 
the  Mysore  province.  E.  Boddam. 


bmlks. 


NORTH  HEREFORD  AGRICULTURAL 
IMPROVEMENT. 

The  Condition  of  the  Farm  Labower. — [We  referred 
a  week  or  two  ago  to  a  meeting  held  at  Brampton 
Bryan,  to  discuss  this  question,  Mr.  G.  Dixon,  M.P., 
in  the  chair.  The  following  is  a  somewhat  abridged 
report  of  the  several  statements  made  by  the  labourers 
who  spoke.] 

Glee  said  they  had  met  together  that  night  to  state 
their  difficulties  as  to  the  miserably  low  wages  they 
worked  for.  Labourers'  wages  were  from  gj.  to  lox., 
perhaps  \\s.  per  week,  but  very  few  reached  that  (iij-.). 
What  they  wanted  was  I5.r,  per  week  :  and  the 
question  had  been  asked  a  many  times  since  they  had 
begun  to  meet  together,  "  How  was  it  that  the  labour- 
ing man  20  or  30  years  ago  worked  for  7^. ?"  Well, 
he  said  that  a  man  could  buy  as  much  for  'js.  then  as 
he  could  now  for  10^.  Only  look  at  the  prices  then 
and  now.  Bread  was  sometimes  higher  then  than  now, 
and  sometimes  lower.  Meat  was  then  ^d.  and  bd. 
per  lb.,  and  cheese  ^d.  and  6^/.  per  lb.  Then,  butter 
was  6(/.  and  Sd'.,  and  now  it  was  thought  cheap  at  \s.  \ 
and  cheese  was  now  8c/,  or  <^d.  Then,  a  man  could 
feed  a  pig,  had  a  good  crop  of  Potatos,  and  he  could 
buy  his  Barley  for  2.s.  6d.  or  3^,  per  bushel,  but  now  it 
was  5j-.  or  6^.  All  this  made  a  wide  difference  to  a 
man  ;  and,  besides,  a  farmer  used  to  give  a  man  a  meal 
of  victuals  now  and  then,  but  at  present  very  few 
indeed  did  it.  Some  masters  behaved  better  than 
that,  but  they  were  not  many.  If  they  looked  at  those 
things  he  thought  all  would  say  that  the  working  man 
had  every  reason  to  stand  up  for  more  wages  than  he 
gets  at  the  present  time.  Since  they  took  to  meet 
together  to  try  to  get  their  wages  rose,  it  had  caused  a 
great  deal  of  ill-feeling  to  them  from  their  employers  ; 
and  their  friend,  Mr.  Strange  (the  secretary  of  the 
society),  was  pointed  at  with  the  finger  of  scorn,  and 
treated  with  contempt.  Now  he  would  ask  what 
would  their  employers  do  if  they  were  in  the  same 
position  as  the  labourer?  Would  they  try  for  more 
wages  or  not?  He  believed  they  would.  ?Ie  (the 
speaker)  well  knew  that  if  the  h'gher  classes  were  to 
follow  the  footsteps  of  the  labourer,  if  they  would  be 
with  him  in  wet  and  in  dry,  in  hot  and  in  cold — if 
they  would  be  with  him  at  his  table  with  his  family 
and  see  their  scanty  meal — if  they  would  be  with  him 
at  his  fireside  with  the  fire  warming  him  on  one  side 
and  the  wind  starving  him  on  the  other — they  would 
find  the  case  of  the  farm  labourer  to  be  harder  than 
they  think  it  is.  He  hoped  the  masters  would  remem- 
ber the  golden  rule,  to  do  as  they  would  be  done  by, 
and  that  they  would  raise  the  wages  to  15s.  "All  the 
men  wanted  was  a  rise,  and  for  asking  for  it  they  were 
despised." 

KiN'SEY  said  he  was  paid  lis.  per  week,  and  is.  he 
paid  for  rent  every  week.  Out  of  the  los.  that  was 
left  he  had  to  support  himself,  his  wife,  and  his  five 
children.  He  had  one  little  girl  out  at  service  at  pre- 
sent. It  took  "js.  every  week  for  bread,  and  out  of  the 
y.  remaining  he  had  to  find  all  the  other  necessaries 
— that  is,  meat,  butter,  tea,  cofiee,  clothes,  and  shoes 
for  seven  persons.  He  found  it  was  far  too  little,  and 
yet  the  generality  of  the  farmers  paid  even  less  than  he 
received. 

The  Ghairman  asked  if  the  speaker  had  any 
**  privileges," 

KiNSEY  said  he  had  two  quarts  of  cider  a-day  in 
the  winter,  and  as  much  as  he  liked  in  the  summer. 
He  had  the  run  of  a  pig;  but  these  were  privileges 
that  many  of  the  men  did  not  have.  He  found  it  very 
hard  at  the  present  time  to  live  and  support  a  family  as 
they  ought  to  be  supported,  and  yet  his  own  case  was 
not  so  bad  as  many  others. 

The  Chairman  :  Does  your  wife  and  children  bring 
you  anything  in? 

KiNSEY  :  My  wife,  when  she  is  well,  does  work 
out  ;  but  she  is  poorly  at  times  ;  and,  what  with  that 
and  nursing,  she  cannot  always  go  out.  My  employer 
to-day  has  promised  to  give  me  is.  6d.  per  week  in 
compensation  for  the  cider,  all  the  year  round,  and  for 
three  months  in  summer  he  will  give  us  is.  per  week 
extra  wages  ;  that  is,  is.  6d.  for  nine  months,  and 
2s.  6d.  for  three  months.  [A  voice:  "That's  good."] 
And  I  hope  and  trust  that  we  shall  see  the  day  when 
the  other  farmers  will  do  the  same.  I  only  wish  the 
farmers  and  the  landlords  would  meet  together  and 
consider  the  condition  of  the  labourer,  and  I  guarantee 
they  will  never  repent  it,  but  bless  the  day  when  they 
did  meet.  After  some  other  remarks  the  speaker  said 
he  believed  the  keeping  of  a  cow  would  be  a  very  great 
blessing  to  the  agricultural  labourer,  for  milk  was  one 


of  the  best  things  a  family  could  have.  He  did  hope 
he  should  see  the  day  when  every  agricultural  labourer 
would  have  a  cow,  a  little  plot  of  land,  and  a  comfort- 
able cottage.  He  believed  that  the  labouring  classes 
in  general  were  not  dealt  fairly  with.  He  believed 
there  is,  to  a  great  extent,  a  law  for  the  rich  man  and 
a  law  for  the  poor  man.  He  knew  a  case  where  a  man 
took  a  cottage  off  a  farmer  ;  the  cottages  were  let  by 
the  landlord  to  the  farmer,  and  sublet  by  the  farmer  to 
the  labourers,  and  when  a  man  took  a  cottage  there 
was  some  slight  verbal  agreement.  He  knew  one 
party  in  particular  who  took  a  cottage  in  that  way.  It 
was  out  of  repair,  and  the  farmer  was  to  repair  it.  The 
man  went  in  at  Candlemas  (February  2),  and  he 
remained  till  a  little  after  Lady  Day.  He  then  asked 
the  farmer  if  he  could  put  the  cottage  in  repair,  and  he 
replied,  "  Do  you  think  I  am  going  to  put  up  a  new 
house  for  such  a  man  as  you  ?  "  The  man  said  he  did 
not  want  a  new  house,  he  only  wanted  the  old  one  put 
in  repair.  But  the  farmer  would  not  repair  it,  and  the 
man  left.  His  master  proceeded  to  law  against  him 
and  sent  him  to  gaol  for  14  days  for  leaving  the  house. 
But  whose  fault  was  it?  He  thought  the  labouring 
man  was  not  treated  fairly  in  those  cases.  He  wished 
to  have  the  cottages  upon  a  different  footing  ;  there 
should  be  a  six  months'  notice  before  a  man  could  be 
turned  out. 

Holland  said  he  had  not  seen  the  hardships  some  of 
them  had,  as  his  family  was  but  small.  He  should 
have  preferred  listening  to  men  with  larger  families, 
but  those  were  the  men  the  most  in  fear,  and  who  did 
not  like  to  speak  out.  But  they  must  sympathise  one 
with  the  other,  and  speak  not  only  for  themselves  but 
for  each  other  ;  and  they  should  try  to  bear  each 
others'  burdens.  He  was  not  used  so  badly  himself  as 
a  many  was,  but  still  he  found  it  hard  enough  to  meet 
his  payments.  When  he  looked  around  him  and  saw 
men  with  large  families,  he  really  wondered  how  they 
did  live  at  all  on  gs.  or  ioj'.  per  week.  For  himself  he 
could  not  do  with  much  under  is.  a- week  for  firing — the 
house  would  be  very  desolate  without  a  bit  of  fire  all 
the  year  round.  Some  of  their  opponents  talked  of 
"  the  privileges  of  a  pig,"  as  if  the  master  gave  the  pig 
for  nothing.  But  the  men  had  to  buy  the  pig,  and  to 
buy  the  stuff  to  feed  it.  Some  months  ago  he  bought 
a  pig  for  ;^i,  and  it  had  cost  him  £6  or  2*7  to  feed  it, 
or  about  2s.  6d.  a-week.  Fifteen  shillings  a-week  was 
not  too  much,  he  thought,  for  a  man  to  rear  his  family 
on  ;  and  he  thought  that  a  man  who  did  a  fair  week's 
work  earned  l$s.  The  farmer  had  before  him  the 
prospect  of  saving  enough  of  money  to  live  upon  in  his 
old  age — the  labourer  had  nothing  before  him  but  the 
workhouse,  let  him  be  as  saving  as  he  could  be.  Young 
men  could  join  a  club,  but  when  they  got  married  they 
had  no  money  to  spare  to  pay  into  it.  It  was  admitted 
by  some  of  the  farmers  that  the  working  man  was,  as  a 
general  thing,  honest  and  industrious,  but  he  would  ask 
if  the  way  in  which  he  was  treated  was  the  way  to  keep 
him  so  ?  Let  a  man  be  used  fair,  and  then  it  would  be 
some  encouragement  to  him  to  be  honest  and  industri- 
ous. It  was  said  that  if  a  man  had  a  cow,  his  wife 
would  not  be  able  to  manage  it,  but  the  labourer's  wife 
had  been,  generally  speaking,  the  farmer's  servant,  and 
knew  all  about  cows.  It  was  a  great  advantage  for  a 
single  man  to  save  money,  of  course,  but  what  little 
he  could  save  soon  event  when  he  was  married.  If 
he  could  have  bought  a  cow  with  it,  however,  he 
would  have  it  for  his  family.  He  thought,  if  things 
didn't  alter,  the  only  thing  for  them  was  to  emigrate. 
He  had  a  letter  in  his  pocket — a  very  good  encouraging 
letter — from  a  friend  of  his  who  was  now  doing  first- 
rate  abroad. 

Owen  asked  why  the  farm  labourer  was  worse  paid 
than  any  other  working  man  in  the  kingdom.  He 
had  asked  a  farmer  the  question  ;  and  he  had  acknow- 
ledged that  it  was  so,  and  he  seemed  to  think  that  it 
was  the  fault  of  the  landlord.  The  farmer  admitted, 
also,  that  the  workmen  ought  to  have  isx.  per  week. 
He  (the  speaker)  had  worked  16  and  17  hours  a-day, 
or  eight  or  nine  days  a  week,  for  I  is.  He  had  a  large 
family.  Last  year  he  paid  Ss.  bd.  per  bushel  for 
Wheat  ;  and  his  family  consumed  a  bag  in  a  month, 
which  came  to  25J.  The  speaker  gave  other  figures 
to  show  the  cost  of  the  maintenance  of  his  family.  He 
was  puzzled,  he  said,  in  conclusion,  to  know  how  he 
was  to  go  on. 

SiRRELL  had  kept  a  cow,  and  testified  to  the  many 
advantages  of  it.  At  present  he  had  none,  as  he  had 
nowhere  to  keep  it.  In  America  they  could  buy  as 
good  a  cow  for  ;^5  as  they  could  for  £1$  here,  and 
there  the  keep  was  a  mere  nothing.  He  believed,  if 
they  would  persevere,  tliey  would  succeed  in  what 
they  wanted.  He  believed  the  day  was  not  far  distant 
when,  instead  of  the  labourer  having  to  search  two  or 
three  days  for  a  job,  and  for  the  farmer  to  inquire  into 
his  character,  the  farmer  would  have  to  mount  his 
horse  to  search  for  a  labourer,  and  the  labourer  would 
want  to  know  what  was  the  character  of  the  farmer 
before  he  would  work  for  him.  If  the  labourer  were 
better  fed,  he  could  do  more  work,  and  so  the  farmer 
would  be  benefited.  And  again,  if  a  man  were  remu- 
nerated so  that  he  could  put  something  up  for  a  rainy 
day,  he  would  not  have  to  fall  upon  the  parish  when 
the  "  rainy  day  "  did  come. 

One  or  two  other  speakers,  all  farm  labourers, 
followed,  and  their  statements  were  of  a  very  similar 
character.  Their  food,  they  said,  was  chiefly  meal, 
Potatos,  and  bacon  occasionally.     Butcher's  meat  they 


never  tasted,  and  one  man  said  he  had  had  but  3  lb. 
of  butter  in  his  house  in  twelve  months.  Milk  was 
supposed  to  be  given  to  the  men's  families,  but  this  is 
said  to  be  an  error — one  man  declaring  that  his 
children  did  not  know  the  difference  between  new 
milk  and  butter-milk.  One  of  the  speakers  being 
asked  by  the  Chairman  how,  if  his  wages  were  so 
small,  he  could  buy  a  cow,  replied  that  they  might 
manage  to  get  a  pig,  which  they  could  fatten  up,  and 
they  could  sell  it,  to  buy  a  poorish  cow  to  start  with, 
and  then  they  could  buy  a  better  cow  afterwards. 
Another  man,  named  Morris,  who  earned  loj-.  per 
week,  and  had  a  wife  and  family  to  support  out  of  it, 
said,  besides  paying  is.  rent,  he  had  to  pay  is.  a-week 
to  the  Union  towards  the  support  of  his  aged  father. 
He  thought  that  very  hard,  because  if  thmgs  didn't 
improve,  he  should  very  soon  have  to  trouble  the 
parish  himself.  His  father  reared  II  children  out  of 
los.  a-week.  All  the  speakers  were  in  favour  of 
keeping  a  cow,  and  several  pointed  out  the  superior 
advantages  which  were  offered  in  America  to  those 
offered  them  in  this  country.  Having  heard  the  men's 
statements, 

The  Chairman  said  :  I  have  listened  to  all  that 
you  have  had  to  say,  and  I  think  you  have  told  your 
tale  with  all  the  eloquence  of  sincerity,  of  great 
simplicity,  and  great  earnestness  ;  and  I  feel  that  I 
understand  very  clearly  now  what  your  position  is, 
and  what  your  wants  are.  And  I  cannot  help  saying 
that  I  think  it  would  be  very  wise  policy  on  your  part 
if  you  were  to  try  and  have  as  many  meetings  of  this 
description  as  you  can,  and  if  you  would,  for  the 
future,  get  a  landlord  to  be  your  chairman  each  time, 
and  a  different  landlord  at  every  meeting.  I  cnnnot 
but  believe  that  the  meetings  you  have  already  held 
have  been  a  great  benefit  to  you,  and  I  think  the 
more  meetings  you  hold  the  greater  that  benefit 
will  be,  especially  if  you  always  tell  your  story 
as  you  have  done  to-night,  without  any  feeling  of 
bitterness  or  envy  against  your  employers  ;  but  witli 
the  very  natural  desire  that  all  honest  and  hard- 
working men  ought  to  have,  the  desire  to  better 
their  position.  I  once  heard  an  American  tell 
a  capital  story  in  the  Birmingham  Town  Hall,  which 
I  will  give  you  now.  He  said  that  on  one  of  the 
large  steamers  that  were  going  up  and  down 
the  Mississippi  there  was  a  man  that  came  from 
the  "  far  West,"  and  everybody  thought  that  he 
looked  like  a  very  stupid  fellow  and  that  he  was 
a  very  silly  man.  He  soon  found  this  out,  and 
he  determined  that  he  would  prove  to  them  that 
he  was  not  such  a  fool  as  they  thought  him.  So 
he  went  to  the  captain,  and  asked  for  permission  to 
ring  a  bell  that  was  on  deck,  and  he  told  the  captain 
that  he  would  give  him  50  dols.  to  ring  it.  "Well,"  said 
the  captain,  "  I  thought  you  were  a  fool  before,  and  now 
I  know  you  are."  But  the  captain  took  the  dollars,  and 
gave  the  man  permission  to  ring.  The  man  began  to 
ring,  and  he  went  on  ringing  until  the  passengers 
became  so  much  annoyed,  that  they  went  to  the  cap- 
tain to  stop  the  noise.  But  the  man  refused  to  stop, 
and  did  not  stop  until  the  passengers  got  so  much  dis- 
tressed, that  the  captain  had  to  give  the  man  200  dols. 
to  desist.  Well,  now,  my  opinion  is,  that  if  you  goon 
stating  your  grievances,  and  making  them  known  to 
your  employers,  to  the  landlords,  and  to  the  country 
at  large,  those  grievances  will  gradually  be  redressed, 
not  all  at  once,  of  course,  but  gradually.  One  of  the 
speakers  said  he  was  puzzled  how  to  get  on  at  all. 
Well,  I  must  say  that  I  have  always  been  puzzled  how 
a  great  many  working  men  have  got  on,  and  especially 
how  the  agricultural  labourer  got  on.  I  have  read  a 
great  deal  about  you  in  books,  and  I  have  heard  a 
great  deal  said  at  different  times  about  the  con- 
dition of  the  agricultural  labourer,  as  all  members 
of  Parliament  and  politicians  have,  and  now  it  seems 
the  difficulty  to  know  "how  you  get  on '' is  quite  as 
great  to  you  as  it  always  has  been  to  us.  One  man 
said  that  on  9^.  a  week,  it  was  as  much  as  he  could  do 
to  keep  himself  and  his  wife.  He  then  said  that  his 
father  had,  I  think,  los.  per  week  only,  and  that  he 
managed  to  get  on — or  managed  not  to  get  on-^with  a 
wife  and  11  children.  Well,  all  this  is  puzzling.  It  is 
extremely  puzzling,  and  I  cannot  make  it  out  how  you 
do  get  on.  But  to  look  at  you  all  around,  you  are  not 
such  a  bad-looking  lot,  and  I  think  you  would  compare 
favourably  with  the  same  number  of  working  men  in 
Birmingham,  who  get  double  your  wages.  But,  how- 
ever that  may  be,  it  is  quite  certain  that  your  lot  is  one 
that  has  a  great  many  hardships  in  it.  Now,  I  have 
told  you  that  I  am  not  much  acquainted  with  agri- 
cultural districts,  and  perhaps  it  is  presumption  in  me 
to  say  anything  about  your  condition  or  give  you  advice ; 
but  as  I  have  come  so  far  at  your  request,  I  cannot 
help  saying  that  I  do  think  it  would  be  not  merely 
kind,  generous,  and  just,  but  that  it  would  be  wise  if 
the  farmers  and  the  landlords  were  to  take  your  condi- 
tion into  consideration,  and  try  to  improve  it,  for  I  really 
think  it  is  not  merely  your  interest  but  theirs  that  you 
should  be  better  off.  Now,  I  have  heard  it  said,  although 
you  have  not  said  it,  yet  I  have  no  doubt  you  will  say, 
that  I  am  only  speaking  the  exact  truth  when  I  say  that 
it  very  frequently  happens  that,  taking  into  consideration 
the  size  of  your  families,  your  cottages  are  really  not 
fitting  places  for  so  many  human  beings  to  live  in.  I 
have  no  doubt  whatever  that  in  consequence  of  that 
there  is  frequently  illness  in  your  families  which, 
otherwise,  might  have  been  avoided  ;  and  that  illness 


January  6,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


25 


of  course  costs  the  parish  money,  and  that  is  to  the 
disadvantage  of  the  farmer.  But,  besides  all  this,  it  is 
not  decent  for  so  many  people  to  be  crowded  together 
in  one  apartment.  I  have  been  told  to-night  by  one 
of  the  speakers  of  a  man  whose  cottage  was  not  fit  for 
him  to  live  in,  who  could  not  induce  his  master  to 
make  it  any  better,  and  yet,  that  when  the  man  left  it 
he  was  punished.  Well,  I  think  all  that  is  exceedingly 
unwise  on  the  part  of  the  farmers  and  landlords,  and  I 
should  recommend  them — not  to  follow  my  advice,  for 
that  is  not  worth  having — to  follow  the  advice  of  some 
of  the  better  landlords  in  the  country,  for  there  are 
some  good  landlords  and  some  very  sensible  farmers  ; 
and  although  it  may  not  be  the  case  in  some  districts 
around  here,  I  know  that  in  some  parts  of  the  country 
these  things  are  being  attended  to,  and  attended  to  very 
well,  and  I  am  sure  the  farmers  will  reap  a  benefit 
from  it.  I  think  you  have  made  out  a  very  strong 
case  for  having  higher  wages,  land  for  a  garden,  a  pig, 
and  a  cow ;  for  the  point  you  put  forward  is  a  very 
strong  one,  and  well  worthy  of  the  consideration  of 
the  farmers.  And  that  point  is  this  :  That  exactly  in 
proportion  as  you  are  well  fed  and  satisfied  with  your 
condition,  and  as  you  are  contented  and  happy,  exactly 
in  that  proportion  will  there  be  an  increase  in  the 
quantity  and  in  the  value  of  your  work.  We  all  know 
perfectly  well  that  it  is  absolutely  and  literally  true — 
that  the  farmers  would  not  lose  if  they  were  to  give 
you  more. 

Many  employers  of  labour  in  this  country  are  aware 
of  it,  and  act  upon  this  knowledge.  I  can  give  you 
an  illustration  of  it.  When  the  first  railway,  or  one 
of  the  first  railways,  was  made  in  France,  it  was  made 
by  an  English  contractor,  who  took  out  a  great  lot  of 
navvies  from  England,  so  that  he  had  English  and 
French  navvies  working  under  him.  The  English 
workmen  were  paid  just  double  what  the  French,  were, 
and  yet  they  were  just  as  cheap  to  the  contractor, 
because  they  did  twice  as  much  work.  But  after  a 
time  the  French  began  to  find  this  out,  and  they  found 
also  that  by  living  better  they  could  do  more  work, 
and  it  ended  in  a  great  number  of  them  getting  better 
wages  and  doing  more  work,  which  was  a  great  benefit 
to  themselves,  and  at  the  same  time  no  loss  to  their 
employers.  There  is  another  reason  why  it  would  be 
to  the  advantage  of  the  farmers  and  landlords  that  you 
should  be  better  paid.  You  will  see  that  I  am  not 
just  now  thinking  about  you,  but  about  your  em- 
ployers. As  for  you,  I  think  you  are  becoming 
much  wider  awake  than  you  used  to  be.  I  think 
these  meetings  that  you  have  held  are  evidence  of  it, 
and  I  should  not  be  very  much  surprised  if  agricultural 
labourers  in  other  parts  of  the  country  were  to  begin  to 
imitate  you.  Well,  now,  what  is  it  you  have  told  me 
to  be  the  result  of  your  discussions  and  reflections 
upon  your  present  condition  ?  You  have  not  been  long 
in  finding  out  that  if  you  could  only  be  transported — I  do 
not,  of  course,  mean  by  Government  for  any  offence — 
but  if  you  could  be  transported  to  Australia,  or  New 
Zealand,  or  Canada,  or  the  United  States  of  America, 
that  you  would  instantly  be  converted  from  poor  men 
into  comparately  rich  men.  Well,  now,  I  have  been 
a  great  traveller,  and  I  know  what  you  have  said 
about  the  United  States  to  be  literally  true.  I  know 
exactly  what  the  condition  of  the  labourer  is  in  Canada, 
and  I  will  tell  you  what  I  myself  saw  in  Australia. 
In  one  of  the  most  lovely  parts  of  that  enormous 
continent,  I  was  so  much  pleased  with  the  richness  of 
the  land  and  its  great  beauty,  that  I  repeatedly  asked 
to  whom  it  belonged ;  and  I  was  told  that  nearly  the 
whole  of  it  was  bought  up  by  Irish  labourers  ;  that 
they  paid  as  much  as  ^^30  an  acre  for  land  which  was 
covered  with  timber,  and  which  could  be  of  no  use 
until  it  was  cleared,  which  would  cost  a  great  deal 
more.  Now  these  labourers  when  at  home  were  in  a 
worse  condition  even  than  you  are  ;  and  it  was  thought 
by  a  great  many  people  that  these  poor  Irishmen,  when 
at  home,  had  themselves  partly  to  blame  for  their 
miserable  condition.  But  when  these  men  got  to 
Australia,  they  showed  that  it  was  not  their  own  fault, 
but  that  they  were  steady,  sober,  hard-working  men, 
who  in  an  incredibly  short  space  of  time  saved  up 
money  enough  to  buy  almost  all  the  land  around  them, 
and  became  proprietors  of  the  land  and  wealthy 
farmers,  who  ride  upon  their  own  horses. 

I  well  remember  once,  at  the  Birmingham  Town 
Hall,  hearing  Mr.  John  Bright  deliver  one  of  his  most 
eloquent  addresses  ;  and  he  explained,  in  that  language 
and  with  that  power  which  he  alone  possesses,  exactly 
what  the  position  of  any  one  of  his  audience  would  be 
if  he  was  to  be  transferred  to  the  rich  land  in  America. 
And  I  remember  at  the  time  thinking — what  an  extra- 
ordinary thing  it  is  that  any  one  could  have  listened  to 
that  description  of  what  we  may  call  the  paradise  that 
seems  to  be  beckoning  from  the  other  side  of  the  water 
to  every  labouring  man  in  this  country— one  wonders 
that  any  labouring  man  who  can  get  away  should 
remain  where  he  is.  And  what  Mr.  Bright  said  was 
this.  You  must  remember  that  Mr.  Bright  was  once 
considered  to  be  a  very  dangerous  Radical,  and  a  great 
demagogue,  but  is  now  looked  upon  by  the  great  Con- 
servative party  as  a  very  safe  man  ;  and  they  listen  to 
him,  and  they  admire  him,  and  they  wish  some  of  us 
fellows  were  a  bit  more  like  him.  Well,  Mr.  John  Bright 
said  this  :  "  If  the  landlords  of  England,  and  the  farmers, 
only  knew  what  their  own  interests  were,  they  would 
take  good  care  that  the  condition  of  the  labourers  was  so 
much  improved  that  they  would  not  be  tempted  away 


by  the  pleasant  prospect  held  out  to  them  in  America 
and  in  our  colonies."  If  they  (the  farmers  and  land- 
lords) are  not  wise  in  time,  they  will  find  that  men  will 
begin  to  go  away  by  ones  and  twos,  until  at  last  labour 
will  become  so  scarce  that  farmers  will  be  compelled 
— as  was  so  admirably  put  by  one  of  the  speakers  to-night 
— until  the  farmer  will  have  to  mount  his  horse  to  seek  a 
labourer,  and  the  labourer  will  inquire  into  the 
character  of  the  farmer  before  he  works  for  him.  I  do 
not  think  John  Bright  himself  could  have  put  the 
matter  more  neatly  and  forcibly.  And  yet  I  do  not 
know,  after  all,  if  the  remark  of  another  speaker  was 
not  even  better,  for  it  was  more  practical,  and  that 
remark  was,  "  A  good  many  can  help  one,  but  one 
cannot  help  a  great  many."  Now,  I  really  believe  that 
in  that  one  sentence  lies  the  solution  to  the  whole  ques- 
tion, for  in  it  lies  the  great  power  that  you  yourselves 
possess  of  maintaining  and  improving  your  position. 
Someone,  I  remember,  asked,  *' Why  is  the  agricul- 
tural labourer  the  worst  paid  man  in  the  country?" 
Well,  I  believe  it  is  generally  acknowledged  to  be  the 
fact  that  he  is  the  worst  paid  in  the  country,  and  the 
reason  I  believe  to  be  this,  that  there  are  too  many  of 
you  upon  the  ground.  A  farmer  knows  perfectly  well 
that  if  one  man  goes  he  can  get  two  to  fill  his  place. 
You  know,  probably,  that  I  have,  for  a  long  time, 
taken  a  very  great  interest  in  the  question  of  education  ; 
and  as  I  was  coming  here  to-night,  I  thought  I  would 
point  out  to  you  some  of  the  advantages  of  education. 
And  if  I  had,  and  it  would  have  been  suitable,  I 
should  have  explained  to  you  what  I  mean  by  saying 
that  if  you  had,  all  of  you,  that  kind  and  that  quantity 
of  education  which  I  should  wish  you  to  have,  you 
would  at  once  become  aware  of  the  fact  that  it  was 
not  so  veiy  difficult  to  improve  your  condition,  and 
that  to  do  so  it  was  required  mainly,  if  not  exclu- 
sively, that  you  should  migrate — that  is,  go  to 
other  parts  of  England,  or  emigrate,  which  is  to  go 
to  the  colonies  or  the  United  States.  But  this  is  quite 
unnecessary,  for  I  find  that  you  know  the  remedy  as 
well  as  I  do,  and  you  have,  also,  indicated  the  precise 
manner  in  which  that  remedy  is  to  be  applied.  There 
are  many  of  you  who  are  able  to  emigrate  if  you  like. 
If  you  do  not  marry  when  you  are  iS  or  20,  a  few 
years  of  steadiness  and  frugality  will,  after  you  get  full 
wages,  enable  you  to  go  to  those  countries  where  you 
would  be  better  ofi,  for  what  a  cow  would  cost  you 
here  would  be  suflicient  to  take  you  to  that  "happy 
and  better  land."  And  if  a  man  were  to  go  he  would 
go  with  the  reasonable  hope  of  improving  his  condition, 
and  with  the  satisfaction  of  knowing  that  those  he  leaves 
behind  would  be  better  off  for  his  absence,  for  there 
would  be  a  smaller  number  of  labourers,  and,  therefore, 
probably  an  immediate,  but  certainly  an  ultimate  rise  in 
wages.  I  have  nothing  more  to  say  to  you  than  to  en- 
courage you  to  go  on  in  the  course  you  have  begun.  I 
am  sorry  that  my  influence  is  so  slight,  for  your  sakes. 
You  have  produced  upon  me  a  very  favourable  impres- 
sion by  the  manner  in  which  you  have  stated  your  case, 
and  you  have  stated  that  case  so  forcibly  that  I  am  not 
likely  to  forget  it  ;  and  I  am  certain  that  every  occasion 
that  offers  itself  will  be  availed  of  by  me  for  acquaint- 
ing other  people  with  it.  I  do  not  hesitate  to  say,  for 
one  moment,  that  you  ought  to  be,  what  you  are^-dis- 
contented.  You  would  not  be  men,  you  would  not  be 
worthy  of  the  name  of  men,  if  you  were  not  discontented 
with  your  position.  And  I  say  this  without  hesitation, 
because  I  know,  from  what  I  have  heard  to-night,  that 
you  will  only  seek  to  improve  your  position  by  legiti- 
mate means.  If  I  thought  you  had  envious  or  bitter 
feeling  against  your  employers,  I  would  not  have  said 
what  I  have  done,  but  it  is  because  there  is  so  much  of 
right  feeling  that  I  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  your  dis- 
content is  a  righteous  discontent.  I  think  it  is  a  disgrace 
to  our  civilisation  that  there  should  be  such  habitations 
in  this  country  as  those  some  of  you  have  to  live  in. 
There  is  wealth  enough  in  this  country  to  provide  you 
with  decent  and  healthy  cottages,  and  I  wonder  that 
any  one  can  enjoy  that  wealth  when  he  sees  the  condition 
in  which  some  of  you  are  placed.  Another  thing  I 
should  like  to  see  is  this,  that  your  wives  should  never 
have  to  work  in  the  fields,  but  that  they  should  be  occu- 
pied at  home  in  the  "more  proper  and  the  higher  duties  of 
attending  to  their  children  and  to  their  husband's  com- 
fort. And  as  you  have  very  properly  said,  if  you  had  the 
land  attached  to  your  cottages,  your  wives  are  both 
able  and  willing  to  attend  to  the  pig  and  to  the  cow  ; 
and  it  would  be  much  better  for  them,  physically  and 
morally,  that  they  should  be  working  at  home,  where 
they  could  look  after  their  children,  than  that  they 
should  be  sent  out  to  distant  fields  to  work  like  men, 
and  leave  their  children  to  take  care  of  themselves — 
which  is  to  be  neglected.  And  when  the  man  comes 
home  at  night,  and  finds  he  is  surrounded  by  all  the 
comforts  which  such  a  wife,  so  circumstanced,  would 
be  able  to  provide  for  him — when  he  sees  his  children 
growing  up  around  him  well  cared  for,  well  clothed, 
and  properly  taught  at  school — that  man  would  not 
merely  be  a  happier  man,  but  he  would  be,  what  all 
ought  to  try  to  be,  a  better  workman  ;  and  I  am  con- 
vinced that  he  would  give  to  his  employer  a  return  in 
work,  both  as  to  quantity  and  quality,  which  would 
more  than  compensate  him  for  the  increased  advan- 
tages and  increased  wages  which  he  (the  farmer)  gave. 
I  will  only  repeat,  that  I  have  had  great  pleasure  in 
listening  to  you,  and  I  assure  you  that  if  I  can  be  of 
any  use  to  you  in  any  way  hereafter,  I  shall  be  very 
glad  indeed  to  assist  you.     You  may  count  on  me  as  a 


friend  ;  but  that  is  saying  very  little,  for  I  canjdu  but 
little  for  you.  What  you  have  to  do  is  to  do  what  is 
wanted  to  be  done  by  yourselves.  Trust  to  nobody — 
nobody  will  help  you  unless  you  help  yourselves. 

At  the  termination  of  the  meeting  the  Chairman 
suggested  that  the  men  subscribe  till  they  had  enough 
to  pay  the  cost  of  one  man  emigrating,  when  he  would 
give  the  same  sum  for  a  second,  on  condition  that  the 
men  would  return  the  money  when  they  were  able, 
so  as  to  enable  others  to  emigrate. 


Farmers'   Clubs. 

SLANDFOKD. 

Strati)  as  Food  for  Cattle. — At  one  of  the  last  year's 
meetings  of  this  Club,  Mr.  J.  Ford  said  this  subject 
had,  no  doubt,  claimed  the  attention  of  farmers  in  all 
parts  of  the  kingdom  last  winter,  in  consequence  of  the 
shortness  of  keep  of  every  kind.  Farmers  were 
obliged  to  partly  feed  their  beasts  and  sheep  with 
straw  ;  necessity  had  driven  them  to  do  what  they  had 
never  done  before. — I  must  say  I  have  not  been 
depending  so  much  on  hay  as  many  of  you  have.  I 
have  thought  for  a  very  long  time  that  hay  was  some  of 
the  dearest  food  we  fed  with.  What  I  mean  about 
hay  being  expensive  food  is  this  :  I  have  known  many 
farmers  pinch  their  sheep  by  keeping  them  short  of 
food  during  the  months  of  April  and  May,  all  for  the 
sake  of  having  a  great  stock  of  hay  for  the  next  winter. 
I  think  it  more  to  our  advantage  to  be  a  little  more 
liberal  with  our  Clover  and  Rye-grass  in  the  spring,  to 
improve  our  sheep  after  the  winter  is  over,  and  not 
think  so  much  about  the  hayricks  for  the  next 
winter.  I  think  it  likely  there  is  not  one  of  you 
that  makes  use  of  so  little  hay  as  I  do,  according  to 
the  quantity  of  stock  I  keep.  I  have  a  notion 
that  if  we  pay  a  little  more  attention  to  straw-feeding 
we  can  keep  our  stock  so  as  to  make  it  answer  our 
purposes  better  than  to  depend  so  much  on  hay.  We 
can  winter  our  store  beasts  well  with  a  liberal  allow- 
ance of  any  straw,  and  a  little  addition  of  a  few  pounds 
of  cake  or  com  per  day  for  each  beast,  instead  of 
keeping  them  on  hay.  I  have  for  many  years  past  cu 
my  Oats  rather  green,  perhaps  I  may  say  a  week  before 
some  people  would  say  they  were  fit  to  cut ;  but  I 
think  the  crop  that  is  cut  at  that  stage  is  the  most  valu- 
able, taking  both  corn  and  straw  into  consideration. 
In  cutting  the  Oats  before  they  are  quite  ripe  we  save 
all  the  best  Oats  that  would  perhaps  fall  out  if  allowed 
to  get  ripe  before  cutting ;  and  should  there  be  a  few 
under-ripe  corns  that  the  threshing  machine  would  not 
take  out,  the  straw  would  be  none  the  worse  for  it.  I 
also  like  to  cut  my  Wheat  rather  gay.  I  find  by  so 
doing  I  get  a  good  bold  sample,  and  I  find  the  millers 
like  it  better,  and  the  straw  is  of  more  value  for 
feeding.  I  say  the  same  with  Wheat  as  I  said  of  Oats 
— we  do  not  get  so  much  prime  corn  shed  out  in  the 
fields  as  we  should  if  we  allowed  it  to  be  full  ripe 
before  cutting.  The  Barley  we  are  obliged  to  let  stand 
and  get  ripe  before  cutting,  so  as  to  have,  or  try  to 
have,  it  fit  for  malting.  I  last  year  wintered  my  little 
Southdown  tegs  with  roots  and  straw,  and  have  done 
the  same  many  times  before.  They  ate  the  straw  very 
well,  and  were  certainly  in  very  good  store  order.  Try 
your  improved  Hampshires ;  see  how  they  like  it,  if 
they  will  eat  it.  I  think  it  better  than  to  depend  so 
much  on  hay.  Many  people,  I  find,  are  cutting  a 
great  quantity  of  straw  into  chaff  and  mixing  corn  or 
cake  with  it  to  rub  through  the  winter.  For  my  ow^n 
part  I  object  to  having  so  much  cut ;  let  them  have  a 
small  quantity  of  chaff  with  the  cake  or  com  that  you 
give  them  ;  let  them  have  a  sufficient  quantity  of  straw 
as  it  is,  and  save  the  expense  of  so  much  cutting.  I 
believe  the  stock  will  do  much  better  in  that  way. 
I  fat  some  quantity  of  oxen  during  the  winter  months, 
I  never  think  of  giving  them  hay,  but  I  cut  straw  into 
chaff,  and  pulp  up  about  I  bushel  of  Mangel  per  day 
for  each  beast,  and  mix  it  up  with  about  the  same 
quantity  of  chaff,  having  one  day's  food  prepared  and 
mixed  beforehand  ;  it  heats  a  little,  it  softens  the  chaff, 
and  the  beasts  are  very  fond  of  it,  and  they  generally 
keep  in  good  health  and  fatten  fast.  It  behoves  us  to 
be  careful  of  our  straw.  If  we  have  more  one  season 
than  we  require,  by  all  means  let  us  thatch  it ;  I  have 
often  found  sheep  and  beasts  prefer  old  straw  to  new. 
When  I  pulped  the  Mangels  and  mixed  them  with  chaff 
the  beasts  ate  it  better  than  when  given  whole. 
Discussion. 

Mr.  Homer  quite  agreed  in  giving  only  a  small  quantity 
of  chaff,  mixed  with  meal  or  other  food,  believing  that 
animals  did  better  with  the  bulk  of  the  straw  ;  and  this 
was  reasonable  when  they  considered  the  formation  of  the 
animals'  mouths,  which  were  adapted  for  masticating 
their  food.  He  had  used  a  great  deal  of  straw  this  year, 
and  kept  a  great  quantity  of  stock,  and  they  had  got  on 
very  well.  He  gave  his  sheep  straw  in  the  troughs  the 
early  part  of  the  season,  and  afterwards  gave  them  chaff 
mixed  with  other  food. 

Mr.  H.  Richard  believed  one  good  result  of  last  winter 
would  be  to  teach  them  the  value  of  straw  as  food  for 
cattle.  He  had  found  that  animals  fed  upon  cake  and 
straw  did  remarkably  well.  The  only  thing  with  regard 
to  straw  was  its  harshness,  to  reduce  which  he  understood 
that  a  machine  had  been  invented,  and  was  in  use  for 
crushing  the  straw,  and  this  plan,  he  believed,  would  be 
far  better  than  using  chaff,  for  if  straw  was  cut  into  such 
small  pieces,  it  was  somewhat  difhcult  for  the  animal  to 
get  hold  of  them.  He  had  not  given  straw  to  sheep,  but 
he  knew  of  one  gentleman  who  gave  his  sheep  straw  and 


26 


The    Gardeners*   Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


Qanuary  6,   1S72, 


hay  cut  into  chaff,  with  a  pint  of  malt-dust  mixed  with  it, 
and  the  animals  were  in  first-rate  condition. 

Mr.  R.  Lewis  was  of  opinion  that  they  were  all  men  of 
straw  last  year.  He  had  never  before  cribbed  kis  sheep 
with  straw.  His  ewes  were,  before  the  frost  set  in,  on 
rough  ground,  and  after  he  had  them  into  the  yard,  and, 
as  his  shepherd  could  tell  them,  they  had  thriven  wonder- 
fully on  straw  and  Turnips.  Cut  straw  was  not  so  well 
digested  as  whole  straw,  and  it  was  better  for  stock, 
because  they  took  more  time  to  eat  it. 

Mr.  C.  Fowler  stated  that  some  years  ago  he  had  a 
large  field  of  Beans  partially  blighted,  and  finding  it  no 
good  as  corn,  he  got  an  engine,  and  had  the  whole 
bruised  as  much  as  possible.  The  engine  stripped  off  the 
leaf  and  pods,  which  the  animals  ate,  but  would  not  eat 
the  stalk.  He  then  cut  some  up  as  chaff,  and  mixed  it 
with  malt-dust  and  Turnip,  and  the  cattle  improved  upon 
it.  He  was  of  opinion  that  the  straw  was  too  dry  for  the 
animals,  and  that  in  bean-haulm  there  was  very  little 
proof.  He  was  of  the  same  opinion  as  Mr.  Ford  with 
respect  to  the  advantage  of  cutting  Oats  and  Wlieat  gay. 
The  reason  was  that  the  moisture  was  retained  in  it.  A 
few  days  ago  he  went  to  Lord  Portman's,  where  he  saw  a 
machine  at  work  bruising  Gorse.  When  it  came  out  it 
was  reduced  to  a  pulp,  and  was  in  a  wet  state,  and  the 
cattle  ate  it  readily.  He  believed  that  Gorse  would  be 
found  a  valuable  substitute  for  hay. 

Mr.  T.  Fry  said  he  thought  they  had  trusted  too  much 
to  the  hay  crop,  and  if  the  corn  crops  were  cut  earlier  it 
would  be  better.  Wheat-straw,  he  was  of  opinion,  was 
not  so  palatable  to  animals  as  Oat  or  Barley,  because  it 
was  too  flinty.  When  he  cut  his  Oats  this  year  early  his 
man  remonstrated  with  him,  but  he  told  him  he  was  going 
to  adopt  Mr.  Ford's  plan— cut  the  Oats  green,  and  let 
Jhem  stand  in  aisle  some  time,  and  he  congratulated 
himself  that  by  so  acting  he  had  a  first-rate  crop,  his  Oats 
weighing  q  score  16  nett.  He  had  been  feeding;  his  ewes 
on  barley-straw  at  night  and  hay  in  the  morning,  and 
was  surprised  to  see  how  they  throve  upon  it.  He  gave 
them  as  much  straw  as  they  could  eat.  His  horses  Iiad 
been  eating  chaff,  and  chaff  alone,  but  he  had  picked  up 
a  good  idea  that  evening,  and  would  not  continue  that 
plan.  The  first  part  of  the  year  he  began  with  Oats  — 
six  bags  of  Oats  mixed  with  chaff,  which  the  animals  did 
well  upon.  They  then  had  wheat-straw,  but  would  not 
eat  it,  and  this  was,  he  believed,  because  it  was  too 
cutting  to  the  mouth.  He  then  returned  to  oat-straw 
mixed  with  meal,  and  from  his  experience  he  was  perfectly 
satisfied  that  farmers  would  do  more  with  straw  as  an 
article  of  food  for  their  cattle  than  they  ever  had  ;  and 
though  he  would  like  to  have  a  nice  rick  or  two  of  hay 
just  now,  he  should  not  in  future  sacrifice  his  stock 
because  he  had  not  enough  in  the  spring,  but  should  use 
straw. 

The  Chairman  (Mr.  Galpin)  said  he  had  never  used 
straw  as  food  for  sheep  until  he  looked  over  his  neigh- 
bour's (Mr.  Ford's)  hedge,  and  saw  that  his  sheep  were 
eating  and  improving  upon  it.  He  gave  his  dairy  cows 
and  stock  cake  and  straw,  and  was  perfectly  satisfied  with 
them.  Professor  Voelcker  some  time  ago  wrote  an  article 
in  the  Royal  Agricultural  yournal  on  the  use  of  straw 
for  feeding  purposes,  and  the  practical  experience  of  all 
who  had  spoken  that  evening  fully  confirmed  his  views, 
viz.,  that  the  straw  cut  green  was  the  most  nutritious.  He 
also  gave  an  analysis,  which  showed  that  oat-straw  was 
the  most  nutritious  of  all  straws.  His  analysis,  with 
their  permission,  he  would  read  : 


Sugar  and  oil 

Albumen, 

Digestive 

Indiges- 

to assist  in 
respiration. 

flesh- 
forming. 

woody 

fibre. 

tive  woody 

fibre. 

Wheat-straw     . . 

6 

1.28 

20 

54 

Barley     .. 

3 

6S 

5 

66 

Oat 

9 

Peas 

10 

3 

16 

42 

Clover-hay 

16 

5 

16 

25 

Meadow-hay    . . 

20 

2 

29 

17 

The  result  of  the  Professor's  researches  proved  that 
pea-haulm  was  the  most  nutritious,  Oats  next,  then  pea- 
pods,  bean-straw  next,  Wheat  the  next,  and  barley-straw 
the  lowest. 

A  THY. 
Valuation  of  Jl/anurd.—'Dr.  Cameron,  of  Dublin, 
lately  addressed  the  Athy  Farmers'  Club  on  this  sub- 
ject. We  take  the  following  extracts  from  his  lecture  : 
— As  farmers  depend  to  a  great  extent  upon  the 
description  of  the  current  artificial  manures  given  by 
the  chemist,  the  latter  is  certainly  bound  to  make 
himself  as  explicit,  intelligible,  reliable,  and  useful  a 
guide  in  this  matter  as  he  possibly  can.  His  first  duty 
is  to  ascertain  the  composition  of  the  manure  submitted 
to  him  for  analysis.  So  far  as  analysis  goes,  chemistry 
is  a  matter  of  fact,  and  not  of  opinion  ;  and  it  is  impos- 
sible, without  being  guilty  of  dishonesty,  to  give  a 
better  analysis  of  a  manure  than  it  really  deserves.  The 
chemist,  having  analysed  a  manure,  is  next  called  upon 
to  determine  from  his  analytical  results  the  commercial 
value  of  the  article.  Some  chemists  decline  to  do  this, 
on  the  ground  that  it  is  beyond  their  province  ;  but 
I  think  the  practice  has,  up  to  the  present  at  least, 
been  a  useful  one.  Many  persons  do  not  under- 
stand the  terms  used  in  describing  the  composition  of 
manures,  and  a  bad  or  inferior  manure  might,  on  the 
faith  of  its  actual  analysis,  be  palmed  off  upon  them, 
imless  the  money  value  was  added  to  the  analysis. 
While  maintaining  the  general  utility  of  the  "chemical 
valuation"  of  manures,  I  am  quite  willing  to  admit  that 
good  service  has  been  done  by  directing  our  attention 
to  the  discrepancies  between  the  selling  prices  and  the 
chemist's  money  value  of  manures.  Peruvian  guano 
formerly  contained  on  the  average  from  16  to  17  per 
cent,  of  ammonia,  22  per  cent,  of  phosphates,  and  8  or 


9  per  cent,  of  potash.  When  of  average  composition, 
my  valuation  of  this  manure  invariably  corresponded  to 
its  selling  price,  but  when  its  ammonia  was  deficient, 
or  in  excess,  of  course  my  valuation  was  lower  or  higher 
than  the  selling  price.  In  the  report  of  the  county  of 
Kildare  Society  for  1864,  I  find  my  valuations  of  five 
samples  of  genuine  Peruvian  guano  to  be  respectively 
;^io  iSs.j  £\z  is.,  £11  is.,  £\i  I2J.  (^\d.,  and 
£\6  17J.  per  ton,  the  selling  prices  being  ^"14  and 
^13  loj.  per  ton.  In  valuing  superphosphate  of  lime 
and  other  manures  containing  soluble  phosphates,  I 
think  the  bi  or  soluble  phosphate  is  estimated  at  too 
high  a  rate.  Formerly  a  good  sample  of  this  manure 
contained  on  the  average  about  22  per  cent,  of  soluble 
phosphates,  10  per  cent,  of  insoluble  phosphates,  and 
I  per  cent,  of  ammonia,  and  its  selling  price  was  about 
£%  per  ton.  To  value  its  ammonia  at  £(^0  per  ton, 
its  soluble  phosphates  at  £^^  per  ton,  and  its 
insoluble  phosphates  at  £%  per  ton  was  fair  enough, 
and  that  scale  afforded  results  corresponding  with 
its  ordinary  selling  price.  Of  late  years  the  price 
of  Peruvian  guano  and  other  sources  of  ammonia  has 
increased  ;  whilst,  owing  to  the  employment  of  mineral 
phosphates,  and  the  low  price  of  sulphur  ore,  soluble 
phosphate  can  now  be  manufactured  at  a  cheaper  rate 
than  formerly.  Some  time  ago  I  increased  my  valua- 
tion of  ammonia  from  £^0  to  £']0  per  ton,  and  I  shall 
henceforth  (until  prices  alter)  value  it  at  ;^8o  per  ton  ; 
for  I  find  that  during  the  present  week  manufacturers 
of  manures  have  paid  £20  per  ton  for  sulphate  of  am- 
monia, a  salt  which  contains  only  25  per  cent,  of 
ammonia,  I  shall  lower  my  valuation  of  soluble  phos- 
phate from  ;i^40  to  ^34  per  ton.  This  will  tell  chiefly 
upon  the  pure  mineral  superphosphates,  which  are  now, 
when  of  good  quality,  valued  at  a  higher  rate  than 
their  selling  prices.  The  reduction  of  the  valuation  of 
soluble  phosphates  will  seriously  affect  the  bone 
manures,  which,  unless  they  are  of  the  very  best  quality, 
will  have  a  lower  money  value  than  their  selling  price. 
It  is  cheaper  to  make  soluble  phosphates  from  coprolites 
and  other  minerals  than  from  bones  ;  and;[^40  per  ton, 
though  an  excessive  valuation,  for  coprolite  soluble 
phosphate,  would  not  be  excessive  in  the  case  of  soluble 
phosphate  made  from  bones.  It  must,  however,  be 
borne  in  mind  that  bi-phosphate  of  lime  (a  soluble 
compound  of  lime  and  phosphoric  acid)  is  of  equal  value 
to  the  farmer,  whether  it  is  made  from  bones  or  minerals, 
and  the  manufacturer  of  ''bone  manures"  should,  there- 
fore, prepare  his  soluble  phosphates  fromminerals,  as  the 
cheapest  source,  and  mix  it  with  insoluble  phosphates 
derived  from  bones.  It  is  difficult  to  ascertain  the 
value  of  the  insoluble  phosphate  of  superphosphates. 
When  it  is  derived  from  bones  it  is  efficacious,  and  is 
worth  ;!^io  per  ton  ;  but  the  insoluble  phosphate  from 
coprolites  is  worth  little  or  nothing.  As  a  general  rule 
the  coprolite  superphosphates  do  not  contain  much  in- 
soluble phosphate,  and  this  ingredient  rarely  adds  more 
than  a  few  shillings  per  ton  to  the  valuation  of  the 
manure.  When  a  superphosphate  is  rich  in  organic 
matter  and  ammonia  (burning  black  like  a  burnt  bone 
when  strongly  heated),  the  presumption  is  that  the  in- 
soluble phosphate  is  derived  from  an  animal  source, 
and  is  therefore  efficacious.  On  the  other  hand,  a 
superphosphate  containing  but  little  organic  matter 
possesses  in  general  an  inert  insoluble  phosphate.  An 
exception  must,  however,  be  made  in.  favour  of  bone- 
ash  superphosphates.  The  amount  of  gypsum  in  super- 
phosphates varies  from  25  to  50  per  cent.,  and  it  influ- 
ences the  value  of  the  manure  by  from  7^.  6i/.  to  i5j-. 
per  ton  ;  but  it  is  questionable  whether  or  not  gypsum 
is  of  any  use  to  root  crops.  In  future  analyses  of  a 
public  nature  I  am  disposed  to  value  the  different 
items  in  each  manure  separately,  so  that  the  pur- 
chasers may  know  to  what  extent  the  percentage  of  the 
really  essential  ingredients  of  the  manure  influence  the 
total  value  of  the  article. 


j0li«S  of  I00I15, 


The  Farm,  the  Garden,  Stable,  and  Aviary. 
Part  3.  Edited  by  "  I.  E.  B.  C."  Horace  Cox, 
346,  Strand. 

The  present  part  of  this  work  relates  to  the  stable. 
It  is  a  collection  of  paragraphs  without  much  syste- 
matic arrangement.  There  is  a  page  or  two  on  the 
management  of  "carriages,"  nearly  80  on  "diseases," 
in  which  the  memoranda  are  given  alphabetically, 
24  on  feeding,  harness,  and  "miscellaneous"  matters, 
again  arranged  alphabetically,  and  20  on  stable  manage- 
ment. The  book  ends  with  a  list  of  books  for  the 
horse-keeper,  and  an  index. 

The  pages  are  full  of  hints  and  notes  and  sugges- 
tions, methods  of  meeting  difficulties,  as  well  as  rules 
for  ordinary  treatment.  Take  the  following  as 
samples  : — 

"  To  Improve  the  Action  of  a  Horse. — No.  i.  Lunge  a 
'  daisy-cutter '  amongst  mole-hils  ;  he  will  pick  up  his 
feet  rather  than  tumble  on  his  nose. 

"  No.  2.  Ride  him  in  a  straw-yard,  with  the  straw  a 
good  depth. 

"  No.  3.  Trot  him  for  a  short  time  daily  over  heavy 
ploughed  land. 

"  No.  4.  Procure  two  hollow  belts  of  leather,  each 
having  a  strap  at  one  end  and  buckle  at  the  other  (much 
the  same  in  shape  as  the  rings  used  to  prevent  cutting)  ; 
these  are  to  be  half  filled  with  shot,  and  buckled  on  the 
fore-legs,  between  the  hoof  and  pastern,   every  time  the 


horse  is  taken  out.  It  is  said  that  the  rattling  makes  the 
horse  step  up,  though  in  our  opinion  he  would  soon 
become  accustomed  to  it." 

"  Shoeing  Restive  Horses. — No.  i.  Try  dressing  the 
blacksmith  in  groom's  clothes,  and  shoeing  at  home 
instead  of  taking  the  animal  to  the  blacksmith's  shop. 
Put  a  collar  on,  then  fasten  a  waggon-rope  to  it,  and 
passing  it  round  the  hind  fetlock,  make  the  other  end  fast 
also  to  the  collar  ;  the  horse  may  be  blmdfotded. 

"  No.  2.  Let  the  smith  undergo  a  thorough  ablution, 
especially  his  hair,  &c.,  put  on  his  wife's  garments,  and  a 
pair  of  hst  shoes  ;  take  a  pair  of  light  clean-holed  fore 
shoes  in  separate  pockets,  with  nails  ready  pointed  {no 
knife,  rasp,  or  anything  that  smells  or  sounds  like  the 
forge),  and  a  wooden  mallet,  pro  hammer.  Be  sure  the 
nails  are  pointed  and  ready  ;  and  after  walking  the  horse 
about  a  few  turns,  he  can  get  one  shoe  on  and  then  the 
other.  Once  done  always  done.  The  point  is  to  avoid 
the  smell  and  noise. 

"  No.  3.  Let  some  one  ride  the  horse  into  a  building 
not  the  forge,  and  remain  mounted  during  the  shoeing. 
The  horse  will  often  remain  quiet." 

We  take,  further,  the  following  notes  on  feeding  : — 

"  General  Feeding. — Do  not  give  a  horse  unchiUed 
pump-water.  The  temperature  should  be  that  of  the 
stables.  A  hunter  should  have  about  10  lb.  of  hay  per 
diem.  A  quarter  of  Oats  is  8  bush.,  each  weighing  about, 
on  the  average,  40  lb.  A  quartern  is  a  quarter  of  a  peck. 
Some  people  contractwith  a  dealer  to  supply  them  regu- 
larly once  a  month.  The  following  would  be  a  fair  allow- 
ance for  a  single  horse  ;— i  qr.  Oats,  4  bush,  chaff,  3  cwt. 
to  3I  cwt.  hay,  and  8  trusses  straw.  Some  people  give 
their  horses  a  mixture  of  hay,  straw,  Oats,  and  Indian 
Com  in  equal  proportions.  About  20  lb.  per  diem  of  this 
mixture  ought  to  suffice.  For  a  pony,  unless  worked  very 
hard,  give  i  bush.  Oats,  and  ^  cwt.  hay  per  week. 

"  Oats,  with  a  single  handful  of  bran  to  each  feed,  and 
hay,  is  the  food  on  which  horses  do  best  ;  though  for 
hunters  and  other  horses  in  full  work,  a  handful  of  Beans, 
as  well  as  bran,  may  be  given  with  each  feed. 

"Hunters  are  fed  in  some  well-managed  establishments 
five  times  a  day  ;  four  feeds  are  enough.  Early  in  the 
morning,  a  little  before  noon,  five  in  the  afternoon,  and  at 
doing-up  time  in  the  evening— say  eight  o'clock— are 
sufficiently  frequent.  The  other  period  of  feeding  com- 
monly adopted  is  a  second  feed  in  the  morning  after  the 
horses  go  into  the  stable  from  exercise. 

"  On  hunting  days  the  horses  going  out  should  have 
their  morning  feed  divided,  viz.,  by  giving  little  more  than 
half  an  ordinary  portion  on  first  going  to  stable,  and  a 
small  feed  about  an  hour  and  a-half  before  the  horse 
leaves  the  stable.  In  the  evening,  after  the  day's  work  is 
over,  two  light  feeds  may  be  given — one  as  soon  after 
returning  to  the  stable  as  suffices  to  make  the  horse  com- 
fortably clean  and  dry  ;  the  second  small  feed  two  hours 
later  at  night. 

"  One  rule  to  be  observed  in  the  feeding  of  hunters  and 
all  other  horses  is,  that  the  portions  of  com  given  should 
be  nicely  divided,  given  at  regular  periods,  with  the 
important  exception,  equally  necessary  to  be  kept  in  mind, 
that  no  horse  used  for  fast  work  should  be  allowed  to 
have  food  within  an  hour  of  his  going  out  of  the  stable, 
and  that  even  though,  as  m  the  case  of  hunters,  he  may 
have  some  distance  to  go  to  covert. 

"Another  rule,  almost  as  important  is,  that  the  tired 
horse  should  not  be  overloaded  with  food,  either  on  the 
evening  after  hunting,  nor  yet  on  the  following  day,  but 
should  have  his  feeds  at  regular  intervals,  though  in  some- 
what diminished  portions,  until  he  craves  for  it  and  begins 
to  feel  fresh,  Hunters  should  be  watered  three  times  a 
day — in  the  morning,  before  going  out  to  have  their  walk- 
ing exercise ;  at  noon  before  feeding  ;  and  on  going  to 
stable  in  the  evening  ;  immediately  after  which  they  should 
be  dressed  over,  fed,  and  have  their  hay  given  them  for 
the  night.  Any  of  the  horses  going  out  to  exercise  which 
may  be  intended  to  have  a  canter  or  a  steady  gallop  should 
not  be  watered  until  they  return  ;  the  practice  followed  in 
training  stables  applies  in  that  case." 


Farm  Memoranda. 

Lammermuir.  Sheep  Farm  :  December  20. — The 
harvest  this  year  was  protracted  and  difficult.  A 
threatening  of  high  wind  impelled  us  to  set  the  reapers 
in  motion  before  the  corn  had  attained  the  stage  we 
usually  call  ripe.  The  grain  of  this  portion,  both 
Barley  and  Oats,  is  a  fair  sample,  and  had  the  advan- 
tage of  being  secured  before  the  rain.  Only  about  a 
fifth  part  of  the  number  of  our  stacks,  though  a  con- 
siderably larger  proportion  of  the  acreage,  was  got 
together  in  this  favourable  condition ;  the  weather 
having  broken,  the  rest  of  the  crop  (stronger  and 
later  from  being  grown  on  newly-improved  land)  was 
most  difficult  of  management,  and  when  at  last  secured, 
after  careful  handling  several  times  over,  was  consider- 
ably damaged  by  sprout  and  loss  of  colour.  The  finish 
of  the  cutting,  from  the  strong  crop  being  laid  and 
twisted  with  the  storms  of  rain,  defied  the  reapers,  and 
had  to  be  torn  out  by  hook  and  scythe.  The  bulk 
of  corn  is  greater,  but  the  grain  is  nothing  like  the 
well-filled  samples  of  last  year. 

Pastures  were  unusually  good,  and  abundance  of 
meadow  hay  was  cut,  whilst  much  more  could  have 
been  gathered  together  if  we  could  have  got  hands  at 
the  time  to  work  it.  We  do  not  remember  a  better 
grazing  year  than  the  past ;  the  fields  even  yet  are 
rough,  and  afford  a  good  bite  to  the  ewes,  which, 
after  being  tupped  upon  Turnips,  are  again  turned  over 
the  pastures,  it  being  a  question  of  weather  when  we 
shall  require  to  put  them  again  on  Turnip  keep. 
We  notice  that  on  tlie  newly  limed  land  tlie  grass 
continues  to  grow  whenever  the  weather  is  mild,  even 
in  winter.  Turnips  are  uncommonly  fine,  and  have  still 
a  large  amount  of  shaw.     The  work  of  securing  a  por- 


January  6,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


27 


tion  of  them  for  spring  use  is  again  behind,  owing  to 
having  a  good  deal  of  extra  work  on  hand,  and  the 
recent  snow-stomi  stopped  all  advance  in  this  direction. 
Now  that  the  snow  has  disappeared,  and  fresh  weather 
again  set  in,  we  are  making  what  haste  we  can  in 
securing  the  Turnips  on  the  field,  and  this  in  three 
different  methods.  First,  by  pulling  four  drills  on 
each  side  of  the  centre  drills,  which  are  left  growing, 
and  packing  the  pulled  Turnips,  root  and  shaw,  in  the 
middle  of  the  two  ;  a  good  plough-furrow  is  then  run 
round  the  green  bank  or  bed  of  Turnips,  to  protect 
the  sides.  When  the  crop  is  good,  and  the  shaws 
strong,  four  drills  from  each  side  may  fill  up  the  space. 
The  second  method  is  the  common  one  of  earthing  up 
the  Turnips  by  the  double  moulded,  and  also  by  the 
common  plough  ;  and  the  third  plan  which  we  have 
tried  is  on  Swedish  Turnips,  viz.,  having  them  rooted 
and  shawed,  then  thrown  into  small  heaps  of  half  a 
cartload  each,  the  shaws  spread  over  them,  and  a 
spadmg  of  earth  over  all.  This  latter  method  has 
the  recommendation  that  the  Turnips  can  be  carted 
off  the  land  when  the  weather  suits.  The  snow- 
storm has  been  very  severe  for  this  early  part 
of  the  winter.  Generally  our  real  winter 
weather  comes  in  February.  Hill  stock  suffer  a  great 
deal  less  from  snow-storms  about  New  Year  time 
than  they  do  as  the  season  advances  towards  spring, 
and  at  present  the  Heather  is  still  fresh  and  unscathed 
by  frost.  There  has  been  less  braxy,  or  grass-ill,  this 
autumn  than  for  many  years  past,  and  this  although  the 
autumn  pastures  never  were  better.  Perhaps  this  may 
be  the  cause  of  the  immunity  from  this  disease.  There 
was  an  uninterrupted  flow  of  grass  all  through  the 
summer  and  autumn,  whereas  for  several  years  by- 
gone we  have  had  dry,  parching  summers  and  a 
strong  autumn  growth,  which  is  always  trying  to  sheep 
stock. 

Farm  work  is  rather  behind,  the  ploughing  not  being 
so  advanced  as  we  have  seen  it.  The  storm  favoured 
the  carting  out  of  manure,  which  we  had  taken  to  a 
grass  field  and  carted  over  in  the  heap.  After  it  is 
sufficiently  rotted,  it  will  be  spread  on  the  grass  as 
weather  permits,  and  if  possible  before  the  spring 
growth.  This  grass  is  intended  for  pasture.  In 
autumn  we  had  about  20  acres  of  lea  intended  for  Oats 
manured,  and  this  just  in  time  to  have  the  last  growth 
of  grass  glow  through  it.  It  is  now  some  time  since 
we  began  the  practice  of  laying  the  dung  on  the  grass 
land,  and  the  results  are  such  as  to  justify  a  departure 
from  the  usual  course  pursued  in  placing  it  all  upon  the 
fallow  break.  We  are  so  favourably  impressed  with 
the  advantages  of  the  innovation,  that  we  intend  to 
make  it  the  rule  as  much  as  possible,  and  for  this 
reason — our  rotation  is  a  six-course,  with  three  years 
grass.  The  third  year  in  grass  renders  the  furrow  when 
ploughed  for  Oats  tough  and  stiff,  and  the  result  is 
frequently  an  inferior  crop.  Putting  the  manure  on  in 
summer  or  early  autumn  rectifies  this  in  great  measure 
by  bringing  away  a  fine  fresh  green  sward,  which  gives 
the  lea  a  well -conditioned  look,  and  renders  it  more 
tender  for  the  plough.  There  does  not  seem  to  be 
much  waste  in  applying  the  manure  even  in  summer 
weather,  as  in  the  dry  summer  of  1869,  and  during  the 
hottest  and  driest  period  of  it,  we  had  a  portion  of  a 
field  done,  and  the  same  fine  green  sward  was  the 
result  in  a  very  short  time  after  the  application. 

We  can  raise  the  Turnip  crop  by  the  use  of  artificial 
manures  alone,  and  have  the  farmyard  manure  left  for 
the  lea  break.  The  Turnip  crop  is  or  should  be  eaten 
wholly,  or  as  much  as  possible  on  the  ground  with 
sheep,  thus  keeping  up  the  condition  of  the  land, 
which  by  the  above  system  is  manured  twice  in  the 
course  of  the  six  years'  rotation,  and  the  Turnip  crop 
eaten  on  the  land  besides.  The  straw  is  put  down  by 
keeping  a  larger  proportion  of  wintering  cattle  brought 
through  upon  cake,  an  allowance  of  from  3  to  5  lb.  per 
head  per  day  being  sufficient.  Another  advantage  of  the 
above  system  is,  that  the  heavy  work  of  carting  the 
manure  is  performed  in  summer  weather,  when  other 
■work  is  not  pressing,  and  the  Turnip  making  is  not 
retarded  by  the  laying  on  of  the  manure  as  the  work 
proceeds.  For  the  above  reasons  we  are  disposed  to 
prefer  grass  land  manuring  to  fallow  break  manuring, 
as  regards  farmyard  manure,  especially  in  circumstances 
such  as  ours,  where  Turnips  can  readily  be  grown  on 
newly  improved  land  with  artificial  manures  alone, 
and  where,  in  fact,  the  farmyard  dung  is  often  hurtful 
from  the  loose,  open,  and  turfy  nature  of  the  drill 
formed  before  the  new  land  is  yet  thoroughly  wrought 
down.  Foot-and-mouth  disease  has  been  very  common 
in  the  county,  and  in  this  district  one  or  two  lots  of 
cattle  have  been  affected,  but  only  one  lot  of  sheep, 
that  we  have  heard  of ;  and  these  (hoggs  upon 
Turnips )  are  supposed  to  have  been  infected  by 
carrying  straw  to  them  from  the  steading  where  the 
cattle  had  murrain.  J,  S.  B. 

The  Vester  Farms. — In  East  Lothian,  as  may  be 
supposed,  there  are  varieties  of  soil ;  and  for  the  con- 
venience of  illustration  we  shall  divide  the  county  into 
three  districts — the  southern,  the  midland,  and  the 
northern — of  each  of  which,  in  succession,  we  shall 
attempt  to  give  some  account. 

Of  the  southern,  no  better  example  can  be  adduced 
of  the  mode  of  agriculture  pursued  than  that  which  is 
afforded  by  the  home  farms  of  the  Marquis  of  Tweed- 
dale,  to  whom,  from  the  high  position  of  his  lordship 
as  an  agriculturist,  such  precedence  is  due.     The  home  I 


farms  of  the  Yester  estate  are  a  model  to  the  whole  of 
the  United  Kingdom.  Situated  nearthe  base  of  the  Lam- 
mermoor  Hills,  about  425feetabove  sea  level,  and  there- 
fore in  a  colder  climate  than  either  of  the  other  districtSj 
the  grain  grown  in  them  can  compete  successfully  with 
the  produce  of  the  others,  it  having  been  admitted  by  the 
best  practical  judges  that  the  Oats  and  grass  during 
these  last  dry  seasons,  on  what  might  be  almost  called 
uncultivated  land,  until  recently  subsoil  ploughed, 
were  among  the  best  in  the  country.  This  proves  the 
immense  advantage  of  deep  cultivation,  and  the  pecu- 
liarity of  Lord  Tweeddale's  deep  cultivating  ploughs 
lies  in  this  :  their  frameworks  are  of  wood  and  moulds 
of  a  particular  shape,  which,  while  cutting  the  furrow 
deep  and  square,  do  not  admit  of  the  poor  subsoil  being 
thrown  on  the  top,  as  deep  work  can  be  speedily 
executed  by  the  steam-plough  cultivator,  but  unless  the 
soil  is  loamy  and  very  deep,  a  rotation  of  five  crops 
may  be  run  before  land  with  a  poor  subsoil  may  recover 
its  character.  The  extent  of  these  home  farms  is  rather 
more  than  1600  acres,  and  17  pairs  of  horses  are  found 
sufficient  to  do  all  the  cultivation,  besides  some  extra 
work  in  carriages  of  different  kinds  on  the  estate. 

The  farms  in  Lord  Tweeddale's  occupation,  as  well 
as  those  let  on  the  estate,  are  under  a  five-course  shift, 
viz.,  two  years  grass,  Oats,  Turnips,  Barley,  and  then 
grass  again— little  or  no  Wheat  being  grown  on  any 
part  of  the  estate.  This  rotation  is  made  a  condition 
in  all  the  leases  ;  but  if  any  exceptional  case  should 
arise,  it  may  be  varied,  if  the  reasons  assigned  should 
meet  with  his  lordship's  approval. 

It  has  been  found,  from  the  experience  of  an  average 
number  of  seasons,  that  one  bullock,  or  seven  sheep, 
is  sufficient  for  i  acre  of  Turnips ;  this,  of  course, 
applies  only  to  lean  animals  bought  in  autumn  and 
sold  off  fat  in  spring.  We  do  not  intend  in  this  report 
to  enter  into  the  variations  of  stock  management, 
which  are  as  numerous  as  the  changes  of  soil  and 
climate.  We  merely  state  what  has  been  found  to  be 
a  safe  and  profitable  calculation  for  a  full  winter  keep, 
In  the  management,  or,  we  might  say,  farming  of  his 
sheep  stock,  Lord  Tweeddale  has  found  it  ad- 
vantageous to  purchase  well-bred  Iambs  at  the 
large  south  country  (Scotch)  fairs,  and  to  feed 
them  off  the  following  year,  invariably  taking 
the  fleece  off  before  selling  them.  Exception  may 
be  taken  by  some,  especially  now,  when  the  price 
of  Wheat  is  so  much  higher  than  the  price  of  Barleyj 
that  its  cultivation  should  be  discouraged  on  the  Yester 
estate;  but  for  the  last  10  years,  Barley  has  very  nearly 
realised  the  same  price  per  qr.  as  Wheat,  and  being 
especially,  in  the  later  districts  of  the  county,  a  crop 
that  can  be  reckoned  upon  as  more  certain.  The 
whole  routine  followed  at  Yester  has  been  well  de- 
scribed by  the  author  of  the  *'  Book  of  the  Farm,"  and 
anyone  anxious  to  learn  more  fully  all  matters  of  detail 
has  only  to  refer  to  its  pages  ;  but  all  that  has  been 
previously  so  well  told  on  the  subject  has  been  of 
late  confirmed  by  practical  farmers  who  enjoyed 
the  advantage  and  privilege  of  thorough  personal 
inspection. 

It  is  a  great  boon  to  farmers  when  their  landlord  is 
a  practical  agriculturist,  who  is  able  to  satisfy  himself 
that  justice  is  not  only  done  to  the  land,  but  that  no- 
thing more  than  what  is  due  is  required  from  the 
tenants.  This  advantage  the  tenantry  on  the  Yester 
estates  fully  enjoy,  their  farms  being  held  on  the 
equitable  principle  of  **  Live  and  let  live,"  by  which  all 
their  leases  have  been  regulated.  Lord  Tweeddale 
may  therefore  be  said  to  have  the  power  of  selection  of 
his  tenants,  who  are  consequently  men  of  capital  and 
enterprise. — The  Farmer. 


Miscellaneous. 

FARMERS'  GIRLS. 
Up  in  the  early  morning, 

Just  at  the  peep  of  day. 
Straining  the  milk  in  the  dairy, 

Turning  the  cows  away — 
Sweeping  the  floor  in  the  kitchen, 

Making  the  beds  upstairs, 
Washing  the  breakfast  dishes. 

Dusting  the  parlour  chairs. 

Brushing  the  crumbs  from  the  pantry, 

Hunting  for  eggs  at  the  barn, 
Roasting  the  meat  for  dinner, 

Spinning  the  stocking  yarn, 
Spreading  the  snow-white  linen 

Down  on  the  bushes  below. 
Ransacking  every  meadow 

Where  the  red  Strawberries  grow. 

Starching  their  cottons  for  Sunday, 

Churning  the  snow^  cream, 
Rinsing  the  pails  and  strainer 

Down  in  the  running  strearn, 
Feeding  the  geese  and  poultry, 

Making  the  puddings  and  pics, 
Jogging  the  little  one's  cradle. 

Driving  away  the  flies, 

Grace  in  every  motion, 

Music  in  every  tone, 
Beauty  of  form  and  feature 

Thousands  might  covet  to  own — 
Cheeks  that  rivnl  the  Roses, 

Teeth  the  whitest  of  pearls  ; 
One  of  these  country  maidens  is  worth 

A  score  of  your  giddy  girls. 

American  Paper. 


Poultry  Statistics.— The  following  statistics  of 
the  late  show  at  Birmingham  illustrate  the  stationary 
or  growing  interest  taken  in  the  various  breeds,  and  the 
maximum  weights  attained  in  the  several  classes  during 
the  past  few  years  ; — 

A  Comparative  Statement  o/the  Entries  in  the  several 
Varieties  for  Eight  Years, 


Dorking 

Spanish 

Cuchin  China 

Brahma  pootra. 

Malay 

CrSveccEur,  Hon- 
duras, and  La' 
FIcche     .. 

Hamburgh  .. 

Polish  Fowl 

Other  distinct 
breeds      , , 

Game 

Bantams 

Ducks 

Geese  . . 

Turkeys 

Pigeons 


i863't864'i865  1866  1867  1868I1869  1870  1871 


269]  227  193 
70;   101      60 

205I  216  227 
34  43  75 
13 


224    270    225 

47!  ■    43      39 


16      20 

3SOt  354' 
1151  215 


34S 


27|     28      39 

37I     35      37 
275    290    331 


325  305'  33»  294I  280 

90  103!  70  72  86 

331  3121  260  323  261 

192,  233  233  261  346 

13  II  18  27!  16 


S8|  loi 
2801  253 
47 1     47 


107  90 
195'  20s 
63      S8 


19:  20        23  12 1  19 

39a  I  482    336;  374j  382 

168  208,  142!  i74|  153 

1071  129    116,  i2o  103 

43  47'     39  361  32 

43  64;     50,  67  55 

565  432'  482  453|  574 


,1780  1967  2006  2297  2676  2747  2453:2578:2661 


Comparative  Returns  of  iJie  Weights  of  Prize  Turkeys  for  tlie 
last  Four  Years: — 


Old  birds,  single  cock      . .  j 
Pair  of  hens  . .  ..  ■! 

Bred  this  year,  single  cock  j 
Pair  of  hens  ..  ..J 


1868. 

lS6g. 

1870. 

Prize, 

lb. 

Ih. 

lb. 

ISt 

32 

14} 

3(ii 

ad 

3= 

32 

15i 

1st 

37 

37;J 

35 

2d 

30 

32: 

22 

34. 

ISf 

24 

24* 

2d 

23 

23 

=  li 

ISt 

29 

28 

vk 

2d 

26 

27 

29 

I87I. 

lb.  oz. 
36  4 
32  5 
38  12 
35  8 
28    o 


Statcmetii  of  t/ie  IVeight  of  Pairs  of  Prize  Geese: 


\Vhite,  old  birds 
Goslings 
Grey,  old  birds 
Goslings 


J  868. 

1869. 

1870. 

Prize. 

lb. 

lb. 

lb. 

ISt 

53 

^1* 

s«j 

2d 

SI 

52 

S6i 

1st 

50 

wi 

40i 

2d 

40* 

42 

49, 

ISt 

55 

S7l 

b2t 

2d 

SI 

Sli 

■;4J 

1st 

so 

4«1 

5li 

2d 

4oi 

4»J 

49 

I87I. 


lb.  oz. 
56  9 
56  9 
4S  6 
44  ° 
60    o 


Weights  of  the 

pairs  of  prize  ducks  : — • 

Aylesbury  Ducks. 

•■■ 

1867. 

1868. 

1869. 

1870. 

1871. 

First  prize 
Second  prize       ., 
Third  prize 
Fourth  prize 

iSJ 

lb. 
>7i 

lb. 
I7J 

3 

lb. 
i81 

lb.  oz. 
17    12 
16    12 
IS      4 

Rouen  Ducks. 


First  prize  - . 
Second  prize 
Third  prize 
Fourth  prize 
Fifth  prize.. 
SL-ith  prize.. 


lb. 
19I 
l8i 
I7i 
i6i 


1869. 

1870. 

lb. 

lb. 

.85 

I9i 

I7I 

iSJ 

i7i 

i8f 

17! 

17J 

i6i 

I7i 

16J 

i7i 

1871. 


lb.  oz. 
19      5 


IS 

4 


The  Labourer's  Home,  so  called,  has,  if  he  is 
fortunate,  one  sitting  or  living  room,  perhaps  14  feet 
by  10  feet  in  size.  In  this,  on  returning  from  his  day's 
toil,  he  probably  finds  a  family  of  children  and  a  care- 
worn wife.  It  is  the  hour  most  trying  to  such  house- 
holds. The  children  are  a  good  deal  in  the  way,  for 
all  are  in  from  school  or  work.  He  and  they  have  to 
be  fed,  the  scant  fire  has  to  be  forced  to  its  highest 
power  of  warming  food,  drying  clothes,  &c.  He 
certainly  has  no  cellar  room  ;  if  he  had,  it  would  not 
be  in  his  way  of  life  to  stock  it.  Has  he  no  tempta- 
tion ?  Is  there  nothing  to  allure  him  from  such  a 
home  to  some  other  quarter,  where  he  can  find  society 
under  pleasanter  circumstances,  and  enjoy  it  over  his 
beer?  Admitting  for  the  moment  that  if  he  will  have 
beer  he  had  better  send  for  it  and  drink  it  at  home,  to 
do  this  in  all  cases  is  impracticable.  Is  it  only  for  the 
beer  he  goes  to  the  "Bruce  Arms"  or  "The 
Chequers  "  ?  Is  it  not  that  he  can  drink  his  beer  witli 
greater  comfort,  before  a  better  fire  in  the  winter,  or  in 
the  skittle-ground  in  the  summer,  unchildren'd — ^yes, 
and  unwifed,  just  as  clubfolk  do  ?  Is  the  beer  or  gin 
really  the  all  in  all  of  the  cause  of  increasing  drunken- 
ness?    I  think  not.  S.  G.  O.,  in  the  Tinus. 

Ploughs  and  PL0UGH^^fG. — At  a  late  meeting  of 
the  East  Lothian  Agricultural  Society  Mr.  Stein  said — 

'  That  the  many  ploughing  matches  and  trials  that  had 
taken  place,  and  a  great  deal  that  had  been  said  in 
reference  to  which  was  the  best  double-furrow  plough, 
did  not  quite  embrace  the  points  which  really  ought 
to  take  up  attention.  Very  often  the  trial  had  been 
simply  as  to  the  best  kind  of  ploughing;,  neatness, 
&c.  Now,  he  held  that  it  was  quite  possible  to  have  a 
plough  tliat  would  take  tlic  shine  out  of  every  other 
plough  at  such  a  match,  yet  that  same  implement  was 
not  the  practical  implement  for  a  man  to  have  on  his 
farm.     If  there  could  be  some  encouragement  given  to 


28 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  6,   1872. 


makers  to  produce  an  implement  without  shares,  or 
coulters,  or  mouldboards  attached  to  them — to  produce 
the  skeleton  of  an  implement  to  which  the  local  smiths 
might  attach  whatever  kind  of  shares,  coulters,  or  mould- 
boards  as  happened  to  be  to  the  tastes  of  the  farmers — 
he  thought  would  be  an  advantage  and  a  great  step  in 
advance.  What  was  required  was  an  implement  that  the 
local  smith  could  keep  in  order,  and  also  wanting  as  far 
as  possible  the  defects  which  all  double-furrow  ploughs  at 
present  have.  For  his  own  part  he  thought  very  little 
improvement  had  yet  been  made  upon  Pirie's  double- 
furrow  plough,  which  was  in  existence  three  years  ago.  He 
did  not  deny  that  very  ingenious  contrivances  had  been 
made  for  the  purpose  of  making  neat  work,  but  he 
didn't  think  there  were  many  contrivances  made  for 
the  purpose  of  really  overcoming  the  general  practical 
defects  of  the  plough  in  the  ordinary  working — to 
make  them  more  easily  wrought  by  ploughmen.  Referring 
to  the  saving  from  the  use  of  double-furrow  ploughs, 
Mr.  Stein  said  he  had  reduced  his  stock  from  four 
and  a  half  to  three  and  a  half  pairs  of  horses,  and  he  could 
quite  as  easily  accomplish  his  work.  He  wrought  the 
plough  with  two  horses  in  seed  furrow,  and  two  horses  in 
stubble.  He  could  work  also  on  the  stubble  with  two 
horses,  but  he  did  not  think  it  was  economical  to  do 
so.  With  two  horses  he  could  turn  over  two  English 
acres  of  seed  land  per  day.  On  stubble  land  the  horses 
did  not  go  so  fast." 


South  Northumberland. — Ere  commencing  our 
weekly  calendar  of  operations,  it  is  necessary  to  pre- 
mise that  all  farm  work  is  unusually  far  behind,  a 
large  portion  of  stubble  being  yet  to  plough,  and  in 
many  cases  Turnips  still  unstored.  Weather  open  and 
mild,  with  occasional  showers. 

1871. — Dec.  28.  Ploughing  stubble. 

29,  Threshing  and  laying  in  coals. 

30,  Ploughing  stubble  and  carting  stone  for  roads, 
1872. — Jan.     I.  Ploughing  Turnip  land  for  Wheat. 

2.  PloughinganddrillingWheatlHallctt's  Hunter's) 

and  delivering  grain  to  market. 

3,  Ploughing  Turnip  land  and  sowing  Wheat. 

General  :  Cattle  feeding  and  cutting  Swedes  for 
hoggs.  Prospective  work  :  Finishing  Wheat  sowing, 
ploughing  stubbles  and  threshing.  A.   TV.  D. 

Gloucestershire :  Jan.  i.  —  In  consequence  of 
the  quantity  of  rain  that  has  fallen  operations  have 
been  nearly  suspended  the  last  week,  with  regard  to 
ploughing,  sowing,  &c.  Wheat-sowing  is  not  quite 
completed,  having  a  few  acres  to  put  in,  where 
Turnips  are  now  nearly  finished  eating  off  with  sheep, 
also  a  little  after  Carrots  that  were  dug  up  just  before 
Christmas.  The  tops  of  the  Carrots  being  valu- 
able for  feed,  they  have  been  gradually  dug  through 
the  autumn,  to  give  a  regular  supply  to  the  store 
cattle  in  the  yards  with  straw  and  hay-chaff,  the  roots 
being  stored  for  after  use.  Should  the  weather  be 
favourable  the  Wheat-planting  will  be  completed  next 
week.  The  chief  manual  labour  the  last  week  has 
been  cutting  hedges  and  draining,  land  that  was  done 
30  years  ago,  some  of  the  drains  Iiaving  stopped,  con- 
sequently the  land  has  become  wet  in  places ;  and 
attending  to  the  stock,  now  all  in  the  yards. 

Vale  Farm  :  Jan.  i. — The  land  is  too  wet 

to  proceed  either  with  fallow  ploughing  or  dung-cart  ; 
therefore  the  teams  are  engaged  collecting  ditch  scour- 
ings,  road  scrapings,  &c.,  for  compost  heaps,  and  cart- 
ing coals  for  the  engine.  The  labourers  have  plenty 
to  do  for  some  days,  spreading  dung  and  compost 
carted  on  the  pastures  during  the  frost. 

Herefordshire  :  Ja7i.  i. — The  unusually  mild 
weather  which  has  succeeded  the  sharp  frosts,  with 
which  November  closed  and  December  commenced, 
has  enabled  the  occupiers  of  the  light  soils  of  the 
county  to  make  great  progress  with  their  cultivation, 
and  a  large  breadth  of  land  cleared  of  the  Mangel  and 
Turnip  crops  has  been  put  to  Wheat  in  good  condi- 
tion, whilst  the  heavier  soils  are  much  too  wet  to 
admit  of  horse  cultivation.  Abundance  of  all  kinds  of 
food  for  stock,  and  a  limited  supply,  causes  store  stock 
of  both  sheep  and  cattle  to  realise  almost  unheard  of 
prices,  and  we  think  those  who  have  had  to  purchase 
will  be  fortunate  if  they  obtain  any  return  for  the  keep, 
care,  and  attention  during  the  winter.  Pigs  are  again 
very  cheap — some  12  months  ago  they  realised  almost 
fabulous  prices.  Choice  fat  pigs  are  selling  at  from  ^d. 
to  6(/.  per  lb.,  whilst  beef  and  mutton  realise  from 
%d.  to  9^. 

North  Riding  of  Yorkshire  :  Jan.  2,  — Weather 
open  and  mild.  Farm  work,  getting  up  and  storing 
Swedes  and  ploughing  Clover  leas  for  Oats.  Swedes 
grown  the  usual  way  above  an  average  weight.  One 
field,  hitherto  producing  the  best  crops  on  the  farm, 
was  manured  with  farmyard  manure  on  the  stubble 
and  ploughed  in,  6  cwt.  Lawes'  Turnip  manure  being 
broadcasted  on  the  ridges  and  split  in,  the  result  being 
a  crop  quite  one-third  less  than  any  other  field  on  the 
farm  treated  in  the  usual  way,  viz.,  manure  laid  in  the 
ridges,  4  cwt.  of  Lawes'  manure  sown  broadcast  above, 
and  the  ridges  closed.  Can  any  of  your  correspond- 
ents state  their  experience  in  this  matter,  especially  those 
iu'the  north  of  England  ? 

West  Sussex  :  Jan.  3.— The  work  on  the  farm 
now  is  mostly  top-dressing  meadows  ;  this  is  done 
more  frequently  than  it  used  to  be,  and  anything 
does  good,  if  not  in  increasing  the  quantity  of  grass,  yet 
in  improving  the  quality,  and  cattle  eat  it  with  more 
avidity.     Road-mending   is   one    of  the   items   to   be 


attended  to  now,  and  Httle  can  be  done  in  the  way  of 
ploughing,  as  most  of  the  land  here  is  rather  flat  and 
heavy,  and  suffers  greatly  if  worked  when  wet.  Down 
ewes  are  now  begun  lambing  :  the  fields  are  very 
wet,  but  as  it  is  not  cold  they  are  not  likely  to  suffer 
much.    G.  S. 


Notices  to   Correspondents. 

Abortion  of  Ewes  :  Inquirer.  We  have  never  observed 
any  disturbance  among  a  flock  of  ewes  in  consequence 
of  the  occurrence  of  a  case  of  abortion,  and  there  is  no 
foundation  for  the  belief  that  the  "  accident "  is 
infectious.  Cows  under  such  circumstances  undoubt- 
edly suffer  from  excitement,  which  is  due  to  nervous 
sympathy  ;  and  abortion  commonly  spreads  consider- 
ably in  a  herd  unless  great  care  is  taken  to  remove  all 
traces  of  the  event,  or,  if  necessary,  to  change  the 
pasture. 

Bastard  Oats  :  C.  Challis.  Your  plant  is  a  Bromus, 
probably  B,  arvensis.  It  certainly  never  was  Oat,  and 
never  will  be. 

Lord  Leicester's  Lease  :  C.  E.  W.  We  are  informed 
that  it  will  be  printed  next  week.  We  shall  publish  it 
as  soon  as  it  appears.  It  is  proposed,  not  as  a  model 
form  generally  applicable,  but  as  one  adapted  for  the 
class  of  tenants  on  the  Holkham  estate,  and  the  descrip- 
tion of  land  which  they  cultivate. 

New  Account  of  an  Old  Fodder  :  Thomas  Hudson 
should  apply  to  Sutton  &  Sons,  Reading,  or  Carter 
&  Co.,  237,  High  Holborn,  W.C. 

Tolls  :  Inquirer.  A  cart  loaded  with  sand,  to  be  used 
as  a  dressing  for  land,  is  not  liable  to  pay  toll  at  a 
turnpike  gate. 

Wheats:  Northern  Farmer.  Probably  the  April  Wheat, 
a  red  bearded  sort,  would  be  iis  good  as  any  for  sowing 
late  in  February  in  the  North.  Browick  does  very  well 
here,  sown  either  in  autumn  or  immediately  after  winter. 
But  it  is  still  some  time  till  February,  and  we  therefore 
publish  your  question,  in  case  any  of  our  readers  may 
be  willing  to  answer  it  : — "  What  is  the  best  kind  of  red 
Wheat  to  sow  in  February  on  strong  land  ?  Would 
Red  Kent  or  Browick  do  well  ? " 


arMs* 


METROPOLITAN  CATTLE  MARKET, 
Monday,  Jan.  i. 
The  number  of  Beasts  is  larger  than  usual  on  this  day, 
but  there  is  a  good  demand  for  them.  This  being  the 
first  day  of  the  removal  of  the  restrictions,  there  is  a 
large  attendance  of  country  buyers,  in  consequence  a 
clearance  is  effected  at  rather  higher  rates.  The  supply 
of  Sheep  is  very  short ;  they  are  readily  disposed  of,  at 
higher  prices  for  all  descriptions.  Good  Calves  are 
still  scarce  and  dear.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of 
740  Beasts,  1900  Sheep,  and  132  Calves ;  from  Scot- 
land there    are  190   Beasts ;    from    Ireland,    700  ;    from 


Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  650; 

and  1720  from  the  Midland 

and  Home  Counties. 

s.d.    s.d. 

s.  d.  s.  d. 

Best  Scots,  Here- 

Best    Long-wools      6    Sto?    0 

fords,  &c.         ..5    8to6    0 

Do.  Shorn            . .        . .  —  . . 

Best  Shorthorns..     5     6 — 5  10 

Ewes  &  2d  quality     5     b — 5  10 

2d  quality  Beasts      4     4 — 5     0 

Do.  Shorn            . .      . .     —  . . 

Best    Downs    and 

Lambs       —  .. 

Half-breds        . .     7     0 — 7     4 

Calves        ..          ..4     8—6  10 

Do.  Shorn            . .        ..  —   .. 

Pigs            ..         ,.38-50 

Beasts,  4000  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  io.sqo  ;  Calves,  152  ;  Pigs,  83. 
Thursday,  Jan.  4. 
We  have  a  fair  supply  of  Beasts.  The  trade  for  them 
is  dull,  and  to  effect  a  clearance  rather  less  than  we 
quote  has  been  taken  in  some  instances.  One  result  of 
the  removal  of  restrictions  is  the  admission  of  Milch 
Cows  for  the  first  time  to-day  since  the  cattle  plague. 
They  were  in  good  demand,  making  from  ^^20  to  £2$ 
each.  The  number  of  Sheep  is  small,  and  the  demand 
is  not  large  ;  prices  generally  are  nearly  the  same  as  on 
Monday  last  ;  there  are,  however,  but  few  of  the  choicest 
descriptions  on  offer.  Choice  Calves  are  very  scarce  and 
dear.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  215  Beasts,  90 
Sheep,  and  64  Calves  ;  Milch  Cows,  50. 


s.  d.  s.  d. 

Best    Long-wools       6     8107     o 

Do.  Shorn  ,.       ..  —  .. 

Ewes  &  2d  quality    5    0—5  10 

Do  Shorn  . .        . .  —  . . 

Lambs       . .         , .        . .  —  . . 

Calves        ..         ••4     8 — 6  10 

Pigs  ..  ..38—50 

Beasts,  1300  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  5360  ;  Calves,  101  ;  Pigs,  63. 


s.  d.    s.  d. 

Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c.  . .     5 

Best  Shorthorns  . .     5 

2d  quality  Beasts       4 

Best  Downs  and 
Half-breds        . .     7 

Do.  Shorn 


8to6 
6-5 
4—5 


-7     4 


and  our  anticipations  of  a  rise  have  been  more  than 
realised  ;  it  is  now  confidently  expected  good  Kent  and 
Leicester  fleeces  will  go  to  is.  6d.  per  lb. 

MARK  LANE. 
MoNDAV,  Jan.  i. 
There  was  a  small  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this 
morning's  market  ;  good  dry  samples  were  taken  at  late 
rates,  but  out-of-conditioned  parcels  were  neglected.  For 
Russian  and  American  there  was  a  good  consumptive 
demand,  at  late  prices.  In  the  value  of  Barley  there  was 
no  change.  Maize,  Beans,  and  Peas  were  a  slow  sale, 
and  rather  cheaper.  Oats  recovered  from  the  depression, 
of  last  week.     Flour  was  unchanged  in  value. 

Price  per  imperial  Quarter.      {j.      s. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  SuiFolk.  .White  54— 59 


57-61 
59—63 


51—69 
38—40 


fine  selected  runs do. 

—  Talavera    

—  Norfolk     

—  Foreign     

Barley,  grind.&dist.,26Jt0  3iJ'..Chev. 

—  Foreign  ..  grinding  and  distilling  28— 31 
Oats,  Essex  and  Suffolk     1 20 — 23 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire.  .Potato  25 — 27 

—  Irish      Potato  24 — 26 

—  Foreign    Poland  and  Brew|22 — 26 

RvE '31—33 

RvE-MEAL,  Foreign 

Beans.  Mazagan 33^.  to  35J.  ..Tick  35 — 50 

—  Pigeon     ....38J.  to  59s.  ..Winds!     — 

—  Foreign      Small  40 — 44 

Peas,  White,  Essex,  and  Kent.  .Boilers'40 — 42 

—  Maple,  — s.  to  — s Grey      — 

Maize — 

Flour,  best  marks,  delivered,  .per  sack  44—50 

—  2d  ditto    ditto  40 — 4' 

—  Foreign per  barrel  24— 2I 


METROPOLITAN  MEAT  MARKET,    Jan.  4. 

Best  Fresh  Butter 19J.  per  dozen  lb. 

Second  do.  do.  17J.  „ 

Small  Pork,  4^.  i^d.  to    55.  od.  ;     Large    Pork,    3J.  8(/.    to 
4^.  od,  per  8  lb. 


HA  v.— Per  Load  of-^S  Trusses. 
Smithfield,  Thursday,  Jan.  4. 


PrimeMeadowHay,  SoJ.to  gos. 

Inferior  do 60         70 

Rowen —         — 

Inferior  do —         — 

Straw       32         38 


Clover,  old 
Inferior  do.     . . 
Prime  2d  cut  do. 
Inferior  do.     . . 


Cumberland  Market,  Thursday,  Jan,  4. 


Sup.  Meadow  Hay    92S.toiooj. 

Inferior  do 70         86 

New  do —        — 

Inferior  do —        — 

Superior  Clover     ..120      130 


Inferior  Clover      . .  90J.  to  i  lOi". 
Prime  2d  cut  do.  ..  —        — 
New  do.         ....  —        — 

Straw       40        46 

Joshua  Baker. 


ENGLISH  WOOL. 
Notwithstading  the  holiday  season,   a  large  business 
has  been  done  in  wool,  at  considerably  advanced  prices, 


Red. 
Red. 


Red. 


Malting  . . 
Malting  . . 

Feed    .... 

Feed   

Feed  .... 
Foreign  .. 

Harrow  . . 
Longpod  . 
Egyptian. 
Suffolk  .. 
Foreign  . . 
Foreign  . . 

Coimtry . . 
Per  sack.. 


54—57 
56-58 


33—38 


20 — 22 
14—19 


35—50 

33—34 
42—45 
36-44 

1 32-35 

40—43 
1 38— 60 


Wednesday,  Jan.  3. 
The  grain  trade  at  Mark  Lane  to-day  was  wilhou 
animation,  though  factors  held  firmly  for  late  prices  for 
English  Wheat.  The  supply  of  new  English  Wheat  was 
only  moderate,  but  the  quality  of  the  samples  was  good, 
and  the  parcels  came  to  hand  in  dry  condition.  In  the 
few  sales  effected  the  full  prices  of  Monday  last  were 
obtained,  while  foreign  Wheat  sold  quietly  at  the  late 
reduction.  The  greater  portion  of  the  cargoes  accu- 
mulated off  the  coast  has  now  been  disposed  of.  Flour 
was  quiet,  in  sympathy  with  the  Wheat  market,  prices 
being  unaltered.  Barley  was  not  inquired  after,  and  the 
quotations  were  nominal,  in  the  absence  of  important 
business.  Swedish  Oats  maintained  the  late  rise  of  is. 
perqr.,  but  other  sorts  were  dull  of  sale.  Maize  ruled 
steady  in  value.  Beans  and  Peas  were  quiet,  and  un- 
altered in  price. 
Arrivals  of  Grain,  &c.,  into  London  by  Water  Carriage. 


Wheat.      j      Barley. 

Oats. 

Flour. 

English  & 

Scotch.. 

Irish       . . 

Foreign  .. 

Qrs. 

30 

6110 

Qrs. 

5710 

Qrs. 

=3.840 

Sacks. 
\  2670  brls. 

6140 

5710 

23,840 

Liverpool,  Jan.  2. — There  was  a  stronger  feeling, 
and  a  fair  business  was  done  in  Wheat,  at  an  advance 
of  id.  per  cental  on  Friday's  rates.  Flour  in  fair  de- 
mand, and  rather  worse  to  buy.  Beans  and  Peas  dull 
and  easier.  Oats  and  Oatmeal  inactive.  Indian  Corn 
in  buyer's  favour;  mixed  American,  31^.  6d.  per  480  lb. 
Averages. 


Wheat. 

Barley. 

Oats. 

Nov.  25  . . 
Dec.     2  .. 

—  q  .. 

—  16  .. 

—  23  .. 

—  3"  •■ 

56    7 
56  10 

=*    1 

55     8 

55     4 

3&r  %d 

36  10 

37  I 
37     I 
36     9 
36     5 

23J  id 

23  8 

24  2 

22  10 

23  0 
22    0 

Average 

56     I 

36  10 

23    2 

SEED  MARKET. 
The  seed  trade  continues  in  the  inactive  state  noted  in 
our  last.  Of  American  red  Clover  the  arrivals  in  this 
country  have  recently  been  considerable  ;  second  quality 
seed  can  be  bought  for  less  money.  A  good  deal  of  the 
red  Clover  offering  from  Germany  has  been  mixed  with 
American.  In  white  Clover,  Alsike,  and  Trefoil  seed 
there  is  for  the  moment  nothing  doing.  Foreign  Italian 
and  Perennial  Rye-grasses  are  firm.  Canary  seed  has 
made  a  rapid  advance  of  several  shiUings  per  qr.  Hemp 
is  without  alteration.  For  blue  Peas  the  trade  shows 
some  improvement.  Feeding  Linseed  is  in  steady 
request.  Other  articles  in  the  absence  of  business  offer  no 
subject  for  remark. 

John  Shaw  &  Sons,  Seed  Merchants, 
37,  Mark  Lane,  London,  E.G. 


HOPS. 
Borough  Market,  Jan.  4. 
Messrs.  Pattenden  &  Smith  report  an  improved  de- 
mand for  consumption  for  English  Hops,  at  slightly 
higher  quotations.  East  Kents,  £10  to  £1-2  ;  choice, 
£1:^  to  £ij  ;  Mid  Kent,  £&  los.  to  ^11  ;  choice,  £12 
to  £n\  Weald  Kent,  ^8  is.  to  £g  gs.;  Goldings,  £10 
to  ^11  ;  Susse.'i,  £7  10s.  to  £&  is.;  choice,  £Z  los.  to 
£g  gs.  per  cwt.  Continental  markets  are  all  very  firm, 
with  an  upward  tendency. 

CUALS.—Jaii.  3. 
Walls  End  Helton.  21J.  6</.  ;  Walls  End  Helton 
Lyons,  20s.;  Walls  End  Hawthorn,  igj.  grf. ;  Walls  End 
Russel's  Heton,  20s.  6d.  ;  Walls  End  South  Kelloe, 
21  J.  ^d.\  Walls  End  Tees,  21s.  sJ.  ;  Brancepeth  Cannel, 
2ir.— Ships  at  market,  23  ;  sold,  17 ;  unsold,  6  ;  at 
sea,  15. 


January  6,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


29 


GreenliouseB. 

H  FREEMAN  and  SONS,  Horticultural 
•  Builders  and  Hot-water  Appar.\tus  Manufacturers, 
Jo6,  Mare  Street,  Hackney,  E.  Good  subsiantial-madc  GREEN- 
HOUSES, Glazed,  ready  for  tixing,  42  feet  long  by  13  wide,  price  £$0  : 
ai  feet  by  13  feet,  £28  ;  laj^  teet  by  10  feet,  £iK.  A  handsome 
CONSERVaTORV  in  stock,  36  feet  long,  18  feet  wide,  £110. 

Estimates  given  for  any  branch  in  the  above  line  in  Wood  or  Iron. 


m 


^m 


HOT- WATER  APPARATUS 

erected  Complete,  or  the  Materials  supplied  for  Healing 
,    .         ./-_.,  GREENHOUSES,  Tubular  BotUr 

Improved  Conical.  HOTHOUSES. 

CONSERVATORIES, 
CHURCHES, 
PUBTJC    BUILDINGS,  &c. 
HOT-WATER  PIPESat  whole- 
sale prices  ;    Elbows,   T  Pieces, 
Syphons,  and  every  other  connec- 
tion kept  in  stock. 

WROUGHT  and  CAST-IRON 
,  CONICAL,  SADDLE,  and 
)  IMPROVED  CONICAL, 

alco  Elliptic,  Boilers,  from  24^.  each 
Improved  and  extra  strong  CAST-IRON  TUBULAR  BOILERS, 
wither  without  Water  Bars,  from  52^.  6d.  each. 

CAST  and  WROUGHT-IRON  PORTABLE  BOILERS,  on  Stand, 
for  use  without  brickwork,  from  601.  each. 
/W#^w,  /?.,  ;«.        Patent      TH  ROTTLE     and      other     VALVES^ 
PortabltBoiUr.    puRNACE    DOORS,    BARS,     and    FURNACie 
■*  WORK  of  every  description  and  sue.      _  . 

INDIA-RUBBER      RINGS     for     Pipe    Joints; 
Sockets  require  no  other  packing,     Elliptic  Boiler. 
and  are  perfectly  water-tight.  '    — '-" — 

'  Goods,  of  the  very  best  manu- 
facture, delivered  at  Railway  or 
Wharf  in  London. 

LYNCH  WHITE, 
Old  Barge  Iron  Wharf,  Upper 
Ground  Street,  London.S.  E.  (Surrey  _ 

side  Blackfriars  Bridge).     Price  List  on  application. 


rAMES  WATTS   AND   CO.,  Hothouse   Builders 
and  Hot-Water  Apparatus  Mani/factijrers, 
353,  Old  Kent  Road,  London,  S.E. 


200 


CUCUMBER    and     MELON     BOXES    and 

LIGHTS,  all  sizes,  Glazed  and  Painted  complete,  ready 
for  immediate  use,  packed  and  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom. 

Strong  GREENHOUSE  LIGHTS,  6  feet  by  4  feet,  55.  each. 
GLASSES,  all  sizes. 

References  to  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  Trade  in  most  of  the 
Counties  in  England. 


GREENHOUSES    from    the    FINSBURY    STEAM 
JOINERY    WORKS,    121,   BunhiU  Row,    London,    E.G. 
W.  H.  LASCELLES,  Proprietor.     Lists  sent  on  application. 

Prices  for  Houses,  as  above,  made  of  best  red  deal,  and  sashes  2  inches 
thick,  glazed  with  16  01.  good  sheet  glass,  delivered  and   fixed  within 

?;o  miles  of  London,  painted  four  coats  in   best  oil  colour,  including 
ocks^  gutter,  down-pipe,  and  gearing  for  opening  the  ventilators  at 
one  time,— heating,  staging,   brickwork  not  included  ;— 
20  ft.  by  12  ft.        40  ft.  by  16  ft.       60  ft  by  20  ft.        100  ft.  by  24  ft 
£40    o    0  ^179    o    o  £1^2    o    o  ;£238  10    0 

GARDEN  LIGHTS  AND  BOXES. 

3  ft.  by  4  fL  lights,  2  in.  thick,  unglazed 31.  each 

H  „    glazed,  16-01.  good  sheet  glass      . .        , .      w.    ,, 

0  ft.     „  ,,2  in.  thick,  unglazed 5^-     ii 

.»  M  glazed,  16  oz.  good  sheet  glass  ..     us.    „ 

Portable  box  containing  one  6  ft.  by  4  ft.  light,  painted  four 

coats,  ready  for  use        . .  30J,     ,, 

Portable  box  containing  two  ditto,  6  ft  by  8  ft.  . .         ..     551.     ,, 

Estimates  given  for  Conservatories  or  Greenhouses  to  any  Design. 

/^EORGE'S        PATENT       CALORIGEN, 
^^  For  WARMING  and  VENTILATING. 

Prices  :— 
CoAL  Calorigen,  £6  6s.    I   Gas  Calorigen,  £3  ^s. 

Height,  36  ins. ;  diameter,  21  do.         Height,  28  ins. ;  diameter,  14  do. 


A— the  interior  of  the  Room  ;  B — exterior  of  the  Building  •  C— wall ; 
D — the  Calorigen;  E — a  Cylinder;  F — pipes  communicating  to 
supply  air  for  combustion,  and  carry  off  product;  G— pipe  for 
passage  of  Cold  Air  to  Calorigen ;  H— outlet  for  ditto  after  being 
made  warm  ;  I— gas  burner  ;  J— door. 
The  only  Gas  Stove  which  retains  the  whole  of  the  Heat  given  oB 

by  the  Gas  without  vitiating  the  atmosphere. 

It  will  be  found  very  valuable  in  the  Nursery  or  Sick  Room,  Damp 

Buildings,   Shops,   Conservatories,    Offices,    &c.       Exhibited    in    the 

Exhibition  of  1871  (Department  of  Scientific  Inventions).      May  be 

inspected  at  the  Sole  Manufacturers, 

J.  F.  FARWIG  AND  CO.. 
36,  Queen  Street,   Cheapside,    London,   E.G. 


Archangel  Mats. 

J     BLACKBURN  and    SONS   beg  to  inform  their 
•     friends    that   the    First    Shipment    of    NEW  MATS  has  just 
arrived,  and  they  are  of  very  good  quality.     Price  List  on  application. 
Russia  Mat  Importers,  4  and  5.  Wormwood  Street,  E.C. 


JONES'S    PATENT      "  DOUBLE     L "    SADDLE 
BOILER. 


These  Boilers  possess  all  the  advantages  of  the  old  Saddle  Boiler. 
with  the  following  improvements,  viz.,  the  water-space  at  back  and 
over  lop  of  saddle  increases  the  heating  surface  to  such  an  extent 
that  a  "Patent  Double  L  Saddle  Boiler"  will  do  about  twice  the 
amount  of  work  with  the  same  quantity  of  fuel  ;  the  cost  of  setting  is 
also  considerably  reduced,  and  likewise  the  space  occupied;  at  the 
same  time  these  Boilers  are  simple  in  construction,  and,  being  made 
of  wrought  iron,  are  not  liable  tocrack.  They  are  made  of  thefollowing 


Hi^h. 


Wide. 
18  in. 
18  „ 
i3  „ 
24  It 
=4  n 
34    •> 


30   J 
36   , 


48   „ 


Long. 
18  in. 
24  M 
30  „ 
24  » 
30  „ 
36   ,. 


72  , 
96  , 
108  , 
*44  1 


To  heat  of 
4-in   Pipe. 


Feet. 
30a 


1,000 
1,400 
1,800 
2,600 
4i500 
7,000 
10,000 


And  are  kept  in  Stock  and  sold  only  by  the  Inventors  and  Patentees, 
Jones  &  Sons. 


Price  Lists  of  HOT-WATER  PIPES  and  Connections,  with 
ISoilers,  of  all  sizes  and  shapes;  or  ESTIMATES  for  HOP-WATER 
(APPARATUS,  erected  complete,  will  be  sent  on  application. 

I.  JONES  AND  SONS,  Iron  Merchants,  6,  Bankside,  Southwark, 
London,  S.E. 


Portable  and  Fixed  Hot-water  Apparatus 

FOR 

HEATING 

CONSERVATORIES, 

HOTHOUSES, 

CHURCHES, 

PUBLIC  BUILDINGS, 

PRIVATE  RESIDENCES, 

&c. 

TRUSS'  PATENT  UNIVERSAL  FLEXIBLE  and 
LEAKLESS  PIPE  JOINT  and  PATENT  CRACKLKSS 
EXPANSION-JOINTED  TUBULAR  BOILERS,  of  a  VARIETY 
of  FORMS,  PORTABLE  or  for  BRICKWORK  SETTING.  They 
are  the  MOST  POWERFUL,  whilst  ONLV  CONSUMING  HALF 
the  FUEL  of  OTHER  BOILERS.  PORTABLE  BOILERS,  to 
HEAT  ANY  LENGTH  of  PIPING;  and  ANY  PERSON  can 
TAKE  these  BOILERS,  as  also  the  PIPES,  APART,  and 
SPEEDILY  PUT  THEM  TOGETHER  AGAIN. 

T.  S.  Truss  begs  to  state  that  the  immense  number  of  APPA- 
RATUS annually  Designed  and  Erected  by  him  in  all  parts  of  the 
Kingdom, and  for  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  at  South  Kensington 
and  Chiswick,  with  unrivalled  satisfaction,  is  a  guarantee  for  skill  of 
design,  superior  materials,  and  good  workmanship ;  while  the  great 
advantage  obtained  by  his  Improved  System  cannot  be  over-estimated. 
consisting  of  perfectly  light  joints  with  neatness  of  appearance  ;  eflects 
a  saving  of  25  per  cent,  on  cost  of  Apparatus  erected  compared  with 
other  systems  ;  facility  for  extensions,  alterations  or  removals  without 
injury  to  Pipes  or  Joints;  easily  and  expeditiously  erected ;  and  pcr- 
fectness  of  design  supplied,  insuring  no  e.xtras. 


BATH  and  GAS  WORK  ERECTED  in  TOWN  or  COUNTRY. 
The  Trade  supplied. 


Price  Lists,  Plans,  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application  to 
T.  S.  TRUSS,  C.E.,  Sole  Manufacturer, 
Consulting  Horticultural   Engineer,   Iron    Merchant,   Hot-water  and 
Steam  Apparatus  Manufacturer, 


Roslier's  Garden  Edging  TUes. 


THE  above  and  many  other  PAT  IHRNS  are  made  -„ 
materials  of  great  durability.      The  plainer  sorts  arc  especially 
suited    for   KITCHEN    GAR- ^3,^ 
DENS,     as    they    harbour    no  "^^^ 
Slugs  or  Insects,  take  up  little 
room,    and,    once    put    down, 
incur  no  further  labour  or  ex- 
pense, as  do    "grown"    Edg- 
ings, consequently  being  mudi 
cheaper. 

GARDEN  VASES,   FOUNTAINS,  &c,   in  Artificial   Stone,  very 
durable  and  of  superior  finish,  and  in  great  variety  of  design, 

F.  AND  G.  ROSHER,  Manufacturers,  Upper  Ground  Street,  Black- 
friars, S,E. ;  Queen's  Road  West,  Chelsea,  S.W. ;  Kingsland  Road.  E. 
Agents  for  LOOKER'S  PATENT  "ACME  FRAMES,"  PLANT 
COVERS    and    PROPAGATING    BOXES;     also    for   FOXLEY'S 
PATENT  BEADED  GARDEN  WALL  BRICKS. 

Illustrated  Price  Lists  free  by  post.     The  Trade  supplied. 

ORNAMENTAL  PAVING  TILES  for  Conservatories, 
Halls,  Corridors,  Balconies,  &c.,  from  35.  per  square  yard 
upwards.  Pattern  Sheets  of  plain  or  more  elaborate  designs,  with 
prices,  sent  for  selection. 

WHITE  GLAZED  TILES,  for  Lining  Walls  of  Dairies,  Larders, 
Kitchen  Ranges,  Baths,  fitc.   Grooved  ana  other  Stable  Paving  of  great 
durability.  Wall  Copings,  Drain  Pipes  and  Tiles  of  all  kinds,  Roofing 
Tiles  in  great  variety.  Slates,  Cements,  &c, 
F.  AND  G.  ROSHER,  Brick  and  Tile  Merchants.— Sec  addresses  above. 


SILVER  SAND,  fine  or  coarse  grain  as  desired. 
Fine  141.,  Coarse  17*.  per  Ton.  In  Truck  Loads  is.  per  Ton  less. 
Delivery  by  Cart  within  three  miles^  or  to  any  London  Railway  or 
Wharf,  2J.  per  Ton  extra.     Samples  of  Sand  free  by  posL 

FLINTS  and  BRICK  BURRS  for  Rockeries  or  Ferneries.    KENT 

PEAT  or  LOAM  supplied  at  lowest  rates  in  any  quantities. 

F.  AND  G.  ROSHER.— Addresses  see  above. 

N.B.    Orders  promptly  executed  by  Rail  or  to  Wharves. 

A  liberal  discount  to  the  Trade. 


►  RUSSIAN   WOOD   GARDEN  STICKS  and 

TALLIES,  commended  by  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society. 

The  above  can  be  had,  of  all  sizes,  wholesale  of 

CHARLES  J.  BLACKITH  and  CO., 

Cox's  Quay,  Lower  Thames  Street,  London,  E.C. 

Retail  of  the  principal  Seedsmen.     Prices  on  application. 


WS.     BOULTON     AND     CO.,     Norwich, 
•    Horticultural  Builders  and  Hot-water  Apparatus 
Manufacturers. 

New  labour-saving  machinery  enables  us  to  suppiv  first-class  CON- 
SERVATORIES, VINERIES,  ORCHARD  HUOSES,  FORCING 
PITS,  &c.,  at  very  low  prices.  Designs  and  Estimates  furnishtxl. 
Carriage  paid  to  any  station  in  the  kingdom. 

MELON  and  CUCUMBER  LIGHTS  ready  for  delivery. 


These  arc  strong  and  well-made  Sliding  Lights,  glazed,  and  painted 
three  coats.  Height  of  trame,  14  inches  at  front,  25  inches  at  back. 
With  handles  complete. 

Prices.— Carriage  paid  to  any  station  within  200  miles  of  Norwich 
when  orders  amount  to  £j  and  upwards. 

3  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide. .  £2  ig  |    16  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide. .  £^    0 
12  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide. .  ^3  17  |    24  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide. .  £7    S 
If  prepared  with  wood  cills,  to  build  on  brick  wall,  and  lights  to 
slide,  prices,  carriage  paid  as  above  : — 

loi  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide. .  £2  o\   24!  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide. .  £7  a 

iji  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide. .  j£5  o  I   31*  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide. ,  £g  o 

Other  sizes  at  prices  in  proportion. 

PLANT  PRESERVERS. 

Illustrated    Catalogues    free    on    application. 

Rose  Lane  Works,  Norwicn. 


B 


By  Appointment  to  H.R.H.  The  Prince  of  Wales. 

ARTON'S     PATENT    STABLE    and    HARNESS 

ROOM   FITTINGS.  BRACKETS.  &c. 


Patronised  by  H.H.  the  Viceroy  of  Eyypt,  the  King  of  the  Belgians, 
the  King  of  Italy,  the  King  of  Holland,  by  the  principal  Nobility  of 
the  Kingdom,  and  adopted  by  the  first  Architects  and  Builders  of 
England  and  the  Continent.  Illustrated  Catalogues  sent  on  receipt 
of  six  stamps 

For  ALTERATION  of  STABLES  a  competent  person  can  be  sent 
to  any  part,  to  inspect  and  give  Estimates. 

THAMES  B/\_RTON,  Ij;on  Works,  ^(70,  Oxford  Street.  W. 

COTTAM'S     PATENT     PO  RTABLE  ~~U  NI  TED 
cow  FirriN'^^ 


Their  advantages  are— Portability,  not  fixtures,  removable  at 
pleasure;  no  Woodwork  o:  Partitions  to  impede  Ventilation  or  breed 
Vermin;  Hay  Rick  dispensed  with  1.5  unnecessary;  increased  width 
and  depth  of  Feeding  Troughs,  Water  Cistern,  and  Patent  Drop 
Cover  to  prevent  over-gorging.  Cleanly,  durable,  and  impervious  to 
infection,  being  all  of  Iron.     Price  of  Fittings  per  Cow,  555. 

Prospectuses  free  of  COTTAM  AND  Cu.,  Iron  Wortcs,  2,  Winsley 
Street  (opposite  the  Pantheon),  Oxford  Street,  London,  W.,  where  the 
above  are  exhibited,  together  with  several  important  Improvements 
in  Stable  Fittings  just  secured  by  Patent.  


Glass  for  Garden  Purposes. 

AMES        PHILLIPS        and 

beg  to  submit  their  REDUCED   PRICES  as  follows: 


PROP,\GATING 


C  O. 


12  inches  in  diameter 


Each.- 
2  Inches  in  diameter 


BEE  GLASSES,  with  ventilating  hole  through  knob. 
ichcs  in  diameter      .,     os.  6d.       9  inches  in  diameter 


Either  flat  or  conical  tops. 


CUCUMBER      "*i 

*-J-~= —  — 

GLASSES. 

24  inches  long 
22           „ 
20           ,, 
i3           „ 

.  .      25.  Od. 
..      I    10 
..      I      8 

..     I    6 

16  inches  long 
14            „ 
12            „ 

. .      IS.  ^d. 
'.'.        ."    2    6 

WASP  TRAPS,  3S.  M.  per  doien. 


HAND 
GLASSES, 


WITH 
OPEN  TOPS. 


Each.— J.  d. 

so  inches 10  6 

32       ,,  It  6 

34      ,,  13  6 


-s.    i. 
6    6 

ll 
9  6 
HARTLEY'S     IMPROVED     PATENT 


12  inches 

It  ;;     ;;    :;    : 

i8     , 

London     Agents     for 
ROUGH  PLATE. 

LINSEED  OIL,  Genuine  WHITE  LEAD,  CARSON'S  PAINTS. 
PAINTS  of  various  colours  ground  ready  for  use, 

SHEET  and  ROUGH  PLATE  GLASS,  SLATES  of  all  sires* 
BRITISH  PLATE, PATENT  PLATE.ROLLED  PLATE, CROWN, 
SHEET.  HORTICULTURAL,  ORNAMENTAL,  COLOURED, 
and  every  description  of  GLASS,  of  the  best  Manufacture,  at  the  lowest 
terms.     Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application  to 

JAS.  PHILLIPS  AND  CO.,  180,  Bishopsgate  Street  Without,  E.C. 


30 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  6,   1S72. 


ET.  ARCHER'S  "FRIGI  DOMO. "— Patronised 
•  and  used  for  Frogmoreand  Kew  Gardens.  It  is  made  entirely 
of  prepared  wool,  and  a  perfect  non-conductor  of  heat  or  cold  where  it 
is  applied. 

PROTECTION  AGAINST  the  COLD  WINDS  and  MORNING 

FROSTS. 

WOOL  NETTING,  a  yards  wide  and  is.6d.  per  yard. 

"FRIGI  DOMO"  CANVAS." 

Two  yards  wide is.  lorf.  per  yard. 

Three  yards  wide 2s.  lod.  per  yard. 

Four  yards  wide 31.  lorf.  per  yard. 

SCRIM  CANVAS,  72  inches  wide,  7oyai'dslonE,  sJi-i- toBJ^d.  p.  yard. 
HESSIAN  CANVAS,  do.,  do.,  54  and  72  inches  wide,  6Hd.  and 
B%d.  per  yard. 

ELISHA  T.  ARCHER,  Only  Maker  of  *' Frigi  Domo,"3.  Cannon 
Street,  City,  E.C. ;  and  of  all  Seedsmen  in  London  or  the  Country. 
NOTICE.— Removed  from  ?•  Great  Trinity  Lane. 


UIR  J.  PAXTON'S  HOTHOUSES  for  the  MILLION. 

0  Reduced  Price  Lists  free.  A  Pamphlet,  with  Views  of  these  and 
other  Glass  Roofs,  for  three  stamps.— HEREMAN  and  MORTON, 
14,  Tichborne  Street,  Regent  Quadrant,  London,  W. 


The  Eoyal  Pottery,  Weston-super-Mare. 


UNDER  ROYAL 


PATRONAGE. 


JOHN  MATTHEWS  (late  C.  Phillips),  Manufac- 
turer of  TERRA  COTTA  VASES,  FOUNTAINS,  ITALIAN 
BASKETS,  RUSTIC  FLORAL  ARBORETTES,  STATUARY, 
GARDEN  POTS  (from  2  to  30  inches  in  diameter),  of  superior  quality, 
withstand  frosty  and  do  not  become  green;  EDGING  TILES,  &c. 
See  specimens  in  the  Royal  Horticultural  Gardens,  Price  List  free 
Book  of  Drawings,  6d.  each. 

JOHN  MATTHEWS,  Royal  Pottery,  Weston-super-Mare. 


RUSSIA    MATS,    for  Covering  Garden  Frames.— 
ANDERSON'S   TAGANROG   MATS   are  the   cheapest   and 
most  durable.     Price  List,  M-hich  gives  the  size  of  every  class  of  Mat, 
forwarded  post  free  on  application. 
JAS.  T.  ANDERSON,  7,  Commercial  Street,  Shoredllch,  London. 


/■IHAPMAN'S    "ANTI-CLOCHE"  VENTILATED 

KJ  MULTUM-IN-PARVO  PLANT,  FLOWER  and  SEED  PRO- 
TECTOR, preserves  Plants,  &c..  from  Snails,  Slugs,  Earwigs,  Wmd, 
Rain,  and  Frost ;  quite  as  useful  for  all  purposes  as  the  Hand  Glass 
or  Cloche,  and  at  about  half  their  cost.  Any  Gardener  can  repair  them. 

They  arc  made  in  nests,  of  different  sizes.  Cost  of  Set,  with  one  for 
protecting  Gladiolus  or  Hollyhocks,  Dahlias,  Roses,  or  Chrysanthe- 
mums, for  exhibition,  with  stake  clip,  and  all  complete,  from  One 
Guinea.     The  Anti-Cloche  can  be  made  any  size. 

Estimates  given  to  Nurserymen,  Market  Gardeners,  &c.,  for  large 
quantities.  When  not  in  use,  they  pack  in  a  very  small  compass, 
without  liability  to  breakage.     To  be  obtained  from 

W.  F.  CHAPMAN,  Patentee,  Bristol  Road,  Gloucester. 
A  remittance  from  unknown  Correspondents  will  have  attention. 


BY     HER     MAJESTY'S     ROYAL     LETTERS     PATENT. 


TO    MEET    A    WANT    WHICH    HAS    BEEN    LONG    FELT    BY    THE    HORTICULTURAL    PUBLIC, 

MAW  &  CO.'S  PATENT  IMPERISHABLE  TERRA-COTTA  PLANT  MARKERS 

Are  offered  as  a  cheap  and  permanent  substitute  for  WOODEN  and  ZINC  TALLIES  for  the  Labelling  of  Plants  in  Pots  and  in  the  Open  Border,  and  for  suspending 
to  Roses,  Orchids,  Ferns,  Emit  Trees.  &c.  These  Labels,  unlike  Wood  and  Zinc,  combine  perfect  durability  with  a  lasting  legible  inscription,  and  form  an  elegant  adjunct 
to  the  Garden  and  Conservatory  for  the  naming  of  Horticultural  and  Botanical  Collections.  They  are  also  inv.^luable  for  the  labelling  of  Wine  Cellars  and  for  general  use 
in  situations  where  other  materials  are  perishable  by  damp.  i 


Commended  by  the  Editors  of  the  Gardeneri  Chronicle,  and  the  Floral  Committee  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society.     (See  Gardeners  Chronicle,  July  ii,  i8 
Can  be  procured  from  the  iVIanufactory,  or  through  any  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  or  Ironmonger. 
Specimens  sent  Post  Free  on  application. 


No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 


I     . .         , .         . ,     3^  by  I  inch. 


Si 

6 

7 


No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 


8    by  I    inch. 
2j    „    2      „ 
i^  inch  diam. 
3I  by  2^  inch. 


I  No.  II 3I  by  3 

No.  12 5  ,,    4i 

No.  13  ..  ..         ..2  ,,4 

No.  14 3  ..5 


inch. 


Can  be  seen  in  use  at  the  Royal  Gardens,  Kew ;  the  Gardens  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  and  Royal  Botanic  Societies,  Bvittersea  Park,  the  Royal  Botanic  Garden  at 
Edinburgh  ;  and  Botanic  Gardens,  Giasnevin,  near  Dublin,  &c. 

Directio72sfor  Writ'uig  on  the  Labels  with  Black-had  Pencil. — Apply  a  little  white-lead  paint  thinly  over  the  part  to  be  written  upon,  and  whilst  wet,  write  with  a  hard  fine- 
pointed  black-lead  pencil.     The  writing  will  be  perfectly  indelible  and  unaffected  by  wet  immediately  the  paint  is  set. 

Black  Efiamel  Writing  o?i  the  Labels. — All  the  above  sizes  can  be  supplied  in  several  colours,  ready  written  upon,  with  black  enamel,  having  the  appearance  of  jet  black 
ink,  but  perfectly  permanent.  On  receipt  of  Lists  of  Names,  Estimates  of  Cost  will  be  sent  for  any  quantities  of  Pot  or  Border  Labels,  Suspending  Labels  for  Orchids,  Roses, 
Ferns,  Fruit  Trees,  &c.     Consecutive  Sets  of  Numerals  printed  on  the  Labels,  and  Labels  for  Wine  Bins,  ready  written  with  Enamel,  kept  in  stock. 


MAW  &  CO.'S  ENCAUSTIC  TILE  and  GEOMETRICAL  MOSAIC  PAVEMENTS  and  WALL  LININGS 

FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  GREENHOUSES,  ENTRANCE  HALLS,  VERANDAHS,  DAIRIES,  &c. 

Printed  Patterns  of  various  Designs  suitable  for  the  above  will  be  forwarded  on  application,  and  Drawings,  free  of  charge,  of  any  of  the  Designs  adapted  to  the  given 
dimensions  of  spaces  proposed  to  be  Paved,  will  be  supplied,  accompanied  by  estimates  of  cost,  including  the  expense  of  laying  or  othcnvise.  Applications  for  Estimates  should 
be  accompanied  by  an  exact  plan  of  the  space  drawn  to  scale,  with  all  the  dimensions  marked  in  figures,  and  care  should  be  taken  that  the  size  and  position  of  all  door-entrances 
and  recesses  that  have  to  be  paved  are  correctly  represented  ;  and  when  the  walls  are  not  exactly  parallel,  the  measurements  between  the  opposite  angles,  as  well  as  along  each 
wall,  should  be  given.  WHITE  GLAZED  TILES  for  DAIRIES,  &c. 


Address— MAW  and  CO.,  BENTHALL  WORKS,  BROSELEY,  SALOP. 

The   Telegraph    and    Railway    Station    at    Ironbridge,    on    the    Severn    Valley    (Great    Western)    hue    is    within    three    minutes'    walk    of   the    Works. 


January  6,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners*   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


31 


LEGAL    and    GENERAL     LIFE     ASSURANCE 
SOCIETY. 
10,  Fleet  Street,  Temple  Bar.    (Founded  1836,) 
The  Parliamentary   Accounts   required   by   the  "  Life  Assurance 
Companies  Act,  1870,"  may  be  obtained  on  application. 

This  Society  lias  taken  a  leading  part  in  freeing    Life   Assurance 
Contracts  from  all  needless  restrictions. 
The  "  Proposal  Form  "  is  most  simple  in  its  terms. 
The  Policies  are  "  Indisputable,"  that  is,  free  from  future  challenRC. 
The  Invested  Funds  bear  an  unusually  hifih    proportion    to   the 
Liabilities. 

The  Guaranteeing  Share  Capital  of  One  Million  (j£i6o,ooo  paid  up)  is 
fully  subscribed  by  300  Members  of  the  Legal  Profession. 

Nine-tenths  of  the  Profits  belong  to  the  Assured. 
Selllemcnt  Policies  in  favour  of  Wife  and  Children,  arc  granted  in 
terms  of  the  "Married  Women's  Property  Act,  1870," 

E.  A.  NEWTON,  Actuary  and  Manager. 


Works  on  Botany,  by  Dr.  Llndley. 

DESCRIPTIVE    BOTANY:    OR,  The  Art  of 
Describing  Plants  correctly,  in  Scientific  Language,  for  Sell 
Instruction  and  the  Use  of  Schools.     Price  u. 

SCHOOL    BOTANY;    OR,    The    Rudiments    of 
Botanical  Science.    In  One  Volume,  8vo,  half  bound,  with  400 
Illustrations,  price  5^.  6d. 

MEDICAL  and  OiCONOMICAL  BOTANY;  or  An 
Account  of  the  Principal  Plants  employed  in  Medicine  or 
Domestic  OLconomy.  In  i  vol.  8vo,  with  numerous  Woodcuts,  price 
71.  6J. 

THE    ELEMENTS     of     BOTANY,     Structural 
AND   Physiologicau    With  a    Glossary  ot  Technical  Terms, 
and  numerous  Illustrations.     12s.  cloth. 

This  completes  the  series  of  Elementary  Botanical  Worlcs  by 
Professor  Lindley,  of  which  "  School  Botany,"  and  '*  The  Vegetable 
Kingdom,"  form  the  other  parts. 

The  first  two  Parts  of  The  Elements  of  Botany,  comprisine 
Structural  and  Physiological  Botany,  and  a  Glossary  of  Technical 
Terms,  are  published  in  one  octavo  volume,  price  12s. 

These  three  parts  form  a  complete  manual  of  Botany  for  Medical 
and  other  Students  who  have  made  themselves  acquainted  with  the 
Author's  "  School  Botany." 

N.  B.  The  Glossary  may  be  had  separately,  price  $s. 
London  :  BRADBURY,  EVANS,  AND  CO.,  10,  Bouverie  Street,  E.C. 


THE  NEW  METHOD  of  GROWING  FRUIT  and 
FLOWERS  (by  the  Rev.  John  Fountains,  Southacre, 
Brandon),  being  a  practical  combination  of  Vinery,  Orchard  House 
and  Conservatory,  as  now  worked  in  a  New  House  erected  for  the 
purpose  at  Chiswick.  Third  Edition,  Illustrated.  Free  for  seven 
stamps  to  the 
"  Journal  of  Horticulture"  Office,  171,  Fleet  Street ;  or  to  the  Author. 


Now  ready,  price  is.,  free  by  post  for  13  stamps,  with  g  Illustrations, 

ITALY  in  ENGLAND ;  a  Practical  Treatise  on  the 
Cultivation  of  choice  Fruits,  Flowers  and  Vegetables  with  the  aid 
of  Looker's  Horticultural  Appliances  in  Earthenware  and  Glass, 
which  defy  the  Winter  and  assist  the  Summer. 

HOULSTON  and  SONS,  65,  Paternoster  Row,  E.G.;  through  all 
Booksellers,  and  of 
BENJ.  LOOKER,  Kingston-on-Thame3. 


Now  ready, 

THE    SALIX,    or    WILLOW.      By    W.    SCALING, 
Willow    NuriPn-man,    Basford,    Nr.tr>;.       a   rpvi<;/"d    and    ^nlarccd 

edition,  containing  Instructions  lor  its   Planting  and   Culture,  with 
Observations  upon  its  Value  and  Adaptability  for  the  Formation  of 
Hedges  and  Game  Coverts. 
Post  free  u. ;  or  of  SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL,  And  CO.,  London. 


THE  NOVEMBER  NUMBER  of  the  "FIELD 
QUARTERLY  MAGAZINE  and  REVIEW,"  Price  2s.  6d., 
contains  : — The  Game  and  Trespass  Laws  of  Foreign  Countries — 
Modem  Bag-making — Autumn  Leaves — American  Isthmus  Canal — 
The  Bird  of  Fate— Imitative  Plants  (J.  Britten,  F.L.S)  ;  and  many 
other  Articles  and  Notes  on  Farming,  Gardening,  Natural  History, 
Sporting,  &c. 

Vol.  11.  of  the  QUARTERLY,  handsomely  bound,  is  now  ready, 
price  I2J.,  by  post  13s.  id. 

London  :  346,  Strand,  W.C. 


Price  Twopence,  post  free. 

HOUSEKEEPING  and  R  E  C  I  P  E  S.— Literary, 
Artistic,  Scientific,  Musical,  and  Dramatic  News  of  the  Week — 
Fashion  and  Ladies'  Work — Poultry  and  Pigeons — Dogs  and  Rabbits 
^Flowers  and  Farming — and  Thousands  of  Articles  for  SALE  and 
EXCKANGE  by  PRIVATE  PERSONS. 

See  "  THE  BAZAAR,  EXCHANGE  and  MART,  and  JOURNAL 
of  the  HOUSEHOLD."     Subscription,  25.  8d.  a  quarter. 
London  :  32,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


A  Simple  and  Concise  Analysis  of 

FARM  ACCOUNTS,  for  universal  use  by  Farmers  of 
Large  or  Small  Holdings.  See  recommendations  of  Daily  Press 
and  Agricultural  Journals,  By  Alexander  Jemmett,  Murrell  Hill 
Farm,  Binfield,  Berks.     For  four  stamps,  to  any  address. 


Eyton's  Herd  Book  of  Hereford  Cattle. 

MR.  DUCKHAM  informs  the  Breeders  of  Hereford 
CatUe  that  he  purposes  publishing  the  EIGHTH  VOLUME 
of  the  HERD  BOOK  as  earlv-  as  possible  in  the  year  1873.  It  will 
contain  Pedigrees  of  Bulls,  Cows,  and  Heifers  calved  on  or  before 
December  31,  1871,  Printed  Forms  of  Certificates  for  Entries  supplied 
on  application,  and  a  fee  of  is.  to  Subscribers,  and  21.  to  Non-Sub- 
scribers, charged  for  all  Entries.  The  Eighth  Volume  will  be  hand- 
somely embellished  and  neatly  bound.  Price  to  Subscribers,  12s- 
Early  information  and  additional  Names  of  Subscribers  respectfully 
solicited. 

Previous  Volumes  may  be    obtained  of   Mr.   DUCKHAM,  cither 
Singly  or  in  Sets.     Price  of  the  Set,  £2  12s. 
50,  Broad  Street,  Hereford. 


Notice. 

{By  Appoint ment  to  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society.) 

To  HORTICULTURAL   IMPLEMENT   MAKERS,   NURSERY- 
MEN, FLORISTS,  and   OTHERS. 

ADAMS   AND    FRANCIS    INSERT   ADVERTISE- 
MENTS in   all  the  London,  Country,   Colonial,   and    Foreign 
Newspapers,  Magazines,  and    Periodicals,  without  extra  charge 
to  the  Advertiser. 
ADAMS  AND  FRANCIS,  Advertisement  Agents,  5g,  Fleet  Street,  E.  C. 


Wood  Engraving, 

MR.  W.  G.   SMITH.   Artist  and  Engraver  on 
Wood,  12,  North  Grove  West,  Mildmay  Park,  London,  N. 


WANTED,  as  PARTNER,  a  persevering  Working 
Man,  capable  of  Managing  the  Outdoor  Department  of  a 
small  Nursery,  situated  near  a  large  Town  in  the  South  of  England. 
Satisfactory  references  given  and  expected.  Terms,  Zioo  down,  and 
£50  in  12  months.— W.  E.  G.,  Messrs.  Howcroft  &  Co.,  Seedsmen,  &c., 
Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C. 


WANTED,  in  a  Provincial  Nursery,  an  Outdoor 
FOREMAN  and  SALESMAN.  Must  be  of  good  character, 
an  expert  Kmfcsman,  and  understand  the  Budding  and  Grafting  of 
Fruit  Trees,  Roses,  &c.— Apply,  stating  wages  required,  to  M., 
Gardeners-  Chronicle  0^ct,\\.Q.  &        ^  4  . 


WANTED,  a  respectable  elderly  GARDENER,  or 
one  unfitted  for  hard  work,  who,  for  a  comfortable  home,  with 
milk,  &c.,  found,  and  a  moderate  wage,  would  attend  to  a  Flower 
Garden  and  Greenhouse,— Apply,  with  reference,  &c.,  to  FLEUR, 
Post  Office.  Bcdale-  . 


"Wanted,  a  Propagator  of  Hardy  Plants. 

MESSRS.  F.  &  A.  DICKSON  &  SONS,  The 
■' Upton"  Nurseries,  Chc-sler.  REijUIRE  in  the  above  capa- 
city, an  active  industrious  V/ORKING  PROPAGATOR,  well  expe- 
rienced in  Propagation  of  Conifers,  Rhododendrons, 'Hollies,  Ivies, 
Clematis,  and  other  Hardy  Ornamental  Plants,  by  the  most  improved 
methods. — Apply  as  above,  stating  age,  situations  previously  held, 
time  in  each,  references,  and  wages  expected. 


WANTED,   a   thorough  good,  experienced  practical 
GARDENER,  to  take   charj^e   of  a   moderate   sized   garden, 
with  one  under  him, — A.  B,,  Post  Oftice,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.        


WANTED,  one  or  two  HANDS  to  work  in  a  Forcing 
Market  Garden,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  London.  Wages 
151.  per  week.— C.  W.  ALDERSON,  Langley  Lane,  South  Lambeth, 
London,  S.  E.  


WANTED,  Two  young  Men,  as  IMPROVERS,  who 
have  had  some  experience  in  Nursery  Work  in  the  various 
departments. — Apply,  stating  wages,  with  reference,  in  own  hand- 
writing, to  K.  AND  F.  ALLUM,  lamworth^ 


LOUIS  VAN  HOUTTE,  Royal  Nursery,  Ghent, 
BelKium,  REQUIRES  a  thoroughly  efticicnt  ENGLISH  COR- 
RESPONDING CLERK.  The  knowledge  of  a  foreign  language  is 
not  necessary. — Apply  as  above^ 


WANTED,    a    SHOPMAN    and    CLERK,    whose 
character    will    bear   the   strictest    investigation,— KELW AY 
AND  SON.  Nurserymen,   &c. ,  Langport,  Somerset. 


WANTED,  as  SHOPMAN,  a  steady,  industrious 
Man.  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  Seed  Trade  in  all  its 
branches,— Address,  stating  references,  age,  and  salary  required, 
G.  AND  J.  C.  BOQTHBY,  Market  I'l.ice,  Stockport. 


Seed  Trade 

WANTED  IMMEDIATELY, 'a  SHOPMAN,  who 
is  well  up  in  his  work,  and  quite  understands  the  Retail 
Garden  and  Flower  Seed  Department.— Apply  by  letter,  T.  P., 
Messrs.  Hurst  &  Son,  6,  Leadenhall  Street,  E.G. 


JACOB  WRENCH  and  SONS,  39,  King  William 
Street,  London  Bridge,  E.G.,  REQUIRES  a  young  Man,  not 
under  22  years  of  age,  as  ASSISTANT  SHOPMAN,  Good  references 
required.     Situation  permanent. 


WANTED    a   WAREHOUSEMAN,  who    has   had 
some  experience   in   the   Trade.  —  Apply   by   letter  only,   to 
HURST  AND  SON,  6,  Leadenhall  Street,  London,  E.G. 


THE  PERFECT  SUBSTITUTE  for  SILVER.— 
The  REAL  NICKEL  SI1,\ER,  introduced  more  than  30  years 
ago  by  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  when  Plated  by  the  patent  process 
of  Messrs  Elkington  &  Co.,  ia  beyond  all  doubt  the  best  article  next  to 
sterling  silver  that  can  be  used  as  such,  cither  usefully  or  ornamenlally, 
as  by  no  possible  test  can  it  be  distinguished  from  real  silver. 

A  small   useful   set,    guaranteed    of   first    quality    for    finish    and 
durability,  as  follows : —  Fiddle   or      n     j        -r>i_       j    Kine's  or 

Old  Silver      "'^^d       Thread       ghell 


WANT  PLACES -Letters  to  be  Post  Paid. 


EXPERIENCED  GARDENERS  (or  as  GARDENER 
and  BAILIFF),  of  various  qualifications,  recommended  to 
Gentlemen. — F'urther  particulars  given  on  application  to  Messrs.  E.  G. 
HENDERSON  AND  SON,  Wellington  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood. N.W 


Gardeners  and  Under  Gardeners. 

WM.  CUTBUSH  AND  SON  beg  to  state  that  they 
have  at  all  times  on  their  books  MEN  of  various  qualifications, 
whose  characters  will  bear  the  strictest  inquiry.  Any  Gentleman 
making  application  would  save  lime  by  clearly  stating  the  duties  to  be 
undertaken,  wages  offered,  &c.,  so  that  suitable  Men  may  be  selected, 
— Highgatc  Nurseries,  London,  N. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  2S,  married  ;  thoroughly 
practical  in  ever^-  department.  Two  and  a  half  years'  good 
character,  and  testimonials  from  former  employers  as  to  character  and 
ability.— GARDENER,  the  Rectory,  Nutiield,  Redhill. 

GARDENER  (Head).— Donald  McVicar,  Grims- 
Ihorpe  Castle.  Bourne,  will  be  at  libertv  on  March  ■;  next  to 
ei'S<tK^  with  any  Lady  or  Gentleman  who  may  require  the  services 
of  a  thorough  practical  Gardener.  References  of  the  highest  order. 
Six  years'  good  character. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  46,  married,  no  family; 
thorough  practical  knowledge  of  the  profession  in  all  its 
branches.  Wife  could  take  charge  of  small  Dairy  and  Poultry  if 
required.  Good  character.— G.  H.,Leigham  Court  Road,  Strcatham, 
Surrey,  S.W. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  36,  married  ;  thoroughly 
practical  Man,  of  29  years'  experience  in  ail  branches  of  the 
profession.  Can  be  highly  recommended  as  to  honesty,  sobriety, 
industry,  and  integrity  of  character. — Address,  with  particulars,  to 
H.  H  ,  Woodford  Green,  N.E. 


GARDENER  (Head).— jAMES  Brown,  Gardener  to 
Abraham  Darb>-,  Esq.,  Ebbw  Vale  Park,  can  hichly  recommend 
his  Foreman  to  any  Lady  or  Gentleman  requiring  the  .services  of  a 
good  practical  Gardener  ;  has  had  extensive  experience  in  all  the 
various  departments — Pines,  Vines,  Forcing  of  Fruits,  Flowers,  and 
Vegetables,  &c, — Ebbw  "\'ale  Park,  Newport,  Monmouthshire. 


U 


ARDKNER   (Head),    age  37,    married,    one    child 

^---  (aged  9).— John  Easter,  Head  Gardener  to  G.  Neville,  Esq., 
Stubton  Hall,  Newark,  is  at  liberty  to  treat  with  any  Nobleman  or 
Gentleman  requiring  the  scr^-ices  of  a  thorough  practical  Gardener, 
well  versed  in  the  Cultivation  of  Pines,  Vines,  Peaches,  Stove  and 
Greenhouse  Plants,  including  Orchids  and  Ferns,  also  Early  and  Late 
Forcing  of  Fruits  and  Vegetables,  and  good  Kitchen  and  Flower 
Gardener. — Address  as  above. 


GARDENER  (Head),  where  one  or  more  are  kept. 
— a  L.\dv  wishes  to  recommend  as  above  a  Man,  age  40,  and 
married,  who  also  well  understands  the  Management  of  Land  and 
Stock.     Five  years' character. — W.  S.,  Post  Office,  Westerham,  Kent. 


GARDENER  (Foreman),  in  a  Gentleman's  Estab- 
lishment.— Age  2^;  has  a  ^ood  general  knowledge  of  Gardening. 
Three  years'  good  character.  1  he  Head  Gardener  whom  he  is  now 
leaving  will  answer  any  particulars  as  to  character,  abilities,  &c. — 
G.  C,  The  Gardener,  Chilworth  Manor,  Romsev,  Hants. 


GROUND  FOREMAN.— Age  31,  single  ;  a  good 
Craftsman,  Hardy  Propagator,  and  Salesman.  Two  years' cha- 
racter from  a  Nursery  of  22  acres.  State  all  particulars.— C.  M., 
Prescot  Nurserj',  Liverpool, 


GARDENER    (Under,    or  Single-handed).— Age 
24,  single.— For  further  particulars,  apply  to  G.  WAREHAM, 
Eonehill  Nurserj'i  Tamworlh. 


PROPAGATOR  in  General,  or  PROPAGATOR  and 
GROWER.— Age  26;  a  good  Salesman.   Good  character.— A.  B., 
Post  Office,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 


GENERAL  PLANTSMAN  or  INDOOR  PRO- 
PAGATOR.—Married,  Scotch;  has  had  a  lengthened  experi- 
ence in  the  Propagation  and  care  of  all  kinds  of  Greenhouse  and  Stove 
Plants,  Bouquet  Making  and  Packing.  Can  produce  three  years' 
good  character  from  present  employer.— B.  A.,  Gardeners'  CkrotUcle 
Office,  W.C. 


3    6 

3  • 

4  • 


-     3 
I    3 


£  s.d. 
a  5  ■ 
a    5    ■ 


12  Table  Forks    .. 
12  Table  Spoons  .. 
12  Dessert  Forks 
12  Dessert  Spoons 
12  Tea  Spoons 

6  Egg  Spoons,  gilt  bowls 

2  Sauce  Ladles  .. 

1  Gravy  Spoon    . . 

2  Salt  Spoons,  gilt  bowls 
I  Mustard  Spoon,  gilt  bowl 
I  Pair  of  Sugar  Tongs 
I  Pair  of  Fish  Carvers 
I  Butter  Knife    . .         . . 
I  Soup  Ladle 
I  Sugar  Silter     .. 

Total        ..        ..  9    I    6    u  16    .     12    8    6  '  13    2    6 

Any  article  to  be  had  singly  at  the  same  prices.  An  Oak  Chest  to 
contain  the  above,  and  a  relative  number  of  Knives,  &c.,  ^£2  15J.  A 
second  quality  of  Fiddle  Pattern  : — Table  Spoons  and  Forks,  £t  as 
per  dozen.     Dessert,  i6j.     Tea  Spoons,  los. 

Tea  and  Coffee  Sets,  electro  silver,  on  white  metal,  jG3  igs.  to    Lj. 
„  ,,  on  nickel  £-j  17s.  to  ^24. 

Dish  Covers,  Electro  Silver  on  nickel : — A  set  of  four,  plain  elegant 

pattern,  £q;  a  set  of  four,  beaded  patterns,  ^10  los.  ;  a  set  of  four, 

fluted  pattern,  £12  los. ;  chased  and  engraved  patterns  from  £14  to  ;i|26. 

Cruet  Frames,  Electro  Silver; 

Three  Glasses 12s.  to  ;6a    6  Six  Glasses. ...  iji    41.10/4  16 

Four  Glasses  ....  151.  to  £2  18      |      Seven  do £t  18s.  to  £7  10 

Biscuit  Boxes     . .         . .     12s.  to  £5  $s. 

Dessert  Fruit  Knives  and  Forks,  from  45s.  to  £g  12s.  the  dozen  pair. 
Cases  from  8s. 

Fish  Eaters— Knives,  from  451,  to  96s.  the  dozen.  Knives  and 
Forks,  from  £4  4s.  to  ^^8  8s.  6i/.  the  dozen  pairs.  Cases  from  Zs.  and 
15s.     Fish  Car\'ers,  in  cases,  from  15s.  to  84s.  the  pair. 

All  kinds  of  Replating  done  by  the  patent  process. 

WILLIAMS.  BURTON,  Furnishing  IRONMONGER, 
by  appointment,  to  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  sends  a 
Catalogue,  containiiig  upwards  of  850  Illustrations  of  his  unrivalled 
Stock,  with  Lists  of  Prices  and  Plans  of  the  20  large  Show  Rooms* 
post  free.  39,  Oxford  Street,  W.  ;  i,  ia,  2,  3,  and  4,  Newman  Street ; 
4,  5,  and  6,  Perrj''5  Place  ;  and  ij  Newman  Yard,  London.  The  cost 
of  delivering  goods  to  the  most  distant  parts  uf  the  United  Kingdom 
by  railway  is  trifling.  William  S.  Burton  will  always  undertake 
delivery  at  a  small  fixed  rate. 


K 


I  N  A  H  A  N'S 


L  L 


WHISKY, 


This  celebrated  and  most  delicious  old  mellow  spirit  is  the  very 
CREAM  of  IRISH  WHISKIES,  in  quality  unrivalled,  perfectly 
pure,  and  more  wholesome  than  the  finest  Cognac  Brandy.  Note  the 
words,  "  KINAHAN'S  .   L  L  ."  on  seal,  label,  and  cork. 

New  Wholesale  Depot,  6a,  Great  Tichfield  Street,  Oxford  Street,  W. 


W 


E 


M.        YOUNGER        AND         CO.'S 

EDINBURGH,  INDIA  PALE  and  DINNER  ALES. 

Sparkling,  refreshing,  nourishing  and  economical, 

To  be  had  of  the  principal  retailers. 

Observe  Trade  Marks,  as  other  brands  are  frequently  substituted. 

Breweries,  Edinburgh.    Established  174Q-    I-ondon  Stores,  Belvedere 

Road^  S.  E. ;    Liverpool,  i,  Seel  Street;    Bristol,   14,   Narrow  Quay; 

Dublin   Stores,  7,   Lower   Abbey   Street ;    Swansea,    Quay    Parade ; 

Glasgow,  Queen  Street;  Birmingham,  13,  Temple  Street. 

Grateful— Comforting! 
PS'S  COCOA. 

BREAKFAST. 

'  By  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  natural  laws  which  govern  the 
operations  of  digestion  and  nutrition,  and  by  a  careful  application  of 
the  fine  properties  of  a  well  selected  cocoa,  Mr.  Epps  has  provided  our 
breakfast-tables  with  a  delicately-flavoured  beverage  which  may  save 
US  many  heavy  doctor's  bills." — Civil  Service  Casette. 

Made  simply  with  boiling  water  or  milk. 

Each  packet  is  labelled, 

JAMES  EFFS  AND  CO..  Homotjopathic  Chemists,  London. 


D 


INNEFORD'S 


FLUID         MAGNESIA. 


The  best  remedy  for  Acidity  of  the  Stomach,  Heartburnf  Headache, 
Gout,  and  Indigestion  ;  and  the  best  mild  Aperient  for  delicate  consti- 
tutions, especially  adapted  for  Ladies,  Children  and  Infants. 

DINNEFORD  and  CO.,  172,  New  Bond  Street,  London,  W.  • 
and  of  all  Chemists  throughout  the  WaHd, 


VISITORS  to  the  THEATRES  exposed  to  sudden 
changes  of  temperature,  will  find  SPENCER'S  PULMONIC 
ELIXIR  an  agreeable  and  most  effective  remedy  for  COLDS, 
COUGHS,  ASTHMA,  and  disorders  of  the  CHEST  and  LUNGS. 

May  be    obtained    of   ail   respectable    Medicine    Vendors    in    the 
Kingdom.     In  bottles  at  is.  i%d   and  2s.  9J.  each. 


LAND  STEWARD  or  FACTOR.— The  Advertiser  is 
open  for  engagement  now  or  in  May.  Has  had  the  charge  of  a 
large  Estate  for  the  last  13  years,  where  Draining  and  Improving  have 
been  extensively  carried  on,  also  a  Home  Farm  of  .joo  Acres.  He  is 
a  good  Judge  of  Stock  of  all  kinds,  and  only  leaving  in  consequence  of 
the  Estate  being  transferred.  England  or  the  Continent  preferred.— 
Mr.  M'LAREN.  Gartshore,  Kirkintilloch,  N.B. 


To  Horists. 

BOUQUET  MAKER,  and  to  fill  his  time  up  in  Seed 
Shop  or  Glass  Department.- Age  24;  an  abstainer.  Writes  a 
good  hand.  A  permanent  engagement  required.  Seven  years'  good 
character.— Apply,  stating  wages,  &c.,  to  A.  B.  C.,  19,  Newton  Street, 
St.  John's  Road,  Hoxlon,  N. 


BILIOUS  and  LIVER  COMPLAINTS,  Indigestion, 
Sick  Headache,  Loss  of  Appetite,  Drowsiness,  Giddiness, 
Spasms,  and  all  Disorders  of  the  Stomach  and  Bowels  arc  quickly 
removed  by  that  well-known  remedy,  FRAMPTON'S  PILL  of 
HEALTH. 

They  unite  the  recommendation  of  a  mild  operation  with  the  most 
successful  effect;  and  where  an  aperient  is  required  nothing  can  be 
better  adapted, 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  is.  i}^d.  and  3S.  gd.  per  box, 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 

OCKLE'S    ANTIBILIOUS     PILLS. 
THE    SAFEST    FAMILY    APERIENT. 
In  boxes,  at  is.  i%d.,  2s.  gd.,  4s,  6d.,  and  iis. 


c 


To  Seedsmen. 

ASSISTANT,  in  Writing  and  Executing  Orders  in  a 
Warehouse.— Age  36,  married :  wishes  for  a  permanent  situation. 
Eight  years'  character.- R.  J.,  5,  King  Street,  Regent  Street,  W. 


/COCKLE'S  ANTIBILIOUS  PILL  S.— 
^— '  These  Pills  consist  of  a  careful  and  peculiar  admixture  of  the 
best  and  mildest  vegetable  aperients,  with  the  pure  extract  of  the 
flowers  of  the  Camomile.  They  will  be  found  a  most  efficacious 
remedy  for  derangement  of  the  digestive  organs,  and  for  torpid  action 
of  the  liver  and  bowels,  which  produce  indigestion  and  the  several 
varieties  of  bilious  and  liver  complaints.  They  speedily  remove  the 
irritation  and  feverish  state  of  the  stomach,  allay  spasms,  correct  the 
morbid  condition  of  the  liver  and  organs  subservient  to  digestion, 
promote  a  due  and  healthy  secretion  of  bile,  and  relieve  the  constitu- 
tion of  all  gouty  matter  and  other  impurities,  which,  by  circulating  in 
the  blood,  must  injuriously  affect  the  action  of  the  kidneys  ;  thus,  by 
removing  the  causes  productive  of  so  much  discomfort,  they  restore 
the  energies  both  of  body  and  mind.  To  those  who  indulge  in  the 
luxuries  of  the  table,  these  Pills  will  prove  highly  useful,  occasioning 
no  pain  in  their  action,  unless  they  meet  with  an  unusual  quantity  of 
acrid  bile  and  acid  matter  in  the  stomach  and  bowels.  It  must  be 
understood  that  these  Pills  are  not  recommended  as  containing  any 
new  or  dangerously  active  ingredients ;  on  the  contrary,  they  are 
characterised  by  a  remarkable  simplicity  of  combination,  and  whatever 
merit  they  may  be  found  to  possess  depends  as  much  upon  the  selec- 
tion of  pure  drugs,  and  the  unusual  labour  and  attention  bestowed 
upon  their  subsequent  preparation,  as  upon  the  acknowledged  pecu- 
liarity of  their  composition.  They  are  not  recommended  as  a  panacea, 
nor  are  they  adapted  to  all  complaints  ;  but  as  a  mild  and  eiiicacious 
aperient  and  tonic  in  the  various  forms  of  indigestion  it  will  not  per- 
haps be  an  exaggeration  to  state  that  they  have  been  resorted  to  under 
ail  systems  of  diet,  changes  of  climate  or  atmospheric  alterations,  with 
an  extraordinary  degree  of  success,  for  72  years.  This  celebrated 
family  aperient  may  be  had  throughout  the  United  Kingdom  in  boxes 
at  IS.  i%d.,  2S.  gd.,  4s.  6d.,and  iis.,  as  well  as  in  India,  China,  New 
Zealand,  and  the  Australian  colonies. 


c 


OCKLE'S    ANTIBILIOUS    PILLS. 

THE     OLDEST     PATENT     MEDICINE. 
In  boxes  at  is.  iHJ.,  ss.  c^.,  4s.  6d.,  and  iif. 


32 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  6,   1872. 


Henry  Ormson, 

HORTICULTURAL  ARCHITECT,  BUILDER,  AND  HOT-WATER  APPARATUS  ENGINEER, 

STANLEY   BRIDGE,   KING'S   ROAD,   CHELSEA,   LONDON,   S.W., 

Sensitive  of  the  very  liberal  patronage  bestowed  on  him  for  many  years  past,  begs  most  respectfully 
to  inform  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  his  Patrons  generally,  that  he  is  determined  to  spare  no  pains  to 
merit  a  continuance  of  their  esteemed  favours. 

H.  O.,  aware  of  the  vast  improvements  that  have  been  made  in  the  Science  of  Horticulture,  and  the 
growing  desire  of  all  classes  to  engage  in  its  most  interesting  and  agreeable  pursuits,  has  made  it  his 
constant  study  to  keep  pace  with  the  constantly  increasing  requirements  of  the  lovers  of  Horticulture,  and  by 
perfecting  a  most  complete  set  of  Steam  Power  Machinery  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  purposes  of  his  trade,  by 
employing  competent  Draughtsmen,  an  efficient  Office  Staff,  and  the  most  skilful  workmen  in  the  various 
branches  of  his  business,  combined  with  strict  personal  supervision  of  every  department  and  the  greatest  care 
that  none  but  the  very  best  materials  are  employed,  may  with  confidence  assert,  that  for  Elegance,  Durability, 
Economy,  and  Adaptation  to  the  various  requirements  of  Horticulturists,  his  buildings  cannot  be  supassed. 
And  it  has  been  and  will  be  his  anxious  study  to  produce  them  at  the  lowest  possible  cost  consistent  with 
the  employment  of  the  very  best  materials  and  workmanship. 

In  the  BUILDING  DEPARTMENT  his  object  will  be  to  adapt  all  erections  to  the  particular 
purposes  for  which  they  are  required.  He  will  devote  equal  attention  to  the  plain,  inexpensive,  practical 
erections  of  Pits,  Orchard  Houses,  Greenhouses,  Vineries,  &c.,  as  to  the  more  elaborate  and  architectural 
erections  of  Conservatories,  Winter  Gardens,  &c.,  either  in  wood  or  iron. 

VENTILATION. — Knowing  the  absolute  necessity  for  thorough  Ventilation,  he  makes  it  a  matter 
of  first  consideration. 

The  HEATING  DEPARTMENT  always  engages  his  special  personal  attention,  and  he  feels 
justified  in  saying  that,  through  his  improvements,  in  the  construction  of  Wrought-iron  Boilers,  he  is  prepared 
to  heat  the  most  extensive  Horticultural  Establishments,  Mansions,  Churches,  &c.,  &c.,  on  the  safest  and  most 
economical  principles. 

Surveys  made  in  any  part  of  the  Country,  and  Plans  prepared  for  the  general  arrangement  and  laying  out 
of  Structural  Gardens,  on  the  broad  principle  that  adajDts  itself  to  the  capability  or  requirements  of  the  place, 
which  thorough  practical  experience  in  every  department  of  Horticulture  can  alone  effect. 

H.  O.  is  also  in  the  habit  of  furnishing  Estimates,  and  building  from  Drawings  prepared  by  Architects,  and 
is  kindly  permitted  to  refer  to  many  of  the  most  eminent  in  the  Profession.  He  has  also  much  pleasure  in 
stating  that  he  can  refer  to  many  of  the  Seats  of  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  in  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom,  where 
he  has  been  employed  to  build  some  of  the  finest  and  best  arranged  Glass  Structures  known  at  the  present  time. 

ORMSON'S  ESTABLISHMENT   for  WROUGHT-IRON    BOILERS.— These 

Boilers  are  perfectly  safe  from  cracking  and  bursting — a  danger  to  which  all  Cast-iron  Boilers  are  at  all  times 
liable.  Whatever  can  be  done  by  a  Cast-iron  Boiler,  no  matter  what  the  extent  of  piping  may  be,  it  can  to 
a  certainty  be  done  with  infinitely  more  security  by  one  of  Oirmson's  Patent  Wrought-iron  Convoluted  Boilers  ; 
and  in  addition  to  this  immense  advantage  it  also  saves  (where  there  is  a  large  quantity  of  piping  to  be  heated 
on  the  One-Boiler  System)  the  great  additional  expense  of  a  supplementary  or  reserve  Boiler,  as  well  as  the 
expensive  valves,  &c.,  for  connecting  two  Boilers,  and  also  the  additional  cost  of  brickwork  for  setting  two 
instead  of  one  Boiler. 

H.  ORMSON  also  supplies  a  great  variety  of  other  descriptions  of  WROUGHT-IRON  BOILERS, 
and  his  HOT-WATER  APPARATUS  for  Warming  all  sorts  of  Buildings  in  any  part  of  the  country  is 
constructed  on  the  most  approved  economical  and  scientific  principles. 

DESIGNS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES 

IN    ORMSON'S    WELL-KNOWN    STYLE,    WHICH    HAVE    ALWAYS    STOOD    FIRST    AT    EXHIBITIONS    OF 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDINGS. 


PLANS,     SPECIFICATIONS,     AND     ESTIMATES     ON     APPLICATION. 

HENEY     OEMSON, 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDER    TO    HER    MAJESTY,    AND    HOT-WATER    APPARATUS    MANUFACTURER    TO    THE    COMMISSIONERS    OF 
HER  MAJESTY'S  ROYAL  PALACES  AND  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS,  AND  TO  THE  ROYAL  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY, 

STANLEY    BRIDGE,    KING'S    ROAD,    CHELSEA,    LONDON,    S.W. 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  addressed  to  "  The  Editor  ;"  Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "  The  Publisher,"  at  the  Office,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Covcnt  Garden,  London,  W.C. 
Printed  by  William  Richards,  at  tbc  Office  of  Messrs.  Bradbury,  Evans,  &  Co.,  Lombard  Street,  Precinct  of  Whitcfriars,  City  of  London,  in  thcCouhlyof  Middlesex,  and  Published  by  the  aaid  WILLIAM      ^ 
Richards,  at  the  Office,  No.  41,  Wellington  Street,  Parish  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  in  the  said  County.— Saturday,  January  6, 1872.  '^ 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL   GAZETTE 


No.  2. — 1872.] 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY   13. 


I     Registered  at  the  General    )         Pl'ice  5d. 
I  PostOflJceasa  Newspaper.  (  Poi-T  Frck,    5.^. 


CONTENTS. 


LEADING  ARTICLES,  frtf  — 
Condition  of  West  Newton..  50 

Farm  capital 49 

Fruits  and  vcKclablcs,  new..  39 
Fundus  on   Pear  tree   roots 

(with  cut)    40 

Garden  co-operation 40 

Gardeners'  examinations 40 

Hampstead  H  eath 4° 

Leaves  for  dishing-up  fruit. .  40 

Meteorology  o'  the  week 41 

Plaeuc  of  wood  pigeons    ....  50 
Show  of  traction-cnijines. .. .  50 

NEW  GARDEN  PLANTS— 
Odontoglossum    Andersonia- 
num 41 

OUR  LIVE  STOCK— 

Shorthorns 5° 

ORIGINAL  ARTICLES— 

Araucaria  imbricata 42 

Conifers,  notes  on 41 

Farm  labourers"  cottages  and 

tlieir  cost  (with  cuts) sa 

Forest  culture,  Dr.  Mueller 

on 43 

Gcrardia    qucrcifoUa     (with 

cuts) 43 

Progress  of  the  nation   54 

Sewage  utilisation 50 

Steam-power  on  the  farm 54 

HOME  CORRESPONDENCE— 

Aucuba  sports 45 

Australian  retrospect,  an 55 

Keech     trees    struck     with 
lightning 45 


HOME  CORRBSPONDBNCB- 
Boilers,  &c.,  on  cleaning  out  44 

Conifers,  manure  for 44 

Eraser's  variety  of  Batavian 

Endive 44 

Greenhouse  plant  culture    ..  44 

Scolytus  destructor    45 

Tithe  commutation,  &c 55 

FOREIGN  CORRES.— 

Moscow 45 

SOCIETIES^ 

Midland  Farmers' Club    ....  57 
Royal    Agricultural    of   Ire- 
land    56 

Winfrith  Farmers' Club   ....  58 

NOTICES  OF  BOOKS— 
Accounts  Relating  to  the 
Trade  and  Navigation  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  &c.  .  58 
The  Royal  Institution:  its 
Founder  and  its  First  Pro- 
fessors   45 

THE  APIARY— 
Bee-hives    4^ 


FARM  MEMORANDA— 

Townclcy  Park    58 

Wester  Ross 59 

Wrexham  Sewage  Farm 59 

CALENDAROF  OPERA  TIONS 
Farm  work  of  the  week  ....  60 
Garden  operations 46 

Weather  Tables 46 


O 


RCHARD-HOUSE    TREES.    Fruiting    in   Pots.— 

Peaches.    Nectarines.    Plums,    Pears,    Apples,    Figs,   Apricots, 
Cherries,  Mulberries,  and  Oranges. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurscn'man  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 

CHOICE"ROSES.~The  flnest"stock  of  Tea,"  Noisette, 
China,  and  other  Roses  to  select  from,  all  strong  and  healthy,  in 
pots.     Descriptive  Priced  LIST  on  application  to 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurserjman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


Silow  Rosea. 

A  PRICED  LIST  of  the  best  Hybrid  Perpetual  Show 
ROSES;     also     a     PRICED    LIST    of     choice    Variegated 


GE 


RAN  I UMS,  post  free,  on  applicat: 
ALFRED  FRYER,  The  Nurserie 


ries,  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire. 

MATEUR  ROSE  GROWERS  should  at   once  get 

my  CATALOGUE.      It  contains  all   the  good  sorts,   and  the 
plants  are  the  finest  that  can  be  produced. 

B.  R.  CANT,  St.  John's  Street  Nursery,  Colchester. 


-Fine 


ROSE      MARECHAL     NIEL     (Noisette). 
'  Standard  and  Half-standard  plants. 

ROSES  (Tea-scented).— Choicest  varieties,  fine  Standard   and   Half- 
standard  plants.     Offered  by 
JOHN  CRANSTON,  Nurseries,  King's  Acre,  near  Hereford. 

Price  on  application.  


Grape  Vines,  Fruiting  and  Planting  Canes, 

55.  EACH.— Lewis  Woodthokpe  begs  to  offer  a  fine 
and  well-grown  STOCK  of  all  the  best  sorts.  Descriptive 
CATALOGUES  free.  Second  sized  BLACK  HAMBURGHS,  3*.  W. 
each.     L.  W.'s  system  of  packing  saves  half  the  cost  of  carriage. 

Monro  Nurseri-,  Sible  Hedingham,  Essex. 


PARIS,  I  SUTTONS"     GRASS    SEEDS    for    ALL 
1867.  SOILS.    The  PREMIER  PRIX  SILVER  MEDAL 

for    GARDEN    SEEDS,    GRASSES,    and    GRASS    SEEDS,    was 
Awarded  to 

SUTTON    AND    SONS,    Seedsmen,   by   Special    Appointment,   to 
H.M.  the  Queen,  and  H.Kll.  the  I'riiKC  uf  Wales,  Reading.  Berks. 


s 


THe  Forwardest  Pea  known. 
UTTONS'  RINGLEADER. 

Price  II.  6d.  per  quart.     May  be  sown  at  once. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Reading,  Berks. 


Tbe  Best  Wriiilcled  Pea  Is 

EST        OF        ALL        (McLean's). 

Price  Sf.  per  quart.     Trade  price  on  apnlication 
SCFTTO^I  AND  SONS,  Reading,  Bcrfc.'i. 

FOR    SALE,    about    80   Bushels   of  PRIZETAKER 
PEAS. 
J.  DANIELS,  Burton  Estate  Office,  Kurton,  Neston,  Cheshire. 

To  the  Seed  Trade. 

OR  SALE,  in  large  quanlities,  the  following  PE.\S  : 

NE  PLUS  ULTRA,    t  CHAMPION  OF  ENGLAND. 
HAIRS'  DWARF  MAMMOTH. 
All  new  seed  and  true  stocl^.     For  price  apply  to 
B.    R.   CANT,   St.   John's  Street   Nursery,   Colchester. 


B 


F 


Turnip  and  Mangel  Wurzel  Seeds— 1871  Crop. 

f  OHN  SHARPE  will  on  .ipplication  furnish  his  LIST, 

with  prices,  of  the  principal  SEEDS  he  is  crowing  this  year. 
-      ■  -•  .  .     _Ju(y- 


Eardney  Manor,  Lincoln. - 


ily6. 


DS.  THOMSON  begs  to  offer  a  quantity  of  good 
.      Dwarftrained    PLUMS,    CHERRIES,     and    APRICOTS 


GRAPE   VINES  for  plantinj 
varieties.  Nursery,  Wim 


-good  ripened  canes  of  the  best 
bledon,  Surrey. 


Notice  to  Subscribers. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS,    payable    in    advance,    including 
Postage  I0  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom  :— 
Three  Months    ..  5^.  tiid.  |  Six  Afont/is     ..     lis.  iid. 
Twelve  Months     ..     £1  y.  lod. 
Post  Office   Orders  to  be  made  payable  to  William 
Richards,  at  the  King  Street  Post  Office. 

Publishing  Office,  41,    Wellington  Street,    W.C. 


c 


RYSTAL  PALACE  FLOWER  SHOW 

ARRANGEMENTS. 
The  GREAT  FLOWER  SHOW.  SATURDAY,  May  11. 
The  ANNUAL  ROSE  SHOW,  SATURDAY,  June  Je. 


THE      PINE-APPLE       NURSERY      COMPANY, 
32,  Maida  Vale,  Edgware  Road,  W. 
JOHN  BESTER,  Manager  of^  the  Nursery  and  Seed  Department. 
The  Company  guarantee  to  their  Customers  Punctuality,  Liberality, 
and  Genuine  Articles.     The  favour  of  a  visit  is  earnestly  solicited. 


Every  One  Possessing  a  Garden  should  apply  for 

DICK     RADCLYFFE    and    CO.'S    SPRING 
CATALOGUE    of    SEEDS    and    GARDEN    REQUISITES, 
gratis  and  post  free. 

129.  High  Holbom,  W.C. 


Seed  Grounds,  Erfurt,  Prussia. 


Now  Eeady. 

HOOPER'S      GARDENING     GUIDE     and 
GENERAL  CATALOGUE  for  l872,j)rice  M.  ;  post  free,  -J^Ad. 
HOOPER     AND    CO.'S     SEED     CATALOGUE    gratis. 
HOOPER  AND  CO.,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C. 


VICTORIA  PLUMS.— A  large  quantity  of  this  useful 
free-bearing  Plum,  in  splendid  Dwarf-trained  Trees,  to  be  SOLD, 
Cheap.    For  price,  apply  to 

JOHN  FRASEK,  The  Nurseries,  Lea  Bridge  Road,  E.        

NAPLES    CURRANT 


F 


OR     SALE,  fine   BLACK 

BUSHES,  well-grown,  2-yr.  old,  £,^  per  looo. 
Heathrow  House,  Heathrow,  near  Hounslow. 


WEBB'S     PRIZE     COB     FILBERTS,     and    other 
PRIZE    COB    NUTS    and  FILBERTS.       LISTS   of  these 
varieties  from  Mr.  WEBB,  Calcot,  Reading. 


W^ 


EBB'S     NEW     GIANT     POLYANTHUS, 

Florist  Flower,  and  GIANT  COWSLIP  SEEDS  ;  also  Plants 
of  ail  the  varieties,  with  Double  PRIMROSES  of  different  colours; 
AURICULAS,  both  Single  and  Double;  with  every  sort  of  Early 
Spring  Flowers.     LIST  on  application.— Mr.  WEBB,  Calcot,  Reading. 


WM.  KNIGHT  is  now  sending  out  12  Varieties 
of  the  NEW  FUCHSIAS  of  1871.  selected  as  the  best  of  the 
season,  in  extra  strong  Plants  for  Exhibition,  for  lOJ.  W.  the  set, 
package  included. 

Floral  Nurseries,  Hailsham,  Sussex. 


To  Curators  of  Public  Parks,  &c. 

JAMES  CARTER  and  CO.  offer  their  entire  surplus 
stock  of  splendid  named  HYACINTHS,  TULIPS,  NARCISSUS, 
Sec,  at  a  very   low  price,  for  immediate  clearance.     Price  and  par- 
ticulars on  application. 
237  and  238,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 


Double  Tuberoses. 

rpHE    UNDERSIGNED    offers    to  the  Trade  finest 

X    quality  flowering  TUBEROSE    BULBS,  own  growth.      Price, 
£n  per  1000,     No  charge  for  box  and  packing. 

JOHN  SAUL.  Washington,  P.  C-,  United  States,  America. 


Notice  to  Large  Purcliasers  of  Seeds. 

PURCHASERS  of   large   quantities  of  SEEDS    and 
POTATOS  will  be  supplied  on  liberal  terms,  on  application,  by 
post  or  otherwise  (staling  quantities  required),  to 

SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Seccf  Growers,  Reading. 

YATTS     PROLIFIC  ^OTATOS.  —A"  true  and 
selected  Stock,  nice  level  sample,  of  our  own  growth.    Price  per 
cwt.  or  ton  on  application  to 
H A  R  RISON  AND  SONS,  Royal  Midland  Seed  Warehouse,  Leicester. 

~  Seed  Potatos. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  Sekd  Merchants,  Slealord,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  SEED  POTATOS  is 
now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  application, 


To  the  Trade. 

SEED  POTATOS.  —  Several  Tons  each  of  Myatf s 
Prolific  Ashleaf,  Rivers'  Royal  Ashleaf,  Shaw's,  and  Dawes" 
Matchless.  The  above  are  true,  and  in  good  condition.  Prices  on 
application  to 

J.  AND  P.  MYATT.  Stanste.-td.  near  Bishop  Stortford,  Essex. 

To  the  Trade. 

SOOLY  nUA  CUCUMBER 

SUTTON    AND    SONS   have    a    limited   quantity  of 
SEED  of  the  above  to  offer  to  the  Trade.     Price  on  application. 

Royal  Berks  Seed  Establishment,  Reading. 


EVERY         GARDEN         REQUISITE 
KEPT  in  STOCK  at 
CARTER'S  New  Seed  Warehouse,  237  &  238,  High  Holbom,  London. 


CARTER'S      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS.— Price  i2j.  M.,  21J.,  30J.,  421.,  and  63J.     Packing  and 
carriage  free. 

237  and  238,  High  Holbom,  London,  W.C. 


CARTER'S      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS  will  produce  a  constant  supply  of  the  best  vegetables 
all  the  year  round. 


CARTER'S      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS. 
For  Cottage  Gardens,  I  For  Small  Gardens,  I  For  Medium  Gardens, 
price  121.  W.  I  price  2if.  ]       price  301.  and  42*. 

Packing  and  carriage  free.     Five  per  cent,  for  cash  payment. 

237  and  238,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 


Choice  New  Seeds.  Gladioli.  &c. 

WILLIAM     CUTBUSH    AND    SON'S     Descriptive 
Priced  CATALOGUE  contains  every  requisite,  of  the  finest 
quality  only.     Post  free  on  application. 

H ighgatc  Nurseries,  London,  N. 


Kitchen  Garden  Seeds. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  Seed  Merchants,  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
SEEDS  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  appli- 
cation. 


Trade  Price  Current  Seeds  for  1872. 

PETER  LAWSON  and  SON  beg  to  intimate  that 
their  TRADE  LIST  of  AGRICULTURAL,  GARDEN,  and 
FLOWER  SEEDS,  &c.,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  post 
free,  on  application. 

20,  Budge  Row,  Cannon  Street,  London,  E.G.,  and  Edinburgh. 

Agricultural  and  Garden  Seeds. 

HAND  F.  SHARPE'S  Trade  CATALOGUE  of 
•  HOME-GROWN  SEEDS  is  now  ready.  It  contains  all  the 
very  best  varieties,  cultivated  under  their  own  superintendence.  The 
quality  is  very  fine,  and  the  prices  low. 

Seed  Growing  Establishment,  Wisbech. 


P>  ICHARD  SMITH'S  LIST  of  EVERGREEN  and 
\)  DECIDUOUS  SHRUBS, RHODODENDRONS, STANDARD 
ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  CLIMBING  and  TWINING  PLANTS, 
with  their  generic,  specific,  and  English  names,  native  country, 
height,  time  of  flowering,  colour,  &c.,  and  general  remarks,  free 
by  post. 

RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  Worcester. 


WHITETHORN  QUICK,    i-yr..  fine.     For  sample 
and  price  apply  to 
B.  R.  CANT,  St.  John's  Street  Nursery,  Colchester. 


TRUE  LONDON  PLANE  TREES.  15  feet  high,  and 
straight  as  gun-rods,   421.    per  dozen;   also  a  great  variety  of 
STANDARD  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  for  Parkor  Avenue  Planting. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurserymen,  Worcester. 


NURSERYMEN    can    be    supplied  with  superior 
1  and  2-yr.  old  Seedling  LARCH,  and  native  SCOTCH  PINE, 
&C.,  very  cheap,  by 
JOHN   GRIGOR  and  CO.,  Nurseries,  Forres,  N.B. 


To  the  Trade. 

CARDNO    AND    DARLING  have  to  offer   LARCH, 
2  to  3  feet,  i!4  to  2  feet,  and  i-yr.  seedling,  jdl  from  home-saved 
seed.     Samples  and  prices  on  application. 

Aberdeen. — January  8. 


OAKS,    CHESTNUTS,    BEECH,    ELMS,    suitable 
for  planting,  3ar.  per  1000;  55.  per  100. 
WALNUTS,  SYCAMORES,  LABURNUMS,  LARCH,  SPRUCE. 
SCOTCH  and  SILVER  FIRS,  ROSES,  and  any  other  NURSERY 
STOCK.     Carriage  free  to  London. 

WILKIN,  Tiptree,  Kelvedon. 


To  the  Trade. 

BETA    CHILENSIS    (True),    the   variety  grown   so 
extensively   in   all   the   London   Parks  and   Public   Gardens. — 
The   Undersigned   have  a  small  quantity  to  ofl"er.     Price  per  ounce 
on  application. 
BUTLER,  Mcculloch,  and  CO.,  Covent  Garden  Market,  W.C. 


RAYNBIRD,       CALDECOTT,       BAWTREE, 
DOWLING  AND  COMPANY  (Limited). 
Corn,  Seed,  Manure,  and  Oilcake  Merchants. 
Address,  26,  Seed  Market,  Mark  Lane,  E.C.  ;  or  Basingstoke, 
Samples  and  prices  post  free  on  application.      Prize  Medals,  1851, 
for  Wheat ;  1862,  for  "  Excellent  Seed  Corn  and  Seeds." 


WANTED.    500    YARDS   BOX    EDGING. 
Sample  and  Price. 
JAS.  REEVES,  176,  High  Street,  Netting  Hill,  W. 


WANTED,    CRAB    STOCKS.— State  quantity   and 
price  to 
E.  P.  FRANCIS  AND  CO.,  The  Nurseries.  Hertford  and  Ware,  Herts. 


ANTED,     extra     strong     transplanted     CRAB 

STOCKS.     State  height,  quantity,  and  lowest  price,  to 

FRANCIS    &    ARTHUR    DICKSON    &    SONS.  The  "Upton" 

Nurseries,  Chester. 


W^ 


Sooly  Qua— New  Chinese  Cucumber. 

WOOD  AND  INGRAM  offer  this  remarkable  variety, 
which  attains  a  length  of  from  S  to  6  feet,  and  a  circumference 
of  from  12  to  16  inches,  in  packets  of  three  seeds  for  is.  dd. ,  or  six  for 
2J.  td.     Postage  stamps  with  orders. 

The  Nurseries,  Huntingdon. 

Telegraph  Cucumber. 

IICT'OOD  AND  INGRAM   offer  the  above  well-known 

VV  variety,  which  is  perhaps  the  greatest  bearer  out^  one  small 
house,  21  feet  by  14  feet  having  produced  924  first-class  fruit.  Six  fine 
Seeds  for  11.,  or  Twelve  for  u.  M.     Postage  stamps  with  orders. 

The  Nurseries,  Huntmgdon. 


BIRD'S  KING   of  the   CUCUMBERS,   \s.   6d.  per 
packet.     The  best  for  exhibition. 
BIRD'S    QUEEN    of   the    MELONS,    u.    per   packet.     The  best 
green-fleshed  variety.     May  be  had  of  all  the  Seed  Trade,  and  of 
JAMES  BIRD,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  Downham. 

Extra  fine  Forcing  and  Planting  Seakale. 

GEORGE  CLARKE  has  many  thousands,  very  fine 
clean  stuff",  this  season,  which  he  begs  to  offer  as  under:— 
Planting  size,  5s.  per  100;  forcing,  los.,  12s.,  and  some  superfine 
selected  Crowns,  15s.  per  roo.  , 

Nurseries  :  Brixton  Hill,  London,  S.W. ;  and  Mottmgham,  Kent.S.E. 


Planting  Seakale.  by  the  100,  lOOO.  or  10,000. 

WM.  WOOD  AND  SON  have  an  immense  quantity 
of  SEAKALE  ROOTS  for  Planting.     Prices  will  be  given  on 
application.  .       ,,         ^  ,,  tt  ■  e  u 

WM.  WOOD  AND  SON,  The  Nurseries,  Maresfield,  near  Uckfield, 
Sussex 


CALCEOLARIA  (herbaceous),  of  very  choice  strain, 
from  pans  sown  in  August,  and  once  pricked  out,  2r.  per  dozen ; 
31  6rf.  per  two  dozen  ;  65.  for  50 ;  los.  per  100,  free  by  post. 

H.  AND  R   STIRZAKER,  Skerton  Nursenes,  Lancaster. 


British  Fern  Catalogue. 

ROBERT  SIM  will  send  post  free  for  six  postage 
stamps.  Part  I.  (British  Ferns  and  their  varieties,  36  pages, 
including  prices  of  Hardy  Exotic  Ferns)  of  his  Priced  Descriptive 
CATALOGUE  of  BRITISH  and  EXOTIC  FERNS,  No.  7. 

Foot's  Cray  Nursers'.  Sidcup  Hill,  Kent. 


To  the  Trade. 

MISSING  CATALOG  UES.  — Having  been 
mformed  by  several  Friends  that  they  have  not  received  our 
CATALOGUE  for  this  season,  we  will  be  glad  to  send  to  any 
Customer  who  will  apply  to  us.  ,        ,        „ 

H U RST  AND  SON,  6,  Leadenhall  Street,  London,  E. 

UTTING  AND  SONS,  having  had  many  complaints 

that  their  WHOLESALE  SEED  LIST  has  NOT  BEEN 
RECEIVED,  although  duly  posted,  will  be  obliged  to  their  friends 
who  have  not  had  one  by  applying  at  once,  when  another  shall  be 
immediately  forwarded.  ,        ^  .^      , 

Seed  Warehouses,  60,  Barbican.  London,  EC— January6. 


Scarlet  Brompton  Stock. 

WANTED,  SEED  of  a  first-class  strain.— Price  per 
ounce  or  pound  to 
EDMONDSON  BROTHERS.  10.  Dame  Street,  Dublin. 


Nev  Seed  Catalogue  for  1872. 

MESSRS.  JOHN  AND  CHARLES  LEE 
will  be  happy  to  forward,  post  free  on  application,  their  N-ew 
Descriptive  Priced  CATALOGUE  of  GENUINE  SEEDS,  containing 
every  Novelty  for  1872,  to  any  of  their  Friends  and  Customers,  emd 
others  who  have  not  already  received  it.  , 

Royal  Vineyard  Nursery  and  Seed  Establishment,  Hammersmith.  \V 


Agricultural  Seeds. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  Seed  Merchants,  Sleaford.  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  iloJiE-GROWN 
AGRICULTURAL  SEEDS  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded, 
post  free,  upon  application. 


34 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  13,   1872. 


J.  C.  WHEELER  &  SON, 

SEED      GROWERS, 

GLOUCESTER    and    LONDON, 


WHEELERS'  KINGSHOLiVI  COS  LETTUCE 


32,   Maida    Vale,   Edgware  Road,  IV. 

THE    PINE-APPLE    NURSERY 

(one  of  the  Oldest  Nurseries  extant) 

IS    NOW    CONDUCTED    BY   A    COMPANY,    WHO    ARE 
PREPARED    TO 

WAEEANT    GENUINE 

EVERY   ARTICLE    SUPPLIED    TO   THEIR    CUSTOMERS. 
THEIR  STOCK  AND  RESOURCES  ARE  ALMOST 

INEXHAUSTIBLE; 

AND 

THEIR    MOTTO   IS   "LIBERALITY." 

Please  write  for  their  ROSE  and  FRUIT  TREE  CATALOGUE,  andako  for  their  SEED    CATALOGUE, 

just   published. 


Address,  JOHN  BESTER  (Manager), 
PINE-APPLE     NURSERY,      MAIDA      VALE,      LONDON,     W. 


WHEELERS'  KINGSHOLiVI  COS  LETTUCE 

'I'his  magnificent  Lettuce,  fuily  described  in  previous 
Advertisements,  is  now  offered  in  Packets,  post  free, 
at  Ts.  each.  A  List  of  the  Trade  of  whom  it  may  be 
obtained,  will  be  published  in  this  paper. 


WHEELERS'  LITTLE  BOOK  for  1872 

Is  now  ready,  price  6t/.,  post  free,  gratis  to  customers. 
"The  mass  of  buyers  who  have  no  fancies,  but  who 
dislike  being  perplexed,  and  are  satisfied  with  what  is 
excellent,  will  greatly  prefer  a  shor^  select  seed  list  to  an 
interminable  labyrinth  of  names,  which,  for  the  most  part 
represent  nonentities  or  rubbish.  Messrs.  Wheelers' 
'  Little  Book  '  will  do  something  to  satisfy  their  expecta- 
tions."— Dr.  LlNDLEY. 


WHEELERS'  TOM   THUMB  LETTUCE. 

This  is  undoubtedly  the  best  Cabbage  Lettuce  in 
cultivation,  and  a  remarkable  favourite.  It  is  good 
both  summer  and  winter.  In  our  Little  Book  for  1872 
are  extracts  from  13  letters,  speaking'  in  the  very  highest 
terms  of  its  excellence.  1 

Price  \s,  per  Packet,  post  free.     Small  Packets,  dd. 


Richard   Smith, 

NURSERYMAN  AND  SEED  MERCHANT, 


WORCESTEE. 


ROSES— Standard,  Dwarf  and  Climbing. 
FRUIT  TREES  of  every  description. 
CREEPERS,  for  Trellises  and  Walls. 
FOREST,  SCREEN,  and  TIMBER  TREES. 
SHRUBS  for  GAME  COVERTS. 
QUICK  and  other  STOCK  for  HEDGES. 


CONIFEROUS  TREES  and  SHRUBS. 

EVERGREEN 

FLOWERING 

ORNAMENTAL      ,, 

AVENUE 

GARDEN  and  FARM  SEEDS  of  all  kinds. 


DESCRIPTIVE  PRICED  CATALOGUES  to  be  had  on  application. 


PINUS   AUSTRIACA. 

Extra  fine,  transplanted,  very  handsome,  well-rooted 
plants,  3  to  4  feet.  One  of  the  largest  stocks  in  the 
Kingdoin.  Price  on  application. 


WHEELERS'  COCOA-NUT  CABBAGE. 


THE  LARGEST,  CHEAPEST  AND  BEST  STOCK  OF" ROSES 

IS  STILL  AT 

Vv^ILL^IAM     PAUL'S. 


PAUL'S  NURSERIES  and  SEED  WAREHOUSE,  WALTHAM   CROSS,  HERTS,  N. 


PRICED  DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUE  FREE  BY  POST. 

THE  ROSE  GARDEN,  Second  Edition,  6s.  6d.  j  ROSES  IN  POTS,  Third  Edition,  2s. 


GENUINE     SEEDS     ONLY. 

James  Veitch  &  Sons 


BEG  TO  ANNOUNCE  THAT  THEIR 


.TLXLLIOO 


Wheelers'  Cocoa-nut  is  a  new  and  very  early  variety, 
perfectly  distinct,  of  most  exceUent  flavour.  It  should  be 
planted  1 8  inches  apart :  will  yield  an  early  aijd  continuous 
supply.  This  Cabbage  is  a  decided  novelty  and  a  great 
acquisition. 

Owing  to  the  small  supply  of  seed  this  season,  we  much 
regret  that  we  cannot  supply  the  Trade  until  we  have 
harvested  our  next  crop. 

Price  IS.  per  Packet,  post  free.     Small  Packet,  6d. 


ILLTJSTEATED  PEICED  CATALOGUE 

OF  GARDEN  AND  FLOWER  SEEDS  FORolfc., 

With  List  of  Implements  and  other  Garden  Requisites, 
Is  7unv  Published,  and  will  be  forwarded  Posl  Free  on-  application. 

Among  Vegetable  Seeds,  J.  V.  k  Sons  specially  recomniend  the  following 

choice  kinds  !— 


J.  C.  WHEELER  and  SON, 

SEED  GROWERS,    GLOUCESTER  and  LONDON. 


BEET,  Dell's  Crimson,  fine  dark  coloured  foliage  . .  per  oz, 

„      Pine-apple,  sliort-top,  own  saving,  true        . .         .  -      ,, 
BORECOLE,  Vt-itch's  dwarf  late  curled,  fine  ..         per  pkt. 

BROCCOLI,  Cooling's  Matchless,  a  fine  variety    ..         ..      „. 

,,        Snow's  Superb  Winter  White,  true,  the  best  winter 
vanety  in  cultivation  per  pkt. 

„        Veitch'a    Fine   Spring  White,    very  early,   beautifully 

white  and  compact per  pkt. 

BRUSSELS  SPROUTS,  Scrymger's  Giant  ..        ..  per  oz. 

CABBAGE,  Atkins'  Matchless  (Veitch'a  Improved)         per  pkt. 
CAULIFLOWER,    Veitch's   Autumn   Giant,    the    finest    late 

Cauliflower  in  cultivation per  pkt, 

CELERY,  Veitch's  Silver  While,  very  crisp  , 

,,        Sandringham  Dwarf  White,  very  solid  and  dwarf     ,, 
CUCUMBER,  Blue  Gown  ..         ..         

,,        Cox's  Volunteer,  a  very  fine  variety  , 

„         Marquis  of  Lome  ,, 


CUCUMBER,  Telegraph,  Rolllsson's  . .   '  •^  . .        per  pkt. 

ENDIVE,  Eraser's  Broad-Iea\'ed  per  oi. 

LETTUCE,  Alexandra  White  Cos       per  pkt. 

„        Hicks'  Hardy  White  Cos,  excellent  either  for  spring 

:■  or  autumn  sowing      .■•        .-        ■■        ..  l^'^.''^ 

"MELON,    Bellamore    Hybnd,   new— a  delicious  grecn-fleshed 

variety per  pkt. 

„       Colston  Basset  Seedling— has  received  mauy  certificates 

for  flavour        .....        per  pkt. 

ONION,  Queen,    a    beautiful  wliito  varlely.    of  very    quick 

growth per  pkt. 

PARSLEY,  Veitch's  splendid  ourlpd    ...       ..      ...  P"  o^- 

PEA,  Emperor  of  the  Marrows  -..         .-         -     -  --     per  quart 

„        Laxton's  Supreme         (.,;,.'.        ...  i     ..        ••      i» 

Laxton!s  Alpha    ._.         ._•     ,.;;         ■■  ,     -^  _     *•      *(_ 


[    6 


TOMATO,  Hopper's  GoUah,  a  splendid  large  red  vanety,  per  pi 
TURNIP,  Veitch's  Red  Globe  


per  oi.    o    6 


ROYAL  EXOXIC  NURSERY,  CHELSEA,  LONDON,  S.W. 


January  13,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


35 


Fnilt  Trees. 

FINE     Dwarf-trained    PEACHES.     NECTARINES, 
APRICOTS    PEARS,  PLUMS,  and  CHERRIES;  also  some 
large  fruitinK  PEARS,  PLUMS,  and  CHERRIES. 
PlT-amids  of  all  kinds 
Standard  PEAKS  and  PLUMS 
RASPBERRY  CANES 
COMMON  LAURELS,  2  to  3  feet 
HORSE  CHESTNUT,  6  to  7  feet 
PRIVET,  upriRht  and  ovalifolium 
The  above  to  be  Sold,  cheap.— Price  on  application  to 
B.   MALLER,  The  Nurseries,  Lee,  and  Lewisham,  Kent,  S.E. 


Quicks  and  Forest  Trees. 

S  ROBINSON  has  a  large  quantity  of  Bedding  and 
•  Transplanting  QUICKS  lo  ofTor  :— 2  to  3-yr.  old,  >5J.  (xt.  to  -is. 
per  1000  ;  3  to  4  yr.  old,  7J,  61/.  to  121,  6.V.  per  1000;  4105-yr.  old, 
I2J,  61/.  to  20J.  per  1000. 

SPRUCE  FIR,  well  furnished,  fit  for  ornamental  planting,  201.   to 
aSr.  per  too. 

LARCH,  12%  to  4  feet  high,  verj-  fine,  35s.  per  1000. 

SCOTCH  FIR,  "2  to  =!?  feet,  bushy  plants,  in  fine  condition,  501. 
per  1000. 

PRIVETS,  2  to  3  feet,  i8.s.  to  21s.  per  looa 

A  few  hundred  fine  ELM  ami  BIRCH,  7  to  8  feet. 

HOLLIES,  7  togteet,  beautiful  specimen  plants.     Prices  on  appli- 
cation, 

Sliaw  House,  Melbourne,  near  Derby. 
N.  B.   Samples  of  the  above  upon  application,  to  be  charfjed  for. 


F 


IVE  HUNDRED  THOUSAND  LARCH, 

to  3,  and  3  to  4i^  feet. 


1    to    2, 


200,000  SCOTCH,  15  to  2.1  inches,  thrice  transplanted. 
200,000  SPRUCE,  2  to  7)4,  and  2'^  to  3  feftt,  thrice  transplanted. 
300,000  OAK,  English,  i!^to2;^,  3  104,  and  4  to  6  feet. 
100,000  HAZEL,  15  to  24  inches,  and  2  to  3''  feet. 
200,000  SYCAMORE.  2^A  to  3.  1  to  .\.  4  lo  6,  and  6  to  8  feet. 
200,000  THORNS,  ihrci;,  fouV,  and  hvc  years  transplanted. 
100,000  ELM,  Wych,  3  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  6  feet, 
20,000  ASH,  Mountain,  4  to  5,  5  to  6,  6  to  8  feet. 
50,000  ASH,  Common,  2  to  3,  and  3  to  5  feet. 
20,000  OAK.  Turkey,  2  to  3,  3  Co  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
50,000  ALDER,  2'2  to  3M,  and  3S  to  4l^  feet. 
50,000  BEECH,  2  to  3,  and  3  lo  4}-;  feet. 
30,000  BIRCH,  2'-.  to  q,  4S'  to  6,  6  to  8  feet 

30,000  AUSTRI.\N  PINE,  15  to  20  inches,  3  to  4,  and  4  tog  feet. 
30,000  LAUREL,  Common,  I'i  to  2,  2  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet 
10,000  YEW,  English,  i  to  ij^,  ij-j  to  2  feet 
\Vc   also   hold  a  large   general   Stock  of  all   other   FOREST  and 
ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  &c,  which  will  be  offered  at  very  mode- 
rate prices.     Fifty  tons  good  sound  SEED  POTATOS,  consisting  of 
Kidney,   Early  Ashleaf,   Myatt's,   and   Lemon  ;   Early  Handsworth, 
Golden    Dwarf,    and   Dalmalioy.      For    price    and    CATALOGUES 
apply  to 

H.  .\ND  R.  STIRZAKER,  Skerton  Nursery,  Lancaster. 


■JY^"    ILFORD  NURSERIES, 

•*-'-*-  near  Godalmin^. 

For  NEW  and  RARE  HARDY  PLANTS  and 
CONIFER^'E,  sec  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive 
CATALOGUE. 

For  HARDY  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  and  SHRUBS, 
EVERGREENS.  &c.,  see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For    RHODODENDRONS    and    other   AMERICAN 

PLANTS,    see    MAURICE    YOUNG'S    New    Descriptive 
CATALOGUE. 

For  STANDARD    and    HALF  STANDARD   ROSES, 

see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGU.E. 

For  NEW  JAPANESE   AUCUBAS,    see    MAURICE 

YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  JAPANESE   NOVELTIES,  see  MAURICE 

YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  Cheap  EVERGREENS  and  SHRUBS  for  COVER 

PLANTING      or       SHRUBBERIES,       see       MAURICE 
YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  PLANTS  suitable  for  WINTER    BEDDING,    see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  TRANSPLANTED    FOREST   TREES,    see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For    EXTRA   TRANSPLANTED    or    QUARTERED 

FOREST  TREES    for  Planting   Belts  or  Shrubberies,   sec 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriprive  CatalOKUC, 

Forwarded  on  application  enclosing  stamp. 

Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming. 


New  and  Genuine  Seeds  of  Superior  Stocks. 


1872. 


1872. 


SEEDSMEN  TO  THE  QUEEN. 

FRANCIS  &  ARTHUR  DICKSON  &  SONS, 
The  Old  Established  Seed  Warehouse,  io6,  Eastgate  Street,  and 
The  "  UrTON  "  Nurseries,  Chester,  beg  lo  intimate  that  their  Priced 
Desci-iptive  CATALOGUE  of  NEW  and  SELECT  VEGETABLE 
and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  &c.,  with  Cultural  Directions  for  1872,  is 
now  published.  Copies  will  be  sent  gratis  and  POST  free  on 
application. 

Vegetable  and    Flower    Seeds  of  the  value  of  £,t  and   upwards 
CARRIAGE  FREE  to  any  part  of  the  Kingdom. 


C^OYOOv 


A 


Dutcb  Flower  Roots. 

RCHd.    HENDERSON 

bees  to  announce  that  he  has 
receivecf  a  targe  Consignment  of 
DUTCH  and  other  BULBOUS 
ROOTS,  carefully  selected  from  the 
most  celebrated  k rowers. 

Descriptive  and  Priced  CATA- 
LOGUES are  now  ready,  containing 
practical  directions  for  their  successful 
cultivation  on  all  the  various  systems 
now  adopted. 

Also,  a  choice  and  select  LIST  of 
■\'  E  G  E  T  A  B  L  E  and  HARDY 
FLOWER  SEEDS  for  Autumn 
Sowing. 

LIST  of  general  NURSERY 
STOCK,  containing  a  superb  collec- 
tion. 

CATALOGUES  gratis  and  post  free  upon  application. 
Sion  Nursery,  Thornton   Heath,  Surrey;  and  at  the   East   Surrey 
Seed  Warehouse,  North  End,  Croydon. 


THOMAS   THORNTON,  Heatherside  Nurseries, 
Bagshot,  Surrey,  offers  to  the  Trade  ; — 
PINUS  INSIGNIS,  veryiinc  specimens,  well  transplanted,  4  tojleet 
LAURUSTINUS,  I2  to  iS  inches. 

CRYPTOMERIA  JAPONICA,  2  to  3  feet,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
COMMON  LAURELS,  18  inches  to  2  feet,  and  2  to  3  feet. 
RHODODENDRON   PONTICU.M,  12  to  18  inches,  and  very  bushy. 
IRISH  HEATHS  in  variety. 

STRIPED  HOLLIES,  best  Gold  and  Silver  varieties. 
SPECIMEN  THUJA  AUREA. 
SPECIMEN  THUJA  WARREANA. 
DWARF-TRAINED  MOOR  PARK  APRICOTS. 
STANDARD  CHERRIES,  very  fine. 

„        APPLES  and  PEARS,  fine. 

„        FLOWERING  ALMONDS,  extra  fine. 
LAKCH,  18  inches  to  2  feet,  good. 
BIRCH,  3  to  4  feet,  fine. 
QUICK,  2  feet,  strong. 

SCOTCH  FIR,  2-yr.  seedling.  fmi.xed  plantations. 

PINUS  RIGIDA,  strong,  2.  to  3  feet,  and  3  to  4  feet— a  fine  Fir  for 

Prices  on  application.    A  New  CATALOGUE  now  ready. 


Planters  of  Large  Trees  for  Blinds  and  Immediate 

EFFECT  may  be  glad  to  know  they  can  be  SUPPLIED  by 

WILLIAM     MAULE     AND     SONS,     from    their 
Nurseries,  Bristol,  in  large  quantities,  at  moderate  prices, 
EVERGREEN  TREES. 
HOLLIES,  Green,  on  stems,  to  to  12  feet 
PINUS  EXCELSA,  3  to  10  feet 
NORWAY  SPRUCE,  S  to  10  feet 
CEDRUS  DEODARA,  8  to  lofect 
CHINESE  ARBOR-VIT.E,  Stoiofect 
ABIES  DOUGLASII,  s  to  6  feet 
ARAUCARIA  IMBRfCATA,  4  to  s  feet 
MOUNT  ATLAS  CEDAR,  6  to  7  feet 
CEDAR  of  LEBANON,  7  to  8  feet 
CHINESE  JUNIPERS,  THUJOPSIS,  and  a  great 

variety  of  choice  EVERGREENS,  7  to  8  feet 
PINUS  AUSTRIACA,  4t0  5leet 
PORTUGAL  LAURELS.  4  to  5  feet 
CUPRESSUS  LAWSONIANA,  4t0  5feet 
ENGLISH  YEWS,  5  to  6  feet 
RHODODENDRONS,  bushy,  4  to  5  feet 

DECIDUOUS  TREES. 
POPLAR,  BLACK  ITALIAN,  10  to  12  feet 
BIRCH,  10  to  12  feet 
TURKEY  OAK,  10  to  12  feet 
ACACIA,  BEECH,  ELM,  MOUNTAIN  ASH, 

ONTARIO  POPLAR,  LABURNUMS, 

CHESTN  UTS-io  to  12  feet 

Prices  on  application. 


1872-VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS. 

James  Dickson  &  Sons 

WILL  BE   GLAD   TO   SEND   THEIR   DESCRIPTIVE   PRICED 

CATALOGUE   OF   GENUINE   GARDEN  SEEDS, 

ALSO  ILLUSTRATED  SHEET  OF  THE  MOST  APPROVED  GARDEN  TOOLS,  &c.,    £:? 
Post  Free  on  application. 

"  NEWTON  "   NURSERIES  ;     and    102,   EASTGATE    STREET,    CHESTER. 


E::ISs:Henderson  &  Son 


RESPECTFULLY   ANNOUNCE   THAT   THE 


ISSUE   OF   THEIR    NEW    SEED    CATALOGUE, 

Containing  the  FLOWER  SEEDS,  with  Descriptions  and  Illustrations,  will  be  distributed  this  week. 
Strangers  wishing  for  a  Copy  will  have  one  sent  on  receipt  of  Four  Stamps.  (The  VEGETABLE  LIST  will  be 
repeated  in  this  Edition.) 

Amongst  Novelties  of  their  own  introduction  are  the  following  i— 

CONVOLVULUS  M.^JUS  PICTURATA,  the  most 
beautiful  variety  in  its  group,  u. 

LOBELIA  SPECIOSA,  BRILLIANT,  the  most  effec- 
tive bedding  kind  for  profusion  of  bloom  and  rich 
colour,  IS. 


^■VIOLA   LUTEA   GRANDIFLORA    PERFECTA,  by 
'far  the  finest  bedding  variety  in  the  yellow-flowered 
section  of  Violets,  6d.  and  is. 

CAMPANULA  TURBINATA  HYBRIDA,  6d.  and  u. 


CAMPANULA  TURBINATA  ALBA,  i;. 

„  ,,  PALLIDA,  tJ. 

Beautiful  hybrids,  greatly  superior  to  the  species  ; 
effective  summer  flowering  forms  for  groups  and 
margin  lines. 

/ETHIONEMA  GRANDIFLORA,  the  finest  species  in 
its  genus,  as  a  dwarf  compact  perennial  herbaceous 
plant,  with  numerous  spikes  of  rosy-pink  flowers,  1.1. 


NZ    Aa3^'^^-^^^^'^°^  NURSERY,  ST.  JOHN'S  WOOD,  LONDON,  N.W, 


WM.  CUTBUSH    &    SON 
HIGHGATE    NURSERIES, 

LONDON,  N. 

THE    BEST    NEW    PEA 

OF  THE  SEASON, 

Cullingford's    Magnum     Bonum. 

Retail  price  ; — Quarts,  4,r.  ;  Pints,  21.  6d. 


THE  HANDSOMEST  EARLY  POTATO 

OF  THE  SEASON, 

Pottle's  Prince  Teck. 

The  stock  is  very  limited,  and  will  be  sent  out  strictly 
in  rotation,  as  orders  are  received. 

In  sealed  Peck  Bags  (141b.),  ys.  ed. 


Trade  Price  of  Magnum  Boniini  Pea,  and 
Prince  Teck  Potato,  on  application. 

^^  Names  of  Firms  procuring  supplies  will  be 
published  the  third  Saturday  in  January. 

For  particulars,  &c.,  see  Advertisement  in  Gardeners 
Chronicle  of  January  6,  p.  i6 ;  or  CATALOGUE, 
Post  Free, 


NEW    AND    GENUINE    SEEDS, 

CARRIAGE    FREE. 


B.  S.  WILLIAMS, 

NURSERYMAN  and  SEED  MERCHANT, 

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES, 

UPPER   HOLLOW  AY,   LONDON,   N. 


COMPLETE  COLLECTIONS  of  KITCHEN  GAR- 
DEN SEEDS,  to  suit  Gardens  of  various  sizes, 
loi.  6(/.,  21J. ,  42J.,  63J. ,  and  84J.  each. 

NEW  and  CHOICE  VEGETABLE  SEEDS. 

Per  jacket — J.  d. 

Williams'  Alexandra  BROCCOLI         i    S 

Williams'  Improved  Dwarf  BRUSSELS  SPROUTS        ..         ..  i    o 

Williams'  Early  Nonsuch  CABBAGE i    o 

Williams'  Matchless  Red  CELERY i    o 

Veitch's  Autumn  Giant  CAULIFLOWER a    S 

Marquis  of  Lome  CUCUMBER            3    6 

Telegraph  CUCUMBER  (WooUey's  Improved) i    6 

Turner's  Blue  Gown  CUCUMBER «    ^ 

Williams'  Gloria  Mundi  ENDIVE        ^    6 

Burnell's  Alexandra  White  Cos  LETTUCE i    6 

Williams'  Victoria  Cos  LETTUCE i    o 

Webb's    Climax    MELON,  the    finest  flavoured  green-fleshed 

variety  out            ..         ..         ..         ..         -t         id 

Williams'  Paradise  Gem  MELON,  scarlet -fleshed,  the  earliest  in 

cultivation             l     O 

Queen  ONION,thecarlicst  and  best  keepLiig  variety  ever  offered  i    6 
Williams'   Emperor  of  the   Marrows   PEA,   a  white    wrinkled 
variety,   very   proliSc,  and  of  exquisite   flavour,  the  finest 
wrinkled  marrow   Pea  in  culli\'ation  ;  this  has  been  adver- 
tised as  a  blue  wrinkled  marrow  by  mistake      ..      per  quart  5    o 
Earley's  Defiance  TOMATO,  die  earliest  in  cultivation,  per  pkl.  r    6 


NEW  and  CHOICE  FLOWER  SEEDS. 

Per  packet — s.  d. 
Williams'  superb  strain  of  PRIMULA,  Red,  White,  or  Mixed 

IS.  W.,  2S.  6*/.,  3S.  W.,  and  5    o 

Williams'  superb  strain  of  BALSAM u.  M.  and  2    6 

Neill's  extra  choice  strain  of  CALCEOLARIA 

\s.  6d.,  2s.  6d.,  3s.  6d.,  and  S  o 
Wcatherill's  extra  choice  strain  of  CINERARIA 

ij.  6d. ,  21.  6d.,  3s.  6rf. ,  and  5    o 

Wiggin's  prize  strain  of  CYCLAMEN..            is.  6d,,2S.  (>d.,  and  3    f> 

Wigg^in's  prize  strain  of  POLYANTHUS       ..         ..          u.  and  i    6 

GLOXINIA,  finest  erect  varieties        '    ° 

GLOXINIA,  finest  drooping  varieties..         ,           10 

AGERATUM,  Imperial  Dwarf  ..         ..                    »    o 

AMARANTHUS  SALICIFOLIUS u.  6rf.  and  26 

CENTAUREA  CLEMENTEI 16 

COLLINSIA  VIOLACEA         .,        -.::,.';         '    <> 

DELPHINIUM  NUDICAULE          ■..         .'.- 26 

East  Lothian  STOCKS,  per  collection  of  three  colours     . .         ..26 

VIOLA  CORNUTA,  Enchantress zs.  6<i.  and  3    o 

VIOLA  CORN  UTA,  var.  Perfection is.  W.  and  2    0 

ZINNIA  HAAGEANA.florepleno ■  *    *> 

B.  S.  W.'s  Illustrated  CATALOGUE  is  novir  ready,  post  free  on 
application. 

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES, 
Upper  HoUoway,  London,  N. 


36 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Aj^ricultural    Gazette. 


[January  13,   1872. 


Elvaston  Nurserleg. 

WILLIAM  BARRON  AND  SON'S  Priced 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  CONIFER.^  and  other 
ORNAMENTAL  PLANTS,  ROSES,  RHODODENDRONS, 
FRUIT  TREES,  &c.,  is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had,  post  free,  on 
application. 

A  visit  to   the   Nurseries  from  intending  purchasers  is  respeclliilJy 
solicited.        Elvaston  Nurseries,  Eorrowash,  near  Derby- 


New  Seeds—"  Only  the  Best." 

MR.      WILLIAM      BULLS      CATALOGUE 
is  now  ready. 
SEEDS  of  NEW  VEGETABLES, 
SEEDS  of  NEW  FLOWERS. 
"Only  the  best."      Vide  descriptions  in  Mr.  WILLIAM  BULL'S 
CATALOGUE.     "  Every  article  priced."  „.     ,     „       ,    ^,_   , 

Establishment  for  New  and  Rare  Plants,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
London,  S.W. 


Primula  Japonica  (New  Crimson  Primrose). 

MR.  WILLIAM  BULL  begs  to  announce  that  he  is 
now  sending  out  SEED  of  this  new  hardy  PRIMROSE  and  its 
varieties.  P.  japonica  has  been  figured  in  the  Florist  and  Pomologht, 
Floral  Maeasiiu,  and  Botanical  Magazine,  and  the  opinion  of  every- 
one who  Has  seen  it  in  blossom  may  be  expressed  m  the  one  word. 
"  lovely  1 "  When  exhibited  before  the  Floral  Commitle  of  the  Royal 
Horticultural  Society,  it  was  voted  a  First-class  Certificate  by 
acclamation. 

The  seed  now  offered  was  saved  in  Japan,  and  has  just  been  received 
from  that  country  through  Mr.  Carl  kramer ;  so  that  it  is  offered  with- 
out any  guarantee  as  to  growth,  and  Mr.  W.  B.  thinks  it  only  right  to 
state  that  it  is  doubtful  if  it  will  grow  :  still,  plants  have  been  raised 
from  seed  received  from  Japan  of  this  Primula,  and  may  be  again,  but 
imported  seed  has  also  often  failed  to  grow.  In  forwarding  the  seed, 
Mr.  Kramer  remarks  that  care  should  be  taken  not  to  destroy  the 
seed-pans  in  which  the  seeds  arc  sown,  because  thcvtakea  long  time  to 
germinate  ;  and  Mr.  W.  K.'s  e.\pericnce  is  that  ihey  lay  six  or  eight 
months  before  starting;  but  Mr.  K.  observes  that  they  sometimes 
take  two  years. 

The  Florist  says  of  it  :— "  Hail  !  Queen  of  the  Primroses  I  for  so  its 
introducer  designates  the  lovely  flower  we  now  figure,  which  is  hardy 
as  a  peasant,  resplendent  as  a  princess.  It  is  just  ten  years  since  Mr. 
Fortune  met  with  it  in  Japan;  some  plants  were  secured,  but  the 
journey  home  was  too  much  for  them,  and  despite  every  care  none 
reached  England  alive.  Ever  since  that  time  endeavours  have  been 
made  to  introduce  this  lovely  plant.  At  last,  perseverance  has  been 
rewarded,  and  plants  have  been  raised  in  the  establishment  of  Mr,  W. 
Bull,  of  Chelsea.  Our  gardens  have  thus  secured  a  perfectly  new, 
thoroughly  hardy,  and  exquisitely  lovely  Primrose,  one  which  is  really 
valuable.  Of  the  hardiness  of  the  Primula  iaponica  there  can  be  no 
doubt,  for  plants  have  stood  all  the  winter,  fully  exposed,  in  the  trying 
atmosphere  of  London." 

The  Floral  Magazine  remarks :—"  Since  the  day  when  Lilium 
auratum  was  displayed  to  the  horticultural  public,  we  cannot  recollect 
so  great  a  sensation  to  have  been  occasioned  by  any  plant  as  by  that 
which  we  now  figure,  when  Mr.  William  Bull  exhibited  it,  and  he 
may  well  congratulate  himself  on  being  the  first  to  introduce  it  into 
Europe.  A  Primula  a  foot  anda-half  high,  bearing  four  or  five  separate 
whorls  of  flowers,  each  flower  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  of  a  splendid 
magenta  colour,  and  the  plant  perfectly  hardy— can  anything  be  added 
to  this  to  indicate  its  value  ?  " 

One  great  merit  of  the  New  Japanese  Primrose  is  that  it  yields 
varieties  no  less  beautiful  than  itself,  and,  in  addition  to  the  species. 
Seeds  of  the  following  are  offered  : —  Per  pkt. — s.   d. 

PRIMULA   JAPONICA.— Bright   rosy    crimson    or    magenta 

colour,  with  maroon-crimson  centre,  exceedingly  handsome     2    6 
PRIMULA  JAPONICA  ALBA,— This  has*white  flowers,  with 

a  golden-yellow  zone  round  the  eye  , .         . .         , .         .,26 

PRIMULA  JAPONICA   CARMINATA— Flowers  of  a  pure 

carmine-red,  with  a  maroon-crimson  ring  round  the  eye       , .     26 
PRIMULA  JAFONICA   LILACINA.— Eye   surrounded  by  a 

zone   of  orange-red,   shading  outwards  to  a  beautiful  rosy 

lilac,  the  outer  portion  of  the  corolla  lobes  being  white         . .     26 
PRIMULA  JAPONICA  ROSEA.— Very  distinct,  with  flowers 

of  a  lilac-rose,  and  having  a  crimson  ring  round  the  eye       . .     26 
PRIMULA    JAPONICA   SPLENDID.\.— Flowers    of  a  deep 

bright  magenta,  the  zone  of  a  rich  bright  crimson        . .         ..26 
The  above  varieties  mixed,  2s.  dd. 
Plants  (if  the  beautiful  Primula  japonica,  los.  6d.  each. 


Genuine  German  Flower  Seed,  offered  to  the  Trade  by 

MESSRS.    HOCK    AND    CO.,    Seed   Merchants, 
Castel,  opposite  Mainz,  Germany. 
The  seed  being  principally  saved  by  themselves,  they  can  safely 
guarantee  the  genuineness  of  the  varieties. 

Separate,  per  collection. 
ASTERS,  100  splendid  varieties,  all  named,  comprising  the 
best  known  (see  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  December  30,  1871, 

page  1674)       ;£'    o    o 

ANTIRRHINUM,  Tom  Thumb,  6  new  extra  fine  varieties    020 

COCKSCOMB,  12  superb  best  varieties 020 

DIANTHUS,  20  splendid  varieties ogo 

gVERLASTING  FLOWERS,  25  finest  varieties       ....050 
ERMAN    BALSAMS,   so  beautiful   varieties,   comprising 

the  newest      ..         o  10    o 

IPOMCEA  PURPUREA,  12  superb  varieties o    i    g 

LARKSPUR,  36  fine  vars,,  seed  saved  from  selected  plants  .060 
MARIGOLD,  15  finest  selected  varieties. .  ,.  ,,  ..  o  z  o 
PERENNIAL  PHLOX,  saved  from  our  exhibition  Phlox, 

mixed,-in  many  varieties,  large  packet,  2S,  td. ;  small  pkt  016 
PHLOX  DRUMMONDI,  20  extra  fine  varieties  ..  ..050 
POPPY,  Double,  12  showy  varieties  026 

.,       Single,  8  best  sorts 026 

PANSY,  bedding,  in   three  pure  colours,  viz.,  black,  yellow, 

and  light  blue  ..         ..         ,.         ..030 

PANSY,    Odier,    newest    fine   spotted,    exhibition    variety, 

large  packet,  51.  ;  small  packet,    030 

COMPACTA  MULTIFLORA        per  packet    o    a    o 

RESEDA,  newest  Pyramidal  Bouquet      ..         .,  ,,  020 

,,  GIGANTEA  PYRAMIDALIS        ..  ,.  010 

TEN-WEEK  or  GERMAN  STOCKS,  50  splendid  varieties, 

comprising  the  best  known  and  newest,  all  named  . .     o  rg    a 


HLANE  AND  SON  beg  leave  to  call  the  attention 
•  of  Planters  to  the  following  SPECIAL  LIST— having  large 
quantities  to  ofl'er  of  fine,  well-grown  specimens,  regularly  trans- 
planted, and  such  as  cannot  fail  to  give  satisfaction.'  A  personal 
inspection  is  solicited. 
ARAUCARIA   IMBRICATA,  6  to  14  ieet,  very  handsome,  and  safe 

for  removal,  21s.  to  105J.  each. 
CEDRUS   ATLANTICA,  3tos  feet,  is.  td.  to  31.  6d.  each. 

„  DEODARA,  7  to  12  teet,  las.  6d.  to  42s.  each. 

CUPRESSUS    LAWSONIANA,6to9  feet,  u.  W.  to  5s.  each;  extra 

fine  specimens,  71.  6d  to  loj.  6d.  each, 
JUNIPERUS   CHINENSIS,  3  to  7  feet,  u.  W.  to  7s.  6^.  each. 

„  HIBERNICA,  fine,  3  to  6  feet,  u.  M.  to  3s,  bd.  each. 

ABIES   DOUGLASII,  9  to  12  feet,  specimens,  los.  6d.  10211.  each. 
„        MENZIESII,6to  12  feet,  21,  6d.  to  71.  6d.  each. 
,,        MORINDA,  4  to  12  feet,  21-  6d.  to  7s.  6d.  each. 
PICEA    FRASERn,3  to6feet,  is.  toss.  each. 
„  GRANDIS,  7  to  12  feet,  los.  6d.  to  21s.  each.  "i        Fine 

„  NOBILIS,  2  to  7  feet,  2S.  bd.  toby.  each.  >  handsome 

„  NORDMANNIANA,  2  to  iofeei,3J.6rf.  to 631.  each.J  specimens. 
PINUS,  in  variety. 
RETINOSPORAS,  in  variety. 

THUJA  GIGANTEA,  very  fine,  3  to  6  feet,  3s.  (yd.  to  loj.  (>d.  each. 
„        LOBBII,  fine,  4  to  8  feet,  11.  6d.  to  7*.  6d.  each. 
,,        Siberian,  good,  4  to  6  feet,  2s.  6d.  to  w.  each. 
THUJOPSIS  BOREALIS,  3  to  10  feet,  is.  6d.  to  101,  6d.  each. 

,,  DOLABRATA,  fine,  5^.  to  21s.  each. 

WELLINGTONIA   GIGANTEA,   extra  fine  specimens,  constantly 

transplanted,  4  to  7  feet,  gi.  to  31J,  6d.  each. 
YEW,  common  specimens,  2  to  j  feet,  is.  6rf.  to  5*.  each. 

,,    gold  and  silver  striped,  in  large  quantities,  is.  6d.  to  7s.  6d.cach. 
DECIDUOUS  and  EVERGREEN  TREES  and  SHRUBS  in  great 

variety. 
RHODODENDRONS,  finest  named  varieties,  from  30;.  to  looJ.  per 

dozen. 
ROSES,  Standards,  best  varieties,  151.  to  18s.  per  dozen. 
,,       Dwarfs,  best  varieties,  9s.  to  12s.  per  dozen. 
,,      in  pots,  for  forcing  or  exhibition,  n-om  181.  to  qos.  per  dozen 
Orders  over  ^c  delivered  free  by  carl  within  30  miles  (thus  saving 
expense   of  packing  and   carnage) ;  carriage   paid   to   London   upon 
orders  over  ^i. 

Descriptive  CATALOGUE  free. 
The  Nurseries,  Great  Bcrkhampstcad,  Herts 


FOREST    TREES.— The    Administration    of    the 
Nurseries  at  Ringelheim  (Hanover,  Germany),  offer  as  follows 
very  fine,  strong,  and  well-rooted  Plants- millions  grown  :— 
PINUS  SYLVESTRIS,  i-yr.,  per  1000,  2s.;  2-yr.,  per  1000,  3s. 
AUSTRIACA,  i-yr.,per  1000,  2s.  ;  2-yr.,  per  1000,  3s. 
PICEA  EXCELSA,  i-yr.,  per  1000,  3S  ;  2-yr..  per  1000,  y. 
LARCH,  Larix   europa:a,   i-yr.,  per  1000,  2s.  ;    2-yr.,    per  1000,    3s. 


s 


PirTtfS  STROBUS  (White  Pine)     PINUS  RIGIDA 

ABIES  PECTINATA 
„        PINSAPO 

NORDMANNIANA 
THUJA,  CUPRESSUS,  &c 
WELLINGTONIA 
The  above,  in  strong  seedlings,  i  to  4-yr.,  per  100  and  1000. 
Prices  on  application. 
250,000  MAPLE,  Acer  pIatanoides,Negundo,&c.,  i-yr.,per  1000,4s. ; 
2-yr.,  per  1000,  ' 
KS, 


i  STROBUS  (White  Pine) 
MONTANA 
MUGHUS  PUMILIS 
CEMERA 
MARITIMA 
LA  R I  CIO 


280,000  OAKS 


American,  rubra,  palustris,    &c,    i-yr., 
prices  various 
300,000  BEECH,  Fagus  sylvatica,  extra,  2  yr.,  per  1000,  51. 
'800,000  ALDER,  Alnus  incana,  i-yr. ,  per  1000,  5s. ;  2-yr, ,  per  1000, 8s.  ; 
3  to  5-vr.  transplanted 
1,500,000  WHITETHORN,  Crataegus,  i  to  3-yr.,  per  1000,  4s  to  i2j. 
1,400,000  ROB  IN  I A  PSEUD-ACACIA,  i  to  3-yr.,  per  1000,  41.  to  I2J. 
Orders  promptly  executed  via  Hamburg  or  Bremen. 
Samples  and  Catalogues  sent  upon  application. 
The  Horticultural  Establishment  al  Ringelheim,  Hanover,  Germany. 


Potatos  for  Planting. 

C"1HRISTMAS  QUINCEY,  Seedsman,  Peterborough, 
J  having  just  imported  a  larec  quantity  of  the  leading  sorts  from 
America,  begs  to  offer  them,  witTi  others,  at  the  following  low  prices  : 


Per  lb 

Per  peck 
of  14  lb. 

Per  bush, 
of  56  lb. 

Per  cwt. 

Per  sack. 

Bresee's  King  of 
the  Earlies 

4d. 

4S. 

14s. 

H'- 

48s. 

„  ProliSc       .. 

4i. 

4S. 

14s. 

26s. 

SOS. 

„  Pceriess    .. 

4d. 

3S.  6d. 

13s. 

2SS. 

4fc. 

,,  Climax 

Vi. 

31.  (d. 

131. 

-5'. 

48J. 

Eariy  Goodrich  . 

^i■ 

y. 

lis. 

401. 

Late  Rose 

od. 

Early  Rose      .. 

3d. 

zs. 

Ss. 

131. 

28s. 

Ncw4lb   Sack 

s,  IS.  yd. 

each.     Remittances  to  accompany 

all  orders. 

CATALOGUES 

free. 

Large   quantities    and 

wholesale 

prices   on 

application. 

Market  Place,  Peterborough 

MR.     LAXTON'S     NEW     PEAS    for     1872.— The 
following  latest  and  remarkable   NOVELTIES  in  GARDEN 
PEAS  will  be  iound  to  be  great  advances  in  their  respective  classes  : — 

WILLIAM  THE  FIRST— The  finest  Pea  yet  sent  out 

for  earlincss,  flavour,  and  appearance  combined.     Height  3  feet. 

GRIFFIN. — A  remarkable  fine  flavoured  variety,  having 

bright  green  seeds  when  ripe,     Height  2  feet  6  inches. 

POPULAR. — A   Blue  Wrinkled   Marrow,  earlier  than, 

and  an  improvement  on,  Champion  of  England.     Height  4  feet. 

SUPERLATIVE.— The  largest  and  finest  podded  variety 

yet  raised.     Indispensable  for  exhibition.     Pods  7  inches  in  length. 
Height  7  feet. 

OMEGA,   a  dwarfish  Ne  Plus  Ultra;  a  first-class  late 

Pea.     Height  2  feet  6  inches. 

For  further  particulars,  see  larger  Advertisements,  and  "  Hogg's 
Gardeners'  Year  Books"  for  1871  and  1872. 

In  order  to  show  the  true  characters  of  these  Peas,  early  sowing  is 
recommended. 

Fifteen  Pounds  will  be  offered  in  Five  Prizes  for  Fifty  Pods  of 
Superlative,  at  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society's  forthcoming 
Exhibition  at  Birmingham. 

To  be  had  only  in  sealed  Collections  of  trial  packets,  price  £1  is,,  of 
the  principal  Seedsmen  in  the  United  Kingdom  ;  and  wholesale  of 
Messrs.  HURST  and  SON,  6,  Leadcnhall  Street,  London,  E.G. 


TEVENSON'S     ABYSSINIAN      MIXTURE, 

For  the  Destruction  of  all  Insects  Infesting  Plants. 
TRADE     MARK.  Surpasses  all  other  remedies  for— 

iKiiling    easily   Mealy 

1.  Effectivr- I      Bug,      Brown     and 
NESS.  1      WhiteScale.Thrips. 

I     Stc. 

fTo   be   used   with    a 

2.  Ease        ofJ      Syringe,     or  in    any 
Application"!     other        convenient 

t     way. 

3.  Cleanli-       (Leaving  the  foliage  as 
NESS.  I     'o'li^lJd"   ^^'^  °^'=" 

Sold  by  all  Nurserymen  and  Seeds- 
men    in     the     United     Kingdom,     in 
bottles,   IS.  6rf.,  3s.,  4s.  6if.,  and  55.  6d. 
Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall,     each,  with  full  directions  for  use. 
Sole  Manufacturer,  F.  STEVENSON,  Lark  Hill,  Timperiey,  Cheshire 


A 


LEX.  W      I      L      K      I 

"CONDENSED"  COMPOSITION 


Is  allowed  to  be  the  CHEAPEST  and  only  EFFECTUAL  MEALY 
BUG,  SCALE,  and  THRIP  DESTROYER. 

Sold  in  bottles,  containing  J^  pint,  2S. ;  i  pint,  3s.  6d, ;  i  quart,  6j. 

Can  be  obtained  from  any  of  the  undermentioned  Nurserj-men  and 
Seedsmen,  who  will  also  be  pleased  to  furnish  a  printed  Copy  of 
Testimonials  on  application  : — 


Messrs.  Backhouse  &  Son,  York 
,,  Barr  &  Sugden,  King  Street, 

Covent  Garden,  W.C. 
„  Cutbush  &  Son,  Highgate,  N. 
„  F.    &   A.    Dickson    &     Sons, 

Chester 
,,   T.is,  Dickson  &  Sons,  Chester 
„  Dickson  &  Turnbull,  Perth 
,,  Downie,      Laird     &      Laing, 

Edinburgh 
,,  Downie,      Laird     &     Laing, 

Forest  Hill,  S.E. 
,,  Drummond  &  Sons,  Stirling 
,,  Drummond  &  Sons,  Dawson 

Street,  Dublin 
„  Garaway  &  Co.,  Bristol. 
,,  Harrison  &  Sons,  Leicester 
,,  E.  G.  Henderson  &  Son,  Wel- 
lington Nursery,   St.  John's 

Wood,  N.W. 
n  Hogg  &  Robertson,  22,  Mary 

Street,  Dublin 
,,  Hurst  &   Son,  6,  Leadenhall 

Street,  London,  E.C. 
,,  Kennedy  &  Co.,  Dumfries 
Laird  &  Sinclair,  Dundee 
&  C.  Lee,  Hammersmith 
ttle  &  ballantyne,  Carlisle 


:h! 


Messrs.  Lowe  &  Co.,  Wolver- 
hampton 
„  Osborn  &  Sons,  Fulham,  S.W. 
„  Dick  RadclyfTe  &  Co.,  129, 
HighHol  born, London,  W.C. 
„  Rollisson  &  Sons,  Tooting 
„  Smith  &  Son,  Market  Street, 

Aberdeen 
,,  Stuart  &  Mein,  Kelso 
,,  Sutton  &  Sons,  Reading 
„  Veiich  &  Sons,  Chelsea 
,,  Wood  &  Ingram,  Huntingdon 
Mr.  Benj.  Bracher,  Halifax 
„     E.  Cooling,  Derby 
„     G.  Cooper,  Derby 
„     William  Cutbush,  Earnet 
,,    C.    H.    Dickson,   23,   Market 

Place,  Manchester 
„    John      Fraser,     Lea     Bridge 

Road,  London 
,,    John  Harrison,  Darlington 
„    F.  Kinghorn,  Richmond, S.W. 
„     T.  J.  Perry,  Banbury 
,,    T.     B.    Thomson,    20,    High 

Street,  Birmingham. 
„     B.  S.  Williams,   Upper  Hollo- 
way,  N.  [Wilis 
,,     George  Wheeler, Warminster, 


FOR    SEAKALE     POTS,     RHUBARB     POTS, 
GARDEN  POTS  (large  stock  and  good  quality),  apply  to 
JOHN_M.A.TTHEWS,_Royal    Pottery.    Weston-super-Mare. 


The  Cheapest  and  Best  Insecticide. 

OOLEVS       TOBACCO       POWDER. 

Of  all  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 


TOBACCO  TISSUE,  for  FUMIGATING  GREEN- 
HOUSES.—Will  destroy  Thrip,  Red  Spider,  Green  and  Black 
My,  and  Mealy  Bug,  and  burns  without  the  assistance  of  blowing, 
and  is  entirely  free  from  paper  or  rags.  Price  31.  6d.  per  lb.,  carriage 
free.     A  reduction  in  price  for  large  quantities. 

To  be  had  of  Messrs.  ROBERTS  and  SONS,  Tobacco  Manufac- 
turers, 112,  St-  John  Street,  Clerkenwell,  E.C,  of  whom  Copies  of 
Testimonials  may  be  obtained  ;  and  of  all  Seedsmen  and  Nurserymen. 

~  T6~Niirserynien  and  Seedsmen. 

The  OLDEST  ESTABLISHED  WAREHOUSE    in  LONDON   for 
GENUINE  ROLLED  TOBACCO-PAPER,  CLOTH,  or  CORD,  is 

H       PERK  INS,     16,    Cambridge    Circus,     Hackney 
•    Road,  N.E.,  who  has  a  large  STOCK  of  the  best  quality  on 
hand  for  the  ensuing  season. 
Orders  by  Post  promptly  attended  to. 


Red 
Spider. 


Magni- 
fied. 


/^    I    S    H    U    R   S   T 
^-^       COMPOUND. 

Used  by  many  of  the  leading 
Gardeners  since  1859,  against 
Red  Spider,  Mildew,  Thrips, 
Green  Fly,  and  other  Blight,  in 
solutions  of  from  i  to  2  ounces 
to  the  gallon  of  soft  water,  and 
ot  from  4  to  16  ounces  as  a 
Winter  Dressing  for  Vines  and 
Fruit  Trees.  Has  outlived  many 
preparations  intended  to  super- 
sede it. 

Sold  Retail  by  Seedsmen,  in 
boxes,  IS.,  3s.,  and  loi.  6d, 

Wholesale  by 

PRICE'S   PATENT 

CANDLE      COMPANY 

(Limited), 

Battersea,  London,  S.W. 


rj-iANNED    GARDEN    NETTING,    One    Penny  per 

-L  square  yard,  for  Protecting  Seed  Beds,  Peas,  Fruit,  Straw- 
berries, &c.,  from  Birds,  Frost,  Blight,  &c.,  and  as  a  Fence  for 
Fowls — in  1,2,  3,  and  4  yard  widths.  HEXAGON,  TIFFANY 
and  other  NETTING;  GALVANISED  WIRE  NETTING  PEA 
HURDLES.  SEED  PROTECTORS,  &c. 
C.  WRIGHT  AND  CO.  (late  376,  Strand,  London),  Newark-on-Trent. 


For  Sowing  Peas. 

BY  ROYAL  LETTERS  PATENT. 

rpHE    SIDNEY    GARDEN 

-*-  SEED  SOWERS. 

2j.  6d.   and  5?.  each. 

For  all  sorts  and  si;£es  ol  Vegetable 
and  Flower  Seeds. 

By  an  Inside  fitting,  Peas  will  not 
block  in  the  large  Sower. 

Wholesale  Agents  for  the  Patentee, 

Messrs.  POLLARD,  JEPHSON 
AND  CO.,  Bear  Garden,  Southwark. 

Sold  by  all  Seedsmen  and  Iron- 
mongers. The  Trade  supplied  by  all 
Wholesale  Dealers. 


Indestructible  Terra-Cotta  Plant  Markers. 

MAW  AND  CO.'S  PATENT.-Prices,  Printed 
Patterns,  and  Specimens  sent  post  free  on  application  •  also 
Patterns  of  Ornamental  Tile  Pavements  for  Conservatories,  Entrance 
Halls.  &c.         MAW  and  CO.,  Benthall  Works,  Broseley.      ^'"'^"•''' 


R 


UUSSIA    MATS,    for   Covering  GarcJen  Frames.— 
ANDERSON'S    TAGANROG    MATS   arc  the   cheapest   and 
most  durable.     Price  List,  which  gives  the  size  of  every  class  of  Mat, 
forwarded  post  free  on  application. 
JAS.  T.  ANDERSON,  7,  Commercial  Street,  Shoreditch,  London. 
USSIA    MATS.— A  large  stock   of  Archangel  and 
t    Petersburg,    for  Covering   and  Packing.      Second  sized  Arch- 
;el,  lOoj. :    Petersburg,  6or.  and  8oj.  :    superior  close  Mat,  45J.,  cor., 
and  ^y.  ;  packing  Mats,  20s.,  30J.,  and  355.  per  too;  and  every  other 
description  of  Mats  at  equally  low  prices,  at 

J.  BLACKHURN  AND  SONS,  Russia  Mat  and  Sack  Warehouse. 
4  and  5,  Wormwood  Street,  E.C. 

Horticultural  aiid^indow  GlasFWaiehouses^ 

JAMES    MILES,    6,    High  Street,   and  12  and 
I^,  Blosson  Street,  Shoreditch.  London,  E. 
CONSERVATORY  and  ORCHARD-HOUSE  GLASS. 
Genuine    White  Lead,    Oils,    Colours,  Brushes,   ij'c. 
GARDEN  ENGINES.  PUMPS,  SYRINGES,  INDIA-RUBBER 
HOSE,  TAPS,  CONNECTIONS,  Stc. 

Prices  upon  application. 


Gray's  Oval  Tubular  Boiler. 

INTERNATIONAL   EXHIBITION,  Class  IX.,  No.  2119. 


Mr.  GRAY   begs   to   call   the   attention   of  the   Nobility,    Gentry, 

NEW    OVAL    TUBULAR 


Nurserymen,    Gardeners, 

BOILER. 


&c.,    to   his 


Acknowledged  by  practical  judges  to  be  a  great  improvement  on  every  form  of  Tubular  Boiler  yet  introduced. 
It  has  proved  itself  superior  to  all  other  Boilers  for  quickness  of  action  and  economy  of  Fuel,  doing  its  work  with 
one-third  less  the  amount  required  by  any  other. 


Extract  from  Report  in  Gardeners*  Chronicle  of  International  Exhibition,  May  24.  1862,  page  ^76. 

"  The  upright  form  of  Boiler  is  usually  made  on  a  circular  plan, 
but  the  oval  form  Riven  to  Mr.  Ghav's  variety  of  it  is  said  to  be 
preferable  in  consequence  of  its  bringing  the  tubes  in  closer  contact 
with  the   fire.      The  usual  form  of  a  furnace  being  a  parallelogram 


rather  than  a  square,   it   seems  feasible  that  the   Boilers  on  the  oval 

Elan   should   brmg   the   tubes   more   completely   within  range  of  the 
urning  fuel ;   and  this   being  so,  the  change,  though  a  slight  one, 
is  no  doubt  an  improvement." 


I^*    They  are  made  of  all  sizes,  which,  with  prices,  may  be  had  on  application^ 

JAI\IES  GRAY,  HORTICULTURAL  WORKS, 
DANVERS   STREET,    PAULTON'S    SQUARE,    KING'S    ROAD,    CHELSEA,   S.W. 


Januai-y  13,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


37 


AUSTII  &  SEELEY'S    SHOW-YAED, 

EUSTON     EOAD. 


AUSTIN  &  SEELEY'S  STOCK  NOW  COMPRISES 


200  designs  of  FOUNTAINS,  from  j^io  to  ji^-^oo. 
24  SUN-DIAL  PILLARS,  from  ^2  to  £g. 
20  BASKETS,  from  i~^s.  to  ^35. 
14  SHELLS,  from  I2j.  to  ^15. 
52  STATUES.  44  SMALL  FIGURES. 

70  FIGURES  of  ANIMALS  and  BIRDS. 


300  kinds  of  FLOWER  VASES,  at  from  io.r.  to  /so. 

PEDESTALS  of  all  sizes. 
j8  flower  BOXES  for  Windows. 

BALUSTRADING. 
34  BAPTISMAL  FONTS. 
26  CRESTS  and  FINIALS  for  Gate  Piers. 


22  PORTE-FLEURS  and  TAZZAS,  of  large  diameters,  for  Lawns. 


AUSTIN'S  STONE,   invented  in   1826,   is  Waterproof,   and  no  Sand  is  used  in  it. 

There  is  no  necessity  to  remove  the  earth  from    Vases  during  winter. 

All  the   Kerbed  Flower  Beds  in  the  Royal   Horticultural  Gardens  and  the  Regent's  Park  made  by  A.  &  S. 


Tlie  Patent  Imperlsliable  Hothouse. 

AYRES'S  PATENT. 

GLASS,  IRON,  and  CONCRETE. 
Bcrore  buildini;   a   Plant   or    Fruit   House  of  any   kind,   send   six 
stamps,  and  obtain  the  Illustrated  Prospectus  of  the 

IMPERISHABLE  HOTHOUSE  COMPANY, 

Newark-on-Trent,  Notts. 

MANAGER— W.  P.  AYRES,  C.M.R.H.S., 

Imperishable  Hothouse  Company,  Newark-on-Trent. 

Flans,  Specifications  and  Estimates  supphcd  upon  the  shortest  notice 


GREENllOLSl'LS    from    the    FINSBURY    STEAM 
JOINERY     WORKS,    121,    Bunhill  Row,   London,    E.G. 
W.  H.  LASCELLES,  Proprietor.     Lists  sent  on  application. 

Prices  for  Houses,  asabove,  made  of  best  red  deal,  and  sashes  2  inches 

thick,  K'azed  with  16  oz.  good  sheet  glass,  delivered  and   fixed  wjthin 

10  miles  of  London,  painted  four  coats  in  best  oil  colour,  includmg 

locks,  gutter,  down-pipCf  and  gearing  for  opening  the  ventilators  at 

one  time, — heating,  stagmg,   brickwork  not  included  : — 

20  It.  by  12  ft.        40  ft.  by  16  ft.       60  ft.  by  20  ft.        100  ft.  by  24  ft. 

^40    00  ;C79    o    o  ^£132 .  o    o  ;£238  10    o 

GARDEN  LIGHTS  AND  BOXES. 

3  ft.  by  4  ft  lights,  2  in,  thick,  unglazed 3s.  each 

„  ,,    glazed,  16-OZ.  good  sheet  glass      ..         ..      6s.     ,, 

6  ft.     „  „    2  in.  thick,  unglazed 5*-    .. 

,,  glazed,  16  oz.  good  sheet  glass  . .     iii.    „ 

Portable  box  containing  one  6  ft.  by  4  ft.  light,  painted  four 

coats,  ready  for  use        . .  y^-     » 

Portable  box  containing  two  ditto,  6  ft  by  8  ft 55*.     „ 

Estimates  given  for  Conservatories  or  Greenhouses  to  any  Design. 

rONES'S    PATENT      "  DOUBLE     L  -     SADDLE 
BOILER. 


Having  now  been  engaged  in  the  making  of  FOUNTAINS,  VASES,  &c.,  since  1826.  A.  and  S.  can  refer 
to  Work  in  almost  every  County  in  the  Kingdom  ;  and  unsolicited  testimony  which  continually  reaches  them 
warrants  their  assertion  that  neither  terra-cotta  or  any  other  material,  whether  iron  or  the  natural  stone,  is  so  well 
adapted  for  economical  decoration  of  gardens  liable  to  such  winters  as  are  common  to  England  and  Scotland. 


These  Boilers  possess  all  the  advantages  of  the  old  Saddle  Boiler, 
with  the  following  improvements,  viz.j  the  water-space  at  back  and 
overtop  of  saddle  increases  the  hcatmg  surface  to  such  ao  extent 
that  a  "Patent  Double  L  Saddle  Boiler"  will  do  about  twice  the 
amount  of  work  with  the  same  quantity  of  fuel  ;  the  cost  of  settmg  is 
also  considerably  reduced,  and  likewise  the  space  occupied;  at  the 
same  time  these  Boilers  are  simple  in  construction,  and,  being  made 
of  wrought  iron,  are  not  liable  tocrack.  They  are  made  of  the  following 
sizes : — 


Sizes. 

To  heat  of 
4-in   Pips. 

Price. 

Hi^h. 

Wide. 

Long. 

Feet, 

£    s.d. 

18  in. 

18  in. 

300 

500 
15    0    0 

20  „ 

18  „ 

»4  .. 

W, 

iS  „ 

30  „ 

700 
800 

24  „ 

24  » 

24  ,. 

ITo 

?t  >. 

24      M 

30  .• 

24      M 

24  .. 

36  „ 

1,000 

12      0      0 

\%l 

M". 

tl 

\:Z 

IS    0    0 
20    0    0 

30      » 

30 .. 

72  ., 

30    0    0 

36      ,. 

36 ,. 

9<i  ,. 

4.500 

=0    0    □ 

48      „ 

43  „ 

7,000 

75    0    0 

48      „ 

48  „ 

•44  ., 

10,000 

100    0    0 

And  arc  kept  in  Stock  and  sold  only  by  the  Inventors  and  Patentees, 

Jones  &  So 

NS. 

Price  Lists  of  HOT-WATER  PIPES  and  Connections,  with 
Boilers,  of  all  sizes  and  shapes;  or  ESTIMATES  for  HOT-WATER 
APPARATUS,  erected  complete,  will  be  sent  on  application. 

J.  JONES  AND  SONS,  Iron  Merchants,  6,  Bankside,  Southwark, 
London,  S.  E, 


Nos.  369    to    375,    EUSTON    ROAD,    REGENT'S    PARK,    N.W. 


Portable  and  Fixed  Hot-water  Apparatus 

FOR 

HEATING 

CONSERVATORIES, 

HOTHOUSES, 

CHURCHES, 

PUBLIC  BUILDINGS, 

PRIVATE  RESIDENCES, 

Sc. 

TRUSS'  PATENT  UNIVERSAL  FLEXIBLE  and 
LEAKLESS  PIPE  JOINT  and  PATENT  CRACKLESS 
EXPANSION-JOINTED  TUBULAR  BOILERS,  of  a  VARIETY 
of  FORMS,  PORTABLE  or  for  BRICKWORK  SETTING.  They 
are  the  MOST  POWERFUL,  whilst  ONLV  CONSUMING  HALF 
the  FUEL  of  OTHER  BOILERS.  FORI  ABLE  BOILERS,  to 
HEAT  ANY  LENGTH  of  PIPING;  and  ANY  PERSON  can 
TAKE  these  BOILERS,  as  also  the  PIPES,  APART,  and 
SPEEDILY  PUT  THEM  TOGETHER  AGAIN. 

T.  S,  Truss  begs  to  state  that  the  immense  number  of  APPA- 
RATUS annually  Designed  and  Erected  by  him  in  all  parts  of  the 
Kingdom, and  for  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  at  South  Kensington 
and  Chiswick,  with  unrivalled  satisfaction,  is  a  guarantee  for  skill  of 
design,  superior  materials,  and  good  workmanship:  while  the  great 
advantage  obtained  by  his  Improved  System  cannot  be  over-estimated, 
consisting  of  perfectly  tight  joints  with  neatness  of  appearance ;  eflects 
a  saving  of  25  per  cent,  on  cost  of  Apparatus  erected  compared  with 
other  systems  ;  facility  for  extensions,  alterations  or  removals  without 
injury  to  Pipes  or  Joints;  easily  and  expeditiously  erected;  and  per- 
fectncss  of  design  supplied,  insuring  no  extras. 

BATH  and  GAS  WORK  ERECTED  in  TOWN  or  COUNTRY. 
The  Trade  supplied. 


Price  Lists,  Plans,  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application  to 

T.  S.  TRUSS,  C.E,,  Sole  Manufacturer, 

Consulting   Horticultural   Engineer,   Iron   Merchant,   Hot.water  and 

Steam  Apparatus  Manufacturer, 


38 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  13,  1872. 


ROYAL  BERKSHIRE  SEED  ESTABLISHMENT,  READING. 


SUTTON    &    SONS, 

SEEDSMEN     TO 


H.lffi.  THE  QUEEN  VICTORIA,  I 

H.R.H.  THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES, 

H.R.H.  THE  PRINCESS  LOUISE  OF  LORNE,     | 

&c.         &c. 


THE  EMPEROR  OF  GERMANY, 
THE  KING  OF  PORTUGAL, 
THE  KING  OF  DENMARK, 


&c., 


Desire  to  call  the  attention  of  all  who  have  a  Garden  to  the  following 


CHOICE  VEGETABLE,  FRUIT,  AND   FLOWER   SEEDS. 


Betterid 


ASTER.— Tills  is  one  of  the  finest 
strains  of  Quilled  Aster  in  culliva- 
vation  ;  and  wherever  flowers  have 
been  exhibited,  they  have  invariably 
taken  First  Prizes. 

J2vars.,  separate,  ^s.  ;  6  do.  do.,  2S.  6d. 

The  same  in  mixture,  perpkt.,   is.  6d 


Thomson's  Superb  Calceo- 

LARIA  (Dalkeith  Strain). 
The  following  is  extracted  from  the 
Gardejiers'  Ckror/ic/e  of  ]nne  26,  1869: 

''  The  fjorgeciusly  coloured  flowers,  from  pure 
white  to  dark  purple,  spotted  and  shaded  in 
every  conceivable  manner,  are  of  great  sub- 
stance and  size,  and  the  colour  perfect.  What 
seemed  a  most  remarkable  characteristic  of  the 
strain,  was  that  the  leaves  were  as  green  and 
healthy  as  Spinach,  which  is  rarely  the  case 
with  such   high-class  flowers  as  these." 

Packets  2s.  6d.  and  is.  6d.  each. 


Suttons'    £2  2s.    Complete  Collection   of  Choice  Vegetable 

SEEDS  for  the  Supply  of  a  Medium-sized  Garden   throughout  the    entire 
year.   Carriage  Free  to  any  Railway  Station,  contains — 


^  quart  Suttons'  Ringleader  PEA 

I  quart  Suitons'  Improved  Early 
Champion  do. 

I  quart  Veitch's  Perfection  do, 

I  quart  Champion  of  Englanddo. 

I  quart  Kentish  Invicta  do. 

I  quart  Prizetaker  do. 

I  quart  Laxton's  Supreme  do- 

I  quart  Ne  Plus  Ultra  do. 

I  quart  Advancer  do, 

r  quart  British  Queen  do. 

I  quart  Scimitar  do. 

I  quart  Princess  Royal  do. 

I  quart  Green  Lonepod  BEANS 

I  qt.  Buttons'  Impd.  Windsor  do. 

I  ({uart  Early  Mazagan  do. 

I  quart  Green  Windsor  do, 

I  quart  Scarlet  Runner  do. 

I  pint  Painted  Lady  do, 

1  pint  Newington  Dwarf  do, 

%  pint  Longpodded  China  do.  do. 

■^  pint  Early  Dun  do.  do, 

■;  oz.  Suttons'  Dark  Red  BEET 

^2  oz.  fine  Red  do. 

J2  0Z,  Suttons'  Matchless 
BRUSSELS  SPROUTS 

H  or.  Scotch  KALE 

}i  oz.  Cottagers'  do. 

I  pkt.  Suttons'  Improved  Varie- 
gated KALE 

J^oi.  COUVE  TRONCHUDA 

%  oz.  SuttonV  Superb  Early 
White  BROCCOLI 

J^  oz.  Walchercn  do. 

}i  oz.  Improved  Purple  Sprout- 
ing do. 

I  packet  Reading  Giant  do. 

I  packet  Early  I'tnzance  do. 


4  oz.  Plain  CRESS 

4  oz.  Curled  do. 

J^  oz.  American  do, 

14  oz.  Australian  do. 

I  pint  White  MUSTARD 

I  packet  CAPSICUM 

■4  oz.  Suttons'  Imperial  CAB- 
BAGE 

^  oz.  Improved  Early  York  do. 

I-i  oz.  Nonpareil  do. 

%  oz.  Sprotsboro'  do. 

%  oz.  Little  Pixie  do. 

ii  oz.  Blood  Red  do. 

I  packet  CORN  SALAD 

hfox.  Green  Curled  SAVOY 

;i  oz.  Early  Ulm  do. 

>ioz.  London  CAU  LI  FLOWER 

'4  oz.  Walchercn  do. 

I  packet  Suttons"  Superb  ^Vllitc 
CELERY 

1  pkt.  Suttons'  Superb  Pink  do. 

I  packet  Siockwood  llidge 
CUCUMBER 

I  pkt,  Suttons'  Berkshire  Cham- 
pion do, 

I  packet  do,  do.  Challenfre  do. 

4  oz.  Suttons'  Improved  Jieading 

ONION 
I  oz.  James'  Keeping  do. 
K  oz.  Blood  Red  do. 
'A  oz.  Paris  Silver  Skin  do. 

5  oz.  Red  Italian  Tripoli  do. 
J^  oz.  White  Lisbon  do. 

1  oz.  White  Globe  do. 

2  oz.  Early  Horn  CARROT 
2  oz.  Long  Surrey  do. 

2  oz.  Altringham  do. 

4  oz.  James"  Intermediate  do. 


r  packet  Ward's  Scarlet  Netted 
MELON 

I  pkt,  Suttons'  Tom  Thumb  do. 

li  oz.  Green  Curled  ENDIVE 

li  oz.  Imperial  White  Bataviaii 
do. 

%  oz.  Musselburgh  LEEK 

I  packet  RAM  PION 

1  packet  THYME 

I  packet  Winter  SAVOY 

I  packet  SWEET  BASIL 

1  packet  Knotted  MARJORAM 

I  packet  Suttons'  Superb  White 
Cos  LETTUCE 

%  oz.  Mi.\ed  do. 

^  oz.  Drumhead  do. 

Ji  oz.  Tom  Thumb  do. 

I  oz.  Imperial  Curled  PARSLEY 

^4  oz.  Double  Curled  do. 

I  packet  mixed  \'esetable  MAR- 
ROW 

Ji  oz.  SALSAFY 

i<Joz.  SCORZONERA 

4  oz.  Suttons' Student  PARSNIP 

1  packet  TOMATO 

20Z.  Suttons'  Six-weeks  TUR- 
NIP 

2  oz.  Greentop  Six-weeks  do, 
2  oz.  Orange  Jelly  do. 

2  oz.  Red  Mousetail  do. 
I  pint  Round  SPINACH 
I  pint  Prickly  do, 

1  packet  ORACHE 

4  0Z.  Beck's  Short-top  RADISH 

2  oz.  Mixed  Turnip  do. 
2  oz.  Scarlet  Olive  do. 

2  oz.  Wood's  Frame  do. 
I  oz.  White  Olive  do. 


Half  the  above  quantities,  £1  Is.;  quarter  the  above,  ISs.  6d. 

Any  article  not  required  may  be  omitted,  and  others  substituted  according 
to  the  wish  of  the  purchaser. 

A  Special  Certificate  was  awarded  by  the  Royal  Horticiiltnral 
Society,  Sept.  6,  1871,/^r  a  Collection  of  Vegetables  (15  varieties)^ 
grown  by  Mr.  C.  Osman^  Sontli  Metropolitan  District  Schoolj 
Sutton,  Si(r?'ey,  from  Seed  supplied  by  us. 


From    ilie    Rev.    James    B.    Wenn. 
Broome  Rectory. 

"  jl/av  19, 1871.— I  have  tried  many  seeds  from 
different  quarters,  and  none  have  I  found  at  all 
equal  to  Messrs.  Suttons'." 

Ffom  Mr.  D.  Boote,  Oakficld, 
"Mav'ii.—l  had  your  Guinea  Collection  of 
Vegetable  Seeds,  and  I  have  great  pleasure  in 
saymg  that  they  proved  most  excellent.  In  fact, 
my  gardener  says  he  believes  that  not  one  seed 
has  missed  I  Certainty  I  never  had  anything  as 
good  bclore." 

From  the  Rev.  W.  Lockett,  Little- 
dean  Rectory. 

"Dec.  20,  1870.— Your  Superb  White  Cos 
Lettuce,  without  the  slightest  attention  after 
transplanting,  were  the  largest  I  have  ever  seen, 
very  crisp,  and  of  good  flavour." 


Frovi  Mr.  Thomas  Pavitt,  Gardener 
to  Lady  G.  Needham. 

"  January  i6,  1871.— The  Matchless  Brussels 
Sprout  Seed  I  had  of  you  last  year  was  the  best 
I  ever  grew,  and  every  one  that  saw  the  plants 
said  the  same," 

From  E.  Hannaford,  Esq.,  Easotis 
House. 

**  FebrtiatyS,  iS^i. — I  gained  the  First  Prize 
with  your  King  of  Potatos  last  year  at  Yeovil, 
and  at  Sherborne  for  the  six  newest  and  best 
distinct  sorts ;  also  several  Prizes  with  Vege- 
tables grown  from  your  seeds,  at  both  Shows.'' 

From  Mr.  W.  ABRAHAM,   Gardener  to 
J.  D.  Bassett,  Esq.,  Leightori  Buzzard. 

^^  Sept.  13,  1871,— My  Collection  of  Garden 
Seeds  has  been  all  I  could  wish.  The  Peas 
especially  have  been  very  true  and  good." 


Suttons'  King  of  the  Cauliflowers. 

A  new  and  distinct  variety,  with  very  large, 
firm,  and  beautifully  white  heads.  It  is  the  best 
for  early  use,  and  is  also  suitable  for  producing  a 
succession  through  the  Autumn  and  Winter.  We 
now  offer  it  for  the  first  time,  and  it  cannot  be  too 
highly  recommended.     Price  2,r.  6d.  per  packet. 


Suttons'  Improved  Reading  Onion. 

This  is  certainly  the  best  in  cultivation  ;  hand- 
some shape,  large,  heavy,  and  the  mildest  flavour 
of  all  Onions.  In  careful  trials  with  Nuneham 
Park  aind  the  best  stocks  of  White  Spanish,  it  has 
been  found  superior  to  either,  both  in  produce  and 
size  of  bulb.     Price  (^d.  per  ounce. 


Improved  Camellia-flowered  Balsam. 

This  magnificent  strain  surpasses  in  extraordinnry 
size,  perfect  form,  and  brilhancy  of  colour  any 
hitherto  introduced.  Six  var.s.,  separate,  25  seeds 
of  each,  2J.  hd.  ;   the  same,  in  mixture,  pkt.,  \s.  6d. 


From  the  Rev.  Thomas  Pearce,  Mordeti  Vicarage. 

"  Jtily  12,  1871. — The  Seeds  have  as  usual  given  me  complete  satis- 
faction, especially  the  Cucumber,  the  Flourball  Potatos,  and  the  Onions 
— tfie  latter  the  finest  bed  ever  seen.     They  are  worth  a  journey  to  see." 

From  R.  Stride,  Esq.,  Shirley  Warren. 

"  'Jattttary  7,  1871, — I  cannot  speak  too  highly  of  the  Collection  of 
Seeds  you  sent  me,  and  my  gardener  is  equally  pleased," 

From  Mr.  Phelan,  Gardener  to  R.  Johnstone,  Esq., 
Boulogne. 

"December  20,  1871  — The  garden  seeds,  &c.,  I  had  from  you  last 
spring  gave  great  satisfaction.  At  the  Agricultural  and  Horticultural 
Show  held  in  Boulogne,  I  took  the  Gold  Medal  given  for  the  best 
Collection  of  Garden  Vegetables,  &c. 


For  complete  particulars  of 

VEGETABLE,  FLOWER,  GRASS, 
FARM  SEEDS  and  POTATOS, 

SUTTONS' 

DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUES 

Gratis  and  Post  Free  on  application. 


Suttons'  Prince  of  Wales  New  Hybrid  Melon.— 

This  splendid  green-fleshed  variety  is  a  cross  between  the 
Heckficld  Hybrid  and  the  Hybrid  Cnshmerc.  It  is  in  every 
respect  a  first-class  variety,  weighing  from  4  to  81b.  It  is 
slightly  ribbed,  of  pale  yellow  colour,  very  free  setter,  and  as 
early  as  Victory  of  Bath ;  handsomely  netted,  flesh  rich 
and  of  exquisite  flavour.     Price  zs.  6d.  per  packet. 


SUTTON  &  SONS,  EOYAL  BERTHS  SEED  ESTABLISHMENT,  READING. 


Januaiy  13,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


39 


CARTEE'S 

ILLUSTRATED 

VADE  MECUM  FOR  1872 

Is  now  ready,  containing  upwards  of  Two  Hundred 
Illustrations,  with  much  valuable  information.  Post 
Free.  u.  ;  Gratis  to  Customers. 


LAXTON'S  SUPREME  PEA 

(A  GRAND  EXHIBITION  PEA). 
AWARDED    A    FIRST-CLASS    CERTIFICATE. 

'  •  Laxton's  Supreme  is 
a  grand  Pea,  a  green 
marrow  of  excellent 
quality,  with  very  long, 
well-filled  cur\-ed  pods." 
—  Vide  Report  of  Trials 
bv  the  Royal  Horticul- 
tural Society. 


"It  is  fitting  that  a 
plendid  Pea  like  Lax- 
on's  Supreme  should 
lead  the  list.  It  is  a 
ariety  destined  to  be- 
lome  largely  popular, 
■ispeciallyas  during  this, 
L  most  trying  season  for 
lew  Peas,  it  has  de- 
eloped  a  character  in 
ihe  highest  degree  satis- 
lactory.  It  worthily 
■ieserves  the  First-class 
Certificate  awarded  by 
the  Committee." —  ViJc 
Report  of  Peas,  at  Chis- 
vick  Trials  of  Royal 
Horticultural  Society. 


'rom].  N.  Stewahdson, 
Esq.,  Up-pcr  Market, 
Fakenham. 
"July  5,  1871.— The 
Laxton  Supreme  Peas  I 
had  of  you  last  year,  as 
ivell  as  those  you  sent 
me  in  January  last,  have 
brought  me  in  each  year 
the  First  Prize  for  Peas 
amongst  great  com- 
petition at  our  July 
Meetings ;  the  other 
seeds  were  all  satisfac- 
tory." 


New  Seeds. 

CHARLES  TURNER'S   CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS 
is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  on  application. 
This  Catalogue  contains  selections  of  the  best  in  each  class,  and 
descriptions  ofthe  leading;  varieties  only, 

C.  TURNER'S  CATALOGUE  of  HARDY  TREES,  including  a 
full  collection  of  Fruits,  Coniferac,  Evergreen  and  Deciduous  Shrubs, 
and  Trees,  Roses,  &c.,  may  also  be  had. 

The  Royal  Nurseries,  Slough. 


To  the  Trade. 

FINEST    STRIPED      FRENCH      MARIGOLD 
Finest  LEMON  AFRICAN  MARIGOLDS 
Finest  ORANGE  AFRICAN  MARIGOLDS 
LOBELIA  SPECIOSA 
TROP^OLUM  CANARIENSE 

ASTERS,  OUILLED  GLOBE,  finest  colours,  separate  and  mixed 
ANTIRRHINUM,  finest  mixed 
PANSY,  Show,  from  named  flowers 

Prices  on  application. 
DOWNIE,  LAIRD,  AND  LAING,  Edinburgh. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  FRUIT  LIST  contains  a 
sketch  of  the  various  forms  of  Trees,  with  Directions  for 
Cultivation,  Soil,  Drainage,  Manure,  Pruning,  Lifting,  Croppint^, 
Treatment  under  Glass,  also  their  synonyms,  quality,  sue,  form, 
skin,  colour,  flesh,  flavour,  use,  growth,  duration,  season,  price,  &c. 
Free  by  post  for  one  stamp. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant.  Worcester. 


The  ANNUAL  IMPORTATIONS  having  just  arrived  from  Japan, 

MR.  WILLIAM  BULL  can   supply  good   BULBS, 
by  the  dozen,  hundred,  or  thousand.     The  Bulbs  are  remark- 
ably sound  and  good  this  season,  and  can  be  supplied  at  very   low 


Londgn ,  S^ W. _ __^ 

Noteworthy  Horticulturists  and  Botanists. 

NOTICE.— A  SERIES  of  PORTRAITS  of 
NOTEWORTHY  HORTICULTURISTS  and  BOTANISTS 
is  being  published  in  the  "GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  and 
AGRICULTURAL  GAZETTE."  The  following  have  already 
appeared,  and  separate  copies  on  tinted  paper  may  be  had  on 
application  to  the  Publisher,  viz. : — 
Dr.  Hooker,  C.B.,  F.R.S, 


W.  W1L.SON  Saunders,  F.R.S. 

Rev.  M.  J.  Bkrkeley,  F.L.S. 

M.  Decaisne 

G.  F.  WiL-SON,  F.R.S. 

Dr.  SlooRE,  ofGlasnevin 

Rev.  S.  R.  Hole,  M.A, 


Professor  Reichenbach,   Ham 

burgh 
E.J.Lowe,  F.R.S. 
James  AIcNab,  of  Edinburgh. 
Robert  Hogg,  LL.D. 
James  Bateman,  F.R.S. 
Berthold  Seemann. 


' '  Very  good  ;    highly 


recommended, ' 
Trials    of  Peas, 


Vide 
Gar- 


deners'  Chronicle,  Sept. 
30,  1871,  /.  1264. 
Price,  per  quart,  2s. 


CARTEL'S 
Collections  of  Vegetable  Seeds, 

PACKING  AND  CARRIAGE  FREE. 


\      ECONOMY  In  tlie  GARDEN. 


PEAS,  including  Carter's, 
First  Crop,  Laxton's 
Supreme,  and  other 
choice  varieties  for  suc-| 
cession         

BEANS,  Broad 

French  and  Runners      . .  1 

BEET,  in  variety    .. 

KALE,  in  variety   . . 

BRUSSELS   SPROUTS.. 

ALBERT  SPROUTS     .. 

BROCCOLI,  best  .. 

CABBAGE,  best     .. 

SAVOY,  best 

CAPSICUM 

CARROT,  best 

CAULIFLOWER,  best  .. 

CELERY       

CORN  SALAD 


No.  1.  i 
123.  6d., 


No.  2. 
21s. 


5  pints 
2  pints 
t  pint 
I  packet 
!  packets 
I  packet 

J  packets 

3  packets 

packet 


CRESS  ..         ..         \ 

CUCUMBER 

ENDIVE 

LEEK, -A.  Castle    .. 
LETTUCE,  best    .. 

MUSTARD 

MELON,  best 

ONION  

ORACH         

PARSLEY     

PARSNIP     

RADISH 

RAMPION 

RAPE  SEED 

SPINACH 

SALSAFY     

SCORZONERA  .i  .'*i 
TURNIP.best  ■„.  ■■. 
TOMATO  ..  ??'  •. 
VEGETABLE  CREAM: 
POT  HERBS 


•2GZ. 

I  packet 
I  packet 

'     4  oz. 
I  t  packet 


13  pmts 
2  pints 
I  quart 
irg.  pkt. 

3  IrK-  pkt 
Irp.  pkt. 
[  packet 

4  'rC'  Pl^t- 
4  'rff-  pkt, 

1  Irg.  pkt. 
I  packet 

302. 
\  Irg.  pkt. 

2  Irg.  pkt. 

501. 
1  packet 


Irg.  pkt, 
I  packet  ]i  Irg^  pkt 
2  packctB;3  Irg.  pkt 
4  o^.  4  oz. 

I  packet 
2  packets 


Irg.  pkt. 


NO.  3.     No.  4. 
30s.         42  s. 


10   quarts 

3  quarts 

3  pints 

I  oz. 

3  Irg.  pkt, 
Irg.  pkt, 
I  packet 

5  Ifg-  pkt. 

5  Irg.  pkt. 

2  Irg.  pkt- 

I  packet 

6  oz. 

1  Irg.  pkt. 

2  Irg.  pkt. 
I  paclcet 


5    quart; 

4  quarts 

3  pints 

2  oz. 

3  Irg-  pkt. 

Irg.  pkt. 

I  packet 
6  Irg.  pkt. 
6  Irg.  pkt 
3  Irg.  pkt. 

I  packet 

10  oz. 

2  Irg.  pkt. 

2  Irg.  pkt. 

I  packet 
•4   pint  & 


Published   by    WILLIAM    RICHARDS,    41,   Wellington    Street, 
Covcnt  Garden,  W.C. 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  13,  1872. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

(Rmal  Horticultural  (Fruit  and  Floral 
Committees),  at  S.  Kensington      ..   ii  a.m. 
wt.u.M.bUAi,  ja...  </\  ijitto  (Scientific  Committee)   ..         -.     i  r.M. 
(  Ditto  (General  Meeting)          ..         .-3  pm. 
3— Linnean 8  p.m. 


I 

2  packets  3   packets 

1  Irg.  pkt. 
r  Irg.  pkt- 

3  Irg  pkt. 
%  pint 

2  packets 
4  oz. 

I  packet 

2  oz. 

2  oz. 

8oz. 
I  packet 

8oz, 

I  pint 
I  packet 
I  packet 

ooz. 
I  packet 

packet 


2  Irg,  pkt. 
I  Irg.  pkt. 
.1  Irg.  pkt. 

I  pint 
!   packets 

8oz. 

I  packet 

J  oz. 

2  OZ. 
%0    OZ. 

I  packet 
10  oz. 
1  pmt 
I  Irg.  pkt. 
I  Irg.  pkt. 
.   8oz. 
I  packet 
packet 


,4   packets  4  packets 


Larger  Collections,  price  63s.  and  84s.j  rnay  be  had. 

Detailed  Table  of  Contents  forwarded  Gratis  and  Post 
Free.     All  Seeds  and  Potatos.  Carriage  Free. 


JAMES    CARTER   and   CO., 

SEEDSMEN  TO  THE  QUEEN  AND  THE 
TKINCE  OF  WALES, 

237  and  238,    HIGH   HOLBORN,    LONDON,  W.  C. 


Thursday, 

> 

""[""HE  season  of  1S71  cannot  be  said  to  have 
X  been  a  favourable  one  in  the  matter  of 
Fruit.  Our  crops  of  fruit  were  unusually 
small,  on  account  of  the  cold  and  ungenial 
spring,  and  what  is  more,  of  but  indifferent 
quality,  through  a  continuance  of  the  same  more 
or  less  unfavourable  conditions  during  the  greater 
part  of  the  year.  To  these  causes,  therefore,  we 
must  in  some  measure  attribute  the  somewhat 
meagre  supply  of  novelties  in  this  department 
during  the  past  year,  in  comparison  with  many 
of  its  predecessors.  It  is  a  perfect  truism  that 
in  a  fruitful  year — a  season  favourable  to  the  full 
development  of  fruits — we  have  more  new  fruits  of 
merit  to  chronicle  than  in  an  unpropitious  one, 
which  was  thecase  last  year.  That  our  novelties  are 
not  so  numerous  as  usual  some  will  consider  less 
a  subject  for  regret  than  for  thankfulness.  Our 
varieties  of  fruit  are  already  so  numerous,  and 
when  well  cultivated  of  so  high  a  quality,  that 
it  is  now  no  easy  matter  to  produce  or  obtain 
any  improvement.  Still  year  by  year  we  are  add- 
ing to  our  already  extensive  list,  and  gradually, 
although  slowly,  our  fruits  are  being  improved. 

Amongst  Grapes — that  noble  fruit,  to  the  cul- 
tivation and  improvement  of  which  of  late  years 
so  much  attention  has  been  bestowed — we  have 
again  to  chronicle  some  important  additions.  It 
has  been  our  privilege  to  notify  in  these  pages 
the  advent  of  most  of  our  English  hybrid 
Grapes,  and  to  note  with  satisfaction  the  great 
and  valuable  additions  that  have  been  given  us 
during  the  past  few  years.  It  seems,  however,  to 
be  the  fate  of  Grapes,  as  of  men  who  distinguish 
themselves  above  their  fellows,  to  be  at  one  time 
inordinately  praised,  and  then  as  speedily  reviled 
and  cast  down.  So  has  it  been  with  Champion 
Hamburgh  Muscat,  Mrs.  Pince's  Black  Mus- 
cat, Royal  Ascot,  Golden  Champion,  and 
now  the  Madresfield  Court  ;  and  yet  we 
have  in  these  true  English  hybrids  five  of  the 
finest  Grapes  in  existence  —  somewhat  difficult 
to  cultivate  it  may  be,  but  thereby  only  testing 
the  skill  of  our  great  gardeners.  We  last  season 
had  just  time  to  notice  the  appearance  of  Mr. 
William  Paul's  Waltham  Cross,  one  of  the 
noblest  Grapes  yet  seen.  It  is  like  a  huge  well- 
ripened  Muscat  of  Alexandria,  of  sweet  and 
pleasant  flavour,  and  an  excellent  late  variety. 
Our  indefatigable  friend,  Mr.  PEARSON,  of  Chil- 


well,  contributes  a  batch  of  lour.     In  Dr.  Hogg 
we   have  an    improvement   on    the    Duchess  of 
Buccleuch,  larger   in   berry,  and  of  better  con- 
stitution,  with    much    the    same    flavour,   i.  c, 
that  of  the  Chasselas  Musquc-.     In  Abram  Bass, 
raised    from    Mrs.    Pince's  Pilack  Muscat,  Chil- 
well  Alicante  from  the  lilack  Alicante  or  Tokay, 
and  Emperor  of  Morocco  from  Black  Morocco, 
we   have   decided   variations  from,  and,  in  our 
opinion,  improvements  on  the  parent   varieties. 
Mr.  Standish  furnishes  the  Early  Ascot  Fron- 
tignan,  a  valuable   early  sort.      In   Pine-apples, 
among  which  we  do    not    expect  to  find  much 
novelty,  M.  Linden  has  introduced  a  new,  large, 
and   very    handsome    variety,    from    Columbia, 
named   Ananassa   Mordilona,  somewhat   in  ap- 
pearance like  the  Cayennes.     Amongst  Peaches, 
Mr.    Rivers,    who    seems    bent   on   metamor- 
phosing  those    fruits   entirely — raising  Peaches 
from  Nectarines  and   Nectarines  from  Peaches, 
almost   at    will, — has    again   given    us   a  great 
batch  of   names.      In    Goshawk,    Osprey,    Rad- 
clyffe,    Golden    Eagle,     Condor,   &c.,    we    have 
some   good  additions   to   our    Peaches;   and  in 
Byron,   Dante,   Darwin,   and    Humboldt   to  our 
Nectarines.     Coming  now  to  Apples,  we   have 
little  to  call  attention  to — only  one,  indeed,  the 
Galloway    Pippin,   a   winter   kitchen   sort,   well 
adapted  for  the  North  and  cold  situations,  conse- 
quently valuable  on  that  account.     Of  Pears  we 
have,  strictly  speaking,  no  novelties  to  mention. 
We  may,  however,  notice,  en  passant,  the  superior 
qualities  of  two  but  quite  recent  introductions, 
which  have  been  well  displayed  during  the  past 
year — we  allude  to  Beurre  de  I'Assomption  and 
Souvenir  du  Congres,  both  partaking  of  the  fine 
character  of  Williams'  Bon   Chretien,  early,  and 
most   desirable.     Coming   now   to    Cherries,  we 
have  a  valuable  addition  in  the    Early  Rivers, 
the  fruit  being  large,  black,  with  a  very  small 
stone,   and   of  fine   quality  ;  also  the  Bigarreau 
Noir  de  Schmidt,  a  large  black   Cherry  of  high 
quality.       In  Strawberries,  Mr.  Bradley  pro- 
vides us  with   The  Amateur,  a  very  large,  won- 
derfully prolific,  and  first-class  sort,  recommended 
for  amateurs,  hence  the  name.    Amongst  Melons 
we  would  notice  Prince  of  Wales  ;  the  best,  how- 
ever, which   has  come  under  our  notice   is  the 
Bellamore    Hybrid   of  Messrs.  Veitch,   a   pale 
green-fleshed  yellow-skinned  sort,  with  very  rich 
and   tender   flesh.      These,  then,    comprise   the 
main  of  our  acquisitions  amongst  fruits   during 
the  past  year  ;  although  small,  the  gain  is  satis- 
factory,  and   full   of  hope   and   encouragement 
for  the  future. 

In  the  Vegetable  department,  so  far  as 
names  go,  we  have  always  suflicient  novelty. 
Vegetables  are  improved,  or  kept  true  to  their 
original  form,  principally  by  careful  selection  ; 
and  new  names  are  in  many  cases  applied,  and 
we  cannot  say  without  justice,  to  very  pure  and 
good  selections.  I  n  the  case  of  Peas,  Potatos,  &c., 
which  have  come  under  the  hand  of  the  hybrid- 
iser,  we  do  oljtain  actual  novelty  and,  in  the 
case  of  the  former  especially,  some  very  decided 
improvements.  Our  great  Pea  maker,  Mr. 
Laxton,  is  down  with  some  half-dozen  new 
varieties  of  extraordinary  character.  William 
the  First  we  have  already  noticed  ;  Superlative 
is  a  splendid  sort  for  exhibition,  with  pods 
over  7  inches  long,  like  Longpod  Beans ; 
Griffin  is  a  very  early  green  Pea  ;  Popular 
is  like  Champion  of  England ;  Omega  is  a 
dwarf  late  sort,  raised  from  Ne  Plus  Ultra; 
and  lastly.  Evergreen  and  Conqueror,  all  said 
to  be  of  first-rate  quality.  We  have  in  addition 
Williams'  Emperor  of  the  Marrows,  a  fine  tall, 
wrinkled  sort  ;  Carter's  First-crop  Blue,  stated 
to  be  "  the  result  of  natural  and  artificial  culti- 
vation;" Glory  of  Cassel,  from  Messrs.  HuT- 
TON  ;  and  Cullingford's  Magnum  Bonum,  &c. 
We  must  also  notice  the  Canadian  Dwarf  of 
Messrs.  Finney,  which  is  of  great  promise  as  a 
free  cropper,  and  of  fine  cjuality.  ^  More  might 
still  be  enumerated,  so  numerous  is  the  supply. 
The  past  season,  it  may  be  noticed,  was  excep- 
tionally favourable  to  the  Pea.  Of  Onions,  we 
have  had  many  Italian  claimants  of  late.  It  is 
questionable,  however,  whether  they  will  prove 
serviceable  in  this  climate.  We  may  men- 
tion the  new  Ouecn  as  promising,  and  the 
new  Neapolitan'  Marzagole.  Of  Lettuces  we 
may  notice  the  Kingsholm  Cos  as  a  promising 
sort,  and  William  Robinson  as  a  good  summer 
Cabbage  Lettuce.  In  the  Brassica  tribe  we  have 
nothing  of  novelty  to  notice,  if  we  except  Messrs. 
Stuart  &  Mein's  remarkably  finely  curled 
German  greens,  rivalling  in  beauty  the  finest 
curled   Parsley.      In   Beets,   Carter's    Perfection 


AO 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  13,    1S72. 


may  be  named  as  an  excellent  stock.  In 
Radishes  we  have  an  addition  to  our  winter 
salads  in  Mr.  Robinson's  large  white  winter, 
from  California,  where  it  has  probably  been 
introduced  from  China  or  Japan.  In  shape  this 
is  like  a  long  white  Turnip,  and  is  of  the  size  of 
a  good  Carrot.  Of  this  we  gave  an  illustration  (see 
p.  1586,  1871)  at  the  time  it  was  exhibited.  In 
Vegetable  Marrows  we  have  to  notice  Hibberd's 
Prolific  Early  as  a  very  excellent  variety.  In 
Cucumbers  we  have  two  excellent  sorts,  viz.. 
Tender  and  True,  from  Mr.  D0UGLA.S,  a 
very  handsome  tipped-spined  variety,  and  Luton 
Hoo,  a  white-spined  variety,  raised  by  Mr. 
Cadger.  Lastly,  we  come  to  Potatos,  the  chief 
of  Mother  Earth's  productions  under  the  care  of 
the  gardener.  Here  we  have  so  many  that  it  is 
almost  invidious  to  mention  names.  Lee's 
Hammersmith  Early  Kidney  is  very  fine  in 
appearance,  and  of  good  quality  ;  Early  Perfec- 
tion (Veitch),  round,  and  of  excellent  quality  ; 
Pottle's  Prince  Teck,  &c.  There  are  also  numerous 
American  varieties  claiming  attention.  These,  if 
not  extra  fine  in  quality,  are  very  distinct  in  ap- 
pearance, wonderfully  robust,  and  great  croppers. 
Of  the  newer  introductions,  we  may  note 
the  Late  Rose,  a  long,  rather  ugly  Kidney, 
but  of  fair  quality.  One  word  more  in  recom- 
mendation of  Madame  Vilmokin'S  Improved 
Dandelion,  although  its  introduction  to  our 
gardens  as  a  cultivated  plant  may  be  objected 
to.  Blanched  Dandelions  form  one  of  the  best 
of  salads,  and  these  varieties — the  Pissenlit  a 
coeur  plein  and  P.  Ji  large  feuilles — are  of  so  large 
and  excellent  a  character  that  we  venture  to 
consider  them  as  one  of  the  greatest  acquisi- 
tions of  the  season  among  salad  plants. 

Thus  1871  has  run  its  course,  leaving  us  so 
much  richer  with  the  kindly  fruits  of  this  won- 
drous earth.     As  we  strive,  so  shall  we  attain. 


We  have  received  for  publication  the  following 

particulars  as  to  the  result  of  the  Kxamination  of 
Gardeners,  held  at  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society, 
South  Kensington,  on  December  I2,  1871  : — 


1.  C.  Adams,  Retford 

2.  William  Falconer,  Royal 

Gardens,  Kew  . . 

4.  John  Jones,  Royal  Gar- 

dens, Kew 

5.  James  A.  Smith,  Royal 

Gardens,  Kew  . . 

6.  Lli.irles   Herbert,  Royal 

Hort.  Soc..  Chiswick.. 

7.  A.  W.  Maynard,  Royal 

Hort.  Soc,  Chiswick.. 


Fruit  and  Vege- 
table Culture. 


390 
910 
1 140 
930 
730 
660 


Certi- 
licates. 


3d 


sd 

2d 


390 

1080 
1100 

740 

460 
700 


Certi- 
ficates. 


2d 
3d 
2d 


N.  B.  The  Examiner  in  Floriculture  reports  that  Nos. 
2  nml  4  have  given  very  intelligent  replies  to  the 
questions  set. 

Some   of   our   correspondents    have    sent    us 

copies  of  a  Trade  Circular,  which  we  can  but 
stigmatise  as  of  a  pernicious  character.  The  circular 
in  question  is  marked  "private,"  and  our  corre- 
spondents have  consequently  taken  the  precaution  to 
remove  the  name  and  address  of  the  issuing  firm.  In 
the  interests  alike  of  employers  and  of  gardeners,  we 
think  it  right  to  call  attention  to  one  paragraph,  and 
we  believe  that  the  vast  majority  of  gardeners  will 
feel  as  indignant  at  its  tenor  as  those  who  have  com- 
municated with  us  on  the  subject,  and  will  follow  the 
example  of  those  who  consider  "the  fire  as  the  proper 
place  for  such  a  document  :" — 

"  We  would  also  call  your  attention  to  our  prices, 
which  will  compare  favourably  with  any  other  respectable 
House— in  fact  we  are  in  a  position  to  compete  with  any 
for  quality  or  price— we  have  also  made  it  a  rule  to  study 
the  interest  of  the  Gardeners  as  well  as  that  of  their 
Employers,  as  a  proof  of  which  we  offer  you  lo  per  cent. 
{zs.  in  the/")  discount  which  will  be  sent  to  you  hy first 
post  after  receipt  of  order,  and  not  as  is  usual  with  other 
Houses  waif  until  the  account  is  paid." 

Many  gardeners,  no  doubt,  are  at  a  loss  to  know 

what  Leaves  to  send  to  the  still-room  for  the  pur- 
pose of  Dishing  up  Fruit  at  this  season  of  the  year. 
We  have,  therefore,  no  hesitation  in  directing  attention 
to  those  of  Passiflora  quadrangularis  and  Cobeea  scan- 
dens  variegata  as  being  suitable  for  that  purpose.  On 
this  subject  our  esteemed  correspondent,  Mr.  Knight, 
says  :~"  Grown  in  a  temperate  house,  Passiflora 
quadrangularis  makes  a  later  growth,  and  during  winter 
furnishes  an  abundance  of  fine  large  limp  leaves,  which 
are  excellent  for  setting  up  fruit.  Leaves  in  quantity, 
S  or  10  inches  long  and  6  inches  broad,  will  recommend 
themselves  to  every  housekeeper.  Ivy  leaves  have  a 
disagreeable  odour  to  all  who  have  the  sense  of  smell, 
and  Pelargonium  leaves  have  the  same  objection,  not  as 
being  disagreeable,  but  on  account  of  the  odour  being 
out  of  place.     Cobr^a  scandens  variegata  is  very  useful 


in  this  way,  producing  as  it  does  large  quantities  of 
lively,  crisp-looking  leaves,  which  for  some  purposes, 
and  small  dishes,  will  be  found  perhaps  more  useful 
than  the  Passiflora  ;  the  large  leaf  will  serve  as  a  basis, 
and  the  Cobcea  for  building  up,  and  will  be  more  to  the 
liking  of  the  decorator  than  Ivy,  Pelargonium,  and  such- 
like odoriferous  leaves.  The  difficulty  which  every 
gardener  experiences  just  at  this  time  can  be,  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,  overcome,  if  room  could  be  given  to  these 
two  plants." 

■ We  are  sorry  to  have  to  announce  the  suspen- 
sion of  the  Irish  Gardeners'  Record,  an  unpretend- 
ing fortnightly  journal,  published  in  Dublin.  It  appears 
that  an  attempt  is  likely  to  be  made  to  continue  the  publi 
cation  in  another  form.  Should  this  be  done,  we  trust 
that  no  contributor  will  be  allowed  to  vent  his  personal 
spleen  on  those  who,  from  circumstances,  cannot  reply. 
In  particular  the  old  rule,  *^  De moT^uis  nil  nisi  Iwnum,^^ 
should  be  adhered  to. 

In   our   Notices   to   Correspondents,   Nov.    4, 

187 1,  we  promised  to  give  at  a  future  period  some 
account  ofa  curious  FuNGUS,  which  had  been  detected 
on  the  Decaying  Roots  of  a  Pear  Tree,  by  Mr.  J. 
Atkins,  of  Painswick,  The  Fungus  at  first  sight 
looked  so  exactly  like  a  Coremium,  a  species  which  is 
justly  considered  as  a  form  of  Penicillium,  that  we  were 
greatly  surprised  on  examination  to  find  that  it  had 
quite  a  different  structure,  and  that  in  fact  it  was  a 
near  ally,  if  not  a  species,  of  Sphinctrina.  The  stem 
is  composed  of  a  close-packed  intricate  tissue  of  lon- 
gitudinal cells,  which  form  above  a  compact  globose 
head,  some  of  the  threads  being  prolonged  above  the 
general  surface,  and  forming  paraphyses  to  the  others, 


Fig.  8. — sphinctrina  coremioides. 

which  swell  above  and  form  linear  asci.  The  endochrome 
of  those  is  at  first  divided  into  two,  then  into  four 
portions,  and  ultimately  into  eight,  the  separate  sporidia 
at  length  falling  away  with  the  portion  of  the  ascus  to 
which  they  are  attached,  each  sporidium  being 
about  .00025  ^"ch  in  diameter.  The  only  difference 
between  this  curious  production  and  Sphinctrina  con- 
sisting in  its  freedom  from  any  shade  of  black,  and  the 
extreme  projection  of  the  paraphyses,  it  is  with  the 
sanction  of  Mr.  Broome  here  referred  to  that  genus, 
and  may  be  characterised  Sphinctrina  coremioides, 
B.  &  B.,  white,  hymenium  downy  from  the  projecting 
paraphyses.  It  is  clearly  one  of  those  plants  which 
form  a  transition  from  one  grand  division  to  another, 
combining,  in  some  measure,  the  nature  of  a  Lichen 
with  that  of  a  Fungus,  and  in  its  own  division  tending 
on  the  one  side  to  such  plants  as  Sporendonema  Casei, 
of  Desmazi^res,  and  on  the  other  to  Helotium.  The 
mode  of  separation  of  the  spoiidia  call  to  mind  such 
genera  as  Spha^rophoron  and  Calcium.  Our  figure  re- 
presents the  plant  of  the  natural  size  on  a  piece  of  Pear 
root,  a  single  plant  magnified,  a  portion  of  the  tissue 
of  the  stem,  asci,  and  paraphyses  in  different  stages, 
and  seoarate  sporidia,  all  more  or  less  magnified.  • 
M.  J.  B. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  phenomenon  of 

the  climate  of  Newfoundland  in  winter,  is  what  is  there 
named  the  Silver  Thhaw.  A  correspondent  of  the 
Toronto  Globe  says  : — 

"  It  is  produced  by  a  fall  of  rain  during  a  frost,  when 
the  temperature  near  the  earth  is  low.  The  rain  freezes 
the  moment  it  comes  in  contact  with  any  object,  and 
every  tree,   even  bush  and  twig,  is  clad  with  glittering 


*  The  Pear  trees  011  whose  roots  the  Fungus  described  above 
was  developed,  had  been  grown  in  pots  in  an  orchard-house,  and 
had  not  of  late  (especially  in  the  past  season}  done  well.  The 
young  shoots  die  back,  and  the  fruit  is  poor  and  much  cracked. 
It  can  scarcely,  however,  be  conceived  that  the  Fungus  has  any- 
thing to  do  wuh  their  condition. 


pearls,  and  the  whole  surface  of  the  snow  becomes  a 
beautiful  mirror.  Layer  after  layer  of  ice  envelopes  the 
smallest  twigs,  till  it  attains  a  diameter  of  half  an  inch, 
or  even  more.  Each  tree  then  presents  the  appearance  of 
a  great  chandelier  of  the  purest  crystal,  and  the  play  of 
the  light,  when  the  sun  shines,  is  equal  to  that  from  myriads 
of  prisms.  The  leafless  trees  droop  and  bend  their 
strongest  boughs  towards  the  earth,  to  which,  if  they 
reach  it  without  breaking  from  the  enormous  weight  they 
have  to  sustain,  they  become  frozen.  Branches  thick  as 
a  man's  thigh  are  often  wrenched  otf  under  the  pressure, 
and  serious  injury  is  often  done  to  fruit  trees  and  shrubs. 
Generally,  the  crystal  scene  is  short-lived.  A  breeze 
springs  up  ;  the  frozen  spray  is  dashed  into  fragments  ; 
the  brittle  forest  flies  into  hosts  of  gUttering  atoms,  and 
the  fairy  scene  ends  in  a  spangled  shower." 
A  similar  occurrence  happened  near  London  in  the 
winter  of  1S66-7. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 

Works,  on  the  5th  inst.,  the  subject  of  the  purchase  of 
Hampstead  Heath  for  the  public  was  revived,  by 
the  presentation  of  a  memorial  from  the  Vestry  of  the 
parish  of  St.  John,  Hampstead,  in  which,  while  the 
action  taken  by  the  Board  in  relation  to  the  purchase 
of  about  216  acres,  part  of  Hampstead  Heath,  to  be 
preserved  as  an  open  space  for  ever  for  the  benefit, 
health,  and  recreation  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  metro- 
polis, was  referred  to  with  great  satisfaction,  the  Vestry 
stated  that  it  was  concerned  to  find  that  the  purchase 
did  not  comprise  various  portions  forming  part  of  the 
heath  as  hitherto  enjoyed  by  the  public,  and  which 
portions,  although  only  about  5  acres  in  extent, 
included  some  of  the  most  picturesque,  rural,  and  his- 
torically interesting  features  connected  with  it.  The 
memorial  went  on  to  state  that  grants  of  some  of  these 
portions  of  the  heath  were  now  being  applied  for,  to 
the  lord  of  the  manor,  by  various  individuals,  for  their 
own  private  purposes,  with  a  view  to  enclosure,  and 
probably  with  the  intention  in  some  instances  of 
building  thereon,  but  in  other  cases  as  a  measure  of 
self-defence  on  the  part  of  gentlemen  owning  adjacent 
properties,  and  which  it  was  believed  they  would  be 
willing  to  transfer  to  the  Board  at  the  price  paid  by 
them,  on  condition  that  the  land  should  be  left  open 
and  unbuilt  upon.  The  memorialists  concluded  by 
respectfully  but  earnestly  praying  the  Board  to  exercise 
the  powers  vested  in  it  by  the  Hampstead  Heath  Act 
of  1S71,  of  acquiring,  if  possible,  the  portions  of  the 
heath  referred  to.  The  memorial  was  referred  to  the 
Works  and  General  Purposes  Committee  for  considera- 
tion and  report. 

The  following  extract,   taken  from  a  letter  on 

the  subject  of  Garden  Co-operation,  in  a  recent 
number  of  the  Gai'dcntis^  Magazine,  well  states  a  point 
in  connection  with  the  Wages  question,  which  deserves 
consideration  : — 

"  Having  read  the  correspondence  in  the  magazine 
caused  by  the  excellent  advice  given  by  Dr.  McDonnell, 
win  you  kindly  allow  me,  as  an  outsider,  to  offer  a  few 
remarks  ?  From  the  various  statements  of  your  corre- 
spondents, there  seems  to  be  a  great  want  of  organisation, 
which  can  only  be  remedied  by  forming  a  '  union  '—not  for 
the  purpose  of  strikes,  let  it  be  understood,  but  to  protect  and 
better  the  condition  of  gardeners,  which  at  present  is  very 
unsatisfactory,  especially  as  regards  apprentices  and  jour- 
neymen. Take,  for  instance,  a  gentleman's  place  where  a 
number  of  under-gardeners  are  kept.  What  is  the  differ- 
ence between  the  journeyman  of  10  or  20  years'  experience 
and  the  apprentice  of  four  or  five  years?  Little  in  the 
shape  of  remuneration.  They  both  have  the  bothy, 
which  may  be  good  or  bad,  as  the  case  may  be  ;  their 
wages  are  about  the  same,  unless  the  journeyman  may  be 
so  *  lucky  *  as  to  have  some  '  charge  ; '  he  is  then  hand- 
somely rewarded  with— what? — say,  \s.  per  week  more 
than  the  apprentice  whom  he  teaches.  Now,  tliis  is 
doubtless  a  great  drawback  to  gardening  being  what  it 
should  be.  In  the  first  place,  the  '  big  wage '  for  appren- 
tices (in  comparison  with  other  trades)  attracts  a  host  of 
lads,  merely  for  the  wages  at  the  time,  who  linger  on  until 
they  become  men  ;  then  the  wages  are  too  small,  and 
they  '  hang  the  trade.'  In  the  second  place,  it  affords  no 
stimulus  to  young  men  who  are  really  desirous  of  becom- 
ing gardeners.  They  cannot  all  be  head  gardeners  any 
more  than  all  our  sailors  can  be  captains  ;  and  yet,  unless 
the  gardener  reaches  the  position  of  '  head '  he  is 
unable  to  marry  and  support  a  family.  And  let  us 
remember  he  is;  ever  under  the  influence  of  the  pretty 
housemaid  or  kitchenmaid — nay,  the  combined  influence 
and  beauty  of  all  the  maids  at  '  the  hall '  where  he  may  be 
situated.  Can  we  wonder,  then,  that  under  such  an  in- 
fluence he/iZ/j^— I  mean,  'in  love,"  and  marries— for  we 
are  told  that  'wedlock's  an  ill  men  eagerly  embrace' — 
and  is  obliged  to  seek  another  method  wherewith  to  pro- 
vide a  home.  Hence  the  necessity  for  a  graduated  scale 
of  wages.  1  do  not  say,  give  your  apprentices  less  wages, 
but  I  do  say,  give  your  journeymen  more  ;  let  them  see  it 
will  'pay 'to  be  efficient  in  their  business,  even  though 
they  may  never  become  head  gardeners,  and,  depend 
upon  it,  it  is  a  step  in  the  right  direction." 

A  Testimonial  has  recently  been  presented 

by  the  gardeners  and  florists  of  Nottingham  to  Mr. 
John  Spencer,  late  of  Adbolton,  a  gardener  of  con- 
siderable local  reputation.  Those  who  are  unacquainted 
with  Mr.  Spencer's  services  to  the  horticultural 
public,  may  be  interested  to  learn  that  in  many 
espects  he  had  great  claims  to  the  gratitude  of 
gardeners  in  that  neighbourhood.  The  delight  which 
he  always  took  in  his  favourite  pursuit  led  him  to 
introduce  into  Nottingham  certain  flowers  and  fruits 
which  will  be  handed  down  to  posterity  as  amongst 
the  most  useful  or  beautiful  of  their  kind.      Amongst 


January  13,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Ag-ricultural    Gazette. 


41 


Apple  trees  which  owe  their  origin  to  Mr.  Spencer's 
industry  Spencer's  Seedhng  and  Selina  may  be  named, 
whilst  nurserymen  are  said  to  be  indebted  to  him  for 
the  introduction  into  the  locality  of  the  now  well- 
known  Dove  Bank  Plum,  which  was  found  by  Mr. 
Spencer  in  a  cottager's  garden  on  the  banks  of  the 
river  Dove,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Uttoxeter  ;  and  so 
satisfied  was  he  that  it  would  become  a  general 
favourite,  that  he  at  once  transferred  it  to  his  native 
soil.  Of  flowers  that  he  has  specially  cultivated  the 
Polyanthus  and  Tulip  may  be  specially  noted.  Amongst 
the  former  Spencer's  President  has  hardly  been  ex- 
celled, and  Spencer's  Universal  may  be  also  noted. 
Many  years  ago  Mr.  Spencer  was  a  great  Dahlia 
grower,  and  it  is  said  to  be  owing  in  no  slight 
measure  to  his  exertions,  coupled  with  those  of  I\lr. 
Shilton,  that  they  have  become  so  widely  grown  as 
they  are  at  present  in  and  around  Nottingham.  Mr. 
Spencer  has  officiated  as  a  judge  of  Tulips  at  the 
All-England  Show  at  Manchester.  He  is  now  residing 
at  Dunkirk,  near  Beeston,  and  as  he  has  reached  his 
75th  year  it  was  thought  not  inappropriate  that  some 
public  recognition  of  his  services  should  be  made.  A 
subscription  was  accordingly  originated,  and  the  result 
was  that  a  purse  of  ;!^66  was  handed  to  the  worthy  old 
gardener. 

Mr.  Glaisher  reports  as  follows  concerning 

the  Weather  : — In  the  vicinity  of  London,  during 
the  week  ending  Jan.  6,  the  readings  of  the  barometer 
slightly  increased  on  1S71,  Dec.  31,  till  nearly  midnight, 
the  maximum  about  that  time  being  30. 24  inches  at  the 
level  of  the  sea.  Early  on  the  morning  of  January  i  a 
decrease  set  in,  and  lasted,  with  the  exception  of  a 
small  increase  on  the  3d,  till  the  5th,  the  minimum, 
29.05  inches,  occurring  about  9  a.m.  of  that  day. 
Increasing  readings  were  then  recorded  till  9  A.  M.  on 
the  6th,  the  value^  at  that  time  being  29.60  inches  ;  a 
slight  depression  occurred  at  mid-day,  but  at  night  the 
readings  had  increased  to  29.62  inches.  The  mean 
value  for  the  5th  was  as  low  as  29.11  inches,  being 
0.S2  inch  lower  than  the  average.  The  highest  tempera- 
ture recorded  was  51^",  on  the  8th,  and  the  lowest, 
33%  on  December  31,  1S71,  the  range  thus  being  iS^". 
The  mean  daily  temperatures,  with  the  exception  of 
December  31,  were  in  excess  of  the  average,  though  not 
to  any  very  great  amount.  The  departure  in  defect 
on  December  31  was  1°,  but  for  the  remainder  of  the 
week  the  amounts  in  excess  were  : — 1st,  1^.9  ;  2d,  6°. 2; 
3d,  4°.5  ;  4th,  8°. 3  ;  5th,  S''.3  ;  and  6th,  5*.2  respec- 
tively. South-westerly  winds  prevailed  throughout 
the  week,  and  very  strong  pressures  were  recorded, 
especially  on  the  5lh,  on  which  day  the  maximum 
pressure  exceeded  30  lb.  on  the  square  foot,  the  mean 
pressure  for  the  day  being  as  much  as  3. 9  lb.  The 
horizontal  movement  of  the  air  was  61.4  miles. 
The  amount  of  cloud  was  generally  variable 
throughout  the  week.  Rain  fell  on  the  2d,  4th, 
5th,  and  6th,  to  the  amount  of  1.19  inch;  the 
greatest  fall,  0.44  inch,  occurring  on  the  5th. 

In  England,  the  extreme  high  temperatures  of  the  air 
ranged  between  53^"  at  Leeds  and  44°  at  Hull.  The 
general  average  over  the  country  was  494°.  The 
extreme  low  temperatures  varied  from  36°  at  Bradford 
to  29°  at  Nottingham,  the  general  average  being  33°. 
The  average  range  of  temperature  in  the  week  was 
164°;  it  was  as  small  as  10"  at  Newcastle,  and  as  large 
as  22"  at  Nottingham.  The  mean  for  the  week  of  the 
highest  temperatures  observed  each  day  was  45^°; 
the  highest  was  48}°,  at  Portsmouth,  and  the 
lowest  41 5^  at  Hull.  The  mean  for  the  whole 
country  was  454".  The  mean  average  daily  range 
of  temperature  for  the  week  was  lol^'.  The  mean 
temperature  for  the  week  was  about  40;^",  varying 
from  38°  at  Hull  to  43°  at  Portsmouth.  Rain  fell  on 
every  day  in  the  week  at  Sheffield,  and  on  five  or  six 
days  at  most  places  ;  the  fall  was  large  everywhere, 
amounting  to  14  inch  at  Portsmouth,  exceeding  an 
inch  at  most  places  in  the  South  of  England.  The 
smallest  fall  was  half  an  inch  at  Norwich.  In  Scot- 
land the  highest  temperature  observed  in  the  week  was 
52°  at  Edinburgh;  at  Paisley  41^*  was  the  highest 
noted.  The  lowest  temperature  in  the  week  was 
30"  at  Paisley.  The  average  of  the  highest  tem- 
peratures was  47^°,  and  of  the  lowest  33I. 
The  average  extreme  range  of  temperature  was  14!°. 
The  mean  temperature  for  the  week  varied  from  ;^;^^° 
at  Paisley  to  41 4°  at  Greenock  and  Perth  ;  the  general 
mean  was  38^°,  being  nearly  2"  colder  than  in  England. 
The  fall  of  rain  was  2^  inches  at  Paisley  and  Greenock  ; 
it  exceeded  i  inch  at  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh  ;  was 
less  than  half  an  inch  at  Dundee  and  Aberdeen,  and 
was  about  i-ioth  of  an  inch  only  at  Perth.  In  Dublin 
the  highest  temperature  was  51°,  the  lowest  304°,  the 
mean  41",  and  the  fall  of  rain  I  inch  nearly. 

At  the  Society  of  Arts  recently,  Mr.  John- 
ston read  a  paper  on  Esparto  Grass  {Macrochloa 
tenacissima),  now  so  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
paper.  The  leaf  is  the  portion  used,  and  the  imports 
have  risen  from  50  tons  in  1S56  to  over  100,000  tons  in 
1870,  standing  second  in  this  respect  to  Cotton  only. 
The  plant  grows  best  on  the  seacoast  of  southern  Spain 
and  northern  Africa,  and  there  seems  no  reason  why 
the  culture  should  not  be  largely  increased  both  in  the 
native  country  of  the  plant  and  in  other  regions  with 
similar  climates,  &c.  The  plant  is  reproduced  by  seed, 
by  transplanting,  and  by  burning  the  atockas  or  annual 


growths  after  the  harvesting  of  the  leaves.  New  shoots 
spring  out  with  enhanced  vigour  from  the  stock  after 
the  burning,  though  they  do  not  attain  a  fit  condition 
for  gathering  till  after  a  lapse  of  five  or  six  years.  The 
burning  also  serves  to  clear  the  land  of  weeds,  while 
the  ashes  form  a  valuable  manure. 

From  Darjeeling  we  continue  to  receive  good 

news  about  the  Cinchonas.  The  Ipecacuanha  also  is, 
so  far,  a  success,  and  the  quantity  of  tea  produced 
during  the  past  season  amounts  to  about  800,000  lb. 
in  excess  of  any  previous  year  ;  the  planters,  conse- 
quently, are  in  high  glee. 

Dr.  Dingler,  in  Polytechiiischcs  Journal  von 

Dingier  for  October,  states  that  Wood,  thoroughly 
impregnated  with  a  strong  solution  of  common  salt, 
resists  decay.  This  mode  of  preservation  is  said  to 
answer  well  for  underground  work  in  mines  and  coal- 
pits ;  and  is  borne  out  by  the  good  preservation  of  the 
struts,  &c.,  in  such  salt  mines  as  those  of  Wieliczka, 
nearCracow. 

We  learn  that  the  average  yearly  number  of 

visitors  to  the  South  Kensington  Museum  during 
the  last  five  years  has  been  905,084. 


New  Garden    Plants, 

Odontoglossum  Andersonianum,  Rchb.  f.^ 

Gardaiers^  Chronicle,  1868,  599. 
When  I  originally  described  this  doubtful  plant, 
most  probably  a  hybrid  between  Odontoglossum  cris- 
pum,  Lindl.,  and  prrestans  or  gloriosum,  I  had  but  a 
couple  of  flowers  at  hand.  At  a  much  later  period, 
J.  Day,  Esq.,  sent  me  a  grand  spike  of  the  same  thing, 
but  with  less  richness  of  colouring,  there  being  but 
exceedingly  few  brown  spots  and  streaks  scattered  over 
the  cream-white  flower.  Now,  in  1872,  comes  the 
glory  of  the  plant.  Messrs.  Veitch  having  imported 
masses  of  New  Grenadan  Odontoglossa  and  Masde- 
vallias,  Sam  Mendel,  Esq.,  of  Manchester,  got  a  lot 
of  these.  One  of  these  Odontoglots  has  just  flowered, 
and  Messrs.  Veitch  obtained  a  flower,  which  had  to 
travel  from  Chelsea  once  more  to  Hamburgh.  Our 
Parisian  friends  would  call  it  hors  de  ligne.  The  day 
of  its  first  flowering  must  become  a  red-letter  day 
in  the  Mendelian  calendar.  The  grand  flower  is 
of  the  Alexandrce  shape,  yet  the  sepals  and  petals 
are  a  little  narrower  (but  fully  broad  enough  to  be 
Alexandroid,  not  naevioid).  It  is  creamy-white  (not 
milk-white)  ;  the  inferior  halves  of  the  sepals  and 
petals  are  adorned,  internally,  with  reddish-brown 
dots  and  streaks,  and  some  such  blotches  are  to  be 
found  on  the  disk  of  the  anterior  lip,  whose  superior 
part  is  yellowish.  There  are  some  teeth  under  the 
cirrhi  of  the  column,  and  the  side  teeth  of  the  side 
cells  are  more  developed  than  usual  in  this  plant,  a 
little  subulate  and  projecting.  Yet  one  cannot  be  too 
particular  as  to  the  differences  of  such  mules.  I  feel 
very  much  pleased  to  find  that  Harry  Veitch,  Esq., 
immediately  had  the  idea  of  the  plant  being  a 
mule  between  O.  Alexandra  and  O.  gloriosum. 
Messrs.  Veitch  knew  they  had  such  a  wonder,  since 
they  possessed  a  beautiful  dried  wild  inflorescence  of 
the  plant,  now  a  magnian  decus  of  my  herbarium. 
The  moral  of  the  information  would  be,  that  the  pos- 
sessors of  Veitchian  Odontoglossa  of  last  year's  impor- 
tations should  not  dispose  too  liberally  of  their  plants 
until  they  have  seen  the  flowers — a  very  good  rule,  at 
least  for  private  collectors.  I  have  just  been  rewarded 
for  it  at  the  Hamburgh  Botanic  Garden,  where  one 
*'  Oncidium  crispum "  proved  to  be  a  very  good 
O.  Forbesii,  Hook.  H.  G.  Rchb.f. 


NOTES  ON  CONIFERS  — I. 

Not  a  few  of  the  readers  of  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle 
will  remember  that  some  20  or  25  years  ago,  in  these 
islands,  there  raged  something  like  a  mania  forConiferje. 
This  might  be  traced  to  a  variety  of  causes — amongst 
others,  the  glowing  descriptions  given  by  travellers  of 
many  of  these  trees  as  seen  in  their  native  habitats; 
and  the  introduction  towards  the  close  of  the  last  and 
early  part  of  the  present  century  of  such  trees  as  the 
gigantic  Abies  Douglasii,  the  lovely  Picea  nobilis,  the 
unique  and  highly  ornamental  Araucaria  imbricata, 
the  graceful  Cedrus  Deodara,  the  hardly  less  beautiful 
Picea  grandis,  the  spreading  and  majestic  Sequoia 
sempervirens,  the  refined  and  gentle-looking  Abies 
orientahs,  as  well  as  numerous  species  of  Cupressus, 
Thuja,  (Sic. 

The  felt  want  in  our  old  parks  and  pleasure-grounds, 
of  a  larger  admixture  of  evergreen  trees,  had  doubtless 
something  to  do  with  it.  Professional  and  landscape 
gardeners,  who  had  specially  devoted  their  attention  to 
ornamental  planting,  were  not  slow  to  discover  the 
great  variety  of  form  and  colour  which  these  recently 
introduced  Conifers  supplied,  and  planted  them  with 
no  stinted  hand.  Proprietors  in  some  cases  took  up 
the  subject  themselves — -planting  either  in  regular 
pinetums,  or  spreading  them  all  over  their  domains. 
Others  have  since  followed  their  example,  till  recently 
introduced  Conifers  are  now  to  be  found  wherever 
ornamental  plantations  have  lately  been  formed. 

The  increased  taste  for  planting  ornamental  trees, 
and  the  greatly  increased  number  of  planters,  arising 
from  the  great  accumulation  of  wealth,  not  only  amongst 


our  old  nobihty  and  gentry,  but  also  in  a  larger  mea- 
sure amongst  our  merchant  princes  and  traders,  has 
had  much  to  do  with  it.  These  and  other  causes  led 
to  the  great  demand  for  Conifers  which  arose  at  that 
period,  and  the  impetus  thus  given  has  not  yet 
altogetlier  subsided.  To  meet  the  extraordinary 
demand  alluded  to  above,  nurserymen  were  not  slow 
to  propagate  by  every  means  in  their  power  the 
varieties  they  then  possessed.  When  seedlings  could 
not  be  got,  grafting,  layers,  and  cuttings,  were  the 
modes  generally  adopted.  A  prejudice  against  grafted 
plants  existed  amongst  many  planters,  arising  in  a 
great  measure  from  the  stock  and  scion  not  being 
closely  allied,  or  from  the  operation  having  been  imper- 
fectly performed.  At  Castle  Kennedy,  however,  as 
elsewhere,  there  are  hundreds  of  grafted  Conifers  from 
20  to  30  feet  in  height,  growing  with  all  the  vigour  of 
the  finest  seedlings. 

As  a  matter  of  course,  collectors  were  sent  forth  by 
various  associations,  as  also  by  the  leading  nurserymen 
on  their  own  account.  India,  China,  Japan,  and  the 
whole  continent  of  America,  were  ransacked  to  furnish 
their  quota  of  new  species,  or  to  augment  the  supply  of 
previously  introduced  ones,  thus  adding  to  and  form- 
ing the  rich  stores  of  coniferous  plants  we  now  possess. 
The  result  has  been  the  introduction  of  an  extraordi- 
narily large  number  of  species  and  varieties,  not  a  few 
of  which  are  likely  to  prove  great  acquisitions  to 
planters,  not  only  for  ornamental,  but  also  for  timber 
purposes  ;  others  of  them  will  only  succeed  in  good 
localities  or  well  chosen  sites  in  ordinary  localities,  so 
as  to  grow  to  be  interesting  trees  ;  while  I  fear  a  very 
large  proportion  will  prove  all  but  worthless,  from  their 
being  too  tender  to  contend  with  our  severe  winters 
and  late  spring  frosts. 

Those  acquainted  with  the  history  of  our  ordinary 
forest  trees  know  that  the  greater  number  of  them  are 
exotics,  and  therefore  have  good  ground  to  hope  that 
at  least  a  limited  number  of  the  recently-introduced 
species  of  Conifers  will  yet  take  their  place  in  our 
ordinary  forests.  That  there  are  amongst  them  a  few 
species  well  adapted  for  growing  as  timber  trees  has 
already  been  abundantly  proven,  by  the  rapidity  of 
their  growth  and  general  adaptability  to  our  climate, 
as,  for  instance,  the  Abies  Douglasii,  plants  of  which 
will,  in  the  sequel,  be  noticed  as  growing  in  various 
parts  of  the  country,  already  reaching  the  extraordinary 
height  of  70,  So,  and  100  feet. 

Picea  nobilis  and  Picea  Nordmanniana  have  already 
been  extensively  planted  as  ornamental  trees,  and  in 
the  far  North,  amongst  our  highland  glens  and  hill- 
sides, are  to  be  seen  with  leading  shoots  of  from  3  to 
4  feet  in  length.  Their  general  hardiness  and  suitability 
to  most  soils  and  situations  recommend  them  to  the 
notice  of  planters,  both  as  nurses  and  as  timber  trees. 
The  Pinus  nobilis  is,  I  humbly  submit,  when  seen  of  a 
large  size  and  in  full  health,  with  its  fine  glaucous 
foliage,  and  loaded  with  its  large  cones,  second  as  an 
ornamental  tree  to  no  Conifer  we  yet  possess  ;  while  as 
a  timber  tree  its  merits  are  likely  to  be  of  no  mean 
order.  Pinus  Laricio  and  Pinus  austriaca  are  already 
well  known,  and  have  of  late  years  been  pretty  widely 
planted.  As  a  timber  tree,  the  Pinus  Laricio  is  likely 
to  prove  of  much  greater  value  than  the  Pinus  austriaca, 
the  wood  of  which  will  be  coarse,  owing  to  the  large 
size  of  its  branches.  As  nurses,  even  in  the  most 
exposed  situations,  they  are  invaluable. 

The  rapidity  with  which  a  few  of  these  fine  trees 
form  timber  is  a  matter  of  national  importance,  and 
should  be  constantly  kept  under  the  notice  of  those 
engaged  in  planting,  the  more  so  as  most  of  them  can 
now  be  purchased  at  prices  little  above  those  of  ordinary 
forest  trees,  for  many  of  them  are  now  coning  and  ripen- 
ing their  seeds  in  abundance.  When  a  demand  springs 
up,  which  will  be  the  case  so  soon  as  their  merits  are  suffi- 
ciently known  to  those  engaged  in  planting  for  profit, 
nurserymen  will  have  no  difficulty  in  meeting  it.  At 
present  the  idea  that  they  are  still  scarce  and  high- 
priced  prevents  many  from  inquiring  about  or  planting 
them  in  large  quantities. 

I  have  often  been  surprised  to  observe  the  indis- 
criminate way  in  which  such  trees  as  the  common 
Spruce  (Abies  excelsa)  is  planted,  particularly  on  dry 
soils,  on  open,  porous,  or  gravelly  subsoils,  where  at 
best  it  never  grows  to  be  a  tree  of  any  dimensions,  and 
is  always  stunted  and  unhealthy.  The  Silver  Fir 
(Picea  pectinata)  is  little  better  in  similar  situations,  it 
is  only  in  really  good  soils  that  it  comes  to  perfection. 
In  glens  and  corresponding  situations  it  is  occasionally 
to  be  met  with  of  great  dimensions,  and  is  then  **a 
thing  of  beauty,"  but  how  seldom  is  this  the  case  ;  it  is 
more  frequently  to  be  seen  covered  with  scales,  dying 
or  dead  before  it  has  past  its  teens.  Some  of  the 
hardier  of  the  newer  species  will  be  found  to  thrive 
much  better  in  such  soils  ;  here,  for  instance,  the  Picea 
nobilis  and  Picea  Nordmanniana  grow  and  thrive  well, 
where  the  Spruce  and  Silver  Firs  all  but  starve. 

Having  been  called  upon  more  than  a  quarter  of  a 
century  ago,  to  lay  out  and  plant  the  extensive  pinetum 
here,  and  in  the  interval  having  had  to  do  with  the 
planting  of  large  numbers  of  coniferous  trees  here  and 
elsewhere,  and  being  a  not  altogether  uninterested 
spectator  of  what  has  been  done  in  other  localities,  I 
propose  in  a  short  series  of  papers  on  Conifers 
to  notice,  so  far  as  my  experience  and  observa- 
tion enables  me,  some  of  the  more  important  species, 
weeding  out  as  it  were  the  many  all  but  useless  ones, 
and  bringing  into  the  foreground  only  those  which  have 


42 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   A,^ricultural    Gazette. 


[January  13,   1872, 


already  shown  indications  that  they  are  likely  to 
prove  real  acquisitions  to  the  planter  either  as  orna- 
mental or  timber  trees.  A.  Fowler^  Castle  Kennedy, 


ARAUCARIA  IMBRICATA.—No.  IV. 

[Coududed  from  /.   1647,  1871.) 

The    transplanted    Araucarias    mentioned     in    my 

" "  I  former  letter    all    started  from  a  stunted,  unhealthy, 

GERARDIA   QUERCIFOLIA,  |  stagnant  state  into  luxuriant  growth,  making  vigorous 

AT  p  172  of  our  last  volume,  M.  Van  Volxem  ,  shoots  annually,  maintaining  a  healthy  character  and 
invited  attention  to  this  plant,  the  Golden  Foxglove  of  ■  becoming  tmy  ornamental  trees  Jo^J^^^^l  ^^^^^^^ 
the  Americans,  with  a  view  to  its  cultivation  in  |  cullmgs  left  after  the  avenue  was  planted,  I  prepared 
Europe.  It  is,  indeed, 
recorded  in  our  plant 
catalogues  as  having  been 
introduced  in  1S12,  but 
we  presume  no  one  of 
the  present  generation  at 
least  has  seen  it  gi'ow- 
ingin  European  gardens. 
It  has,  in  fact,  the  repu- 
tation of  being  difficult  to 
cultivate,  and  is,  more- 
over, said  to  be,  as  some 
of  its  allies  are  well  known 
to  be,  dependent  upon 
parasitism  for  its  growth 
and  development.  We 
are  glad  to  find  that 
Messrs.  Haage  &  Schmidt 
have  again  introduced  it, 
so  that  our  gardeners 
may  once  more  endeavour 
to  conquer  its  apparent 
intractability. 

The  plant  itself,  with 
its  long  spikes  of  golden 
flowers,  is  really  ex- 
tremely beautiful,  as  the 
accompanying  woodcut 
(fig.  9)  shows.  It  is  a 
perennial  {perhaps  bien- 
nial), with  smooth  glau- 
cous stems,  3  to  6  feet 
high,  and  usually 
branched.  The  lower 
leaves  are  twice  pinnati- 
fid,  the  upper  ones  ob- 
long-lanceolate, pinnati- 
fid  or  entire  ;  the  upper- 
most leaves  are  reduced 
to  bracts,  and  subtend 
the  short  flowering  pe- 
duncles, which  form 
together  a  panicled  ra- 
ceme or  spike,  the  flowers 
being  large,  2  inches  long, 
and  showy,  bell-fuimel- 
shaped,  somewhat  fox- 
glove-like in  form,  with 
five  spreading  lobes,  and 

of  a  fine  yellow  colour. 

The  plant  is  usually  de- 
scribed as  having  the 
flowers    solitaiy    in    the 

axils     of     the     opposite 

leaves,    but   in   vigorous 

specimens  they  appear  to 

come  in  pairs,  as  in  the 

figure.    Dr.    Gray   states 

that  this  species  is  com- 
mon in  the  States,  in  wet 

woods,  especially  south- 
ward. 

Another  species  of  the 

same  genus,  G.  Pedicu- 

laria  (fig.     lo),    another 

perennial    species,     has 

also      been      introduced 

by     Messrs.     Haage    & 

Schmidt.        This     is 

smaller,  but  more  branch- 
ing than  G.   quercifolia, 

the  leaves  being  pinnati- 

fid,   and  their  lobes  cut 

and  toothed,    while   the 

flowers  are  smaller,  about 

an   inch   in   length,  and 

less     numerous ;      these 

latter  are    usually  of  a 

citron-yellow  colour,  but 

vary  to  deep  yellow,  and 

sometimes  assume  a  red- 

ish   tint.     This    plant  is 

also     common     in     the 

United   States,    growing 

in  dry  copses. 

The  Gerardias,  if  they 

prove  cultivable,  will  fall  into  the  same  rank  amongst 

ornamental  plants  as  Digitalis,  Pentstemon,  Antirrhi- 
num,  &c.     The   introducers   recommend    for   them   a 

warm  sheltered  situation,  and  a  rich  friable  soil  ;  in 
short,  such  a  treatment  as  would  suit  the  tenderer 
species  of  Pentstemon. 


v^yp^^^^ 


Fig.    9. — GERARDIA  QUERCIFOLIA. 


pretty  freely,  while  those  at  the  ends  became  stunted 
and  rusty,  oozing  gummy  resin  from  the  base  of  their 
stems,  and  losing  some  of  their  lower  branches.  Several 
of  them,  indeed,  died,  and  their  places  were  filled  up 
at  different  times. 

The  Araucaria  imbricata  avenue  had  now  been 
established  six  or  seven  years,  and  all  the  other  trees 
planted  and  removed  had  so  much  overgrown  them  in 
health  and  luxuriance,  that  several  consultations  were 
held  between  my  em- 
ployer and  myself  as  to 
what  was  best  to  be  done. 
She  then  expressed  her 
regret  that  my  first  pro- 
position had  not  been 
carried  out  at  the  time, 
when  any  amount  of 
earth  most  suitable  for 
their  well  doing,  and  so 
easily  obtained,  was  at 
hand.  I  could  see  no  other 
means  to  induce  them 
to  start  into  growth,  but 
to  remove  them  and  place 
about  their  roots  what 
earth  we  could  command 
in  the  locality,  trenching 
up  the  ground  to  a  diame- 
ter of  25  or  30  feet  for 
each  plant.  There  being 
an  old,  high,  useless  bank 
of  earth  of  about  600 
loads  in  an  orchard,  and 
some  odds  and  ends  of 
soils  1  had  about  besides, 
such  as  would  afford  12 
or  14  loads  of  good  earth 
for  each  plant,  I  suggested 
that  this,  with  the  trench- 
ing, should  be  made  use 
of  to  start  them,  future 
additions  being  made  as 
opportunity  offered.  Her 
ladyship  approved  of  my 
suggestion,  and  X  was  to 
get  it  canied  out. 

In  1S49  we  set  about 
it,  commencing  at  the 
dead  plant  vacancies, 
trenching  first,  then  re- 
moving a  plant  on  to  the 
surface,  carting  the  new 
soil  around  it,  and  mak- 
ing the  sloping  mound  as 
it  is  now  to  be  seen  ;  and 
every  plant  did  well, 
starting  into  and  main- 
taining a  healthy  luxu- 
riant growth,  which  has 
been  the  admiration  of 
all  who  have  seen  it. 

It  is  a  fact  incontro- 
vertible, that  every  Arau- 
caria thus  removed,  and 
which  I  had  planted  on 
the  above  principle,  did 
well  ;  and  I  beheve  that 
if  the  Araucaria  is  to  suc- 
ceed it  must  be  planted 
high,  ondiy,brashy,open, 
stony,  or  rocky  soils. 
It  certainly  does  best  on 
a  deep  dry  open  soil,  and 
if  that  depth  of  natural 
soil  is  not  at  command 
in  the  locality  where  it  is 
intended  to  plant  this  tree, 
it  would  certainly  be  best, 
in  my  practical  opinion, 
to  add  the  necessary 
depth  of  soil  to  the  ful- 
lest extent  at  command, 
on  the  original  surface, 
instead  of  digging  pits 
for  the  roots,  which  pits 
will,  in  almost  all  soils, 
get  waterlogged  by  drain- 
age from  the  surrounding 
gi'ound,  to  the  injury  of 
the  roots — at  times  caus- 
ing the  well-known  stun- 
tedness  and  rustiness, 
which  certainly  is  very 
unsightly,  more  particu- 
larly when   the  bole  be- 


TRADE  MEMORANDUM. 

Some  of  our  correspondents  have  made  inquiries 
respecting  Mr.  **Jas.  Pond,"  who  favours  them  with 
orders  dated  "Fore  Street,  Marazion."  Does  any  one 
know  who  he  is  ? 


openings  in  a  plantation  by  trenching  the  ground  and  :  gins  to  bulge  and  burst,  oozing  out  resinous  matter,  to 
casting  up  the  surrounding  natvvnl  soil  :  the  result  was  '  the  weakening  of  the  tree,  and  retardation  of  its  gi-owth. 


casting  up  the  surrounding 

rapid  growth,  and  rude  health  and  luxuriance.  It  was 
obvious  to  all  that  these  trees  had  met  with  the  treat- 
ment that  suited  them.  In  the  meantime  those  m  the 
eastern  park  avenue  had  got  sadly  out  of  health,  so  much 
so  that  my  employer  freely  expressed  her  disappointment 
at  their  progress  and  appearance,  fearing  they  would 
never  prove  to  be  what  she  had  believed  they  would 
become — a  noble  avenue  of  trees.  Instead  of  this,  they 
became  every  year  more  unsightly,  on  account  of  their 
unequal  growth.  Some  of  them  on  the  good  soil, 
about  the  middle  of  the  avenue,  grew  away  at   first 


I  became  a  convert  to  this  system  of  planting  the 
Araucaria  through  observing  the  extensive  losses  which 
occurred  in  the  destructive  winter  of  1S37,  and  if  that 
had  not  been  sufficient,  there  was  unfortunately  ample 
further  proof  in  the  great  destruction  which  again  over- 
took this  tree  in  1860-61.  In  1S37  I  noticed  that 
where  the  Araucaria  was  planted  on  open,  dry,  porous 
soils,  or  raised  high,  there  it  stood  uninjured  the  brunt 
of  that  terribly  severe  winter  ;  while  in  low  situations, 
with  a  hole  dug  out  and  planted  level  with  the 
earth's  surface — those  in  moist  foggy  situations,  those 


January  13,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Aofricultural    Gazette. 


43 


planted  on  stiff  heavy  soils,  and  those  planted 
on  an  easterly  aspect,  taking  the  full  and  first  glare  of 
the  morning  sun,  the  greatest  destruction  took  place. 
The  conclusion  then  formed  was  fully  confirmed  in 
1S60-61,  and  no  doubt  some  facts  have  been  observed 
by  others.  They  are  certainly  facts  worth  remembering 
and  recording. 

That  this  noble  avenue  of  Araucarias  ranks  amongst 
the  best,  if  it  is  not  the  best,  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
has  long  been  admitted.  Many  of  the  trees  have  pro- 
duced cones  and  catkins  for  years  ;  and  no  doubt,  after 
the  two  or  three  late  dry,  long  summers,  many  more 
will  be  naturally  induced 
to  do  so,  probably  without 
the  treatment  my  suc- 
cessor states  he  had  re- 
course to  last  year,  namely, 
supplying  to  the  surface 
one  or  two  wheelbarrows- 
full  of  old  short  grass,  to 
encourage  the  growth  of 
surface  weeds,  and  the 
doing  away  with  the  6  feet 
diameter  of  clear  surface, 
kept  clean  and  free  from 
unsightly  weeds  and  rub- 
bish at  all  seasons  by  the 
use  of  the  Dutch  hoe,  a 
plan  so  much  appreciated 
and  strongly  advocated  by 
the  late  Mr.  Loudon,  yas. 
Banus,  Exmottth. 


exclusively  Australian  Eucalyptus.  This  special  in- 
dustry of  ours  exemplifies  also,  in  a  manner  quite 
remarkable,  how  from  apparently  insignificant  ex- 
periments may  arise  results  far  beyond  original 
anticipations.  It  is  now  possible  to  produce  the 
oil  at  a  price  so  cheap  as  to  allow  the  article  to 
be  used  in  various  branches  of  art — for  instance, 
in  the  manufacture  of  scented  soap,  it  having 
been  ascertained  that  this  oil  surpasses  any  other  in 
value  for  diluting  the  oils  of  roses,  of  orange  flowers, 
and  other  very  costly  oils,  for  which  purposes  it  proves 
far  more  valuable  than  the  oil  of  rosemary  and  other 


dr.  mueller  on 
porest  culture 

[Coniinned /rovi  p.  ii.) 

I  HAVE  often  been  led 
to  think  that  many  an  indi- 
gent person  might  find  em- 
ployment by  collecting  the 
wood-ashes,  which,  as  a 
powerful  manure,  or  as 
material  for  a  local  potash 
factory,  ought  to  realise  a 
fair  price.  Such  an  em- 
ployment would  be  pro- 
bably as  lucrative  as  col- 
lecting glass,  or  bones,  or 
substances  for  paper-mills  ; 
while  the  ashes,  now  largely 
wasted,  would  be  fully 
utilised. 

It  may  be  assumed  that 
on  an  average  the  ash  of 
our  ordinary  Eucalypts 
contains  lo  per  cent,  of 
crude  potash,  equal  to 
about  5  per  cent,  pure 
potash.  A  bucketful  of 
wood-ash  such  as  we  daily 
remove  from  our  domes- 
tic fireplaces,  contains 
about  25  lb.,  from  which 
accordingly  about  2.\  lb. 
of  inferior,  or  l^  lb.  of 
superior  potash,  may  be 
obtained  ;  the  former  being 
worth  about  6(/.  per  lb., 
the  latter  double  the  price. 
For  ascertaining  the  con- 
tents of  carbonate  of  pot- 
assa  in  crude  potash  or 
pearl  ash,  certain  instru- 
ments, well  known  as 
alkali- meters,  are  con- 
structed. The  heaviest 
ashes,  as  a  rule,  contain 
the  greatest  proportion  of 
potash.  The  Brake  Fern, 
so  common  on  many  river 
banks  and  sandy  tracts  of 
the  country,  is  rich  in  this 
alkali. 

Let   us   now    approach 
another  forest   industry — 
one     quite      unique     and 
peculiar      to       Australia, 
namely,  the  distillation  of 
volatile    oil    from    Euca- 
lyptus and  allied   Myrta- 
ceous  trees.     While  char- 
coal, tar,  wood-vinegar,  wood-spirit,  tannic  substances, 
and    potash   are    obtainable    and    obtained    from    the 
woods  of  any  country,    we  have   in   Australia   a    re- 
source   of    our    own    in    the   Eucalyptus  oil.     In  no 
other  part   of  the   globe  do    we   find   the   I^Iyrtacere 
to    prevail ;    in    Europe    it    is  only    the    Myrtus    of 
the  ancients,    the  beautiful  bush  for   bridal  wreaths, 
which     there    represents    this    particular    family     of 
plants  ;    and   although    copious    species   of    Eugenia 
and    other   ben-y-bearing   genera,  including   the   aro- 
matic Clove  and  Allspice,   are  scattered  through  the 
warmer  regions  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  all  per- 
vaded by  essential  oil,  they  do  not  constitute  the  main 
bulk  of  any  forests  as  here,  nor  can  their  oil  in  chemic 
or  technic  properties  be  compared  to  that  of  the  almost 


Fig.   10.— gerardta  pedicui,aria. 


ethereal  oils  hitherto  used.  As  this  became  known,  such 
a  demand  arose  that  one  of  our  thoughtful  and  enterpris- 
ing fellow-citizens  was  able  to  export  about  9000  lb,  to 
England  and  3000  lb,  to  foreign  ports,  though  even 
now  this  oil  is  but  very  imperfectly  known  abroad.  The 
average  quantity  now  produced  at  his  establishment, 
for  export,  is  700  lb.  per  month.  Alcoholic  extracts 
of  the  febrifugal  foliage  of  Eucalyptus  globulus  and 
E.  amygdalina  have  also  been  exported  in  quantity  by 
the  same  gentleman  to  England,  Germany,  and 
America.  Similar  substances  from  various  Melaleucas 
might  be  added.  Originally  an  opinion  was  enter- 
tained that  all  the  Eucalyptus  oils  had  great  resemblance 
to  each  other ;  such,  however,  proved  not  to  be  the  case 
when  accurate  experimental  tests  came  to  be  applied. 


Thus,  for  instance,  the  oil,  which  in  such  rich  per- 
centage is  obtained  from  Eucalyptus  amygdalina, 
though  excellent  for  diluting  the  most  dehcate  essential 
oils,  IS  of  far  less  value  as  a  solvent  for  resins  in  the 
fabrication  of  select  varnishes.  For  this  latter  purpose 
the  oil  of  one  of  the  dwarf  Eucalypts  forming  the 
Mallee  Scrub,  a  species  to  which  I  gave,  on  account  of 
its  abundance  of  oil,  the  name  Eucalyptus  oleosa, 
nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago,  proved  far  the  best. 
It  is  this  Mallee  oil,  which  now  is  coming  into  exten- 
sive adaptations  for  dissolving  amber,  Kauri  resin  and 
various  kinds  of  copal.  Mr.  Bosisto's  researches  are 
recorded  in  the  volume  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Vic- 
toria for  1863  ;  Mr,  Os- 
borne's, in  the  Jurors' 
Reports  of  the  Exhibition 
of  1S62.  For  alluding  so 
far  to  this  oil  distillation, 
I  have  a  special  obj  ect 
in  view.  I  wish  to  see  it 
adopted  far  and  near  as  a 
collateral  forest  industry, 
now  that  the  way  for  the 
ready  sale  of  this  product 
is  so  far  paved.  The  pa- 
tentee is  willing  to  license 
any  person  to  adopt  his 
process,  and  he  is  also 
ready  to  purchase  the  oil  at 
a  price  which  would  prove 
remunerative  to  the  pro- 
ducer. If  it  is  now  con- 
sidered how  inexhaustible 
a  material  for  this  oil  in- 
dustry is  everywhere  acces- 
sible in  our  ranges,  how 
readily  it  is  obtainable,  par- 
ticularly at  saw-mills  and 
at  splitters'  establishments, 
and  how  easily  the  pro- 
cess of  the  distillation  can 
be  performed,  it  really 
seems  surprising  that  these 
facilities  should  not  be 
seized  upon,  and  that 
under  such  favourable  cir- 
cumstances a  far  larger 
export  of  this  mercantile 
commodity  should  not  be 
called  forth.  Those  Eu- 
calypts are  the  most  pro- 
ductive of  oil  in  their 
foliage,  which  have  tlie 
largest  number  of  pellucid 
dots  in  these  organs  ;  this 
is  easily  ascertained  by 
viewing  the  leaves  by 
transmitted  light,  when 
^t^    >/,yi  the  transparent  oil  glands 

j\^<*  will  become  apparent,  even 

without  the  use  of  a  mag- 
nifying lens.  Mr,  Bosisto 
is  also  a  purchaser  of 
scented  flowers,  indigenous 
as  well  as  cultivated,  in- 
cluding even  the  Wattle 
'  flowers,  for  the  extraction 
of  delicate  scents,  under  a 
clever  process  discovered 
by  himself ;  and  it  is  asto- 
nishing what  an  enormous 
demand  for  these  perfumes 
exists  in  European  mar- 
kets. This  may  be  a  hint 
to  any  one  living  in  or 
near  the  forests,  where  the 
extraction  of  the  scent 
could  be  locally  accom- 
phshed  from  unlimited  re- 
sources, with  little  trouble 
and  cost. 

There     exists      another 
special  industry  in  its  inci- 
pient    state     among     us, 
which  might  be  regarded 
as   essentially    Australian, 
and  which  also  might  be 
widely  extended  :    I  mean 
the  gathering  of  seeds  of 
many  kinds  of  Eucalyptus, 
and  also  of  some  Acacias 
and  Casuarinas,    for  com- 
mercial export.      No  doubt    the    collecting   of  seeds 
is  effected  among  the  forest  trees  of  any  country,  and 
very  important  branches  of  industry  these  gatherings 
are   in  very  many  localities  abroad.      But  what  gives 
to  our  own  export  trade  of  forest  seeds  such  significance 
is  the  fact,  that  we  offer  thereby  means  of  raising  woods 
with  far  more  celerity  and  ease,  than  would  be  possible 
through  dissemination  of  trees  from  any  other  part  of 
the  globe,  it  being  understood  that  the  operations  are 
instituted  in  climatic  zones  similar  to  our  own.     Trees 
with  softer  kinds  of  woods,  such  as  Poplars  and  Wil- 
lows, even  though  they  may  rival  some  of  the  Euca- 
lypts in  quickness  of  growth,  cannot  be  well  drawn  into 
comparison,  as  most  of  them  do  not  live  in  dry  soil, 
nor  attain  longevity,   nor  assume  gigantic  dimensions, 


44 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  13,   1S72. 


nor  furnish  timber  of  durability.  But  there  are  still 
other  reasons,  which  have  drawn  our  Eucalypts  into 
extensive  cultural  use  elsewhere — for  instance,  in 
Algeria,  Spain,  Portugal,  Italy,  the  south  of  France, 
Greece,  Kgypt,  Palestine,  various  uplands  of  India,  the 
savannahs  of  North  America,  the  lianas  of  South 
America,  at  Natal,  and  other  places  in  South  Africa, 
and  even  as  near  as  New  Zealand.*  One  of  the  advan- 
tages offered  is  the  extraordinary  facility  and  quickness 
with  which  the  seeds  are  raised,  scarcely  any  care  being 
requisite  in  nursery  works,  a  seedHng,  moreover,  being 
within  a  year,  or  even  less  time,  fit  for  final  transplan- 
tation. Another  advantage  consists  in  the  ease  with 
which  the  transit  can  be  effected,  in  consequence  of 
the  minuteness  of  most  kinds  of  Eucalyptus  seeds,  t 
there  being  besides  no  difficulty  in  packing  on  account 
of  the  natural  dryness  of  these  seeds.  For  curiosity's 
sake  I  had  an  ounce  of  the  seed  of  several  species 
counted,  with  the  following  results  : — 

Blue-gum  tree,  one  ounce — sifted  fertile  seed  grains, 
ID,  1 12. 

Stringy-bark  tree  (unsifted),  21,080. 

Swamp-gum  tree  (unsifted),  23.264. 

Peppermint  Eucalypt  (unsifted),  17,600. 

According  to  this  calculation  we  could  raise  from 
I  lb.  of  seeds  of  the  blue-gum  tree  161,792  plants. 
Let  us  suppose,  for  argument's  sake,  that  only  half  the 
seeds  of  such  grew,  the  number  of  seedlings  would  be 
enormous  ;  and  even  if  only  the  seedlings  of  one 
quarter  of  the  seeds  of  i  lb.  finally  were  established 
they  would  suffice,  in  the  instance  of  the  blue-gum 
tree,  to  cover  404  acres,  assuming  that  we  planted  at 
the  rate  of  100  trees  to  the  acre  (allowing  for  thinning- 
out).  The  following  notes  for  comparison  may  be  of 
interest : — ■ 

Grains. 

I  oz.  of  seed  of  Pinus  Pinaster           ..  contains       730 

I  ,,           ,,              ,,      Pinea               ..  ,,              38 

1  „           „              ,.      halepensis       ..  ,,            940 

I  ,,           ,,              ,,       alba                  . .  „       lo.oSo 

1  ,,           ,,           Cupressus  sempervirens  ,,          497° 

1   ,,            ,,            Fraxinus  Ornus        ..  „             316 

I  ,,           ,,           Betula  alba               ..  ,,       34i56o 

I  ,,           .,           Acer  Pseudo-Platanus  ,,            18^ 

It  seems  marvellous  that  trees  of  such  colossal 
dimensions,  counting  among  the  most  gigantic  of  the 
globe,  should  arise  from  a  seed  grain  so  extremely 
minute. 

The  exportation  of  Eucalyptus  seeds  has  already 
assumed  some  magnitude.  Our  monthly  mails  con- 
vey occasionally  quantities  to  the  value  of  over  ;^ioo  ; 
the  total  export  during  the  last  12  years  must  have 
reached  several  or  perhaps  many  thousand  pounds 
sterling.  For  the  initiation  of  this  new  resource, 
through  his  extensive  correspondence  abroad,  the 
writer  can  lay  much  claim  ;  and  he  believes  that 
almost  any  quantity  of  Eucalyptus  seed  could  be  sold 
in  the  markets  of  London,  Paris,  Calcutta,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Buenos  Ayres,  Valparaiso,  and  elsewhere,  as  it 
will  be  long  before  a  sufficient  local  supply  can  be 
secured  abroad  from  cultivated  trees. 

Monsieur  Prosper  Ramel,  of  Paris,  stands  foremost 
among  those  who  promoted  Eucalyptus  culture  in 
South  Europe. 

{To  be  Conthiued.') 


Some  ODomspitkirte. 

Cucumbers. — Having  always  taken  a  deep  interest 
in  Cucumber  growing  for  exhibition,  as  well  as  for 
supplying  the  table,  I  have  tried  all  the  choice  kinds 
I  could  procure.  Some  of  them  proved  good,  others 
more  or  less  inferior.  I  could  give  a  list  of  what  I 
considered  the  best  kinds  if  desired  ;  but  I  could  not 
depend  on  a  thorough  good  brace  of  fruit  for  exhibition 
until  I  had  the  pleasure  of  raising  Blue  Gown.  1  have 
grown  it  four  years  in  succession,  and  have  shown  it 
in  London  and  the  provinces  in  all  15  times,  and  have 
taken  1st  prize  on  every  occasion,  which  I  think  is 
sufficient  to  prove  that  Blue  Gown,  if  true,  cannot  fail 
to  give  satisfaction  in  the  hands  of  good  growers.  As 
regards  the  queer  name  upon  which  your  correspondent, 
Mr.  Knight,  remarks,  allow  me  to  inform  him  that  it 
was  raised  and  shown  in  the  year  1S68,  when  the  cele- 
brated racehorse  Blue  Gown  won  the  Derby  ;  hence  I 
think  you  will  agree  with  me  that  the  name  was 
applicable  at  the  time.  Thos.  Loc/:ic,  Great  Marlozo^ 
Bucks. 

Who  is  to  Have  the  Prize  ?— The  Carter  Prize 
Cup  is,  I  believe,  intended  to  be  the  property  of  the 
gentleman,  not  of  the  gardener,  who,  I  think,  has  the 
greatest  right  to  it.  Horticultural  prizes  are,  I  consider, 
gardener's  property ;  they  have  to  toil  and  bear  the 
heat  of  the  day,  and  are  deserving  of  the  prizes  awarded 
by  societies  for  the  plants,  fruit,  and  vegetables  they 
may  exhibit — Palmam  qui  meruit  fcrat.  But  why  are 
such  prizes  awarded  to  gentlemen  only?  It  is  some- 
thing to  draw  customers,  and  with  such  customers 
good  gardeners  seldom  stay  long  enough  to  gain  such  a 
prize  three  successive  times.  It  is  only  in  good  old 
families  competent  men  stay  any  time,   and  employers 


*  The  seeds  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata  (our  red-gum  tree)  are 
available  fur  all  tropic  countries,  inasmuch  as  this  species,  which 
is  almost  incomparably  valuable  for  its  lasting  wood,  ranges  natu- 
rally right  through  the  hot  zone  of  Australia. 

t  The  seeds  of  the  West  Australian  red-gum  tree  (Eucalyptus 
caliphylla,  and  the  East  Australian  bloodwood  tree  (Eucalyptus 
corymbosa)  are  comparatively  large  and  heavy. 


of  this  class]  would  "deem  it  infra  dig.  to  take  a  prize 
which  rightly  belongs  to  the  gardener.  Bruce  Mackay. 

Heating  by  the  Tank  System. — Can  any  reader 
of  the  Gardeners^  Chronicle%z.y  whether  the  tank  system 
of  heating  by  hot  water  is  successful,  or  give  any  infor- 
mation as  to  its  merits  or  demerits?  I  have  a  lean-to 
house  50  feet  by  10,  the  back  wall  10  feet,  which  I 
want  to  heat  in  the  most  economical  manner.  Would 
the  sides  of  the  wooden  tank  send  out  heat  enough  for 
the  house,  allowing  me  the  use  of  the  top  to  heat  a 
propagating  bed  ?  Would  white  deal  i  \  inch  thick  do 
for  the  sides  of  tank,  instead  of  the  very  good  and  stout 
timber  recommended  in  some  gardening  books  ?  A 
Co/ishiiit  Reader.  [The  tank  system  has  always  proved 
efficient  when  fairly  carried  out ;  but  you  would  not  be 
able  to  heat  the  atmosphere  of  your  house  from  the 
sides  of  a  wooden  tank.   Eds.] 

Greenhouse  Hard-wooded  Plants  (see  also 
p.  46).  —  The  practice  of  deferring  the  potting  of 
hard-wooded  greenhouse  plants  until  May  or  June  has 
many  disadvantages,  the  greatest  of  which  is  that  the 
sun  at  that  time  lias  so  much  power,  that,  no  matter 
how  much  shading  be  used,  it  is  necessary  to  admit  more 
air  to  the  plants  than  they  hke  for  a  short  time  after 
the  operation  is  performed,  and  which  has  the  effect  of 
drying  up  the  plants,  and  causing  them  to  require  the 
application  of  water  to  the  roots  much  sooner  than 
they  ought  to  receive  it  after  potting.  The  consequence 
is  that  the  roots,  which  are  unavoidably  more  or  less 
injured  in  the  operation,  have  not  sufficient  time  to  heal 
before  water  is  given — conditions  which  it  is  of  the 
greatest  importance  to  avoid,  inasmuch  as  it  often  has 
the  effect  of  causing  the  roots  to  rot  from  the 
wounded  parts  right  back  to  the  collar  ;  hence  the 
death  of  so  many  valuable  plants  after  potting.  Not 
that  any  plant  should  be  repotted  unless  its  roots  are 
more  or  less  in  action,  but  there  are  very  few  hard- 
wooded  greenhouse  plants  whose  roots  are  ever  quite 
dormant,  unless  the  plant  has  received  some  sudden 
check  or  been  subjected  to  continuous  bad  treatment. 
The  latter  end  of  February,  March,  and  September, 
are  the  best  months  for  potting  these,  as  the  objections 
I  have  mentioned  are  then  greatly  reduced.  There  is 
another  advantage,  that  when  the  operation  is  per- 
formed at  either  of  these  seasons  there  is  more  time  to 
do  it  with  care,  and  also  to  give  them  the  extra  atten- 
tion they  require  for  a  short  time  afterwards.  Of  the 
times  named,  the  first  is  the  best,  but  in  the  case  of  young 
plants  that  are  required  to  be  grown  on  quickly  it  is 
often  necessary  to  pot  a  second  time  in  one  season  ; 
in  which  case  it  is  better  to  defer  the  second  operation 
until  September.  From  these  remarks  it  will  be  obvious 
that,  if  not  already  done,  the  different  potting  materials, 
peat,  sand,  loam,  iSrc,  should  be  at  once  got  under 
cover  in  an  airy  shed,  where  they  will  get  sufficiently, 
yet  not  too  dry.  Peat  and  loam  that  has  been  dug 
twelve  months  is  in  the  best  condition  for  use,  as  if 
stacked  longer  the  vegetable  fibre  becomes  too  far 
decomposed.  From  the  use  of  peat  in  this  condition, 
or  that  has  never  contained  sufficient  fibre,  many  new 
beginners  in  the  cultivation  of  these  plants  fail.  In 
the  case  of  gross-feeding  plants  it  is  possible  to  suc- 
ceed on  the  make-shift  principle,  but  not  so  with 
these,  which,  both  as  to  the  soil  in  which  they  grow, 
and  also  as  to  the  amount  of  attention  and  close 
observation  they  require,  are  by  far  the  most  diffi- 
cult of  all  cultivated  plants  to  grow  well.  T.  Barnes^ 
Southgate. 

Manure  for  Conifers. — Referring  to  the  general 
question,  should  manure  of  any  sort  be  used  in  raising 
seedling  Larch?  I  shall  assume  that  evei'y  planter  would 
prefer  beginning  with  strong,  well-grown,  thoroughly 
ripened,  and  fully  developed  seedlings,  instead  of 
transplanting  hungry,  poverty-stricken  plants  ;  and 
here  I  would  ask  how  much  of  the  disease  which,  in 
so  many  cases,  destroys  the  Larch  trees  in  after  life, 
may  not  be  fairly  attributed  to  the  seedlings  having 
been  stunted  for  want  of  nourishment  in  their  early 
days  ?  Admit,  then,  that  manure  of  some  kind  is  bene- 
ficial (and  "J.  M.  B.,"  p.  1681,  1S71,  besides  the  **Late 
Foreman,"  goes  in  for  rotted  manure),  the  next  point  is, 
what  is  the  best  and  safest — and  it  was  not  without 
due  caution,  and  after  several  experiments,  that  guano 
was  used  on  such  a  large  breadth  of  seedlings,  the 
loss,  in  event  of  failure,  being  great.  As  to  what 
guano  was  used,  it  is  better  to  explain  that  Peruvian 
guano,  in  its  best  days,  contained  too  much  ammonia 
in  proportion  to  its  other  constituents  to  render  it  safe 
for  application  to  young  Conifers,  while  phospho- 
guano  is  perfectly  safe,  on  account  of  the  large  pro- 
portion of  soluble  phosphates,  the  real  food  of  plants, 
which  it  contains,  without  possessing  too  much  ammo- 
niacal  stimulant  to  over-tax  the  growing  energies  of 
such  young  plants.  Phospho-guano,  then,  was  the  sort 
used  in  the  large  breadths  of  seedling  Larch  with  such 
splendid  results  as  "J.  M.  B.  "  describes,  and  there  is 
no  fear  entertained  here  with  regard  to  the  future  of 
tliose  plants.  Some  couple  of  millions  of  them,  at  least, 
will  be  transplanted  and  grown  on  in  the  nurseries, 
alongside  of  others  treated  with  rotted  manure  only, 
so  that  there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  "J.  M.  B." 
observing  how  they  get  on  together.  At  present, 
the  seedlings  from  guano  are  decidedly  preferred  by 
competent  judges  who  have  examined  them  on  the 
ground  and  not  '*  by  sample,"  like   "J.  M.  B."     In 


conclusion,  it  is  quite  easy  to  spoil  the  Conifer  seedling 
crop  with  too  much  phospho-guano  as  well  as  with  too 
much  rotted  manure,  in  fact,  to  kill  them  with  kind- 
ness; but  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  raise  good  seedlings 
without  the  aid  of  some  sort  of  manure :  so  the  proper 
quantities  to  be  applied  forms,  perhaps,  the  most  im- 
portant point  in  the  question.  If  the  subject  is  con- 
sidered worth  pursuing  further,  we  shall,  probably,  at 
some  future  time,  give  such,  and  other  particulars,  for 
general  information,  through  your  columns.  David 
Syrne,  Nursery  Manager  to  Peter  Lawson  ^  Son^ 
Edinburgh. 

Fuchsia  Riccartoni. — I  shall  have  pleasure  in 
sending  Mr.  Fish  a  batch  of  the  roots  of  Fuchsia 
Riccartoni,  and  I  have  no  doubt  in  the  fine  soil  and 
climate  of  Hardwicke  it  will  do  well,  if  liberally 
watered  in  dry  summers.  At  Welbeck  our  soil  is  very 
stiff  and  retentive,  with  the  subsoil  a  hard  red  clay, 
but  well  drained.  On  this  soil  the  Riccartoni  grows 
well,  but  it  seems  to  like  moisture,  for  in  the  past  wet 
summer  it  has  grown  larger  and  also  flowered  finer 
than  it  has  ever  done  before.  I  am  sorry  I  have  lost 
the  old  Fuchsia  globosa,  or  I  should  have  sent  Mr. 
Fish  roots  of  it  with  the  others.  Of  that  gem  of  spring 
bedding  plants,  Myosotis  dissitiflora,  I  have  only  a 
limited  supply  as  yet,  and  that  raised  from  a  small 
packet  of  seeds  last  year.  I  shall,  therefore,  be  thank- 
ful for  a  few  plants  from  Mr.  Fish's  cherished  store. 
William  Tillery. 

Eraser's  Variety  of  Batavian  Endive. — Having 
grown  this  kind  of  Endive  for  the  last  two  or  three 
years,  I  find  it  very  useful  for  supplying  winter  salads. 
This  past  summer  it  grew  very  large  with  me,  and  on 
being  planted  in  the  autumn  in  a  border  on  a  glass- 
covered  wall,  along  with  Lettuces  and  the  curled 
green  Endive,  a  supply  of  nice  succulent  salads  can  be 
had  every  day  throughout  the  winter  and  spring.  The 
appearance  of  Eraser's  Endive,  after  being  forced  for  a 
few  days  on  the  dark  shelf  of  a  Mushroom-house,  is 
like  a  nice  Cabbage  Lettuce  when  cut  and  trimmed  for 
use.  About  a  dozen  plants  each,  of  it  and  the  common 
green  curled  Endive,  are  lifted  every  three  or  four 
days,  and  put  into  the  Mushroom-house,  so  that  a  con- 
stant supply  is  blanched  for  use.  No  need  of  protec- 
tors or  frames  for  growing  salads  here,  for  this  border 
of  Endive  and  Lettuces  is  more  than  300  feet  in 
length,  and  contains  three  rows  of  plants  all  that 
length.  An  orchard-house,  if  heated  to  keep  severe 
frost  out,  is  the  best  of  all  erections  for  growing 
Lettuces  and  Endive — at  least  I  find  it  so.  William 
Tillcrv. 

Variegated  Elm. — I  am  glad  to  be  able  to 
chronicle  another  instance  of  variegation.  On  the 
lawn  of  a  villa  belonging  to  my  employer  is  a  fine 
variegated  Elm,  about  30  feet  in  height,  growing  on  a 
white  sandstone  rock.  The  whole  tree  in  most  years  is 
of  a  beautiful  silvery-gray,  some  seasons  brighter  than 
others.  It  throws  up  suckers,  which  in  some  in- 
stances are  almost  white.  I  have  one  in  the  garden 
here  2  feet  high,  and  very  pretty.  T,  Cajiei's^  Woodcoie 
Park. 

Cleaning  out  Boilers  and  Hot-water  Pipes.— 

I  quite  agree  with  your  correspondents  at  pp.  15S5  and 
165 1  in  last  year's  volume,  as  to  the  desirability  of 
occasionally  attending  to  this  matter.  But  unfortu- 
nately it  is  in  many  instances  attended  with  no  little 
difficulty,  on  account  of  no  provision  having  been 
made  at  the  time  of  fixing  the  apparatus  to  facilitate 
the  operation.  I  am  glad,  however,  to  find  that  most 
of  the  newly  introduced  boilers  are  furnished  with  a 
pipe,  for  the  purpose  of  drawing  off  the  water.  But,  at 
the  same  time,  I  am  afraid  that  something  more  than 
this  pipe  is  required  to  insure  the  thorough  cleansing  of 
a  hot-water  apparatus,  as  I  have  found  that  no  amount 
of  mere  flushing  can  be  relied  upon  as  certain  to  re- 
move sedimentary  matter  from  the  lower  or  return-pipe. 
Some  years  since  it  was  found  necessary  to  alter  the 
arrangement  of  some  pipes  in  one  of  the  forcing-houses 
at  this  place.  The  heating  apparatus  had  been  in  use 
many  years,  and  I  believe  rain-water  from  the  roofs  of 
glass  houses  had  always  been  used  for  filling  up  the 
pipes  ;  but,  on  examination,  it  was  found  that  the 
return-pipe  was  nearly  half  filled  with  a  sedimentary 
substance,  resembling  very  thick  paint,  or  gas-tar,  and 
over  which  water  was  found  to  flow  in  much  the 
same  manner  as  clear  water  may  be  seen  to  flow 
over  the  sometimes  soft  bed  of  a  streamlet,  with- 
out disturbing  or  mixing  with  it  in  the  least  degree, 
until  mechanically  disturbed  or  stirred  up.  This 
substance  was  apparently  composed  of  soot  and 
oxidised  iron  or  rust  from  the  inside  of  the  pipes, 
and  the  soot  had  no  doubt  been  introduced  with  the 
rain-water.  On  carefully  examining  the  interior  of  the 
boiler  (one  of  the  old  bell  form)  it  was  found  to  con- 
tain no  sediment  whatever,  but  was  apparently  as  clean 
as  when  fixed.  This  circumstance  tended  to  confirm  an 
opinion  I  had  previously  entertained,  viz.,  that  ordi- 
nary sedimentary  matter  was  unlikely  to  remain  at  the 
bottom  of  a  boiler,  "to  act  as  a  buffer  between  the 
fire  and  the  water,"  but  would  rather  pass  off  by  the 
flow  to  be  gradually  deposited  in  the  lower  or 
return-pipe.  There  are  several  very  old  boilers  here 
as  well  as  new  ones — some  of  them  have  been  at  work 
nearly  if  not  quite  30  years — and  certainly  no  boilers 
can  act  more  efficiently  than  they  do  ;    one  of  them 


January  13,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Aoricultural    Gazette. 


45 


heats  a  plant  stove,  an  early  vinery  and  Mushroom- 
house,  and  is  consequently  at  work  for  about  lo 
months  during  each  year.  By  the  aid  of  a  tap  fixed 
in  the  return-pipe  the  water  in  the  pipes  has  been 
frequently  changed,  but  there  being  no  means  of 
emptying  or  cleaning  out  the  boiler  it  has  never  been 
attempted,  nor  does  it  seem  necessary  to  do  so,  as  it 
acts  in  all  respects  as  well  as  could  be  desired.  But 
believing  as  I  do  that  it  is  chiefly  in  the  return  or 
lower  pipe  that  deposits  of  sedimentary  matter  are 
likely  to  accumulate,  and  which  must  more  or  less 
tend  to  impede  the  circulation  and  diminish  the 
heating  power,  I  am  consequently  inclined  to  think 
that  provision  might  be  made  at  the  time  of  fixing  the 
pipes  to  facilitate  the  effectual  cleaning  out  of  the  same, 
and  would  recommend  the  forming  of  socketless  joints 
at  intervals,  or  where  theymightbe  considered  necessary, 
as  shown  below.     The  packing  at  A  and  B  could,  with- 


L 


out  much  difficulty,  be  removed,  and  the  collar  or 
larger  pipe  pushed  to  the  right  or  left.  A  flexible  iron 
rod  or  strong  wire,  furnished  with  a  brush  or  mop-head, 
might  then  be  introduced  into  the  pipes,  stirring  up 
and  loosening  all  sedimentary  matter  deposited  therein, 
and  which  could  then  be  flooded  out  by  abundance  of 
water.  As  rust  from  the  inside  of  the  pipes 
and  boiler  doubtless  furnishes  the  principal  item  of 
sedimentary  deposit  in  the  pipes,  it  is  advisable  to  use 
hard  water  from  the  chalk  (if  procurable)  for  a  short 
time,  to  be  ultimately  replaced  by  clean  rain-water. 
The  hard  water  appears  to  have  the  property  of  pre- 
venting oxidation  or  rusting,  and  by  using  it  only  for  a 
short  time,  say  a  week  or  ten  days,  no  harm  will  accrue 
from  its  chalky  deposit.  I  distinctly  remember  the 
circumstance  of  a  cast-iron  boiler  being  attached  to  an 
ordinary  kitchen  range,  for  the  purpose  of  furnishing  a 
constant  supply  of  hot  soft  water,  but  which  soon 
became  so  strongly  impregnated  with  rust  as  to  be 
rendered  totally  unfit  for  use.  The  soft  water  was  at 
last  drawn  off,  and  the  boiler  was  then  filled  with  hard 
water,  which  was  retained  for  about  the  time  I  have 
mentioned,  ^nd  was  in  its  turn  drawn  off  and  replaced 
by  clean  rain-water  as  before,  which  always  remained 
clear  afterwards.  F,  Grict'e^  Culford. 

The  Foxglove. — It  is  but  right  that  we  should  all 
differ,  and  I  would  thank  Mr,  Dean  for  pointing  out  his 
mode  of  sowing  the  Foxglove ;  but,  although  I  suggested 
that  the  seed  should  be  sown  in  moist  heat,  I  didn't  mean 
to  infer  that  it  should  be  sown  in  strong  heat.  About 
the  time  we  sow  Lobelia  and  other  bedding  plants  we 
sow,  too,  such  as  the  Foxglove,  Campanula,  Antir- 
rhinum, and  others.  In  a  large  establishment  such  as 
this  we  make  a  general  sowing  of  such  things  for  the 
sake  of  order  and  efficiency,  and  the  seeds  so  sown  get 
the  benefit  of  a  started  Peach-house  or  vinery.  I 
haven't  the  least  doubt  that  Mr.  Dean  will  get  as 
good  plants  by  autumn  in  his  way  of  sowing  as  I, 
and  others  doubtless  will  be  as  far  ahead  as  us  by 
simply  sowing  under  a  south  wall  in  March  or  April. 
On  the  border  on  which  our  Foxgloves  flowered  last 
year,  millions  of  seedling  plants  were  to  be  seen  in 
October  over  the  whole  surface,  from  the  seed,  of 
course,  which  had  been  scattei-ed  by  the  wind, — suffi- 
cient plants  to  stock  the  whole  country  side.  I  am 
well  aware  of  the  gloxinioides  Foxglove  being  grown 
in  this  country,  which,  no  doubt,  is  the  same  as 
Vilmorin's  gloxinioides — rose,  blanche,  and  purple  ; 
and,  if  so,  it  is  similar  to  the  one  I  have.  When  I 
gave  4  feet  as  the  height  of  flower-spike,  I  might  have 
said,  that  from  the  soil  to  the  top  of  spike  they  {the 
plants)  would  be  7  feet  and  8  feet  high.  H.  Knight, 
Floors, 

Aucuba  Sports. — I  have  been  much  interested  in 
the  remarks  of  several  of  your  correspondents  on  the 
diversity  of  foliage  assumed  by  many  of  the  recently- 
introduced  Aucubas,  and  this  has  induced  me  to  forward 
for  your  inspection  a  leaf  from  a  plant  growing  here, 
which  measures  12  inches  in  length  and  6^  in  breadth. 
Such  may  be  a  common  occurrence,  but  I  have  seen 
nothing  Hke  it  before.  The  plant  is  of  a  healthy  green, 
without  spots,  and  from  four  to  five  years  old.  It  is 
forked  into  two  distinct  branches,  only  one  of  which, 
however,  produces  leaves  like  the  one  enclosed  ;  but 
all  on  that  half  of  the  plant  are  of  the  same  conspicuous 
size  and  form.  I  should  be  pleased  to  hear  if  you 
attach  any  importance  to  such  productions,  and  also  if 
propagating  from  that  portion  would  be  likely  to 
establish  permanently  its  present  peculiar  habit.  J.  E.^ 
Gr.  to  F.  G.  Saunders,  Esq.,  Ivy  House,  Highdere, 
Berks.  [Unusually  large  and  wavy ;  possibly  it  is  a 
giant  sport,  and  is  certainly  worth  the  attempt  to 
preserve.  Eds.] 

Beech  Trees  Struck  with  Lightning. — In  Mr. 

McNab's  remarks,  read  before  the  Edinburgh  Botanic 
Society  (p.  13),  reference  is  made  to  a  Beech  growing  in 
Mr.  Smith's  nursery  being  struck  with  lightning,  with- 
out any  perceptible  injury  arising  therefrom.  While  gar- 
dener to  the  late  Lord  Stanley  of  Alderley,  there  were 
several  Beech  trees  struck  by  lightning  ;  two  in  parti- 
cular I  remarked  in  1869,  not  isolated  specimens,  but 


standing  in  close  proximity  to  Oak,  Ash,  Chestnut,  &c., 
to  all  appearance  uninjured,  with  the  exception  of  a 
narrow  piece  of  bark  about  2  yards  long  torn  off ;  it 
then  twisted  round  the  stem  of  the  tree,,  and  entering 
the  ground  on  one  side  of  the  root  came  out  on  the 
other.  Another  Beech,  which  had  been  struck  about 
nine  years  previous  (when  a  sheep  was  killed  under  it), 
was  every  succeeding  year  longer  in  coming  into  leaf, 
until  eventually  it  died.  When  cut  down  the  only 
trace  I  could  discover  was  that  a  small  piece  of  bark 
about  iS  inches  long  had  been  taken  off;  the  wood 
was  not,  as  in  Oak,  &c,,  shaken.  A.  Hossack,  Ash- 
Imrnham  Place,  Battle. 

Open  Air  Fig  Culture.— The  finest  Figs  I  ever 
saw  were  on  trees  that  had  not  for  30  years  or  more 
been  either  nailed  or  pruned.  One  is  a  large  tree, 
about  16  feet  in  height,  and  12  feet  through,  the 
branches  reaching  to  the  ground,  and  standing  in  front 
of  a  shrubbery  ;  the  soil  is  a  poor  hungry  peat  and 
gravel,  which  has  never  been  either  dug  or  fed  in  any 
way.  In  another  part  of  the  garden,  about  400  yards 
distant,  are  more  trees  growing  in  wet,  rather  stiff  soil, 
which  in  their  younger  days  had  their  corns  and 
branches  pruned  and  nailed  to  a  wall,  but  now  are 
growing  about  S  feet  above  the  top  of  it  :  they  make 
but  little  wood,  but  bear  large  crops  of  fine  fruit.  T. 
Capers,   Woodcote  Park. 

Scolytus  destructor. — Kindly  inform  me  if  it  is 
possible  to  do  anything  with  caustic  limewash,  &c.,  to 
save  the  Elm  trees,  of  which  the  accompanying  are 
specimens  of  the  bark  taken  off  to-day.     Some  of  the 


Fig.  II.— bark  of  elm  perforated  by  scolytus. 

trees  are  infested  only  on  one  side,  others  all  round, 
while  at  a  distance  some  others  are  not  at  present 
touched.  We  wish  to  save  all  the  trees,  if  we  can.  Any 
remedy  you  can  suggest  will  be  thankfully  received. 


Fig.  12.— burrows  of  scolytus  destructor. 

Soidh  Devon.  [This  is  the  well-known  pest,  Scolytus 
destructor  (figs.  11  and  12).  The  female  insect  (beetle) 
deposits  her  eggs  in  the  main  gallery  ;  when  liatched, 
the  grubs  eat  their  way  out  through  the  side  galleries 
to  the  surface,  through  the  holes  in  which  (fig.  11)  the 
perfect  insects  escape.  Many  plans  have  been  tried  to 
conquer  it,  but  we  know  of  none  that  can  be  regarded 
as  successful.  See  p.  342,  of  our  volume  for  1857. 
Eds.] 

French  Horticulturists'  Relief  Fund.— Will 
you  permit  me  to  say  that  I  have  received  from  Geo. 
Sparks,  Esq.,  Bromley,  Kent,  £,%^  which,  by  his  con- 
sent, will  be  appropriated  to  the  distressing  case  of 
Madame  Lierval,  the  complete  destruction  of  whose 
establishment  I  have  narrated  in  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle.  I  shall  be  glad  to  receive  further  contribu- 
tions for  the  general  fund,  or  for  this  case.  //,  H. 
Dombrain,  Westwell,  Ashford,  Kent. 


Foreign  Correspondence. 

Moscow:  Dec.  16,  1871.— On  the  subject  of  Fungi, 
I  could  furnish  you  with  some  curious  facts  that  have 
come  under  my  notice  in  this  country.  As  an  instance 
of  their  destructive  powers,  I  may  mention  their  having 
destroyed  a  fine  wood  of  young  Pine  trees  some 
20  years  old.  They  appear  to  work  with  wonderful 
rapidity,  as  the  trees  I  allude  to  made  in  the  month  of 
May  fine  healthy  growths,  fully  2  feet  in  length,  and 
by  the  middle  of  June  they  were  brown  and  withered, 
as  though  they  had  been  fire  scorched.  I,  indeed,  at 
first  imagined  that  they  had  been  burned,  till  on 
examination  it  was  found  that  roots  and  stems  were 
masses  of  Fungus.  The  threads  appeared  to  have 
run  up  betwixt  the  bark  and  the  stem,  as  the  bark 
came  away  from  the  trees  in  large  flakes.  Now,  had 
the  Fungus  been  active  in  spring,  when  the  trees  were 
making  their  growth,  it  seems  hardly  possible  that 
they  could  have  grown  so  freely,  and  been  to  all  outward 
appearance  in  robust  health,  as  indicated  by  their  fine 
growth  ;  so  that  the  Fungus  would  appear  to  be  both 
deadly  and  rapid  in  its  effects.  These  Pine  trees  were 
sown  where  they  grew,  and  not  transplanted  ;  so  that 
the  theory  of  Mr.  Miller,  about  transplanted  trees,  in 
basins  of  hard,  dry  earth,  would  not  apply  in  this 
instance.  It  was  a  case  of  true  Fungus  poisoning, 
brought  about,  as  I  think,  by  squirrels,  for  at  the  roots 
of  some  trees,  near  the  centre  of  the  wood,  we  found 
several  hoards  of  Pine  cones  and  nuts,  collected  by 
these  animals ;  and  these  cones  were  as  fine  masses  of 
Fungus  spawn  as  it  is  possible  to  imagine,  and  from 
these  centres  of  contagion  the  pest  appeared  to  have 
spread  on  all  sides. 

Another  case  of  Fungus  poisoning,  that  caused  me  a 
deal  of  trouble,  occurred  with  some  fine  old  Orange 
trees  in  tubs.  Some  12  years  ago,  when  these  trees 
came  under  my  notice,  they  were  in  a  most  deplorable 
condition  ;  all,  with  one  exception,  seemed  dead  or 
dying,  many  of  them  were  destitute  of  foliage,  and 
what  few  leaves  hung  on  the  remainder  were  yellow 
and  covered  with  black  spots.  I  at  first  thought  that 
they  had  been  exposed  to  the  frost ;  but  on  turning 
one  of  them  out  of  the  tub,  the  whole  secret  of  their 
sickly  condition  was  at  once  brought  to  light — it  was 
simply  Fungus,  the  whole  ball  being  a  mass  of  white 
threads,  the  young  roots  all  black  and  dead,  and 
the  older  roots  swollen  and  turgid.  I  had  not  far  to 
look  for  the  cause  of  the  spread  of  Fungus  in  this  case, 
as  over  the  drainage  at  the  bottom  of  the  tub  I  found 
a  layer  of  Pine  tree  bark,  put  there  evidently  with 
the  intention  of  preventing  the  earth  being  washed 
down  amongst  the  drainage.  As  every  gardener  knows 
the  bark  of  old  Pine  trees  is  seldom  free  from  Fungus, 
and  in  this  instance  there  cannot  be  a  doubt  that  the 
Fungus  had  spread  from  the  bark  into  the  soil,  and  on 
to  the  roots  of  the  Orange  trees,  and  so  caused  them 
injuiy.  As  soon  as  possible  I  had  all  the  trees  re- 
planted in  new  tubs,  removing  as  much  as  possible  of 
the  infected  soil  from  the  balls,  cleaning  and  washing 
the  roots,  and  dressing  them  with  quicklime  and  wood 
ashes  ;  it  was  several  years  before  they  recovered  from 
the  Fungus  fever,  but  in  time  they  got  over  it,  and  are 
now  in  good  health.  At  the  time  of  retubbing  the  trees, 
we  examined  amongst  the  rest  the  one  tree  that  I  pre- 
viously mentioned  as  being  in  better  condition  than 
the  others.  This  one  tree  had  been  planted  without 
the  layer  of  bark  over  the  drainage,  and  was  free  from 
Fungus.  A  more  convincing  proof  of  Fungus  poisoning 
and  its  ill  effects  it  would  be  difficult  to  find.  After  this  I 
think  even  the  boldest  denier  of  the  noxious  influence 
of  Fungus  would  hesitate  ere  placing  Pine  bark  under 
valuable  plants.  I  could  bring  forward  many  more  in- 
stances of  these  baneful  effects,  but  enough  for  the  present. 
The  sort  of  Fungus  I  have  been  writing  about  are 
called  in  the  expressive  Russian  vernacular  unclean, 
but  here  we  have  many  Fungi  of  a  more  useful  de- 
scription; indeed,  one  of  the  great  staples  of  food  in 
Russia  is  Mushrooms  :  they  are  generally  produced  in 
countless  numbers,  but  this  season,  owing  to  the  dry 
summer,  they  have  been  scarce,  and  are  just  now 
selling  at  3J.  per  lb.  I  had  intended  to  have  said 
something  about  their  qualities,  and  the  way  in  which 
the  various  sorts  are  prepared  for  use,  but  I  fear  my 
gossiping  letter  has  already  encroached  too  much  on 
your  space.  John  Finlay.  [Not  at  all.  Eds.] 


Hottrcs  0f  §00hs. 

The  Royal  Institution:  its  Founder  and  its 
First  Professors.  By  Dr.  Bence  Jones,  Hon. 
Secretary.     Longmans.     Svo,  pp.  431. 

Some  short  time  since  there  appeared  in  the  columns  of 
one  of  the  daily  papers  a  humorous  account  of  some 
schoolboys  being  taken  as  a  supposed  penance  to  the 
Royal  Institution  in  Albemarle  Street.  The  writer 
supposed  that  the  character  of  the  information,  and  the 
style  in  which  it  would  be  conveyed,  would  be  such  as 
to  prove  a  wholesome  counterpoise  to  a  course  of 
pantomimes,  and  serve  to  check,  by  force  of  contrast, 
the  occasionally  distressing  exuberance  of  animal 
spirits  manifested  by  juveniles  when  freed  from  the 
restraint  of  the  pedagogue.  In  place,  however,  of 
** useful  and  interesting"  information  being  imparted, 
after  the  fashion  of  Mr.  Barlow  in  Sandjord  and 
Merton,  the  writer  of  the  article  found  some  elementary 


46 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


[January  13,  1872. 


truths  in  physics  illustrated  more  after  the  fashion 
of  Grimaldi  than  of  a  learned  professor.  In  popu- 
larising to  such  an  audience  some  of  the  gieat  facts  of 
everyday  life,  the  Professor  wittingly,  or  unwittingly, 
followed  in  the  spirit  of  the  original  founder  of  the 
Institution  in  question.  We  have  been  accustomed  so 
long  to  think  of  the  Royal  Institution  as  in  many  senses 
the  headquarters  for  pure  physical  research  and  dis- 
covery, apart  from  their  practical  applications,  that  it 
will  strike  many  as  singular  that  the  origmal  purpose 
for  which  the  Institution  was  founded  by  Count  Rum- 
ford  was  more  akin  to  that  now-a-days  more 
especially  carried  on  under  the  auspices  of  the  Society 
of  Arts,  to  wit,  the  "  speedy  and  general  diffusion  of 
the  knowledge  of  all  new  and  useful  improvements," 
and  the  teaching  the  application  of  scientific  discoveries  ; 
to  the  improvement  of  arts  and  manufactures  in  this 
country,  and  to  the  increase  of  domestic  comfort  and 
convenience. 

The  splendid  researches  of  Davy,  and  later  of  Fara- 
day, tended  especially  to  give  a  somewhat  different 
character  to  the  Institution.  It  will  not,  however,  be 
forgotten  amid  the  scientific  discoveries  which  have 
shed  so  much  honour  and  lustre  alike  on  the  Institution 
and  its  professors,  that  the  safety  lamp  of  Davy,  and 
numerous  applications  of  magnetism  and  other  sciences 
to  the  purposes  of  everyday  life  with  which  Fara- 
day endowed  his  country,  took  origin  within  its 
walls.  As  to  the  diffusion  of  knowledge,  the  In- 
stitution has  been  signally  fortunate  in  its  lec- 
turers. Davy  and  Faraday  were  admirable  in  this 
capacity.  The  eloquence  and  genius  of  the  former 
saved  the  Institution  from  collapse  ;  the  discoveries  of 
Faraday,  and  his  peculiarly  happy  mode  of  explaining 
them,  raised  it  to  the  very  highest  position  among 
kindred  institutions,  a  position  not  in  the  least  likely  to 
be  deteriorated  in  the  hands  of  its  present  professors, 
who  have  the  happy  knack  of  being,  like  their  prede- 
cessors, gi-eat  as  discoverers  and  great  as  expounders. 
The  present  volume  conveys  much  information  of  the 
early  history  of  the  Institution,  and  of  the  lives  of  its 
first  professors— Count  Rumford,  Garnett,  Young,  and 
Davy,  the  life  of  Faraday  having  been  previously 
separately  published  by  the  same  author. 

In  substance,  then,  the  book  is  pretty  much  a  series 
of  biographies  of  the  eminent  men  we  have  named, 
and  from  the  intimate  connection  with  their  best  society 
of  the  times,  social,  literary,  and  scientific,  it  may 
readily  be  imagined  that  the  book  with  which  Dr. 
Bence  Jones  has  now  favoured  us  is  one  of  peculiar 
interest  and  importance.  The  life  of  Count  Rumford 
is  indeed  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  pieces  of  bio- 
graphical writing  we  have  ever  read,  and  as  among  his 
many  schemes  and  discoveries  he  found  time  to  be  a 
landscape  gardener,  and  to  improve  the  breed  of  horses 
and  cattle,  and  may  lay  claim  to  that  of  being  the 
originator  of  heating  buildings  by  hot  water,  his  life  has 
some  special  interest  to  gardeners  and  agriculturists. 
The  acquirements,  too,  of  Dr.  Young  were  of  the  most 
singularly  varied  character,  and,  together  with  the 
lectures  of  Coleridge  and  Sydney  Smith,  did  much  to 
enhance  the  reputation  of  the  Institution,  and  to  make 
science  and  philosophy  fashionable  in  high  quarters. 
The  life  of  Davy  has  been  frequently  written  before, 
but  we  do  not  remember  ever  to  have  seen  brought 
out  into  such  prominence  the  vigorous  way  in  which 
Davy  wrestled  with  the  scientific  problems  which 
arose  in  the  course  of  his  experiments. 


Major  Munn  is  quite  right  :  I  do  not  mean  venti- 
lation. I  think  this  is  within  the  reach  of  the  wealthy 
only,  by  having  clockwork  at  a  short  distance  from  the 
hive  to  keep  it  in  constant  motion,  as  the  only  cure. 
We  know  that  straw  has  one  good  quality  (non-con- 
duction) and  many  evils,  while  wood  has  many  good 
qualities  and  one  evil  (f.^.,  conduction).  Since  in-lining 
has  been  objected  to,  can  we  secure  to  wood  the  one 
good  quality  of  straw  chemically,  or  in  some  way 
change  the  internal  faces  of  the  boards  used  for  making 
the  hive  ?  I  have  thought  of  charring  (or  rather 
scorching)  the  inside  faces  of  the  boards  before  putting 
them  together — how  would  this  act  ?  I  think  I  shall 
be  understood  now,  and  bid  adieu,  unless  I  happen 
to  be  the  first  to  stumble  on  some  plan.  A.  H. 
[As  I  conjectured,  **A.  H."  did  not  and  could  not 
mean  *' ventilation  ;"  the  **bees"  are  the  best  judges 
when  they  require  the  heated  air  of  a  "closed  hive" 
to  be  driven  out.  Huber  and  Newport  have  long  ago 
\vritten  about  this  matter.  The  common  bar-frame 
hive  was  constructed  from  the  first  with  the  view  of 
being  "  non-conducting"  to  the  combs  from  the  "  air- 
space "  around  the  frames.  The  most  perfect  plan  is 
to  introduce  within  two  sheets  of  cork  on  the  back  and 
front  of  the  hive  ;  but  there  is  the  extra  cost  to  con- 
sider immediately  the  carpenter  or  hive-maker  is  made 
to  nail  together  or  secure  anything  but  the  simple  hive. 
To  char  the  inside  of  the  planks  would  do,  but  the 
rough  board  is  just  as  good,  without  the  cost  and 
trouble.  The  great  object  is  to  get  the  **  hive"  which 
approaches  the  natural  habitat  of  the  bee,  which  can 
be  examined  or  removed  at  any  moment,  and  the 
*' bar-frame  hive"  is  an  instance  of  meeting  these 
wants  when  made  in  the  simple  form  ;  but  whilst  there 
are  "  many  men  of  many  minds  "  there  will  be  many 
hives  of  many  kinds.    W.  A,  M.\  ' 


THE  WEATHER, 

STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  BLACKHEATH,  LONDON, 
For  the  Week  ending  W^ednesday,  Jan.  lo,  1872. 


Hygrome- 
trical    Ue- 

Barometer. 

Temperature  op 
THE  Air. 

from 
Glaisher's 
Tables  gth 

Wind. 

1872. 

Edition. 

J 

Month 

AND 

Day. 

Q      ° 

1 
X 

i 
I 

k1 

1 

0 

■322 

i 

a 

axs 

£.1 
II 

z 

^ 

2'^ 



1872. 

Tn. 

In. 

^ 

^ 

d 

a 

<» 

In. 

Jan.     4 

29.26 

—  0.50 

49.0 

42.S 

6.5 

44.7 

+  a.3 

38.2 

78 

s.w. 

0.3s 

„        S 

28,93 

-0,82 

5I-4 

37.8.3.6 

44-5 

+  8.3 

39.3 

32 

s.w. 

0.44 

,.       6 

29.40 

-0-34 

4S.9 

37.3'"'.6 

41.2 

+  5-2 

37.4 

86 

wsw 

0.30 

>i        7 

29.29 

-0.45 

43.237.2[  6.0 

40.4 

+  4-6 

37.5 

90 

s.w. 

0.18 

1,        8 

29.15  —0.58 

4i-4:32s!   8.9 

35 -a 

■l-o.i 

31.4 

84 

W:NW 

0.00 

»       9 

29.47  —0.26 

40.7I32.S    8-2 

36.7 

+  D.g 

32.8 

83 

N:NW 

0.08 

29.93  +0.21 

39.7l32-2|   7-5 

35.5-0.4 

34.. 

94 

Calm  :S  0.00 

Jan.      4.— Rain  fell  heavily  between  3  and  4  A. M.,  and  occasionally 

durine    the   day,   accompanied    by    hail.     Clouds   very 

variable  till  the  evening  ;  then  overcasl.    A  gale  at  nighi. 
5. — Heavy   gale,  with     rain   prevalent   till  6  a.m.     Frequent 

heavy  showers  also  fell  during  the  day,  accompanied  by 

hail-     Generally  cloudy.     Flashes  of  lightning  al  night. 
__      6. Fine  and  partially  cloudy  in  the  morning;  overcast  after 

noon,   and   rain   fell   heavily,  accompanied  at   limes  by 

hail,  until  3  p.m.     Cloudless  after  5  P.M. 
„      7. — Cloudy  in  the  morning  and  at  night ;  very  fine  and  nearly 

cloudless    at  mid-day.     Rain  icTl  in  early  morning,  and 

again  at  night. 
8. — Cloudy  at  mid-day  ;  the  .amount  generally  small  at  other 

times.     Ha^y  and  fogg>'.     Hoar-frost  at  nighL 
g, — Rain  fell  in   early  morning,  and  thinly  at   night.     Clouds 

variable.     Generally  fine. 
JO. — Generally  overcast.        Dense   fog  prevalent  in  morning. 

A  few  drops  of  rain  fell  at  night. 

JAMES  GLAISHER, 


(FOR  THE  ENSUING  FORTNIGHT.) 
PLANT  HOUSES. 
Greenhouse  Hard-wooded  Plants. — To  those 
commencing  the  cultivation  of  this  class  of  plants  it 
may  be  necessary  to  say,  that  even  at  this  season, 
when  they  are  making  little  growth,  it  will  not  answer 
to  stand  them  close  together  with  a  view  to  general 
appearance,  as  is  frequently  done  with  plants  that  are 
used  for  general  decoration.  They  must  all  stand  clear 
ot  each  other,  and  occupy  such  positions  in  the  dif- 
ferent structures  in  which  they  are  placed  as  I  shall 
point  out  as  occasion  requires.  Taking  the  stock, 
generally,  at  the  present  season,  they  require  all  the 
light  possible,  with  a  moderate  amount  of  air  every 
day,  but  no  cold  draughts.  Any  plants  that  have  been 
imperfectly  ripened  will  be  liable  to  mildew  during 
damp  weather  ;  as  soon  as  it  is  perceived  apply  sulphur, 
butsee  that  it  does  not  get  into  the  soil :  the  old-fashioned 
sulphur-puff  is  much  better  than  any  of  the  newer  con- 
trivances for  pot  plants.  Leschenanltias  (especially  the 
beautiful  blue  biloba),  Gompholobium  polymorfhum 
splmdem,  Roellia  ciliata,  and  the  different  varieties 
of  Statice,  ought  not  to  be  subjected  to  a  lower  tempe- 
rature than  45°  by  night,  with  a  rise  of  5°  by  day  ;  5° 
lower  will  be  sufficient  lor  the  generality  of  other 
hard-wooded  greenhouse  plants.  See  that  the  tying  of 
young  stock,  as  well  as  the  larger  specimens,  is  pushed 
on,  and  in  the  case  of  young  plants  see  that  the  shoots 
are  brought  well  down  to  the  rim  of  the  pot.  If  this 
is  not  attended  to  whilst  the  plants  are  young,  it  is  dif- 
ficult to  afterwards  remedy  the  defect.  In  the  case 
of  larger  plants  it  is  well  to  consider  what  they 
are  required  for,  whether  for  home  decoration  only, 
or  for  exhibiting  as  well.  If  only  the  former,  much 
less  support  in  the  shape  of  sticks  and  ties  will  suffice 
— just  sufficient  to  keep  the  plants  in  their  proper 
shape  without  too  much  formality.  Black  carpet 
thread  will  be  found  much  superior  to  any  kind  of 
matting,  inasmuch  as  it  is  imperceptible  unless  looked 
for  very  closely  ;  at  the  same  time  care  must  be  taken 
not  to  tie  the  shoots  too  tight,  as  thread  will  not 
stretch  (see  also  p.  44) .    T.  Baines,  Southgate  House. 

Azaleas. — The  operation  of  tying-out,  if  not  already 
done,  should  be  brought  to  a  close  as  soon  as  possible. 
It  is  a  good  practice  at  this  season  to  wash  the  whole 
stock  with  strong  tobacco-water  and  leave  it  to  dry  on 
the  plants,  by  which  means  numbers  of  embryo  thrips 
(their  greatest  enemy)  are  killed.  Small  plants  that  it  is 
required  to  get  on  quickly  to  a  larger  size  ought  to  be 
placed  at  once  in  an  intermediate  heat,  as  if  kept  at 
the  low  temperature  of  the  Azalea-house  they  lose  a 
large  quantity  of  their  leaves  at  this  season,  and  a  con- 
sequent weakening  of  their  root  power,  which  prevents 
them  from  making  nearly  the  progress  in  the  summer 
which  plants  do  that  are  kept  warmer  in  the  winter. 
Of  all  pot  plants  there  are  none  more  useful  for  general 
purposes.  By  a  proper  selection  of  the  earliest  and 
latest  blooming  varieties,  a  continuous  succession  can 
easily  be  kept  up  for  six  or  eight  months  in  the  year. 
Those  required  for  late  use  should  be  made  to  produce 
a  late  growth,  and  should  be  through  the  winter  kept 
in  a  temperature  just  sufficient  to  exclude  frost. 
T.  Baines^  Southgate. 
Camellias.  — The   cultivation  of  Camellias  is  not 


at  all  difficult,  although  the  veracity  of  this  state- 
ment may  be  questioned  by  many  of  those  who  are 
now  watching  the  swelling  of  the  buds,  and,  it  may 
be,  their  premature  dropping.  I  would  here  observe 
that  the  Camellia  cannot  be  forced  into  flower  duriiig 
the  winter,  for  no  plant  is  more  impatient  of  heat  in 
any  form  after  the  buds  are  matured.  This  is,  I  am 
perfectly  assured,  the  chief  cause  of  bud-dropping. 
To  have  flowers  during  the  autumn  months  pre- 
sents no  difficulty  whatever,  but  it  is  not  to  be 
attained  by  forcing  at  that  time.  Recourse  must  be 
had  to  early  flowering  varieties,  and  by  forcing  in 
spring  to  induce  habits  of  earliness  ;  but  more  upon 
this  subsequently.  Maintain  a  temperature  of  from  40° 
to  45°  with  fire-heat.  Examine  the  soil  as  to  its  state 
of  moisture  ;  if  dry  give  a  thorough  soaking,  but  by 
all  means  avoid  frequent  dribblings,  which  do  no 
good.  Sprinkle  the  paths,  and  maintain  a  healthy 
state  of  atmospheric  moisture  ;  and  bear  in  inind  that 
plants  should  never  have  more  moisture  given  than 
their  system  can  make  use  of.  Avoid  sudden  transitions 
from  any  cause  whatever,  and  give  air  as  freely  as  the 
state  of  the  weather  will  admit.  Geo.  Westland,  Witley 
Court. 

Palms. — The  majority  of  Palms  will  now  be  nearly 
at  a  standstill,  therefore  water  should  be  given  with 
care,  always,  however,  avoiding  letting  them  get  dry, 
as  that  injures  their  roots,  and  impairs  the  vigour  of  the 
next  season's  growth.  Those  that  are  standing  in  pans 
of  water  should  have  it  taken  away ;  if  not,  it  wUl, 
from  becoming  cold,  be  apt  to  rot  the  roots.  Care 
should  be  taken  that  the  foliage  is  not  exposed  to  dnp 
from  the  roof,  which  is  apt  to  cause  spots,  especially 
with  such  Palms  as  Stevensonia,  Verschajffettia,  and  the 
Geonomas.  For  stove  kinds,  the  temperature  should 
not  fall  below  65°,  for  though  some  may  appear  to 
stand  more  cold,  they  never  grow  so  well  the  next 
season,  and  are  sometimes  found  rotten  just  above  the 
soil.  See  that  the  drainage  is  good.  J.  Croucher, 
Hammersmith. 

Orchids.— As  heat  is  a  material  factor  in  the  suc- 
cessful cultivation  of  Orchids,  I  propose  to  give  a 
monthly  statement  of  the  artificial  warmth,  by  fire-heat, 
which  we  maintain.     In  all  cases  we  allow  the  sun  to 

add  another  5°  : — 

Atgp.M.  At  II  A.M. 

Aerides,  Vandas,  Phalasnopsis,  and  Sacco-  J.    fi-'    68° 

Dendrobiums,    Oncids,     Cattleyas,    and  (     ^^    _    jq- 
Lycastes      . .  . .  . .         ■  •  ■  •  )         ^  oo 

Odontoglossums,  Masdevallias     . .         . .        50     —    50 

Moisture  at  this  time  of  year  must  be  carefully  attended 
to.  Aerides,  Vandas,  fhahnwpsis,  and  Odontoglos- 
sums must  always  be  kept  moist  at  the  roots  ;  CattUyas 
moderately  dry  ;  and  Dendrobiums  and  Oneids  as  dry 
as  possible.  The  atmosphere  in  all  the  houses  should  be 
kept  moderately  moist.  As  the  names  of  those  which 
usually  bloom  in  the  different  months  may  be  useful, 
I  give  a  list  of  species  in  flower  now : — Angrajcum  ses- 
quipedale,  Ada  aurantiaca,  Barkeria  Skinneri,  Cattleya 
Triana; ;  Cypripedium  insigne,  Cymbidium  eburneum  ; 
Lffilia  anceps,  autumnalis,  furfuracea,  and  albida ; 
Lycaste  Skinneri,  Masdevallia  ignea,  Maxillaria 
venusta  ;  Odontoglossum  Alexandra,  cristatum,  nebit- 
losum,  maculatum,  cordatum,  and  gloriosum ;  Onci- 
dium  nubigenum,  leopardinum,  and  aurosum  ;  Phalse- 
nopsis  amabile,  Portei,  grandiflora,  and  rosea  ;  Pleione 
humile,  Saccolabiumgiganteum  and  miniatum,  Sophro- 
nites  grandifloia,  and  Zygopetalum  intermedium. 
W.  Denning,  Grimston, 

Oranges,  Citrons,  &c. — Fruits  of  the  Shaddock 
{Citrus  dccumana)  and  the  Lime  (C.  Limonium)  will 
have  been  gathered  and  preserved,  or  otherwise  made 
use  of.  A  good  sponging  with  warm  soapy  water  will  at 
this  season  be  very  necessary  in  the  case  of  all  the  Citrus 
tribe,  and  of  the  above-named  species  especially.  The 
former  will  require  a  good  pruning  in  before  growth 
commences  ;  this  should  be  done  before  sponging,  as  it 
it  useless  washing  that  which  has  to  be  cut  off.  The 
pieces  thus  cut  off  may  be  used  up  with  advantage 
in  the  ordinary  cut  flower  decorations,  and  will  be 
found  very  beautiful  and  odoriferous  in  rooms.  If 
planted  in  open  beds  the  trees  will  be  benefited  by  a 
good  watering  of  rich  liquid  manure  from  the  dung- 
yard.  If  in  tubs,  and  with  movable  sides,  make  the 
required  examination  of  the  roots,  and  renovate  the  soil 
if  found  bad  and  otherwise  injured  by  water  or 
worms.  The  Orange  being  a  fibrous-rooted  plant, 
the  severance  of  any  of  tlie  small  roots  does  no 
great  damage  directly,  and  indirectly  it  does  an 
e.xtraordinai-y  amoimt  of  good.  Attention  to  the 
Orange  is  being  excited,  and  we  don't  wonder 
at  it,  since  we  find  it  such  a  splendid  ornamental 
winter  decorative  plant  both  in  fruit  and  flower,  apart 
from  its  utility  as  an  edible  fruit,  and  the  interest 
attaching  to  the  flowers  as  emblems  of  chastity  and 
purity.  H.  Knight,  Floors. 

Succulents. — At  this  season  water  should  be 
entirely  kept  from  Cacti,  excepting  the  Epiphyllums, 
and  these  must  be  watered  carefully.  The  Aloe  tribe 
may  be  watered  when  quite  dry,  as  they  are  now 
advancing  towards  flowering,  but  take  care  not  to  damp 
the  foUage.  It  is  a  good  plan,  when  watering  at  this 
season  of  the  year,  to  feel  the  leaves,  and  if  they  are 
found  very  plump,  let  them  wait  for  another  week. 
This  being  their  season  of  growth,  they  should  be 
encouraged,  yet  caution  is  required,  as  they  may  lose 
their  centre  through  want  of  sunlight  to  carry  away  the 
moisture.     Agaves  should  be  watered  when  dry,  taking 


January  13,   1872,] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


47 


care  not  to  let  drip  come  on  the  leaves,  and  see  that  no 
■water  lodges  in  the  centre,  as  it  often  causes  a  spot 
which  will  disfigure  the  plant.  Crasmlas,  Ei/wi-cttas, 
and  Sempcnnvums  have  a  tendency  to  grow  now,  which 
should  be  averted  as  much  as  possible  by  keeping 
them  cool  and  dry.  Mesembryanthemitms  should  be 
kept  from  damp,  and  as  far  as  possible  from  the 
liot-water  pipes,  admitting  air  when  favourable. 
y.   Crouc/wr^  Hantnwrsmith. 

Heaths. — Admit  all  air  possible  through  the  day,  so 
that  the  temperature  of  the  housedoes  not  fall  below  32°. 
Fire-heat  sliould  only  be  used  in  this  house  to  exclude 
frost ;  the  less  fire-heat  used  in  the  cultivation  of 
Heaths,  the  more  robust  will  be  their  constitution.  Pay 
particular  attention  to  watering  ;  do  not  allow  the  soil 
of  any  plant  to  become  d  17,  and  when  watering  give 
sulTicient  to  pass  freely  through  the  ball ;  by  this  the 
cultivator  has  the  twofold  advantage -of  knowing  that 
the  ball  is  properly  moistened,  and  the  drainage 
efhcient.  Keep  all  plants  near  to  the  glass,  so  that 
they  may'get  the  maximiifn  amount  of  light  at  this  dull 
season  ;  those  now  coming  into  bloom  will  be  better  in 
colour  and  substance  of  flower  in  consequence  of  this 
attention.  Let  all  plants  be  turned  round  occasionally, 
so  that  they  may  not  become  bare  from  want  of  sun 
and  light.  Keep  thosp  that  require  it  neatly  staked  and 
tied.  //.  ChilmaUj  Somerlcy. 


FLOWER  GARDEN,  ETC. 
The  Parterre  and  Mixed  Garden. — The  old 
year  has  departed,  and  all  arrears  due  to  it  must  be 
paid  up  at  once!  Proceed  with  planting  during 
mild  weather,  paying  particular  regard  to  the  dis- 
tances and  arrangements  of  heights,  colours,  &c., 
so  that  the  different  plants  may  be  readily  distin- 
guished, for  this  is  of  the  utmost  importance  in 
ornamental  planting.  The  different  heights  and  style 
of  growth  should  be  well  considered,  and  placed  so 
that  one  plant  will  not  destroy  the  beauty  of  another. 
Let  any  alterations  which  have  been  decided  on  in  the 
grounds  be  persevered  in  with  all  dispatch,  keeping  in 
mind  that  success  depends  upon  the  careful  manner  in 
which  every  operation  is  performed.  Prune  and  nail 
up  hardy  creepers.  Shrubberies  may  also  be  thinned 
when  this  involves  only  the  cutting  out  of  overgrown 
plants,  or  lopping  deciduous  trees,  but  the  general 
pruning  of  evergreens  should  be  deferred  until  the  end 
of  March.  See  that  half-hardy  plants  are  protected  ; 
also  protect  with  long  grass  or  litter  the  roots  of  newly- 
planted  trees  and  shrubs,  should  the  weather  set  in 
severe.  Beds  containing  autumn-sown  annuals  would 
be  better  for  having  a  few  branches  of  evergreens 
stuck  in  them  to  shade  the  plants  from  bright 
sunshine  after  frost.  Beds  planted  with  spring  flowers 
require  also  a  slight  protection  from  cutting  winds,  &c. 
Those  planted  with  bulbs  may  be  covered  with  old  tan 
or  leaf-mould.  Anemones,  Hyacinths^  TuUps,  &c., 
may  still  be  planted.  These  planted  in  patches  in  the 
shrubberies  have  a  very  pretty  appearance.  Lawns 
and  gravel  walks  should  be  frequently  swept  and 
rolled  in  mild  weather,  and  let  every  spot  present  a 
clean  and  tidy  appearance.  E.  Bemiett,  Enville. 


FRUIT  HOUSES. 

Peaches  and  Nectarines. — Now  that  the  trees  in 
the  early  house  are  in  bloom,  let  a  somewhat  liberal 
amount  of  artificial  heat  be  maintained,  especially 
during  the  early  part  of  each  day,  in  order  to  be  able 
to  ventilate  freely,  for  the  surer  impregnation  of  the 
blossoms ;  guard,  however,  against  cold  currents. 
The  temperature  by  night  may  range  from  50*  to  55°, 
and  by  day  from  60°  to  65*,  with  an  increase  of  about 
10°  by  sun-heat.  Withhold  the  syringe,  and  keep  the 
evaporating  pans  empty  during  this  period,  but 
moisture  may  be  applied  at  night  about  the  paths  or 
other  cool  surfaces,  by  way  of  stimulating  the 
blossom  buds  in  their  various  stages  to  expand  with 
renewed  vigour  during  the  ensuing  day.  The 
"  setting"  process  would  also  be  much  augmented  by 
gently  shaking  the  trees,  especially  about  mid-day. 
Now  is  a  good  time  to  begin  to  force  a  succession- 
house,  first  having  duly  pruned,  dressed,  and  trained 
the  trees,  and  applied  a  thorough  soaking  of  water  to 
the  inside  borders,  if  they  had  been  allowed  to  become 
dry  during  the  time  the  trees  were  at  rest.  Keep  the 
evaporating  troughs  constantly  filled  with  water ; 
syringing  may  be  resorted  to  morning  and  evening, 
slightly,  however,  so  as  not  wash  off  the  dressing 
applied  for  the  destruction  of  the  ova  of  insects. 
During  the  first  10  days  a  temperature  of  about  48'' 
at  night,  and  55'*  by  day,  maybe  maintained,  with  a 
rise  of  10°  or  15"  by  sun-heat.  W.  Gardiner,  Lower 
Katington  Patk, 

Figs. — Carefully  go  over  each  tree  and  prune  back 
and  thin  out  the  shoots  where  required.  Trees  on 
trellises  should  have  the  shoots  tied  in  and  regulated, 
placing  them  at  6  or  at  least  4  inches  apart,  so  as  not 
to  have  the  leaves  overcrowded.  Plants  in  pots  should 
also  be  pruned  into  shape  ;  all  shoots  pruned  back 
now  will  break  and  produce  an  abundant  second  crop 
in  the  autumn.  To  destroy,  or  in  a  measure  prevent, 
scale  or  bug,  wash  or  paint  all  the  shoots  with  a  mix- 
ture of  soft  soap  and  sulphur,  or  Fowler's  Insecticide. 
When  required  to  start  forcing  early,  copiously  water 
the  borders  and  soil.  A  thorough  good  soaking  of 
water  must  be  given.  Trees  in  pots  requiring  potting 
should  be  seen  to  at  once.     In  doing  this  with  large 


specimens  the  ball  and  roots  maybe  reduced  one-third, 
and  then  repotted  ivith  fresh  soil  into  the  same  sized 
pot.  The  soil  best  suited  for  the  pot  culture  of  Figs  is 
fresh  yellow  loam,  lime  rubbish  or  chalk,  and  one- 
third  rotten  manure.  A  few  trees  in  pots  may  now  be 
placed  in  any  vinery  at  work  or  Pine-pit,  so  as  to  pro- 
duce an  earlier  crop,  or  the  Fig-house  itself  may  be 
started  at  a  temperature  of  from  45"  to  50".  B. 

Forcing  Frames. — In  making  up  fresh  beds  of 
fermenting  materials  at  this  season,  endeavour  that  half 
the  bulk  may  be  of  fresh  fallen  leaves.  By  turning  the 
whole  over  together,  and  again  when  the  heat  is 
intense,  and  then  leaving  it  to  heat  well  before  putting 
it  to  the  final  use,  a  great  advance  towards  sweetening 
it  and  preparing  it  for  use  will  have  been  made.  Shake 
the  materials  well  up  when  filling  in  frames,  or  making 
new  beds,  and  tread  it  evenly  down  to  a  moderate 
extent  only.  Place  the  frame  or  lights  on  at  once, 
tilting  them  at  the  back  to  admit  air,  which  is  a  great 
incentive  to  renewed  fermentation.  Let  the  first 
violent  heat  subside  until  that  in  the  main  body  does 
not  exceed  100",  before  any  kinds  of  plants  are 
introduced,  and  then  they  must  be  placed  upon  a 
thick  layer  of  cinder  ashes,  cocoa-nut  fibre  refuse,  or 
some  similar  kind  of  material.  Keep  air  constantly  on 
at  the  back  for  some  time,  and  in  fact  until  a  mean 
heat  of  about  75"  only  exists.  Even  then,  in  the 
case  of  all  plants  with  leaves  which  are  being  forced, 
it  will  be  judicious  to  give  just  sufficient  night  air  to 
give  egress  to  all  excess  of  aqueous  vapour,  which 
would  otherwise  settle  upon  the  plants  in  the  form  of 
condensed  moisture  to  their  certain  injury.  W.  Earley, 
Valentines. 

Orchard-house. — In  the  cool,  unheated  orchard- 
house  but  little  attention  is  required  just  now.  The 
trees  in  pots,  if  not  all  potted,  &c.,  as  they  should 
have  been  in  October  last,  must  now  be  at  once 
attended  to.  Take  care  and  protect  the  roots  of  the 
potted  trees  from  frost  by  covering  them  with  dry  leaves 
or  litter  of  some  sort.  Where  desirable,  a  few  of  the 
earlier  sorts  ol  Peaches,^ ^m^  as  the  Early  Louise,  Early 
Beatrice,  Early  York,  &c.,  may  be  pruned,  and 
placed  in  some  vinery  or  heated  pit,  at  a  temperature 
not  exceeding  45°,  to  come  gently  forward  for  an  early 
crop.  The  orchard-house  may  at  this  season  be  used 
with  advantage  for  various  purposes,  such  as  for  Winter 
Salading,  Endives,  Lettuces^  &c.,  which  do  exceedingly 
well,  either  in  boxes  or  planted  out  in  the  borders.  B. 


KITCHEN   GARDEN. 

Forcing  Department. — Asparagus  placed  in  pits 
heated  with  hot  water,  or  in  ordinary  dung  frames, 
should  have  the  crowns  covered  with  about  4  inches  of 
light  soil ;  give  air  daily  when  it  can  be  done  with 
safety  ;  temperature,  60°  by  day,  50"*  at  night.  Sow 
Kidney  Beans  either  in  boxes  or  pots,  to  be  transplanted 
when  3  inches  high  into  S-inch  pots,  five  in  a  pot. 
When  this  is  done,  place  them  near  the  glass  in  pits 
where  the  temperature  is  maintained  at  65*  by  day, 
60°  at  night.  Place  Potatos  separately  into  boxes  or  pans 
with  leaf-soil,  to  be  taken  to  any  of  the  forcing  pits  to 
start,  and  when  about  3  inches  high  to  be  planted  out 
into  pits  heated  by  hot  water,  or  in  ordinary  dung 
frames.  Cover  the  crowns  of  Seakale  with  pots  in  suc- 
cession, subsequently  covering  them  with  a  mixture  of 
leaves  and  dung ;  the  heat  should  be  mild  and  regular  ; 
temperature  from  50°  to  55°.  Place  some  roots  of 
Rhubarb  in  the  Mushroom-house  at  work,  or  cover  up 
in  the  same  way  as  Seakale.  Make  up  a  slight  hotbed 
with  leaves  and  dung  for  Carrots.  When  the  rank 
heat  has  abated,  cover  the  beds  to  the  depth  of  8  inches 
with  light  mould  on  which  to  sow  the  seed,  in  drills 
5  inches  apart.  Radishes  may  be  sown  amongst  the 
Carrots  to  be  drawn  for  use  before  the  former  are 
sufficiently  advanced  to  sustain  injury  from  them. 
When  herbs  such  as  Mint,  Sorrel,  Tarragon,  and 
others  are  required,  lift  some  good  healthy  plants  from 
the  open  ground,  and  place  them  in  S-inch  pots.  Six  of 
each,  taken  to  any  of  the  forcing  houses  at  work,  will 
give  a  good  supply.  D.  Lttinsden ,  Bloxholni  Hall. 

Mushroom-house. — I  may  preface  my  remarks 
under  this  head  by  stating  that,  in  my  opinion,  in 
nine  cases  out  of  ten  the  dung  is  over-worked.  As  a 
rule,  three  times  turning  is  sufficient.  For  small 
families,  a  piece  2  yards  square  is  enough  at  one  time. 
Make  the  dung  firm  by  beating,  treading,  &c.  The 
most  successful  mode  of  growing  Mushrooms  at  this 
season  is  in  outside  beds.  The  mode  is  simple  and 
practical ;  mix  3  cartloads  of  fresh  dung  \\'ith  one  of 
any  kind  of  light  soil,  turning  over  three 
times  ;  on  the  sbcth  day  after  being 
turned  make  up  the  bed  in  the  manner 
indicated,  and  tread  well.  The  only  ^  3  feet 
thing  that  is  required  is  to  keep  the  bed 
dry.  Place  two  stakes  in  the  dung,  and  when  it  is  of  the 
warmth  of  new  milk,  put  in  the  spawn,  and  cover  with 
2  inches  of  garden  soil ;  well  protect  with  straw  or 
Fern,  and  place  mats  over  all.  R.  Gilbert,  Burghley. 

FORESTRY. 
Take  advantage  of  all  open  weather  to  push  forward 
planting  operations.  See  that  the  roots  are  properly 
spread  out  and  the  soil  firmly  trodden.  Continue  to  fell 
timber ;  lot  and  clear  up  as  the  work  proceeds.  The 
sap  being  now  in  slow  circulation,  lop  or  rather  fore- 
shorten branches  which  are  taking  too  large  a  supply  of 
sap  from  the  leading  stem  and  outbalancing  the  symme- 


try of  the  tree  ;  attend  particularly  to  this  in  early 
thiimings,  which  render  unnecessary  the  process  of  cut- 
ting off  large  limbs— an  operation  at  all  times  to  be 
deprecated.  Take  advantage  of  frost  to  remove  heavy 
timber  from  woodlands.  See  to  all  culverts  and  open 
drains,  that  the  water  is  passing  off  freely.  7.  Webster^ 
Gordon  Castle, 

ENTOMOLOGY.  • 

Noxious  Insects. — Search  should  now  be  made 
for  the  chrysalides  of  the  Cabbage  Butterjlv  and  its  allies, 
the  Pontia  Brassica^,  &c.,  which  may  be  found  hanging 
by  the  tail  in  sheltered  parts  of  garden  walls,  and  in 
quantities  in  neglected  comers  of  garden  sheds  and 
outhouses.  These  may  be  known  by  their  mottled 
green  or  whitish  colour.  The  smooth,  oval,  brown 
chrysalides  of  the  Cabbage  Moth,  Noctua  Brassicce,  are 
to  be  found  in  digging  over  garden  ground,  and  should 
also  be  destroyed.  The  American  Blight  on  Apple 
trees,  which  now  is  visible  and  get-at-able  from  the 
leafless  state  of  the  boughs,  should  be  carefully 
destroyed  by  rubbing  in  some  material,  such  as  Gishurst 
Compound.  Where  fruit  walls  are  of  rough  stone,  or 
roughened  by  age,  so  as  to  form  a  harbour  for  insects, 
much  good  may  be  done  by  washing  them  well,  using 
a  hard  brush  for  the  purpose,  and  some  application, 
such  as  lime-wash,  scalding  water,  &c.,  of  course 
taking  care  not  to  injure  the  trees  near.  This  would 
destroy  the  eggs  of  the  aphides,  which,  when  hatched 
from  their  protecting  holes  in  spring,  are  most  destruc- 
tive in  some  situations  to  trees  fastened  to  walls. 
Advantage  may  be  taken  of  wet  Weather  to  remove 
scale  insects  from  conservatory  and  hothouse  plants, 
using  for  the  purpose  soap  and  warm  water  applied 
with  a  cloth  or  sponge,  or,  where  necessary,  a  small 
hard  brush.  A.  Murray. 


TOWN  GARDENING. 

The  present,  being  the  depth  of  the  winter  season, 
veiy  little  will  require  doing  in  the  garden  outside 
beyond  sweeping  walks,  or  keeping  lawns  clean — unless, 
indeed,  any  of  the  autumn  work  has  been  neglected, 
such  as  manuring,  digging  and  trenching  flower-beds 
and  borders,  pruning  and  replanting  hardy  fruit  and 
forest  trees  and  shrubs,  levelling  and  returfing  lawns, 
croquet  grounds,  &c.,  or  planting  Dutch  flower  roots, 
hardy  herbaceous  plants,  &c.,  for  early  spring  display. 
Where  any  of  the  above  works  has  been  neglected 
no  time  should  be  lost  in  having  them  carried  out, 
should  the  weather  still  continue  mild  and  favourable. 
If  any  bulbs,  &c.,  planted  during  the  autumn  months, 
are  peeping  through  the  soil,  they  should,  on  the 
first  reappearance  of  frost  or  severe  weather,  be  covered 
over  with  cocoa-nut  refuse,  or  any  other  suitable 
mulching.  All  kinds  of  newly  planted  herbaceous 
plants  should  also  be  mulched  to  prevent  their  suffering 
injury  from  frost  and  drying  winds.  Fresh  planted 
shrubs  and  trees  should  be  carefully  examined  to  see 
that  they  are  perfectly  secure  in  the  ground  ;  and  when 
such  is  not  the  case  they  should  at  once  be  firmly 
secured,  and  kept  in  their  proper  positions  with  stakes, 
and  the  ground  well  trodden  about  their  roots.  After 
this  is  done,  the  surface  of  the  soil  should  be  loosened 
with  the  hoe,  and  lightly  raked  over  to  give  the 
beds  or  borders  a  neat  and  tidy  appearance. 
Frequently  roll  all  gravel  walks  where  practicable,  in 
order  to  give  them  a  neat  appearance,  and  to  render 
them  more  comfortable  for  walking  on.  Prepare  some 
good  soil,  and  place  it  in  a  suitable  position  under 
cover,  to  be  used  for  sowing  annuals,  &c.,  in,  about 
the  middle  of  the  month. 

Parlour  Gardens. — Plants  in  boxes  in  front  of  the 
windows  should  be  examined,  to  see  that  they  are 
not  suffering  for  want  of  water.  Many  boxes  are  so 
placed  that  no  water  can  reach  them  naturally.  When 
this  is  the  case,  and  water  is  withlield,  the  plants  soon 
fade,  and  become  very  unsightly.  Plants  in  drawing- 
rooms,  such  as  Fiats  elastica,  Latania  borbonica,  and 
various  other  foliage  plants  now  used  for  the  ornamen- 
tation of  apartments,  should  be  frequently  sponged 
to  keep  the  foliage  clean  and  the  plants  healthy. 
Care  must  be  taken  in  watering  such  plants  :  when 
an  increase  of  temperature  takes  place  after  cold 
weather,  the  plants  then  require  a  greater  quantity  of 
water  ;  this  should  not  be  given  in  frequent  and  small 
driblets,  but  each  plant  should  be  thoroughly  soaked 
when  it  is  watered,  and  the  surplus  water  must  not  be 
allowed  to  remain  in  the  saucers.  On  the  balconies, 
where  plants  are  exposed  in  bleak  situations,  the  boxes 
or  pots  in  which  they  are  planted  should  be  protected 
with  a  layer  of  straw,  covered  neatly  over  with 
mats,  &c.  Withhold  water  as  much  as  possible  for  a 
few  weeks  from  Ferns  growing  in  Wardian  cases, 
ferneries,  &c.,  in  order  to  give  them  a  season  of  rest, 
but  where  they  are  growing  in  a  high  temperature  they 
should  not  be  allowed  to  suffer  from  want  of  moisture. 
J.  Wills,  F.R.H.S. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Fr:RNS  :  C.  J.  Adiantum  hispidulum  and  A.  fuKnjni  are 
distinct  species,  and  should  be  known  by  the  mode  of 
branching  of  the  fronds,  which  in  A.  hispidulum  are 
dichotomously  forked,  in  A.  fulvum  pinnalely  branched. 

Gibraltar  Flora  :  C.  E.  There  is  a  work  on  this 
subject  by  Dr.  Kelaart.  published  by  Van  Voorst.  The 
Pepper  plant  is,  we  suppose,  Schinus  Molle. 


48 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  13,   1872. 


GOKSF. :  X.  K.  writes  to  say  that  he  has  about  an  acre  of 
waste  land  so  full  of  holes  that  it  is  impossible  to  plough 
it,  and  wishes  to  know  if  Gorse  would  grow  if  he  had 
the  seed  planted  under  the  turf  in  rows  without  any 
further  cultivation.  Will  some  of  our  correspondents 
be  so  good  as  to  answer  the  question? 

Is  Sand  Free  from  Toll?  J.  S.  B.  Yes,  if  used  for 
the  improvement  of  land. 

Jl'nipers  :  J.  Dixon.  They  were  not  likely  to  succeed, 
in  consequence  of  the  roots  not  having  been  prepared 
for  transplanting.  Better  get  them  from  your  nursery- 
man. 

Lecidea  .^ruginosa  ;  W.  P.  The  plant  appears  to  be 
a  Peziza.  We  are  not  acquainted  with  the  species,  but 
if  new  it  will  be  published  in  a  forthcoming  notice  of 
British  Fungi  in  the  Annals  of  Natural  History. 
M.  J.  B. 

Names  of  Fruits  :  H.  C.  if  Sons. .  Apple :  Probably 
Winter  Strawberry,  but  we  are  not  quite  certain  of  it. 
It  is  of  excellent  quality.— G.  P.  C.  Pears  :  i.  Winter 
Crassane ;  2.  Ne  Plus  Meuris  ;  other  rotten.  —  P. 
Anstell.  Apples :  1.  Alfriston  ;  2.  Herefordshire  Pear- 
main. 

Names  of  Plants  ;  Theohaldus.  The  only  way  to  settle 
the  question  is  to  compare  the  seeds  of  the  various 
packets  offered  for  sale.— .ff.  G.  G.  Sparmannia  africana. 
Phlebodium  aureum. 

Oats  ;  A  Subscriber,  Dumfries.  An  old  story,  and  a  very 
absurd  one. 

Peach  Buds  Dropping  off  :  J.  W.,  Brighton.  The 
wood  is  probably  not  so  well  ripened  as  usual.  The 
appUcation  of  too  much  heat,  too,  would  cause  the  buds 
to  fall.  It  is,  in  short,  the  result  of  greater  excitement 
than  the  constitution  of  the  tree  could  stand. 

Royal  Show  at  Birmingham  ;  T.  S.  Opens  on  June 
25,  and  closes  on  June  29. 

Strawberry  Vine  ;  C.  C.  Yes.  Apply  to  your 
nurseryman. 

Watsons  Lawn  Sand  :  South  Devon.  Apply  to  your 
nurseryman  or  seedsman.  We  have  not  the  address 
before  us.  

Communications  Received.— F.  W.  B,— Orchid  Grower.— 
J.  C— T.  S.— ;.  M.— C.  H.  C— J.  Rust.— W.  E.— R.  H.— 
C  D.  S.— W.  B.  — Syntax— N,  Blandford— A  Subscriber.— 
O.  O.— W.  J.— A.  F.— H.  C— W.  J.  (thanks).— G.  J.- 
E.  M.,  Li^ge.— D.  O.-F.  W. 


Tliree  FIrat-class  Certificates  for  the  Magnificent  new 
hybrid  perpetual  climbing  rose,  princess 

LOUISE  victoria. 

KNIGHT  has  still  a  limited  number  of  strong 
linue  to  supply  it  at  7s.  6<f. ,  or 
three  for  2ij.  Usual  Trade  discount.  Also,  a  laTRe  and  varied 
GENERAL  NURSERY  STOCK,  whiclt  cannot  be  surpassed. 
CATALOGUES  free  on  application. 

Floral  Nurseries,  Hailsham,  Sussex,   


WM. 
Plants  of  the  above,  and  v 


Gladioli  and  Roses. 

PRICED      DESCRIPTIVE      CATALOGUE      of 
FRENCH    HYBRID    GLADIOLI.    ROSES,   &c,,   forwarded 
free  on  application  to 

DRUMMOND       BROTHERS,      Seedsmen,     Nurserymen,    and 
Florists,  52.  George  Street,  Edinburgh. 


Special  Notice. 

ROSES      and      VINES      at    V^holesale     Prices. 
Fine  Standard  ROSES,  best  sorts,  loi.  per  dozen. 
Fine  Dwarf  ROSES,  best  sorts,  7^.  per  dozen. 
Fine  fruiting  VINES, ofsorls,  gs.  each;S4J.  per  dozen. 
Fine  planting  VI N  ES,  of  sorts,  21,  M.  each ;  24J.  per  doz. 
LISTS  free-    Terms  cash.     Post  Office  orders  payable  at  Huntingdon. 
KIRK  ALLEN,  The  Nurseries,  Brampton,  Huntingdon. 


Grape  Vines. 

FRANCIS  R.  KINGHORN  has  Fruiting  and  Planting 
Canes  of  the  most  esteemed  sorts,  in  fine  condition,  the  following 
in  considerable  number :— BLACK  HAMBURGH,  MILLHILL 
HAMBURGH,  BUCKLAND  SWEETWATER.  ESPERIONE, 
and  FOSTER'S  SEEDLING,  3^-  6ii..  ^s.  &f.,  and  los.  fid.  each. 

Sheen  Nursery.  Richmond.  Surrey. 


To  Thicken  Plantations  and  Shady  Walks. 

HEMLOCK  SPRUCE.— This  gracetul,  beautiful  Fir, 
so  frequently  described  in  American  travels, — 
4  to  5  feci,  5s.  per  dozen,  30s.  per  100. 
■;  to  o  feet.  8r.  per  dozen,  50J,  per  100. 
RICHARD  SMITil.  Nursc-r^man  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


Evergreen  Hedge  or  Screen. 

THUJOPSIS  BOREALIS.  — This  beautiful  silvery 
Conifer,  in  appearance  between  the  Cypress  and  Siberian  Arbor- 
vita;,  is  fast-growing,  compact,  and  bears  clipping  well;  it  is  so  hardy 
that  no  frost  can  hurt  it  in  Britain. 

Upright,   well-grown    shrubs,  7    feet    high    and   upwards,    at    the 
extremely  low  price  of  301.  per  dozen. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


New  Japanese  Lilies,  Orclilds,  Maples,  Conifer  Seed,  &c. 

MESSRS.    TEUTSCHEL     and     CO..     Colchester, 
Agents   for   Messrs.  Kr,\mer  &  Co.,  Seedsmen  and  Nursery- 
men, Yokohama,  Japan. 

CATALOGUES  of  Importations  in  preparation,  will  mclude  three 
New  Lilies  and  L.  Leichtlinii,  several  New  Orch:ds,  Seeds  of  Abies 
Firma,  &c.  ^_^_^__^^ 


Pelargoniums  for  the  Million. 

JAMES    HULOICRS    unrivalled    COLLECTION    of 
FRENCH.   FANCY,  and  SHOW  VARIETIES,  now  ready,  in 
strong  Plants.     CATAL<^(iUES  gratis  on  app'icalion, 

HUNT'S   superb   SWEET   WILLIAM,    in   24   varieties,   seed   or 
plants,  as  per  former  Advertisement. 

Crown  Nursery,  Reading^ 


/CHOICE 

V-^  Prince  of  W; 


arhds* 


COVENT  GARDEN.— Jan.  12. 
There  is  a  slight  improvement  in  the  general  demand, 
but  no  advance  in  prices  worth  quoting,  as  the  supply  is 
well  kept  up,  and  a  considerable  increase  has  taken  place 
in  the  foreign  importations,  including  Apples  of  very 
inferior  descriptions,  selling  at  55.  to  5j.  per  bushel.  Hot- 
house Grapes  and  Pines  remain  without  alteration :  the 
former  comprise  Muscats,  Lady  Downe's  Seedhng, 
Alicante,  and  Barbarossa.  French  vegetables,  consisting 
of  Cabbage  Lettuce,  Endive,  Barbe  de  Capucin,  and 
Batavian  Endive,  are  plentiful  and  good. 


Flowers. 
J.  d. 


Azaleas.p.doz.spraysa  o  to  4  o 
Camellias,  per   doz. 

blooms      . .         ..90  — 15  o 
Heliotropes,  p.  doz. 

sprays       . .         ..16  — ;  . . 
Hyacinths,  each    . .  06  —  i  o 
Lily   of  the  Valley, 

p.  doz.  sprays     . .      . .  —  60 
Pelargoniums, 

French,p,  12  sprays    ..  —  30 


5.  d.     s.  d. 
Pelargoniums,  Scar- 
let, p.  12  sprays..     . .  to  2  o 
Poinsettias,  each  . .  06  —  1  o 
Roses,  per  doz.       ..  9  o — iC 


:E     TRICOLOR 
f  Wales         Tetty  Lacy 
Mrs.  Dunnclt  Sir  Robert  Napier 

Sunbeam  Pre-eminent 

Wonderful  Phcebus 

The  12  for  21s.,  cash;  package  free. 

Remittances  rcrjuestcd  from  unknown  correspondents. 

ALFRED  FRYER.  The  Nurseries,  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire. 


GERANIUMS. 

Miss  Burbett  Coutts 
Mrs.  John  Glutton 
Italian  Beauty 

Mabel  Morris 


Carter's  Vade  Mecum  for  1872. 

JAMES  CARTER  and  CO.  have  the  pleasure  to 
announce  the  publication  of  their  ILLUSTRATED  GAR- 
DENER'S and  FARMER'S  VADE  MECUM  for  1872  (37th  Annual 
Edition),  containing  much  useful  information  on  matters  connected 
with  tiie  Garden  and  Farm,  and  Illustrated  with  over  200  Engravings 
by  the  best  Artists.     Free  by  post  for  is.  ;  gratis  to  Customers. 

JAMES    CARTER    and    CO,,   Seedsmen   to   the   Queen  and  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  237  and  238,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 


SELECT  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS.— 
Amateurs  and  others  who  may  be  at  a  loss  in  making  a  suitable 
selection  of  SEEDS  for  the  GARDEN  will  be  greatly  aided  by 
referring  to  our  Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  VEGETABLE  and 
FLOWER  SEEDS  ior  1872. 

THOMAS    KENNEDY  AND  CO.,   Seed   and   Nursery   Establish- 
ment, Dumfries.  _^^. 


I71OREST      TREES,      SHRUBS,      Sec. 
.       ALDER,  transplanted,  12  to  18  inches. 

BEECH  ,,  18  to  24  and  24  to  30  inches. 

BIRCH  „  12  to  18,  r8  to  24  and  24  to  30  inches. 

LARCH  „  9  to  12,  12  to  18  and  15  to  20  inches. 

RHODODENDRONS,  Hybrids,   fine  bushy  plants,  9  to 

12  and  12  to  18  inches. 

Priced  LIST  now  ready,  post  free.     Special  offers  on  application  to 

JAMES  COCKER,  Sunnypark  and   .Fn>f;batl    Nurseries,   Aberdeen^ 

Forest  Trees,  Ornamental  Trees,  Shrubs,  Fruit  Trees, 

ROSES,  &c. 

LITTLE  AND  BALLANTYNE'S  Priced  LIST  of 
the  above  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  sent  free  on  application. 
They  are  prepared  to  supply  well-rooted,  hardy  plants,  and  their  stock 
is  large  and  varied. 

The  Carlisle  Nurseries,  Knowefield. 

Office  and  Seed  Warehouses,  44,  English  Street,   and  Blackfriars 

Street,  Carlisle.  


Forest  and  Ornamental  Planting. 

PETER    LAWSON    AND    SON    respectfully    solicit 
early    orders    for    FOREST     TREES     and    ORNAMENTAL 
TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  they  can  supply  to  great  extent. 

The  large  breadths  of  LARCHES,  from  r  to  3J4  feet.  SCOTCH 
FIR,  NORWAY  SPRUCE,  AUSTRIAN  PINES,  and  other  leading 
sorts  of  FOREST  TREES,  are  unusually  fine,  and  worthy  of  inspec- 
tion. CATALOGUES  and  special  offers  will  be  furnished  upon 
application. 

Edinburgh  and  London. — December,  1871. 


Planting  Season. 

JAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS  beg  to  draw  attention 
to,  and  to  solicit  an  inspection  of,  their  almost  unlimited  stock 
of  FOREST,  FRUIT,  and  ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  SHRUBS, 
ROSES,  and  all  other  NURSERY  STOCK. 

The  "  Newton"  Nurseries  can  now  be  reached  on  foot  in  8  minutes 
from  the  Chester  Passenger  Station. 

Priced  LISTS  post  free. 
JAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS,  "Nevvton"  Nurseries,  Chester. 


ROBERT  NEAL,  Nurseryman,  Wandsworth 
Common,  Surrey,  S.W.,  begs  to  offer  to  Gentlemen  who  intend 
planting  this  season  his  large  and  varied  stock  of  FRUIT,  FOREST, 
and  ORNAMENTAL  TREES.  Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES, 
RHODODENDRONS,  CONIFER.'E,  SHRUBS,  &c.,  which  arc 
now  in  fine  condition  for  removal.  CATALOGUES  may  be  had  free 
on  application. 

The    Nurseries  arc  within   a  few   minutes'  walk   of  the   Clapham 
Junction,  and  Wandsworth  Common  Railway  Stations. 


QEEDS    NOT  to  be  SURPASSED   for   QUALITY 

lO  and  Cheapness  combined. — All  Orders  amounting  to  5s.  sent 
carriage  free  to  any  RaiKvay  Station  in  England,  Scotland,  or  Wales, 
or  to  any  seaport  town  in  Ireland,  No  charge  is  made  for  packing  or 
packages.     Your  early  orders  will  greatly  oblige, 

CATALOGUE  free  on  application. 
C.    M.    KEMP-WELCH,     Nurseryman,     Seedsman    and    Florist, 
Cotham,  Bristol, 


WILLIAM  POTTEN'S  CATALOGUE  of  choice 
VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  all  selected  from  the 
best  stocks,  is  now  ready;  also  his  CATALOGUE  of  BEDDING 
PLANTS,  containing  over  300  sorts  of  the  best  GERANIUMS  in 
cultivation.     To  be  had  post  free  on  application  to 

WM.  POTTEN,  Seedsman  and   Florist,  Sissinghurst,  Staplehurst, 
Kent. 


TropEcolums,  p.  bun. 
Trumpet  Lilies.each 
Tulips,  per  doz.  . . 
White  Lilac,  p.  doz. 

sprays 
Cyclamen,p.  izspks. 


-  o  6 


,,—  1  6 
.  —  10 


Fruit. 
s.  d.     s.  d.  I  s.  d.     s.  d. 

Apples,  per  \  sieve  20  to  5  o  Melons,  each  . .  2  o  to  5  o 
Cobs,  per  100  lb.  .  .60  o  — 65  o  .  Oranges,  per  100  . .  6  o  — 10  o 
Filberts,  per  lb.  ..08  —  10  Pears,  per  dozen  ..  30  —  60 
Grapes,  per  lb.  ..40  —  80  Pine-apples,  per  lb.  4  o  ~  8  o 
Lemons,  per  100    ..70  — 10  o  ■  Pomegranates,  each  04  —  o  S 

Vegetables. 
.r.  d.  s.  d. 
Artichokes, green,  ea.  o  6  to  o  8 
Asparagus,  per  100  6  o —  8  o 
Beet,  per  doz.  .  -  1  o —  2  o 
Broccoli,  purple,  per 

bundle       ..  ..     10 —  i  3 

Brussels  Sprouts,  p. 
half  sieve..         ..   i  6 —  2  6 


Cabbages,  per  doz, . 
Capsicums,  p.    100. . 
Carrots,  p.  bunch  .. 

—  French,  do. . . 
Cauliflowers,  p.  do?. 
Celery,  per  bundle  . 
Chilies,  per  100 
Cucumbers  each  . . 
Frencli  Beans,  new, 

per  100 


10—  I  3 
I  6 —  2  o 
05—07 

1  o —  I  6 

2  o —  6  o 

I    O—     2    O 

1  6—  2  o 

2  O —    3    o 

30—40 


5.  d.  s.  d. 
Herbs,  per  bunch  ..  o  2  to  o  4 
Horse  Radish,  p.  bun. 3  0—50 
Leeks,  per  bunch  ..  o  2 —  o  4 
Lettuces,  per  score. .  i  6—  2  o 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott,  i  o —  2  o 
Onions,  per  bunch  .,0  4 —  o  9 
Parsley,  p.  bunch  . .  o  2 —  o  4 
Peas,  new,  per  pun.  ..  —  30 
Radishes,  per  bunch  o  2 —  . . 

—  French,  do.  . .  o  4 —  o  6 
Rhubarb,  p.  bund.  .  i  6—  2  o 
Salsafy,  per  bun.  . .  o  9 —  i  3 
Scorzonera,  per  bun.  o  9 —  i  3 
Seakale,  per  punnet  t  o —  2  o 
Shallots,  per  lb.  ..  o  8 — 
Spinach,  per  bushel  3  o —  4  o 
Turnips,  p.  bunch,,  o  2 —  o  4 


New  Lists. 

DOWNIE,  LAIRD,  and  LAING,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  NEW  LISTS  of  AGRICULTURAL,  GARDEN, 
and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  FLORIST  FLOWERS,  GREENHOUSE 
PLANTS,  GLADIOLI,  &c.,  arc  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  free 
on  application. 

17,  Frederick  Street,  Edinburgh  ;  and  Stanstead  Park,  Forest  Hill, 
London,  S.E. 


.  New  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  Plants,  Fruits,  &c. 

P>OBERT  PARKER  begs  to  announce  that  his  NEW 
\i  CATAI.()OUE,  containing  select  Descriptive  and  Priced  Lists 
of  Agricultural,  Flower,  and  Vegetable  Seeds,  Fruit  Trees,  Miscel- 
laneous Plants,  Sweet  Violets.  &c  ,  is  now  published,  and  will  be 
forwarded  to  applicants. 

The  stocks  of  seeds  have  all  been  procured  from  the  best  possible 
sources;  all  are  warranted  genuine,  and  are  offered  at  the  lowest  pos- 
sible prices.  Intending  purchasers  are  requested  to  compare  the 
prices  with  those  of  other  nouses. 

Exotic  Nursery,  Tooting,  Surrey,  S.W. 


RICHARD  SMITHS  LIST  of  all  the  EVERGREEN 
FIR  TRIBE,  suitable  for  Britain,  giving  size,  price,  popular 
and  botanical  nameS;  derivations,  description,  form,  colour,  foliage, 
growth,  timber,  use  in  arts,  native  country  and  size  there,  situation, 
soil,  and  other  information,  with  copious  index  of  their  synonyms. 
Free  by  post  for  six  stamps. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


WOOD  AND   INGRAM  offer  as  follows,   very  fine 
stuff: —  Per  1000. — s.  d. 

OAKS,  3-yr-  Seedlings 76 

.,        3  to  4  feet 30    0 

„        4  to  5  feet 35    o 

ELM,  English,  i-yr.  Seedlings 5    ° 

,,  ,,         2-yr.  Seedlings 7    ° 

..        Huntingdon.  8  to  10  feet  per  100    50    o 

HORSE  CHESTNUTS,  3-yr.  Seedlings 80 

,,  ,,  2  to  3  feet 12    o 

OAK,  Evergreen,  i-yr.  Seedlings         10    o 

„  „  3-yr.  Secdhngs        15° 

Samples      sent     on      application. 

The  Nurseries,  Huntingdon. 


J  SCOTT,  The  Nurseries,  Merriott.  Somerset,  has  to 
•  offer  300,000  fine  HAZEL,  3  to  ji  feet,  and  3i  to  44  feet,  at  low 
prices;  also  500,000  fine  transplanted  THORNS,  2i,  3.  and  4  Icet ;  with 
equal  proportions  of  ALDER,  ASH,  BEECH,  OAK,  and  other 
FOREST  TREES. 

The  FRUIT  TREES  are  healthy  and  in  large  breadth  ;  the  collec- 
tion is  unrivalled,  nearly  1500  sorts  of  Pear,  1000  of  Apple,  i^o  of 
Cherry,  184  of  Nectarine  and  Peach,  and  200  of  Plum,  with  other  fruits 
in  proportion,  the  namesof  which  will  be  found  in  J,  S  's  new  enumera- 
tive  CATALOGUE  of  FRUITS,  36  pages,  just  published,  gratis, 
and  is  the  most  complete  list  of  Fruit  trees  in  the  English  language. 

T.  S.'s  NEW  SEED  LIST  is  ready,  and  can  be  had  free  by  post. 

The  ORCHARDIST  and  COMPANION,  2J.,  in  stamps,  can  still 
be  had. 


rpo    WILLOW   GROWERS.— The   Planting   Season 

X    having  commenced,  WILLIAM  SCALING,  Willow  Nursery- 
man, Basford,  Notts,  is  now  ready  to  execute  orders  for 

WILLOW     PLANTS    and    CUTTINGS    for   Timber    Trees    and 
Coppice  Wood.  .   „ 

WILLOW   PLANTS  and  CUTTINGS  for  Onamental  Trees  and 
Shrubs. 

WILLOW  CUTTINGS  for  Basket  Makers'  purposes. 

BITTER  WILLOW  PLANTS  and  CUTTINGS  for  Hedges  and 
Game  Coverts. 

WILLOW  STOCKS  for  Budding  and  Grafting. 

Descriptive  CATALOGUES  free  upon  application  as  above. 
"THE  SALIX,  OR  WILLOW,"  second  edition,  post  free,  is.  ;  or 

of  SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL  and  CO.,  London. 


MAURICE  YOUNG'S  NEW  TRADE  LIST  of 
CONIFERS,  HARDY  EVERGREEN  TREES  and 
SHRUBS,  ROSES,  RHODODENDRONS,  JAPANESE  PLANTS, 
NEW  AUCUBAS,  &c.,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  on 
application. 


Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming,  Surrey. 


Potatos,  Regents,  looi.  to  130^.  ;  Flukes,  120^.  to  150J.  ; 
French  Shaws,  60J.  to  fas. 


POTATOS.— Soiithwark,  Jan.  8. 

During  the  past  week  the  arrivals  coastwise  have  been 
moderate,  but  larger  from  France.  The  trade  has  still 
been  of  a  holiday  nature—very  little  demand,  and  second- 
rale  samples  neglected.  The  quotations  are  as  follow  : 
— Yorkshire  Flukes,  per  ton,  lOos.  to  130J.  ;  Yorkshire 
Regents,  6qs.  to  100s.  ;  Dunbar  and  East  Lothian  do., 
lOOS.  to  130J. ;  Perth,  Forfar,  and  Fifeshire  do.,  85-r,  to 
locj.  ;  do.  Rocks,  8oj,  to  90J.  ;  Kent  and  Essex 
Regents,  <p^.  to  90J. ;  do,  Rocks,  60s.  to  Boj.  ;  French 
Whites,  tps.  to  yos. 


For  Want  Placer,  &c.,  see  page  63. 


Planting  season. 

DICKSONS  AND  CO..  Nurserymen  and 
Sei^dsmen,  I,  Waterloo  Place,  Edinburgh,  beg  to  call  the 
attention  of  those  about  to  plant  to  their  very  large  and  hc.ilthy 
Stock  of  FOREST  TREES,  FRUIT  TREES,  ORNAMENTAL 
TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  are  now  in  fine  condition  for  trans- 
planting. They  are  prowing  on  very  exposed  ground,  arc  finely 
rooted,  and  their  wood  is  thoroughly  ripened.  Samples  and  Cata- 
logues on  application.  Special  prices  will  be  quoted  where  large 
quanlities  are  taken.     (Established  1770.) 

Experienced        FORESTERS,       GARDENERS,      and        LAND 
STEWARDS  recommended 


Tji  WING   AND    CO.,  The    Royal    Norfolk   Nurseries, 

4_J   Norwich,  will  be  happy  to  furnish  prices  to  the  Trade  of   the 
following : — 

Dwarf-trained  Morello,  Mayduke,  and  other  CHERRIES. 

Standard  red-twigged  LI.VIES,  fine. 

PURPLE  BEECH,  of  the  best  dark  variety,  worked,  and 
furnished  from  the  ground,  6  to  8  feet. 

Standard  CERASUS  MAHALEB  VARIEGATA 

HERTFORDSHIRE  ELMS,  fine,  6  to  8  feet. 

CHICHESTER  ELMS,  fine,  6  to  10  feet. 

HORSE  CHESTNUTS,  6  to  8  feet,  very  stout. 

COMMON  LAUREL.  2  to  3  feet,  bushy. 

EVERGREEN  PRIVET,  2  to  3  feet. 

JAPAN  PRIVET,  fine,  transplanted. 

PINUS  AUSTRIACA,  transplanted,  1  to  2  feet. 

PICEA  PINSAPO,  nice  specimens,  2  to  t  feet. 

THUJA  WARREANA,  ex.  transplanted,  2104  feet. 

MAHONIA  AQUIFOLIUM,  transplanted. 


Lycopodlmn  dentlculatum. 

WANTED,  100  dozen  strong  plants,  in  48-sized  pots  ; 
also  large  PALMS,  such  as  Scaforthia  elcgans,  from  8  to  20 
feet  high;  also  handsome  TREE  FERNS,  with  8  feet  stems;  also 
strong  GREENHOUSE  CREEPERS,  established  in  large  pots. 
Send  full  particulars  as  to   size,  price,  &c.,  to 

JOHN     WILLS,     Royal    Exotic      Nursery,     Sussex     Place,    Old 
Brompton,  London,  S.W. 


Lord  Mayor's  Banquet. 

THE     FLORAL      ORNAMENTATION    was    by 
Mr.  John  Wills,  of  Old    Brompton,  whose    taste  was  gene- 
rally commented  on  in  terms  of  eulogy,  "—rirf^C»7v  Press,  Nov.  11,  1871. 
All  kinds  of  FLORAL  DECORATIONS,  WliDDING,   OPERA, 
and  other  BOUQUETS. 

JOHN  WILLS,  Royal  Exotic  Nursery   and  Floral  DepOt,  Sussex 
Place,  Old  Brompton,  London,  S.W. ^ 


r\\0  PLANTERS.— STRONG  FOREST  TREES,  &c. 


LARCH,  2103,  sj-i  to  3;^,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
SCOTCH,  i'^to2,  2\6-2]^,  and  2^510  3  leet. 


SPRUCE,  \\l  to  2,  2  to  2}^,  aM  103.  and  3  to  4  feet- 


ENGLISH  OAKS,  2^  103!^,  3  to  4.  4  to  5,  5  to  6,  and  6  to  7  ft. 
BIRCH,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet. 
ELMS  (Wych),  2  to  3,  3  to  a,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
HAZELS,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
MOUNTAIN  ASH,  2103,  3  to  4.  a»d  4  to  5  feet. 
SYCAMORES,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet. 
With  many  others,  all  of  the  best  quality.     The   Larch  arc  clean, 
stout,  well-grown  stuff,  and  have  never  been  injured  by  frost. 
JOHN   HILL,  The  Nurseries,  Spot  Acre,  near  Sinnc,  Staffordshire. 


F 


OR    DISPOSAL,    the  following  SEEDS,    for  cash. 

Samjjles  can  be  had,  post  free,  on  application  ;— 
PEAS— PRIZETAKER  MARROW./s.  per  bushel 

WOODl'ORD'S  GREEN   MARROW,  7s.  per  bushel 

NE  PLUS  ULTRA  01.  per  bushel 

MrLEAN'S  PRINCESS  ROYAL.  8i.  6./.  per  bushel 

CHAMPION  of  ENGLAND,  8j,  dd.  per  bushel 

BLUE  SCIMETAR,8j.  6./,  per  bushel 

BRITISH  QUEEN,  os.  M.  per  bushel 

VEITCH'S  PERFECTION,  «w.  td.  per  bushel 
BEANS— MONARCH  LONG-POD,  75.  per  bushel 
MIGNONETTE,  is,  td.  per  lb. 
STOCK— RED  VIRGINIAN,  is.  3<i.  per  lb. 
Immediate  attention  wilt  be  given  to  all  orders  addressed 

SEED  GROWER,  Gardintn''  Chromdi  Office,  W.C. 


January  13,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


49 


REES  AND  CO.'S  BIPHOSPHATED  PERUVIAN 
GUANO  (Kegistcicd  Trade  Mark,  Flying  Albatross),  is  now 
ready  for  dcliver>'  in  quantity  and  in  fine  condit.on.  It  is  believed  to 
be  the  best  Artificial  Manure  yet  produced.  Its  base  is  Peruvian 
Government  Guano;  it  contains  21  percent,  of  Soluble  Phosphates, 
5  to  7  per  cent,  of  Ammonia  with  Salts  of  Potash.  See  reports  of  Dr. 
Voelcker,  Dr.  Anderson,  Professor  Way,  Mr.  Ogston,  and  Mr.  Sibson. 
Delivered  in  2  cwt.  bafis,  each  of  which  is  secured  by  a  leaden  seal, 
bearing  the  Company's  Trade  Mark.  The  analysis  is  guarajiteed  so 
long  as  the  seals  remain  unbroken. 

REES  AND  CO.  (Limited),  58,  Old  Broad  Street,  London.  E.G. 


T 


HE 


LONDON      MANURE 
(Established  i840)( 


COMPANY. 
n  line  dry  condition — 


Have  now  ready  for  dcliverj- 
PURE  DISSOLVED    ISONES. 
CONCENTRATED  AMMONIACAL  MANURE, forTop-DressinK 
PURSER'S  BONE  TURNIP  MANURE. 
SUPERPHOSPHATE  of  LIME. 
NITROPHOSPHATE 

MANGEL,  HOP,  and  POTATO  MANURES.     Also 
PERUVIAN    GUANO   (as   imported   by   Messrs.  Thomson,   Bonar, 
&Co.),  NITRATEof  SODA,  SULPH.XTE  of  AMMONIA,  &c 
lib.  Fenchurch  Street.  EDWARD  PURSER,  Secretary. 

FOWLER'S     PATENT    STEAM     PLOUGH 
and    CULTIVATOR    may    be    SEEN    at    WORK    in    every 
Agricultural  County  in  England. 

For  particulars  apply  to  JOHN  FOWLER  AND  CO.,  71.  Comhill, 
London,  E.G.  ;  and  Steam  Plough  Works,  Leeds. 


THE    CELEBRATED    GRANITIC     PAINT. 
Manufactured     Solely    and     Only     by    the    Silicate    Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Compaiiy. 

For   Price  Lists,  Testimonials,  and   Paiterns  of  Colours,  apply  to 
THOMAS  CHILD.  Manager,  3qA,  King  William  Street,  London,  E.G. 


THE  SILICATE  ZOPISSA  COMPOSITION. 
To  CURE  DAMP  in  WALLS,  and  Preserve  Stone,  &c.,  from 
Decay.  Alanulactured  Solely  and  Only  by  the  Silicate  Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Company. 

For    Particulars  and   Testimonials  apply   to   THOMAS   CHILD, 
Manager,  3gA,  King  William  Street,  London,  E.G. 


Save  your  Plants  from  the  Frost. 
ARRATTS       SELF-  REGISTERING 

THERMOMETER,  for  Marking  how  Cold   it  has  been,  and 
telling  the  Present  Temperature.     No  Gardener  should  be  without  iL 
Price  15.,  or  by  post,  is.  ^d. 
MARRATT,  Optician,  63,  King  William  Street,  London  Bridge,  E.C. 


M 


MR.    JAMES    ERASER,    Horticultural    and 
Agricultural  Valuer  and   Auctioneer,  Mayland's  Farm, 
Romford,  Essex  ;  late  of  the  firm  ol  J.  &  J.  Eraser,  Lea  Bridge  Road. 


OSEPH  NEWTON, 

Landscape  Architect, 
Office  :  42,  Bishopsgaic  Street  Without,  E.C. 
Private  Address  :  74,  Oxford  Terrace,  Hyde  Park,  W. 


M 


Wood  Engraving. 

R.  W.  G.    SMITH.   Artist  and   Engraver  on 

Wood,  12,  North  Grove  West,  Mildmay  Park,  London,  N. 


To  Roadmakers.  Contractors,  and  Others. 

THE  METROPOLITAN  BOARD  of  WORKS  are 
prepared  to  RECEIVE  TENDERS  by  parties  who  may  be 
willing  to  Contract  for  the  FORMATION  of  a  HORSE  RIDE, 
FOOTPATHS,  DONKEY  STANDS,  and  a  NEW  ROAD  leading 
from  Dover  Road  to  the  avenue  entrance  of  Greenwich  Park, 
Blackheath. 

Parlies  desiring  to  submit  Tenders  may  inspect  the  Plans  and 
Specifications,  and  obtain  other  particulars,  on  application  to  Mr. 
GEORGE  VULLIAMV,  Architect,  at  the  Ofiiceof  the  Board.  Spring 
Gardens,  S.W,,  between  the  hours  of  9  a.m.  and  4  p.m  ,  or  on  Satur- 
days between  the  hours  of  9  A.RL  and  2  r.M.,  until  Thursday, 
January  25  instant. 

The  Tenders  must  be  endorsed,  "  Tender  for  Horse  Ride,  Donkey 
Stands,  S:c."  and  addressed  to  the  Clerk  of  the  Board,  are  to  be 
delivered  at  this  Office  before  4  o'clock  on  the  lasl-mentioned  day,  and 
no  Tender  will  be  received  after  that  hour.  The  parties  tendering 
must  be  in  attendance  at  the  Board  at  12  o'Clock  on  the  day  appointed 
for  opening  Tenders,  and  any  Tender  which  is  not  fully  tillea  up  in 
every  particular  will  be  rejected. 

The  Board  do  not  bind  tnemselves  to  accept  the  lowest  or  any  Tender. 
JOHN   POLLARD,  Clerk  of  the  Board. 

Spring  Gardens,  S.W.,  January  10. 


To  Nurserymen.  Gardeners,  and  Others. 

VALUABLE  FREEHOLD  PROPERTY,  near  LEICESTER. 

TO  BE  SOLD,  by  Private  Contract.  TWO  first-class 
SEMI-DETACHED  VILLA  RESIDENCES,  each  containing 
Eight  Rooms  and  Scullerj',  situate  on  the  main  road  leading  from 
Leicester  to  Melton  Mowbraj-,  and  within  three  miles  from  the  first- 
named  town.  One  of  the  above  would  be  suitable  for  a  Nurseryman, 
there  being  attached  to  it  about  2500  feet  of  Glass,  all  Heated  with 
Hot-water  Pipes,  Potting  Shed,  large  Packing  Room,  Store  Rooms, 
Stabling,  and  about  One  Acre  of  excellent  Garden  Land 

There  is  everj-  convenience  attached  to  the  above,  with  abundance 
of  Hard  and  Soft  Water.  The  locality  is  central  for  Four  Markets 
a  week,  and  in  all  respects  the  property  presents  a  rare  opportunity  for 
a  competent,  persevering  Man.  The  whole  of  the  Buildings  have 
been  erected  within  the  last  three  years  by  the  present  owner,  who  is 
retiring  from  the  business  in  consequence  of  a  family  bereavement. 

Forfurtherparticulars,applyto  Mr.  CHARLES  TAMES  HUNTER, 
Solicitor,  13,  Halford  Street,  Leicester, 


SALES     BY    AUCTION. 


SALE    THIS    DAY,  at  HALF-PAST  TWELVE  O'CLOCK. 

Hardy  Plants  and  Bulbs. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  on 
SATURDAY,  January  13,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely.  Dwarf- 
trained,  Pyramid,  and  Standard  FRUIT  TREES,  Standard  and 
Dwarf  ROSES,  Specimen  CONIFERS,  RASPBERRY  CANES, 
CARNATIONS.  PICOTEES  and  PINKS,  GLADIOLI,  STRAW- 
BERRY PLANTS,  &c. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


LUium  auratum  from  Japan. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  on 
FRIDAY.  January  lo.  at  half  past  12  o'Clock  precisely,  40  CASES 
ofLILIUM  AURA!  UM,  just  arrived  from  Japan  in  good  condition, 
and  Lotted  to  suit  the  Trade  and  private  buyers. 

Un  view  the  morning  ol  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Periodical  Sale  of  Poultry  and  Pigeons 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  on 
TUESDAY,  January  16.  at  halfpasi  12  o'Clock  precisely,  WHITE 
DORKINGS,  from  Miss  E  Williams:  LIGHT  BRAHMAS.  from 
Rev.  J.D,  Hoystead:  SPANISH,  from  Miss  E.  Browne  ;  DORKINGS 
and  ROUEN  DUCKS,  from  Mr.  Taylor;  SILVER-GREY  DORK- 
INGS and  BARBS,  from  Mr.  Salter;  DARK  BRAHMAS  and 
DORKINGS,  from  Mr.  Dowsctt ;  and  a  variety  of  other  choice 
POULTRYand  PIGEONS,  from  welt-known  Breeders  and  Exhibitors. 
On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Chapel  Brampton,  Northampton. 

IMPORTANT  SALE  of  FIRST-CLASS  SHORTHORNS. 

MR.  JOHN  THORNTON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
on  THURSDAY,  April  18,    the    FIRST-CLASS    HERD    of 
PURE-BRED  SHORTHORNS,   the  property  of  Jos.    N.    Beasley, 

Esq.  It  numbers  about  Forty  Head,  and  consists  principally  of 
animals  of  the  celebrated"]  "tribe,  which  have  been  crossed  with 
first-class  Bulls  of  Bates  blood. 

Further  particulars  and  Catalogues  will  be  duly  announced 

London,  15,  Langham  Place,  \\.,  January  8,  1877, 


Buttons'  Choice  Seed  Potatos. 


SUTTONS'  Illustrated  Descriptive  LIST  of  the  above 
is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  gratis  and  post  free  on  application. 
SUTTON   AND   SONS,    Seedsmen    by  special  appointment  to  the 
Queen  and  Prince  of  Wales.  KtadmR^ 


Seed  Potatos. 

HAND  F.  SHARPE'S  Wholesale  LIST  of  SEED 
•  POTATOS  is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had,  post  free,  on 
application.  It  comprises  all  the  best  early  and  late  varieties,  also  all 
the  American  sorts  worthy  of  cultivation.  The  quality  is  c-tcellent, 
and  the  prices  very  moderate. 

Seed  Growing  Establishment,  Wisbech. 


For  Seed. 


H 


TRADE 

PEDIGREE 
MARK. 


CHEVALIER 

BARLEY, 

which  was  awarded 

The  FIRST  PRIZE  THREE  YEARS  in  SUCCESSION 

(1867,  1868,  1S69,  and  again  in  1871), 

at  the  Birmingham  and  Midland  Counties'  Show, 

Yielded,  at  Brighton,  in  1S69.  TEN  QUARTERS  PER 
ACRE,  weighing  57  lb.  per  bushel. 

ALSO 

PEDIGREE    BLACK    TARTARIAN, 

AND 

PEDIGREE  WHITE  CANADIAN 

OATS. 

For  price  and  full  particulars  of  above,  and  of 
PEDIGREE  SEED  WHEATS,  apply  to  the  Originator 
of  the  System, 

Captain  HALLETT,  F.L.S.,  Brighton. 


Granville  R.  Rydf"  H«fq 
GranvilleR.H.S'-    .   .scl.c,Lq.,O.L 
Henr>' W   V-        ,  -^.      M >?. 
Charlpc  \>  .  ■        ^^'l!itt.„J.  V.*>..  ., 
Esq.,  At  P-    .-  ..  .■:r.it-J. 


THE      LANDS      IMPROVEMENT      COMPANY. 
(Incorporated  bv  Special  Acts  of  Parliament.) 
DRAINAGE,  RECLAMATION,  FARM  BUILDINGS, 

LABOURERS'  COTTAGES.  TRAMWAYS,  RAILWAYS,  &c 
Directors. 
John  Clutton,  Esq. 
Frederick  L.  Dasnwood,  Esq. 
Henry  Farquhar,  Esq. 
Lord  Garlics,  M.P. 
John  Horatio  Lloyd,  Esq. 

The  Company  advances  money,  unlimited  in  amount,  for  all  purposes 
of  Agricultural  Improvement,  including  the  Erection  of  Cottages  and 
Farm  Buildings,  to  the  Owners  of  settled  and  other  Estates,  and  to 
the  Clergy  in  respect  of  their  Glebe  Lands. 

Tenants  may,  with  the  consent  of  their  Landlords,  execute  the 
necessary  Improvements  upon  the  Farms  which  they  occupy,  charging 
them  with  the  cost. 

UTILISATION  of  SEWAGE.-The  Company  also  advances 
money  for  the  purpose  of  Works  of  Sewage  Irrigalion. 

The  whole  outlay  and  expenses  are  liquidated  by  a  rent-charge  upon 
the  land,  redeeming  principle  and  interest,  over  25  years. 

No  investigation  of  title  is  required. 

For  Forms  and  further  information,  apply  to  GRANVILLE  R. 
RYDER,  Esq.,  Managing  Director,  No,  i,  Great  George  Street, 
Storey's  Gate,  Westminster,  S.  W. 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  13,  1873. 

MEETING  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

MnNnw       Tan     ,c  H^'^''^^'^^    °^  Surveyors,    12,  Great  George 
MONDAY,     Jan.    151     Street,  Westminster-S  P.M. 


MR.  REDGRAVE,  H.M.  Principal  Inspec- 
tor of  Factories,  lately  undertook,  before  a 
Yorkshire  audience,  to  illustrate  the  Progress 
OF  THE  Nation.  We  have  given  his  figures  in 
another  page.  He  tells  us  how  many  more  we 
are,  and  gives  a  number  of  particulars  to  illus- 
trate our  social  and  religious  condition.  He  also 
gives  us  the  history  of  our  growing  industry, 
saying  how  much  more  coal  and  iron,  tin  and 
lead,  and  cotton  goods  and  silks,  we  now  produce 
in  comparison  with  loor  20  years  ago,  By-and-by, 
however,  he  leaves  the  manufacturing  for  the  agri- 
cultural field,  and  then  his  argument  is  based,  not 
on  what  we  yield,  but  on  what  we  want.  It  is  not 
the  production,  it  is  the  consumption  which  sur- 
prises him  ;  and  the  progress  of  the  nation  is 
for  once  illustrated  by  a  reference  to  our  imports. 
This,  it  is  plain,  however  satisfactory  it  may  be 
as  regards  our  wealth  derived  from  other  sources, 
is  by  no  means  complimentary  to  "  the  agri- 
cultural interest."  And  once  more  we  have  to' 
reflect  on  Lord  Leicester's  declaration,  that 
the  land  is  about  half  cultivated — that  being  the 
end  to  which  "  the  foremost  agriculture  of  the 
world"  has  at  length  attained. 

Whose  fault  is  this  ?  Why  should  not  the 
abundant  raw  material  in  English  soil  and  air 
be  the  subject  of  as  prosperous  and  growing 
manufacture  as  that  which  can  only  be  got  by 
digging  for  it  hundreds  of  feet  deep,  or  sending 


for  it  from  thousands  of  miles  away.'  Why  is 
capital  forthcoming,  and  the  sharpest  wit  and 
strongest  will  at  hand  whenever  the  demand  shall 
show  a  growing  market  for  cotton  goods,  or  iron 
rails,  or  alkali,  or  broadcloth  .'—whereas  for  the 
products  of  our  agriculture,  many  of  which  have 
risen  50  per  cent,  in  value  within  the  memory  of 
young  men,  we  have  to  depend  on  imports  I  We 
have  grain  no  cheaper  than  it  used  to  be,  and 
meat  is  <)d.  to  is.  per  lb.  It  used  to  be  pro- 
duced, and  rents  and  labourers  were  paid,  when 
it  brought  no  more  than  ^d.  and  6d.  per  lb. 
Why  is  it,  unlike  all  other  manufactured  goods, 
rising  in  price,  while  the  English  manufacturers 
of  it  seem  unable  to  supply  the  demand  ? 

The  question  really  is — Why  is  not  more 
capital  invested  on  the  farm  ?  It  is  that  which 
has  multiplied  and  cheapened  the  produce, 
while  it  has  increased  the  profits,  of  our  furnaces 
and  factories.  It  is  that  which  must  increase 
the  produce  and  the  profits  of  the  land — if  ever 
we  are  to  see  our  farmers  equal,  with  other 
manufacturers,  to  the  demands  upon  them.  Why 
is  increased  capital  not  forthcoming  for  the  food 
manufacture  ?  The  land  will  pay  for  the  use  of 
it.  Our  market  reports  this  day  announce  ds.  a 
stone,  /.  e.,  £^  4J.  per  cwt.  as  the  price  of  beef, 
and  ^5  2s.  Sti.  per  cwt.  as  the  price  of  mutton, 
at  which  the  best  fat  cattle  and  sheep  were 
sold  last  Monday  at  the  iVIetropolitan  Cattle 
Market.  If  beef  and  mutton  could  be  grown 
"  to  pay  "  when  they  were  sold  much  under  £'i 
a  cwt.,  certainly  they  will  pay  at  present. 

It  no  doubt  takes  a  largely  increased  capital 
to  increase  the  live  stock  of  the  farm,  but  why 
is  it  not  forthcoming  for  such  an  immensely  in- 
creased demand  for  this  dear  beef  and  mutton 
as  now  exists  ?  Land  is  to  be  had.  Farms  are 
continually  falling  vacant.  Why  do  not  our 
capitalists,  who  are  now  going  into  all  manner  of 
wild  speculations  for  sheer  want  of  other  em- 
ployment for  their  money,  seize  upon  opportu- 
nities of  this  kind  ?  If  any  one  can  increase  the 
value  of  the  land,  it  is  the  man  who  proposes  to 
double  the  meat  manufacture  on  it  ;  and  he,  if 
anv  one  should  be  welcome  to  the  owner  of  it. — 

fJ-.Vray  btiSi  to  ;..<i.ke  k  convrrnicn'  f"-  ;■  .jt  pur- 
pose. Buildings,  roads,  and  drains,  anything 
which  is  a  clear  and  permanent  addition  to  the 
value  of  the  estate,  shall  be  provided  ;  and  you 
shall  lay  out  your  capital  on  live  stock,  labour, 
and  manures  and  seed.  It  shall  be  yours  at  a 
fair  rental  for  a  sufficient  term  of  years  to  make 
it  answer  your  purpose.  It  will  certainly  well 
answer  mine.  I  can  see  that  that  land  lets  for 
most  which  keeps  most  stock.  The  land  will  be 
worth  much  more  to  the  owner  and  the  labourer 
as  well  as  to  the  tenant,  for  your  expenditure. 
It  is  my  interest  to  encourage  that  in  every 
possible  way." 

Is  this  the  way  in  which  the  proposal  of  a  tenant 
is  received?  On  the  contrary,  as  a  rule,  he  is  re- 
ceived with  suspicion.  That  is  the  ordinary  key- 
note of  the  duet  between  him  and  the  agent. 
It  is  as  a  great  favour  that  is  conferred  upon  him 
if  he  be  received  at  all.  He  is  to  be  hedged 
about  on  every  side  of  him,  for  he  is  naturally 
bent  on  "taking  it  out  of  the  land.'  He  is  not 
to  cultivate  this  particular  crop  or  that,  for  they 
e.xhaust  the  soil.  The  land  is  to  maintain  an 
indefinite  quantity  of  destructive  animals  for  the 
landlord's  pleasure,  which  the  tenant  must  not 
interfere  with,  while  he  himself  is  interfered  with 
continually  by  the  watchers  of  these  animals,  his 
master's  servants.  Moreover,  probably  he  has 
to  pay  a  tenfold  rent  as  fine  if  he  breaks 
through  any  of  the  rigid  conditions  of  a  compli- 
cated lease.  Or  perhaps  he  is  met  point  blank 
with  the  decision,  "  It  is  not  the  custom  to  grant 
leases  on  this  estate." 

"  Bless  my  heart !  "  an  outsider  might  exclaim  ; 
"  is  the  landlord  afraid  of  the  incoming  tenant's 
capital  ?  Is  it  his  interest  to  begrudge  the  profits 
which  the  other  makes  ?  Does  he  desire  to  warn 
investors  off  his  land  ?  Where  has  the  common 
sense  of  the  country  gone  to  !  " 

On  the  contrary,  we  are  told,  and  by  the  tenant- 
farmers'  member  too,  "  My  honourable  colleague, 
indeed,  says  he  does  not  grant  leases.  But  I 
will  tell  you  what  he  does,  which  I  think  much 
better.  He  lets  his  farms  at  an  extremely  low 
rent,  and  he  grants  compensation  to  tenants  for 
all  unexhausted  improvements."  Yes  1  and  in 
the  same  column  of  the  Mark  Lane  Express, 
from  which  we  quote  these  words,  he  has  to 
mourn  over  the  increased  and  increasing  pauper- 
ism of  the  country  ;  and  we,  too,  have  to  speak 


so 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  13,   1S72. 


of  the  people  being  fed,  not  from  English,  but 
from  foreign  soil.  Let  us  not  forget  these  two 
facts. 

The  goodwill  of  the  landlord  and  a  good  un- 
derstanding, perhaps  for  generations  old,  between 
him  and  his  tenantry — this  is  the  remedy  for 
deficient  capital  in  agriculture  ;  and  the  "  en- 
couragement "  of  more  provident  habits  among 
the  labouring  class — this  is  the  old  old  remedy 
for  increasing  pauperism. 

But  we  have  to  read  them,  and  receive  them, 
in  the  light  of  the  two  portentous  facts  to  which 
we  have  just  alluded. 

Wheat  was  sold  at  about  is.  a  quarter  dearer 

on   Monday,    and    this  advance   was    maintained   on 

Wednesday. Trade  has   not   been  so  brisk  in  the 

Metropolitan  Cattle  Market  during  the  past  week,  and 

prices    are,    generally    speaking,     rather    lower. 

English  wool  continues  to  advance  in  price,  and  at 
present  there  seems  every  prospect  of  a  further  advance. 

The  seed  market  is  becoming  active,  and  prices  of 

all  first-rate  qualities  of  Clover  seed,  grass  seeds. 
Tares,  Peas,  t&c,  are  fully  maintained. 

'  The  following  subjects  have  been  selected  for 
discussion  before  the  London  Farmers'  Club  during 
the  year  1S72  : — 

February  5. — The  Use  of  Method,  Arrangement,  and 
Observation  in  the  Management  of  a  Farm  ;  proposed  by 
Rev.  G.  Davies,  Hall  Place,  Romsey, 

March  4. — The  Transit  of  Live  Stock  ;  Mr.  A,  Welch, 
Southall. 

April  I, — Vegetable  and  Fruit  Farming  ;  Mr.  T. 
Scott,  Knap  Hill,  Woking. 

May  6. — Principles  affecting  Cultivation,  Manuring, 
and  Cropping  ;  Mr.  J.J.  Mechi.  Tiptree,  Kelvedon. 

November  4. — Freedom  in  Cultivation  and  Security  of 
Capital  ;  Mr.  T.  Hoelev,  jun..  The  Fosse,  Leammgton, 

December  9. — Some  Comparative  Results  of  Large  and 
Small  Farm  Systems  in  Providing  Food  for  the  People  ; 
Mr.  H.  M.  Jenkins,  ra,  Hanover  Square,  London,  W. 
It  will  be  seen  that  subjects  and  lecturers,  both  new 
and  old,  are  here  enumerated.  The  great  subject  of 
freedom  of  cultivation  and  security  of  capital  has,  it 
will  be  seen,  a  place  upon  the  list,  and  will,  no  doubt, 
be  well  expounded  by  Mr.  Horley, 

■ The    Agricultural    Improvement    Society    of 

Ireland   are   next    week  to   superintend   a   Show  of 
Traction  Engines,  probably  on  the  i6tli  "'-■ 
Bagot  reported  that  Mes"     "  .  .  .j.mg  over 

engines  and  y.'r.^'^.j-ns  iu<  exnibition  near  Lyons  or 
Sallins  station.  A  neld  is  to  be  taken,  on  which  douMc- 
lurrow  ploughs  also  are  to  be  exhibited  at  work.  An 
entrance  fee  of  £1  each  is  to  be  charged  for  each 
double-furrow  plough  to  be  exhibited,  and  each  owner 
will  provide  his  own  horses.  Only  one  plough  from 
each  maker  will  be  admitted.     Entries  close  this  day. 

The   Plague    of   Wood    Pigeons   in    East 

Lothian  has  become  a  subject  of  almost  first-class 
agricultural  importance.  At  a  recent  meeting  of  the 
East  Lothian  Agiicultural  Society,  Mr.  Harvey, 
Whittingham  Mains,  reported  that  since  March  last 
13,000  wood  pigeons  had  been  killed  in  the  county, 
and  that  the  special  fund  for  the  promotion  of  their 
destruction  amounted  to  /'aS.  A  tremendous  number 
of  these  birds  had  visited  Haddingtonshire  this  year, 
and  it  was  very  annoying  to  see  the  immense  flocks  of 
them  completely  destroying  the  fine  fields  of  red 
Clover.  Lord  Elcho,  Lord  Blantyre,  the  Earl  of 
Wemyss,  Sir  Hew  Dalrvmple,  and  other  proprietors, 
had  aided  the  Society  in  their  crusade  against  these 
destructive  birds,  and  he  implored  the  remaining 
country  gentlemen  to  follow  such  a  good  example. 
Landlords  could  not  do  a  more  gracious  act  towards 
their  tenantry,  who  paid  large  rents  for  their  farms, 
than  to  order  their  foi'esters  to  pull  down  the  nests  of 
the  wood  pigeons,  and  to  create  still  greater  havoc 
than  at  present  among  the  winged  pests. —Sir  Hew 
Dalrvmple  said  he  did  not  believe  that  wood  pigeons 
bred  in  Haddingtonshire.  He  did  not  know  whether 
it  was  complimentary  to  Mr.  Harvey's  persecution  of 
them  or  not,  but  the  number  which  visited  the  county 
this  year  was  something  marvellous.  He  had  seen  the 
other  day  a  field  of  red  Clover  positively  blue  with 
them  ;  they  were  as  thick  as  they  could  stand  together. 
It  was  a  well-known  fact  that  proprietors  who  shot 
these  birds  in  the  neighbouring  county  found  them  full 
of  grain,  not  which  was  growing  there,  but  which  had 
been  grown  30  miles  away.— The  Chair.man  sympa- 
thised with  Mr.  Harvey  in  his  statement  about  the 
intolerable  nuisance  it  was  to  farmers  to  see  the  fields 
destroyed  by  these  birds.  He  did  not  believe  that 
Haddingtonshire  was  responsible  for  their  breeding. 
He   knew  that  in  Suffolk  flocks  of  these   and   other 


birds  came  and  went  no  one  knew  where  ;  and  really 
Mr.  Harvey,  to  succeed  in  extirpating  them,  would 
require  some  sort  of  international  wood-pigeon  league. 
—Mr.  Roughead  (Myreside)  believed  that  one  cause 
of  the  great  increase  of  wood  pigeons  was  the  gun- 
tax.  If  they  could  get  Mr.  Lowe  to  take  the  tax 
away,  plenty  more  wood  pigeons  would  be  destroyed. 
— The  Chairman  said  he  would  not  envy  the  members 
of  any  deputation  sent  by  the  Society  to  Mr.  Lowe  in 
regard  to  the  gun-tax. 

The  following  paragraph  in  the  Times  of  last 

Saturday  describes  the  Condition  of  West  Newton, 


on  the  Sandringham  property,  which,  as  regards  its 
water  supply  and  other  domestic  accommodation,  with 
consequent  liability  to  typhoid  fever,  may  be  taken  as 
the  type  of  many  another  country  village  : — 

' '  The  records  of  West  Newton  for  the  last  10  years 
show  that  this  village  has  been  the  seat  of  repeated  out- 
breaks of  typhoid  fever,  and,  as  might  be  anticip.ated 
under  such  circumstances,  the  examination  of  the  well 
waters  shows  an  universal  pollution  of  the  wells  by  infil- 
trating sewage.  From  the  analysis  published  this  week 
it  appears  that  this  pollution  is  proved  not  only  by  the 
excessive  proportion  of  organic  nitrogen,  amounting  to 
from  three  to  eight  times  as  much  as  the  7naxhtium 
amount  found  in  water  of  good  quality,  but  by  other  un- 
failing chemical  evidence.  All  the  drinking  waters  of 
West  Newton,  not  excluding  that  of  the  rectory,  are 
evidently  subject  to  dangerous  contamination  by  direct 
infiltration  from  cesspools  or  other  receptacles.  It  cannot 
be  doubted  that  this  is  the  source,  in  West  Newton  as  in 
so  many  other  of  our  villages  and  towns,  of  the  exces- 
sive zymotic  mortality.  The  Prince  has  already,  by  a 
considerable  expenditure,  freed  this  village  from  the  greater 
part  of  the  causes  of  preventible  disease.  This,  however,  is 
one  of  those  sources  of  mortality  which  must  often  lurk 
unsuspected,  and  to  which  builders "  and  engineers  when 
carrying  out  improvements  give  least  attention.  Over 
many  of  the  wells  at  West  Newton — and  those  the  worst 
— the  Prince's  agents  have  no  control,  as  they  are  upon 
small  separate  freeholds  ;  and  to  these  it  will  behove  the 
local  sanitary  authorities  to  give  immediate  attention. 
Most  of  them  have  been,  either  recently  or  at  no  distant 
time,  foci  of  disease,  and  the  village  cannot  be  freed  from 
typhoid  fever  until  the  sources  of  its  drinking  water  are 
protected  from  pollution.  The  lesson  which  is  thus  taught 
by  the  sanitary  investigation  of  a  village  which  has  been 
favoured  by  much  enlightened  and  liberal  care,  ought  not 
to  be  lost  on  the  country  at  large.  The  whole  of  the 
annual  sickness  from  typhoid  fever — 100,000  cases  at  least 
— may  be  fairly  set  down  as  preventible,  and  a  very  large 
proportion  of  the  cases  may  be  directly  traced  to  the 
pollution  of  drinking-water — in  towns  by  the  absorption  of 
sewer  gas,  in  villages  by  the  percolation  of  sewage  through 
the  soil  into  surface  wells.  The  same  remarkable  causes 
of  disease — ignominious  and  shocking  as  they  are — which 
we  have  pointed  out  at  West  Newton,  exist  on  a  large 
scale  in  one-half  the  villages  and  country  towns  through- 
out the  kingdom." 

By  a  decree  of  the  President  of  the  French 

Republic  (dated  December  30,  1871),  Monsieur 
Barral,  the  editor  of  the  foiirnal  de  V Agriailture,  so 
well  known  for  his  agricultural  and  scientific  researches, 
has  been  appointed,  with  the  almost  unanimous  vote  of 
tne  members  of  the  Societe  Centrale  d' Agriculture  de 
France,  perpetual  secretary  of  this  society,  in  the  place 
of  the  late  Monsieur  Pa  YEN. 

The  following  interesting  paragraph  is  quoted 

from  the  Mark  Lane  Express : — 

"An  adjourned  meeting  of  the  Norfolk  Agricultural 
Society  was  held  at  Norwich  on  Saturday,  Mr.  C.  S. 
Read,  M.P,  ,  presiding,  for  the  purpose  of  electing  a 
President  for  the  current  year.  The  following  letter  was 
read  from  Mr.  F.  Knollys. 

"Sandringham,  King's  Lynn,  January  5. 

"  Dear  Sir, — With  reference  to  the  meeting  of  the  Nor- 
folk Agricultural  Society  which  is  to  be  held  at  Norwich 
to-morrow,  I  am  desired  by  my  father  to  say  that  you  are 
at  liberty  to  make  an  unofficial  communication  to  the 
effect  that  he  understood  from  the  Prince,  before  His 
Royal  Highness'  illness  took  place,  that  he  would  accept 
the  office  of  President  of  the  Association  with  great  satis- 
faction, on  the  condition  that  the  meeting  should  be  held 
at  Lynn. — Truly  yours,  F.  Knollvs. 

The  Chairman  said  that  it  was  most  desirable  that  His 
Royal  Highness  should  accept  the  office  of  President, 
more  especially  as  he  lived  in  Norfolk  during  part  of  each 
year.  The  acceptance  of  the  Presidency  by  the  Prince 
would  confer  a  great  honour  upon  the  Society  and  upon 
the  farmers  of  Norfolk,  as  the  chair  now  vacated  by  one 
of  themselves  would  be  occupied  by  the  future  Sovereign 
of  England. — The  Prince  was  then  unanimously  elected 
to  the  Presidency,  and  it  was  also  agreed  that  the  next 
year's  meeting  should  be  held  at  Lynn.— Colonel  FiTZ- 
ROY  moved  a  resolution  to  the  effect  that  the  members  of 
the  Association  in  general  meeting  assembled,  desired  to 
express  their  heartfelt  thankfulness  at  the  improvement 
which  had  taken  place  in  the  condition  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  and  also  their  earnest  hope  that  His  Royal 
Highness  might,  with  the  blessing  of  Almighty  God,  be 
soon  restored  to  perfect  health. — The  Chairman  said  he 
would  take  it  for  granted  that  this  resolution  was  carried 
unanimously." 


OUJi  LIVE  STOCK. 

CATTLE, 
Mr.  William  Ashburner,  of  Netherhouses, 
Ulverston,  the  result  of  whose  sale  we  recorded  some 
weeks  ago,  still  retains  a  considerable  number  of  well- 
bred  Shorthorns,  among  which  the  following  may  be 
noticed  as  indicating  the  strains  of  blood  now  to  be  found 
at  Netherhouses  : — Arid,  by  Mr.  S.  E.  Bolden's 
Lablache  (16,353),  bred  by  Mr.  Thomas  Atherton,  of 
Speke,  dam^r/f/by  General  Canrobert  (12,926), 
g.d.  Mr.  Cheney's  Atiemoiie  by  General  Napiek 
(24,024) ;  Kirlderin^toii  Princess,  a  substantial,  thick- 
fleshed  cow,  got  by  SvLPH  Prince  (30,095),  dam  Kirl;- 
levington  by  GENERAL  Canrobert  (12,926);  Blossom 
by  Sir  James  (22,902),  a  grand  massive  6-year-old 
cow  out  of  Blanche  y/i  by  Antonius  (12,401)  ; 
Orange  Blossom,  a  daughter  of  the  last  named  cow  by 
Baron  Geneva  (25,568),  and  bred  by  Mr.  Sartoris  ; 
Anemone  2d,  bred  by  Mr.  Cheney,  got  by  General 


Napier  ;  Wdd  Blower  "jtlt,  a  roan  heifer  rising  three 
years  old,  by  13TH  Duke  ok  Oxford  (21,604),  dam 
by  Cherry  Duke  2d  (14,265)— she,  it  is  expected, 
is  in  calf  to  Oxford  Le  Grand  ;  Double  G~<oynnc  by 
RUFUS  (27,397)  ;  Barmpton  Rose  2d  by  Perseve- 
rance (27,062),  a  thick  fleshed  cow,  for  some  time  gone 
in  calf  to  Oxford  Le  Grand  ;  Duchess  of  Clarence  i^h, 
an  attractive  looking  2-year-old  heifer  by  Cherry 
Duke  (25,753) ;  Lady  Barrington  gth  by  Wild  Duke 
(27,808),  dam  Lady  Barrington  ']th,  and  in  calf  to 
Oxford  Le  Grand  since  the  middle  of  October; 
Nonpareil  "jth,  a  red  yearling,  by  Grand  Duke  17TH, 
dam  Red  Nonpareil  by  Cambridge  Barrington  ist 
(14,223)  ;  Kirhlevington  2^h,  bred  by  Mr.  Downing, 
of  'Turner's  HUl,  got  by  5TH  Duke  of  Wharfdale 
(26,033),  dam  Kirklei'inglon  i']ih — a  very  neat  animal, 
with  a  fine  head,  good  girth  and  loins,  and  plenty  of  soft 
hair ;  Cassandra  2d,  a  good  level  calf  by  Baron  Fennel, 
dam  Macco  by  Paris  (20,469);  Nonsuch  by  Baron 
Fennel,  dam  Nancy  ^th  by  Storrs  (25,238).  The 
bull  section  of  the  herd  comprises  Oxford  le  Grand, 
the  sire  now  in  use  in  the  herd.  He  was  bred  by 
Colonel  Towneley,  and  is  by  Baron  Oxford(23,375), 
from  6M  Maid  of  Oxford,  imported  from  America  by 
Mr.  J.  O.  Sheldon.  Admiral  and  Adjutant  are 
twin  bull  calves,  by  Baron  Fennel,  and  from 
Arid  i^h.  Darlington  Prince,  a  three  months  old 
calf,  by  Mr.  Robart's  Caractacus  (28,141),  by  Colonel 
Gunter'sDuKEOF  Tregunter  ;  his  dam  is  Grand  Prin- 
cess by  Grand  Duke  7th  (19,877).  Baron  Fennel, 
already  mentioned  as  a  good  sire  of  stock,  is  by  Baron 
Wild  Eyes  (25,604),  bred  by  Mr.  Atherton,  and  got 
by  2D  Lord  O.xford.  The  above  cattle  are  well  and 
fashionably  bred,  and  we  understand  that  under  the 
influence  of  spirited  men,  such  as  Mr.  Ashburner  and 
other  well-known  Cumberland  breeders,  the  general 
character  of  the  cattle  is  rapidly  improving  in  those 
parts. 

An  interesting  record  of  births  in  the  Little- 
bury  herd  during  the  years  1856-67,  which  w^e  hold, 
shows  that  from  May  6,  1S56,  to  December  31,  1867, 
119  calves  were  bom,  61  of  which  were  bulls  and 
58  heifers.  We  have  also  had  the  opportunity  of 
inspecting  Tables  of  births,  constructednianyyears  ago, 
giving  information  as  to  the  relative  number  of  calves 
of  either  sex  dropped  in  Lord  Spencer's  herd.  The 
equality  of  the  sexes  in  point  of  numbers  is  shown  in 
these  Tables,  a  fact  not  so  altogether  Iree  from  singu- 
larity, when  we  remember  the  polygamous  tendencies 
of  the  bovine  race.  One  bull  will  fertilise  many  cows, 
and  through  the  influence  of  natural  selection  no  doubt 
does  so,  in  the  wild  as  well  as  the  domestic  condition, 
and  yet  Nature  sends  a  bull  for  every  cow.  This,  and 
other  points  connected  with  breeding,  deserve  more 
attention  than  they  have  yet  received,  and  the  want  of 
sources  of  inlormation  is  much  to  be  regretted.  The 
Herd  Book  should  be  a  safe  guide  as  to  the  relative 
numbers  of  males  and  females  born  in,  at  least,  the 
most  fashionable  tribes.  Take,  for  instance,  the 
Duchesses.  Would  it  not  be  interesting  and  im- 
portant to  know  how  far  the  long-continued  in- 
breeding of  these  animals  may  have  influenced 
their  fecundity?  What  the  mortality  is  among 
calves  of  such  a  high-bred  race,  in  comparison 
with  other  less  fashionably-bred  races  ?  What  eflect, 
if  any,  in-breeding  has  had  on  the  relative  number  of 
males  and  females  bom.  A  complete  record  of  births 
in  which  dead  calves,  or  calves  which  died,  were  men- 
tioned, would  be  an  important  improvement  to  our 
present  Herd  Book.  Some  time  ago  we  took  consider- 
able pains  to  gather  from  the  existing  Herd  Book  the 
births  of  a  few  of  our  best-bred  families.  We  were 
astonished  first  at  the  small  number  of  calves  recorded 
at  all,  .and,  secondly,  at  the  preponderance  of  females. 
How  is  this  ?  We  can  hardly  suspect  in  these  days 
that  calves  by  a  noble  "  Duke  "  and  from  a  "  Prin- 
cess "  will  intentionally  and  willingly  be  excluded  from 
the  Herd  Book.  We  are  led  to  speculate  as  to  the 
causes.  Are  the  cows  barren  ?  Do  they  bring  dead 
or  delicate  calves  ?  Is  the  produce  lost,  and  its  pedi- 
gree forgotten?  Or  are  breeders  so  careless  that 
fashionably  bred  calves  fail  to  be  entered  ?  The 
explanation  must  be  in  the  answer  to  one  of 
these  queries,  and  we  certainly  think  that  it 
is  important  that  it  should  be  answered.  If  a  family 
of  cows  whose  name  is  familiar  to  eveiy  Shorthorn 
breeder,  and  whose  produce  is  valued  at  hundreds  of 
pounds  per  head,  fails  to  produce  anything  like  its  due 
number  of  calves,  as  recorded  in  the  Herd  Book,  we 
cannot  help  thinking  that  breeders  and  purchasers  have 
a  right  to  ask  questions  about  baiTcnness,  abortion, 
and  other  causes  of  failure.  We  also  think  that  the 
editor  of  such  an  important  work  as  the  Herd  Book 
should  insist  that  the  conduct  of  each  entered  cow 
should  be  recorded  for  each  year,  whether  she  breed  a 
living  or  dead  calf,  or  fail  to  breed  any  calf  at  all. 


SEWAGE  UTILISATION. 
"Filter  Beds"  and  "Irrigation  Proper." 
Those  who  are  interested  in  the  utilisation  of  sewage 
by  *'  irrigation  proper,"  are  much  indebted  to  you  for 
your  able  articles  on  the  essay  lately  read  by  Mr. 
Bailey  Denton  before  the  Council  of  the  Society  of 
Arts,  entitled  "  Sewage  as  a  Fertiliser  of  Land,  and 
Land  as  a  Purifier  of  Sewage." 

As  I  was  prevented  from  taking  part  in  the  dis- 


January  13,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


51 


cussion  which  followed,  I  must  ask  you  to  allow  me 
space  in  your  columns  to  record  my  dissent  from  some 
of  the  theories  therein  developed,  and  to  point  out  how 
irreconcilable  are  the  statements  it  contains. 

I  gather  that  Mr.  Denton  desires  to  recover  from  the 
sewage  the  whole  of  its  fertilising  ingredients,— ist, 
fully  to  utilise  the  manure,  and,  2d,  for  the  purpose  of 
rendering  the  water  passed  into  the  stream  as  pure  as 
possible.  Also  that  Mr.  Denton  does  not  think  **  inter- 
mittent filtration  "  of  itself  is  alone  equal  to  the  task  of 
extracting  the  fertilising  ingredients,  and  therefore  he 
avails  himself  of  the  aid  afforded  by  the  '*  scavenging  " 
powers  of  vegetation. 

These  being  the  principles  upon  which  sewage  farms 
have  long  been  worked  with  varying  success  according 
to  varying  circumstances,  but  with  no  failures,  so  far  as 
I  am  informed,  we  must  all  agree  with  Mr.  Denton  in 
the  propriety  of  keeping  these  objects  in  view,  and 
regret  that  unfortunately  when  dealing  with  very  open 
soil,  and  without  the  power  of  re-using  the  effluent 
water,  a  large  quantity  of  valuable  manure  has  some- 
times escaped  in  the  bright  looking  stream  which  runs 
to  the  i-iver-  after  having  assisted  to  grow  enormous 
crops. 

Assent  must,  however,  cease  to  be  given  when  Mr. 
Denton  states  that  the  value  of  sewage  when  "per- 
fectly "  cleansed  and  "  fully  "  utilised  is  at  least  liL 
per  ton,  such  sum  being  divisible  between  the  rate- 
payers and  the  farmer,  that  is  to  say,  that  a  farmer  can 
afford  to  pay  "  at  least"  a  halfpenny  per  ton  to  the  rate- 
payers, and  make  a  profit  of  another  halfpenny  for 
himself. 

It  must  be  remembered  that,  the  quality  of  sewage 
varies.  There  is  sewage  and  there  is  sewage.  There 
may  be  facilities  for  distribution  and  redistribution  on 
suitable  land  conveniently  situated  and  in  sufficient 
quantity  for  the  purposes  of  *' irrigation  proper,"  and 
there  may  not  be  land  so  attainable,  and  yet  these 
questions  affect  the  farmer  and  his  profits,  since  the 
capital  invested  and  the  returns  to  be  obtained  depend 
on  them  ;  and  whilst  one  market  gardener  or  farmer 
may  be  able  to  pay  a  halfpenny  a  ton  and  still  make  a 
living,  another  will  be  unable  to  pay  even  half  that 
sum. 

It  must  also  be  remembered  that  as  the  scavenging 
powers  of  vegetation  are  not  in  full  activity  during 
some  months  of  the  year,  the  farmer  can  neither  '.'per- 
fectly" cleanse  nor  "fully "  utilise  the  sewage  he  is 
bound  to  take,  and  therefore  during  such  months  the 
farmer  cannot  be  expected  to  make  the  penny  a  ton. 
He  must,  therefore,  either  deduct  the  quantity  so  used, 
— or,  rather,  so  wasted — from  the  total  before  making 
payment,  or  he  must  make  so  much  more  than  the 
standard  id.  a  ton  out  of  the  remainder  as  will 
enable  him  to  realise  that  sum  over  his  year's  supply. 

As  no  such  evidence  of  the  value  of  sewage  has  yet 
been  afforded,  Mr.  Denton  must,  I  assume,  have  argued 
on  a  presumption  that  because  such  and  such  returns 
have  been  obtained  by  means  which  he  does  not 
approve,  and  which  are,  in  his  opinion,  vicious  and 
wasteful,  they  cannot  fail  to  be  greatly  improved  when 
all  the  conditions  he  lays  down  are  observed. 

He  says  that  "up  to  very  recently  the  object  of 
getting  sewage  on  to  the  land  was  not  to  let  it  percolate 
into  the  ground,  but  to  keep  it  on  the  surface. " 

This  statement  is  a  very  serious  imputation  against 
all  irrigationists,  and  I  hope  each  one  who  does  not 
deserve  to  lie  under  it  will  forthwith  ask  to  have  the 
name  of  his  farm  struck  out  of  the  list  from  which  Mr. 
Denton  reads,  as  I  now  ask  that  the  Lodge  Farm  may 
be  excluded  from  it.  If  the  returns  from  irrigation 
farms  which  have  acted  on  the  principle  described  by 
Mr.  Denton  have  given  him  hopes  of  their  improve- 
ment, and  the  realisation  of  at  least  id.  a  ton  for  their 
sewage  when  they  have  mended  their  ways,  I  think  he 
is  quite  justified  in  looking  to  such  returns  ;  but  as  so 
many  sewage  farms,  where  no  such  views  were  ever 
entertained  or  practised,  have  long  been  in  operation, 
and  where  the  principle  of  "  filtration  "  is  no  novelty  to 
any  one  interested  in  the  question,  they  would  be,  I 
imagine,  better  guides  to  future  value  than  those 
hitherto  worked  upon  erroneous  principles. 

However,  when  I  say  that  the  charge  brought  against 
us  upon  this  farm  has  been  that  of  super-filtration,  and 
not  super-saturation  in  any  form,  and  that  we  have 
not  the  power  of  taking  the  effluent  water  from  the 
subsoil  drains  for  re-distribution,  I  have  explained  why 
the  sewage  is  not  "fully  utilised,"  and  show  that  we 
never  belonged  to  the  class  of  farms  which  Mr.  B. 
Denton  properly  condemns. 


with  the  sewage  of  2500  persons.  The  quantity  at 
present  applied  to  each  acre  is  70,000  tons  per  annum, 
eventually  something  over  100,000  tons  per  annum  will 
be  poured  upon  this  area.  The  sewage  is  admitted  to 
be  weak. 

The  town  of  Merthyr  having  incurred  the  expense  of 
taking  the  land,  constructing  the  filters  and  delivering 
the  sewage,  and  the  whole  area  being  but  20  acres, 
easily  handled,  we  will  assume  that  it  retains  it  in  its 
own  hands,  and  earns  for  the  ratepayers  the  whole  of 
the  promised  penny  a  ton. 

The  yearly  return  to  be  derived  from  the  present  use 
of  sewage  is  equal  to  £s^^t,  y.  8^/.,  or  ^^291  13J.  2d. 
an  acre,  the  expected  return  on  the  increased  use  of 
sewage  contemplated  is;^S333  6s.  Sd.,  or;i^5i6  13^.  ^d. 
per  acre  annually.  Whether  Mr.  Denton  ever  really 
looked  to  the  realisation  of  such  returns  from  such 
limited  areas,  and  whether  he  ever  hoped  that  the 
scavengingpowers  of  the  few  plants  he  would  be  enabled 
to  grow  would  be  equal  to  the  task  he  assigns  to  them, 
I  will  not  stop  to  ask.  I  have  only  to  deal  with  the 
broad  statements,  and  leave  your  readers  to  form  their 
own  opmions,  but  I  would  say  that  in  instances  where 
it  may  be  necessary  to  adopt  some  such  mode  of  deal- 
ing with  the  sewage  of  a  town  as  the  Merthyr  filter- 
beds  present,  might  it  not  be  more  advantageous  to  the 
town  and  to  the  country  near  it,  that  any  system  of 
precipitation  which  succeeds  in  making  and  profitably 
selling  its  manure,  should  be  allowed  to  intercept  the 
sewage  on  its  way  to  the  filter-beds,  and  thus  prevent, 
at  least  for  a  time,  their  proper  action  being  interrupted 
by  the  accumulation  of  manure  which  would  render 
them  inoperative.  Although  it  may  appear  somewhat 
contradictory,  Mr.  Bailey  Denton  urges  upon  "irriga- 
tionists" the  necessity  for  exercising  "economy"  in 
the  use  of  sewage  !  Is  the  application  of  50  times 
more  sewage  to  i  acre,  and  the  production  of  no  more 
crops  than  is  now  obtained  from  it  economy  ?  Does 
Mr.  Denton  ever  hope  to  produce  from  i  acre  of 
filter-bed  as  much  produce  as  we  now  take  from 
50  acres,  and  at  the  same  time  pour  his  effluent  water 
into  the  river,  as  well  cleansed  as  that  which  runs  from 
the  drains  of  a  properly  arranged  sewage  farm  ?  But 
he  must  do  all  this  before  we  can  admit  the  justice  of 
his  remarks,  that  filter-beds  will  bear  "comparison 
with  irrigation  proper." 

There  can  be  no  question  that  //  by  confining  the 
application  of  large  quantities  of  sewage  to  I  acre 
;!^ioo  can  be  realised  by  its  cultivation,  and  that  when 
the  application  of  an  equal  quantity  is  extended  to 
5  acres  only  ;!^2o  an  acre  is  obtained,  every  farmer 
would  naturally  prefer  to  cultivate  the  i  acre ;  but 
upon  the  waste  upon  i  acre,  of  manure  sufficient  for 
5  acres,  follows  imperfect  cleansing  of  the  sewage,  and 
consequent  pollution  of  the  rivers,  great  loss  of  food, 
and  the  abandonment  of  the  means  of  profitably 
employing  labour  in  producing  it. 


cially  when  by  the  use  of  it  they  will  materially 
improve  its  character  and  possibly  double  its  value. 

Mr.  Denton  summarily  decided  that  my  reported 
tons  of  sewage  ought  to  be  regarded  as  so  many  half- 
pennies to  be  paid  to  the  sewer  authorities,  leaving  me 
to  make  another  halfpenny  as  the  profit  due  to  the 
farm,  or  more,  or  less,  and  he  argued  that  as  I  had  not 
accomplished  this,  there  must  be  fault  somewhere,  and 
he  was  so  courteous  as  to  cast  the  blame  on  the  soil. 

Now,  before  it  is  conceded  that  there  has  been  any- 
thing wrong  in  my  inability  to  make  i(/.  a  ton  for 
division  with  the  sewer  authorities,  I  claim  that  it 
should  be  shown  on  undeniable  evidence  that  the 
profits  elsewhere  on  sewage  farms  have  been  such  as 
to  permit  of  such  a  tribute  ;  and  this  should  be  proved, 
not  in  single  crops  or  in  exceptional  seasons,  but  over 
the  whole  average  of  sewage  delivered  to  a  farm,  and 
used  by  it  since  it  has  been  in  operation. 


The  conditions  which  Mr.  Denton  lays  down — "  the 
perfect  cleansing"  of  sewage — sewage  "  fully  utilised," 
are,  he  states,  to  be  found  in  the  filter  beds  at  Merthyr, 
which  have  proved  so  successful  as  to  satisfy  him  that 
the  results  there  "  will  bear  comparison  with  irrigation 
proper,"  and  that,  notwithstanding  the  very  heavy 
outlay,  they  show  a  fair  prospect  of  profit  to  the  rate- 
payers. We  may,  therefore,  for  argument  sake  put 
them  on  a  par  with  "  irrigation  proper,"  or  "  irrigation 
proper"  on  a  par  with  the  "filter-beds" — although 
Mr.  Denton  has  not  succeeded  in  rendering  the 
effluent  water  from  his  fresh  filter-beds  any  purer  than 
that  from  irrigation  improper  on  the  Lodge  Farm. 

At  present  the  sewage  of  1500  persons  is  annually 
applied  to  each  acre  of  "filter  bed"  at  Merthyr,  but 
eventually  each  acre,  we  are  told,  is  destined  to  deal 


Mr.  Denton,  speaking  of  economy,  says  that  the 
sewage  of  62  persons,  or  2000  tons  per  acre  per  annum, 
is  that  due  to  "irrigation  proper."  There  is  avast 
difference  between  62  persons  and  2500  persons — 
between  2000  tons  and  100,000  tons  per  acre  ;  and  yet 
we  are  told  that  they  will  rank  alike,  will  produce 
crops  alike,  will  earn  the  same  rate  per  ton  of  sewage  ; 
that  the  two  are  on  a  par,  but  with  a  leaning,  I  fancy, 
on  Mr.  Denton's  part,  towards  the  largest  number 
of  tons. 

I  should  be  sorry  to  be  limited  to  2000  tons  as  the 
maximum  dressing,  because  we  have  on  an  average 
used  twice  as  much ;  but  I  do  not  deny  that  upon 
certain  soils,  and  with  the  power  of  re-using  the 
effluent  water,  that  quantity  of  sewage  would  grow 
excellent  crops,  but  I  woiUd  rather  agree  with  Mr. 
Denton  when  he  says  that  the  calculations  hitherto 
made  as  to  the  proper  number  of  persons  to  an  acre  are 
worth  very  little,  because  such  apportionment  must 
always  depend  on  the  nature  of  the  land  and  the  nature 
of  the  sewage,  and  the  nature  of  the  crops  required. 

I  cannot  conclude  my  remarks  on  the  opinions  of 
both  systems  promulgated  by  Mr.  Denton,  without 
expressing  my  surprise  that  those  which  affect  "  irriga- 
tion proper,"  have  not  been  borne  out  or  explained  by 
the  knowledge  which  he  has  acquired  at  the  Romford 
Sewage  Farm,  at  which  he  has  been,  I  believe,  a 
frequent  visitor  and  a  witness  to  the  many  scientific 
experiments  there  conducted,  and  which  would  no 
doubt  convey  much  valuable  information  on  the 
subject. 

The  results  which  we  have  obtained  at  the  Lodge 
Farm,  and  the  means  through  which  they  were  accom- 
plished, have  always  been  made  public,  and  these, 
when  serviceable  to  him,  have  been  very  properly  made 
use  of  by  Mr.  Denton,  excepting  in  the  instance  of  his 
accidentally  taking  wrong  figures,  and  quoting  the 
application  to  gi-ass,  in  one  instance,  at  21,488  tons  an 
acre  in  one  year,  instead  of  996S  tons,  which  was  the 
quantity  used, and  of  his  quoting  12^.  a  ton  as  the  selling 
price  of  grass  instead  of  iSj.  aton,  and  therebymaterially 
affecting  the  facts  which  he  selected  as  an  illustration. 

Mr.  Denton  also  forgets  our  yearly  growth  of  Wheat 
by  means  of  irrigation,  when  he  says  that  it  is  thus  ' '  not 
successfully  grown."  His  objection  to  the  use  of  sewage 
upon  such  soil  as  that  which  forms  part  of  this  farm  is  a 
proper  one  when  he  can  command  a  better  application  of 
it,  but  as  towns  will  have  to  take  the  land  which  happens 
to  be  most  convenient  or  most  readily  obtainable,  it 
cannot  be  expected  that  they  will  reject  poor  soil,  espe- 


In  the  discussion  on  Mr.  Bailey  Denton's  paper  one 
gentleman,  whose  exalted  notions  of  the  value  of  sewage 
have  hitherto  been  proverbial,  expressed  "complete 
agreement "  with  the  author,  and  at  the  same  time 
advocated  the  economic  use  of  sewage  to  the  growth 
of  cereals.  It  may  seem  difficult  to  understand  how 
he  could  advocate  economy  whilst  agreeing  with  Mr. 
Denton  "  completely  ;"  but  this  difficulty  will, 
perhaps,  be  overcome  when  we  look  back  a  little,  and 
compare  past  and  present  statements. 

In  May,  1869,  this  gentleman,  addressing  the  Sur- 
veyor's Institute,  repeated  that  which  he  had  often 
stated,  viz.,  that  100  tons  of  Italian  Rye-grass  ought  to 
be  taken  in  one  year  from  i  acre,  and  that  such 
quantity  ought  to  be  grown  from  5000  tons  of  sewage, 
and  leave  a  nett  profit  of  ^45  to  the  farmer,  after 
paying,  not  \d.  a  ton,  but  \d.  a  ton,  for  the  sewage. 
This  profit  was  not  to  be  derived  from  high  prices 
made  by  selling  the  grass  in  London,  but  by  its  con- 
version into  milk  or  butter  on  the  farm.  On  the  same 
occasion,  reasoning  on  what  had  been  done  on  the 
Lodge  Farm  in  the  growth  of  Mangel,  and  by  an  ex- 
pected increase  of  crop  in  proportion  to  an  increase  of 
sewage,  which  he  proposed  should  be  applied,  he 
stated  that  70  tons  of  Mangel  would  be  produced  from 
2000  tons  of  sewage,  and  that  after  allowing  for  its 
payment  at  id.  a  ton,  he  estimated  the  nett  profit  to 
the  farmer  at  ;i^33  3J-.  &,d.  an  acre. 

In  November  of  the  same  year,  1869,  he  re-affirmed 
his  previously  expressed  opinions,  and  whilst  lamenting 
over  our  shortcomings,  he  congratulated  himself,  and 
those  around  him,  on  at  last  (from  possessing  the  Rom- 
ford farm)  being  in  a  position  to  fulfil  his  promise  of 
100  tons  of  Italian  Rye-grass  per  acre,  adding  that 
'"reliable  quantitative  experiments"  would  now  be 
made,  and  explaining  the  means  he  had  adopted,  in 
order  to  "  tone  down  the  Romford  sewage  to  the  same 
strength  as  that  of  London." 

Ii>  April,  1S71,  when  discussing  the  paper  which  I 
had  the  honor  to  lay  before  the  Surveyors'  Institute, 
the  same  gentleman,  having  by  that  time  acquired 
some  practical  experience,  denied  the  possibility  of 
land  absorbing  such  quantities  of  sewage  as  I  said  we 
had  used,  and  stated  that  he  found  40  tons  of  sewage 
an  acre  a  sufficient  dressing  to  some,  and  from  90  to 
no  tons  when  the  land  had  been  stirred  to  a  depth  of 
9  inches.  Also  that  the  value  of  sewage  ranged  from 
Sj.  to  I  is.  a-head  of  the  population,  and  that  it  was 
the  farmer's  own  fault  if  he  did  not  obtain  the  full 
value  of  the  manure  he  applied  to  his  land. 

Also  that  he  paid  \d.  a  ton,  or  £z^  per  acre,  for  his 
sewage,  and  that  for  every  £^  he  received  £1^.  He 
stated  too  that  there  were  many  appliances  on  his  farm 
which  we  did  not  possess  at  the  Lodge  Farm,  and  that 
an  experienced  man  was  employed  by  the  British 
Association  to  check  the  quantities  of  sewage  applied, 
but  that  notwithstanding  all  the  advantages  they  pos- 
sessed, he  could  not  commit  himself  to  exactness  within 
to  tons  a-day  as  to  the  quantity  delivered. 

I  would  here  shortly  remark  that  there  must  have 
been  some  mistake  about  the  payment  of  \d.  a  ton  for 
the  sewage,  as  £'^  an  acre  gives  2400  tons  an  acre  ;  and 
even  if  as  many  as  no  acres  out  of  the  whole  farm  of 
120  or  121  are  taken  as  being  under  irrigation,  which 
is,  I  believe,  in  excess  of  rather  than  below  the  area 
dressed,  an  average  of  3600  tons  an  acre  would  be 
necessary  to  use  the  whole  supply,  and  this  quantity  at 
\d.  a  ton  gives  £"]  los.  an  acre. 

On  the  occasion  before  referred  to — April,  1871 — he 
again  spoke  of  the  Romford  sewage,  for  which  he  paid 
4^.  per  ton,  as  being  "more  diluted  than  that  of 
London,"  thereby  contradicting  or  correcting  his 
former  statement  as  to  its  requiring  to  be  "toned 
down,"  but  with  this  exception — he  was  more  con- 
fident than  ever  ;  and  in  order  to  place  everything 
before  the  public  in  the  most  authoritative  manner,  he 
stated  his  determination  to  submit  everything  to  public 
accountants  of  high  standing,  as  one  of  the  daily  papers 
was  in  the  habit  of  doing.  Your  readers  have  probably 
forgotten  all  these  statements,  and  many  otliers  of  a 
similar  nature,  and  if  so  they  will  not  be  so  much  sur- 
prised as  I  was  to  read  the  opinions  expressed  by  this 
gentleman  in  the  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Arts ^  lately 
published,  and  which  have  made  me  wonder  what  has 
happened  in  the  short  experience  gained  by  him  to 
cause  so  sudden  a  change — to  abandon  the  conservation 
of  sewage — to  forego  the  large  profits  which  its  use  in 
high  farming  leads  to,  and  to  "agree  completely  "  with 
Mr.  Bailey  Denton  in  his  course  of  destruction. 


52 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


Qanuary  13,   1S72. 


It  cannot  be  that  the  establishment  of  the  Romford 
farm,  in  addition  to  that  at  Barking,  can  have  caused 
the  excess  in  production  which  Mr.  Hope  says  has 
overburdened  the  market,  or  that  an  increased  amount 
of  such  produce  must  be  checked  instead  of  being 
fostered.  Can  it  be  contended  that  the  metropolis  is 
already  fully  supplied  with  everything  which  it  is  in  the 
power  of  sewage  to  grow  excepting  corn  ?  and  does 
nothing  but  corn  offer  a  prospect  of  a  return  of  \d,  a 
ton  ?  Do  the  present  prices  show  that  every  one,  high 
and  low,  rich  and  poor,  can  each  and  all  obtain  a 
sufficiency  of  garden  produce  ?  Have  cattle  feeders  an 
excess  of  fodder  at  command  ?  and,  if  not,  how  can  he 
agree  with  Mr.  Denton  in  the  propriety  of  burying 
;^6oo  a  year  in  one  acre  of  ground,  and  of  contem- 
plating the  sacrifice  hereafter  of  ^1000  a  year  on  the 
same  area,  and  compare  such  waste  with  that  of 
"irrigation  proper?" 

He  not  only  says  he  agrees  with  Mr.  Denton,  but, 
notwithstanding  all  his  previous  assertions,  and  forget- 
ful of  his  declaration  as  to  the  impossibility  of  the 
absorption  of  12,000  tons  of  sewage  by  the  land  in  one 
year,  he  has  actually  been  imitating  Mr.  Denton,  and 
applying  sewage  on  his  own  farm  at  the  rate  of  31,000 
tons  an  acre  per  annum,  with  the  view  of  establishing 
the  propriety  of  using  such  quantities  per  acre  annually 
at  Birmingham. 

Surely  Mr.  Hope  has  forgotten  his  promise  to  the 
Surveyors'  Institute,  the  members  of  which  no  doubt 
still  look  for  the  results  of  the  carefully  conducted 
experiments  which  they,  as  well  as  everyone  interested 
in  the  question,  hoped  would  have  proved  as  satisfactory 
as  Mr.  Hope  predicted. 

Instead  of  giving  these,  he  only  records  the  "  satis- 
factory "  disposal  of  31,000  tons  of  sewage  an  acre, 
/.£'.,  the  putting  out  of  sight  of  that  which  costs  him  at 
the  rate  of  ^64  \\s.  Sc/.  an  acre.  That  which,  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Hope,  is  equal  to  about  20  tons  of  the  best 
Peruvian  guano  with  16  per  cent,  of  nitrogen,  and 
which,  if  applied  by  him,  would  have  grown  600  tons 
of  Italian  Rye-grass,  and  have  produced  in  milk  and 
butter  a  gross  return  of  ^^450.  To  one  who  has  done 
so  much  to  improve  the  supply  of  milk  to  the  metro- 
polis this  must  have  been  a  sore  trial  ;  and  if  so,  why 
was  it  done  ?  There  surely  was  no  doubt  that  it  could 
be  so  wasted.  All  our  experience  upon  this  farm 
exemplified  an  exactly  opposite  difficulty,  and  one 
would  almost  have  looked  upon  such  application  by 
him  as  unavoidable,  but  for  the  fact  of  the  establish- 
ment through  it  of  the  means  of  dealing  with  the 
sewage  of  Birmingham. 

It  is  true  that  Mr.  Hope  did  say  that  his  previously 
expressed  opinion  was  confirmed  by  experience,  and 
that  the  best  use  of  sewage  would  be  found  in  the 
applicition  of  that  of  20  to  25  persons  to  an  acre  in  the 
production  of  cereals  ;  but  this  statement  is  so  irrecon- 
cilable with  everything  else  which  he  has  said  and 
done,  and  so  opposed  to  everything  which  practice  has 
taught  us,  that  I  will  only  dilate  on  it  to  say  that  we 
are  already  aware  that  cereals  can  be  grown  by  a 
moderate  use  of  sewage  directly  applied,  and  also  that 
cereals  may,  and  I  think  will,  be  grown  on  every  sew- 
age farm  as  a  resting  crop  free  from  sewage  dressings  ; 
but  as  there  will  be  a  great  falling  off  in  the  returns 
which  acres  so  treated  will  yield,  farmers  who  can 
grow  market  garden  crops  and  root  crops  will  not 
adopt  the  plan  to  an  extent  greater  than  is  necessary. 

The  area  required  for  the  devotion  of  the  '*  bulk  " 
of  the  sewage  to  the  growth  of  cereals  would  be  enor* 
mous  ;  the  outlay  necessary  to  prepare  and  drain  the 
land  would  be  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  returns ; 
and,  tlierefore,  excepting  in  the  manner  I  mention, 
and  when  the  rotation  of  crops  withdraws  the  sewage 
for  grass  and  roots  and  vegetables,  from  land  previously 
so  cropped,  com  will  not  be  selected,  but  will  follow  in 
the  wake  of  these. 

I  regret  that  this  vindication  of  '*  irrigation  proper  " 
has  rendered  reference  to  individual  names  necessary  ; 
but,  as  both  the  gentlemen  to  whom  I  have  been 
obliged  to  refer  may,  by  their  publicly  expressed 
opinions,  influence  those  who  have  to  direct  the  dis- 
posal of  town  sewage,  it  becomes  a  duty  to  make  an 
effort  to  prevent  that  influence  from  being  banefully 
exerted.  Henry  y.  Morgan^  Lodge  Farm,  Barkings 
December  23. 


FARM  LABOURERS'    COTTAGES  AND 

THEIR  COST. 

By  Mr.  Bailey  Denton,  Jun. 

[The  following  paper  on  this  important  subject  has  appeared 
the  Farmers'  Alvianac,  published  by  Cassell  &  Co.] 

The  object  of  the  present  short  paper  is  to  expose 
some  of  the  causes  which  contribute  to  make  the  cost 
of  labourers'  cottages  vary  on  different  estates  and  in 
different  parts  of  the  country,  and  to  show  how  such 
differences  may  be  reconciled.  Thus,  it  is  hoped  that 
many  difficulties  may  be  removed,  and  the  fallacy  of 
hasty  comparisons  made  manifest. 

Upon  large  estates  where  the  cottage  question  can 
be  dealt  with  as  a  whole,  it  is  no  doubt  desirable  to 
erect  a  certain  number  of  cottages  with  two  bed-rooms 
each  (although  the  major  portion  should  be  built  with 
three  bed-rooms),  so  that  small  families  may  be  accom- 
modated without  being  overhoused.  It  is  when 
village  labourers  find  their  houses  too  large  that  they 
are  induced  to  take  in  lodgers  to  assist  them  with  their 
rents,  a  practice  which  should  be  resisted  in  most  cases. 


though  admissible  with  certain  restrictions  in  others. 
Cottages  with  one  bed-room,  though  desirable  under 
exceptional  circumstances  on  large  estates,  cannot  be 
generally  recommended,  and  will  therefore  in  the 
present  instance  be  excluded  from  consideration. 

The  way  in  which  cottages  are  grouped,  whether  in 


Fig.   14. — A,  Ground  floor  plan  ;  b,  Chamber  floor  plan. 

pairs  or  in  blocks  of  three  or  four,  or  in  rows  of  a 
larger  number,  is  a  point  which  considerably  influences 
their  cost.  It  may  be  stated  as  an  axiom  that  the 
nearer  a  cottage  or  a  group  of  cottages  approaches  to  a 
cube  in  shape,  the  less  expensive  will  be  its  erection, 
and  the  less  pleasing  its  appearance  when  built.     This 


Fig.  15. 


Fig.   16. — A,  Ground  floor  plan  ;  B,  Chamber  floor  plan. 

fact  is  an  important  one,  for  it  is  very  possible,  while 
seeking  economy  at  the  expense  of  appearance,  to 
build  cottages  which  may  materially  depreciate  the 
value  of  rural  estates. 

As  might  be  supposed  would  be  the  case  when  deal- 
ing with  so  well-worn  a  subject  as  cottage  building, 


Fig.  17. 


rrra 


Fig.   18. — A,  Ground  floor  plan  ;  B,  Chamber  floor  plan.' 


Fig.   19. 

certain  rules  have  been  established  on  sanitary  and 
structural  grounds,  which  it  will  be  necessary  in  the 
first  place  to  consider  ;  for  it  is  a  fact  about  which  no 
doubt  can  be  entertained,  that  when  they  are  strictly 
observed  it  is  not  possible,  by  the  exercise  of  the 
gi'eatest  ingenuity,  foresight,  and  care,  to  reduce  the 
cost  of  cottages  below  a  certain  amount,  although  it  is 
easy  enough  to  increase  it  by  an  expensive  mode  of 
construction  or  by  the  introduction  of  ornament. 


The  rules  established  on  sanitary  grounds,  and  which 
may,  therefore,  be  taken  as  universal  and  immutable, 
are  those  which  relate  to  the  space  and  accommodation 
necessary  for  the  comfort  and  well-being  of  the  labourer 
and  his  family.  The  space  to  be  provided  within  the 
cottage  has,  to  a  certain  extent,  been  both  theoretically 
and  practically  determined,  by  alloting  to  each  dwelling 
a  certain  cubical  area  of  breathing  space  according  to 
the  number  of  persons  that  will  usually  live  in  it.  The 
breathing  space  considered  necessary  for  each  adult 
person  varies  from  240  cubic  feet  (according  to  the  re- 
quirements of  the  Lodging  House  Act)  to  Soo  cubic  feet, 
as  recommended  by  the  Board  of  Health.  If  the  former 
figures  are  taken  as  representing  the  minimum  space 
that  should  be  given  in  a  farm  labourer's  cottage  (and 
surrounded  as  it  is  by  the  pure  air  of  the  country,  this 
may  with  safety  be  done),  it  will  be  seen  that  for  a 
family  equal  in  size  to  five  grown-up  persons — which, 
according  to  the  census  returns,  is  the  average  number 
that  a  family  contains — the  amount  of  breathing  space 
required  will  be  1200  cubic  feet  in  the  living-room, 
from  700  to  750  feet  in  the  parents'  bed-room  (allowing 
for  one  or  more  young  children  who  may  sleep  in  the 
same  room  with  the  parents),  and  from  500  to  600  cubic 
feet  each  for  the  children's  bed-rooms. 

Acknowledging  the  necessity  for  certain  rules  which 
should  form  an  absolute  guide  on  such  a  vital  question 
as  this,  the  judges  of  cottage  designs  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Society  s  show  at  Manchester,  in 
1869,  determined — "That  no  design  should  be  con- 
sidered to  afford  sufficient  space  unless  the  floor  of  the 
living-room  contained  an  area  of  1 50  square  feet,  that 
of  the  parents'  bed-room  100  feet,  and  those  of  the 
children's  rooms  70  feet  each  ;  while  the  height  between 
the  floor  and  the  ceiling  of  the  ground  floor  should  nut 
be  less  than  8  feet,  and  that  of  the  bed-rooms  7  feet 
6  inches,  thus  affording  a  minimum  breathing  space  in 
the  living-room  of  1200  cubic  feet,  in  the  parents'  bed- 
room 750  feet,  and  in  the  children's  bed-rooms  of 
500  cubic  feet  each."  But  it  need  hardly  be  added 
that  the  exigencies  of  design  seldom  allow  the  two 
children's  bed-rooms  to  be  of  equal  size.  This  cir- 
cumstance may  be  turned  to  a  positive  advantage — as 
long  as  the  sanitary  rule  which  gives  an  aggregate 
space  of  1000  feet  to  the  two  bed-rooms  is  observed — 
if,  when  cottages  are  let,  due  regard  is  paid  to  relative 
sizes  of  the  bed-rooms,  and  the  members*  ages  and 
proportion  of  sexes  of  the  children  who  are  to  live  in 
them  are  fairly  considered. 

Acknowledging,  too,  that  certain  rules  should  govern 
the  nature  and  extent  of  the  accommodation  to  be  pro- 
vided within  the  cottage,  the  same  judges  required 
that  in  addition  to  the  living-room  and  the  necessary 
bed-rooms,  cottages  should  have  "a  scullery  contain- 
ing at  least  550  cubic  feet,  a  pantry  with  shelves  having 
at  least  a  cubical  area  of  250  cubic  feet,  and  a  cupboard 
for  fuel  within  the  dwelling." 

In  addition  to  these  internal  requirements,  it  is 
always  conceded  that  dwellings  should  be  provided 
with  a  privy  and  ash-pit,  and  with  a  proper  and  suffi- 
cient drainage  and  water  supply.  Therefore,  in  each 
of  the  comparisons  which  are  afterwards  made,  these 
requirements  are  arbitrarily  provided  for  on  the  same 
scale  and  in  the  most  acceptable  way,  although  in  prac- 
tice it  has  always  been  found  that,  especially  with 
regard  to  the  two  last  items,  in  no  two  cases  do  the 
same  circumstances  prevail. 

But  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  local  customs,  the 
individual  views  of  the  landowner,  or  the  peculiar 
circumstances  of  the  case,  interfere  to  prevent  the 
universal  adoption  of  any  fixed  extent  of  accommoda- 
tion. Many  landowners,  for  instance,  think  that  the 
copper  or  boiler  usually  placed  in  the  scullery  should 
not  be  allowed  within  the  house,  and  that  consequently 
a  wash-house  must  be  provided  and  included  in  the 
outbuildings.  In  many  parts  of  England,  as  in  Shrop- 
shire, Worcestershire,  and  Suffolk,  no  cottage  is  con- 
sidered complete  without  an  oven  placed  in  a  bake- 
house amongst  the  outbuildings.  In  Cheshire,  Lanca- 
shire, and  other  counties  of  the  north-west  of  England, 
a  piggery  is  considered  essential.  In  Bedfordshire, 
Cambridge,  and  Northamptonshire,  a  lock-up  barn  or 
wood-house  is  considered  necessary  to  every  cottage. 
All  these  arrangements  should  be  considered  when 
comparing  the  cost  of  cottages,  as  the  provision  of 
accommodation  of  this  nature  frequently  entails  a  con- 
siderable expense.  Then,  as  already  intimated,  the 
provision  of  a  water  supply  affords  a  frequent  cause  of 
expense,  as  it  may  sometimes  be  necessary  to  sink  deep 
wells,  bore  to  great  depths,  or  to  collect  the  rain-water 
from  the  roofs  and  store  it  in  tanks.  The  necessity  for 
a  deep  well  will  often  result,  as  the  writer's  experience 
can  testify,  in  an  extra  expenditure  of  from  ^20  to  ^^30 
for  a  block  of  cottages,  and  the  construction  of  a  tank 
is  an  equally  serious  item,  as  is  evident  when  we  con- 
sider that  to  be  sufficiently  large  for  a  block  of  three 
cottages,  it  must  contain  at  least  3276  gallons  (which 
is  equal  to  36  gallons  a  day  for  13  weeks,  for  three 
families  of  four  persons  each),  and  will  cost  on  an  aver- 
age about  2d.  per  gallon,  or  ;^27  6i',  altogether,  exclu- 
sive of  drains.  Drainage,  too,  is  a  fruitful  cause  of 
additional  outlay,  when  cottages  are  built  at  some  dis- 
tance from  an  outfall,  or  it  is  necessary  from  any  other 
cause  to  extend  the  drains  beyond  ordinary  limits. 
And,  lastly,  it  must  be  remembered  that  fences  and 
gates,  culverts,  paths,  and  yards,  are  heavy  sources  of 
expense,  all  of  which  must  sooner  or  later  be  included 
in  the  costs  of  cottages,  and  should  be  remembered 


January  13,   1S72.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


53 


when  dealing  with  the  differences  it  is  so  desirable  to 
reconcile. 

In  order  fairly  to  compare  the  relative  cost  of  any 
number  of  buildings,  it  is  obviously  necessary  that  the 
materials  used  should  in  each  case  be  the  same,  and  in 
the  present  instance  it  will  be  well  to  consider  and  take 
as  standards  for  comparison,  those  materials  which  are 
the  best  for  general  use.  Firstly,  with  regard  to  the 
walls,  it  will  be  generally  conceded  that  the  best  mate- 
rials are  well-burnt  bricks  ;  for  although  where  stone 
is  plentiful  it  is  preferred,  from  custom  or  for  appear- 
ance, it  is  open  to  many  objections.  Rubble  or  rougli- 
dressed  work  of  any  kind  is  liable  to  abuse  in  construc- 
tion through  hasty  or  defective  work.  Besides  this, 
stone  walls  afford  a  harbour  for  vermin,  and  are  actually 
more  expensive  than  brick  walls  where  any  appreciable 
amount  of  work  has  to  be  done  to  the  stone  before  it  is 
walled,  or  where  it  is  necessary  to  use  a  large  quantity 
of  mortar. 

The  use  of  concrete  as  a  building  material  has  made 
as  yet  but  little  progress  ;  nor  has  the  experience  we 
have  had  of  it  up  to  the  present  time  been  at  all 
favourable,  either  on  the  score  of  appearance  or  of  cost. 


Fig.  21. — Chamber  floor  plan 


Fig.  22. — Ground  floor  plan. 

^Ye  have,  however,  much  to  learn  on  the  subject,  and 
it  is  possible  that  something  may  yet  be  done  to  make 
concrete  available  and  applicable  in  cottage  construc- 
tion; at  all  events,  in  those  places  where  trusty  work- 
men can  be  obtained,  and  where  the  qualities  and 
quantities  of  the  materials  used  can  be  depended  on. 

Secondly,  with  regard  to  the  woodwork,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  the  best  and  cheapest  material  is  Fir 
timber  from  the  ports  of  the  Baltic,  such  as  Memel, 
Riga,  or  Dantzic.  Home-grown  timber,  except  Oak, 
must  be  excluded  from  consideration  as  inappropriate, 
save  in  a  few  instances,  as  when  good  Larch  can  be 
Qi-own  on  the  estate,  and  used  in  a  seasoned  condition 
after  it  has  been  properly  prepared  by  soaking  in  a 
lime  solution,  as  described  in  a  letter  addressed  to  the 
Editor  of  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Agi'icuUural 
Sociciy,  when  it  may  be  considered  equal  to  foreign 
timber. 

Thirdly,  with  regard  to  the  roofing  material,  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  slates  may  be  considered  to  be 
the  best  and  most  generally  applicable  ;  for,  although 
tiles  preserve  a  more  equal  temperature  beneath  them, 
and  in  certain  districts  are  used  to  the  almost  total 
exclusion  of  every  other  material,  it  will  be  conceded 
that  in  consequence  of  their  weight  and  the  extra  pitch 
of  roof  that  they  require,  they  are  on  the  whole  more 
expensive  than  slates. 

With  repect  to  the  fittings  of  the  cottage,  such  as 
windows,  doors,  grates,  chimney-pieces,  boilers,  &c., 
no  definite  rules  can  be  fixed,  as  their  character 
depends  entirely  upon  local  customs  and  the  individual 
views  of  the  landowner  and  his  architect  ;  but  it  must 
suffice  to  say  that  in  every  case,  as  in  the  present 
instance,  fittings  should  be  provided  of  a  complete  and 
durable  nature  without  any  extravagant  expenditure 
being  incurred. 

Having  stated  the  accepted  data  for  space  and 
accommodation,  and  specified  the  materials  which  may 
fairly  be  taken  as  standard  materials  in  cottage  con- 
struction, I  will  proceed  to  compare  the  cost  of  several 
examples  of  cottages  which  have  been  already  erected 
by  builders  under  contract,  with  the  same  works  built 
by  the  landowner  himself  through  the  agency  of 
journeymen  employed  on  the  estate.  In  the  former 
case,  the  actual  amount  of  the  contractor's  estimate  is 
given  for  each  description  of  cottage  ;  he  supplied  all 
materials  and  workmanship,  and  took  all  risks  con- 
nected with  the  work.  In  the  latter  case  the  land- 
owner is  supposed  to  supply  certain  materials,  to  get 
all  the  haulage  done  by  the  tenants,  and  so  save  a 
portion  of  the  ordinary  profit  of  the  contractor. 


Figs.  13  and  14  show  a  pair  of  cottages  in  the  erection 
of  which  I  have  had  considerable  experience.  The 
plan  may  be  called  the  *' Leeds  Design  "  since  it  is 
founded  on  the  design  of  Messrs.  Richardson  &  Ross, 
of  Darlington,  which  gained  the  prize  at  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society's  show  at  Leeds,  although  a  few 
alterations  have  been  made  which  suggested  themselves 
as  the  cottages  were  built.  (See  column  No.  i  in 
Schedule,  p,  54).  The  cubical  contents  of  one  of  these 
cottages  are  as  follow  : — Living  room,  1200  feet  ; 
scullery,  672  feet  ;  pantry,  196  feet  ;  fuel  store,  126 
feet  ;  lobby,  staircase,  closet,  and  landing,  982  feet ; 
parents'  bed-room,  8Sr  feet;  second  ditto,  722  feet; 
third  ditto,  525  feet.      Total,  5304. 

Figs.  15  and  16  represent  a  pair  of  cottages  which  pre- 
sent a  neat  and  agreeable  appearance,  and  are  therefore 
great  favourites  with  the  landowner  wherever  they  are 
built.  But  they  are  open  to  the  objection  of  being 
slightly  defective  in  bedroom  accommodation,  as  the 
size  of  the  smallest  bedroom  in  each  cottage  (43S  cubic 
feet)  is  62  feet  below  the  standard  dimensions  before 
mentioned  as  necessary  upon  sanitary  grounds.  (See 
column  No.  2  in  the  Schedule.)  The  cubical  contents 
of  one  of  these  cottages  are  as  follow: — Living  room, 
124S  feet  ;  scullery,  576  feet  ;  pantry,  112  feet  ;  porch, 
128  feet ;  staircase,  passage,  aud  fuel  store,  577  feet; 
first  bed-room,  Sio  feet ;  second  ditto,  585  feet ;  third 
ditto,  438  feet.     Total,  4474  feet. 

The  third  example  (Figs.  17,  18,  and  19)  is  also  a  pair 
of  cottages,  the  arrangement  of  which  is  considered  to  be 
in  many  respects  convenient.  When  built  according  to 
the  plainer  elevation  (fig.  17)  they  are  found  to  be  com- 
paratively cheap  in  construction  ;  and  when  built 
according  to  the  alternative  elevation  (fig.  19),  although 
more  expensive  in  construction,  they  are  well  adapted 
to  situations  where  a  superior  class  of  cottage  is  desired. 
(See  column  No.  3  in  the  Schedule,  where  the  figures 
refer  to  the  plainer  elevation.)  The  cubical  contents  of 
one  of  these  cottages  are  as  follow  : — Living-room, 
1200  feet  ;  scullery,  688  feet  ;  pantry,  224  feet  ;  fuel 
store,  146  feet  ;  staircase  and  landing,  S20  feet  ; 
parents'  bed-room,  846  feet  ;  second  ditto,  6SS  feet  ; 
third  ditto,  638  feet.     Total,  5250  feet. 

Figs.  20,  21,  and  22  illustrate  ablockof  three  cottages 
built  under  one  roof,  two  of  which  have  three  bed- 
rooms each  and  the  remaining  one  has  two  bed-rooms. 
This  mode  of  building  cottages  recommends  itself  to  the 
landowner  and  the  farmer,  because  by  its  means  a 
greater  quantity  of  labour  can  be  concentrated  in  one 
spot  at  less  cost  than  attends  the  erection  of  double  or 
single  cottages.  (See  column  No.  4  in. the  Schedule.) 
The  cubical  contents  of  one  of  the  two  outside  cottages 


Fig.  23. 


Fig.  24. — Chamber  floor  plan. 


Fig.  25. — Ground  floor  plan. 

are  as  follow: — Living  room,  iioo  feet;  scullery, 
704  feet ;  pantry,  256 ;  fuel  store,  256  feet  ;  porch, 
128  feet;  stairs  and  landing,  341  feet;  parents'  bed- 
room, 720  feet  ;  second  ditto,  701  feet  ;  third  ditto, 
492  ft.  Total,  4698  feet.  The  cubical  contents  of  the 
centre  cottage  are  as  follow  : — Living  room,  1 102  feet ; 
scullery,  596  feet  ;  pantry,  224  feet  ;  fuel  store; 
20S  feet  ;  porch,  1 1 2  feet ;  stairs  and  landing,  30S  feet  ; 
first  bed-room,  967  feet ;  second  ditto,  780  feet. 
Total,  4207  feet. 

Figs.  23,  24,  and  25  also  illustrate  a  block  of  three 
cottages  ;  but  in  this  case  the  amount  of  accommodation 
provided  is  reversed,  and  only  one  cottage  has  three 
bed-rooms,  while  the  other  two  cottages  have  two  bed- 
rooms. This  arrangement  is  often  advantageous  on 
large  estates  where  small  cottages  are  required,  but  is 
not  to  be  recommended  on  estates  on  which  only  a 
small  number  of  cottages  are  built.  (See  column 
No.  5  in  the  Schedule.)  The  cubical  contents  of 
one  of  the  two  outside  cottages  are  as  follow  : — Living 
room,  1 186  feet;  scullery,  448  feet;  stairs,  774  feet; 
pantry,  144  feet ;  porch,  84  feet ;  first  bed-room, 
942  feet ;  second  ditto,  49S  feet.     Total,  4076  feet. 


The  cubical  contents  of  the  centre  cottage  are  as 
follows  : — 

Living-room,  1200  feet ;  scullery,  704  feet ;  stairs, 
713  feet  ;  pantry,  254  feet  ;  fuel,  1 36  feet  ;  first  bed- 
room, 877  feet  ;  second  ditto,  630  feet  ;  third  ditto, 
670  feet.     Total,  5184  feet. 

The  last  illustration  given  (figs.  26,  27,  and  28)  re- 
presents a  single  or  "  lodge  "  cottage,  such  as  may  be 
built  at  the  entrance  to  a  farm  or  a  park,  or  may  be 
usefully  placed  in  situations  where  more  than  one 
labourer  would  not  be  agreeable  to  the  proprietor. 
The  cottage  shown  in  the  woodcut  has  been  erected  at 
the  entrance  to  a  home  farm,  and  close  to  the  mansion, 
and  is  consequently  of  a  more  ornate  character  than 
would  otherwise  have  been  adopted.  (See  column 
No.  6  in  the  Schedule.)  The  cubical  contents  of  this 
cottage  are  as  follow  : — Living  room,  1416  feet  ; 
scullery,  616  feet;  pantry,  97  feet;  staircase,  closet, 
and  cupboards,  319  feet ;  parents'  bed-room,  1491  feet ; 
second  ditto,  616  feet ;  third  ditto,  680  feet.  Total, 
5235  feet. 

A.  The  cost  of  the  haulage  of  materials,  though,  of 
course,  dependent  upon  the  varying  circumstances  of  the 


Fig.  26. 


Fig,  27.- Ground  floor  plan. 


Fig.  28. — Chamber  floor  plan. 

case,  can  yet  be  reduced  to  an  average  value.  Contractors 
estimate  it  at  from  5  to  7^  per  cent,  on  the  cost  of  the 
works  ;  and  if  we  suppose  that  the  average  distance  that 
the  materials  are  carried  is  2  miles,  that  the  number 
of  loads  averages  200  for  a  pair  of  cottages,  and  that 
they  are  hauled  at  the  rate  of  from  \s.  ^cl.  to  is.  6d. 
per  load,  we  have  a  total  outlay  for  haulage  of  from 
£12  loj.  to  ;^I5  for  a  pair  of  cottages.  It  must  not, 
however,  be  supposed  that  these  are  prices  which  the 
contractor  is  willing  to  deduct  from  his  contract  amount 
if  it  be  subsequently  agreed  that  the  tenant  does  the 
haulage,  for  in  most  cases  the  contractor  has  horses  and 
men  of  his  own  which  remain  idle,  and  by  which  he  is 
a  loser  if  he  is  not  allowed  to  do  the  work.  Besides 
this,  a  contractor  is  always  afraid  that,  if  the  haulage  is 
done  for  him,  the  person  doing  it  will  consult  his  own 
interest  and  take  his  own  time,  and  will  only  help  him 
(the  contractor)  when  he  has  no  more  profitable  use  for 
his  horses. 

B.  The  quantities  of  gravel  and  sand  required  for  a 
cottage  vary  from  8  to  10  yards  of  the  former,  and  from 
23  to  25  yards  of  the  latter,  according  to  the  form  of 
the  cottage  and  the  number  that  are  built  under  one 
roof.  The  average  value  of  good  gravel  in  the  pit  may 
be  estimated  at  is.  dd,  per  yard,  and  that  of  sand  at  2s. 
per  yard.  If,  therefore,  these  materials  are  supplied  by 
the  estate  free  of  charge,  a  saving  of  about  ^5  Is,  is 
effected  upon  each  cottage. 

C.  The  cost  of  manufacturing  kiln-burnt  bricks  of 
proper  quality  varies,  of  course,  with  the  prices  of 
labour  and  coals,  but  it  cannot  be  estimated,  on  an 
average,  at  less  than  i8j'.  per  looo.  The  average  price 
at  which  they  may  be  purchased  in  the  brick-yard  may 
be  said  to  be  25 j.  per  1 000.  The  average  number  of 
bricks  used  in  a  cottage  may  be  estimated  at  about 
21,000  ;  if,  therefore,  the  bricks  are  supplied  by  the 
landowner  at  cost  price,  the  sum  of  about  ^7  "js.  will 
be  saved  on  account  of  the  difference. 

D.  The  contractor's  profit,  or  the  amount  which  every 
builder  includes  in  his  estimate  over  and  above  the  sums 
actually  paid  for  materials  and  workmanship,  and  the 
allowance  he  makes  for  interest  on  the  money  used  by 
him  during  the  progress  of  the  works  and  for  plant,  is 
usually  estimated  at  from  10  to  15  per  cent,  on  the  cost 
of  the  works  ;  but  since  the  landowner  who  does  not 
let  his  work  by  contract  is  obliged  to  employ  superior 
journeymen,  who  will  receive  from  him  larger  wages 
than  they  would  obtain  from  a  builder,  the  amount  of 
profit  saved  cannot  be  reckoned  at  more  than  10  per 
cent,  upon  the  actual  cost  of  the  works,  and  at  this 
rate,  therefore,  this  item  has  been  calculated  in  the 
Schedule. 

In  conclusion,  I  must  briefly  refer  to  several  points 


54 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


[January  13,   1872. 


which  should  not  altogether  escape  notice,  smce  they 
may  materially  afTect  the  cost  of  the  cottages.  Amongst 
these  is  the  different  cost  of  materials  and  workmanship 
in  various  parts  of  England.  In  some  instances  bricks 
cost  20s.  and  in  others  30J.  a  thousand,  and  brickwork 
will  vary  as  much  as  from  20s.  to  30^.  per  rod,  and 
earthwork,  plasterers'  work,  and  plumbing,  are  also 
items  in  which  differences  will  frequently  be  found. 
Nor  must  the  numerous  circumstances  under  which 
cottages  are  built,  and  the  different  arrangements  exist- 
ing between  landlord,  tenant,  contractor,  and  workmen 
be  altogether  omitted.  A  builder  often  undertakes  to 
build  cottages  who  has  determined  to  abstain  from 
making  any  profit  on  the  work,  or  to  sustain  actual 
loss  rather  than  allow  it  to  pass  into  other  hands.  In 
other  instances  a  contractor  will  undertake  cottages  at 
an  exceptionally  low  rate,  because  he  has  other  work 
going  on  at  the  same  time  for  the  same  landowner,  by 
which  he  hopes  to  make  up  any  loss  he  may  sustain  on 
the  cottages.     Or  it   may  be  that  the  price  at  which 


root  for  brandy  making  without  letting  us  know  some- 
thing— the  vast  sum  of  money  his  friend  has  expended 
in  his  experiments  that  he  will  never  see  again.  But 
then  Mr.  Mechi  is  not  always  content  with  talking 
upon  big  doings,  for  he  is  now  talking  of  the  little 
doings  of  a  big  man,  the  Duke  of  Northumberland. 
Three  years  ago  the  noble  duke  bought  a  12-horse  en- 
gine set  of  Fowler's  tackle  for  / 1 500,  and  thus  became 
a  contractor  among  his  tenants,  pleasing  his  children 
by  ploughing  a  bit  each  for  them  for  los.  an  acre, 
then  cultivating  it  for  5^.  an  acre,  then  cross-cultivating 
it  for  2s:  6d.  an  acre,  and  then  haiTowing  it  for  is.  6(/. 
an  acre  ;  total,  i<^s,  an  acre — a  grand  catch  this  for 
keeping  a  few  of  his  lordship's  tenants  poor.  My 
seed-beds  on  my  heavy  land  this  year  stand  thus  : — 
Wheat,  4J.  74^.;  Beans,  6i.  2d.',  and  Barley,  9^.  2d. 
Look  and  learn.  I  said  a  few  of  his  lordship's  tenants, 
and  I  meant  it,  for  this  one  set  could  only  work  a  bit 
a  year  each  for  a  few  of  them. 

Mr.  Thomas  Bell,  at  the  Hexham  Farmers'   Club, 

SCHEDULE  OF  COSTS. 


April  3,  1861.  But  in  this  country  our  numbers  are 
reduced,  not  by  death  alone,  but  by  emigration. 
Taking,  therefore,  the  actual  increase  on  April  8,  1S71] 
as  2,524,637,  we  have  to  add  to  these  the  number  of 
emigrants,  1,674,544,  and  we  shall  arrive  at  a  gross 
total  of  4,199,231.  During  the  ten  years  the  due  pro- 
portion of  emigrants  would  have  died,  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  there  would  have  been  the  due  proportion 
of  births,  and  the  actual  increase  of  population  in  this 
country  has  therefore  not  been  less  than  that  above 
stated,  viz.,  upwards  of  4,ooo,cxx). 

2.  Trade  and  Navigation. — The  value  of  imports  of 
foreign  and  colonial  produce,  and  exports  of  the  pro- 
duce and  manufacture  of  this  country,  in  the  year 
ended  December  31,  1870,  was  /i'455,666,017,  or, 
including  gold  and  silver,  ;^499,ooo,ooo.  Thirty  years 
ago  the  value  was  ^5 1,634, 623.  But  the  progress 
during  the  present  year  has  been  more  marked  than  ever. 
In  the  first  10  months  of  1871  the  imports  and  exports 


The  following  Schedule  (referred  to  on  previous  page)  shows  the  Comparative  Cost  of  the  foregoing  Examples  of  Farm  Labourers'  Cottages— (I.)  when  the  works  are  done  by  Builders  under 

contract  ;  and  (IL)  when  they  are  done  by  the  Landowner  : — 


No.  1. 
Pair  of  Cottages. 

No.  2. 
Pair  of  Cottages. 

No.  3. 
Pair  of  Cottages. 

No.  4. 

Block  of  Three 

Cottages. 

No.  s. 

Block  of  Three 

Cottages. 

No.  6. 

Single  or  Lodge 

Cottage. 

I  .—Actual  Estimates  of  Contractors 

£    s.    d. 

L    s.     d 

296  0  0 

£    i.    d 

£    ^.    d 
265    7    6 

£    s.    d 

£     s.     d 
277  15     0 

£    J.    d. 

£   s.    d 
41S    S    0 

£    i.    d 

£    s.    d. 

366     8     0 

£    s.    d 

£   s.    d 

218  12     6 

233    0    6 

36  "i    6 

26  18    0 
296    0    0 

14    0    0 
5     7     6 
13  13     0 

208    4    6 

33    °    6 
24     2     6 

14    ID       0 

5  ri     6 
14  10    6 

217  18     0 

34  12     0 
25     s     0 

20  10     0 
10    8     0 

21  0    0 

32s  12   0 

51  18   0 

37  15   0 
415    S   0 

19    0    0 
10     2    6 
19  12     0 

282     5     6 

48  14     6 
33     8     0 

II     S     0 
5  10    0 
850 

173  15    0 

Add  A.   Cost  of  haulage  done  by  tenants 
„     B.   Value  of  gravel  and  sand  supplied  by  estate 

free  of  cost         

„     C.    Saving  in  the  cost  of  bricks  supplied  by  the 
landowners  at  cost  price        

15    0    0 
S  13     6 
15     8     0 

,,     D.  Contractor's  profit  and  interest  on  plant,  &c., 
being  lo  per  cent,   on  the  nett  amount  of 
the  Contractor's  amount 

•• 

25  0  0 
19  17    6 

26s     7     6 

277  15     0 

364     8     0 

218  12     6 

Note.— Each  cottage  is  provided  with  outbuildings,  consisting  of  an  ash-pit  and  privy,  has  gutters  to  all  eaves,  and  an  average  length  of  20  yards  of  glazed  earthenware  socket  drain  pipes      The 
water  supply  consists  of  a  well  not  more  than  25  feet  deep,  common  to  each  block  or  pair  of  cottages,  and  a  common  pump  m  connection  with  it  is  placed  over  the  sink  in  each  cottage. 


cottages  are  undertaken  is  the  result  of  a  competition, 
in  which  the  successful  builder  will  often  "cast  the 
sprat  to  catch  the  herring/'  and  lose  money  in  order  to 
obtain  an  introduction  to  a  landowner,  oust  a  rival,  or 
to  bring  liis  name  before  the  neighbourhood.  These, 
and  many  other  circumstances  of  a  similar  nature,  are 
overlooked  when  comparisons  are  made,  and  it  is  thus 
that  a  mystery  has  been  created  which  would  not  exist 
if  all  the  circumstances  of  each  case  were  taken  fairly 
into  consideration. 


STEAM  POWER   ON  THE  FARM. 

At  p.-  168S  of  last  year's  volume,  Mr.  Mechi  says, 
"I  see  farms  of  400,  500,  and  600  acres,  which  ought 
not  to  be  without  their  fixed  engine — that  is,  quite 
irrespective  of  steam  cultivation." 

Why  such  farms  should  have  a  fixed  engine,  I  cannot 
understand.  This  farm  of  mine  contains  300  acres, 
viz.,  170  arable,  and  130  grass,  which  needs  my  little 
engine  23  days  a  year  to  work  it.  If  it  wa.s  all  arable, 
it  would  give,  at  the  same  I'ate  of  working,  42  days  a 
year  ;  surely  the  rest  of  the  year  would  be  enough  for 
threshing,  &:c.  Then,  according  to  this  evidence,  it 
would  be  a  wasteful  use  of  tenant's  capital  to  use  a 
fixed  engine,  as  well  as  my  ploughing  engine,  on  this 
300  acre  farm  of  mine,  even  if  it  was  all  arable  land. 

Now  let  us  look  at  a  600  acre  farm,  all  arable  land. 
According  to  the  evidence  above,  it  would  need  my 
little  engine  S4  days  a  year  to  do  its  ploughing.  This  is 
more  than  it  could  do,  for  about  45  days,  exclusive  of  a 
few  days  for  threshing  and  wet  days,  is  the  length  of 
an  average  season.  Here  the  advocates  for  Fowler 
tackle  might  step  in  and  say,  Have  a  set  of  Fowler's, 
and  the  work  would  be  done.  I  say  no,  for  a  set  of 
Fowler  cannot  work  a  ridging  and  subsoiling  plough 
cheaply,  and  it  is  impossible  to  work  clay  land  cheaply 
without  that  implement  ;  and  besides  that,  a  set  of 
Fowler's  tackle  costs  ;^I500  or  more,  whereas  two  sets 
of  mine,  including  two  engines,  can  be  had  for  less 
than  ;^iooo.  Then,  I  say,  have  them,  and  let  them 
both  go  to  work  directly  after  harvest  till  the  thick  of 
the  work  is  done.  Then  let  one  go  to  threshing,  grind- 
ing, &c.,  leaving  the  other  to  complete  the  year's  work. 
That  is  the  true  way  of  applying  steam-power  on  large 
farms. 

Mr.  Mechi's  evilence  as  to  what  he  has  done  for 
24  years  on  his  farm  may  be  all  very  well  to  show 
the  use  of  steam  for  threshing,  &c.,  but  I  want  to  know 
how  it  is  that  Mr.  Mechi  is  so  far  behind  with  his 
farming.  Upon  the  steam-plough  question  I  think  I 
can  tell  you  some  of  the  reasons.  His  first  love  was  a 
flirt:  Romain's  "rabbit  scratcher."  Mr.  Mechi  told 
us  at  the  time  a  lot  as  to  what  it  was  going  to  do,  how 
nicely  it  would  scratch  the  land  about,  but  the  last  I 
heard  of  it  was  that  it  had  scratched  ;^50o  out  of  his 
pocket  at  Chelmsford.  That  is  about  the  sum  total 
of  Mr.  Mechi's  steam  ploughing,  but  then  he  has 
talked  a  good  lot  generally  about  the  big  doings 
of  others  for  some  time  past.  Buscott  has  come 
in  for  a  large  share  of  his  notice.  He  is  now 
telling  us  of  its  four  30-horse  power  engines  without 
giving  us  a  word  of  evidence,  merely  telling  us  that  its 
owner  farms  4600  acres,  and  that  he  is  growing  Beet- 


shows  the  reason  why  noble  dukes  are  driven  to  the 
necessity  of  becoming  contractors,  viz.,  the  insecurity 
of  tenants  capital,  and  hear  him  upon  the  point  (see 
p.  1690,  ^871)  : — **  Why,  I  am  sure  in  loyears  I  could 
make  that  land  worth  27^.  6d.  per  acre  :  it  is  now  dear 
at  i/j.  6f/.  My  cultivation  would  increase  its  value 
lOJ.  per  acre,  which  on  100  acres  is  £$0  per  annum 
I  or  somebody  will  receive  as  the  result  of  my  atten- 
tion. £$0  per  annum  capitalised  is  worth  to  me 
^1000.  If  I  had  to  leave  1  probably  would  not  get 
;i^Ioo.  If  the  tenant  acts  upon  commercial  principles, 
he  would  here  say.  There  is  no  security  for  investment, 
I  must  put  no  more  in  than  I  can  take  out." 

I  will  illustrate  this  by  a  fact.  Two  years  ago  I 
bought  some  heavy  clay  land,  the  average  produce 
from  which  the  harvest  before  I  entered  upon  it  was 
16  bush,  per  acre.  Within  the  first  winter  I  drained  it 
4  feet  deep  :  this  would  be  a  landlord's  improvement, 
for  which  a  good  tenant  would  willingly  pay  interest 
on  the  money  expended.  In  1870  this  land  was  all 
under  crop,  a  part  Peas  and  a  part  Beans,  and  its 
average  produce  was  29  bush,  per  acre.  In  1S71  it  was 
all  cropped  with  Wheat  :  the  average  produce  will  be 
quite  36  bush,  per  acre.  The  average  produce  on 
such  land  under  horse  culture — yes,  best  horse  cul- 
ture— with  the  land  well  drained,  is  not  over 
24  bush,  per  acre.  This  clearly  illustrates  Mr. 
Bell's  point,  for  I  shove  up  the  produce  of  my  land 
not  only  from  16  bush,  under  out-of-condition  land  to 
36  bush.,  but  from  24  bush,  under  best  horse  farming 
to  36  bush.  Now,  a  landlord,  seeing  this  yearly,  and 
that  the  character  of  the  land  appears  changed,  might 
say.  That  is  my  good  land  that  does  all  that — I  will 
have  more  rent ;  and  thus  in  an  underhand  way  rob  my 
tenant  for  his  skill  of  working  such  good  crops  from  my 
land.  With  such  evidence  as  this  before  us,  we  need 
not  wonder  at  tenants  acting  upon  **  commercial 
principles,"  by  saying  "There  is  no  security  here  for 
investment.  I  will  put  no  more  in  than  I  can  take 
out."  Tenants  dare  not  buy  tackle  and  do  as  I  have 
done.  So  landlords  are  driven  upon  the  rocks,  and 
become  contractors,  and  that  does  not  help  them,  for 
in  that  way  a  few  tenants  only  get  a  little  help  a  year, 
and  in  some  cases  are  driven  to  the  necessity  of 
,  'drawing  lots  "  to  get  out  of  a  squabble.  Mr.  Mechi 
would  do  well  to  take  the  advice  of  Mr.  Catchpool, 
who,  according  to  the  evidence  of  Mr.  Mechi,  is  a  good 
farmer,  and  talk  as  long  and  loud  as  he  can  upon  the 
"tenant-right"  question,  and  thus  get  tenants  freed 
from  their  fetters,  to  enable  them  to  provide  the  big 
loaf  for  the  people.  A  happy  .new  year  to  you. 
William  Smithy  Woolstou^  Bletchley  Station^  Bucks^ 
Jan.  I. 


(including  gold  and  silver)  amounted  to  ;^488,242,687, 
and  if  the  last  two  months  of  the  year  are  as  prosperous 
as  the  preceding  ten,  the  close  of  the  annual  account 
will  show  a  total  of  ;^584,ooo,ooo.  The  average  value 
then  will  be  £\(^  per  head,  contrasted  with;,^3  \os.  per 
head  in  1841.  Thirty  years  ago  the  tonnage  of  ships 
which  cleared  inwards  and  outwards  with  cargoes  was 
under  10,000,000.  In  the  year  ended  December  31 
last,  the  tonnage  was  31,626,340,  and  for  the  first 
10  months  of  the  present  year  the  tonnage  was 
28,793,214;  and  if  the  proportions  continue  for  the 
next  two  months,  the  amount  for  the  present  year  will 
be  upwards  of  35,000,000  of  tons.  Then  there  is  the 
coasting  trade,  which  is  not  included  in  the  above. 
Railways  are  the  creation  of  the  present  century.  In 
1843  there  were  179S  miles  of  railway  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  upon  which  ;^4,535,l8o  was  received  for 
traffic.  In  1870  there  were  upwards  of  11,000  miles  of 
railway,  upon  which  ^^45,078, 143  had  been  received 
for  traffic,  upwards  of  300,000,000  of  passengers,  and 
upwards  of  140,000,000  tons  of  minerals  and  merchan- 
dise having  been  carried.  The  total  amount  of  capital, 
ioans,  and  debentures  was,  in  1S70,  ;!C529, 908,573. 

3.  Textile  Fabrics. — The  following  are  returns  of  the 
number  of  cotton,  woollen,  worsted,  flax,  and  silk 
factories,  which  were  under  the  supervision  of  the 
inspectors  of  factories  at  different  dates  : — 


Cotton 

1S19 

Woollen            

Worsted            

416 

Flax 

Silk        

268 

1839. 


IS70. 


2483 

1940 
630 

606 
500 


The  number  of  persons  employed  : — 


1839- 

1870. 

Cotton 

Woollen            

Worsted           

Flax 

Silk        

=59.385 
S4.818 
31.628 
43,487 
34,Ji8 

449,087 
129,000 
100.557 
124.772 
41,124 

THE    PROGRESS    OF    THE    NATION. 

[The  following  particulars  are  taken  from  a  report,  in  the  your)iiit 
0/  the  .Society  of  Arts,  of  a  lecture  recently  delivered  at  the 
new  Mechanics'  Institute,  Bradford,  by  Mr.  Alexander  Red- 
grave, Her  Majesty's  Principal  Inspector  of  Factories.] 

I.  With  Regard  to  Population. — The  increase  of 
population  from  1851  to  1861  was  at  the  rate  of  5. 74 
per  cent.,  while  from  1861  to  187 1  it  was  8.60  per 
cent.  The  number  of  persons  living  on  April  8,  1S71, 
was  greater  by  2,524,637  than  the  number  living  on 


To  make  the  comparison  of  these  figures  complete,  it 
would  be  necessary  to  know  the  quantity  of  goods  pro- 
duced. We  have  knowledge  of  the  quantity  of  cotton 
retained  for  consumption  ;  but  in  tlie  other  fabrics, 
except  silk — which  is  small  in  importance  compared 
with  the  others — there  is  home  as  well  as  foreign  pro- 
duce manufactured,  and  of  the  quantity  of  home  pro- 
duce consumed  there  are  no  means  of  acquiring  a  know- 
ledge. As  to  cotton  fabrics,  however,  we  learn  this 
fact,  that  although  the  number  of  factories  increased  by 
one-third,  and  the  number  of  persons  by  about  two- 
thirds,  the  consumption  of  raw  cotton  has  increased  at 
least  si.\fold.  We  see  here  the  gi-eat  characteristic  of 
the  English  manufacturer — the  power  of  producing 
economically.  So  long  as  an  Englislmian  can  continue 
to  improve  machinery  to  save  labour,  he  will  not  be 
left  behind  in  the  great  competition. 

4.    The  Prog}-ess  of  the  Metal  Trade.— The  first  ac- 
count which  can  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  comparison 


January  13,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


55 


is  that  for  the  year  1S54,  and  the  quantities  of  metal 
produced  in  that  year  and  in  1869,  the  last  account 
published,  were  : — 


Iron tons 

Tin 

Copper 

Lead 

Silver ounces 


1854. 


2,069. 83S 

4.4=5 

14,191 

64,005 

562,659 


5,445.757 

9,760 

8,291 

73.^59 

831,891 


The  coal  produced  at  the  same  periods  was  respectively 
—in  1854,  64,661,401  tons,  and  in  1869,  107,427,537 
tons, 

5.  Regarding  the  Economy  of  Manufacture,  30  years 
ago  a  spinner  of  cotton  yam  was  only  expected  to 
mind  a  pair  of  mules  containing  300  or  324  spindles, 
having  three  assistants.  Now  he  minds  mules  con- 
taining 2200  spindles,  with  perhaps  five  assistants, 
producing  at  least  seven  times  the  quantity  of  yams  that 
he  produced  in  1S41.  Sometime  since  (Mr.  Redgrave 
said)  I  was  greatly  stmck  with  the  altered  appear- 
ance of  woollen  mills.  Formerly  they  were  filled  with 
women  and  children,  now  machinei'y  seems  to  do  all 
the  work.  I  asked  a  manufacturer  to  tell  me  the  dif- 
ferent proportions  of  hands  he  employed  at  different 
dates,  and  the  following  is  the  statement  given  to  me  : — 
Under  the  old  system  he  employed  63  persons  ;  he 
then  introduced  improved  machinery,  and  reduced  his 
hands  to  33  ;  and,  lastly,  he  made  great  changes,  and 
was  able  to  reduce  his  hands  to  13.  In  this  country 
the  only  limit  to  the  enterprise  of  manufacturers  is, 
as  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  observe,  the  quantity 
of  raw  produce  to  be  turned  into  manulactured 
articles.  Giving  a  raw  produce,  the  ingenuity,  the 
power  of  adopting  means  to  an  end,  and  the 
energy  of  an  Englishman  can  fashion  it  at  a  reason- 
able yet  remunerative  price.  As  a  manufacturing 
nation,  we  have  abundant  supply  of  coal  and  iron  of  the 
best  quality.  We  can,  therefore,  make  machinery  and 
drive  it  with  steam  at  a  moderate  cost.  Each  individual 
in  this  country  can,  as  a  working  man,  do  an  enormous 
amount  of  work  compared  with  the  working  men  of 
other  nations.  A  few  years  ago  I  collected,  through  the 
different  Embassies  abroad,  statistics  of  manufactures, 
and  I  found  the  following  was  the  comparison  of  textile 
fabrics,  and  the  powers  of  production  : — In  France,  the 
average  number  of  spindles  in  a  factory  was  1500  ;  in 
Prussia,  1500  ;  Belgium,  4000  j'Saxony,  4500  ;  Austria, 
7000;  Switzerland,  Sooo  ;  United  Kingdom,  12,000. 
When  taking  Cotton  factories  only,  I  found  that  the 
proportions  of  spindles  to  persons  employed  was — In 
France,  14  ;  Russia,  28  ;  Pmssia,  37  ;  Bavaria,  46  ; 
Austria,  49  ;  Belgium,  50 ;  Saxony,  50  ;  Switzerland, 
55  ;  smaller  States  of  Germany,  55  ;  United  King- 
dom, 74, 

6.  Social  and  Religious  Condition  of  the  People. — The 
consumption  of  spirituous  liquors  was  referred  to.  In 
1742,  each  individual  in  England  and  Wales  consumed 
3  galls.  In  1S41,  the  consumption  was  at  the  rate  of 
.51  per  head,*  a  rate  at  which,  with  some  fluctuations, 
it  has  remained  to  the  present  day.  The  consumption 
of  malt  has  slightly  increased.  In  1S41,  it  was  at  the 
rate  of  I  bush,  and  one-third  per  head.  In  1S70,  it 
was  at  the  rate  of  i  bush,  and  two-thirds  per  head. 

With  regard  to  the  homes  of  the  people.  Not  long 
ago  I  saw  some  bothies  in  Scotland.  Now,  a  bothy 
is  a  barrack,  generally  situated  near  the  place  of  work, 
there  being  separate  buildings  for  males  and  females. 
The  floor  is  the  bare  earth,  wom  into  ruts  by  constant 
wear.  Here  will  be  a  stove,  but  no  seats,  though  it  is  the 
living  room  of  the  barrack.  Above  are  the  dormitories. 
There  was  literally  notliing  for  the  hands  to  do  but  to 
work,  to  eat,  and  to  sleep.  When  there  was  time  to 
spend,  it  was  spent  rather  in  horse  play  than  in  rational 
amusement.  Need  I  contrast  with  this  happily  ex- 
ploded system  the  substantial,  comfortable  cottages 
built  for  operatives  in  the  manufacturing  districts,  or 
compare  any  one  of  the  hundreds  of  houses  of  Saltaire, 
which  would  be  as  Eastern  palaces  in  their  comforts  to 
the  inhabitants  of  the  wretched  bothies. 

Contrast,  again,  the  prices  of  food  and  clothing  of 
to-day  with  those  which  ruled  30  years  ago.  Contrast 
with  them   at  the   same  time,    the  relative  power  of 


♦  The  following  is  an  extract  from  Professor  Leone  Levi's 
letter  on  this  subject  in  last  Saturday's  'f  ivies  : — The  Commis- 
sioners of  Inland  Revenue  give  us  the  quantity  of  British  spirits 
used  for  beverages  only,  and  comparing  the  consumption  in  1870 
with  that  of  1S60,  we  have  the  following  facts  :— 

Quantities  cojtsitiiied as  Beverages  (Thousands  omitted). 


Year. 

England. 

Scotland.           Ireland. 

U,  Kingdom. 

Gals. 

Per 
Head. 

Gals. 

Per 
Head. 

Gals. 

Per 
Head. 

Gals. 

Per 
Head. 

1S60 
J870 

12,904 
",S9i 

0.64 
0.32 

5581 
5364 

1.82 
1.66 

5950 
5025 

1.02 
0.91 

24,435 
21,980 

0.83 
0.71 

England. 
Decrease     18  p.  c. 


Scotland.  Ireland.  U.  Kingdom. 
,  8  p.  c.  ..  9p.  c.  ..  14  p.  c. 
There  has  been,  therefore,  an  actual  decrease  in  the  consumption 
of  British  spirits  in  the  United  Kingdom.  True,  there  has  been  an 
increase  in  the  consumption  of  foreign  and  colonial  sprits  from 
0.19  per  head  in  I S60,  to  0.27  per  head  in  1870,  But  even  with 
this  addition  there  is  a  decrease,  and,  moreover,  a  considerable 
quantity  of  foreign  and  colonial  spirit  is  used  for  manufactiu-es 
and  other  purposes,  which  we  have  no  means  of  ascertaining. 


increased  remuneration  to  pay  a  higher  price  for 
necessaries,  I  will  not  say  luxuries,  formerly  not  dreamt 
of.  The  following  figiires  \vill  enable  us  to  imagine 
the  position  we  would  have  been  in  with  an  increased 
population,  having  greater  powers  of  consumption,  but 
for  free  trade.  This  is  the  sum  of  the  food  imported 
into  this  country  in  1S70  : — Animals,  4,155,463; 
corn,  &c.,  ;iCi9,732,879;  other  provisions,  ;i^i  5,847,401. 
Com  has  ruled  much  lower  than  it  did  30  years  since, 
but  meat  has  risen  considerably,  principally,  I  believe, 
from  the  enormous  increase  of  meat  consumers  in  the 
country.  The  high  rate  of  remuneration  has  enabled 
families  to  consume  meat  constantly  who  formerly  only 
consumed  it  occasionally,  and  many  who  never  consumed 
any  can  now  afford  to  eat  it  frequently.  But  if  meat 
has  risen  in  price,  tea  and  sugar  have  fallen  greatly, 
and  chiefly  through  the  application  of  the  true  prin- 
ciples of  taxation.  Taking  tea,  in  the  first  place  we 
find  that  in  1841  the  duty  was  2s.  id.  per  lb.,  that  the 
consumption  per  head  was  i  lb.  6oz.,  and  the  annual 
contribution  of  each  person  to  the  revenue  was  2s.  iid. 
Coming  now  to  1870,  we  find  the  duty  6d.  per  lb.,  the 
consumption  per  head  4  lb.  10  oz. ,  and  the  contribution 
to  the  revenue  of  each  person  was  just  2s.  4//.  per 
annum,  the  revenue  for  the  year  being  ;i^2, 940,000. 
Then,  again,  with  respect  to  sugar.  In  1S41  the  duty 
upon  sugar  was  24J.  per  cwt.,  the  average  consumption 
per  head  was  17  lb.  8  oz.,  and  the  contribution  to  the 
revenue  per  head  was  3J.  lod.^  the  revenue  being 
;^5, 114,390.  In  1870  the  duty  would  average,  accord- 
ing to  quality,  rather  more  than  5^.  per  cwt.,  the 
consumption  per  head  was  nearly  54  lb.,  and  the 
contribution  per  head  to  the  revenue  was  about  2s.  6d. 
The  revenue,  notwithstanding  the  reduction  of  the  duty 
one-half  over  the  last  nine  months  of  the  year,  was  just 
;^4,ooo,ooo. 

"  To  any  one  who  has  passed  nearly  40  years  of  obser- 
vation, nothing  is  more  astonishing  than  the  improvement 
in  the  articles  of  dress,  as  now  worn  by  every  class.  Not 
long  ago  I  saw  in  this  county  a  coat  which  a  friend  had 
worn  at  his  wedding — then  five-and -thirty  years  ago.  It 
cost  a  fabulous  price,  and  I  am  certain  I  could  dress 
myself  from  head  to  foot  for  a  whole  year  for  the  cost  of 
that  marvellous  blue  coat.  If  fashion  had  been  as 
enduring  as  the  Yorkshire  cloth  of  those  days,  that  coat 
might  have  adorned  the  brilliant  saloon  for  many  a  year. 
But  when  manufacturers  saw  that  fashion  changed  almost 
as  rapidly  as  the  seasons,  they  made  cloth  to  suit  the 
public  taste,  and  now  we  can  buy  excellent  ajid  service- 
able clothes,  which  answer  our  purpose  in  reality  better, 
at  a  mere  tithe  of  the  expense.  We  can  have  children's 
paletots  excellently  made  and  hemmed  for6.r.  gd.  adozen, 
or  6\d.  each,  wholesale  price,  and  other  articles  in  pro- 
portion. " 

We  may  illustrate  the  increased  wealth  of  the  middle 
classes  by  an  examination  of  amounts  paid  to  legacy 
and  property  duty.  In  1S41  the  capital  subject  to 
legacy  duty  was  ;^4i, 476,521  ;  and  in  1S69  this  sum 
was  more  than  doubled,  for  it  amounted  tO;i^87,72i,  152. 
The  amount  of  property  and  income  charged  with  duty 
in  1843  was  ;^'204,86S,035  ;  while  in  1869  it  was 
;io  386,549, 366.  This  is  an  enormous  increase,  even 
after  allowing  for  the  tax  in  Ireland,  which  did  not 
come  into  operation  until  1S53.  Another  gi-eat 
advance  has  been  the  facilities  for  intercommunication 
by  cheap  postage  and  for  the  diffusion  of  intelligence 
by  cheap  newspapers,  In  1839  the  number  of  letters 
delivered  was  99,014,156.  In  30  years  the  number 
had  increased  to  831,914,000.  In  the  latter  year  also 
a  sum  of  upwards  of  ;!^i9,ooo,ooo  passed  through  the 
money-order  office,  and  2,727,763  letters  of  importance 
were  registered.  Since  1S69  greater  and  very  impor- 
tant facilities  have  been  put  into  operation.  The  post- 
age of  letters,  parcels,  and  newspapers,  have  been 
re-arranged  in  favour  of  the  public,  and  postal  cards 
have  been  issued.  That  these  arrangements  have  met 
a  want  will  be  credited  by  the  fact  that  from  Octo- 
ber I,  1870,10  March  31,  1871,  upwards  of  58,000,000 
post-cards  have  been  issued,  and  upwards  of 
140,000,000  halfpenny  labels  and  stamped  wrappers. 

Upon  the  Subject  of  Education,  Mr.  Redgrave  said : 
— In  1843,  of  the  schools  in  Lancashire  and  York- 
shire attended  by  half-timers,  only  19  per  cent,  were 
schools  under  any,  even  quasi,  public  management, 
and  45  per  cent,  were  dame  schools.  In  1862,  70  per 
cent,  of  the  schools  were  public  schools,  and  there  was 
not  one  dame  school  patronised  by  the  factory  popula- 
tion. Since  that  date,  too,  I  learn  that  the  per- 
centage of  public  schools  has  further  increased.  As 
another  illustration,  I  found,  by  a  very  careful  inquiry 
in  1S67,  that  in  Blackburn  74  per  cent,  of  the  whole  of 
the  children  between  5  and  15  were  attending  day- 
schools.  Again,  in  the  same  year,  in  Halifax,  70  per 
cent,  of  the  children  between  10  and  15  were  attending 
day-schools.  I  doubt  whether  the  best  educated 
country  in  Europe  can  give  a  better  account  than  that. 
From  the  year  1S39  to  March  31,  1870,  the  Committee 
of  Council  on  Education  has  made  grants  to  the 
amount  of  ^11,863,078,  and  in  the  last  three  years  the 
committee  had  made  grants  to  the  extent  of  ;(^6So,ooo. 
During  the  same  period  grants  have  been  made  towards 
the  erection  of  5016  new  schools,  and  towards  the 
enlargement  of  2319  existing  schools,  providing  for 
1,019,647  additional  scholars.  The  sums  granted  by 
the  committeefor  the  above  purposes  were  ;^i, 556,819, 
in  addition  to  the  local  subscriptions  of  j^3, 729,043. 
At  the  last  date  there  were  15,253  schools  in  connec- 
tion with  the  committee,  of  which  10,214  had  been 


inspected  in  the  year  1870.  These  had  accommodation 
for  2,152,712  scholars,  but  the  names  on  the  registers 
amoimted  only  to  1,949,026,  of  whom  1,353,911  were 
present  on  the  days  of  examination. 


pome  Comsponbente. 

Tithe  Commutation  :  Septennial  Averages. 

As  the  result  of  the  com  averages  for  the  seven  years 
to  Cliristmas,  1871,  published  in  the  London  Gazette  oi 
this  evening,  viz.  : — Wheat,  6j.  'j\d.  per  imperial 
bush,  ;  Barley,  4J.  ^\d.  do.  ;  Oats,  3J.  \\d.  do.  ;  I 
beg  to  state  that  each  ;i^loo  of  tithe  rent-charge  will, 
for  the  year  1872,  amount  to  ;^lo8  4^'.  o^a'.,  or  nearly 
3^  per  cent,  more  than  last  year.  The  following  shows 
the  worth  of  ;^ioo  tithe  rent-charge  for  the  last  seven 
years  : — For  the  year  1S66,  ^97  ']s.  g\d.  ;  for  1S67, 
-^98  13s.  3d.  ;  for  186S,  i^ioo  13s.  Sd.  ;  for  1869, 
£103  5^.  8j//.  ;  for  1870,  ;^I04  is.  o\d.  ;  for  1S71, 
;f  104  I5i-.  id.  ;  for  1872,  ;i^io8  4^.  o^^d.  The  average 
value  of  ;!^ioo  tithe  rent-charge  for  the  36  years 
elapsed  since  the  passing  of  the  Tithe  Commutation 
Act,  is  £101  5J-.  y^d.  Monta^gue  Marriott,  Editor 
of  Willich^s  Commutation  Tables^  26,  Montpelier 
Square,  S.  7K,  January  9. 

An  Australian  Retrospect, — The  following  is  an 
abstract  of  a  paper  by  an  "  Up-Country  Farmer  "  on 
sheep  farming  in  Australia  : — With  the  rapid  progress 
in  settlement  that  has  been  made  of  late  years,  and  the 
consequent  fencing-in  of  land  daily  going  on  in  all 
directions,  the  circumstances,  as  regards  the  profitable 
maintenance  of  sheep  on  farms,  in  conjunction  with 
cultivation,  are  undergoing  a  great  change.  Time  was 
when  sheep  from  the  most  distant  station  could  be 
driven  to  market  at  but  small  cost.  There  was  no 
paddocking,  no  tolls,  free  grass,  and  no  railways. 
The  pegging-out  of  commons,  and  the  fencing-in  of 
roads  is  fast  changing  all  this,  and  stock  cannot  now  be 
brought  so  cheaply  to  market  as  in  the  "good  old 
days."  At  that  time  the  wide,  open  country  was  all 
before  the  drover  where  to  choose  a  track  ;  now  roads 
have  been  formed  in  all  directions,  and  the  land  fenced 
in  on  each  side,  railways  have  penetrated  into  what 
was  once  quiet  country.  "  Free  grass  "  along  the  roads 
has  disappeared,  and  from  the  North  sheep  are  now 
sent  to  iiiarket  by  rail,  it  being  found  cheaper  than 
sending  them  by  road,  which  necessitates  paying  tolls 
and  paddocking,  to  say  nothing  of  the  starvation  and 
consequent  loss  of  condition  they  would  undergo  on 
the  journey.  In  the  old  times,  when  the  sheep  arrived 
at  their  destination  they  were  worth  the  tallow  they 
would  produce,  and  the  "pelt" — that  is,  the  skin — 
with  more  or  less  of  wool  on  it  according  to  the  season 
of  the  year.  In  those  days,  and  even  long  after  the 
diggings  *'  broke  out,"  sheep  on  a  farm  were  not  to  be 
thought  of;  they  wouldn't  pay.  Besides,  at  that  time 
the  land  was  in  possession  of  all  its  virgin  freshness 
and  fertility,  yielded  abundant  crops,  and  did  not  seem 
as  if  it  would  ever  stand  in  need  of  rest,  rotation  of 
crops,  or  manure.  Sheep,  too,  were  nearly  all  of  one 
and  the  same  breed — the  wandering,  restless,  small- 
carcased  merino.  It  has  now  been  found  that  land 
requires  not  only  rest,  but  also  manure,  and  rotation 
of  crops  is  likewise  beginning  to  be  thought  about. 
Quiet,  cross-bred  sheep,  of  large  carcase,  Lincolns  and 
Leicesters,  are  to  be  met  with  in  numbers,  and,  in 
addition  to  this,  the  operations  of  the  me  at -preserving 
companies  have  raised  the  standard  value  of  sheep 
above  that  of  the  mere  tallow  and  pelt.  The  fleshy 
portion  of  the  carcase  has  now  a  money  value  as  well  as 
the  tallow  and  the  skin  ;  the  bones,  too,  have  assumed 
a  value  and  an  importance.  In  short,  instead  of  the 
extravagance  and  waste  of  former  days,  circumstances 
compel  the  practice  of  economy  ;  and,  in  lieu  of  that 
reckless  exhaustion  of  the  soil  by  constant  grain-growing, 
farmers  are  driven  to  entertain  thoughts  as  to  how 
they  can  best  comply  with  the  silent  demand  made 
by  the  land  they  cultivate  for  a  somewhat  more  strict 
observance  of  the  law  of  compensation  than  has 
been  hitherto  the  case.  In  the  general  anxiety  to 
accumulate  wealth,  the  fertility  of  the  soil  has  been 
heedlessly  sacrificed,  and  now  to  restore  it  and  realise 
profits  the  farmers  of  the  present  time  are  turning  their 
attention,  and  properly  so,  to  the  breeding  and  feeding 
of  sheep.  By  means  of  this  invaluable  animal  the  poor 
Cotswold  hills  are  rendered  profitable  to  the  cultivator, 
the  chalk  wolds  of  North  Lincolnshire  have  been 
transformed  out  of  Furze-bearing  rabbit  warrens  into 
grand  grain-producing  plains  ;  and  the  poor,  light,  waste 
sands  of  Norfolk  have  been  made  to  yield  crops  of  malt- 
ing Barley.  The  growth  of  roots  must  always  accompany 
the  keeping  of  slieep,  and  Mangels  and  Sugar-Beet 
are  specially  advocated.  The  Mangels  should  be  of 
the  Orange  Globe  variety,  which  are  said  to  answer 
better  for  sheep  than  even  the  white  and  llie  Swedish 
Turnips.  Sugar-Beet  is,  perhaps,  the  most  fattening, 
but  the  drawback  is  that  it  takes  too  much  digging  out 
of  the  land.  Another  recommendation  for  sheep  keep- 
ing is  that  they  are  the  best  manure  distributors  a 
farmer  can  get,  and  land  manured  by  having  sheep 
folded  carefully  over  a  crop  of  roots  is  left  in  a  condi- 
tion fit  to  grow  anything,  clean  and  free  from  weeds, 
and  beyond  this  the  Australian  climate  is  most  favour- 
able both  for  sheep  and  the  cultivation  of  root  crops, 

7.  R.  y. 


56 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  13,   1872. 


kmim. 


ROVAL  agricultural  op  IRELAND. 

Half-yearly  Meeting. — At  the  late  half-yearly  meet- 
ing of  this  Society,  Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide  in  the 
chair,  after  a  loyal  resolution  on  the  recovery  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  the  Secretaiy  read  the  half-yearly 
report,  as  follows  : — 

Your  Council,  in  recording  the  transactions  of  the 
Society  for  the  past  half-year,  wish  it  were  in  their  power 
to  announce  to  you  a  large  accession  of  members.  Such, 
jt  is  much  to  be  regretted,  has  not  taken  place  ;  the 
limited  funds  at  your  Council's  disposal  thus  preventing 
that  extension  of  their  operations  which  is  so  much  to  be 
desired.  The  annual  exhibition,  held  under  the  presi- 
dency of  his  Royal  Highness  the  Prince  of  Wales,  in 
August  last,  at  Ball's  Bridge,  on  spacious  and  convenient 
grounds,  most  liberally  set  apart  for  such  purpose  by  the 
Earl  of  Pembroke,  was  by  far  the  most  important  and 
successful  that  has  taken  place  since  the  formation  of  your 
Society ;  the  classes  in  all  departments,  comprising 
numerous  entries  in  horned  stock,  sheep,  swine,  poultry, 
Flax,  and  dairy  produce,  were  fully  represented.  The 
exhibition  of  horses  was  on  a  most  extensive  scale,  being 
the  largest  brought  together  within  the  United  Kingdom  ; 
and  the  interest'taken  in  the  several  classes  of  animals  in 
this  department  fully  indicates  the  propriety  of  en- 
couraging this  very  important  branch  of  our  national 
produce.  The  display  of  implements  was  most  numerous 
and  varied,  while  the  traction-engines  formed  a  novel  and 
very  interesting  feature  in  the  showyard.  Their  Excel- 
lencies the  Lord-Lieutenant  and  the  Countess  Spencer, 
accompanied  by  their  royal  and  distinguished  visitors, 
attended  on  several  occasions,  and  expressed  their  entire 
approbation  of  the  various  arrangements  made  for  their 
comfort  and  convenience.  The  banquet  and  ball  were 
numerously  attended ;  and  your  Council  cannot  ade- 
quately express  their  sense  ot  the  ability,  zeal,  and  untiring 
energy  displayed  by  the  local  committee  in  bringing 
their  varied  undertakings  to  a  successful  issue.  Your 
Council  beg  to  present  for  your  consideration  a  Table 
showing  the  entries  in  all  classes  at  the  Ball's  Bridge  show 
and  the  show  held  in  Stephen's  Green  in  1867,  showing 
the  increase  or  decrease  : — 


Description  of 

Ball's 

Stephen's 

Ball's 

Stephen's 

Entries. 

Bridge 

Green. 

Bridge 

Green. 

1871. 

1867. 

increase. 

Decrease. 

Horses     . . 

599 

=58 

341 

Horned  cattle     . . 

"79 

196 

17 

Sheep 

=  17 

145 

72 

Swine 

73 

=9 

44 

Poultry    . . 

342 

271 

7> 

.. 

Dairy  produce    . . 

73 

73 

Flax  and  wool     . . 

12 

12 

Implement  exhi-)^ 
bitors     . .          > 

175 

105 

70 

Total.. 

i68a 

1089 

610 

17 

This  Table  exhibits  a  marked  increase  in  all  classes  except 
the  horned  cattle,  where  there  was  a  small  decrease,  which 
must  be  attributed  to  the  prevalence  of  foot-and-mouth 
distemper  throughout  the  country.  The  Council  present 
for  your  information  an  account  of  your  expenditure  at 
the  show,  amounting  to  a  sum,  as  far  as  at  present  ascer- 
tained, of  ^^1877  9.^f.  9(/.  ;  but  the  Council  beg  to  remark 
that  this  sum  represents  no  portion  of  the  expenditure  of 
the  local  committee,  which  was  of  a  most  efficient  and 
liberal  character.  Your  Council  have  accepted  the  invita- 
tion of  the  North-Eastern  Agricultural  Association  to  hold 
their  annual  exhibition  in  1872  at  Belfast,  for  the  province 
of  Ulster— a  locality  in  which  a  successful  development  of 
the  Society's  operations  may  be  expected.  Your  Council 
have  also  Jormcd  a  committee  of  their  body  to  make 
arrangements  for  an  exhibition  and  irial  of  traction- 
engines  and  ploughs,  to  take  place  in  Dublin  in  the  month 
of  January,  from  which  much  useful  information  may  be 
anticipated. 

Balance-sheet,  Dublin  Show,  1871, 

Receipts.  £,      s.  d. 

To  amount  received  from  local  committee  : 
By  guarantee,  ^£500  ;  local  prizes,  ^550 

Balance  to  debit  . .         . .         . . 


Disbursetncn  is. 
By  Money  prizes  awarded 
,,    Medals  awarded 
„    Judges'  and  stewards'  expenses    ■  . 
,,    Printing,  advertising,  and  stationery 
„     Clerk  of  the  yard     . . 
,,    Numbering  stalls     . . 
,,    Badges  ..  ..         ..  ..         ..         500 

,,  Incidental  expenses  , .  ..         ..         ..       11     5     o 

^^1877     9     9 
The  election  of  President  for  the  ensuing  year  takes  place 
at  the  meeting  in  December,  and  the  consent  to  act  in 
that  capacity  on  the  part  of  Lord   Lurgan  having  been 
obtained,  the  Council  propose  that  his  lordship  be  ap- 
pointed  to  fill  that   office.      It  is  proposed  that   Lord 
Talbot  de  Malahide  be  invited   to  accept  the  post   of 
trustee  to  replace  the  vacancy  created  by  the  lamented 
death  of  the  Right  Hon.  George  Alexander  Hamilton. 
George  Hodson,  Bart.,  Chairman. 
After  the  adoption  of  the  report,  and  some  discussion 
on   matters   of   detail,  the   thanks   of  the  Society  were 
tendered  to  Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide,  and  the  proceedings 
terminated. 


1050 

0 

0 

S27 

9 

9 

1877 

9 

9 

(. 

s. 

d. 

1464 

10 

0 

27 

TO 

0 

180 

2 

0 

1S3 

7 

6 

lO 

15 

3 

lyjSST  SUFFOLK. 
The  Supply  of  Agricultural  Labour. —Thiz  subject 
engaged  the  attention  of  the  West  Suffolk  Chamber  of 
Agriculture.  Captain  Horton,  R.N.,  spoke  of  it  as 
one  of  high  national  importance.  His  career  in  the 
navy  had  afforded  him  some  opportunity  of  arriving  at 


certain  conclusions  with  reference  to  the  subject.  Both 
the  army  and  navy  offered  some  features  suggestive 
of  example  not  unworthy  of  imitation  elsewhere.  The 
analogy  of  husbandry  with  the  army  and  navy  existed 
only  in  so  far  as  the  extent  of  the  work  to  be  performed, 
for  the  organisation  of  agricultural  labour  seemed  to  be 
in  no  degree  equal  to  the  demand  for  it.  A  farmer  had 
under  him,  perhaps,  a  baiUff,  then  a  waggoner,  shep- 
herd, stockman,  and  those  who  work  immediately 
under  them,  with  certain  other  men  and  boys  not 
in  constant  work  and  apt  to  be  paid  off  during 
many  consecutive  weeks  at  different  seasons.  Happily 
this  state  of  things  had  been  in  a  great  degree 
modified  through  the  introduction  of  machinery  ;  but 
it  was  important  to  consider  how  it  might  be  still 
further  improved,  and  the  employment  of  labour 
become  more  uniform  throughout  the  year.  He  pointed 
out  the  evils  which  result  from  men  having  uncertain 
work,  and  proceeded  to  compare  those  engaged  in 
agricultural  labour  with  the  same  class  enlisted  in  the 
army  or  brought  up  in  the  navy.  Taking  the  average 
wages  (including  haysel,  harvest,  &c.)  of  agricultural 
labourers  to  be  i6j.  a  week,  as  had  been  stated  by  a 
gentleman  who  had  been  at  pains  to  calculate  it,  he 
said  the  corresponding  money  value  in  the  navy  was 
represented  by  an  able  seaman  of  the  first  class.  This 
man,  for  misconduct,  might  be  reduced  to  the  second 
class.  Below  the  A.  B.'s  were  the  ordinary  seamen, 
whose  wages  were  about  £<\  a  year  less,  and  who  were 
also  divided  into  two  classes,  and  then  the  boys,  who 
form  two  classes  according  to  their  age.  A  somewhat 
analogous  classification  existed  in  the  army.  He  classed 
the  waggoners,  shepherds,  cowmen,  and  engine-drivers 
as  corresponding  with  able  seamen  or  private  soldiers 
of  the  first  class,  and  the  men  next  them  in  each 
department  ready  to  supply  their  places  with  the 
second  class,  whilst  the  third  class  might  be  made 
to  include  all  the  remaining  bone  and  sinew  of 
18  years  old  and  upwards.  Lads  of  less  age  might 
also  be  classed  as  boys  of  the  first  and  second  class. 
Very  great  advantage  would  accrue  both  to  employers 
of  labour  and  those  they  employed,  if  the  farmers  were 
to  adopt  a  system  of  engagement,  whereby  they  should 
have  it  in  their  power  to  stimulate  and  reward  the 
better  energies  by  advancement  in  grade  and  wages. 
The  same  system  would  also  strengthen  their  hands 
with  reference  to  their  less  industrious  labourers,  by 
enabling  them  to  reduce  their  grade  for  continued 
dereliction  of  duty.  By  this  means  the  farmer  could 
from  week  to  week  impose  a  fine  upon  his  men  if  they 
failed  in  their  duty  or  engagements,  while  he  must 
impose  upon  himself  a  sense  of  the  duty  which  would 
attach  to  him  of  conferring  the  rewards  upon  deserving 
men  without  delay,  aS  well  as  that  of  administering 
the  penalties  in  strict  justice,  and  apart  from  the 
influence  of  any  momentary  irritation.  How  many  a 
man  was  now  turned  off  a  farm  almost  without  a 
hearing  because  his  master  had  no  other  means  at 
hand  to  punish  him  ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  how 
many  a  valuable  man  was  induced  to  quit  his  parish 
and  seek  work  elsewhere  because  he  found  his  family 
increasing,  while  he  had  no  prospect  of  improving  his 
condition  so  as  to  be  able  to  maintain  his  position. 

The  system  he  proposed  would  offer  great  facilities 
for  the  adoption  of  piecework.  If  the  system  were 
adopted  in  a  district  there  would  follow  a  system  of 
certificates  of  service  to  the  men  in  each  class  which 
would  facilitate  their  employment  by  other  masters, 
and  he  advocated  the  establishment  of  a  kind  of  labour 
office  after  the  manner  of  a  domestic  servants*  registry. 
Among  the  advantages  of  such  a  labour  office  he  men- 
tioned that  it  only  required  that  some  facility  of  inter- 
course should  be  established  for  a  more  regular  distri- 
bution and  employment  of  labour  to  ensue,  and  he 
gave  an  instance  which  showed  the  small  amount  of 
regard  which  men  bestow  upon  the  distance  they  have 
to  go  to  work.  Captain  Horton  then  made  quotations 
from  the  paper  of  Mr.  J.  Dent  Dent,  M.P.,  on  "  The 
Present  Condition  of  the  English  Agricultural 
Labourer,"  in  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  s  your naly 
and  on  the  question  of  the  employment  of  women  in 
agriculture  said  he  did  not  hesitate  to  state  it  was  his 
opinion  that  they  would  do  wisely  to  encourage  the 
employment  of  female  gangs  according  to  the  provi- 
sions of  the  Act  to  assist  in  getting  some  of  the 
Thistles  out  of  the  land.  In  conclusion,  he  said  per- 
sonal activity  and  quickness  of  movement  on  the  part 
of  the  labourer  were  qualities  valuable  to  his  employer. 
They  required  cultivation  in  youth  as  much  as  main- 
tenance during  manhood.  This  was  a  difficult  matter, 
but  well-shod  children  taught  to  use  their  limbs  with 
activity  were  all  the  more  likely  to  prove  useful- 
labourers  under  a  system  of  payment,  which  by  the 
promotion  or  reduction  of  a  labourer's  class  and  posi- 
tion on  the  farm  would  cultivate  in  the  minds  of  the 
men  the  sentiment  of  self-respect  which  was  an  agent 
far  more  powerful  than  money.  Those  were  wise 
words  of  Lord  Treasurer  Burleigh's  to  his  son — *'  Keep 
rather  two  too  few  than  one  too  many.  Feed  them 
well  and  pay  them  with  the  most,  and  then  mayest 
thou  boldly  require  service  at  their  hands." 
Discussion. 


The  Chairman  said  Captain  Horton  had  very  wisely 
not  gone  into  the  general  question  of  the  price  of  labour  ; 
for  however  much  they  might  wish  to  pay  the  agricultural 
labourer  much  more  than  they  did.  it  was  very  question- 
able whether  the  farmer  could  afford  to  give  higher  wages 
— unless  he  could  get  a  more  skilled  labourer  to  do  more 


valuable  work.  With  the  exception  of  the  present  year, 
mixed  soil  and  light  land  farms  had  had  a  very  hard  time 
of  it  lately,  and  more  money  had  been  lost  than  made 
upon  them.  He  reminded  them  that  wages  must  be  to  a 
great  extent  governed  by  the  law  of  supply  and  demand. 
After  a  reference  to  piece-work  the  Chairman  touched  on 
the  question  of  the  labourer  keeping  a  cow.  No  doubt 
nothing  was  so  good  for  rearing  children  as  milk,  but  he 
did  not  hold  with  the  labourer  keeping  a  cow,  thinking  it 
much  better  that  the  employer  should  sell  him  the  milk. 
For  a  labourer  to  own  a  cow  was  putting  too  many  eggs 
into  one  basket  —the  man's  whole  capital  would  be  invested 
in  it,  and  if  the  cow  died  he  lost  all,  and  then  he  would 
be  going  round  with  a  brief  for  subscriptions. 

Mr.  F.  Paine  (Barton)  said  there  was  no  doubt  a  good 
and  cogent  argument  against  the  almost  universal  custom 
in  that  neighbourhood  of  paying  by  the  day  instead  of  by 
the  piece,  and  pointed  out  that  under  the  existing  system 
there  was  no  encouragement  for  the  really  superior  man 
to  show  his  full  value.  This  state  of  things  had  been 
brought  about  by  several  causes,  one  great  reason  being 
the  excess  of  labour,  which  had  induced  farmers,  in  order 
to  keep  the  men  generally  employed,  to  pay  low  wages  by 
the  day  rather  than  have  the  same  work  done  on  the 
piece,  which  would  have  enabled  some  to  earn  better 
wages,  whilst  the  less  competent  men  would  have  got 
little  or  nothing  at  all.  Such  a  system  must  be  wrong. 
Somehow,  farmers  had  more  incentives  to  employ  labour 
than  other  industries,  for  a  farmer  was  sometimes  induced 
to  employ  more  hands  than  he  really  wanted  rather  than 
let  them  go  to  the  union,  where  he  would  have  to  help  to 
support  them,  whilst  other  employers  were  actuated  by  no 
such  motives.  He  alluded  to  the  great  change  which  had 
been  effected  in  farm  work  by  the  introduction  of 
machinery,  and  expressed  his  strong  opinion  that  one 
thing  which  would  raise  the  condition  of  the  agricultural 
labourer  was  better  education.  His  panacea  for  the 
poor  man  was  increased  knowledge,  and  gentlemen  who 
were  anxious  to  raise  the  agricultural  labourer  could  do  it 
in  no  way  so  effectually  as  by  using  every  lawful  means 
to  compel  the  education  of  poor  children.  It  might  not 
bear  fruit  in  their  own  time,  but  it  certainly  would  in  the 
next  generation.  Education  would  lead  to  independence  ; 
for  it  was  only  the  truly  ignorant  who  would  consent  to  be 
as  it  were  crushed  to  the  earth.  Give  a  man  half  an 
education  and  he  would  thirst  for  more  knowledge  and 
independence.  And  what  applied  to  the  individual  applied 
to  the  nation — the  better  the  people  of  any  country  were 
educated  so  much  the  more  firmly  was  the  independence 
of  that  nation  secured. 

Rev.  T.  E.  Abraham  thought  it  desirable  that  they 
should  take  some  steps  to  improve  the  condition  of  the 
labourer  before  they  were  compelled  of  necessity  to  do  so, 
and  before  any  pressure  was  brought  to  bear  on  them. 
The  agitation  for  shortened  hours  of  labour  was  not  likely 
to  affect  agriculture,  but  the  question  of  the  rate  of  wages 
must  be  looked  in  the  face— it  would  come  before  long, 
and  would  it  not  be  better  to  anticipate  it  rather  than  wait 
till  their  population  was  entirely  drawn  off?  That  they 
were  flocking  out  of  that  part  of  Suffolk  there  could  be  no 
question,  and  he  was  not  at  all  sure  that  the  employer 
would  lose  by  an  increase  of  the  wages  ;  if  they  could  get 
a  belter,  more  industrious,  better-fed,  more  contented 
man  it  would  be  a  necessity  for  the  employer  to  give 
better  wages.  He  believed  five  industrious,  contented 
labourers  at  iis.  a  week  would  do  more  work  than  six  men 
at  10J-.  a  week. 

Mr.  G.  Gavford  admitted  that  it  would  be  extremely 
advantageous  to  have  such  a  classification  of  labour  as 
Captain  Horton  had  suggested.  Wages  must  depend  on 
supply  and  demand,  and  he  was  not  so  sorry  as  some  to 
see  men  leave  the  district ;  because  if  there  was  a  surplus 
of  labour,  and  the  men  could  better  themselves  by  going 
elsewhere,  it  was  desirable  that  they  should  go.  One  great 
want  was  a  more  equal  distribution  of  labour,  and  in 
proof  of  this  he  showed  that  in  the  parish  of  Ingham  the 
proportion  was  75  acres  to  each  individual ;  in  Honington 
it  was  3  acres  ;  in  Risby,  6\  acres  ;  in  Great  Saxham,  5:^  ; 
in  Little  Saxham,  8  acres  ;  in  Denham,  6)  ;  whilst  in 
Barrow  it  was  only  2  acres  to  each  inhabitant.  The  con- 
sequence was  that  farmers  in  the  parishes  round  Barrow 
employed  Barrow  men  at  certain  seasons  when  they 
wanted  extra  labour,  and  as  soon  as  they  had  done  with 
them  sent  them  back  to  Harrow.  Every  landlord  ought 
to  be  willing  to  supply  each  farm  with  a  good  number  of 
comfortable  cottages.  Nogentleman  would  think  of  letting 
a  farm  without  a  stable  to  put  the  horses  in,  or  without  a 
sty  to  put  the  pigs  in,  and  why  should  they  let  a  farm 
without  cottages  to  put  the  labourers  in? 

Mr.  Manfield  believed  the  labourer  was  never  so  well 
off  as  now,  for  he  was  better  paid,  clothed,  and  housed, 
than  formerly.  As  to  classification  of  labour,  it  appeared 
to  him  that  they  had  it  already,  the  first  class  consisting 
of  horsemen,  shepherds,  stockmen,  and  engineers,  who 
were  paid  higher  wages  than  the  ordinary  labourer.  In 
the  second  class  were  all  the  ordinary  run  of  labourers, 
good,  bad,  and  indifferent,  all  paid  at  one  price,  which 
was  a  very  bad  arrangement.  He  advocated  doing  all 
the  work  by  the  piece  that  could  be  so  done.  As  to  the 
supply  of  labour,  he  denied  that  it  was  short.  One  objec- 
tion to  a  classification  was,  that  there  were  times  of  the 
year  and  kinds  of  work  at  which  the  best  man  would  be 
worth  no  more  than  the  inferior,  and  if  he  did  not  pay 
the  inferior  man  at  the  same  rate  as  the  superior,  the 
former  would  not  stop  with  him. 

Mr.  J.  S.  Phillips  objected  to  piece-work,  because  it 
implied  a  want  of  confidence  between  the  employer  and 
the  employed.  As  to  shepherds,  horsemen,  &c.,  being 
paid  higher  wages,  he  asked  if  their  hours  were  not  much 
longer.     They  do  seven  days'  work  instead  of  six. 

Mr.  Hunter  Rodwell  admitted  the  desirability  of  a 
classification  of  labour,  but  confessed  his  inability  to  see 
how  it  was  to  be  carried  out  furllier  than  it  already  was 
by  paying  extra  wages  to  horsekecpers  and  shepherds, 
who,  though  they  did  more  work,  had  the  advantage  of 
constant  work,  whether  wet  or  dry,  to  the  thatcher,  the 
drill-man,  and  the  engine-driver.  Any  gentleman  who 
could  suggest  a  mode  by  which  classification  could  be 
carried  out,  would  be  a  benefactor  to  both  the  farmer  and 


January  13,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


57 


labourer.  Mr.  Gayford  had  spoken  about  landlords 
building  cottages,  but  he  would  suggest  to  that  gentle- 
man to  recommend  the  Barrow  people  to  pull  down  a  few 
of  theirs. 

Rev.  C.  W.  Jones  (Pakenham)  thought  one  classifica- 
tion operated  most  injuriously — that  by  whicli  a  man  was 
treated  as  a  boy  till  he  married,  and  which  never  gave 
him  full  wages  till  he  married.     (Expressions  of  dissent. ) 

The  Chairman  hoped  two  statements  which  had  been 
made  would  not  go  forth  .as  the  opinion  of  the  Chamber. 
Great  stress  was  laid  by  one  gentleman  on  the  circum- 
stance that  b>  improving  cottages  and  giving  allotments 
they  would  render  the  labourer  more  contented,  and  he 
wished  to  guard  against  an  impression  being  created  that 
this  Chamber  considered  the  agricultural  labourer  discon- 
tented. Another  gentleman  said  that  none  but  the  igno- 
rant and  uneducated  men  would  be  crushed  to  the  earth, 
and  he  should  not  like  it  to  go  forth  that  the  Chamber 
was  of  opinion  that  the  labourer  was  crushed.  That 
gentleman  advocated  increased  knowledge,  and  he  asked 
whether  education  was  not  spreading,  and  whetlier  there 
was  not  every  prospect  that  it  would  spread  more  and 
more?  As  to  the  cottages,  he  agreed  with  Mr.  Gayford, 
but  there  had  been  an  improvement  in  that  respect,  and 
though  he  disliked  to  allude  to  anything  personal,  he 
believed  there  were  cottages  enough  on  the  land  he  owned, 
and  to  every  one  was  attached  a  garden  or  an  allotment. 

Captain  Hijkton  having  briefly  replied,  a  vote  of 
thanks  was  passed  to  him,  and  a  similar  compliment  to 
the  Chairman  closed  the  proceedings. 


Farmers'   Clubs. 


THE    MIDLAND. 
Horses  and  Fox-hunting. — A  paper  on  "Horses,  their 
Breeding  and  Management,"  from  which  we  take    an 
extract,  was  read  at  one  of  last  year's  meetings  of  this 
Club  by  Mr.  West,  the  President  of  the  Club.    Having 
described  at  length  the  most  important  points  of  this 
noble  animal,  the  President  went  on  to  consider  the 
rather  puzzling  question,  how  to  breed  a  grand  well- 
actioned    carriage    horse    and   a   really  good  weiglit- 
carrymg  hunter.     It  was  a  very  common  thing  to  hear 
a  man  say  :  "  I  have  bred  a  nag  or  two,  but  I  will  not 
do  so  again  ;  it  does  not  pay."     He  could,  from  his 
own  e.xperience,  say  the  same.     The  reason  wa.s,  they 
did  not  go  the  right  way  to  work  ;  they  were  too  apt 
to  consider  it  very  mucli  a  matter  of  chance— a  mere 
lottery  ;  but  it  was  not  so.     Now,  to  make  breeding 
horses  a  source  of  profit  to  the  agriculturist,  let  them 
consider  the  kind  they  sliould  try  to  breed.      1st.  They 
had  the  high-actioned  harness  horse,  so  much  sought 
after  for  the  London  market.     There  was  little  diffi- 
culty  in  producing  this  animal,  provided  they  had  got 
the  breed  or  stock  ;    but  the  stock  which  produced 
these  was  almost  gone.     There  was  a  remnant  still  in 
the  eastern  counties,  and  in  Wales  also,  chiefly  roans 
and  chestnuts  ;  but  they  required  cultivating— that  was 
they  were  rather  coarse  and  undersized,  though  they  ' 
had  the  fine  high  action  and  courage  so  essential  in  a 
valuable  horse.     They  had  been  bred  for  tlieir  action 
for  many  years.     The  use  of  a  thorough-bred,  good- 
actioned   sire,    to    improve    tlieir    beauty,    might    be 
suggested.     This,    however,    would   not   be   desirable 
to  obtain  the  animal  they  required,  because  thorough- 
breds  were  a  distinct  breed,  and  had  been  bred  for 
many  hundred  years  for  a  distinct  purpose— viz.,  fleet- 
ness  on  the  turf.     Very  high  action  was  fatal  for  that 
purpose,   and,   consequent,   the   action   of  that   horse 
could  not  be  hereditary.     The  only  way  to  improve 
^^  u '^°'^''°?"  '"  q""'ion  was  to  choose  the  best  of 
hat  breed    and  continue  to  draft  out,  year  after  year, 
the  imperfect  animals,  until  a  pure  stock  was  found! 
VV  e  would  now  consider  the  other  profitable  animal  for 
fermers    to   breed     viz.,    "weight-carrying    hunters." 
Wow  if  they  were  fortunate  enough  to  be  able  to  breed 
we^th"?  °l,,''"""^u'  "  '™"'''  '^^^■^  P™™  "^  mine  of 
about  It.     The  demand  for  this  class  of  horse  was  very 
great,    and   good    animals    always   commanded    high 
prices ;  but  the  profit  which  should  go  into  the  pocket 
ot  the  breeder  too  often  found  its  way  into  that  of  the 
dealer.     Now,  the  general  plan  to  produce  this  animal 
was  to  put  a  thorough-bred  sire  to  a  half-bred  mare  • 
but   the  great  difficulty  was   to   obtain  a  sire  which 
could  carry  14  or  15  stones  himself.    Rather  than  use  a 
horse  unable  to  carry  weight  himself,  he  should  have 
no    objection   to   use  one  with  a  slight  stain   in  his 
pedigree.      The  Colonel,  winner  of  the   Liverpool 
twice,   was  the  sort  of  horse  he  meant ;  one  which 
could  go  across   country  himself,  and   was   a  good- 
tempered  one.     This  should  not  be  overlooked.     He 
would  advise  above  all  things  never  to  breed  from  a 
mare  which  had  not  good  action,  length,  and  ability  to 
carry  15  stones.     Supposing  them  to  have  found  a  sire 
and  a  dam  calculated,  in  their  own  mind,  to  produce  a 
weight-carrying  hunter,  and  supposing  the  hunter  to 
have  been  weaned,  he  could  not  impress  upon   them 
too  strongly  the  importance  of  feeding  him  well      He 
was  a  great   advocate   for  early  handling  a  colt  and 
learning  him  to  look  upon  man,  not  as  his  enemy   but 
as  his  protector.     At  three  he  should  be  bitted  and 
have  the  dumb  jockey  on  his  back.     His  own  plan  was 
to  drive  the  young  one  before  him  with  long  reins,  and 
after  he  had  learnt  to  walk  straight  to  take  him  into 
the  turnpike  road,  and  accustom  him  to  the  sight  of 
carriages,  carts,  &c.     He  also  tried  to  get  the  animal's 
mouth  as  perfect   as  possible  before  mounting  him, 
which  should  be  done  early  the  following  year.     It  was 
the  custom  in  England  to  put  a  rough  rider  upon  a 


young  horse,  and  send  him  out  with  hounds  to  learn 
his  business  ;  but  he  was  entirely  opposed  to  that  plan, 
and  preferred  to  lunge  the  animal  over  small  fences 
until  he  was  perfect.  He  learnt  to  jump  in  cold 
blood  ;  he  was  not  bustled  ;  neither  was  his  delicate 
mouth  sawed  by  the  hands  of  a  man  who,  in  all 
probability,  did  not  know  how  to  use  them.  The  Irish 
horses  are  the  best  fencers  in  the  world  ;  and  are 
eagerly  sought  after  as  hunters.  The  reason  is— 1st, 
that  when  they  are  following  their  dams  they  are 
obliged  to  jump  over  the  various  banks  and  ditches 
whicii  the  mare  chooses  go  over  from  one  pasture  field 
to  the  other  ;  and,  secondly,  they  are  always  most 
carefully  lunged  in  the  manner  he  had  described,  and 
made  as  near  perfection  as  can  be  before  they  go  with 
hounds. 

Fox-hunting  might   be   considered,    at    first    sight, 
somewhat   an   odd   subject   to   be   introduced    at    an 
assembled  meeting  of  a   Farmers'    Club  ;   but,   on   a 
secondary  consideration,  it  would  be  found  that  this 
national  pastime  is  so  intimately  associated  with  the 
agriculturists   of  Great   Britain,  without   whose   good 
will  it  would  be  impossible  for  it  to  flourish,  that  it 
must  consequently  prove  a  fertile  topic  for  discussion 
wherever  and  whenever  the  interests  of  agriculture  are 
to  be  considered.     If  we  desired  to  form  any  estimate 
of  the  character  of  a  particular  people,  we  could  not 
do  so  better  than  by  making  ourselves  acquainted  with 
the  "sports  and   pastimes  "  practised  by  them;  and, 
where  we  found  them  partaking  of  a  manly  character, 
we  had  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  country  was  in 
a  morally  healthy  state.     In  order  to  carry  out  this 
national  pastime   of  fox-hunting,  and  to  allow  tliou- 
sands  to  participate  in  this  healthy  and  manly  amuse- 
ment, there  were,  in  England  alone,  119  packs  of  fox- 
hounds ;    three  packs  hunting  six  days  a  week,  three 
hunting  five,  27  hunting  four,  46  hunting  three,  and 
40  two  days  a  week  ;  and,  as  the  usual  calculation  of 
the  expense  incurred  simply  and  solely  for  bringing  a 
pack  to  the  covert  side,  independent  of  the  master's 
own   expenditure,   was  ^^500  per  day— /.f.,  for  each 
day  in  the  week  they  are  advertised  to  hunt — he  would 
leave  any  one  to  judge  of  the  immense  sum  which  was 
circulated  throughout  England  by  this  national  sport, 
and  of  which  much  must  necessarily  find  its  way  into 
the  pockets  of  the  agriculturists,  by  the  great  demand 
it  occasions  for  hay,  oats,  and  straw,  to  say  nothing  of 
the  number  of  men  who  are  employed  throughout"°the 
United   Kingdom  to  look   after   the  horses  of  those 
engaged  in  the  sport,  who  might  otherwise  have  no 
employment,  and  prove  a  severe  and  heavy  burden  to 
the    ratepayers.      Of  all  classes  of  men  who  enjoyed 
this  noble  sport,  there  were  none  more  fond  of  it  than 
the  tenant-farmers.      They  were  generally  to  a   man 
good  preservers  of  foxes,  straight-goers  over  country, 
kind,  genial,  aud  hearty  to  all  they  met  in  the  hunting 
field  ;  and,  should  the  sport  lead  them  to  the  vicinity 
of  their  own   homes,  none  were  so  truly  hospitable. 
He  had  hunted  in  many  counties,  and,  with  few  ex- 
ceptions,   had    invariably    found    the    tenant-farmers 
keenly  alive   to  the  desirability  of  fox-hunting  being 
kept  up  throughout  England.     Damage  in  fox-hunting 
was  occasionally  done,  but  it  had  only  to  be  properly 
represented   to  the  persons  in  authority  to   be  made 
good.     On  very  heavy  land  in  wet  weather  the  wheat 
plant  must  be  to  a  certain  extent  injured  ;  and,  should 
there  be  a  slight  deficiency  in  a  certain  ten-acre  field 
on   land    of    that    description    at    harvest    time,    the 
occupier  said  :  "  Well,  never  mind  ;  I  have  made  up 
for  it  by  getting  more  for  those  good  white  Oats  I  had 
last  year  by  zs.  a  quarter  than  I  should  have  got  at 
market,  from   Mr.  Topthorn,  who  has  had  six  horses 
down  in  our  village  for  the  last  four  months,  and  he  is 
a  rare  man,  too,  to  get  through  my  old  hay."     From 
long  experience  in  hunting  he  feared  they  must  some- 
times do  harm  just  before  the  ewes  were  going  to  lamb 
in  going  over  a  farm  where  they  were  not  expected  ; 
but  there  was  generally  one  of  the  right  sort  out  who 
could  stop  them  at  the  first  gateway.     He  would  tell 
them   how  unnecessary  damage  was  done  to  farmers 
by  hunting.     It  was  not  caused  by  those  who  went 
straight  and  understood  how  to  ride  ;  they  would,  to 
save  their  horses,   select  the   soundest   ground  ;    they 
went  rejoicing  from  field  to  field,  topping  the  fences 
like  swallows,  and  leaving  few  marks  of  their  flight ; 
and  those  who  caused  mischief  were   the  men  who,' 
somehow  or  other,  had  by  a  gate  or  gap  got  into  a 
field  with  or  near  the  hounds,  and  whose  heart  failed 
them   when   they  saw  the  opposing  obstacle.     They 
rode  up  and  down,  looking  out   for   an   easy   place, 
trampling  the  ground  in  a  most  unnecessary  manner] 
till  at  last  they  put  their  horses  at  the  fences  in  the 
irresolute  way  funkers  always  did.     Again,  there  were 
a  class  who  did   not   understand   what   the   different 
crops  were,   and,  from  sheer  ignorance,  went   where 
there  was  not  the  slightest  necessity  for  them  to  go. 
There   might  be  some  opposed   to  fox-hunting,   who 
grumbled  at  the  occasional  damage  done  in  the  poultry 
yard  ;  but  surely  a  little  extra  care  in  looking  after  the 
safety  at    night    of  the   fowls   and   the   ducks  would 
obviate   that.     In  nearly  all  "hunts"  a  certain  sum 
was  set  apart  to  pay  legitimate  poultry  bills,  and  to 
remunerate  those  who   could   not  afford  to  be  losers 
through  the  depredations  of  Master  Reynard.     With 
the  few  exceptions  mentioned  he  did  not  think  that 
any  one  could   complain  that   fox  -  hunters    did    the 
conimunity  any  harm;  and,  therefore,  he  must  come 


detnmental  to  the  true  interests  of  agriculture,  it  had 
an  entirely  contrary  effect.  There  was  a  subject  he 
wished  to  bring  forward,  in  order  to  provoke  dis- 
cussion, and  that  was  about  "wire  fencing"  being 
kept  up  during  the  winter  in  a  fox-hunting  countryT 
In  Leicestersliire,  where  "  wire  fencing  "  was  used,  it 
was  invariably  taken  down  at  the  commencement,  and 
put  up  again  at  the  close  of  the  season,  at  the  expense 
of  the  hunt,  which  was  perfectly  fair,  as  it  would  be 
extremely  hard  upon  the  occupier  of  the  land  to  expect 
him  to  do  so  himself ;  but,  where  the  tenant  wished 
wire  in  a  particular  field  or  so  kept  up  during  the 
winter,  the  least  that  could  be  expected  of  him  was  to 
put  up  a  board  with  "'Ware  Wire"  legibly  painted 
thereon.  The  expense  would  be  trifling  ;  and  it  might 
be  the  means  of  saving,  possibly  the  life,  or,  at  all 
events,  the  bones  of  sportsmen.  In  the  hunting  field 
they  had  no  such  thing  as  a  tenant-right,  except  the 
right  for  the  tenant  to  ride  over  the  landlord,  or  the 
landlord  to  ride  over  the  tenant ;  and  he  would  remind 
any  who  might  seek  to  depreciate  fox-hunting  that 
they  had  been  told  on  the  very  best  authority  that  this 
is  the  last  link  in  the  chain  of  amusements  which  binds 
English  country  gentlemen  to  their  homes.  If  it  were 
not  for  fox-hunting  the  money  which  was  now  ex- 
pended on  the  pursuit  would,  in  all  probability,  be 
spent  in  foreign  countries,  at  watering-places,  on  the 
turf,  or  perhaps  at  the  gaming-table.  The  landlord 
would  be  unknown  to  the  tenant,  and  the  tenant  to 
the  landlord  ;  and  soon,  from  the  absence  of  fox- 
hunting, would  die  out  that  mutual  esteem  and  regard 
between  landlord  and  tenant,  which  was  one  of  the 
greatest  blessings  of  this  country.  He  hoped  none  of 
them  would  live  to  see  this  noble  pastime  on  the 
wane,  but  that,  on  the  contrary,  it  might  increasingly 
flourish,  and  that  they  might  each  successive  year  see 
future  landlords  and  future  tenant-farmers  coming  out 
as  boys  on  their  ponies  to  enjoy  that  sport  which 
would  make  them  bold,  resolute,  and  fearless  of 
danger. 

Discussion. 

Mr.  FOKD  agreed  with  Mr.  Wise  as  to  the  best  kind  of 
horses  to  breed  ;  but  he  had  found,  from  the  little  experi- 
ence he  had  had  in  breeding,  that  it  was  very  difBcult  to 
dispose  of  nags  before  they  had  passed  through  a  dealers 
hands.  He  remembered  having  a  remarkably  good  horse 
for  which  he  found  it  impossible  to  obtain  100  gs.  in  this 
part  of  the  country.  Ultimately,  after  keeping  the  animal 
for  two  years,  lie  sold  it  to  a  London  dealer,  who,  in  the 
course  of  a  week  or  two,  sold  it  for  500  gs.  He  agreed 
wilh  Mr.  Wise  when  he  said  fox-hunting  brought  all 
classes  together,  and  was  productive  of  much  good  feel- 
ing ;  and  that,  when  farmers  did  suffer,  it  was  not  so 
much  from  any  act  of  the  true  sportsman,  as  from  tliose 
who  knew  little  or  nothing  of  the  sport  they  were  tempted 
to  indulge  in.  Fox-hunting  brought  the  trading  and 
farming  classes  into  closer  union  than  would  be  otherwise 
possible  ;  and,  if  it  was  discontinued,  the  price  of  hay 
and  Oats  would  be  very  different  from  what  it  was  at  the 
present  time.  Any  one  who  raised  his  voice  against  fox- 
hunting was  no  true  friend  to  his  country,  because  nothing 
tended  more  to  bring  the  landed  proprietors  among  their 
tenantry  and  neighbours  than  the  national  sport  of  fox- 
hunting. 

Mr.  J.  BovvEN  Jones  agreed  with  Mr.  Wise  as  to  the  im- 
portance ot  looking  to  purity  of  blood  before  commencing 
to  breed  animals.    Having  obtained  the  blood  they  wished, 
and  sticking    to  that   particular  blood,    certain  charac- 
teristics were  developed  which  could  not  be  obtained  by  any 
other  means.     One  part  of  the  subject,  however,  had  not 
been  adverted   to  by  Mr.   Wise  to  the  extent  which  it 
perhaps  merited,  and  that  was  the  fact  that  the  nature  of 
the  land  and  its  locality  had  an  important  effect  upon  the 
breeding  of  horses,  more  particularly  as  far  as  j;oncerned 
this  branch  of  agriculture  being  a  remunerative  business 
or  otherwise.      It  was  essential  to  have  a  good  run  of 
grass  land  upon  which  horses  might,  in  a  great  measure, 
be  reared  tlie  first  few  years  of  their  lives,  at  a  compara- 
tively small  expense  ;  and  it  was  found  that  colts  will  do 
well  on  meadows  of  a  rough  character,  which  are  not  so 
suitable  to  other  descriptions   of  stock.      It  would  not 
only  be   inconvenient,  but  almost   impossible,  to  breed 
horses  to  advantage  on  large,  well  laid  out  farms,  where 
the  soil  is  of  a  light  character,  where  the  fences  are  kept 
down,  and  where  almost  all  the  food  for  stock  is  pro- 
duced by  the  growth  of  artificial  grasses.  Clovers,  &c.    As 
to  fox-hunting,  he  had  always  done  what  he  could   to 
promote  the  sport,  believing,  as  he  did,  that  it  was  fo.x- 
hunting  which  made  Englishmen  the  manly  race  they  are. 
Mr.  Wright  said  the  gentlemen  present  were  evidently 
vyarm  supporters  of  fox-hunting,  but  objections  were  some- 
times raised  to  this  sport,  and  its  upholders  were  called 
upon  to  prove  that  the  advantages  which  were  said  to 
result  from  it  were  justly  claimed.     For  instance,  it  was 
alleged  that  many  gentlemen  devote  too  much  time  to 
hunting,  neglecting  public  and  other  duties  ;  but  this  did 
not  apply  to  their  excellent  President,  who,  as  they  well 
knew,  was  always  ready  to  give  his  assistance  in  any  use- 
ful work.     Again,  it  was  held  by  many  that  fox-hunting 
was  a  cruel  sport  ;  and  the  answers  which  had  been  given 
to  this    assertion   were   not    entirely  conclusive ;    but    a 
great  change  in  the  feelings  and  habits   of  society  must 
take  place  before  considerations  of  this  kind  would  pro- 
duce rnuch  effect.     At  the  same  time  he  had  no  hesitation 
in  saying  that  in  comparison  with  the  disgraceful  pigeon- 
shooting  matches  of  which   they  sometimes   heard,  and 
which  the  leading  journal  had  strongly  and  justly  con- 
demned, fox-hunting  was  a  noble  and  ennobling  pastime. 
With  regard  to  the  improvement  in  the  breed  of  horses 
which  fox-hunting  was  said  to  encourage,  there  was  a 
strong  division  of  opinion  on  this  point,  as  it  was  con- 
tended in  some  quarters  that  really  serviceable   horses 


,    .,  •  ,     .-        ,      •        ,■     ,  ,  •   ,        have  not  increased  in  number.     He  feared  that,  even  in 

to  the  conclusion  that,  so  far  from  fox-hunting  being  '  Shropshire,  there  would,  at  the  present  time,  be  found 


58 


The    Gardeners'   Chronicle   and    Aericultural    Gazette. 


[January  13,    1S72. 


but  few  magnificent  hunters  like  those  which  were  con- 
stantly seen  there  20  or  30  years  ago  ;  while,  in  many 
instances,  the  horses  used  in  onr  cavalry  regiments  were 
much  too  light  for  the  weight  they  had  to  carry. 

WTNFRITH. 
Grass  Land  /mproi'cment. — Mr.   Longman  read  a 
paper  lately  on  this  subject,  in  which  he  referred  to  the 
advantage    of   land    drainage,    especially    of    water- 
meadows. 

Water  meadow  is  the  cheapest  land  to  improve,  as 
the  water  brings  fertilising  properties  with  it,  which 
save  the  expense  of  artificial  manure,  also  the  cartage 
of  farmyard  manure.  But  this,  above  all  other  grass 
land,  should  be  kept  dry,  except  when  you  turn  the 
water  over  it.  If  it  is  capable  of  getting  dry  as  soon 
as  the  hatches  are  drawn  out,  the  water  will  do  twice 
as  much  good  when  it  comes  over  it  again.  If  it  is 
necessary  to  drain  water  meadows,  you  should  be  care- 
ful that  the  soil  be  pressed  firm  in  the  drains  after  the 
pipes  are  put  in,  otherwise  the  water  will  run  in  at  the 
top,  work  down  the  earth  into  the  pipes,  and  stop 
them  up.  They  should  not  be  watered  the  following 
year  after  draining,  but  time  maybe  allowed  the  drains 
to  get  firm  on  the  top,  when  the  water  will  flow  over  as 
before.  We  all  know  that  for  a  meadow  to  water  well 
it  should  be  thrown  up  in  narrow  beds,  so  that  the 
water  may  run  swiftly  over  it,  otherwise  it  will  not  do 
half  the  good,  but  produce  a  rough  coarse  grass.  The 
water  that  comes  from  chalky  springs  is  the  best,  but 
this  is  only  obtainable  in  certain  districts.  The  next 
best  is  the  thick  flood-water  from  the  rivers,  but  that 
which  comes  from  the  heath  I  think  of  little  use.  We 
should  be  particular  to  get  the  first  floods  of  autumn 
over  our  meadows  if  possible,  as  the  water  is  then  much 
fuller  of  manure  than  afterwards. 

As,  however,  water  meadows  are  only  possible  in 
certain  localites,  we  must  endeavour  to  improve  our 
other  grass  lands.  Doing  this  we  all  know  is  a  diffi- 
culty, because  we  seem  to  want  all  the  yard  manure 
that  we  can  get  for  the  arable  land,  as  that  will  bring  a 
quicker,  but  I  should  say  not  a  surer,  return.  To 
manure  strong  and  heavy  land,  chalk  is  a  good  dressing, 
at  the  rate  of  from  30  lo  40  tons  per  acre.  It  will  not 
only  fertilise  the  soil,  but  will  last  a  number  of  years.  If 
that  is  not  obtainable  by  reason  of  distance,  lime  is  a 
good  substitute,at  the  rate  of  about  three  waggon  loads 
per  acre  mixed  up  with  the  cleaning  of  ditches,  earth  by 
the  roadside,  and  road  scrapings, — all  of  which  are 
good  manures  for  heavy  land  ;  or,  if  lime  is  applied  in  a 
raw  state,  in  heaps  of  about  a  bushel,  and  about  250 
bushels  to  the  acre,  and  spread  abroad  as  soon  as 
pulverised,  it  will  answer  a  good  purpose.  To  manure 
light  soils,  the  cleaning  out  of  mud  ponds,  ditches, 
rivers,  or  any  heavy  compost  mixed  with  yard  dung,  is 
a  good  dressing.  Where  the  herbage  is  rough  and 
coarse,  salt  at  about  5  cwt.  per  acre,  sown  broadcast, 
is  recommended.  In  some  parts  of  Somerset  they  use 
marl— a  kind  of  fatty  clay — which  has  an  excellent 
effect  as  a  manure,  put  on  the  land  in  the  same  manner 
as  we  use  chalk  in  chalky  districts,  and  about  the  same 
quantity  per  acre,  varying  according  to  circumstances. 
I  do  not  think  artificial  manure,  such  as  bone-dust  or 
guano,  are  used  so  much  in  this  county  as  a  dressing 
for  pastures  as  in  some  others.  In  Staftbrdshire,  a 
large  butter  and  cheese  and  cattle  producing  county, 
they  annually  use  a  large  quantity  of  bones  to  restore 
the  fertilizing  qualities  taken  away.  According  to  a 
prize  essay  in  the  Highland  Socidys  Transactioi7s^ 
bearing  on  the  use  and  value  of  artificial  manure  as  a 
top-dressing  for  pastures,  it  recommends  for  strong 
soils  guano,  sulphate  of  ammonia,  nitrate  of  soda,  and 
soot,  as  a  good  dressing.  On  light  soils  compost  of 
earth,  bone-dust,  cattle  urine,  salt,  sea-weed,  and  fish 
refuse  are  the  most  suitable,  and  generally  have  an  ex- 
cellent effect.  Should  all  these  fail  to  make  good 
pasturage,  then  certainly  it  ought  to  be  ploughed  up. 
Not  that  we  can  be  at  all  certain  that  if  so  treated  it 
would  be  the  first  time  that  this  or  that  piece  of  land 
has  been  furrowed  by  the  plough.  Thousands  of  acres 
of  meadows  and  pastures  are  producing  less  than  half 
the  quantity  of  hay  and  feed  which  the  land  is  capable 
of,  owing  to  a  deficiency  of  the  grasses  which  are  most 
productive  and  most  suitable  for  the  soil. 

In  some  cases,  where  the  pastures  are  very  foul  with 
weeds  and  moss,  it  is  advisable  to  pare  and  bum  the 
old  sward  and  resow  the  land  entirely  ;  but  in  most 
cases  great  improvement  can  be  effected  by  merely  sow- 
ing renovating  seeds,  which  should  consist  of  the  finest 
and  most  nutritive  kinds  of  perennial  grasses  and  Clover, 
in  the  following  manner  :  Heavy  harrows  should  be 
drawn  over  the  old  turf  early  in  spring,  to  loosen  the 
soil  for  the  admission  of  the  seeds,  which,  if  sown 
freely,  will  occupy  the  numerous  small  spaces  between 
the  grasses  already  growing,  and  supersede  the  coarse 
grasses  and  noxious  weeds.  It  is  good  practice  to  sow 
these  seeds  at  the  same  time  as  the  top-dressing,  if  any 
is  applied  ;  but  this  is  by  no  means  necessary.  The 
months  of  February,  March,  and  April,  are  recom- 
mended for  sowing  the  seeds — the  earlier  the  better,  as 
the  old  grass  will  protect  the  young  from  frost.  It  is 
also  usehd  to  sow  in  July  and  August,  immediately 
after  carrying  the  hay.  Should  the  old  turf  be  very 
full  of  moss  this  is  generally  an  indication  that  draining 
would  be  beneficial.  The  following  is,  however,  an 
almost  infallible  remedy  for  the  moss,  not  only  destroy- 
ing it,  but  preventing  the  growth  in  future  :  Mix  two 
cart-loads  of  quick-lime  with  eight  cart-loads  of  good 


light  loam,  turning  the  compost  several  times  that  it 
may  be  well  mixed  and  the  lime  well  slaked  ;  spread 
this  quantity  per  acre  over  the  pasture,  dragging  the 
turf  well  with  harrows.  In  sowing  the  seeds  choose  a 
fine  day,  when  the  land  is  tolerably  dry,  but  when  there 
are  indications  of  approaching  rain  ;  these  are  much 
more  favourable  conditions  for  the  seeds  to  fall  on  the 
land  than  rainy  or  showery  weather,  as  they  are 
more  likely  to  be  evenly  covered,  and  will  be 
very  gradually  absorbing  moisture  from  the  soil  pre- 
vious to  the  fall  of  rain,  which  they  will  then  be  in  a 
condition  to  receive  with  benefit :  whereas  if  so\vn  after 
a  shower,  which  is  frequently  done,  these  advantages 
are  not  obtained,  but  the  seeds  having  become  saturated 
with  moisture,  and  the  dry  weather  returns,  they  are 
often  malted.  Cattle  should  not  be  allowed  to  graze  at 
the  same  season  as  this  dressing  is  given,  or  at  least  not 
till  after  one  crop  of  hay  has  been  taken  from  it.  As 
to  the  poor  chalky  hills  that  are  now  worth  but  little 
for  feed,  I  should  recommend  that  they  be  broken  up 
if  not  too  hilly,  by  which  we  could  get  double  the 
amount  of  feed  from  Sainfoin  and  root  crops  to  what 
they  would  produce  in  their  original  state,  and  enough 
com  between  to  pay  the  expenses  of  breaking.  If  we 
have  good  meadows  by  no  means  break  them  up,  but 
manure  liberally,  and  I  am  quite  sure  you  will  be  well 
repaid  for  your  outlay.  I  should  have  mentioned  that 
folding  sheep  on  pasture  does  not  improve  it  to  so  great 
an  extent  as  it  does  arable  land.  I  should  say  the  dif- 
ference would  arise  from  the  different  management. 
The  manure  or  droppings  from  the  sheep  on  the  arable 
land  would  be  ploughed  or  dressed  in,  and  in  the  other 
case  it  would  remain  on  the  surface  for  a  considerable 
time,  and  being  exposed  would  lose  some  of  its  manur- 
ing properties. 

Discussion. 
Mr.  Chapman  Saunders  said  :  A  greater  amount  of 
attention  was  bestowed  on  the  arable  land  than  on  the 
pastures.  He  believed  that  there  was  great  room  for  im- 
provement. The  poor  pastures  which  could  not  be 
improved,  might,  he  thought,  be  converted  into  arable 
land  with  advantage  ;  that,  he  took  it,  would  pay  better. 
He  threw  out  the  suggestion  that  it  would  be  well  to 
change  the  stock  put  in  the  meadows — from  sheep  to 
beasts,  and  so  on — and  also  that  grass  should  not  be 
allowed  to  run  to  seed  before  it  was  cut  for  hay.  Regard- 
ing the  drainage  of  water  meadows,  he  agreed  that  much 
poor  land  would  be  improved  by  draining,  but  they  could 
not  in  all  cases,  he  contended,  get  the  necessary  fall.  In 
draining  water  meadows  they  should,  he  urged,  be  careful 
not  to  drain  too  much  the  first  year. 

Mr,  Chick  said  two-thirds  of  his  own  water  meadow 
was  drained  by  means  of  pipes.  The  other  third  was  not 
drained  on  account  of  its  lying  too  low.  One  acre  of  the 
land  drained  was  worth  three  acres  of  that  undrained 
Both  the  quantity  and  the  quality  of  the  hay  on  the 
former  was  superior  to  that  on  the  latter.  With  regard  to 
the  manuring  of  pastures — his  land  was  light — he  did  not 
think  that  farmyard  manure  did  as  much  good  as  when 
applied  to  arable  land.  Road  scrapings,  or  any  fine  com- 
post of  that  kind,  he  recommended  for  pastures.  Reverting 
to  the  subject  of  draining,  he  agreed  with  Mr.  Longman 
that  on  strong  clay  land  care  should  be  taken  not  to  drain 
too  deep. 

Mr.  Sly  agreed  with  Mr.  Longman  as  -to  the  drainage 
of  pasture  land.  They  had  found,  he  said,  that  their 
pasture  land  had  gone  back  very  much.  To  this  he  could 
speak  from  his  own  remembrance.  Cows  and  sheep  used 
to  be  fed  on  the  pasture  land  the  whole  of  the  winter, 
none  of  the  cows  were  tied  up  away  from  the  pastures. 
The  falling  off  he  attributed  to  the  stall  feeding  now 
adopted,  and  referred  to  the  improvement  which  had  been 
effected  in  one  of  his  pastures  after  feeding  with  hay  and 
Swedes  upon  it.  The  treading  of  cows  on  the  pastures 
was,  he  said,  beneficial.  Cow-leaze  he  had  tried  to 
improve  with  bones  and  guano.  With  bone-dust  applied 
in  the  proportion  of  8  cwt.  to  the  acre  he  had  observed  not 
the  least  benefit — not  the  least  difference  could  be  seen 
after  the  application.  He  applied  it  in  April  on  two 
pieces  of  ground  of  half  an  acre  each.  Regarding  moss 
ground  he  had  covered  a  patch  with  loose  straw,  letting 
the  latter  lie  thickly  for  some  time,  until  the  grass  grew 
through  ;  then  he  raked  the  straw  on  to  another  piece, 
and  so  on  until  all  the  moss  was  killed  :  none  afterwards 
was  to  be  seen. 

Mr.  R.  G.  Randall  liked  the  idea  of  sheltering  cattle 
as  much  as  possible  in  winter.  In  advocating  the  practice 
of  feeding  stock  in  the  fields  in  winter  Mr.  Sly  was  a  land- 
lord's rather  than  a  tenant's  friend.  Mr.  Randall  differed 
from  that  gentleman  in  that  respect,  for  he  believed  that 
when  sheltered,  animals  required  less  food  and  thrived 
better  than  when  exposed  to  the  cold.  As  to  the  quality  of 
the  manure,  he  thought  it  was  far  better  when  the  system 
of  feeding  in  sheds  was  adopted,  because  then  they  some- 
times gave  the  animals  a  little  cake  and  corn;  the  manure 
in  that  case  must  be  better  than  when  it  was  simply 
made  from  straw.     He  did  not  believe  in  straw  manure, 

Mr.  Chick  could  not  agree  with  Mr.  Sly  as  to  keeping 
beasts  in  the  field  during  wmter  ;  that  system  might,  he 
admitted,  do  the  pasture  land  good,  but  he  did  not  think 
it  paid  in  the  end.  He  still  held  the  view  already 
advanced— that  a  little  compost,  such  as  road  scrapings, 
did  more  good  than  farmyard  manure  separately.  He  did 
not  think  they  could  profitably  put  farmyard  manure  on 
the  pasture  land,  that  was,  if  they  had  a  good  proportion 
of  arable  land.  He  corroborated  Mr.  Sly  as  to  the  ineftec- 
tivencss  of  bone-dust. 

Mr.  Chapman  Saunders  gave  a  practical  illustration 
of  the  value  of  clot  drains.  A  meadow  of  his  father's  was 
thus  drained  some  40  or  50  years  ago.  The  drains  were 
sometimes  cut  through  to  get  a  hare  or  rabbit  ;  they  were 
good  now,  and  seemed  likely  to  last  100  years  to  come. 
He  referred  to  the  usefulness  of  air  drains  in  meadows, 
and  recommended  the  rolling  of  dry  meads  in  winter. 
Mr.  Bates  (the  Chairman)  said  that  no  doubt  arable 


land  did  pay  well  for  the  manure  made  in  the  farmyard, 
and  probably  it  was  better  to  use  it  on  arable  land,  but  if 
they  did  so  they  must  find  a  substitute  for  the  manure  now 
used  on  the  meadow  land.  He  thought  they  might  as 
well  expect  arable  land  to  grow  a  succession  of  good  crops 
without  manure  as  that  pasture  lands  should  keep  good  if 
continually  the  same  class  of  stock  was  grazed  on  them. 
A  succession  of  one  kind  of  crop  had  the  same  effect  on 
the  soil  as  the  grazing  of  the  same  sort  of  stock.  One  of 
the  leading  theories  in  agriculture  was  that  you  must  pro- 
vide the  soil  with  the  constituents  necessary  to  produce 
the  crop  required  from  it.  He  objected  to  the  grazing  of 
sheep  exclusively  on  land.  He  thought  that  the  exclusive 
system  as  applied  to  any  class  of  animals  was  objection- 
able. You  found  that  sheep  were  very  close  feeders  ;  if 
there  was  a  particular  plant  which  they  liked  better  than 
anything  else  it  was  the  first  to  get  exhausted.  You  fre- 
quently found  that  pasture  land  suffered  from  a  want  of 
change  in  the  class  of  animals  grazed,  just  as  you  found 
land  impoverished  by  growing  a  succession  of  the  same 
crop.  He  was  satisfied  that  they  would  all  do  better  with 
their  pasture  land  if  they  shifted  the  feeding  stock  more 
than  they-did  at  present,  if  they  did  not  so  generally  adopt 
the  exclusive  system  in  regard  to  any  particular  class  of 
animals.  Horned  stock,  horses,  and  grazing  stock  gene- 
rally should  be  spread  over  the  whole  surface  ;  in  that  case 
they  would  have  better  herbage,  and  the  animals  would 
thrive  better.  Mr.  Bates  pointed  out  that  dairy  land 
especially  suffered  from  want  of  an  adequate  return  for 
what  was  taken  from  it,  dairy  cows  in  the  majority  of  cases 
living  on  the  minimum  of  food,  and  the  maximum  of  pro- 
duce being  taken  from  the  land.  He  did  not  begrudge  the 
manure  supplied  to  the  arable  land,  but  they  should,  he 
held,  by  liming  or  bones,  supply  to  the  pastures  the  phos- 
phates taken  from  them.  Respecting  the  draining  of 
water  meadows,  no  doubt  a  great  deal  depended  upon  the 
quality  of  the  water  used.  No  doubt  a  gallon  of  a  certain 
stream  was  worth  a  hogshead  of  another  sort  of  water. 


i;0ltas  0f  §00hs. 

Accounts  Relating  to  the  Trade  and  Navigation 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  for  each  Month  during 
the  Year  1871.     Hansard,  33,  Queen  Street,  W,C. 

We  referred  last  week  to  the  imports  of  agricultural 
produce  during  Ii  months  of  the  past  year.  The 
returns  for  the  12  months  have  since  been  pub- 
lished, and  we  extract  the  following  particulars: — ■ 
*35>i33  oxen,  and  73,639  cows,  worth,  respec- 
tively, ;^2,407,755  and  ^1,031,999,  have  been  im- 
ported in  1S71  :  there  is  a  threefold  number  of  cows, 
but  a  considerably  diminished  number  of  oxen  as  com- 
pared with  the  imports  of  the  two  last  years.  Of  sheep, 
however,  no  fewer  than  916,799  have  been  imported, 
worth  ^1,789,826  ;  which  is  ;(f6oo,ooo  worth  more 
than  last  year's  imports. 

Taking  now  other  animal  food,  bacon,  beef,  and 
cheese  and  butter,  the  imports  are  1,017,907,  301,184, 
i,337,So8,  and  1,219,056  cwt.  respectively,  all  of  them 
largely  in  excess  of  last  year.  The  total  imports  of 
Wheat  are  the  largest  ever  yet  reported.  No  less  than 
39,407,646  cwt.  of  Wheat,  valued  at  ^^23, 345,630, 
has  been  imported,  along  with  8,589,059  cwt.  of 
Barley,  11,007,106  cwt.  of  Oats,  1,021,950  cwt.  of 
Peas,  2,975,651  cwt.  of  Beans,  and  16,832,499  cwt.  of 
Maize,  worth  nearly  another  ;i^  16, 000, 000.  Besides 
this  there  are  3,984,638  cwt.  of  wheat-fiour,  valued  at 
;^3,438,284. 

The  imports  of  cattle  and  other  live  stock,  bacon, 
beef,  butter,  cheese,  and  corn  of  all  kinds,  exceeded  in 
1871,  ^60,000,000  sterling.  How  much  is  this  less 
than  the  whole  agricultural  rental  of  the  country  ? 
Why  is  not  more  of  it  produced  at  home  ?  Surely  it  is 
time  for  the  landowner,  as  well  as  the  tenant-farmer, 
to  study  these  figures.  We  shall  give  them  in  full 
detail  next  week. 


Farm  Memoranda. 

TowNELEY  Park. — Twenty  years  ago  we  made 
the  acquaintance  of  Butterjiy.  There  were  few 
then  who  could  predict  the  fame  that  has  fallen  to  her 
lot.  Of  admirers  she  had  many,  most  of  whom  were 
prepossessed  by  her  evenness,  for  about  that  time 
**  patchiness  "  was  at  its  ugliest  stage.  The  prizes  won 
by  Bidtcrfly  were  many,  and  great  was  the  sensation 
created  thereby  ;  but  the  excitement  culminated  in  the 
sale  of  Butterfly's  calf  for  Australia.  From  this  time 
began  a  new  impetus  to  Shorthorn  breeding.  Those 
who  possessed  blood  paid  greater  attention  to  their 
herds,  A  fresh  set  of  breeders  sprung  up,  and 
altogether  we  seemed  to  be  in  a  new  Sliorthorn  era. 
Higher  prices  were  given  for  individual  animals,  and 
** averages"  consequently  went  up.  The  successes  of 
the  early  Shorthorns  at  Towneley  were  supported  by 
later  events,  and  both  in  the  showyard  and  sale  ring, 
Towneley  blood  commanded  much  attention,  especially 
if  the  name  Bidtcrfly  occurred  in  the  pedigree.  Ame- 
rica and  Australia  sent  their  buyers,  and  wherever 
Shorthorns  are  known,  there  is  some  of  the  Towneley 
stock. 

A  visit  to  the  home  of  the  "Butterfly"  tribe  of 
Shorthorns  will  amply  delight  lovers  of  good  stock. 
There  are  few  places  where  so  much  good  quality, 
good  blood,  and  good  management,  may  be  witnessed, 
and,  we  may  add,  tiiere  are  few  places  where  hospi- 
tality in  its  true  British  acceptation  is  more  general. 

We  found  the  massive  7-year-old  Baron 
Oxford    (23,375)    in    the     exercising    ground,    and 


January  13,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette, 


59 


although  suffering  from  a  slight  injury  to  his  foot,  he 
seemed  as  active  as  a  3-year-old.  Five  years  ago, 
500  gs.  were  transferred  from  the  Towneley  exchequer 
to  that  of  Havering  Park  in  consideration  of  the 
property  of  Baron  Oxford  being  vested  in  Colonel 
Towneley — and  a  fortunate  purchase  was  this.  A  ist 
and  3d  Royal  prize  were  awarded  to  a  heifer  of  his  get 
at  Oxford  and  Wolverhampton,  and  high  prices  have 
been  obtained  for  animals  whose  purchasers  considered 
themselves  fortunate  in  obtaining  such  blood.  A 
rumour  that  Earl  of  Thorndale  was  not  fruitful 
enabled  Culshaw  to  easily  add  another  gem  to  the  rich 
store,  and  since  his  coming  there  are  those  who  would 
not  begrudge  a  very  considerable  bonus  on  the  price 
paid  by  the  clever  manager  of  the  Towneley  herd. 

The  Earl  of  Thornd.vle,  whose  blood  is  excelled 
by  no  living  animal,  is  one  of  those  who  are  likely  to 
leave  their  mark.  A  roan  of  the  most  beautiful  sort, 
his  lengthy  frame  is  covered  with  splendid  hair.  Such 
long  quarters  are  seldom  seen.  His  style  altogether  is 
superb,  and  although  he  is  now  in  the  merest  "store  " 
condition,  he  is  as  attractive  as  can  well  be  conceived. 
A  few  years  will  decide  the  value  of  this  animal. 
There  is  little  risk  in  predicting  for  him  a  brilliant 
fame  through  his  produce. 

The  cows  are  of  the  "  old  sort,"  Barmpton  Rose  and 
Btttlerjty  are  reproduced,  and,  as  in  other  mundane 
events,  *'  history  repeats  itself"  here. 

The  roan  Duchess  of  Towneley  is  an  exceedingly 
stylish  animal  :  she  is  by  DUKE  OF  Wharfdale,  and 
tracing  back  to  Barmpton  Rose,  a  cow  of  grand  quality 
and  substance,  with  splendid  loins  and  quarters  ;  her 
breast,  shoulders,  and  **  through  the  heart,"  are  almost 
perfection.  A  well-bred  white  cow,  of  the  "  Charmer  " 
blood,  is  her  companion.  This  is  a  useful  cow,  a  good 
breeder  and  milker. 

Duchess  of  Lancaster  2d,  with  her  daughter,  Duchess 
of  Lancaster  <,th,  occupy  the  same  stall.  They  have 
proved  valuable  breeders,  and  still  look  like  continuing 
in  good  service.  Duchess  oj  Lancaster  2d  is  by  Pre- 
sident (11,918),  dam  by  Louis  Napoleon  2d 
(13,259),  g.dam  by  DuKE  of  Lancaster  (10,929), 
and  g.g.dam  by  North  Star  (9447). 

Lady  Butterfly  2d  is  a  red  cow  of  grand  quality.  She 
is  perfect  as  regards  breeding,  by  6th  Duke  of  AlR- 
drie,  dam  by  Great  Mogul,  grand-dam  by  Master 
Butterfly. 

6tk  Maid  of  Oxford,  a  splendid  roan,  has  repaid  the 
400  gs.  which  brought  her  to  Towneley. 

Another  high-priced  cow  was  not  so  successful, 
450  gs.  having  been  given  for  a  white  cow  of  the 
**  Oxford  "  strain.  She  has  not  as  yet  produced  a  calf. 
A  red  and  white  cow  of  the  *' Charmer"  tribe  is 
evidently  a  good  milker  and  safe  breeder.  Some  of  the 
*' Gwynne  "  blood  is  exhibited  in  dpsy  Gwynne,  a 
very  good  2-year-old,  which  we  expect  will  be  heard  of 
hereafter  as  the  dam  of  something  good. 

A  daughter  of  old  Frederick,  the  founder  of  the 
Towneley  herd,  was  brought  back  about  a  year  ago  ; 
she  is  a  fine  roan  cow  of  large  frame,  and  carries  many 
of  the  points  of  her  sire.  A  Foggathorpe  cow  is  her 
companion.  This  is  an  animal  which  bears  the  type 
of  this  strain,  the  immense  substance  and  arched  back 
being  fully  brought  out.  She  is  now  in  calf  to  Earl  of 
Thorndale,  and  there  is  reason  to  expect  something  very 
good  from  her.  Next  come  two  animals  of  extraordinary 
merit.  The  roan  Grand  Duke's  Butterfly  was 
sold  to  Mr.  Betts  for  500  gs.,  and  afterwards  brought 
back  to  Towneley  at  a  cost  of  350  gs.  She  is  a  grand 
cow,  with  immense  substance.  She  inherits  the 
evenness  of  Butterfly,  with  her  great  fulness  behind 
the  shoulder  points.  The  IVhite  Toivnetey  Butterfly, 
whose  price  helped  to  swell  the  average  at  the  Prest- 
wold  sale,  has  done  good  service  at  Towneley.  A 
regular  breeder,  she  is  well  known  at  the  local  shows. 
The  next  stall  contains  the  red  2-year-old  Baron 
Oxford^s  Duchess^  winner  of  a  1st  prize  as  a  yearling 
at  the  Oxford  Royal  show,  and  3d  at  Wolver- 
hampton. An  exceedingly  nice  2-year-old,  she  is 
by  Baron  Oxford,  out  of  Duchess  of  Lancaster  2d. 
Her  companion  is  Alice  of  Oxford,  whose  blood 
is  worth  more  than  a  little.  She  is  by 
Baron  Oxford,  dam  Alice  Wharfdale  by  Duke  of 
Wharfdale,  g.d.  by  Master  Butterfly,  g.g.d. 
by  Duke  of  Athol.  Coming  to  the  next  stall  we 
find  two  of  the  Barmpton  Rose  yearlings,  and  next  to 
these  are  two  "Foggathorpe"  beauties. 

A  few  young  bulls  are  left  for  the  spring  sales,  and 
if  they  continue  as  they  promise  high  prices  may  be 
expected. 

A  notable  feature  in  the  Towneley  herd  is  the  few- 
ness of  non-breeding  animals.  There  seems  to  be  a 
remarkable  fecundity  here,  and  the  majority  of  the 
cows  appeared  to  be  good  milkers.  The  animals  all 
seemed  in  blooming  health,  and  are  highly  creditable 
to  the  care  and  judgment  of  Mr.  Jos.  Culshaw,  whose 
name  in  connection  with  Towneley  will  long  be 
remembered. 


The  Wrexham  Sewage  Farm  :  Another  Sewage 
Farm  Failure. — [We  take  this  easily-understood  head- 
ing, with  the  following  extract,  from  the  Mark  Lane 
Express.  To  "  meet  and  talk  and  differ  "  was  never 
the  way  to  farm,  either  with  or  without  the  aid  of 
sewage.]— The  Corporation  of  Wrexham,  with  respect 
to  the  farm  that  tliey  have  had  in  their  hands  for  a 


him — they  don't  know  what  to  do  with  it.     It  has  been 
proved  over  and  over  again  in  the  Council  Chamber 
that  sewage  farms  do  pay,  and  pay  well,  in  other  parts 
of  the  country,  but  tliere  appears  to  be  such  a  perverse 
obstinacy  about  the  Wrexham   Corporation  farm  that 
"it  won't   pay  no  how,'' as  the  Cockneys  say.      When 
the  new  committees  were  formed,  at  the  commencement 
of  the  present  municipal  year,  great  care  was  taken  in 
the  appointment  of  the  farm  committee  to  select  men 
who  were  "  free,  able,  and  willing  "  to  serve,  and  after 
the   committee  was   formed,  a   mere   scanning  of  the 
names  would    lead  anyone  acquainted  with    them   to 
expect  that  whatever  may  have  been  the  Corporation's 
shortcomings  in  the  previous  management  of  the  farm, 
they  would  shortly  have  two  blades  of  grass  growing 
where  only  one  grew  before.     Mr.  Yeoman  Strachan, 
seedsman,  was  appointed  chairman,  the  name  and  the 
calling  both  implying  that  he  knew  something  about 
agriculture.     Mr.  Alderman  Walker,  a  man  eminently 
successful  in  business,  and  who,  in  addition  to  his  im- 
mense dealings  in  grain,  has  also  some  knowledge  of  the 
working  of  land,  was  appointed  deputy-chairman.     Mr. 
Hugh  Davies,  who,  in  travelling  to  and  from  his  resi- 
dence, had  walked  over  the  farm  twice  a  day,  and  who 
had  criticised  the  management  of  it  perhaps  20  times  a 
day,  was  very  properly  appointed  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee.    The  Mayor,  who  is  a  shrewd  man  of  business, 
who  has   had  some  experience  in  the  management  of 
land,  and  in  whose  establishment   a   large  quantity  of 
agricultural  produce  is  consumed,  fortunately  consented 
to  take  his  place  as  an  active  member  of  the  committee, 
and  in  order  to  render  the  thing  complete  in  a  scientific 
point  of  view,    Mr.  Alderman  W.  Rowland,   who  is  a 
chemist,  cast  in  his  lot  with  his  agvicultuial  friends.    A 
better   selection   of  five   for   the   purpose  out  of  the 
16  forming  the   Town  Council  could  not  have  been 
made.     Soon  after   their  appointment   they  appeared 
disposed  to  go  to  work  with  a  will,  and  they  com- 
menced by   paying  the  farm  a   visit   and  giving  it  a 
thorough  overhauling.    "They  went,  and  saw,  and  con- 
quered !  '*    Dare  we  say  they  conquered  ?  We  are  afraid 
not,  for  a  few  days  afterwards  they  met,  and  talked, 
and   differed.     It   is    said    that   there   were   as   many 
ways  for  managing  a  farm  as  there  were  members  of  the 
committee,  and  as  all   the  plans  could  not  be  carried 
out  simultaneously,   and  it  would  not  be  practicable  to 
carry  them  out  successively,  the  farm  is  **  To  be  Let." 
Poor  farm  !     Before  the  Corporation  had  it  we  are  told 
that  it  was   occupied  by  a   tenant  who   made  a  good 
living  at  it — some  say  he  made  his  fortune.    The  Corpo- 
ration having  once  set  their  heart  upon  it,  never  rested 
until  they  got  the  tenant  out  of  it.      A  Corporation  com- 
mittee   then   attempted    to  work   it,    and   they  failed. 
A  bailiff  was  advertised  for  ;  a  number  of  candidates 
sent  in  their  applications  ;  they  were  put  througli  a  kind 
of  competitive  examination,  and  the  man  whom  the 
Council  in   their  wisdom   considered  to  be  the   most 
eligible  for  the  office  of  bailiff  was  elected.      He  took 
office,  but  he  never  commenced  work  ;  and  in  a  few 
months  the  Council  got  rid  of  him.     The  committee, 
assisted  by  the  surveyor,  again  took  the  active  manage- 
ment, which  in  the  course  of  a  very  short  time  they  re- 
signed into  the  hands  of  a  single  member  of  the  com- 
mittee,  Mr,  Councillor  Thomas  Rowland.      Mr.  Row- 
land  visited   the  farm  twice  or  thrice  a  day,  accom- 
panied by  the   surveyor.     Fresh   ground  was   broken 
up    for    the   sewage,    and    in    order    that    it    might 
the    more   readily   flow   over    it   there  was    levelling 
up    and    levelling     down  ;     carriers    to    convey   the 
sewage  were  cut  in  all  directions  ;  artificial  manure  was 
strewn  thickly  on  one  part,  and  the  town  sewage  was 
run   plentifully    over   the    other.     The    hedges    were 
trimmed,  the  ditches  were  cleaned  out,  and  the  farm 
was  further  rendered  a  model  one  by  the  most  modern 
implements  being  introduced  in  its  culture.     A  large 
amount  of  money  was  spent  during  this  kind  of  "in- 
terregnum," and  it  ended  by  Mr.    Rowland  differing 
with   the  committee  and  resigning,    which  brings  us 
again   to  the    point   where   we   started,    namely,    the 
appointment  of  the  present  Farm  Committee.      It  ap- 
pears to  us  a  pity  to  let  the  farm,  after  spending  so  much 
money  in  permanent  improvements  upon  it,   but   the 
committee  appear  to   think   that  they  must  spend   a 
deal  more  before  they  can  make  the  best  of  it,  and  the 
rates  have  reached  such  an  enormous  height,  that  the 
cry  of  the  ratepayers  with  regard  to   all  kinds  of  im- 
provements, for  the  present,  is  "Hold — enough."  The 
rent  is  somewhat  high,  being  nearly  ^^4  an  acre,  and 
£j^  for  land,    the  produce  of  which  for  the  past  year 
fetched  on  the  average  only   £^  \2s.    6d.    per  acre, 
leaves  but  a  small  margin  for  labour,  seed,  horse-flesh, 
implements,     wear     and  .  tear,     and    other    working 
expenses.     The  committee  are  quite  at  their  wits'  end  ; 
therefore,    the    farm    is     "To    be     Let." — Orwestry 
Advertiser. 


Several  meetings  have  been  held  of  late  to  consider 
the  advisability  of  introducing  to  the  county  the  steam- 
plough,  and  already  it  is  arranged  that  one  or  two  of 
them  will  soon  be  at  work.  A  large  portion  of  Easter 
Ross  is  well  adapted  for  this  work,  and  on  many  farms 
in  Wester  Ross  also  the  steam-plough  would  work 
satisfactorily.  With  steam-power  the  ground  would 
be  turned  to  a  much  greater  depth  than  by  horses, 
and,  with  abundance  of  manure,  would  speedily  be  in 
a  greatly  improved  condition. 

A  pretty  large  extent  of  lea  has  already  been  seed- 
furrowed  for  Oats.  During  last  winter  the  frost  was  so 
severe  that  a  very  large  quantity  of  excellent  Turnips 
was  rendered  completely  unfit  for  feeding  purposes ;  and 
although  in  the  early  season  it  was  thought  that  the  crop 
could  not  be  consumed,  before  the  end  of  it  sound  Turnips 
would  have  fetched  nearly  any  money,  and  a  gieat  deal 
was  expended  in  artificial  stuffs.  Taught  by  the 
bitter  experience  of  last  year,  a  larger  breadth  of 
Turnips  has  this  year  been  secured  than,  perhaps, 
ever  was  before.  Stock  of  all  kinds,  with  abundance 
of  keep  and  mild  weather,  are  doing  well,  and  although 
the  price  of  fat  stock  is  again  high,  it  will  not  this  year 
prove  so  remunerating  as  it  did  last  year.  Last  summer 
the  price  of  lean  cattle  was  so  unusually  high  that  little 
room  was  left  for  much  profit.  Turnips,  especially 
Swedes,  were  never  more  abundant  than  now,  and  as 
sheep  are  not  so  plentiful  in  the  low  country  as  usual, 
there  may  be  difficulty  in  getting  them  all  consumed  in 
a  remunerating  way.  Potatos  are  a  very  abundant 
crop,  of  excellent  quality,  and  fetch  a  very  satisfactory 
price.  Wheat  and  Barley  have  not  threshed  out  so 
largely  as  was  expected,  but  the  quality  and  price  are 
both  good.  Altogether  this  is  one  of  the  most  favour- 
able years  we  have  had  in  the  Highlands  for  a  long 
time. 


Miscellaneous, 


Wester  Ross. — There  has  been  a  continuation  of 
most  suitable  weather  for  outdoor  labour  ever  since 
harvest,  and  a  great  deal  of  work  has  been  done.  A 
very  large  breadth  of  Wheat  has  been  laid  down  in 
first-rate  condition,  and  all  the  earlier  sowings  are  well 
above  ground.  And  Wheat-sowing  is  not  yet  com- 
pleted, for  should  the  weather  be  suitable,  several  fields 
would  yet  be  sown  after  Turnips  eaten  off  with  sheep. 
The   green   crop    lot  has   received    its   winter  furrow 

I  generally,  and   as   the   habit   now   is   to  give   an   in- 
creasingly  deeper  furrow  when   preparing    for    green 
^ — „ ......^  ^.wt-..«..t  fi.,v.,i  L«    crops,  much  additional  time  is  occupied.  I 


Steam  Cultivation. — Here  is  a  speech  by  Mr. 
Grey,  of  Aberdeenshire  and  Leeds,  a  steam  plough- 
man 15  years  ago,  and  now  for  many  years  a  steam- 
plough  farmer  and  steam-plough  manufacturer.     At  a 
dinner   given   to   the  tenantry  of  his  estate   by  Lord 
Saltoun  he  gave  some  account  of  the  history  and  pro- 
gress of  steam  cultivation  since  1S55,  in  which  year  he 
had  the  pleasure  of  assisting  the  late  John  Fowler  to 
start  his  first  steam-plough  in  Essex,  which  was  a  very 
successful  attempt,  much  more  so  than  many  attempts 
he  made  after  that.     The  design  consisted  of  a  single 
engine  upon  the  roundabout    system,   and,  barring  a 
few  minor  details,  it  proved  equal  to  expectations,  and 
gave    Mr.    Fowler   great   encouragement   to   proceed. 
After  this,  Mr.  Fowler  expended  ;^7o,ooo  on  experi- 
ments, at  the  end  of  which  time  all  he  had  to  represent 
this  large  capital  was  a  lot  of  old  machinery.     At  this 
point   friends   came   to   his   aid   with   substantial   en- 
couragement, and  the  result  has  been  a  perfect  success. 
The  question  of  the  solution  of  the  great  problem  in 
connection  with  steam  cultivation — whether  ploughing 
could  be  done  cheaper  with  steam  than  horses — was 
decided   in    1S5S   by    John   Fowler,   first,   under   the 
auspices  of  the  Highland  and  Agricultural  Society  of 
Scotland,  when  they  awarded  him  a  prize  of  ;!^200, 
and  again,  later  on,  by  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society 
of  England,  when  they  awarded  him  the  prize  of  ;^5oo. 
The  importance  of  steam  cultivation  can   be  learned 
from  the   fact   that   there   are   works   in  the  country 
at   present    in   full    operation,    employing    1200   men, 
doing   nothing  else  but  making  steam-ploughs.       To 
show  the  effect  which  steam  cultivation  has  produced 
in  other  countries,  he  might  state  that  one  farmer  in 
Egypt  is  employing  400   steam-ploughs  on  his  farm. 
The  same  farmer  had  sent  to  England  within  the  last 
twelve  months  orders  for  at  least  ;i^6oo,ooo  for  sugar 
machinery.     He  is  laying  down  400  miles  of  railway 
on  his   farm,   principally  to    carry   sugar-cane    to    his 
mills,  and  he  has  ordered  thirty  locomotive  engines  for 
this  railway.     And  this  farmer  is  the  Pacha.     If  you 
go  to  other  countries — take  Germany,  for  instance — you 
will  find  that  steam  cultivation  is  making  a  revolution 
in  their  agriculture.     Let  us  see  what  steam  cultivation 
is  doing  in  England.     There  are  working  for  hire  400 
to  500  sets  of  tackle,  and  a  large  proportion  of  these 
tackles  belong  to  private  individuals,    who   have  in- 
vested  in    them    for   profit,    and  who   are   depending 
entirely  on  this  source  of  income.      While  in  Essex, 
four  years  ago,  he  met  there  the  son  of  a  gentleman 
who  had  a  great  desire  to  become  practically  acquainted 
with  farming.     It  was  suggested  to  him  to  purchase  a 
steam-plough  to  hire  out  and  thus  get  a  connection 
with  farming.      He  did  so  ;  and  the  result  has  been 
that  he  has  found  it  so  profitable  that  he  is  now  the 
proprietor  of  seven  different  sets,  representing  a  capital 
of  ^"10,000.     There  are  several  public  companies  in 
I  England  who  employ  from  15  to  30  sets,  and  who  are 
'  paying  handsome  dividends.     A  private  gentleman  in 
London  bought  from  four  to  five  hundred  acres  of  land 
near  London  that  could  not  be  rented  at  ioj.  an  acre. 
He  took  out  the  fences,  drained  it,  bought  a  steam- 
plough,  put  it  all  in  white  crop,  continuing  every  year 
since  to  do  so.     Before  harvest  he  sells  the  whole  crop 
off  the  place  by  public  roup,  and  the  result  has  been 
contrary  to  the  expectations  of  his  neighbours,  that  the 
crops  have  increased  every  year  by  this  process.      Last 
year  and  the  year  before  he  had  a  clear  profit,  after 
allowing  £2  an  acre  for  rent,  of  ;!i^j6oo.     The  subject 
operated  upon  is  one  of  those  stiff  Eugliih  clays  which 


6o 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  13,   1872. 


cannot,  by  horse-power,  be  brought  into  profitable  cul- 
tivation. The  giant  in  steam  cultivation  in  England  is 
Mr.  Campbell,  who  bought  5000  acres  of  what  was 
considered  worthless  clay  land.  He  employs  two 
engines  of  30-horse  power  each,  nominal  (240  horse 
effective),  and  by  this  means  he  stirs  the  land  to  a  depth 
of  3  feet,  which  last  year  produced  crops  nearly  7  feet 
high.  Regarding  Scotland,  they  would  feel  gieater 
interest  in  learning  what  is  being  done  there.  There 
is  Mr.  Wilson,  Edlington  Mains — a  gentleman  who  is 
well  known  to  all  as  the  author  of  the  best  Scotch 
work  on  agriculture — British  Farming.  Mr.  Wilson 
is  one  of  the  most  enterprising  farmers  in  Scotland, 
and  would  be  glad,  he  felt  sure,  to  see  any  gentleman 
from  the  North  regarding  the  system  of  steam  cul- 
tivation which  he  so  successfully  employs.  Mr.  Hope, 
Fenton  Barns,  also  a  pioneer  in  agriculture,  has  eni- 
ployed  steam  for  the  last  six  or  seven  years,  and  his 
crops  this  year  were  a  wonderful  illustration  of  the 
benefit  to  be  derived  from  steam  cultivation.  Mr. 
Henderson,  Longnidclry,  some  years  ago,  embarked 
in  a  steam-plough,  costing  him  /1500;  he  had  not 
used  it  long  when  he  secured  another,  and  with  these 
he  continues  his  system  with  the  most  satisfactory 
results.  Mr.  Roughead,  the  late  Provost  of  Hadding- 
ton, also  acquired  a  steam-plough  on  the  single  engine 
principle,  but  this  year  he  is  so  convinced  of  the 
superiority  of  the  double  system,  that  he  has  had  it 
transformed.  Mr.  Fortune,  Elphinstone  Tower,  who 
farms  about  600  acres,  is  a  great  example  of  what 
can  be  done  with  steam  under  cifficulties.  His  land 
is  not  only  infested  with  boulders,  but  it  might  be  said 
to  be  one  complete  boulder.  Nothwithstanding  this, 
Mr.  Fortune  has  had  less  breakage  with  his  steam- 
plough  than  any  one  he  knew  of.  If  any  were  anxious 
to  see  steam  caltivation  taken  full  advantage  of,  a  visit 
to  Mr.  Twcedie,  Coats,  near  Haddington,  would  be 
amply  repaid.  In  Kincardineshire  there  has  been  a 
joint-stock  company  in  existence  for  six  or  seven  years, 
with  the  result,  up  to  this  time,  of  one-third  of  its 
original  capital  in  the  "  till,"  and  a  dividend  of  5  per 
cent,  this  year  ;  and  all  this,  notwithstanding  the 
great  difficulty  with  which  they  have  had  to  contend 
in  the  education  of  their  men,  and  the  replacement, 
from  revenue,  of  all  their  implements,  which  got  anti- 
quated. 

COiMPosiTioN  OF  Foods  and  Manures. — The 
following  is  Dr.  Upjohn's  report  of  work  done  for  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  Ireland: — 

"  The  number  of  analyses  I  have  made  and  reported  on 
for  members  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  since  Dec. 
3r,  1870,  is  very  large,  as  it  reaches  63  [viz.,  23  for  vendors 
of  manures,  22  fornon-vendors.  and  18  for  farmers"  societies] 
- — an  amount  of  work  which  I  would  be  quite  imable  to 
get  through  were  it  not  for  the  help  I  received  from  my 
assistant  in  the  numerous  chemical  and  mechanical 
operations  which  have  to  be  conscientiously  performed, 
in  order  to  the  accuracy  of  the  results.  The  matters 
analysed  have  been,  2  specimens  of  soot,  4  soils,  9  linseed 
cakes,  i  cotton  cake,  i  sample  of  bread,  8  guanos,  6 
phospho-guanos,  2  nitro-phosphates,  29  superphosphates, 
I  specimen  of  kainit,  making  up,  as  already  observed,  the 
total  number  of  63.  The  soot  contained  3.4  per  cent,  of 
ammonia,  which  gave  it  the  value  ji^ 2  lu.  per  ton.  The 
linseed  cakes  were  of  medium  quality,  the  average  per- 
centage of  oil  being  10.5,  and  that  of  the  nitrogenous  or 
flesh-forming  constituents,  29.11.  Some  years  since  the 
proportion  of  oil  in  the  unadulterated  cake  was  con- 
siderably higher,  its  average  amount  being  13.5  in  the 
100.  So  large  a  quantity  is  now  never  found  upon  an 
analysis, — I  presume  because  the  machinery  used  in  ex- 
tracting the  oil  has  been  improved,  and  that  a  high 
pressure  is  employed.  The  composition  of  the  cotton 
cake  is  remarkable,  and  deserves  the  attention  of  all 
persons  who  are  interested  in  the  feeding  and  fattening 
of  cattle.  The  specimen  mentioned  in  the  above  list 
actually  includes  once  and  a-half  as  much  oil,  and  once 
and  a-half  as  much  of  the  flesh-producing  constituents,  as 
an  equal  weight  of  linseed  cake,  and  therefore  should  be 
once  and  a-half  as  valuable  for  feeding  purposes.  The 
only  drawback  to  its  value  that  I  know  of  is  that  the  husk 
or  shell  of  the  cotton  seed  is  of  a  very  indurated  nature, 
and  that,  in  the  best  cotton  cake,  the  decortication  of  the 
seed  is  scarcely  ever  complete.  The  guanos  in  my  list 
are,  all  but  one,  of  a  quality  much  inferior  to  the  article 
with  which  farmers  were  once  supplied  from  the  Chincha 
Isles.  Instead  of  containing  16  per  cent.,  they  yield,  as 
a  mean,  but  11.4  per  cent  of  ammonia,  and  are  inferior 
in  value  to  the  original  Peruvian  guano  in  the  ratio  of 
7  to  10.  This  is  a  matter  which  should  be  generally 
known  to  tillage  farmers,  and  I  have  already  alluded  to 
it  in  my  last  report.  Of  the  substances  analysed  during 
the  present  year  for  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  29 
have  been  superphosphates ;  that  is,  manures  in  the  pre- 
paration of  which  phosphate  of  lime  has  been  used,  a 
greater  or  less  proportion  of  this  material  being  rendered 
soluble  by  the  action  of  oil  of  vitrei.  I  find  that  the 
average  quantity  of  phosphate  of  lime  which  has  been 
made  soluble,  in  the  case  of  29  samples,  is  26.4,  corre- 
sponding to  16.89  ^^  bi-phosphate  of  lime  in  the  manure, 
the  money  value  of  which  is  ;^5  \os.  91/.  In  simple 
superphosphates  there  is  generally  but  a  very  small 
quantity  of  ammonia.  The  mean  percentage  amount  of 
this  valuable  constituent  in  the  specimens  under  con- 
sideration is  only  0.39  ;  so  that  the  amount  in  a  ton  is 
only  worth  5^.  ^d.  In  all  these  superphosphates  the 
phosphate  of  lime  was  derived,  not  from  bones,  but  from 
coprolites  ;  so  that,  leaving  out  of  account  (as  is  usually 
done)  the  portion  of  the  coprolitic  phosphate  which  has 
resisted  the  solvent  action  of  the  acid,  the  mean  value  of 
a  ton  of  these  fertilizers  will  be  _^5  165.  Btj'.  Four  of  the 
29  superphosphates  were  prepared  from  bones  ;  and,  as 
the  ammonia  in  these  is  up  to  1.38  per  cent.,  the  quantity 


of  it  in  a  ton  will  be  worth  19J.  <^d.  The  phosphate  of 
lime,  too,  derived  from  bones,  having  a  money  value 
which  is  nearly  a  third  of  that  of  bi-phosphate,  we  are 
enabled  to  conclude  that  a  bone  super-phosphate  will  be 
generally  worth  very  nearly  £,'].  With  superphosphates 
we  may  group  some  other  manures,  a  few  of  which 
appear  amongst  those  I  have  analysed  for  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society.  They  are  generally  called  phospho- 
guanos,  and  are  merely  superphosphates,  to  which  an 
ammoniacal  salt,  or  some  nitrogenous  manure,  such  as 
Peruvian  guano,  has  been  added,  so  as  to  raise  the 
ammonia  to  about  4  per  cent.  Some  of  these,  yielding 
a  smaller  amount  of  ammonia,  say  1.5  per  cent.,  are 
called  nitro-phosphates — a  designation  calculated  to  mis- 
lead, as  it  suggests  the  idea  of  nitre  being  present,  an 
inference  which  I  have  not  been  able  to  verify  in  any  of 
them  which  I  have  carefully  e.xamined.  A  good  phospho- 
guano,  i.e.,  one  containing  4  per  cent,  of  ammonia,  and 
at  least  20  per  cent,  bi-phosphate  of  lime  {the  equivalent 
of  31.25  per  cent,  of  phosphate  of  hme  made  soluble), 
if  sold  for  9  gs.  a  ton,  is,  I  think,  generally  speaking,  the 
safest  for  the  farmer  to  invest  in.  It  already  includes  a 
sufficient  amount  of  the  volatile  alkalies,  so  that  the 
agricultunst  is  relieved  from  the  necessity  of  adding  to  it 
Peruvian  guano,  or  an  ammoniacal  salt." 

Sewage  and  Ordinary  Irrigation. — The  advan- 
tage of  sewage  irrigation  is  fully  proved  on  a  small 
scale  in  the  neighbourhood  of  many  towns  in  Northern 
Italy,  where  marcitc,  or  winter  meadows,  irrigated  by 
canals  that  receive  part  of  the  town  drainage,  and 
charged  with  an  abundance  of  fertilising  matter,  are 
found  not  only  to  retain  a  higher  temperature  than  the 
air,  but  to  stimulate  the  productive  powers  of  these 
meadows  by  rich  deposits.  The  marcite  meadows  in 
the  vicinity  of  Milan,  watered  by  the  Vettabia,  a 
branch  of  the  Naviglio  interno  that  penetrates  into  the 
heart  of  the  city,  receiving  a  considerable  part  of  the 
sewage,  are  for  this  reason  rendered  so  fertile  that  they 
yield  from  six  to  nine  crops  of  gi-ass  annually,  equal 
in  weight  from  45  to  50  tons  per  acre.  These  crops 
are  cut  about  every  40  days,  while  the  ordinary 
7narcitc  meadows  in  Lombardy,  irrigated  with  pure 
spring  water,  can  only  be  mown  every  60  or  70 
days.  The  vegetation  in  this  manner  receives  a 
constant  stimulus,  and  supplies  the  dairy-keepers 
throughout  the  year  with  a  sufficient  quantity  of  green 
food,  with  the  exception  of  about  a  month  in  the  spring, 
when  the  canal  is  closed  for  cleansing  and  repairs. 
This  has  a  marked  efTect  upon  the  production  of  milk, 
which,  during  this  period,  is  considerably  diminished. 
With  regard  to  the  remarks  made  by  Mr.  Denton  on 
ordinary  irrigation  in  Italy,  I  certainly  cannot  agree 
with  him  as  to  the  loss  he  says  is  estimated  by  Italian 
irrigators,  in  carrying  forward  the  waters  for  distri- 
bution over  their  land,  and  which  seems  to  me  to  be 
greatly  exaggeiated,  and  not  likely  to  throw  much 
credit  on  Italian  engineering.  Nadault  de  Buffon 
gives  the  following  results  of  three  experiments  made 
in  Lombardy,  on  the  loss  of  water  in  canals  by  filtra- 
tion and  evaporation,  meaning  the  total  quantity  intro- 
duced and  that  taken  out  for  irrigation,  &c.  From 
this  it  appears  that  the  loss  was  : — 

Naviglio  Grande  . .  ..         ..     0.129  of  total  amount. 

Naviglio  Marlesana        ..  ..     0.107  >.         >. 

Canal  Muzza         0.161  ,,         „ 

There  would,  of  course,  be  a  further  loss  in  the  distri- 
buting channels  before  reaching  the  laud.  These 
remarks,  however,  do  not  refer  to  the  irrigation  of 
winter  meadows,  which  it  is  impossible  to  establish 
without  having  a  great  deal  more  water  than  is  abso- 
lutely necessary  for  the  mere  irrigation  of  the  land. 
Under  ordinary  circumstances,  only  a  quarter  of  the 
total  quantity  of  water  required  would  be  absorbed 
by  the  land,  leaving  a  surplus  of  three-quarters  to  flow 
away  to  waste,  or,  where  the  land  is  adapted,  to  do 
duty  at  a  lower  level.  This  surplus  water  is  most 
valuable,  as  in  its  passage  over  the  surface  of  the 
meadow  it  carries  away  a  portion  of  the  manure. 
These  meadows  are  established  at  different  levels.  It 
is  the  custom  of  farmers  to  manure  more  highly  the 
upper  ones,  the  water  itself  bearing  the  fertilising 
matter  to  the  lower  levels.  Although  Italian  agricul- 
turists are  far  from  indifferent  to  the  loss  of  water  in 
conducting  it  from  the  source  to  the  fields,  the  above- 
mentioned  loss  of  water  in  marcite  cultivation  is 
comparatively  of  little  consequence,  as  it  is  only  during 
the  winter  season  that  it  is  carried  on,  the  land 
being  irrigated  in  the  summer  in  the  ordinary 
manner,  when  water  is  considerably  dearer,  and  in 
great  demand  for  rice  and  other  crops.  The 
following  Table,  taken  from  a  paper  published  by 
the  College  of  Engineers  at  Pavia,  shows  the  value  of 
a  cubic  metre  of  water  in  that  province  : — 


tinuous  slope.  Supposing,  for  sake  of  illustration,  this  fall 
to  be  I  metre  in  1000,  and  that  springs  are  met  with  at  a 
depth  of  4  metres  below  the  surface,  it  is  evident  that, 
in  order  to  tap  them  for  irrigating  a  lower  part  of  the 
plain,  one  would  have  to  make  a  canal ;  and,  giving 
this  canal  a  fall  of  60  centimetres  per  1000  metres,  its 
length  from  the  source  to  the  land  requiring  irrigation 
would  be  10  kilometres.  This  is  far  from  an  extreme 
case,  and  a  large  landed  proprietor  near  Mortara,  in 
order  to  obtain  an  abundant  supply  of  water  for  irri- 
gation purposes,  has  tapped  springs  at  a  distance  of  not 
less  than  20  kilometres  north  of  his  farm,  which  is 
brought  down  by  a  canal  in  deep  cutting  at  its  source, 
the  depth  of  which  gradually  decreases  as  it  descends, 
until  it  reaches  the  land  to  be  irrigated,  when  the 
water  is  on  a  level  with  the  surface  of  the  fields.  This 
canal,  which  has  less  fall  than  the  natural  slope  of  the 
country,  loses  a  considerable  quantity  of  water  by 
filtration  at  the  lower  part  of  its  source,  and  so  pro- 
bably tempts  other  proprietors  some  miles  further 
south,  who  are  enabled  to  tap  it  at  a  lower  level,  and 
bring  it  on  to  their  lands  by  another  canal.  P.  Le  Nei'e 
Foster,  Jutt. ,  C.  E.,  Mortara^  LomcUina,  Italy, 
Dec.  16,  1871,  in  yournal  0/  Society  of  Arts. 


Lowest  price 
Average  price 
Highest  price 


For  Winter 
Irrigation. 


For  Summer 
Irrigation. 


Frs. 
0.002 
0.004 
0.008 


Frs. 

O.OOOI 

0.0003 
0.0005 


The  power  of  regaining  the  water  which  is  absorbed  by 
the  soil,  by  tapping  it  at  a  lower  lever,  is  not  as  advan- 
tageous asit  appears  from  Mr.  Denton's  paper,  for  in  the 
majority  of  cases  no  individual  proprietor  is  directly 
benefited  by  the  tapping  of  the  water  that  he  has  lost,  but 
which  probably  benefits  other  landowners. some  miles 
distant.  The  irrigated  plain  of  Northern  Italy  stretches 
away  sonthward  from  the  Alps  to  the  Po,  in  one  con- 


[Will  our  correspondents  in  this  column  be  good  enough  to 
tell  us  the  area,  cropping,  stocking,  soil,  and  other  particulars  of 
their  several  farms  ?] 

Ross-shire  :  jfan.  i.  —  A  general  holiday. 
Jan.  2.  Ploughing  stubbles  for  green  crop  with  one 
furrow  across  the  hill,  from  lo  to  12  inches  deep. 
Jan.  3,  4,  5.  Do.  Jan.  6.  Trucking  Barley,  weight 
56  lb.  per  bush.  Each  morning  an  hour  in  the  bam 
threshing  or  dressing  grain.  The  cattle,  about  70  head, 
attended  to  by  a  man  and  a  boy. 

Chatteris  :  Jan.  6.  —  Ploughing  lands  designed 
for  Potatos  and  Oats,  a  few  spare  men  going  before  the 
ploughs  to  fork  out  any  little  patches  of  Twitch  or 
Couch  grass  they  may  find.  This  work  has  been 
retarded  by  the  severe  frosts  of  the  last  two  months, 
but  rapid  progress  is  now  being  made.  The  other 
men  are  all  engaged  in  attendance  upon  cattle  and 
sheep.  A.  S,  /H. 

North  Wilts  :  yati.  6.  —  In  consequence  of  con- 
tinuous ram,  horses  have  been  employed  at  dungcart, 
delivering  corn  to  station,  and  threshing  Wheat  and 
chaff  cutting.  Wheat  sowing  has  been  finished  some 
time.  Ewes  in  the  pastures  days  and  folded  on  Turnips 
at  night.  Fat  tegs  on  Swedes,  also  the  ewe  tegs  for 
stock.  Cattle  in  stalls  and  yards  fed  on  roots,  chaff, 
and  hay,  the  feeding  stock  having  in  addition  cake  and 
meal.  The  pastures,  now  soaked  by  late  rains,  dressed 
by  hand  and  bush-harrow.  Labourers  not  with  stock 
employed  haulm  cutting,  pitting  Swedes,  and  throwing 
up  dung,  trenching,  &c.  £.  W.  M. 

Roxburghshire:  Jan.  8.  —  The  weather  during 
winter  has  been  variable  in  the  extreme,  and  has 
delayed  all  sorts  of  farm  labour.  We  have  been  busy 
this  last  week  in  getting  forward  with  our  lea  plough, 
ing,  and  during  the  early  part  of  the  week  storing  and 
ploughing  in  [?]  Turnips.  Feeding  cattle  are  thriving 
well,  but  the  wet  lie  the  sheep  have  to  put  up  with  on 
the  Turnip  land  is  telling  against  them. 

West  Sussex:  Jan.  8.— The  weather  is  still  very 
rough  attd  wet,  and  all  outdoor  work  is  at  a  standstill. 
But  we  shall  sow  Peas  as  soon  as  the  land  gets  in  a 
sufficiently  dry  state,  as  we  find  that  the  earlier  they 
are  got  in  the  better  they  do.  They  do  not  blight  so 
readily,  and  come  to  harvest  earlier,  so  that  we  can  get 
them  secured  before  the  corn  harvest  interferes,  and 
also  get  the  land  worked  and  cleaned,  so  that  late 
Turnips  may  be  put  in.  This  is  not  often  done,  as 
Wheat  usually  follows  Peas.  Lambing  goes  on  slowly, 
and  the  fields  are  in  a  bad  state  for  sheep  to  feed  upon, 
so  that  we  have  to  carry  roots  out  on  the  meadows  to 
them.   G.  S. 

Leicester  :  Jan.  8. — Finished  storing  Swedes.  A 
very  heavy  crop  of  sound  roots.  Ploughing  Turnip 
break  for  Barley.  Levelling  old  banks  and  fences. 
Milch  cows  fed  upon  Cabbages,  Swedes,  grains,  cut 
barley-straw,  and  about  S  lb.  of  hay  per  day ;  stores 
and  in-calf  heifers  getting  6  st.  of  Swedes,  pulped, 
with  cut  barley-straw  and  a  little  hay ;  horses,  7  lb. 
Oats,  4  lb.  Peas,  I  lb.  linseed  cake,  cut  straw,  and  5  lb. 
of  hay,  per  day  ;  pigs,  boiled  Swedes  and  barley  meal. 
Markets  slightly  improved,  a  rise  on  some  descriptions 
of  grain  ;  all  firmer.    T.  C. 

Chalk  Land  Farm,  Berkshire  :  Jan.  8.— The 
year  has  commenced  with  very  high  winds,  and  the 
largest  downfall  of  rain  which  we  have  had  for  the  last 
three  months.  To-day  the  Thames  is  much  swollen, 
but  the  heavy  rain  and  wind  will  do  much  good  in 
settling  the  earth  round  the  roots  of  the  Wheat  plant, 
which  had  been  made  hollow  by  the  early  frosts.  The 
Wheat  generally  looks  well,  but  much  of  it  is  very 
backward,  and  there  is  still  a  considerable  breadth 
to  sow  as  soon  as  the  Turnips  are  consumed  ;  but 
the  crop  of  roots  is  so  large,  and  sheep  scarce, 
that  many  farmers  are  ploughing  them  in.  The  only 
work  that  can  be  done  is  fallowing,  where  not  com- 
pleted, and  carting  dung  into  heaps  for  the  next  root 
crop.  J.  H. 

South  Gloucestershire  :  Jan.  9. — The  young 
Wheat  looks  all  the  better  for  the  heavy  rain, 
but  we  are  now  longing  for  fair  weather,  so  that  we 


January  13,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette, 


61 


may  get  on  with  the  winter  work.     We  find  plenty  for 
the  odd  hands  to  do  cleaning  up  the  pastures.   7-  ^^ 

North  Riding,  Yorkshire  :  Jan.  9. — Owing  to 
continued  wet  weather,  farm  operations  almost  nil. 
A  little  ploughing  done  of  seed-land  for  Oats.  Sheep 
on  Turnips  in  a  deplorable  state,  and  have  had  to  be 
removed  to  grass  fields  for  a  dry  lair.  A  frost  set  in 
yesterday,  and  continues  to-day,  but  barometer  very 
low,  and  we  shall  probably  have  a  change  or  a  fall  of 
snow.  Condition  of  corn  threshed  very  indifferent, 
being  stacked  in  a  soft  condition,  and  with  no  drying 
winds  has  remained  so. 

Tiptree  Hall:  Jan.  9. — Seventy  acres  of  Wheat 
coming  up  a  full  plant,  though  rather  late,  nearly 
all  drilled  i  bush,  per  acre  ;  6  acres  of  winter  Tares, 
a  good  plant ;  9  acres  of  winter  Beans,  also  a  plant. 
Drains  running  freely,  although  our  heavy  land  is 
as  slippery  as  butter,  and  as  adhesive  as  hot  pitch  or 
melted  glue.  Plenty  of  Cabbages  and  Kohl  Rabi  for 
our  lambing  ewes,  and  a  superabundance  of  Mangels 
in  clump.  Sold  /290  worth  of  Clover  hay  ; 
live  stock  healthy,  and  going  on  well.  Six  acres  of 
white  Peas  drilled  in  on  the  7th.  The  longer  I  live 
the  more  convinced  am  I  that  deep  cultivation,  after 
drainage,  is  the  sheet-anchor  of  farming.  Next  to  that 
comes  covered  and  enclosed  yard-manure,  made  upon 
a  paved  floor,  by  animals  consuming  much  corn  and 
cake,  malt  combs,  Ueans,  hay,  and  straw-chafl^,  and  a 
moderate  quantity  of  pulped  roots.  On  the  light  land 
sheep  close  folded  within  moveable  iron  hurdles,  and 
fed  with  cake,  corn,  i^c,  in  addition  to  what  they  find 
on  the  land.  Every  man  who  values  money  or  profit, 
will  take  care  to  pass  his  Turnips  through  the  cutter  or 
pulper.   J.  y,  JMechi. 

South  Northumberland  :  Jan.  lo. — Weather  wet 
the  latter  part  of  last  week,  but  fine  days  now,  with 
frost  night  and  morning. 

Jan.  4.  Carting  Turnips,  coals,  and  setting  up  hurdles. 

5.  Threshing  Wheat. 

6.  Mending  farm  roads,  and  ploughing  lea. 

8.  Ploughing  lea,  getting  in  coals,  cutting  hay  for  horses, 

and  delivering  Wheat. 

9.  Ploughing  stubble. 
10.   Ditto. 

General  :   feeding   cattle,   cutting   Swedes    for  sheep. 
Prospective  work  :  ploughing  stubbles.  A.  W.  D, 


unfavourable  for  slaughtering,  consequently  trade  is  slow, 
and  lover  prices  are  taken.  We  are  but  moderately 
supplied  with  Sheep,  the  demand  is  also  very  limited  ;  on 
the  average  prices  are  lower,  and  it  is  very  difficult  to 
effect  a  clearance.  Calves  are  still  very  scarce  and  dear. 
Trade  is  not  quite  so  brisk  for  Milch  Cows,  and  prices 
are  rather  lower.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  390 
Beasts,   1150  Sheep,  and  52  Calves  ;  Milch  Cows,  60. 


Notices   to   Correspondents. 

Draining  ;  Agricola.  Air  wells  in  the  course  of  long 
drains  will  not  help  the  flow.  Fill  in  the  clay  over  the 
drain.  You  need  not  ram  it  down  at  first  upon  the 
tiles,  but  tread  it  firmly  in  afterwards,  ^d.  to  td.  per 
pole  of  5  yards  is  the  price  for  30-inch  drains  in  ordi 
nary  soil. 

Manures  :  7*.  Baily.  Probably  bone-dust,  if  you  have 
not  got  farm  dung,  is  the  best  dressing  you  can  apply, 
get  it  rotted  in  wet  sand,  and  apply  10  or  15  cwt.  per 
acre  in  compost.  Major  iVIunn's  frame  hive  can  be  had 
of  Mr.  Pettitt,  Margate  Street,  Dover  ;  or  of  Messrs. 
Neighbour.  Regent  Street,  London. 


Best  Scots,  Here-  1  Best    Long-wools 

fords,  &c.          ..  5     6to5     8  I  Do.  Shorn 

Rest  Shorthorns  . .  5     4 — 5     6     Ewes  &  2d  quality 

ad   quality    Beasts  4    o — 5     o     Do.  Shorn 

Best    Downs    and  Lambs 

Half-breds        ..  6  10—7     o     Calves 

Do.  Shorn           . .  . .  —  . .     I  Pigs 
Beasts,  1260 ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  5200;  Calves,  81 


J.  d.    s.  d. 
6    6to6     8 


3    a— 5 

Pigs,  15. 


C  Mn™!^;^   "ANTI-CLOCHE-  VENTILATED 

TFCTOR    r.^^^'^^'^o'^'^^^  PLANT,  FLOWER  and  SEED  PRO- 

TEC1  OR,  preserves  Plants.  &c.,  from  Snails,  Slugs,  Earwigs,  Wind. 

Rain,  and  frost ;  quite  as  usefuf  for  all  piirpi>scs  as  the  lilnd  R  ass 
fhev  .'r'/Hfj^  •  ^""^  ,^^'^'tl^^'"  ^°^'-  ^"^  Gardener  can  rVp^i?  them 
I  hey  arc  made  m  nests,  of  different  sizes      Cost  of  Si^t    with  one  fnr 

protecting  Gladiolus  or  ^lollyhocks,  DahliasfKoses    oV  Chn'san.he- 

Guinea      \\S^kTcC^'J"  '''t''  "'if'   ^^^  ^"  complete,  fr^m   One 
Guinea,      ine  Anti-(_locne  can  be  made  any  size 

Estimales  Riven  lo  Nurserymen,  Market  Gardeners   Src    for  larse 

quantities      *hen  not  in   use,  they  pack  in  a  ve™ ImaU   cSraSss 

without  liabihly  to  breakage.     To  be  obtained  frorS^  compass, 

W   F.  C'HAPMA>r,  Patentee,  Bristol  Road,  Gloucester 

A  remittance  from  unknown  Correspondents  will  have  attention 


Red. 
Red. 


Red. 


Malting  . . 
Making  .. 

Feed  .... 
Feed  .... 
Feed  . . . . 
Foreign  . . 


ilarkts* 


ENGLISH  WOOL, 
Prices  continue  steadily  to  advance.  The  small  stocks 
and  the  great  material  prosperity  of  the  country,  which 
enables  the  working  classes  to  expend  large  sums  in 
clothing,  are  unfailing  elements  of  strength,  and  at  present 
there  seems  every  likelihood  of  a  further  rise. 


HAY.— Per  Load  of -^6  Trusses. 
Smithfield,  Thursday,  Jan. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay,  Soi.togor. 

Inferior  do 60         70 

Rowen     40        65 

Inferior  do —        — 

Straw 


30 


37 


Clover,  old  . . 
Inferior  do.  .. 
Prime  2d  cut  do. 
Inferior  do.     . . 


.ii5^.tor3<w. 
.   70         90 


Cumberland  Market.  Thursday,  Jan.  11. 
Sup.  Meadow  Hay  92j.toioo^.     Inferior  Clover      .,  84J.toicKW. 

Inferior  do 70  86       Prime  2d  cut  do.  . .  —  — 

New  do _  _     (New  do.     ..         .     —         _ 

Inferior  do  ..    -  -     i  Straw      40  45 

Supenor  Clover   ..no        140     ' Joshua  Baker 

METROPOLITAN  MEAT  MARJ^MT,  Jan.  11. 

Best  Fresh  Butter         19^.  per  dozen  lb. 

Second  do.  do.  . .         , .         , .     17^-. 

Small  Pork,  3*.    Zd.  to  4J.    4^.  ;  Large  Pork,   3V.  od.  to 
y.  id.  per  8  lb. 


MARK    LANE. 

MoNDAV,  Jan.  8. 

The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this  Tnorning's  market 
was  small,  and  disposed  of  at  is.  per.cir.  upon  the  prices 
of  this  day  sc'nnight.  There  was  a  moderate  attendance, 
and  the  business  done  in  foreign  was  at  the  extreme  rates 
of  last  week.  Malting  Barley  was  fully  as  dear,  grinding 
rather  easier,  with  a  good  sale.  Maize  slow.  Beans  and 
Peas  were  i^.  per  qr.  cheaper.  New  Swedish  Oats  were 
6d.  per  qr.  dearer,  other  descriptions  unaltered.  Flour 
without  alteration  in  value. 

Price  per  imperial  Quarter, 
Wheat,    Essex,  Kent,  Suffolk.. White 

— ■  fine  selected  runs do. 

—  Talavera 

~  Norfolk     

—  Foreign    

Barley,  grind  &dist.,26f  to  31,?  .Chev. 

—  Foreign.. grinding  and   distilling 
Oats,  Essex  and  Suffolk  

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire.  .Potato 

—  Irish Potati 

—  Foreign  ....  .Poland  and  Brew 

Rye 

Rye-meal,    Foreign  

Beans,  Mazagan....32.s,  to  34.?.. .Tick 

—  Pigeon 37s.  to  58.?. . .  Winds 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  White,  Essex, and  Kent.. Boilers 

—  -     Maple,  — s.  to  — s Grey 

Maize 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered.,  per  sack 

—  2d  ditto   ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 

Wednesday,  Jan.  10. 
Although  fhe  transactions  in  grain  to-day  were  not  ex- 
tensive, the  tone  of  the  market  was  firm,  and  the  tendency 
of  the  quotations  was  favourable.  Supplies  of  English 
Wheat  were  small,  and  generally  in  bad  condition,  but 
there  was  a  good  show  of  foreign  on  offer.  The  [demand 
for  all  descriptions  was  in  retail  only,  but  full  rates  were 
demanded  and  paid.  Flour  ruled  quiet,  but  steady  in 
value.  In  Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  there  was  scarcely 
anything  doing,  but  Maize  and  Oats  were  firm  in  price. 

Arrivals  of  Grain,  &c.,  into  London  by  Water  Carriage. 


55—60 
58-62 
60 — 64 

51—69 
38—40 
28—31 
20 — 23 
25—27 
24—26 
22 — 26 
31—33 

34—49 

40—44 
39—41 


55-58 
57—59 


33-3! 


20 — 22 
14—19 


34—49 
33—34 


Harrow  .. 
Longpod  . 
Egyptian. 
Suffolk    . .  41 — 44 
Foreign  ..36—44 
Foreign  ..  32 — 35 

40 — 42  Country  ..  40 — 42 
24 — 28  Per  sack,.  38-60 


E  "^^  /^?r"^/'^  "FRIGl  DOMO."_  Patronised 
-l-l.  and  used  for  FrogmoreandKe%yGardcns.  It  is  made  entirely 
of  prepared  wool,  and  a  perfect  nonconductor  of  heat  or  cold  where  it 
IS  applied.  "ucic  lb 

PROTECTION  AGAINST  the  COLD  WINDS  and  MORNING 

FROSTS. 

WOOL  NETTING,  2  yards  wide  and  is.  td.  per  yard. 

"  FRIGI  DOMO"  CANVAS." 

Two  yards  wide is.  lorf.  per  yard. 

Three  yards  wide 2s.  to<<.  per  yard. 

l-ouryardswide 3s.  toii.  per  yard. 

SCRIM  CANVAS,  72  inches  wide,  yoyardslong,  sJ^d.  toBJ^rf.  p.  yard. 

HESSIAN  CANVAS,  do.,   do.,  54  and  7»  inches  wide,  tiid.  and 

a^d.  per  yard. 

^tf.^/^^,'^  X-  ARCHER,  Only  Maker  of  "  Frigi  Dome,"  3,  Cannon 
Street,  City,  E.C. ;  and  of  all  Seedsmen  in  London  or  the  Country. 

NOTICE.— Removed  from  7,  Great  Trinity  Lane. 


COTTAM'S     PATENT     PORTABLE 
cow    FITTINGS, 


UNITED 


Iheir  aci\aiua;,'e5  are— Portability,  not  fixtures,  removable  at 
pleasiire;  no  Woodwork  o:  Partitions  to  impede  Ventilation  or  breed 
Vermm;  Hay  Rick  dispensed  with  as  unnecessary;  increased  width 
and  depth  of  Feeding  Troughs,  Water  Cistern,  and  Patent  Drop 
Cover  to  prevent  over-gorging.  Cleanly,  durable,  and  impervious  to 
mlection,  being  all  of  Iron.     Price  of  Fittings  per  Cow,  551. 

Prospectuses  free  of  COTTAM  and  Co.,  Iron  Worxs,  2,  Winsley 
Street  (opposite  the  Pantheon),  Oxford  Street.  London,  W.,  where  the 
above  are  exhibited,  together  with  several  important  Improvements 
in  Stable  I-ittings  just  secured  by  Patent. 


aiR  J.  PAXTON'S  HOTHOUSES  for  the  MILLION. 
y~J  Reduced  Price  Lists  free.    A  Pamphlet,  with  Views  of  these  and 


other  Glass  Roofs,  for  three  stam; 

14,  Tichborne  Street,  Regent  Quadrant,  London,  W. 


Shlet,  with  Views  of  these  and 
EREMAN  AND  MORTON, 


English  & 
Scotch . . 
Irish 

Foreign  . . 


Qrs. 
190 


Barley. 


Qrs. 

570 


3280 


Qrs. 


Flour. 


(    1000  brls. 


Liverpool,  Jan.  9. — There  was  a  good  attendance, 
and  a  good  business  done  in  Wheat  for  consumption,  at 
Friday's  rates,  an  attempt  to  obtain  an  advance  thereon 
having  failed.  Flour  was  steady,  and  in  fair  request. 
Beans  and  Peas  unchanged.  Oats  quiet.  Oatmeal  in 
rather  more  request.  Indian  Corn  yl.  per  qr.  dearer, 
with  moderate  sales  ;  mixed  American,  32J. 
Averages. 


Jan. 


23  .. 
30  .. 
6  .. 

Average 


Wheat. 


56s   jd 
56  10 

56    S 

SS  8 
55  4 
54  II 


55   II 


Barley. 


36S101/ 
37  I 
37  I 
36  g 
36  5 
36     8 


36  10 


Oats. 


23s  8rf 

24      2 


HOT- WATER  APPARATUS 

erected  Complete,  or  the  Materials  supplied  (or  Heating 
l«,tmtd  CcHual.  *^HOTHOUsls '^'  Tubular  BoiUr. 

CONSERVATORIES, 
CHURCHES, 
PUBLIC    BUILDINGS,  &c. 
HOT-WATER  PIPESat  whole- 
sale prices  i    Elbows,  T  Pieces, 
Syphons,  and  every  other  connec- 
tion kept  in  stock. 

WROUGHT  and  CAST-IRON 
CONICAL,  SADDLE,  and 

IMPROVED  CONICAL, 
also  Elliptic,  Boilers,  from  24s.  each  ' 
Improved  and  extra  strong  CAST-IRON  TUBULAR  BOILERS, 
with  or  without  Water  Bars,  from  52s,  M.  each. 

CAST  and  WROUGHT-IRON  PORTABLE  BOILERS,  on  Stand, 
for  use  without  brickwork,  from  60s.  each. 

Patent  THROTTLE  and  other  VALVES, 
FURNACE  DOORS,  BARS,  and  FURNACE 
WORK  of  every  description  ana  size. 

INDIA-RUBBER      RINGS     for     Pipe    Joints; 
Sockets  require  no  other  packing,     ElliUic  BoiUr. 
and  are  perfectly  water-tight.  ^-"'/'"^  x,„,,.r. 

Goods,  of  the  very  best  manu- 
facture, delivered  at  Railway  or 
Wharf  in  London. 


FortabU  Bailer. 


LYNCH  WHITE,  ,,,,„.  , 

Old  Barge   Iron   Wharf,   Upper  jJiiMM 

Ground  Street,  London.S.  E.  (Surrey  

side  Blackfriars  Bridge).     Price  List  on  application. 


N   D  CO. 


METROPOLITAN  CATTLE  MARKET. 

Monday,  Jan.  8. 
The  number  of  Beasts  is  not  quite  so  large  as  last  week, 
but  the  average  quality  is  good.  Trade  is  not  so  brisk, 
and  prices  are,  generally  speaking,  rather  lower.  There 
are  a  few  more  Sheep,  and  the  demand  is  scarcely  as 
good  ;  choicest  qualities  are  but  little  altered  in  price ; 
trade  is  slow  for  other  kinds.  Choice  Calves  are  stili 
very  scarce  and  dear.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of 
700  Beasts,  700  Sheep,  and  136  Calves;  from  Scot- 
land there  are  213  Beasts ;  from  Ireland,  700 ;  from 
Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  1000  ;  and  1227  from  the  Midland 
and  Home  Cotmties. 

-      .         —         '■  i-   '■  d.  '  s.  d.  s.  d. 

6    8t07    o 


Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c. 

Best  Shorthorns  .. 

2d  quality  Beasts 

Best  Downs  and 
Half-breds 

Bo.  Shorn 


8t05  10 
6-5  ' 
4—5 


0—5 


Best      Long-wools 
Do.  Shorn 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  5 

I  Do.  Shorn            . .  . .  —  . . 

Lambs       . .         . .  . ,  —  . . 

Calves       . .         . .  4    8 — 6    8 

u                         -       -  -        •  ■    i  Piss          - .         . .  3    8 — 5    o 
1  Beasu,  3840  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  12,680  :  Calves,  157I  Pigsf  65. 

Thursday,  Jan.  ir 


0—7 


SEED  MARKET. 
The  recent  heavy  arrivals  of  American  red  Clover  have 
somewhat  depressed  the  value  of  this  description  on  this 
side  :  this,  however,  applies  especially  to  second-rate 
qualities.  Cable  advices  to  hand  from  New  York  describe 
the  market  there  as  very  firm.  English  samples  are 
scarce,  and  are  held  for  extreme  rates.  Alsike  and 
Trefoil  are  steady.  White  Clover  is  in  brisk  request  just 
now  ;  fine  qualities  are  very  scarce.  Country  buyers 
have  not  begun  to  operate  as  yet.  As  soon  as  a  demand 
springs  up  higher  prices  are  anticipated.  Foreign  Italian 
moves  off  at  full  currencies.  Perennial  Grasses  are  with- 
out alteration.  For  spring  Tares  there  is  some  Httle 
inquiry.  Winters  are  quite  neglected.  Blue  Peas  meet 
with  an  improved  demand.  As  noted  in  our  last,  Canary 
seed  has  lately  advanced  5^.  to  65.  per  qr.  Hemp  seed  is 
a  little  dearer.  For  both  Rape  and  Mustard  the  trade  is 
quiet.  John  Shaw  &  Sons,  Seed  Merchants, 

37,  Mark  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


JAMES        PHILLIPS 
beg  to   submit  their  prices  as  follows 
GLASS  for  ORCHARD  HOUSES, 
As  supplied  by  them  to   Mr.  Rivers,   to  the   Royal   Horticultural 
Society,  and  to  most  of  the  Nobility,  Clergy,  and  Gentlemen  of  the 
United  Kingdom. 

Each  Bo.\  contains  loo  feet.     The  prices  only  apply  to  the  sizes  stated. 
SQUARES  20  by  iz,  20  by  13,  zo  by  14,  20  by  15,  20  by  16,  2a  by  18. 
l6  oz.  to  the  foot.  21  oz. 

Fourth  quality         ..         ..     xv.  od 20J.  cui 

Third  quality 181.  oti 233.  orf. 

Seconds  20J.  orf. 281,  oi, 

English..         ....         ..     22J.  orf. 30*.  orf. 

The  above  prices  include  the  boxes,  which  are  not  returnable. 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS. 

Stock  sizes,  i6-oz.,  in  100  feet  boxes,  boxes  included. 

These  prices  only  apply  to  the  sizes  stated. 


J.. 


11  by  9  12  by  9  13  by   9  14  by 

12  by  loi  13  by  10  14  by  10, 15  by 

13  by  11114  by  iil       ..       I 

14  by  i2|i5  by  12:15  by  ii'i6  by  i 


3rds. 
J.  d. 
t6    0 


2nds. 
s.  d. 
18    o 


COALS.— Jan.  10. 
Holywell  Main,  2o.t.  6d.;  Walls  End  Hetton,  21s.  6d.  ; 
Walls  End  Hawthorn,  igj.  gd. ;  Walls  End  Keepier 
Grange,  2is.\  Walls  End  Russel's  Heton,  21J.  ;  Walls 
End  South  Hetton,  21s.  3d.  ;  Walls  End  Kelloe,  21s.  ; 
Walls  End  East  Hartlepool,  21J.  s^-  i  Walls  End  South 

i.,„  V  ,  .w««.,  j«ii.  *,.  I  Hartlepool, '21J.;  Brancepeth  Cannel,    iqs.  6d. — Ships  at 

We  have  a  large  supply  of  Beasts,  and  the  weather  is  |  market,  24  ;  sold.  24 ;  at  sea,  25. 


14  by  i2|i5  by  12 1 15  by  11 '16  by  ii, 
18  by  13  19  by  12!  10  by  12  [17  by  12  I 
16  by  13  17  by  13  20  by  12        ..        >•   15    o        i3    o        20    o 

16  by  14  20  by  13  18  by  13        . .        \ 

17  by  14I18  by  14I20  by  14I       . .       ■' 

SMALL  SHEET  SQUARES   (in  100  feet  Boxes), 
by  4        6'A  by  4'^        7  by  5        7'^  by  5U  ) 
by  5        8gby^4        9  by?        9^  by  f  f? }     ••     "^■ 


Best. 
s.  d. 
19    o 


6rf. 
135.  td. 

PATENT 


—  by  8      10!^  by  8  2 
Boxes  2J.  each,  returnable  at  full  price. 

London     Agents     for     HARTLEY'S     IMPROVED 
ROUGH  PLATE. 

LINSEED  OIL,  Genuine  WHITE  LEAD,  CARSON'S  PAINTS. 
PAINTS  of  various  colours  ground  ready  for  use 

T.S*?!.^'^  ^^^  ROUGH  pIaTE  GLASS.  SLATES  of  all  sizes, 
BRITIbH  PLATE,  PATENT  PLATE,  ROLLED  PLATE. 
CROWN,  SHEET,  HORTICULTURAL,  ORNAMENTAL, 
COLOURED,  and  every  description  of  GL.A,SS,  of  the  best  Manu- 
facture, at  the  lowest  terms.  Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates 
forwarded  on  application  to 

?AS.  PHILLIPS  AND  CO.,  180,  Bishopsffate  Street  Without,  E.C. 


62 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  13,   1872. 


St.  Pancras  Iron-work  Company. 


CONSERVATORIES,    GREENHOUSES,    &C. 

ARCHITECTS'    DESIGNS    CAREFULLY    CARRIED    OUT. 


OLD      SAINT 


APPLY  FOR  ESTIMATES  TO 

PANCRAS      ROAD, 


LONDON, 


N.W. 


THE    STEAM-ENGINE    TRIALS 

OF  THE 

ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  of  ENGLAND,  OXFORD,  1870. 

The  FIRST  PRIZES  at  this  SHOW  were  again  AWARDED  to  CLAYTON  and  SHUTTLEWORTH.  viz.  :— 
First  Prize  for  Horizontal  Fixed  Engine  of  lo  H.P.  ;  First  Prize  for  Steam  Engine,  with  Boiler  combined. 

At  the  previous  Trials  of  Steam  Engines,  at  Bury,  1867,  CLAYTON  AND  SHUTTLEWORTH  took  ALL  the  FIRST  PRIZES  for 
ENGINES;  also  a  PRIZE  of  £15  for  THRESHING  MACHINES,  and  the  Society's  SILVER  MEDAL. 

CLAYTON  AND  SHUTTLEWORTH  have  received  FIRST  PRIZES  at  all  Trials  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England  at 
which  they  have  competed  since  1849.  N.B.— All  the  principal  Makers  of  Portable  Engines,  &c..  Compete  for  this  Society's  Prizes,  bemg 
the  only  Trials  in  Great  Britain  conducted  by  competent  and  impartial  Engineers,  and  where  the  capability  and  value  of  each  Engine  is 
thoroughly  tested  by  practical  experiments.     C.  AND  S.  therefore  do  not  Compete  at  any  other  Shows. 

CLAYTON    &    SHUTTLEAVORTH 

Having  for  the  Third  time  made  a 

REDUCTION     IN     PRICES, 

Revised  Catalogues  can  now  be  obtained  at 

STAMP  END  WORKS,  LINCOLN;    78,  LOMBARD  STREET,  LONDON,  E.C.  ; 

■and  TARLETON  STREET,  LIVERPOOL. 

Free  by  Post. 


Boslier's  Gaxden  Edging  Tiles. 


THE  above  and  many  other  PATTERNS  are  made  in 
materials  of  great  durability.      The  plainer  sorts  are  especially 

".'ei-'^T^c  ^°'  ^I'^^^u^^    GAR-  ™^^^^^^ 
DENS,     as    they    harbour    no  ^^.g^r^-j-.^"^'^ 
Slugs  or  Insects,  take  up  little       J^^Si^^Sy 
room,    and,     once    put    down,       '^'^'^      ''     ^ 
incur  no  further  labour  or  ex- 
pense,  as  do    *'  grown  "    Edg- 
ings, consequently  being  mucK 
cheaper. 

GARDEN  VASES,   FOUNTAINS,  &c,  in  Artificial  Stone,  very 
durable  and  of  superior  finish,  and  in  p^cat  variety  of  design. 

F.  AND  G.  ROSHER,  Manufacturers,  Upper  Ground  Street,  Black- 
friars,  S.E. ;  Queen's  Road  West,  Chelsea,  S.  W, ;  Kingsland  Road,  E. 
Agents  for  LOOKER'S  PATENT  "ACME  FRAMES,"  PLANT 
COVERS    and    PROPAGATING    BOXES  ;     also    for   FOXLEY'S 
PATENT  BEADED  GARDEN  WALL  BRICKS. 

Illustrated  Price  Lists  free  by  post.     The  Trade  supplied. 

ORNAMENTAL  PAVING  TILES  for  Conservatories, 
Halls,  Corridors,  Balconies,  &c.,  from  31.  per  sc^uare  yard 
upwards.  Pattern  Sheets  of  plain  or  more  elaborate  designs,  with 
prices,  sent  for  selection. 

WHITE  GLAZED  TILES,  for  Lining  Walls  of  Dairies,  Larders, 
Kitchen  Ranges,  Baths.  &c.   Grooved  ana  other  Stable  Paving  of  great 
durability,  Wall  Copinps,   Drain  Pipes  and  Tiles  of  all  kinds.  Roofing 
Tiles  in  great  variety,  Slates,  Cements,  &c. 
F.  AND  G.  ROSHER.  Brick  and  Tile  Merchants —See  addresses  above. 

SILVER  SAND,  fine  or  coarse  grain  as  desired. 
Fine  i4i..  Coarse  17J.  per  Ton.  In  Truck  Loads  u.  perTon  less. 
Delivery  by  Cart  within  three  miles,  or  to  any  London  Railway  "or 
Wharf,  2J.  per  Ton  extra.     Samples  of^Sand  free  by  post. 

FLINTS  and  BRICK  BURRS  for  Rockeries  or  Ferneries.    KENT 

PEAT  or  LOAM  supplied  at  lowest  rates  in  any  quantities. 

F.  AND  G.  ROSHER.— Addresses  see  above. 

N.B.    Orders  promptly  executed  by  Rail  or  to  Wharves. 

A  liberal  discount  to  the  Trade. 


A  Simple  and  Concise  Analysis  of 

FARM  ACCOUNTS,  for  universal  use  by  Farmers  of 
Large  or  Small  Holdings.     See  recommendations  of  Daily  Press 
and  Agricultural  Journals,     By  Alexander  Jemmett,  Murrell  Hill 
Farm,  Bintield,  Berks.     For  four  stamps,  to  any  address, 
Imperial  4to,  Copiously  Illustrated,  Price  i2J., 

FARM    BUILDINGS:    a    Digest    of   the   Principles 
adopted  in  Construction.      Reprinted   from  the  "  Farm  Home- 
steads of  England,"  now  out  of  print.     By  J.  Bailev  Denton,  C.E., 
and  Bailev  Denton,  Jun. 
E.  AND  F.  N.  SFON,  48,  Charing  Cross,  W.C. 


Eyton's  Herd  Book  of  Hereford  Cattle. 

MR.  DUCKHAM  informs  the  Breeders  of  Hereford 
Cattle  that  he  purposes  publishing  the  EIGHTH  VOLUME 
of  the  HERD  BOOK  as  early  as  possible  in  the  year  1873.  It  will 
contain  Pedigrees  of  Bulls,  Cows,  and  Heifers  calved  on  or  before 
December  51,  1871,  Printed  Forms  of  Certificates  for  Entries  supplied 
on  application,  and  a  fee  of  is.  to  Subscribers,  and  aj.  to  Non-Sub- 
scribers, charged  for  all  Entries.  The  Eighth  Volume  will  be  hand- 
somely embellished  and  neatly  bound.  Price  to  Subscribers,  \is. 
Early  information  and  additional  Names  of  Subscribers  respectfully 
solicited. 

Previous  Volumes  may  be   obtained  of   Mr.  DUCKHAM,  either 
Singly  or  in  Sets.     Price  of  the  Set,  £3  12s. 
50,  Broad  Street,  Hereford.    


Just  published,  in  8vo,  price  One  Shilling, 

PSYCHIC    FORCE   and    MODERN    SPIRITUAL- 
ISM ;  a  Reply  to  the  Quarterly  Review  and  other  Critics.     By 
William  Cbookes.  F,  R.S.,  &c. 
London  :  LONGMANS,  GREEN,  AND  CO.,  Paternoster  Row,  E  C. 


Notice. 
[By  Appointment  to  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society.) 

To  HORTICULTURAL   IMPLEMENT   MAKERS,  NURSERY- 
MEN,  FLORISTS,  and   OTHERS. 

ADAMS   AND    FRANCIS    INSERT   ADVERTISE- 
MENTS  in  all  the  Londonj  Country,   Colonial,   and   Foreign 
Newspapers,   Magazines,  and    Periodicals,  without  extra   charge 
to  the  Advertiser. 
ADAMS  AND  FRANCIS,  Advertisement  Agents,  59,  Fleet  Street,  E.C. 


S.  Owens  &  Co., 

HYDRAULIC      ENGINEERS, 

WHITEFRIARS  STREET,  LONDON,  E.C. 


THE    IMPROVED    SELF-ACTING    HYDBAULIC    RAM. 

This  useful  Self-acting  Apparatus,  which  worlds  day  and  night  without  needing  attention,  will  raise  water 
to  any  height  or  distance,  without  cost  for  labour  or  motive  power,  where  a  few  feet  fall  can  be  obtained,  and  is 
suited  for  supplying  Public  or  Private  Estabhshments,  Farm  Buildings,  Railway  Stations,  &c. 


No.  37. 
No.  63. 


DI':Kr  WliLL  PUMPS  for  Horse,  Hand,  Steam,  or  other  Power. 
PORTABLE  IRRIGATORS  with  Double  or  Treble  Barrels  for  Horse  or 

Steam  Power. 


No.  49.     GARDEN  ENGINES,  of  all  sizes,  in  Oak  or  Galvanized  Iron  Tubs. 

as   designed  for,  .the 


No.  n6a.  IMPROVED  DOUBLE  ACTION   PUMPS  on  BARROW  for  Watering 
Gardens,  &c. 

No.  49<7.  GALVANIZED  SWING  WATER  CARRIERS,  for  Garden  use. 

No.  so  and  s^a.     FARM  and  MANSION  FIRE  ENGINES  of  every  description. 

No.  38.  PORTABLE  LIQUID  MANURE  PUMPS,  on  Legs,  with  Flexible  Suction. 


No.  S4''.  THE    CASSIOBURY    FIRE    EXTINGUISHER, 

Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Essex. 


No.  44.     WROUGHT-IRON  PORTABLE  PUMPS  of  all  sizes. 

No.    4.     CAST-IRON  GARDEN,  YARD,  or  STABLE  PUMPS.-  ■''    '" ^'^if^--^''' 

No.  39*.   IMPROVED  HOSE  REELS  for  Coiling  up  Long  Lengths  of  Hoae  for 

Garden  use.  ' 


S.  OWENS  AND  CO.  Manufacture  and  Erect  every  description  of  Hydraulic  and  General  Engineers'  Work  for  Mansions,  Farms,  &c.,  comprising  PUMPS,  TURBINES, 
WATER  WHEELS,  WARMING  APPARATUS,  BATHS,  DRYING  CLOSETS,  GAS  WORKS,  Apparatus  for  LIQUID  MANURE  distribution,  FIRE  MAINS, 
HYDRANTS,  HOSE  PIPES.  &c.,  &c.  Particulars  taken  in  any  part  of  the  Country.     Plans  ani  Estimates  furnished. 

.•3JIjawl»(W!=njeMa».;p.ifeiO.  ILLUSTRATED       CATALOGUBS       CAN       BE       HAD       OK       APPLICATION.  '^ 


January  13,   1S72.] 


The    Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


In  a  Jew  days, 

THE  FAIRFIELD  ORCHIDS;  a  Descriptive 
Catalogue  of  the  Species  and  Varieties  grown  bv  JAS. 
BROOKE  AND  CO.,  Kairheld,  near  Manchester,  with  rrcliramary 
Chapters  upon  the  Historj;,  Structure,  and  uses  of  Orchids,  and  a 
Copious  Glossar>*  of  the  Significations  of  the  Names.  8vo,  pp.  128. 
Neatly  bound,  ss.  6d. 
BRADBURY.  EVANS,  anh  CO..  10  Houvorie  St.,  London,  E.G. 


Linneau  Society. 

Just  published,  price  £1,  the  First  Part  of  Vol.  XXVIII.  of 

THE  TRANSACTIONS  of  the  LINNEAN 
SOCIETY  of  LONDON. 
Sold  by  LONGMAN  and  CO.,  P.iternostcr  Row,  EC;  and  by 
Mr.  KIPPIST,  at  the  Apartments  of  the  Society,  Burlington  House, 
Piccadilly,  "W.,  n{  whom  may  be  had  all  or  any  of  the  precedinc 
Volumes.  The  Fellows  of  the  Socictv  are  requested  to  apply  to  Mr. 
KlPPiST  for  their  Copies,  between  the  hours  of  10  and  4  o'Clock. 
Now  ready,  price  u.,  free  by  post  for  13  stamps,  with  g  Illustrations, 

ITALY  in  ENGLAND ;  a  Practical  Treatise  on  the 
Cultivation  of  choice  Fruits.  Flowers  and  Vegetables  with  the  aid 
of  Looker's  Horticultural  Appliances  in  Earthenware  and  Glass, 
which  defy  the  Winter  and  assist  the  Summer. 

HOULSTON  AND  SONS,  65,  Paternoster  Row,  E.G.  ;  through  all 
Booksellers,  and  of 

BENJ.  LOOKER,  Kingston-on-Thames. 

Now  ready, 

THE    SALIX,    or    WILLOW.      By    W.    Scaling, 
Willow  Nurseryman,   Basford,  Notts.     A  revised  and   enlarged 
edition,  containing  Instructions  (or  its  Planting  and   Culture,  with 
Obser\'ations  upon  its  Value  and  Adaptability  Tor  the  Formation  of 
Hedges  and  Game  Coverts. 
Post  free  is.  ;  orofSIMPKIN,  MARSHALL,  AND  CO.,  London. 


WANTED, 
EDWARD 


63 


a    SHOPMAN.— Appl;^    personally    to 
JACOBS,    Decorative    Florist,    157,    Erompton 


Seed  Trade. 

W7"ANTED.  IMMEDL\TKLY,  as  JUNIOR  SHOP- 

TT         M.\N.    a    Vounc     Man —Apply    by    Ictti 
.  SON,  '    - 


MAN. 
mcnts,  &c.| 


Young     ^^an.- 
loHlIRST.1 


.   staling    previous 
6,  Lcadenhall  Street,  E,G. 


WANT  PLACESr-Lettm  to  be  Post  Paid. 

W  Gardeners  and  Under  Gardeners. 
M.  CUTBUSH  AND  SON  beg  to  state  that  they 
have  at  all  times  on  their  books  MEN  of  vanousqualifications, 
whose  characters  will  bear  the  strictest  mquiry.  Any  Gentleman 
making  application  would  save  time  by  clearlv  stating  the  duties  to  be 
undertaken,  wages  oflfered,  &c.,  so  that  suitable  Men  may  be  selected. 
— Highgate  Nurseries,  London,  N. 

"PX  PE  R  lENCED  GARDENERS  (or^GARDEN  ER 
J— 1  and  BAILIFF),  of  various  qualifications,  recommended  to 
H'vPi  h'"??""*^""""  particulars  given  on  application  to  Messrs.  E.  G. 
HENDERSON  AND  SON.Wellington  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood.  N.W 


THE  NEW  METHOD  of  GROWING  FRUIT  and 
FLOWERS  (by  the  Rev.  John  Fountatne,  Southacre, 
Brandon),  being  a  practical  combination  of  Vinerj',  Orchard  House 
and  Conservatory,  as  now  worked  in  a  New  House  erected  for  the 
purpose  at  Chiswick.  Third  Edition,  Illustrated.  Free  for  seven 
stamps  to  the 
"  Journal  of  Horticulture  "  Office,  171,  Fleet  Street ;  or  to  the  Author. 


Tlie  Subscription  to  the 

TLLUSTRATED      GARDENERS'      GUIDE, 

-L  one  of  the  best  Horticultural  Gazettes  (published  in  German, 
French,  and  English),  Edited  by  the  Directors  of  the  Horticultural 
Establishment  at  Ringelheim,  and  Emil  Rodigas,  Botanical 
Professor  and  General  Secretary  at  Ghent,  is  20s.  lod.,  including 
postage  :  and  may  be  sent  directly  to  the  Horticultural  Establishment 
at  Ringelheim  (Hanover,  Germany),  or  to  any  Post  Olifice. 


THE  FLOWER  GARDEN  and  its  MANAGEMENT: 
Short  Directions  as  to  the  Planting  of  Flower-beds,  with  a 
Special  View  to  their  Ornamentation  (published  in  German,  French, 
and  English),  with  30  Engravings,  can  be  obtained  for  2J,,  at  the 
Horticultural  Establishment  at  Ringelheim  (Editor),  Hanover, 
Germany,  and  of  all  Booksellers. 


GARDENER  (Head),  _ 
knowledge  of  the  profession 
testimonials  to  good  character.-  " 
Grove,  Stoke  Newington,  N. 


Age    30 ;     has    a   thorough 

I   in   all   its  branches.     Ten   years' 
A.  v.,  J.  Larkman,  Florist,  Barrett's 


GARDENER  (HEADWAge  32.  married,  no  family  ; 
thorough  knowledge  of  I-orcing  Fruit,  Flowers,  and  Vegetables, 
also  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  Kitchen  and  Flower  Gardening  Si.\ 
years  character  from  present  employer.— G.  SMIIH,  Chapel  Yard, 
High  Street,  Ware,  Herts.  1  »-  . 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  36,  married;  thoroughly 
practical  Man,  of  29  years'  experience  in  all  branches  of  the 
profession.  Can  be  highly  recommended  as  to  honesty,  sobriety, 
industry  and  integrity  of  character.— Address,  with  particulars,  10 
H.  H  ,  Woodford  Green,  N.E. 


GARDENER 
thoroughly 


.Head).— Married  ;  of  high  character; 

„   ,  T-    Y     '    ,  ractical  ;    has   had   extensive    experience   in   Vine 

Culture,  Early  and  Late  Forcing,  and  is  a  good  Flower  and  Kitchen 
Gardener.  No  objection  to  Land  and  Stock.— GARDENER,  4,  Park 
Terrace,  Upper  Richmond  Road,  Putney,  S.W. 


/"iJARDENER     (Head). —Single  ;     understands     the 

V^  profession  m  every  branch  ;  First-class  Diplomas  of  the  Royal 
Horticultural  Institute  of  Belgium,  and  testimonials  from  the  most 
2-'^S^r^  ??^^f,"i^^,-  places  m  England,  Belgium,  and  France.— 
E.  DE  CONINCk.  Nuj;seo;man^hent,  Belgium. 


C  YfTAuSciySf?F^v^''v"-'^^^  "'^s*  ^'^"^^  assortment 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON'S    '"         ^''°^''^*  ^"  warranted,  is  on  sale  at 

The  Blades  are  all  of  the  finest 

Steel. 


3J^-inch  ivory  handles 
3ii  do.  balance  do.  .. 
4      do.  do.     .. 

4      do.  fine  ivory    do. 
"tra  large  do. 


■  per  dozen 
..       do. 
..       do. 
..       do. 
do. 


.       do.  finest  African  ivory  do.  do, 

Uo.      with   silver   ferules  do 

Kv   ,  ■■    ■'■^"^  silvered  blades  do. 

Nickel  electro  silvered  handles  do 

tlJ:  :'  ?w     ^  '^"^  "'   *'»»=  =0  large  Showrooms,  nost  frc  -     - 


Table 

Dessert 

Carvers, 

Knives. 

Knives. 

per  Pair. 

s.d. 

J.  d. 

s.  d. 

'4    ■ 

II    6 

s  . 

.5    6 

12    6 

J2     6 

16    6 

S    9 

ao    . 

30    . 

aa    . 

i   6 

34    . 

11  ; 

li: 

■3    6 

33    . 

13    6 

19    . 

7    6 

Street,  W 
Place  ;  and 


arge  Showrooms,  post  free.— 39,  Oxford 

ajid  4,   Newman  Street  ;  4,  5,  and  6.  Perry'a 

i-r,r.Ar,^.u    ■   ,■■■ —    T^ard,  London,   \V.     The  cost  of  delivcrine 

vIh™!    ^   ^-  ^"^^^ON  will  always  undenake  delivery 


trifl    _  

at  a  small  fi.\ed  rate. 


Protection  ft-om  Fire. 


K 


I  N  A  H  A  N'S 


L  I. 


WHISKY 


This  celebrated  and  most  delicious  old  mellow  spirit  is  the  very 
CREAM  of  IRISH  WHISKIES,  in  quality  unrivalled,  perfectly 
pure,  and  more  wholesome  than  the  finest  Cognac  Brandy.  Note  the 
words,  "  KINAHAN'S  .  L  L  ."  on  seal,  label,  and  cork. 

New  Wholesale  Depot,  6a,  Great  Tichheld  Street,  Oxford  Street,  W. 


WANTED,  as  PARTNER,  a  persevering  Working 
Man,  capable  of  Managing  the  Outdoor  Department  of  a 
email  Nursery,  situated  near  a  large  Town  in  the  South  of  England. 
Satisfactory  references  given  and  expected.  Terms,  jC'oo  down,  and 
/50  in  12  months.— W.  E.  G.,  Messrs.  Howcroft  &  Co.,  Seedsmen,  &c., 
Covent  Garden,  London.  W.C. 


Market  Gardeners. 

WANTED,  a  practical  MARKET  GARDENER, 
with  Capital,  to  join  another  haying  more  Land  than  he  can 
manage.  Every  convenience  for  carrjing  on  the  business.  Near 
London.— For  particulars  apply  to  Mr.  PULLEN,  4,  King  Street, 
Cheapside,  E.C.      

FARM  PUPIL.— A  practical  Farmer,   of  Heavy  ~and 
Light  Land,  has  a  VACANCY  ior  a  PUPIL.— A.  B.,  Chibnall, 
Kempston.  near  Bedford. 


/^ARDENER    (Head).    Age    29.— Mr.    Stevenson, 

V^  Gr.  to  C.  Coombe.  Esq.,  Cobham  Park,  Surrey,  can  with  confi- 
dence recommend  his  Foreman,  T.  Jones,  as  a  thorough  practical, 
energetic  Man,  having  been  Foreman  seven  years  in  good  establish- 
ments, where  every  branch  of  gardening  is  carried  out  in  the  most 
etficient  manner.  Character  will  bear  the  strictest  ' 
Address  as  above. 


investigation.- 


GARDENER  (Head),  age  37,  married,  one  child 
(aged  Q).— John  Easter,  Head  Gardener  to  G.  Neville,  Esq  , 
Slubton  Hall,  Newark,  is  at  liberty  to  treat  with  any  Nobleman  or 
Gentleman  requiring  the  services  of  a  thorough  practical  Gardener 
well  versed  in  the  Cultivation  of  Pines,  Vines,  Peaches,  Stove  and 
Greenhouse  Plants,  includmg  Orchids  and  Ferns,  also  Early  and  Late 
Forcing  of  Fruits  and  Vegetables,  and  good  Kitchen  and  Flower 
Gardener.     Excellent  character.- Address  as  above. 


THE  PUBUC  ARE  CAimONEO  AGAINST 

DANGEROUS  IMITATIONS. 


GARDENER  (Head). —Alexander  Cramond. 
age  do,  Scotch,  married,  two  children  (ages  13  and  o)  f  years 
Head  Gardener  to  the  late  J.  H.  Campbell  Wyndham,  Esq.,  and 
three  years  to  R.  King  Wyndham,  Esq.,  The  College,  Salisbury,  Wilts 
leaving  on  account  of  -Sale  of  the  property,  is  at  liberty  to  engaee 
with  any  Nobleman  or  Gentleman  who  may  require  his  services 
Thoroughly  practical  in  every  department.  Can  take  charge  of  Land 
It  required.  Good  references  as  to  character,  abilities,  &c.— Address 
as  above. 


AN  OPENING  for  a  YOUTH  to  learn  Farming  upon 
a  light  land  Farm,  also  the  Management  of  Woods,  &c.,  upon 
an  Estate  of  2000  Acres,  is  now  VACANT.— Mr.  J.  DANIELS, 
Burton  Estate  Office,  Burton.  Neston.  Cheshire. 


WANTED,    a    HEAD    GARDENER    (Working), 
who  has  a  thorough  knowledge   of  the   profession   in   all   its 
branches.     Salary  ;f;70,  with  house.— Apply  by  letter  only,  stating  age, 
how  long  in  last  situation,  if  married  what  family,  to  E.  G.,  Garrick's 
Villa,  Hampton,  Middlesex. 
Also  WANTED,  a  SECOND  GARDENER.     Wages  185.  a  week. 


WANTED,  a  good  WORKING  FOREMAN,  for 
the  Outside  Department ;  one  that  is  well  up  to  the  Growing 
of  Fruit  Trees,  Roses,  Conifers,  &c.  ;  must  be  a  good  Budder  and 
Grafter. — Address,  stating  age,  references,  and  salary  required,  to 
"WOOD  AND  CO.,  Earbourne  Nurseries,  Worcester. 


W^a= 


/"ANTED,  as  GARDENER,   on   February  i   next. 

led  Man,  who  can  take  Charge  of.  and  do  the  Work  in  a 
Country  Gentleman's  Garden,  including  Hothouse. — B.,  Post  Office, 
Thetford.  Norfolk. 

WANTED,  a  young  MAN,  who  understands  Budding 
and  Grafting.  He  will  be  required  to  look  after  a  small 
Greenhouse  ior  Bedding  Plants.  One  who  has  a  knowledge  of  the 
Seed  Trade  preferred,  as  he  would  have  to  assist  in  the  Shop  when 
wanted.  None  need  apply  unless  their  character  can  bear  the 
strictest  investigation.  — GEORGE  WINFIELD,  Gloucestershi 
Seed  Warehouse.  Gloucester. 


To  Noblemen  and  Gentlemen. 

/^ARDENER     (Head),    or     GARDENER     and 

\*  BAILIFF.— Age  30.  married.  The  Advertiser,  who  has  been 
m  some  of  the  best  establishments  in  England  and  Scotland,  wishes  to 
obtain  a  situation  where  Gardening  can  be  carried  on  with  spirit  and 
success  ;  thoroughly  practical  and  experienced  in  the  various  branches 
of  the  profession,  including  the  Forcing  of  Fruits,  Flowers,  and 
Vegetables,  tne  Cultivation  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  Flower 
and  Kitchen  Gardening.  Can  Lay-out  and  Re-arrange  Gardens, 
Hothouses.  &c.  ;  and  has  a  good  knowledge  of  Land  and  Stock.  Will  be 
very  highly  recommended  by  past  and  present  employers.— A.  B  , 
I,  Harwood  Road,  Walham  Green,  Fulham,  S.W. 


WM.       YOUNGER        AND        CCS 
EDINBURGH.  INDIA  PALE  and  DINNER  ALES 
Sparkling,  refreshing,  nourishing  and  economicaj. 
To  be  had  of  the  principal  retailers. 
Ubserve  Trade  Marks,  as  other  brands  are  frequently  substituted 
Breweries,  Edinbureh.    Established  1740.    London  Stores,  Belvedere 
Road,  S  E.;    Liverpool,  i.  Seel   Street:    Bristol,   i.|,   Narrow  Quay  J 
Dublin    Stores,  7     Lower   Abbey   Street;    Swansea,    Quay    Pakde: 
Glasgow,  Queen  Street ;  Birmingham,  13,  Temple  Street 


TH   E 
pronounced  by  Connoisseurs 
the  appetite,  and  aids  digestic 


Lea  &  Perrins'  Sauce, 

WORCESTERSH 


I  R  E,' 

TT     ■-  -„    i  /- "-       Improves 

Unrivalled  for  piquancy  and  Savour. 


the  only  good  Sauce."    Improves 


ASK  FOR  LEA  and  PERRINS'  SAUCE. 
Beware  of  Imitations, 
and  see  the  Names  of  LEA  and  PERRINS  on  all  Bottles  and  Labels 
Agents-CROSSE  and    KLACKWELL,   London,  and  Void  by  ail 
Dealers  in  Sauces  throughout  the  World.  ' 


E 


Grateful— ComfortlnfiT 

S    ■    S  CO 

BREAKFAST. 


GARDENER  (Head,    Work 
single;  understands   Early  and   Late 


KING  .  — Middle-aged, 

,,.  ,  „  .  iderstands  Early  and  Late  Forcing,  also  Flower  and 
Kitchen  Gardening.  Good  character.— A.  B.,  Bagshot  Nursery- 
Surrey.  ^' 


GARDENER  (Head),  where  two  or  more  are  kept.— 
Thoroughly  understands  the  profession.  Wife  good  Laundress 
if  required.  Good  character.— L.  Y.,  Post  Office,  Meriden.  near 
Coventry. 


GARDENER  (Under),  in  a  Nobleman's  or  Gentle- 
man's      Garden.— Age    23.       Good    character.— M.    C,     West 
Humble,  Dorking. 


GARDENER 
Gentleman's    Establishment. 


Under)    in     a     Nobleman's     or 

:       -   shment.  —  Age    21;    wishes    to    improve 

himselt    in    the    profession.       Five    years'    good    character.- W.    T.. 
Dorking  Road.  Epsom,  Surrey. 


C       O      A. 

hich  govern  the 

,/ f, — -"■■  — -  .-Y"'...".,  aiiu  uy  d.  careiul  application     ' 

the  hne  properties  of  a  well  selected  cocoa.  Mr,  Epps  has  provided  c 
breakfast-tables  with  a  delicately-flavoured  beverage  which  may  sa 


By  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  natural  laws  i 
°''°'?i!,°"!.._i?"'i,<>n  and  nutrition,  and  by  a  careful  appli'cktjon'of 


-.- .-----ately-flavoured  beverage  which  may  save 
s  many  heavy  doctor's  bills."-CiV.7  S,r-uiei  CasMi. 

Made  simply  with  boiling  water  or  milk. 

.  .  .,^.,  ^ Each  packet  is  labelled, 

JAMES  EPPS  AND  CO.,  Homojopathic  Chemists,  London. 


J^INNEFGRD'S         FLUID         MAGNESIA. 

The  best  remedy  for  Acidity  of  the  Stomach,  Heartburn,  Headache. 
Uout,  and  Indigestion  ;  and  the  best  mild  Aperient  for  delicate  consti- 

',?';i',J,^?^f'^"¥,^''aP"''  '"'■  Ladies,  Children  and  Infants. 

DINNLtORD  AND  CO.,  172,  New  Bond  Street,  London.  W   • 
and  of  all  Chemists  throughout  the  World. 


GOUT 
pain  ol 


PROPAGATOR  (General),  GRAFTER,  PLANT- 
GROWER  or  INDOOR  FOREMAN.— A  middle-aged,  well- 
experienced  Man,  is  open  to  an  engagement. — A.  B.,  9,  Byrom  Street, 
Bowdcn,  Manchester. 


WANTED,  an  UNDER  GARDENER,  accustomed 
to  Plants,  Forcing,  &c.  To  an  active,  energetic,  and  really 
deserving  young  Man,  ■zas.  per  week  wages  would  be  given. — 
A.  HOTSON,  Lexden  Park  Gardens,  Colchester,  Essex. 


M 


Wanted,  a  Propagator  of  Hardy  Plants. 

ESSRS.    F.    &   A.    DICKSON   &   SONS,  The 

"  Upton"  Nurseries,  Chester,  REQUIRE  in  the  above  capa- 
city, an  active  industrious  WORKING  PROPAGATOR,  well  expe- 
rienced in  Propagation  of  Conifers,  Rhododendrons,  "Hollies,  Ivies, 
Clematis,  and  other  Hardy  Ornamental  Plants,  by  the  most  improved 
methods. — .'\pply  as  above,  stating  age,  situations  previously  held, 
time  in  each,  references,  and  wages  expected. 


MAN    who    has    had    some 

W  experience  in  Fruit  Trees;  must  be  an  expert  Grafter,  &c., 
and  be  able  to  furnish  good  references. — T.  S.  WARE,  Hale  Farm 
Nurseries,  Tottenham. 


"\XrANTED,    a_young 

in  Fruit  Trees; 


WANTED,    an  IMPROVER   in    Flower   Garden.— 
Aged    20,  Choir  Singer  preferred ;   14s.    per   week.  —  Rev. 
".  H.  D.,  Foxley,  Hereford. 


PROPAGATOR.— A  Belgian  ;  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plant  Propagation.  Can  keep 
Horticultural  Correspondence  in  four  languages.  Can  be  well  recom- 
mended. London  or  suburbs.— State  particulars  to  A.  F.,67,  Leverton 
Street,  Kentish  Town.  N.W. 


and     RHEUMATISM.— The    excruciating 

f  Gout  or  Rheumatism  is  quickly  relieved  and  cured  in  a 

RHEutlATfc  pill"''""""    "'"'■""^'     '"-''"'''    <^°"T    -"' 
They  require  no  restraint  of  diet  or  confinement  during  their  use. 

^  are  certain  to  prevent  the  disease  attacking  any  vitai  part 
Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  xs.  I'Ad.  and 

obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


LAND  STEWARD  or  FACTOR.— The  Advertiser  is 
open  for  engagement  now  or  in  May.  Has  had  the  charge  of  a 
large  Estate  for  the  last  13  years,  where  Draining  and  Improving  have 
been  extensively  carried  on.  also  a  Home  Farm  of  joo  Acres.  He  is 
agood  Judge  of  Stock  of  all  kinds,  and  only  leaving  in  consequence  of 
the  Estate  being  transferred.  England  or  the  Continent  preferred  — 
Mr.  M'l.AREN.  Gartshore,  Kirkintilloch,  N.B. 


WANTED,  an  APPRENTICE,  where  the  routine  of 
Gardening  is  learned.    A  Premium  required. — Address,  in  own 
handwriting,  to  W.  C..  Post  Office,  Richmond  Hill,  Surrey. 


WANTED,  an  ASSISTANT  in  a  Florist  and  Seed 
Shop ;  must  be  a  good  Furnisher  and  Decorator.  Also  an 
IMPROVER,  for  the  Nurserj',  who  has  some  knowledge  of  Stove 
Plants,  and  Ferns  grown  for  marketing. — Write,  stating  pay  required, 
and  qualifications,  to  The  Flower  Mart,  Villiers  Street.  ^V.C. 


WANTED,  a  young  Man  as  SECOND  CLERK,  in 
a  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman's  Counting  House, — Apply,  by 
letter  only,  stating  salary  expected,  to  A..  B..  Messrs.  Goad  &  Co., 
Seed  Merchants.  83,  Bishopsgate  Street.  London,  E.C. 


an 


WANTED,  a  HEAD  SHOPMAN  and 
ASSISTANT  for  a  large  Seed  arid  Nurserj' Establishment  . 
Ireland.  Preference  given  to  parties  having  a  knowledge  of  Plants. — 
Apply,  in  first  instance,  stating  qualifications  and  salary  required,  to 
A.  W.  ELPHICK,  12,  GarsdaTeKoad,  Peckham,  S.E. 


To  Noblemen  and  Gentlemen. 

STEWARD  or  BAILIFF.  — The  Advertiser  having 
had  extensive  practical  experience  in  the  Management  of  Land 
and  Slock,  and  being  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  various  duties 
required  on  a  Home  Farm  and  Estate,  Woods,  and  Repairs,  desires  a 
re-en^agement  as  above.  Good  Accountant  and  Salesman  of  Stock 
and  Crops,  and  would  be  found  thoroughly  useful  in  carrjing  out 
Plans  of  a  Proprietor.  Twelve  years'  unexceptionable  reference  will 
iven. — X.  Y.  Z..  M      "  "  '  '        ' 


be  giv 


■  Burgiss  Brown,  Advertistr  Office,  Andover. 


TflARM    BAILIFF   (no     family).— The 


Advertiser    is 

leaving  his  present  situation,  and  will  be  glad  to  treat  with  any 
Nobleman  or  Gentleman  requiring  the  services  of  a  thorough  com- 
petent Person.  Wife  can  undertake  the  Management  of  Dairy  and 
Poultry  if  renuired.~THOMAS  FOWLER,  Home  Farm,  Gamons, 
near  Hereford. 


To  Noblemen  and  Gentlemen. 

CARPENTER,  or  WOODMAN,  on  a  Gentleman's 
Estate. — A  handy,  steady,  and  active  young  Man,  age  31,  single ; 
wishes  for  a  constant  situation  as  above.  Has  been  on  an  Estate 
before  for  several  ye^lrs,  Willing  to  make  himself  generally  useful. 
First-class  references  and  character.— W.  GRANT,  4  Trafalgar  Place, 
St.  Alban's  Road,  Kensington,  W. 


Seed  Trade. 

SHOPMAN  (Under),  or  to  assist  in  the  Warehouse. 
— Age  23  ;  good  knowledge  of  Plants,  active,  and  willing  to  work 
hard.    Good  reference.— C.  T.,  357,  Goswell  Road,  E.C. 


.  9.i.  per  box,  or 
pOCKLE'S    ANTIBILIOUS     PILLS. 

V^  THE    SAFEST     FAMILY    APERIENT. 

In  boxes,  at  is.  i\id.,  3s.gd.,  45.  W.,and  its, 

/COCKLE'S     ANTIBILIOUS     PILL  S.— 

^^     These  Pills  consist  of  a  careful  and   peculiar  admixture  of  the 
best   and  mildest  vegetable  aperients,  with   the  pure  extract  of  the 
flowers  of  the   Camomile.      They  will   be   found  a   most   efficacious 
remedy  for  derangement  of  the  digestive  organs,  and  for  torpid  action 
of  the  liver  and  bowels,  which  produce  indigestion  and  the  several 
varieties  of  bilious  and  liver  complaints.     They  speedily  remove  the 
irritation  and  feverish  state  of  ihe  stomach,  allay  spasms,  correct  the 
morbid  condition  of  the  liver  and   organs  subservient  to   digestion, 
promote  a  due  and  healthy  secretion  of  bile,  and  relieve  the  constitu- 
tion of  all  gouty  matter  and  other  impurities,  which,  by  circulating  in 
the  blood,  must  injuriously  affect  the  action  of  the  kidneys  ;  thus,  by 
removing  the  causes  productive  of  so  much  discomfort,  they  restore 
the  energies  both  of  body  and   mind.     To  those  who  indulge  in  the 
luxuries  of  the  table,  these  Pills  will  prove  highly  useful,  occasioning 
no  pain  in  their  action,  unless  they  meet  with  an  unusual  quantity  of 
acrid   bile  and  acid  matter  in  the  stomach  and  bowels.     It  must  be 
understood  that  these  Pills  are  not   recommended   as  containing  any 
new  or  dangerously   active  ingredients  ;    on   the  contrary,   they  are 
characterised  by  a  remarkable  simplicity  of  combination,  and  whatever 
merit  they  may  be  found  to  possess  depends  as  much  upon  the  selec- 
tion of  pure  drugs,  and  the  unusual  labour  and  attention  bestowed 
upon  their  subsequent  preparation,  as  upon  the  acknowledged  pecu- 
liarity of  their  composition.     They  are  not  recommended  as  a  panacea, 
nor  are  they  adapted  to  all  complaints;    but  as  a  mild  and  efficacious 
aperient  and  tonic  in  the  various  forms  of  indigestion  it  will  not  per- 
haps be  an  exaggeration  to  state  that  they  have  been  resorted  to  under 
all  cystems  of  diet,  changes  of  climate  or  atmospheric  alterations,  with 
an  extraordinary   degree  of  success,   for  72  years.     This   celebrated 
family  aperient  may  be  had  throughout  the  United  Kingdom  in  boxes 
at  ij.  ij^rf.,  2s.  gd.,  4s.  6d.,  and  iii.,  as  well  as  in  India,  China,  New 
Zealand,  and  the  Australian  colonies. 


COCKLE'S    ANTIBILIOUS    PILLS. 
THE    OLDEST    PATENT    MEDICINE. 
In  boxes  at  is.  i%d.,  as.  gi.^  45.  6d.,  and  iif, 


atii&'i  ,JA-jiJt  f??)£(uJi3'.V  ,i>  oA  ,;>iT*C*  'I'l  J*  ,»a]tMU;£ 


64 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  ij,   187^. 


GREEN'S    PATENT    BOILERS, 

WITH    INVERTED    CYLINDER    ENGINES    COMBINED. 

Engines  and  Bailers  fitted  luith  Governors,  Equilibrium  Throttle  Valve,  Stop  Valve,  Safety  Valve,  Feed  Pump,  Water  aud  Steam  Gauges,  ^'e.,  complete. 


Consumption  of  Fuel— 7i  lb.  of  Coal  per  Horse  Power  per  Hour. 
„  Water,  1  Cubic  Foot  „  ,, 


Horse 
Power. 

Diameter  of 
Cylinder. 

Stroke. 

Height  of 
Boiler. 

Diameter. 

Price. 

I 

3^  in.  ...         8  in. 

4  ft.  oin.  .. 

I  ft.  8  in.  ... 

£zt 

2 

4 

10 

...       5       0       .. 

2       4 

^55t 

3 

...        4f 

10 

...       5       6       .. 

2       4 

^■65t 

4 

...       5i 

12 

70.. 

2       4 

£<^o 

6 

...        6i 

14 

80.. 

2        8 

^125 

8 

..        8 

16 

90.. 

3       0       ... 

i:i65 

lO 

...      9i 

16 

10       0 

3       4 

.^200 

12 

10 

18 

II       0 

3       8       ... 

/^220 

H 

II 

18 

...      II       6 

3      10        ... 

^^"245 

i6 

12 

20 

12       0 

4       0       ... 

.^275 

i8 

..         I2| 

20 

...      12        6 

4       2 

;^290 

20 

•■      13* 

2  2 

...      13       0        .. 

4       4       ... 

^315 

25 

■           I4¥ 

..           28 

14       0 

4       8       ... 

^380 

30 

..      i5i- 

..           28 

...      15        0        .. 

5       0 

.;^45o 

35 

..      i6f 

..           28 

16        0 

5       4       ■• 

/520 

40 

..      18 

..           28 

...      17       0        .. 

5       8       ... 

^585 

*  The  i-Horse  Power,  if  fitted 

with  Water  Tank,  Sole  Plate  and  Governors,  ^5  extra. 

fiftprl  with  rinvprnnr!^.    f^  pyfrn. 

The   Foundation   Plate  answers  the  purpose  of  Feed-water  Tank,    in    which   the  Water  is   Heated  before  passing  into   tlie   Boiler  ;    and 
also  of  an  Ash  Pit,  and   NO  BRICK  WORK  or  FOUNDATION   is  REQUIRED. 

Upwards  of  650  of  these  Engines  and  Boilers  are  now  at  work,   giving  entire  satisfaction.       References  if  required. 

GREEN'S   PATENT  SILENS   MESSORS, 

OR  NOISELESS  LAWN  MOWING,  ROLLING,  AND  COLLECTING  MACHINES  FOR  1872. 

The  Winner  of  Every  Prize  in  all  Cases  of  Competition. 


SINGLE-HANDED    LAWN    MOWER. 


To  cut    8  inches . 


.  £7.  10 
.     3  10 


I  To  cut  12  inches. 


.     S  10 


DOUBLE-HANDED    LAWN    MOWER 


To  cut  16  ins.,  £fi  lo    this  can  be  worked  by  One  Man  on  an  i  \  li 
,,      18     ,,         7  10     By  Man  and  Boy.  I  To  cut  22  ins.,  ^'8  10 
,,      20    ,,         So  ,,  ,,  I        ,,      24    ,,         90 


By  M.-in  and  Boy. 


DONKEY  and   PONY   MACHINES. 


To  cut  26  inches 
,,       23      ,, 
..       30      .. 


■     IS 
.     17 


Leather  Boots  for  Donkey 
Ditto  for  Pony 


;£oi8 


HORSE   MACHINES. 


To  cut  30  inches 
„      36      .. 
,,      42      .. 


..     24 
..     27 


To  cut  48  inches 
Leather  Boots  for  Horse 


•./30 


6    o 


GREEN'S     PATENT     ROLLERS 

FOR   LAWNS,    DRIVES,     BOWLING   GREENS,     CRICKET   FIELDS,     AND    GRAVEL    PATHS,     SUITABLE    FOR    HAND   OR   HORSE   POWER. 


PRICES    OF    HAND    ROLLERS    IN    TWO    PARTS. 

Diam.  Length.  Diam.  LenRth. 

30  inches  by  32  inches , .         ..    ^^7  10    o  I  20  inches  by  22  inches. .          ..    ^^^3  10 
24      .1  25      4  10    o  I  16      ,,  17      2  IS 

IN    ONE    PART. 

24  inches  by  26  inches,.         ..  ..  ..  ,.  .,  ,,         ,      /.    q 

=2 ^32 

17      ....         .  •  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .         ,,       2  10 


16 


PRICES    OF    ROLLERS    FITTED    WITH    SHAFTS. 

Suitable  for  Pony  or  Horse  Power. 


Diam.  Length. 

30  inches  by  32  inches  . ,    ..^lo  o 
30   ,,    36   ,.  . .    . .  10  15 

30   1.    42   II  IS 

30   ..    48   13  10 

N.B.    Parties  having  LAWN  MOWERS  to  REPAIR  will  do  well  to  send  them  either  to  our  Leeds  or  London  Establishments; 
then  they  will  have  prompt  attention,  as  an  efficient  Staff  of  Workmen  are  kept  at  both  places. 


Diam.               Length. 

30  inches  by  60  inches . . 

■•C^i  10 

30      „           72      „     .. 

..     17  10 

30      ..           84      „     .. 

..     19  10 

THOMAS    GREEN  and  SON, 

SMITHFIELD  IRON  WORKS,  LEEDS;    54  and  55,  BLACKFRIARS  ROAD,  LONDON,  S.E. 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  addressed  to      Fhc  Editor ; "  Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  lo  "  The  Publisher,"  at  the  Office,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C. 
o .,„.'!,".;„     .luAtt*"  5"^"*",'??',?'  'heOthcc  of  Messrs.  Braddurv,  EVANS,  &  Co.,  Lombard  Street,  Precinct  of  Whitefriars,  City  of  London,  in  the  County  of  Middlesex,  and  Published  by  the  9IU1I  WlLUAM 
KKHAKOS,  at  the  oace.  No.  41,  Welhngton  Street,  Parish  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  in  the  said  County.— Saturdav,  January  13, 1873. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL   GAZETTE. 


No.  3. — 1872.] 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  20. 


I     Registered  at  the  General 
'  Post  Office  as  a  Newspaper. 


Price  5d, 

Post  Free,  5^^. 


CONTENTS. 


LEADING  ARTICLES,  &*c.~ 
Cabbage  cultivation  in  West 

Cornwall 72 

Cnlvert's  compound   for    de- 
stroying insects   73 

Education     of     a|;ricultural 

labourer 84 

Holkham  lease 84 

Home  Callle  Defence  Asso- 
ciation   83 

McNab's  trarsplanting   ma- 
chine   73 

Market    gardeners,   an    im- 
portant mcciing  of 73 

Meteorology  o(  the  week. ...  72 
New  Forest,  on  the  proposed 

enclosure  of 7( 

Rose-stock  pruner  (with  cut)  72 

Sewage  utilisation 84 

Trees  planted  in  Paris,  cost 
of   72 

NEW  GARDEN  PLANTS— 
Angraicum  articulatum    73 

OUR  LIVE  STOCK'— 
Cattle  84 

ORIGINAL  ARTICLES— 
A.  F.  Barron  (with  cut)    ....  74 

Afiricultural  progress    88 

Caricr's  challenge  cup  (with 

cut)   76 

Coiiilcrs,  notes  on  75 

Cottage  gardens 74 

Exhibitions,  forthcoming. .. .  75 
Garden   products    and    their 

cooking   73 

Holkham  lease,  the    86 

Imports  for  three  years 87 

Kainit,  or  crude  potass   salts  85 
Mr.    \V.     M'Combie,     M.P. 

(with  cut)    85 

Sewage     intermittent     filtra- 
tion     88 

FOREIGN  CORRES.— 
Moscow go 


HOME  CORRBSrONDENCE- 

Carrot  grub,  the 78 

Cereus,  the  night-blooming  .  70 
Dinner-table  decoration    ....  77 

Elm  trees,  destruction  of 78 

Farming,  profits  of. 8-3 

Fixed  steam-engine  80 

Geonomas  (with  cut).. 


Heating  by  the  tank  system  77 
Leaves  for  dishing-up  fruit.,  78 

New  Forest,  the 77 

ricuro-pncumonia,     a     cure 

for 80 

Root  pruning  and  fruit  thin- 
ning    79 

School  boards,  &c 90 

Scolylus  destructor  * 78 

Steam  cultivation,  history  of  8q 
Tenant-right 89 

SOCIETIES— 
Chester  Chamber  of  Agricul-  K 

turc   Qi 

Institute  of  Sur\'eyors 90 

l.inncan  80 

Royal  Horticultural   79 

NOTICES  OF  BOOKS— 
Agricutturisis        their     own 
Superphosphate  Makers  ..  52 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS— 
New     flowers     of    the    past 
year 3o 

FARM  MEMORANDA— 

Alrewas  Hays  93 

Lord  Warwick's  Farm,  near 
Leamington  93 

OBITUARY— 
Mr.  J.  A,  Henderson So 

CALENDAR  OFOPERATIONS 

Farming  operations    93 

Garden  operations So 

Weather  Tables 80 


Notice  to  Subscribers. 

QUBSCRIPTIONS.    p.iyad/c    in     advance,  includhi^ 
^  Postage  to  any  fart  of  the  United  Kingdom  : — 

Three  Months    ..  5^.  z\\d.  \  Six  Months     ..  iij-.  \\d. 
Txvelve  Months     . .     £1  3J.  \od. 

Post  Office   Orders  to  be   made  payable  to  WiLLiAM 
Richards,  at  the  King  Street  Post' Office. 

Publishing  Office,    41,    Wellington  Street,  W.C. 


Notice. 

/^ARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  AND  AGRICUL- 
V.T  TURAL  GAZETTE.— The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready  ; 
price,  in  cloth,  £1  6s,  6rf, 

W.  RICHARDS.  41,  Wellington  Street,  Strand.  W.C. 


ROYAL    BOTANIC    SOCIETY    GARDENS". 
Regent's  Park. 
EXHIBITIONS      of     SPRING       FLOWERS— WEDNESDAYS  : 

March  13,  April  10,  May  8. 
SUMMEil  EXHIBITIONS-WEDNESDAYS  and  THURSDAYS  : 


May  22  and  23,  June  19  and  20,  July  10  and  1. 
Schedules  of  Prizes,  and  all  other  particulars,  c 
Gardens,  by  post. 


1  be  obtained  at  the 


AMATEUR  ROSE  GROWERS  should  at   once  get 
my  CATALOGUE.      It  contains  all  the  good  sorts,   and  the 
plants  arc  the  finest  that  can  be  produced. 

B.  R.  CANT.  St-  John's  Street  Nursery,  Colchester. 

ROSE      MARECHAL     N I  Ei:"]Noiset"te).— Fine 
Standard  and  Half-standard  plants. 
ROSES  (Tea-scented).— Choicest  varieties,  fine  Standard   and   Half- 
standard  plants.     Offered  by 
JOHN  CRANSTON    Nurseries,  King's  Acre,  near  Hereford. 
Price  on  application. 


SHOW  Roses. 

A  PRICED  LIST  of  the  best  Hybrid  Perpetual  Show 
ROSES;     also     a     PRICED    LIST    of     choice    Variegated 
GERANIUMS,  post  free,  on  application  to 

ALFRED  FRYER,  The  Nurseries.  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire. 


CHOICE  ROSES.— The  finest  stock  of  Tea,  Noisette, 
China,  and  other  Roses  to  select  from,  ail  strong  and  healthy,  in 
pots.     Descriptive  Priced  LIST  on  application  to 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurserjinan  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


ORCHARD-HOUSE  "TREES,    Fruiting    in   Pots.— 
Peaches.   Nectarines,    Plums,    Pears,    Apples,    Figs,   Apricots, 
Cherries,  Mulberries,  and  Or?nges. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 

DS.  THOMSON  begs  to  offer  a  quantity  of  good 
•  Dwarf-trained  PLUMS,  CHERRIES,  and  APRICOTS; 
also  GRAPE  VINES  for  planting — good  ripened  canes  of  the  best 
varieties.       Nursery,  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 


Grape  Vines.  Fruiting  and  Planting  Canes, 

55.  EACH.— Lewis  Woouthorpe  begs  to  offer  a  ane 
and   well-grown    STOCK    of    all    the     best    sorts.      Descriptive 
CATALOGUES  free.     Second  sized  BLACK  HAMBURGHS,  31.  6d. 
each.     L.  W.'s  system  of  packing  saves  half  the  cost  of  carriage. 
Munro  Nursen,-,  Sible  Hedingham,  Essex. 


Grape  Vines. 

FRANCIS  R.  KINGHORN  has  Fruiting  and  Planting 
Canes  of  the  most  esteemed  sorts,  in  fine  condition,  the  following 
in    considerable     number :— BLACK    HAMBURGH,     MILLHILL 
HAMBURGH,     BUCKLAND     SWEETWATER,     ESPERIONE. 
and  FOSTER'S  SEEDLING,  31.  6d    ys.  6d.,  and  iw.  6d.  each. 
Sheen  Nursery.  Richmond,  Surrey.  B 


WEBBS     PRIZE    COB     FILBERTS,     and    other 
PRIZE  COB    NUTS  and  FILBERTS.      LISTS  of  these 
varietiet  from Mr.  WEBB,  Calcot,  Reading. 


WEBB'S  NEW  GIANT  POLYANTHUS. 
Florist  Flower,  and  GIANT  COWSLIP  SEEDS  ;  also  Plants 
of  all  the  varieties,  with  Double  PRIMROSES  of  different  colours; 
AURICULAS,  both  Single  and  Double;  with  every  sort  of  Early 
Spring  Flowers.     LIST  on  application.— Mr.  WEBB,  Calcot,  Reading. 


fTlHE       PINE-APPLE       NURSERY      COMPANY, 

T^i.xT  T>  ■'^'  Maida  Vale,  Edgware   Road.  W. 

^rl  V^  HESTER,  Manager  of  the  Nursery  and  Seed  Department. 
1  he  Company  guarantee  to  their  Customers  Punctuality,  Liberality, 
and  Genumc  Articles.     The  favour  of  a  visit  is  earnestly  solicited. 


ouTLER,   Mcculloch,  and  co.'s  spring 

CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS  for  1872  is  now  ready.  It  contains 
many  Novelties  of  merit  and  worth  consideration.  Sent  free  and 
post  paid  on  application. 

27.  South  Row,  Covent  Garden  Market,  London,  W.C. 
Established  upwards  of  a  century. 


EVERY         GARDEN         REQUISITE 
KEPT  in  STOCK  at 
CARTER'S  New  Seed  Warehouse.  237  &  238,  High  Holbom,  London. 


_  To  the  Trade. 

STUART     AND     CO.,    Seed    Growers,     Nice  ; 
Seed  Merchants,  5,  Tavistock  Row,  Covent  Garden,  W.C 
NEW     and     CHOICE     SEEDS. 
___^ CATALOGUE  on  application. 

C^    Transit  Agency  for  Plants,  Seeds,  &c. 
J.     BLACK  ITH    AND    CO.,    late    Betham    & 
•  Klackith,    Cox's   and  Hammond's  Quays,    Lower   Thames 
street,  London,  S.E. 

" Forwarders  to  all  parts  of  the  World. 


HNow  Ready. 
OOPER'S      GARDENING     GUIDE     and 
general  catalogue  for  1S72,  price  6d.  ;  post  free,  Sd. 
HOOPER    AND     CO.'S     SEED     CATALOGUE    gratis. 
^HOOPER  AND  CO.,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C 


Cbolce  New  Seeds,  Gladioli,  &c. 

WILLIAM     CUTBUSH    and    SON'S     Descriptive 
Priced  CATALOGUE  contains  every  requisite,  of  the  fmest 
quality  only.     Post  free  on  application. 

Highgate  Nurseries,  London,  N. 


CEitclien  Garden  Seeds. 
HARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  Seed  Merchants,  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intim.ite 
'hat  their  wholesale  CATALOGUE  of  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
SEEDS  IS  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free.  uDon  aoDli- 
cation.  ^         "^ 


CALCEOLARIA  (herbaceous),  of  very  choice  strain, 
from  pans  sown  in  August,  and  once  pricked  out,  2s.  per  dozen  ; 
31.  6rf.  oer  two  dozen  ;  6s.  for  50 ;  los.  per  100,  free  by  post. 

H.  AND  R.  STIRZAKER,  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster. 


WM.  KNIGHT  IS  now  sending  out  12  Varieties 
of  the  NEW  FUCHSIAS  of  1871,  selected  as  the  best  of  the 
season,  in  extra  strong  Plants  for  Exhibition,  for  105.  6d.  the  set, 
package  mcluded. 

Floral  Nurseries,  Hailsham,  Sussex. 


WHITETHORN  QUICK,    i-yr.,  fine.     For  sample 
and  price  apply  to 
B.  R.  CANT,  St.  John's  Street  Nursery,  Colchester. 


TROUBLE    WHIN,     or    GORSE,     nice    plants, 

-*-^  3s.  per  dozen,  155,  per  100.     See  Catalogue. 
Ji^I^'^^J'_*'_'_1'".  Parley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 


nn  RUE  LONDON  PLANE  TREES,  15  feet  high,  and 

■4r.  straight  as  fiun-rods,  42s.  per  dozen;  also  a  creat  variety  of 
STANDARD  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  for  Park  or  Avenue  Planting. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurserymen.  Worcester. 


STRONG  Transplanted  LARCH,  2  to  5  feet.     Buyers 
of  the  above  or  other  Trees  will  be  treated  liberally 
JAMES  DICKSON  anu  SONS,  Newton  Nurseries,  Chester. 


_  To  the  Trade. 

/^ARDNO  AND  DARLING  have  to  offer  LARCH, 
y~y  2  to  3  feet,  i'4  to  3  feet,  and  i-yr.  seedling,  all  from  home-saved 
seed.    Samples  and  prices  on  application. 

Aberdeen. — January  8. 


i>ERBERIS    AQUIFOLIA,     for    Covert. 
"     12  to  i3  jnches,  8s.  per  loo,  40s.  per  1000. 

i^  to  20  inches,  loi.  per  100,  6oj.  per  1000.    See  Catalogue 
JAMES    SMITH,    Darley   Dale    Nurseries,   near   Matlock. 

FINE   bushy   LAURUSTINUS,    1  to  2  feet.     Prices 
on  application. 
WM.    WOOD   AND   SON,  Woodlands   Nursery,    Maresfield,   near 
Ucklield,  Sussex. 


/AAKS,    CHESTNUTS,    BEECH,    ELMS,    suitable 

^— '  for  planting,  3or.  per  1000:  51.  per  loa 

WALNUTS,  SYCAMORES,  LABURNUMS,  LARCH,  SPRUCE, 
SCOTCH  and  SILVER  FIRS,  ROSES,  and  any  other  NURSERY 
STOCK.     Carriage  free  to  London. 
WILKIN,  Tiptree,  Kelvedon. 


Must  be  Sold,  to  Clear  the  Ground, 

ASH,    BEECH,    OAK,    SYCAMORE,     LARCH, 
SCOTCH.      SPRUCE,      PINUS      AUSTRIACA,       PINUS 
CEMBRA,  PRIVET,   PORTUGAL  LAUREL,   YEWS     HOLLY, 
and  other  Nursery  Stock. 
JAMES  MELDRUM.  Kendal. 


To  the  Trade. 

BETA    CHILENSIS    (True),    the   variety  grown   so 
extensively   in   all   the   London    Parks  and   Public   Gardens. — 
The  Undersigned  have  a  small  quantity  to  offer.     Price  per  ounce 
on  application. 
BUTLER,  McCULLOCH,  AND  CO.,  Covent  Garden  Market,  W.C. 


British  Fern  Catalogue. 

ROBERT   SIM    will   send,   post   free  for  si.x  postage 
stamps.  Part  I.   (British   P^erns  and   their  varieties,   36  pages, 
including   prices   of  Hardy   E.\olic  Ferns)  of  his  Priced  Descriptive 
CATALOGUE  of  BRITISH  and  EXOTIC  FERNS,  No.  7. 
Foot's  Cray  Nursery,  Sidcup  Hill,  Kent. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  LIST  of  EVERGREEN  and 
DECIDUOUS  SHRUBS, RHODODENDRONS.STANDARD 
ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  CLIMBING  and  TWINING  PLANTS, 
with  their  generic,  specific,  and  English  names,  native  country, 
height,  time  of  flowering,  colour,  &c.,  and  general  remarks,  free 
by  post. 

RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  Worcester. 


WANTED,   HORNBEAM,  stout,   well  transplanted 
stuff,  4l;  to  5  feet.     State  quantity  and  price  per  1000  to 
WM.    RUMSEY,   Joyning's   Nursery.   Waltham   Cross,  N. 


WANTED,   1000  good  2  or  3-yr.  grafted  Standard 
APPLES,  of  the  best  sorts;  10  quarters  SPRING   TARES, 
English  saved  :  8  quarters  best   DWARF   ESSEX   RAPE. 

Send   price  and  sample    to  WILLIAM    FORD,   Nurseryman  and 
Seedsman,  Rose  IliU  Nursery,  Little  Petherick,  St.  Issey,  Cornwall. 


(BARTER'S  COLLECTIONS  of  VEGETABLE 
V..-'  SEEDS.— Price  121.  6d.,  au.,  30s.,  425.,  and  63s.  Packing  and 
carnage  free. 

237  and  238,  High  Holborn^j^rondon,  W.C. 

pARTER'S  COLLECTIONS  of  "VEGETABLE 
V-^  SEEDS  will  produce  a  constant  supply  of  the  best  vegetables 
all  the  year  round. 


CARTER'S  "COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS. 
For  Cottage  Gardens,  I  For  Small  Gardens,  I  For  Medium  Gardens, 
price  125.  6rf.  I  price  sis.  |       price  30J.  and  421. 
Packing  and  carriage  free.     Five  per  cent,  for  cish  payment. 
237  and  238,  High  IInl[„,rn,  London,  W.C. 


Trade  Price  Current  Seeds  for  1872. 

PETER    LAWSON    and   SON  bet;  to  intimate  that 
their  TRADE    LIST   of  AGRICULTUKAL,  GARDEN,  and 
FLOWER  SEEDS,  &c.,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  post 
free,  on  application. 
2o,  Budge  Row,  Cannon  Street,  London,  E.C.,  and  Edinburgh. 

NUTTING  AND  SONS,  having  had  many  complaints 
that  their  WHOLESALE  SEED  LIST  has  NOT  BEEN 
RECEIVED,  although  duly  posted,  will  be  obliged  to  iheir  friends 
who  have  not  had  one  by  applying  at  once,  when  another  shall  be 
immediately  forwarded. 

Seed  Warehouses,  60,  Barbican,  London,  E.C.— January  6. 

Agriculturarand~GaFden  Seeds. 

HAND  F.  SHARPE'S  Trade  CATALOGUE  of 
.  HOME-GROWN  SEEDS  is  now  ready.  It  contains  all  the 
verj'  best  varieties,  cultivated  under  their  own  superintendence.  The 
quality  is  very  fine,  and  the  prices  low. 

Seed  Growing  Establishment,  Wisbech. 


PARIS,  I  SUTTONS'  GRASS  SEEDS  for  ALL 
1867.  I  SOILS.  The  PREMIER  PRIX  SILVER  MEDAL 
for  GARDEN  SEEDS,  GRASSES,  and  GRASS  SEEDS,  was 
Awarded  to 

SUTTON    AND    SONS,    Seedsmen,   by   Special    Appointment,   to 
H.  M.  the  Queen,  and  H.  R.  H.  the  Prince^r\Va|^es,  Reading,  Berks. 

SUTTONS'    GR.^SS    SEEDS~~ro7"all~SOILS7~fof 
PASTURES,  PARKS,  and  LAWNS.     Prices  and  full  particulars 
on  application. 
Royal  Berks  Seed  Establishment.  Reading. 


To  the  Trade. 

SOOLY  QUA  CUCUMBER 

SUTTON    AND    SONS   have    a    limited  quantity  of 
SEED  of  the  above  to  offer  to  the  Trade.     Price  on  application. 
Royal  Berks  Seed  Establishment,  Reading. 


BIRD'S  KING   of  the    CUCUMBERS,   is.   6d.  per 
packet.     The  best  for  exhibition. 
BIRD'S    QUEEN    of   the    MELONS,    is.    per  packet.     The  best 
green-fleshed  variety.     May  be  had  of  all  the  Seed  Trade,  and  of 
JAMES  BIRD,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  Downhara. 

Telegraph  Cucumber. 

VtrOOD  AND  INGRAM   offer  the  above  welUknown 

VV  variety,  which  is  perhaps  the  greatest  bearer  out,  one  small 
house,  21  feet  by  14  feet  having  produced  924  first-class  fruit.  Six  fine 
Seeds  for  is,,  or  Twelve  for  is.  OJ.     Postatje  stamps  with  orders. 

The  Nurseries,  Huntingdon. 


Paul's,  or  Woolley's  Telegraph  Cucumber  (True). 

PAUL  AND  SON  having  more  than  required  of  the 
following  Home-saved  Seeds,  1870,  can  offer  them  as  below  : — 
TELEGRAPH  CUCUMBER,  20s.  per  oz. 
SNOW'S  WINTER  WHITE  BROCCOLI,  true,  30J.  per  oz. 

The  Old  Niirsi-rics,  Choshunt,  N, 


Turnip  and  Mangel  Wurzel  Seeds— 1871  Crop. 

JOHN  SHARPE  will  on  application  furnish  his  LIST, 
with  prices,  of  the  principal  SEEDS  he  is  growing  this  year. 
Bardney  Manor,  Lincoln. — July  6. 

RICHARD  WALKER  can  supply  the  following,  for 
cash: — Best  SEAKALE  for  forcing,  5s.  per  loo;  second  size, 
ds.  per  loo.  ASPARAGUS  for  forcing,  25s.  per  1000.  WHITE 
SPANISH  ONION  SEED,  all  new  and  genuine,  is.  ad.  per  lb. 

The  Market  Gardens.  Tiigglcswade.  Beds. 


F 


Forcing  Asparagus  and  Seakale. 

RANCIS  &  ARTHUR   DICKSON  &  SONS   offer 
the  above,  extra  e.\tra  strong,  and  \'i;ry  superior. 
The  "  Upton  "  Nurseries,  Chester. 


FOR  CASH,    HARLINGTON  WINDSOR  BEANS 
(original  stock),  and  VEITCH'S   PERFECTION  PEAS.     For 
samples  and  price,  address 
M.  NEWMAN,  The  Elms,  HariJngton.  W. 


s 


THe  Forwardest  Pea  known. 

UTTONS'  RINGLEADER. 

Price  II,  6d.  per  quart.     May  be  sown  at  once. 
SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Reading,  Berks. 


MR.  LAXTON'S  NEW  PEAS  for  1872.— For 
particulars  of  Mr.  Laxton's  latest  and  remarkable  Novelties  in 
Garden  Peas,  which  will  be  sent  out  by  us  this  season  in  trial  packets, 
see  page  69  of  this  day's  Gardeners'  Chronicle. 

HURST  AND  SON,  6,  Leadenhall  Street,  London,  E.C. 


F 


To  tlie  Seed  Trade. 

OR  SALE,  in  large  quantities,  the  following  PEAS  : 
NE  PLUS  ULTRA,    |  CHAMPION  OF  ENGLAND. 
HAIRS'  DWARF  MAMMOTH. 
All  new  seed  and  true  stock.     For  price  apply  to 
B.    R.    CANT,   St.    John's   Street    Nursery,    Colchester^ 


Notice  to  Large  Purcliasers  of  Seeds. 

PURCHASERS  of  large  quantities  of  SEEDS    and 
POTATOS  will  be  supplied  on  liberal  terms,  on  application,  by 
post  or  otherwise  (stating  quantities  required),  to 

SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Seecl  Growers,  Reading. 


S^ 


EED    POTATOS— Wheelers'  Milky  White.— About 

20  Bushels  for  SALE,  price  ds.  per  bushel. 
S.  P.,  Post  Office,  Hitchen.  Herts. 


POTATOS.— Fifty  Tons  good  sound  Seed  of  Kidneys, 
Early  Ashleaf,  Mj-att's  and  Lemon,  Early  Handsworth,  Golden 
Dwarf  and  Ualmahoy.     Prices  per  cwc.  and  ton  very  moderate. 
H.  AND  R.  STIRZAKER,  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster. 


EARLY      SEED      POTATOS.  —20     Tons     Myatf  s 
Prolific,   or  Fortyfold.     Good    sample,   fine  quality,  and  heavy 
crops.     Put  on  the  rails  at  5s.  per  bushel  of  70  lb. 
JAMES  PEARSON,  Forest  Mills,  York. ^ 

Seed  Fotatos. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  Seed  Merch.\nts,  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  SEED  POTATOS  is 
now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  application, 


66 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  20,   1872. 


NEW    AND    GENUINE    SEEDS, 

CARRIAGE    FREE. 


B.  S.  WILLIAMS, 

NURSERYMAN  and  SEED  MERCHANT, 

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES, 

UPPER  HOLLOWAY,   LONDON,  N. 


COMPLETE  COLLECTIONS  of  KITCHEN  GAR- 
DEN SEEDS,  to  suit  Gardens  of  various  sizes, 
los,  6d.,  21S,,  42s.,  63J.,  and  84J.  each. 

NEW  and  CHOICE  VEGETABLE  SEEDS. 

Per  packet— J-  d. 

Williams"  Alex.-iJidra  BROCCOLI          i    6 

Williams'  improved  Dwarf  BRUSSELS  SPROUTS        ..         ..  i    o 

Williams' Early  Nonsuch  CABBAGE i     o 

Williams'  Matchless  Red  CELERY i     o 

Veitch's  Autumn  Giam  CAULIFLOWER 26 

Marquis  of  Lome  CUCU^IBER            36 

Telegraph  CUCUMUER  (Woollcy's  Improved) 16 

Turner's  Blue  Gown  CUCUMBER 26 

Williams' Gloria  Mundi  ENDIVE        i     0 

Burnell's  Alexandra  White  Cos  LETTUCE 16 

Williams' Victoria  Cos  LETTUCE 10 

Webb's    'Jlimax    MELON,  the    finest  flavoured  green-floslied 

variety  out            16 

■Williams'  Paradise  Gem  MELON,  scarlet-fltshed,  the  earliest  in 

cultivation            16 

Queen  ON  ION,  the  earliest  and  best  keeping  variety  ever  offered  i     6 
"Williams'   Emperor  of  the   Marrows   PEA,   a  white    wrinkled 
variety,   very   prolific,  and  of  excjuisite   flavour,  the  finest 
wrinkled  marrow  Pea  in  cultivation ;  this  has  been  adver- 
tised as  a  blue  wrinkled  marrow  by  mistake      .,      per  quart  5    o 
Earlcy's  Defiance  TOMATO,  the  earliest  in  cultivation,  per  pkt.  i    6 


NEW  and  CHOICE  FLOWER  SEEDS, 

Per  packet— s,  ti. 
Williams'  superb  strain  of  PRIMULA,  Red,  White,  or  Mixed 

IS,  6d.,  2S.  6d,,  35.  6d.,  and  5    o 

Williams' superb  strain  of  BALSAM  .,  ..  .,  11.  6rf,  and  2  6 
Neill's  extra  choice  strain  of  CALCEOLARIA 

15.  6d.,  2s.  6ii.t  3^.  6^.  I  and  S  o 
Weatherill's  extra  choice  strain  of  CINERARIA 

IS.  6rf.,  2s.  6^.,  31.  (id.,  and  s    0 

WijTgin's  prize  strain  of  CYCLAMEN..            is.  6d.,  2s.  6d.,  and  3    6 

Wiggin's  prize  strain  of  POLYANTHUS       ..         ..           11.  and  i    6 

GLOXINIA,  finest  erect  varieties         10 

GLOXINIA,  finest  drooping  varieties. .         ^ 10 

AGERATUM,  Imperial  Dwarf 10 

AMARANTHUS  SALICIFOLIUS 15. 6rf.  and  2    6 

CENTAUREA  CLEMENTEI 16 

COLLINSIA  VIOLACEA          10 

DELPHINIUM  NUDICAULE          26 

East  Lothian  STOCKS,  per  collection  of  three  colours     . .         ..26 

VIOLA  CORNUTA,  Enchantress 2s.  6rf.  and  3    6 

VIOLA  CORNUTA.var.  Perfection u.  64.  and  2    6 

ZINNIA  HAAGEANA,  florepleno 10 

B.  S.  W.'s  Illustrated  CATALOGUE  is  now  ready,  post  free  on 
application. 

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES, 
Upper  HoUoway,  London,  N. 


WM.  CUTBUSH   &   SON 
HIGHGATE    NURSERIES, 

LONDON,  N. 

THE    BEST    NEW    PEA 

OF  THE  SEASON, 

Cullingford's    Magnum     Bonum. 

Retail  price  :— Quarts,  4s.  ;  Pints,  2s.  6t/. 


THE  HANDSOBCEST  EARLY  POTATO 

OF  THE  SEASON, 

Pottle's  Prince  Teck. 

The  stock  is  very  limited,  and  will  be  sent  out  strictly 
in  rotation,  as  orders  are  received. 

In  sealed  Peck  Bags  (141b.),  ys.  bd. 


Tradi  Price  of  Magituin  Bonum  Pea,  and 
Prince  Teck  Pota/o,  on  application, 

^^  Naines  of  Firms  procuring  suppliea  will  be 
published  the  third  Saturday  in  January. 

For  particulars,  &c.,  see  Advertisement  in  Gardentrs' 
Chronicle  of  January  6,  p.  16 ;  or  CATALOGUE, 
Post  Free. 


E.  G.  Henderson  &  Son's 

DESCRIPTIVE  AND  ILLUSTRATED  SEED  CATALOGUE, 

FORWARDED  GRATIS  TO  CUSTOMERS. 

TO   OBTAIN   THE   BEST   DISPLAY,    THOSE   MARKED   *   SHOULD   BE   SOWN    EAKLY. 


Amongst  the  numerous  NOVELTIES  and  improved  strains,  the  following  are  specially  noticed  ; — 

FLORIST    FLOWERS,    first   quality. 

ASTERS  and  STOCKS. — The  most  distinct  and  finest  sections,  including  the  best  fixed  colours  in  each  group. 
These  two  features  are  all-important,  as  there  are  so  many  varieties  inferior  in  colour,  and  also  whole  sections 
deficient  in  first-class  properties,  and  which,  from  repeated  trials,  especially  in  the  last-named  class,  have  proved 
unsuitable  for  English  Gardens,  by  their  forming  a  good  growth  with  very  defective  bloom. 


'ANTIRRHINUM  majus  section,  6rf.  ;  collection,  25.  6tf. 
BALSAM,  in  colours,  separate  or  in  collections,  self  or  parti-coloured, 

Carnation-striped,  mottled,  and  three  coloured,  of  superior  double 

quality,  selt  or  mixed,  dd.  and  is.  ;  collection,  2J.  6rf, 
'CANNAS,  fine,  named  decorative  kinds,  fid.  and  is. 
CARNATIONS  and  PICOTEES,  as.  W.  and  qr. ;    Yellow,  zr.  W. 
and  5$. 

,,    Winter-fiowering,  2J.  6ii. ;  new  dwarf  and  early  flowering,  6d. 
and  15. 
CELOSIA  (Coxcomb),  fine  dwarf  purple-crimson,  6i. ;   6  colours, 

IS.  td. 
CALCEOLARIA,  superb  strain,  as.  6d.  and  ^s. ;  dwarf  section,  zs.  6d. 

*  ,,     shrubby  habit,  bedding  section,  as.  6<f. 

CINERARIA,  from  splendid  varieties,  in  blue,  crimson,  and  parti- 
coloured, separate  or  mixed,  all  colours,  2S.  M.  and  gs, 
■^CYCLAMEN  persicum,  6  choice  mixed,  is.  and  as.  W. 
DELPHINIUMS,  splendid  collection,  named  sorts,  separate,  fid. 
and  IS.  ;  or  collection  of  34  kinds,  7s.  6rf ;  12  kinds,  3s. 
■"GLOXINIAS,  erect,  and  drooping,  is.  td. 
HUMEA  ELEGANS,  6d.  and  is.  ;  new  purple  variety,  is.  and  as.  6d. 
HOLLYHOCKS,  good  mixed  colours,   is.   and  as.  dd.  ;   18  named 
varieties,  6s. ;  la  named  varieties,  4s. 
*M1MULUS    quinquevulnera,    in    blotched    varieties,    superb    new 
colours,  C)d.  and  is. 

*  „    pardina,    or    tigrioides,  beautiful  new    colours,    spotted  and 

speckled,  6d.  and  is. 
PANSIES,  best  English  flowers,  is.  6d. ;  second,  (>d. 

*  „     French,  blotched,  is.  6i.  ;  second,  bd. 

*  „     German,  striped,  6if.  and  u. 

*  „    colours  separate,  see  Catalogue. 

PELARGONIUM,     Show   varieties,    splendid     quality    for    prize 
collections,  -is.  6d. 
„    Continental  section,  lower  petals  blotched,  as.  6d. 
„    fimbriate  and  fringed  flowered  section,  as.  6d. 
,,    Fancy  flowered  class,  aj.  6d. 
,,    Golden  Bronze  zoned,  is.  and  is,  6d. 
^      „    Tricolor  variegated  leaved,  2s.  6i.  and  5s. 

*  „    Cape  species,  is. ;  Scented-leaved  kinds,  is.  6d.  ;  and  several 

other  sections  ;  see  Catalogue. 
PETUNIA,  double-flowered,  is. 

*  „    pure  white,  bedding  habit,  and  neat  flower,  is. 

*  „    crimson,  neat  bedding  kind,  is. ;  rose-coloured,  for  beds,  6d. 
'■*      „    blotched  white  and  crimson,  select  and  free,  is. 

These  and  others  are  select  seeds,  from  pot  plants,  and  of 
first-class  quality. 
PHLOX  Drummondi  Heynholdi,  scarlet 

I,  ,,    In  la  varieties,  3s.  6d.  ;  6  colours,  is.  6d. 

decussata,  best  varieties,  selected,  6d.  and  is. 
POTENTILLA  hybrida,  florc-pleno,  novel  and  beautiful,  if. 
POLYANTHUS,  best,  is. ;  Double  do  ,  u. 
PYRETHRUM  carneum  hybridum,  is. 
^FUCHSIA,  from  a  choice  selection.  Double  and  Single,  is.  and  3S.6d. 
GLADIOLUS,  from  extra  fine  French  group,  6d.  and  is. 


NOVELTIES  in  SEEDS  for  1872. 

AMARANTHUS  atropurpureus,  is.;  A.  bicolor  olbicnsis,  u. ;    A. 

salicifolia,  ii,  6rf.  and  as.  6d.  ;  A.  tricolor  gigantea,  is. 
♦ANTIRRHINUM  atrosanguineum,  6d. 
CELOSIA  pyramidalis  aurantia  plumosa,  6d. 
CONVOLVULUS  majus  piclurata,  u. 
DELPHINIUM  nudicaulc,  is.  and  as.  6d. 
MARIGOLD,  dwarf,  aurea  floribunda,  6d.  and  is. 
•MIMULUS    Roezlli,  6ii.  and  IS, 
♦MYOSOTIS  sylvatica  compacta,  is. 
PHLOX  Drummondi  Heynholdi  cardihatis,  as.  6d. 
PRIMULA  japonica,  a  new  and   splendid    flowering    plant,  in  6 
varieties,  ^s.  6d.  and  5s. 
„    sinensis  fimbriata,  while  and  crimson,  35.  6d. 
,,  ,,     Magnum  Bonum, /rinj^cd,  as.  6d.  and  31. 

,,  ,,    carminata  splendens,  fine,  as.  6d. 

II  ,,     Fcrn-lcaved,  white  and  red  fringed  as.  6d~ 

„  „    punctata  elegantissima,  as.  6d.  ;  P.  marmorata,  2s.  6d. 

„  „    double  white,  red  and  magenta,  2s.  6d.  and  5s. 

»LOBELIA,  Brilliant,  fine  bedder,  large  deep  blue  petals,  ». 

*  „    Imperial,  rich  blue,  white  eye,  is.  ;  L.  Purple  Prince,  is. 

*  ,,    Rainbow,  large  blue,  is.  ;  L,  Sunset,  best  red,  is. 

*  „     pumila  section,  alba  caerulea,  blue,  while  eye,  is. 
SAXIFRAGA  longifolia,  beautiful  alpine  species,  is. 

SWEET  WILLIAM,  pure  while,  is.;  perpetual  flowering,  6d.  and  is. 

„    in5varictiesiis.-6i,.    -    -  .-.,.,.- 

STREPTOPTERIS  supetba, "beautiful.  Fern,- fresh   New  i^alaud 

seed,  IS. 
•VERBENA,  splendid  quality,  M.  and  a<,  6(/. 


,*VIOLA      cornula,     Enchantfess,    bedding,     is.  ;     V.     Perfection, 
bedding,  is. 

*  ,,    luiea  grandiflora  perfecta,  first-class  bedding  variety,  W.  and  ir. 

The  three    last   are   large-sized   Pansy-sized    flowers,  with 
fine  bedding  features. 
ZINNIA  elegans,  new  dwarf  section,  mixed,  is.  and  as.  td. 

,,  „     in   splendid  double   flowers,  8  colours,  as,  61. ;  mixed 

varieties,  6d.  and  u. 
„    Haageana  flore-plena,  is.  and  is.  6d. 
♦AGERATUM  imperialis,  dwarf  white,  6d. 
COLLINSIA  violacea,  is. 
CORETHROGYNE  spathulata,  is. 
,*CUPHEA  platycentra  aurea  variegala,  is. 
*DAHLIA  arborea,  is.  ;  D.  imperialis  rosea,  is. 

*  ,,    coccinea  flore-plena,  is. 

'CAMPANULA  turbtnata  hybrida,  fine  variety,  6i.  and  is. 
^        „  ,,     hybrida  alba,  is.  ;  C,  hybrida  pallida,  is, 

BEGONIA  rosaflora,  2s.  6d. ;  B.  Veitchii,  as,  6d. 
,,    Sedeni,  2s.  6d. 

BOUGAINVILLEA  aurantiaca,  is. 
"CINERARIA  acanlhifolia,  is.  ;  C.  maritima  Candida,  is. 
"      ,,     maritima  lastre^folla,  6d. 

^GAILLARDIA  picta,  new,  salmon  coloured,  6i.  and  is. 
"MATRICARIA  grandiflara,  is. 
♦SALVIA  nilotica,  is. 

NEMOPHVLLA  insignis  lilacina,  is. 
*'SCABIOSA  nana  stricta  flore-plena,  is. 

*  „    major  compacta,  black,  is. 


Other  desirable  FLOWERS  in  SEEDS. 

♦ECHEVERIA  metallica,  is.  and  is.  6d.  ;   E.  metallica  glauca,    is. 
and  IS.  6rf. 

*  „    glauca,  pumila,  and  secunda,  6d.  each. 
•COB.^A  scandens,  6d.  and  is. 
*COLEUS,  in  great  variety,  is. 
"CENTAUREA  ragusina  (candidissima  syn.)  is. 

*  „     Ctementei,  is. 
•CALAMPELIS  scaber,  6d. 

CALENDULA,  Aurorc,  4^. 

CHAM^PEUCE  diacantha,  is. 
*CLIANTHUS  Dampieri,  is.  ;  C.  Dampieri  alba,  as.  6d. 

GESNERA  magnifica,  and  G.  Houtteana  coccinea,  15,  each. 

IRIS  pumila,  6if. 

LAPAGERIA  rosea,  is.  and  as.  6d. 

LEPTOSIPHON  roseum,  6d. 

LILIUM  auratum,  L.  colchicum,  and  L.  giganteum,  is.  each. 

CONVOLVULUS  tricolor  variegatus  stellatus,  is. 
*DIANTHUS  diadematus  plenissimus,  6d. 

LARKSPUR,  Ranunculus-flowered,  mixed  colours,  W. 

„    candelabra  spiked,  new  section,  mixed  colours,  6d.  and  is. 
•LOBELIA    speciosa,    6d.  ;    in   4   colours,    2s.;    L.   speciosa,    from 
cuttings,  IS. 

*  „    Indigo  Blue,  deep  colour,  is.  ;  L.  speciosa  alba,  is, 
"      „    pumila  section,  mixed  colours,  or  separate,  6d. 

„  „  „    6  varieties,    2s.    6d. ;    L.    Queen    Victoria,  tall 

scarlet,  6d.  and  is. 
MIGNONETTE  Amelioro.new  red,  6d. 

„  „    new  Giant  Tree,  6d. 

MARIGOLD,  extra  fine  quality  (see  list),  10  varieties,  2s.  6d. ;  single 

6d.  and  is.  6d. 
MYOSOTIS  dissitiflora,  fine  bedding  variety,  6d.  and  is. 

„    sylvatica,  for  bedding,  6d. ;  6  distinct  species,  is.  6d. 
PORTULACA,  8  colours,  is.  6d. ;  double  flowered,  6d.  and  is.  6d. 
*RICINUS,  Palma  Christi,  6<i.  and  is,  ;    in  12  varieties,  3»-  W.  ; 

6  sorts,  as. 
"AGERATUM,  Imperial  Dwarf,  fine  bedding  plant,  &f. 
ANEMONE  pavonia,  6d.  and  11. 

AQUILEGIA  glandulosa  gigantea,  is, ;  A.  ccCrulea,  M. 
•MAURANDYA,  in  colours,  6d.  each  ;  n»ixed,  1*. 
"MESEMBRYANTHEMUM  cordifolium  variegatum,  is. 
NEMOPHILA,  in  12  varieties,  as. 

NICOTIAN  A    Cavolo,    best     varitty    of     tobacco    for     making 
cigars,  6d. 
*NIEREMBERGIA  gracilis,  6i.  ;  N.  fruticosa,  is. 
PYRETHRUM  aureum  (Golden  Feather),  3d.  and  6rf. 
•RHODOCHITON  volubilc,  is. 
•RHODODENDRON  arborcum,  is. 

„    Carapbelli,  is.;  R,  campylocarpum,  is. 
„    ciliatum,  is. ;  R.  Dalhousii,  i*.  ;  R.  Falknefi,  is. 
„    Jenkinsi,  is. ;  R.  Kcysi.  «s.  ;  R.  Maddenii,  is. 
SOLANUM  pseudo-capsicum,  newhybrld,  beautiful forpot  culture,  if. 
„    ciliatum,  ornamental  fruit,  is. 
•THALICTRUM  minus,  6^. 
•WIG AND! A  imperialis,  is. ;  W.  caracasana,  U. 
WALLIH.0WBR*  double,  in  .v«iriQU3    t^slours,    la  ,icip4»j  S'-W.  J 

—  -mixed,  If,,     •■■::-', 

„        „    new  dwarfj  golden-ye!loiVi  6rf,  ' 


WELLINGTON  NURSERY,  ST.  JOHN'S  WOOD,  LONDON,  N.W. 


January  20,   1872. J 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


67 


Trade  Mark. 


"  The  Best  Cataloguei" — See  opinions  of  the  Press. 
just  Published,  Gratis  and  Post  Free, 


Dick  Radclyffe  &  Co.s 

SPEIIG    CATALOGUE    Or    SEEDS 

FOR   THE 

KITCHEN    GARDEN,    FLOWER    GARDEN,   and   FARM; 

Garden    Requisites   and    Horticultural    Decorations. 


THE  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
ORCHARD 


CONTENTS  {Illusirated)  ■— 
FARM  I      GARDEN  SUNDRIES,    IMPLEMENTS,  &c. 

FLOWER  GARDEN      |      HORTICULTURAL  DECORATIONS. 


Seed  Merchants  and  Garden  Furnishers, 
129,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  LONDON,  W.C.         SEED  GROUNDS— ERF  URT,  PRUSSIA. 
N.B.     Wholesale  Catalogues  for  the  Trade  only  on  appUcation.        Seed  packed  for  export. 


PREMIER  HORTICULTURAL  PRIZE  AND  TWO  GOLD  MEDALS 

FROM    INTERNATIONAL    EXHIBITION,   1871. 

William  Paul 

RESPECTFULLY     SOLICITS     ORDERS     FOR     HIS 

COLLECTION    OF    ROSES, 

The    largest,     cheapest,     and    best    stock    in    the    counti-y. 

VEGETABLE    ANB    FLOWER    SEEDS 

Of  the  most  select  and  improved  races,  many  of  which  have  been  worked  up  under  his  own  eye  and  hand  ; 
the  carriage  of  whicli  may  be  deducted  from  the  account. 

FRUIT    TREES, 

Standards  and  Dwarfs,  Trained  and  Untrained  ;    also  many  thousands  of  handsome  Fruiting 
Pyramids,  well  set  with  flower-buds. 

GRAPE    VINES. 

A  large  Collection,  including  all  the  newest  sorts,  in  e-xcellent  condition  of  root  and  top. 

EVERGREENS  and  FLOWERING  TREES  and  SHRUBS. 

Many  acres  in  splendid  condition  for  removal,   well  worthy  of  inspection  by  any  gentleman   planting. 


Carriage  of  all  Goods  Free  to  London.       Priced  Catalogues  Free  by  Post. 
PAUL'S  NURSERIES  and  SEED  WAREHOUSE,  WALTHAM   CROSS,  LONDON,  N. 


Richard   Smith, 

NURSERYMAN  AND  SEED  MERCHANT, 
WOECESTEE. 


ROSES— Standard,  Dwarf  and  Climbing. 
FRUIT  TREES  of  every  description. 
CREEPERS,  for  TreUises  and  Walls. 
FOREST,  SCREEN,  and  TIMBER  TREES. 
SHRUBS  for  GAME  COVERTS. 
QUICK  and  other  STOCK  for  HEDGES. 


CONIFEROUS  TREES  and  SHRUBS. 

EVERGREEN  ,,  ,, 

FLOWERING 

ORNAMENTAL      ,,  ,, 

AVENUE 

GARDEN  and  FARM  SEEDS  of  all  kinds. 


DESCRIPTIVE  PRICED  CATALOGUES  to  be  had  on  application. 


NEW  JAPANESE  PRIMROSE,  PRIMULA  JAPONIGA. 

B.  S.  Williams 

HAS   MUCH    PLEASURE   IN   OFFEKING 

IMPORTED  SEEDS  OF  THE  ABOVE  SUPEUB  PLANT, 

A  Plant  which  has  deservedly  been  designated  the  "Queen  of  the  Primroses." 
«„e.3!''hf,''l"^  t  undoubtedly  one  of  the  best  of  Mr.  Fortune's  introductions  from  Japan,  the  flowers  in  the  original 
wif        ^,     r,  '=""5° "■   produced  m  several  whorls  upon  an  erect  scape  ;    plants  from  seed  produced  flowers  of 
bright  magenta,  lilac  and  rose,  white,  carmine  and  red,  rosy  Ulac  and  orange,  in  addition  to  the  original  colour,  rosy 
cnmson  and  maroon  crimson.     Besides  the  above  colours  many  variations  may  be  expected  under  cultivation. 

fnr  ^TnL^f^l  hT  °^f^3  "^^  ''^™  ''™!  '1°'"^  ''y  ^''-  Kramer  from  Japan,  who  remarks  that  it  sometimes  remains 
lor  a  long  time  before  startmg  into  growth,  but  Mr.  B.  S.  Wilhams  would  advise  those  who  wish  to  give  it  a  trial,  to 

name  h„f°J?Sh  ,f  T^  •'^  ,"'  '""''.  '°  ^"""^  ^"""^  '"  germination.     The  varieties  are  here  offered  without 

name,  but  with  the  descnptive  colours  as  imported. 

Cultural  directions  will  be  found  on  each  packet. 


PRIMULA  JAPONICA,  purple-crimsonfr ''"*.?~2   \ 

»         ,,      var.,  white  flowers 36 

>>         „     var.,  reddish  scarlet  flowers  ..         ..     26 
■  I        I,     var.,  lilac  and  crimson  centre  flowers    2    6 


PRIMULA  JAPONICA,  var.,  clear  rose  flow'ers'  3 

,,         ,,      var. ,  white  and  rosy  crimson  flowers  2 
M         I,  •    mixed,  each  packet  containing  seeds 

of  all  the  above  varieties . ,         . .  3 


B.  S 


WILLIAMS,  VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES,  UPPER  HOLLOWAY,  N. 


J,  C.  WHEELER  &  SON, 

SEED      GROWERS, 

GLOUCESTER    and    LONDON, 


WHEELERS'  KINGSHOLM  COS  LETTUCE 


WHEELERS'  KINGSHOLM  COS  LETTUCE 

This  magnificent  Lettuce,  fully  described  in  previous 
Advertisements,  is  now  offered  in  Packets,  post  free, 
at  \s.  each.  A  List  of  the  Trade  of  \vhom  it  may  be 
obtained,  will  be  published  in  this  paper. 


WHEELERS'  LITTLE  BOOK  for  1872 

Is  now  ready,  price  6t/.,  post  free,  gratis  to  customers. 
"The  mass  of  buyers  who  ha\e  no  fancies,  but  who 
dislike  being  perplexed,  and  are  satisfied  with  what  is 
excellent,  will  greatly  prefer  a  short  select  seed  hst  to  an 
interminable  labyrinth  of  names,  which,  for  the  most  part 
represent  nonentities  or  rubbish.  Messrs.  Wheelers' 
'  Little  Book '  will  do  something  to  satisfy  their  expecta- 
tions."— Dr.  LiNDLEY. 


WHEELERS'  TOM   THUMB  LETTUCE. 

This  is  undoubtedly  the  best  Cabbage  Lettuce  in 
cultivation,  and  a  remarkable  favourite.  It  is  good 
both  summer  and  winter.  In  our  Little  Book  for  1872 
are  extracts  from  13  letters,  speaking  in  the  very  highest 
terms  of  its  excellence. 

Price  \s.  per  Packet,  post  free.     Small  Packets,  6d, 


PINUS  AUSTRIACA. 

Extra  fine,  transplanted,  very  handsome,  well-rooted 
plants,  3  to  4  feet.  One  of  the  largest  stocks  in  the 
Kingdom,  Price  on  appUcation. 


WHEELERS'  COCOA-NUT  CABBAGE. 


Wheelers  Cocoa  nut  is  a  newand\ery  early  variety, 
perfectly  distinct  of  most  excellent  flavour.  It  should  be 
planted  18  inches  apart :  vnll  yield  an  early  and  continuous 
supply.  This  Cabbage  is  a  decided  novelty  and  a  great 
acquisition. 

Owing  to  the  small  supply  of  seed  this  season,  we  much 
regret  that  we  cannot  supply  the  Trade  until  we  have 
harvested  our  next  crop. 

Price  ij.  per  Packet,  post  free.     Small  Packet,  6*/. 


J.  C.  WHEELER  and  SON, 

SEED  GROWERS,    GLOUCESTER  and  LONDON" 


6S 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Ae^ricultural    Gazette. 


[January  20,   1S72. 


AMARANTHUS     SALICIFOLIUS. 


This  remarkably 
beautiful  annual  is  by 
far  the  finest  Amar- 
anthus  ever  offered  to 
the  public. 

The  plant  is  of  pyra- 
midal form,  attaining  a 
height  of  from  2  J  to 
3  feet,  branching  close 
to  the  ground,  the 
lower  branches  being 
from  12  to  15  inches  in 
length,  and  extending 
in  a  horizontal  position. 

The  leaves,  which 
are  beautifully  undu- 
lated, vary  in  the  earlier 
stages  of  growth  from  a 
green  to  a  bronzy  green 
shade,  and  are  from 
5  to  7  inches  in  length, 
by  about  a  quarter  of 
an  inch  in  width.  As 
the  plants  get  stronger, 
the  leaves  at  the  ends 
of  all  the  principal 
branches  assume  a 
bright  orange -red 
colour,       and       become 


more  elongated,  gene- 
rally being  from  10  to 
15  inches  in  length, 
forming  magnificent 
bright  coloured  plumes, 
and  giving  the  plant 
a  most  elegant  and 
picturesque  appearance. 

From  its  extremely 
graceful  habit  and  rich 
colours  this  plant  pro- 
duces a  striking  effect 
when  planted  in  large 
beds  or  masses  ;  it  also 
forms  a  very  handsome 
object  as  a  single  speci- 
men for  the  centre  of  a 
vase  or  small  bed,  and 
is  invaluable  as  a  pot 
plant  for  autumn  green- 
house decoration. 

It  has  been  exhibited 
by  us  in  Hamburgh, 
London,  Edinburgh, 
and  Brighton,  and  has 
invariably  received 

First-class  awards ;  it 
cannot  be  too  highly 
recommended. 


Per  Packet,  Is.  6d.,  2s.  66,,  and  5s. 


J 


INTRODUCED  AND   SOLD    BY 


KING'S 


Messrs.  Armitage  &  Son 
„  Backhouse  &  Son .. 
„  Barr  &  Sucden 
>>  Briggs  &  Brothers 
„  Thomas  Bunyard  &  Sons  F 
„  Butler,  McCulloch  &  Co.    ' 

„  Carter  &  Co 

,,  Henry  Clarke  &  Sons 

„  Dickson,  Brown  &  Tail    . 

„  Dickson  &  Co 

„  Jas.  I>ickson  &  Son 

„  James  Dickson  &  Sons  . . 

„  F.  &  A.  Dickson  &  Sons. . 

„  James  Dickson  &  Son     . . 

,,  Dippe  Brothers 

,,  Downie,  Laird  &  Laing    . 

„  W.  Drummond  &  Sons   . . 

„  F.dmondson  lirolhers 

,,  Ernst  &  Van  Spreckelsen  1 

„  S.  Finney  &  Co ' 

„  Fisher,  Holmes  &  Co.     ., 
,,  Garraway  &  Co.     .  ■ 

„  Geo.  Gibbs&  Co 

„  Groenewegen  &  Co, 

,,  Haage  &  Schmidt . . 

„  E,  G.  Henderson  &  Son. . 

„  P.  Henderson  &  Co. 

»  Hogg  &  Wood 

,,  Hooper  &  Co. 

„  Hursl&Son 

„  Tackson  &  Son 

„  John  IclTrie5&  Son 

f,  Successors  of  F.  Juhlke. , 


AMES  Veitch  &  Sons, 

ROYAL     EXOTIC     NURSERY, 

ROAD,     CHELSEA,     LONDON,     S.^V. 


The  following  Firms  have  secured  Supplies  c 

Huddersfield 

Messrs.  E.  H.  Krelage  &  Son. 

.  Haarlem,  Holland 

Yprk 

„  Lamoureux  &  Co. .. 

.  Plymouth 

.  Edinburgh  and  London 

Covent  Garden,  W.C. 

„  Peter  Lawson  &  Son 

Rochester,  New  York 

„  J,  &  C.  Lee 

„  Thomas  Methven  &  Son. 

.  Hammersmith,  W. 

Maidstone 

.  Edinburgh 
.  Strand,  VV.C. 

Covent  Garden,  W.C. 

„  Minier,  Nash&  Nash     . 

High  Holborn,  W.C. 

„  Nutting  &  Son 

.  Barbican,  E.C. 

„Osborn&Son 

.  Fulham,  S.W. 

„  Paul  &-  Son 

,  Cheshunt 

Edinburgh 

„  Pine  Apple  Nursery  Co.. 

.  Edgware  Road,  W. 
.  Erfurt,  Germany 

,,  Platz&  Son 

„  Ponsford  &  Sons    .. 

.  Brixton 

106,  Easigate  Street,  Chester 

„  Dick  RadclyfTc  &  Co.      . 

.  High  Holborn.  W.C. 

ig,  Sackville  Street.  Dublin 

„S.  &J.  Rinz 

.  Krankfori-on-Maine 

(Juedlinburg,  Germany 

„  Robertson  &  Galloway   . 

.  Glasgow 

Kdinburgh;  and  Forest  Hill,  S.F.. 

„  Rollisson&  Son     .. 

.  Tooting 

Dublin 

„  Rutley  &  Silverlock 

.  Strand.  VV.C. 

„  W.  Samson  &  Co...         . 

.  Kilmarnock 

Hamburg,  Germany 
N  ewcastle-on-Tyne 

„  Shiebler&Son       .. 

.  Celle,  Hanover 

,,  Smith  &  Simons     . . 

.  Glasgow 

Sheffield 

„  F.  &  A.  Smith 

.  Dulwich 

Bristol 

„  Stuart  &  Mein 

.  Kelso 

Down  Street,  PiccadiUy 

„  Sutton  &Sons 

.  Keadinc 

Amsterdam,  Holland 

„W.  Tait&Co. 

.  Dublin 

Erfurt,  Germany 
St.  John's  Wood 

„  Thorburn&  Co.     .. 

.  New  York 

„  Vilmorin&  Co.      .. 

.  Paris 

New  York 

„  Waitc,  Burnell,  Huggin 

s 

Coldstream 

St  Co. 

Southwark  Street,  S.E. 

Covent  Garden,  W.C. 

„  Wheeler  &  Son       . . 

.  Gloucester 

Leadenhall  Street,  E.C. 

„  Jacob  Wrench  &  Son 
Mr.  E.  Penary. .            . .         . 

.  London  Bridge,  E.C. 

Kingston 

.  Erfurt,  Germany 

Cirencester 

„    B.  Bracher 

.  Halifax 

Erfurt,  Germany 

„    S.  Brown 

.  Wcston-super-Mere 

from  us  ;  — 


Mr.  Cannell 
Chitly 
Cocker 
Cooling 
Cooper 
Dean  . . 
W.  E.  Dixon 
H.  A.  Dreer 
E,  P.  Francis 


F.  C^oede Hamburg 


,  Woolwich 

.  Patcrson,  New  Jersey,  U.S. 

.  Aberdeen 

.  Derby 

.  Fleet  Street,  E.C. 

.  Ealing 

.  Beverley 

,  Philadelphia 

,  Hertford 


F.  A.  Haage 
Hewitt 
Holmes 
D.  Jacob 
K.  F.  Kci 
V.  Lemoi 
H.  May 
Merry  weather 


Erfurt,  Germany 
Birmingham 
Lichficfd 

Haarlem,  Holland 
Liverpool 
Nancy,  F"rance 
Bedafe 
Southall 


Mette Qucdiinburg,  Germany 


Parker 

W.  Paul 

J.  Pearson 

J.  Perkins,  sen. 


1  ooting 

Waltham  Cross 

Chilwell 

52,  Market  Sauarc,  Northampton 

f2,  Drapery,  Northampton 
larnstaple 
Washington  City,  U.  S.  A 


rhos,  Perkins 
W.  H.  Quick 
J.  Saul 

John  Scott Yeovil 

B.  Smalc Torqu.iy 

W.  Thompson        ..         ..  Ipswicli 
Chas.  Turner         . .         . .  Slough 
R.  T.  Veitch  ..         ..  Exeter 

G.  Wheeler Warminster 

B.  S.  Williams      ..        ..  Upper  Holloway,  London 


PJi/CE    TO    THE    TRADE    ON  APPLICATION. 


January  2o,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    A^^ricultural    Gazette. 


69 


32,  Maida    Vale,   Edgwarc  Road,  W. 

THE    PINE-APPLE    NURSERY 

(one  of  the  Oldest  Nurseries  extant) 

IS    NOW    CONDUCTED    BY    A    COMPANY,    WHO    ARE 
PREPARED    TO 

WAEEANT    GENUINE 

EVERY   ARTICLE   SUPPLIED   TO  THEIR    CUSTOMERS. 
THEIR  STOCK  AND  RESOURCES  ARE  ALMOST 

INEXHAUSTIBLE; 

AND 

THEIR    MOTTO   IS   "LIBERALITY." 

Please  write  fortheir  ROSE  and  FRUIT  TREE  CATALOGUE,  andalso  for  their  SEED    CATALOGUE, 

just  published. 


Address,  JOHN  BESTER  (Manager), 
PINE-APPLE     NURSERY,      MAIDA     VALE,      LONDON,     W. 


1872-VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS. 


James  Dickson  &  Sons 

WILL   BE   CLAD   TO   SEND   THEIR    DESCRIPTIVE   PRICED 

CATALOGUE   OF   GENUINE  GARDEN   SEEDS, 

ALSO  ILLUSTRATED  SHEET  OF  THE  MOST  APPROVED  GARDEN  TOOLS,  &c.. 
Post  Free  on  application. 


"  NEWTON  "   NURSERIES  ;     and    102,    EASTGATE    STREET,    CHESTER. 


New  Seeds—"  Only  tlie  Best." 


MR.      WILLIAM      BULL'S      CATALOGUE 
is  now  ready. 
SEEDS  of  NEW  VEGETABLES 
SEEDS  of  NEW  FLOWERS 
nl^^f^A'^'^.^^^^U^    rirf^  descriptions  in  Mr.  WILLIAM  BULL'S 
CATALOGUE.     "  Every  article  priced." 

It  is  particularly  requested  that  orders  be  sent  on  the  order  sheet 
that  acconijjanies  the  Seed  Catalogue,  as  soon  after  its  receipt  as 
possible.  J'his  is  desired  with  a  view  to  prevent  any  delay  in  the 
execution  of  orders,  for,  although  a  large  and  efficient  staff  is  cm- 
ployed,  yet,  in  the  height  of  the  season,  the  pressure  is  extremely 
great,  and  hence  the  work  is  much  facilitated  if  the  orders  arc 
received  early. 

Establishment  for  New  and  Rare  Plants,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
London,  S.W. 


Importea  Seed  of 


PRIMULA   JAPONICA    (New    Crimson   Primro.e). 
in  six  varieties. 
Vidt  Mr.  WILLIAM  BULL'S  NEW  SEED  CATALOGUE,  p.  84. 
Establishment  for  New  and    Rare  Plants,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
London,  S.W, 


Delphinium  nudlcaule. 

W  THOMPSON,  SEEDSMAN.  Tavern  Street, 
•  Ipswich,  begs  to  oflcr  SEED  of  the  above  beautiful  species, 
with  scarlet  flowers,  introduced  by  him  from  California,  in  packets,  at 
IS.  and  2s.  dd.  each  :  free  for  13  or  30  stamps, 

W.  T.'s  CATALOGUE  for  the   present    season,    including  ncarl 
2000  species  and  varieties,  may  be  had  gratis  on  prepaid  application. 


Pelargoniums  for  the  Million. 

JAMES    HOLDERS    unrivalled    COLLECTION    of 
FRENCH,  FANCY,  and  SHOW  VARIETIES,  now  ready,  in 
strong  Plants.     CATALOGUES  gratis  on  application. 

HUNT'S  superb  SWEET  WILLIAM,    in  24  varieties,  5c;J  or 
plants,  as  per  former  Advertisement. 

Crown  Nursery,  Reading. 


c 


HOICE    TRICOLOR 


Prince  of  Wales 
Mrs.  Dunnett 
Sunbeam 
Wonderful 


GERANIUMS. 

Miss  Burbett  Coutts 
Mrs.  John  Glutton 
Italian  Beauty 
Mabel  Morris 


Jetty  Lacy 

Sir  Robert  Napier 

Pre-eminent 

Phoebus  

The  12  for  215.,  cash ;  package  free. 

Remittances  rcqu<.:slcd  from  unknown  correspondents. 

ALFRED  FRYER.  The  Nurseries,  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire. 

T3HODODENDRON       PONTICUM,       fine 


J-i 


\\i  to  2  feet.. 

20  to  30  inches 
2  to  2j^  feet  . . 
'M  to  3  feet . 


plants  :■ 
Per  loa 


35^- 


bushy 


40s. 


Per  1000. 

.  l\-2    or. 

16  10 

19    o 


75^ 35 

RHODODENDRON  HYBRIDUM. 

15  to  20  inches        , .         -xps.  ..         ..  £14    o 

2  to  2]-2  feet  . .        . .        40J.  . .        .,     19    o 

RHODODENDRON  MAXIMUM  ALBUM  (White). 

2  to  2!2  feet . .        . .        40s.  , .        ..£  ig    o 

For  smaller  si;es,  see  CATALOGUE. 

JAMES  SMITH,  Darley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 


MR.     LAXTON'S     NEW     PEAS     FOR    1872. 


SUPERLATIVE,    Average  Size.     {From  a  Photograph.) 


Messrs.  Hurst  &  Son, 

HAVING   BEEN   ENTRUSTED   WITH   THE  DISTRIBUTION   OF 

THE    rOLLOWIIG    DISTINCT    lOVELTIES    II    G-AELEI    PEAS, 

THE    LATEST    PRODUCTIONS    OF    MR.    LAXTON,    WILL,    THIS    SEASON,     BE    PREPARED    TO    SUPPLY 
A    LIMITED    QUANTITY    OF    EACH,     IN    SMALL    PACKETS,    FOR    TRIAL    ONLY. 


WILLIAM      THE      FIRST. 

The  finest  Pea  yet  sent  out  for  earliness,  flavour,  and  appearance  combined.  It  is 
a  first  early  variety,  with  long  and  well-filled  deep  greenish  pods  ;  ripe  seed  parti- 
coloured, li]<e  "  Ne  Plus  Ultra."  It  has  been  thoroughly  tested  and  recommended  at 
the  Royal  Horticultural  Society's  Gardens  at  Chiswick  on  several  occasions,  and  was 
the  only  Pea  e.xhibited  in  Mr.  Gilbert's  first  prize  "  Gardener's  "  collection  of  Vegetables 
at  the  Society's  Exhibition  at  Nottingham  in  July  last.  Height  3  feeL — For  further 
description  see  "  Hogg's  Gardeners'  Year  Book  for  1871,"  page  73. 

GRIFFIN. 

A  remarkable  and  distinct  variety,  as  early  as  ' '  Sangster's  No.  i, "  of  a  fine  colour 
and  flavour  when  cooked  ;  the  ripe  seed  is  also  of  a  bright  grass-green  colour,  and  well 
calculated  to  supply  "Green  Peas  all  the  year  round."  Pods  medium-sized  :  height 
about  2  feet  6  inches. 

POPULAR. 

For  general  crop  this  Blue  Wrinkled  Marrow  will  be  found  earlier,  more  prolific, 
and  to  have  better  filled  pods  than  those  of  "  Champion  of  England,"  to  which  variety 
it  is  quite  equal  in  flavour,  and  against  which  it  should  be  tried.     Height  above  4  feet. 


SUPERLATIVE. 

The  largest  and  finest  podded  variety  yet  raised  :  indispensable  as  an  E.xhibition 
Pea.  The  pods,  which  have  been  exhibited  7  inches  in  length,  are  more  than  twice 
the  size  of  those  of  the  parent  Pea,  "  Laxton's  Supreme,"  which  during  the  last  three 
seasons  has  taken  nearly  every  first  prize  when  shown  in  competition.  It  is  also  quite 
as  early  as  that  variety,  and  very  prolific.  As  "Superlative"  sometimes  runs  7  or  8  feet 
in  height,  it  should  be  slightly  pinched  in  when  the  growth  is  about  5  feet.  The  colour 
and  flavour  of  the  Peas,  when  cooked,  are  excellent. 

OMEGA. 

This  dwarfish  late  Pea  was  raised  by  fertilising  "  Ne  Plus  Ultra  "  with  "  Veitch's 
Perfection,"  and  has  all  the  valuable  characteristics  of  the  former  variety.  It  is 
remarkably  prolific,  the  pods  are  very  fine  and  closely  filled,  and  the  flavour  and  colour 
of  the  Peas,  when  cooked,  unequalled.  Ripe  seed  like  "  Ne  Plus  Ultra."  Height 
2  feet  6  inches. 

1^^  These  Peas  can  be  confidently  recommended  by  Mr.  Laxton  as  decided 
acquisitions,  having  been  thoroughly  tested  by  him  for  several  years,  and  selected  at 
great  expense  from  hundreds  of  cross-fertilised  varieties,  the  majority  of  which,  although 
far  in  advance  of  older  sorts  in  cultivation,  have  been  discarded  and  suppressed. 


They  will   be  sent  out  in  sealed   Packets  only,  at  £1  Is.  the  Collection 

A  nd  may  be  obtained  Retail  of  the  principal  Scedsjnen  in  London  and  the  Provinces. 


Sole    Wholesale    Agents    for    the    United    Kingdom, 

MESSRS.  HURST  and  SON,  SEEDSMEN,  6,  LEADENHALL  STREET, 

To  whom  the  Trade  can  apply  for  Terms. 


LONDON,  E.G. 


70 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  20,  1872. 


"  The   Advantages   of  procuring   Seeds   direct  from   the   Growers   cannot   be   over-estimated.' 

JAMES  CARTER  &  CO., 


SEEDSMEN      TO 

HER    MAJESTY    THE     QUEEN,  1         H.B.H.    THE    PRINCE    OF    WALES, 

THE    ROYAL    HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY,    &c. 

237   and   238,    HIGH    HOLBORN,    LONDON,   W.C. 


To  Her  Majesty 
tlie  Queen. 


To  the  Prince  of 
Wales.    . 


ALL  SEEDS  CARRIAGE  FREE.       5  PER  CENT.  FOR  CASH. 


%.-•:.■  11 


Laxton's  Supreme 

Per  Quart,  2S. 


Carter's    First   Crop    Blue    Pea. 

Introduced  for  the  first  time  this  season. 
This  is  also  the  combined  result  of  natural  and  artificial  cultivation,  selected  from  "  Little  Gem  "  and 
"Laxton's   Supreme."     The  following  description   is  also  from  the   trial   of  Messrs.  J.  A.  Bruce  &  Co., 
Hamilton:— "This  Pea  comes  into  use  with  Carter's  White  Gem,   with  very  similar  habit  and  foliafje— a 
good  bearer,  pods  large  and  of  uniform  size.     It  is  a  fine-flavoured  Pea." 

Height,   12  to  15  inches.       Per  Quart,  2s.  6d. 


Laxton's  Alpha 

Per  Quart,  3J. 


We  were  Awarded  a  Special  Certificate  by  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  for  60  varieties  of  Potatos  and  16  varieties  of  Onions, 


^^■''■■^dis^ 


Carter's  Perfection  of  Beets. 

Price,  per  Packet,   is. 


CARTER'S  COLLECTIONS  OF  VEGETABLE  SEEDS 

PRODUCE   THE    BEST  VEGETABLES  ALL  THE   YEAR   ROUND. 


Carter's  42s.  Collection  comprises — 


PEAS— Carter's  First  Crop, 

Dickson's  Favourite 

Prizetaker  . . 

Champion  of  England 

Advancer    . . 

Premier 

Bishop's  Long-pod 

Laxton's  Supreme 

Carter's  Victoria , . 

Veitch's  Perfection 

Strathmore  Hero.. 
BEANS— Broad  Windsor 

Monarch     . . 

Green  Nonpareil  . . 

Best  French,  in  sorts 

Scarlet  Runners  . . 
BEET— St,  Osyth       .. 

Pine  Apple 

KAIl^CotlaKcrs'     . .      Irg. 

New,  Asparagus  . . 

Dwarf  Scotch 
ALBERT  SPROUTS 
BRUSSELS       SPRO  UTS- 
Best  

BROCCOLI—  Carter's 
Champion  . .      Irg. 

Snow's  Winter     .. 

Wilcovc 

Adam's  Early  White 

Knight's  I'rotcctine 

Purple  Cape 
CABBAGE— Carter's  Early . 

Tom  Thumb 


2  pt. 
ipt 
I  oz. 

p'kt. 


pkt. 


CABBAGE— Enfield  Market,  Ig.p. 

Dwari  Nonpareil..         ..     ,, 

Early  York 

,Suf;ar-loaf   . .         . .         ■  ■    >» 

Savoy,  dwarf  curled  . .  „ 
Drumhead  . .  ■ .  ,1 
Dwarf  Uhn    ..         •■    *> 

CAPSICUM „ 

CARROT— French,  forcing   i  oz. 

Early  Horn  . .         . .  2  oz. 

Selected  Scarlet  . .      -  . .  3  oz. 

James'  Intermediate     . .  2  oz. 

Long  Surrey        '. ,        •  •    >■ 
CAULIFLOWER— Carter's 

Dwarf  Mammoth      Irg.  pkt. 

Walcheren ,, 

C  E  LE  KY  — Incomparable    • 
Dwarf  White    ..         ..•  „ 

Manchester  Red  ..   I     •■'11 
CORN  SALAD  ..         .... 

CRESS— Plain  "T.         ^.'.TTpt. 

Curled         . .         . .         . .  40Z. 

Australian i  oz. 

American „ 

CUCUMBER  —  Carter's 

Champion  .,         ..  pkt, 

Lynch's  Star  of  the  West    „ 

Newton  Hero        ..         •  ■     ,, 
ENDIVE— French  curled,  Ig.  pkt. 

Imperial  Batavtan  ..    ,, 

LEEK— Avion  Caslle  . .    „ 

LETTUCE— Carter's    Giant 

White  Cos        ,.        ..    „ 


ipt. 


LETTUCE— Carter's   Giant 

Brown      ..         ..      Irg.  pkt 

Drumhead  . . 

Wheeler's  Tom  Thumb. 

MUSTARD 

MELON— Carter's  Excelsior  pkt. 

Turner's  Gem 
ONION— Giant  Madeira     . 

Reading  Inijjroved 

James'  Keeping   . . 

Silver-skin 

ORACH 

PARSLEY—  Dunnetf 

Garnishing 
PARSNIP— Student 
RADISH— Wood's  Frame. 

Short-top 

Scarlet  Turnip 

White  Turnip      ..        . 

RAMPION 

RAPE— For  salads     .. 
SPINACH— Summer 

Winter        

SALSAFY         ..         ..       Irg, 
SCORZONERA 
TURNIP— Early  Six-week 

White  Dutch 

Orange  Jelly 

Yellow  Malta 

TOMATO         

VEGETABLE      CREAM- 

Moore's   . , 
POT  HERBS  .. 


pkt. 
10  oz. 
iapt. 

;■  pkt. 
20Z. 


pkt. 


GILBERT'S 

Improved  Victory  of  Bath  Melon. 

First-class  Certificate,  Royal  Horticultural 
Society,  June  29,  1870. 

Mr.  A.  Henderson,  Gardener  to  Earl  Manvcrs, 
Thoresby  Gardens,  informs  us,  that: — "He  con- 
siders it  a  most  valuable  acquisition,  and  he  never 
saw  a  thicker  flesh,  the  seeds  occupying  the  smallest 
space,  and  the  flavour  of  a  delicious  description." 

Gilbert's  Improved  Victorj'  of  Bath  is  a  green- 
fleshed  Melon,  free  setter  and  grower,  fruit  round, 
with  thick.firm,  but  juicy  flesh  of  delicious  flavour. 


Centaurea  Clementei. 

Price,    per    Packet,    i^.    and  zs.  6ff. 


Other  Collections,  izs.  6d,,  zis.,  30J.,  635.,  and  84J.  each. 
All  Collections  Packing  and  Carriage  Free. 


CARTER'S 

ILLUSTRATED 

YADE   lEClJl  EOR   1872, 

CONTAINING 

UPWARDS   OF    TWO    HUNDRED    ILLUSTRATIONS. 
WITH    MUCH    VALUABLE    INFORMATION. 

Post  Free,  u.  ;    Gratis  to  Purchasers. 


Betteridge's  Prize  QuiHed  Asters. 

15  colours,  separate,  zj. ;  finest  mixed,  pkt. ,  6d. 


JAMES   CARTER  &  CO.,  237  and  238,   HIGH  HOLBORN,  LONDON,  W.C, 


January  20,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


71 


CAETEE'S 

SEED  POTATOS, 

CHOICE  SELECTED  STOCKS. 


New  American   Potatos, 

FRESH  IMPORTED  SEED  THIS  YEAR. 

EARLY  ROSE,  4s.  per  peck  ;  i4.t.  per  bushel. 

PEACH  BLOW,  per  peck,  s^- 

CLIMAX,  per  peck,  yx.  6d. 

BRESEE'S  PROLIFIC,  per  peck,  7.1.  erf. 

KING  of  the  EARLIES,  per  peck,  7s.  6,i. 

BRESEE'S  PEERLESS,  a  new  American  variety,  very 

highly  recommended.     Per  peck,  ys.  6d. 
LATE  ROSE,  new,  per  peck,  14X. 

Detailed  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE  sent  Gratis 
and  Post  Free  on  application. 


CARTER'S 

Californlan  Mammoth  White  Radish. 


Awarded  a  First-class  Certificate  by  the  Fruit  Committee  of  the 
Royal  Horticultural  Socteiy.  Dec.  6,  1871. 

'  The  Committee  entertained  a  high  opinion  of  its  merits  for  winter 
use,  and  especially  for  cutting  up  for  Salads." 

Per  packet,  2s.  6d, 

JAMES    CARTER   and 

SEEDSMEN  TO  THE  QUEEN,  THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES. 
THE  ROYAL  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY,  &c  , 

»37  snd  S38,    HIGH   HOLBORN,    LONDON,  W.  C. 


CO., 


Seeds  Direct  from  tlie  Growers 

Ttie  BEST  MEANS  of  PREVENTING  DISAPPOINTMENT. 


SUTTONS'    /3  y.    COLLECTION    of   GARDEN 
SEEDS,  for  a  Large  Garden,  carriage  free. 


BUTTONS'    £2  2S.    COLLECTION    of    GARDEN 
SEEDS,  for  a  Medium-sized  Garden,  carriage  free. 


SUTTONS'    £1 
SEEDS, 


IS.    COLLECTION    of   GARDEN 

for  a  Small  Garden,  carriage  free, 


s 


UTTONS'  I2J.  6d.    COLLECTION   of  GARDEN 

SEEDS,  for  a  Small  Garden. 


SUTTONS'  COLLECTION    of  GARDEN    SEEDS 
for  One  Whole  Year's  Supply.     Complete  particulars  forwarded 


Gratis  on  application  to 
SUTTON_AN13_  SONS,  Seedsmen   by  Sp. 


Queen  and  H.R.H.  the  Prin 


ial  Appointm 
of  Wales,  Reading.  Herks. 


:nt  to  the 


THE  GARDENERS'  ROYAL  BENEVOLENT 
INSTITUTION.— At  a  General  Meeting  of  the  Members  of 
this  Institution,  held  on  THURSDAY,  January  ii,  for  the  purpose  of 
ELECTING    THREE       PENSIONERS,     -        '  •■  "^ 

RESULT  of  the  BALLOT:— 

CANDIDATES, 


the    following   was    the 


Age. 


Votes. 


Name. 

DANIEL  DEWDNEY 

OWEN  OWENS 
WILLIAM  CAWLEY 
RICHARD  HUSSEY     .. 
JOSEPH  ODD     .. 
FRANCIS  PRITCHARD 
LUKE  ADAMS  .. 
JOHN  FREESTONE     .. 
JANE  FYFE 
THOMAS  KING 
MARY  ANN  TAYLOR 


The  Meeting  then  declared  MARY  ANN  TAYLOR,  RICHARD 
HUSSEY,  and  OWEN  OWENS,  as  haying  the  greatest  number  of 
Votes,  duly  Elected  Pensioners  of  this  Society. 

EDW.   ROGER  CUTLER,  Sec. 

14,  Tavistock  Row,  W.C,  January  13,  1872. 


78 

310 

04 

486 

a 

1% 

?; 

=l5 

f\ 

"3 

61 
61 

^5i 

76 

4a 

60 

1 104 

ROYAL      HORTICULTURAL      SOCIETY, 
SOUTH  KENSINGTON,  W. 
SHOW  of  HARDY  CONIFERS,  IVIES.  &c.,  January  17,  1872. 
AWARDS  ol  the  JUDGES. 
Class  r.— 9  IVIES,  in  pots,  distinct.     (Open.) 
ist,  Messrs,  H.  Lane  &  Son,  Nurserymen,  &c.,  Great  Berkhamstcad, 

Cl   lOJ. 

2d,    Mr.  C.  Turner,  Royal  Nurscrj',  Slough,  £,t. 

Class  2.-9  HARDY  CONIFERS,  distinct.    (Open.) 
ist,  Messrs.  J.  Standish  &  Co.,  Royal  Nurseries,  Ascot,  ,£1  iof. 
2d,    Messrs.  J.  Veitch  S:  Sons,  Royal  Exotic  Nursery,  Chelsea,  £1. 
E.xtra,  Messrs.  H.  Lane  &  Son. 

Class  3.— Kitchen  APPLES.  ^  dishes,  distinct.     (Open,) 
ist,  Mr.  T.  Parsons,  Gr.  to  R.  Atlenborough,  Esq.,  Fairlawn,  Acton 

Green,  15^. 
2d,    Mr.  G.  T.  Miles,  Gr.  to  Lord  Carrington,  Wycombe  Abbey,  High 
Wycombe,  los. 
Class  4.— Kitchen  PEARS,  3  dishes,  distinct.     (Open.) 
ist,  Mr.  G.  T.  Miles,  15J. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
Extra,  Messrs.  J.  Standish  &  Co.,  for  Collection  of  Plants. 


Notewortliv  Horticultiirists  and  Botanists. 

NOTICE.— A  SERIES  of  PORTRAITS  of 
NOTEWORTHY  HORTICULTURISTS  and  BOTANISTS 
is  being  published  in  the  "GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  and 
AGRICULTURAL  GAZETTE."  The  following  have  already 
appeared,  and  separate  copies  on  tinted  paper  may  be  had  on 
application  to  the  Publisher,  viz. 


Dr.  Hooker,  C.B.,  F.R.S 
W.  W1L.SON  Saunders,  F.R.S. 
Rev.  M.  J.  Berkeley,  F.L.S. 
M.  Decaisne 
G.  F.  Wilson,  F.R.S. 
Dr.  Moore,  of  Glasnevin 
Rev.  S.  R.  Hole,  M.A, 
Published  by   WILLIAM    RICHARDS, 
Covent  Garden,  W.C. 


Professor  ReichenbACH,   Ham- 
burgh 
E.  J.  Lowe,  F.R.S. 
James  McNab,  of  Edinburgh. 
Robert  Hogg,  LL.D. 
James  Bateman,  F.R.S. 
Berthold  Seemann,  Ph.D. 

Wellington    Street, 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  20,  1872. 

MEETING  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
Monday,  Jan.    22— Entomological  (Anniversary-)        ..    7  P.M. 


THERE  are  few  events  in  English  history 
more  touching  than  the  death  of  Harold, 
the  son  of  Godwin  .  Distracted  by  enemies  in  the 
North,  where  the  Norwegians,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  his  brother  TosTi,  and  Harold,  the  son 
of  Sigurd,  had  ascended  the  Humber,  he  left 
the  position  he  had  taken  up  on  the  southern 
coast,  and  marched  rapidly  northwards.  Arriving 
before  York,  just  as  that  city  was  on  the  point  of 
capitulating,  he  utterly  vanquished  the  Norwe- 
gians, and  granted  the  son  of  Sigurd  "  the  seven 
feet  of  English  land  or  a  little  more,  for  his  height 
passes  that  of  other  men,"  he  had  promised  him 
in  answer  to  his  "  request  for  negotiation." 
Then  rushing  southwards,  on  receiving  the  news 
of  the  second  invasion,  wounded  and  fatigued, 
he  gave  battle  to  William  of  Normandy,  with 
forces  numerically  so  inferior,  that  even  with 
a  captain  of  less  skill  opposed  to  him  he  could 
scarcely  have  achieved  success.  Perhaps  it  was 
the  terror  of  the  Papal  Bull,  an  engine  of 
immense  power  in  the  eleventh  century,  and  a 
recollection  of  the  oath  he  had  been  inveigled 
into,  or  a  mixture  of  motives  combined  with 
generous  impulses  for  the  inhabitants  of  Sussex 
that  impaired  his  usual  judgment,  but  whatever 
the  cause,  he  staked  the  fate  of  a  nation  on  the 
cast  of  a  die. 

After  his  death  the  tide  of  victory  which  com- 
menced at  Hastings  rolled  on  in  favour  of  the 
Normans,  in  spite  of  their  occasional  reverses  at 


Romney,  Durham,  and  elsewhere,  so  that  year 
after  year  the  position  of  the  Anglo-Saxons 
became  more  precarious,  and  they  were  reduced 
to  a  state  of  guerilla  warfare,  which  must  have 
made  the  tenure  of  land  in  this  country  very 
insecure  for  the  Normans,  and  which,  in  fact,  so 
harassed  the  enemy  that  an  exodus  set  in 
towards  the  Continent  in  such  numbers  as  to 
cause  serious  uneasiness  to  the  Conqueror. 

Among  the  last  places  of  refuge  held  by  the 
Anglo-Saxons  were  the  Forests,  to  the  depths  of 
which  they  retired  for  security,  occasionally 
issuing  forth  as  opportunity  offered  against  small 
bodies  of  the  enemy,  or  the  neighbouring 
Norman  landowner.  To  bring  these  last  strong- 
holds under  control  it  was  determined  to  occupy 
them  as  military  positions,  and  this  was  accom- 
plished by  destroying  all  villages  and  cottages 
bordering  on  or  within  the  precincts  of  forests  ; 
and  forest  laws  were  enacted  which  were  framed 
quite  as  much  against  the  English  as  to  protect 
beasts  of  the  chase.  As  many  of  the  Saxons 
subsisted  by  the  chase,  this  greatly  augmented 
their  hardships,  "  but  they  were  fain  to  obey 
under  pain  of  death." 

According  to  Doomsday  Book,  the  celebrated 
survey  of  1086,  there  were  five  Royal  forests- 
Windsor,  Gravelings,  Winburn,  Whichwood,  and 
the  New  B'orest,  which  extended  from  Salisbury 
to  the  sea  ;  but  the  King  possessed  in  all  68 
forests,  13  chases,  and  781  parks,  in  different 
parts  of  England.  In  fact,  the  whole  of  the 
country  with  hardly  an  exception  was  parcelled 
out  to  the  King,  and  a  host  of  needy  adventurers 
and  military  vagabonds,  who  had  flocked  here 
from  all  parts  of  Earope.  The  Norman  having 
triumphed  over  the  Saxon  dispossessed  him,  and 
left  the  impress  of  his  policy  stamped  upon  the 
land,  with  marks  that  are  visible  to  this  day. 

In  another  part  of  our  columns  (p.  77)  will  be 
found  a  letter  addressed  to  our  contemporary, 
the  Times,  drawing  public  attention  most 
especially  to  the  proposals  of  Mr.  Howard, 
Commissioner  of  the  Woods  and  Forests,  as  to 
the  future  existence  of  the  New  Forest.  As 
far  back  as  1689  an  Act  was  passed  authorising 
the  Crown  to  enclose  and  plant  6000  acres  of  the 
forest,  with  a  view  to  supplying  the  wants  of  the 
Royal  Navy.  In  1851  a  second  Act  was  passed, 
which  discontinued  its  use  as  a  deer  park,  and 
authorised  the  Crown  to  enclose  and  plant  a 
further  10,000  acres.  It  now  appears  that  the 
Pembroke  Dockyard  is  literally  blocked  up  with 
timber  purchased  by  the  Government  as  far 
back  as  1859,  and  that,  owing  to  the  construction 
of  iron  vessels  in  place  of  our  old  wooden  walls, 
fine  old  selected  timber  is  unsaleable  when 
offered  at  the  low  price  of  lorf.  a  foot.  It  is  very 
clear  that,  under  the  circumstances,  the  necessity 
for  enclosing  large  spaces  for  planting,  to  the 
inconvenience  of  the  public  and  the  commoners, 
whose  rights  are  thus  curtailed,  has  ceased  to  e.xist. 
There  is  a  surplus  of  timber  in  our  dockyards,  and 
there  can  be  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  in  the 
future,  timber  in  proportion  to  the  wants  of  the 
navy.  Consequently  here  is  a  large  tract  of  land 
in  a  well  populated  district,  easily  accessible  from 
London,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  such  important 
cities  as  Winchester,  Southampton,  and  Salis- 
bury, at  present  paying  no  interest,  like  so  mucli 
uninvested  capital.  If  an  arrangement  can  be 
entered  into  between  the  commoners  and  the 
Crown,  what  reasons  can  be  adduced  against 
Parliament  legalising  it  and  enabling  the  pro- 
perty to  be  turned  to  the  best  advantage  ? 

In  this  dilemma  Mr.  Howard  is  very  natur- 
ally endeavouring  to  obtain  powers  from  Parlia- 
ment, in  order  that  the  New  Forest  may  not  lie 
idle.  In  so  doing  no  blame  can  possibly  accrue 
to  him,  as  he  is  only  acting  as  the  guardian  of 
the  Crown  rights,  in  seeing  that  there  should  be 
no  waste  of  public  property,  and  that  the  revenue 
of  the  Woods  and  Forests  should  not  suffer  from 
an)'  negligence  on  his  part.  But  the  commoners 
have  also  definite  rights  of  pasturage  for  horses, 
sheep,  and  pigs,  at  certain  times  in  the  year,  and 
so  it  is  proposed,  to  meet  the  rights  of  both 
parties  concerned,  that  the  forest  should  be  done 
away  with  and  divided  into  two  allotments,  the 
one  to  be  solely  vested  in  the  commoners,  under 
the  direction  of  a  Board  of  commoners,  and  the 
commoners  on  their  part  engaging  to  resign  all 
rights  over  other  portions  of  the  forest,  which  will 
become  the  private  property  of  the  Crown,  or, 
strictly  speaking,  the  Woods  and  Forests.  Both 
parties  under  this  arrangement  will  have  powers 
of  enclosure,  with  the  right  of  excluding  the 
public  from  their  respective  allotments. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  there  is  a  very 


72 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Ag-ricultural    Gazette, 


[January  20,    1S72. 


Strong  feeling  against  this  exclusive  appro- 
priation of  open  or  waste  lands.  It  is  felt  that 
with  the  great  increase  in  our  population,  and 
the  people  congregating  more  and  more  round  the 
principal  centres  of  commerce,  that  open  spaces 
are  not  only  desirable,  but  actually  necessary 
for  the  public  good.  No  matter  what  the  cost 
or  sacrifice  of  revenue  may  be,  it  is  urged  that 
opportunities  for  securing  breathing  places  free 
to  the  public  should  no  longer  be  disregarded. 
The  question  is  often  asked,  "  What  rights  have 
the  public  in  any  land  belonging  to  the  Crown  ?" 
The  rights  of  the  Crown,  of  the  Metropolitan 
Board,  of  the  commoners,  or  any  corporate 
body,  are  easily  defined  in  their  respective 
spheres,  but  what  rights  do  the  public  possess  in 
the  New  Forest?  In  the  case  immediately  under 
consideration  the  public  have  no  definite  right, 
beyond  that  of  usage.  From  time  immemorial 
the  New  Forest  has  been  open  to  them,  and  this 
in  some  cases  constitutes  a  good  title,  as  in  a 
right  of  way. 

It  is  a  fair  subject  of  inquiry  whether  the 
people  of  this  country  are  anxious  to  preserve 
the  New  Forest,  and  some  portions  of  similar 
Crown  lands,  as  unenclosed  places,  or  whether 
the  interest  in  the  New  Forest,  for  instance,  is 
entirely  confined  to  those  who  reside  on  its 
borders.  In  this  case  it  would  be  unreasonable 
to  anticipate  that  the  Commissioners  of  Woods 
and  Forests  should  forego,  or  that  Parliament 
should  sanction  the  loss  of  a  valuable  source  of 
revenue  to  local  interests.  The  country  cannot 
afford  to  pay  for  the  pleasure  that  is  derived 
from  the  shady  drives  and  walks  of  the  New 
Forest  by  those  who  live  near  it,  and  even  for 
some  time  has  refused  to  incur  any  further 
expenditure  on  behalf  of  the  metropolis.  It 
would  be  too  much  to  surmise  that  a  large  pro- 
perty of  great  marketable  value  should  be  main- 
tained or  suffered  to  remain  unproductive  in  a 
state  of  useless  ornament  for  the  benefit  jof  any 
district  whatever.  In  a  word,  a  great  park  can- 
not be  kept  up  for  the  exclusive  use  of  a  country 
neighbourhood. 

Against  these  plausible  objections,  which  arc 
not  without  force,  it  may  be  stated  that  there  is 
a  strong  conviction  that  there  is  plenty  of  money 
made  in  the  country,  and  that  the  increasing 
commerce  is  well  able  to  bear  the  increasing 
burdens  imposed  upon  it ;  that  everything  is  not 
to  be  made  money  of  ;  that  the  health  of  the 
people  is  to  be  looked  to  as  well  as  their  pecuniary 
interests  :  and  there  is  a  very  substantial  impres- 
sion that  one  way  of  securing  health  to  the  pre- 
sent generation  and  its  successors  is  by  keeping 
intact  open  spaces  easy  of  access  from  London 
or  other  large  towns,  wherever  it  is  practicable, 
and  that  fresh  air  is  quite  as  invaluable  an 
element  of  national  health  as  pure  water  and 
good  drainage.  If  it  can  be  so  expressed,  it 
seems  equally  necessary  that  a  healthy  sentiment 
should  be  preserved  by  doing  our  best  to  respect 
the  national  monuments.  Among  the  national 
monuments  the  New  Forest  stands  pre-eminent. 
On  the  supposition  that  a  portion  of  the  forest 
is  reserved  to  the  public,  questions  as  to  the  cost 
of  maintenance  have  to  be  encountered.  There 
is  no  doubt  that  the  leading  landowners  in  the 
neighbourhood  would  come  forward,  and  do  their 
best  to  assist  in  the  management  of  it ;  but  it  is 
hardly  fair  to  contemplate  the  trouble  and  ex- 
pense of  a  national  estate  falling  upon  a  fev/ 
country  gentlemen,  and  without  doubt  it  would 
be  desirable  to  make  any  allotment  reserved  for 
the  public  self  supporting,  by  letting  out  detached 
portions  of  it  in  such  positions  as  would  not 
interfere  with  its  general  unity,  on  building 
leases.  The  rights  of  the  Crown,  it  may  be 
hoped,  would  be  gratuitously  made  over  to 
the  public,  or  to  a  committee  of  manage- 
ment representing  the  public  ;  and  the  rights 
of  the  commoners  would  have  to  be  compensated 
for  in  some  such  manner  as  is  proposed  under 
Mr.  Howard'.s  arrangement.  The  Commis- 
sioners of  Woods  and  Forests,  and  a  local 
board  composed  of  commoners  and  the  most 
influential  inhabitants,  might  safely  be  appointed 
trustees  of  the  forest.  But  if  the  matter  is 
seriously  taken  in  hand,  these  and  other  details 
that  require  great  consideration  would  be  ad- 
justed. 

There  is,  of  course,  another  alternative,  and 
that  is  to  leave  the  forest  as  it  is,  and  so  long 
as  this  is  identical  with  the  interests  of  the 
Crown,  it  is  identical  with  the  interests  of  the 
public.  The  unreserved  enclosure  of  the  New 
Forest  would  be  a  misfortune.  It  is  the  last  un- 
enclosed Royal  forest,  dating  from  the  Conquest, 


and  is  most  especially  a  record  of  an  era  that, 
for  better  or  worse,  laid  the  foundation  of  a  new 
life  in  these  realms.  Z. 


• We  are  reminded  that  in  our  Review  of  the 

New  Fruits  of  the  past  year,  at  p.  39,  we  omitted  to 
notice  Gilbert's  Hybrid  Cashmere  Melon.  We 
apologise  for  the  omission,  as  the  said  Melon,  we  are 
well  aware,  is  tmly  excellent,  and  worthy  of  all  we 
ought  to  have  said  about  it.  We  cannot  pretend, 
however,  to  notice  every  good  thing  amongst  so  many. 
The  fact  of  its  coming  from  Burghley,  from  such  a 
first-class  Melon  grower  as  Mr.  Gilbert,  is  in  itself, 
we  doubt  not,  a  sufficient  recommendation. 

We  are  informed  that,  at  a  large  Meeting  of 

Flower  Growers,  held  on  the  i6th  inst.,  it  was 
unanimously  resolved  to  apply  to  the  City  Markets 
Committee  for  temporary  accommodation  during  the 
reconstruction  of  Farringdon  Market  ;  tliis  step  was 
taken  in  consequence  of  the  exorbitant  charges  for 
stands  in  the  new  market  of  Covent  Garden. 

We  have  recently  had  our  attention  drawn  to  a 

remarkably  useful  Tool  for  Pruning  the  Roots  of 
Rose  Stocks,  which  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every 
nurseryman.  It  is  a  French  invention,  called  the 
"  Secateur  Eglantier,"  and,  as  will  be  seen  from 
our  illustration  (fig.  29),  it  is  on  the  same  principle, 
so  far  as  the  knives  are  concerned,  as  the  pruning- 
scissors  proper,  the  cutting  power  being  increased 
by  the  use  of  the  cog-wheels.  We  saw  it  at 
work  in  the  skilful  hands  of  a  Frenchman,  in  the 
nursery  of  Messrs.  Downie,  Laird  &  Laing,  at 
Forest  Hill,  the  modus  operandi  being  as  follows  : — 
The  operator  stands  with  his  right  side  to  the  im- 
plement, his  right  hand,  of  course,  being  on  the 
handle,  his  left  being  engaged  in  the  mani- 
pulation of  the  Rose  stocks,  which  he  trims  as 
required  with   the  greatest  rapidity.     One  man  with 


Fig.    29. — ROSE-STOCK    I'RUNliR, 

this  machine  can  keep  10  or  12  men  supplied  with 
stocks  for  planting.  The  power  gained  by  the  use  of 
the  cog-wheels  is  immense,  considering  the  size  of  the 
knives— roots  from  2  to  3  inches  in  diameter  being 
cleanly  cut  off  with  astonishing  ease.  The  knives  are 
removable,  in  case  new  ones  should  be  required,  but 
this,  we  believe,  is  very  seldom  the  case  ;  and  the 
cost,  including  transport,  is  about  £2  loi. 

An  important  meeting  of  the  Market  Gar- 
deners', Nurserymen,  and  Farmers'  Association 
was  held  at  the  Bedford  Head  Hotel,  Covent  Garden, 
on  Tuesday,  January  16,  to  take  into  consideration 
the  steps  now  taken  by  the  police  to  prevent  the 
waggons  loaded  with  London  litter  coming  into  or 
near  Covent  Garden  to  take  home  the  empty  baskets  of 
the  owners.  The  Chairman,  Mr.  Meyers,  stated  the 
object  of  the  meeting,  and  called  upon  Mr.  Newman, 
who  said  that  his  carter  had  been  summoned  for  loiter- 
ing and  obstructing  the  thoroughfares  in  Covent 
Garden,  and  that  he  appeared  with  his  carter  in 
answer  to  the  summons  before  Sir  Tuns.  Henry  at 
Bow  Street.  The  solicitor  whom  he  employed,  in 
cross-questioning  the  policeman,  elicited  that  the  carter 
was  not  loitering  nor  causing  an  obstruction,  but  the 
summons  was  taken  out  to  try  and  prevent  the  waggons 
of  litter  going  back  into  Covent  Garden.  Sir  Thos. 
Henry  said  they  were  determined  to  put  a  stop  to  it, 
and  that  the  market  gardeners  should  obtain  some  ex- 
tensive premises  close  to  the  market  for  the  stowage 
of  their  baskets,  and  employ  one  or  more  vehicles  to 
deliver  them  to  their  respective  owners.  The  utter 
impracticability  of  such  a  scheme  was  pointed  out  to 
the  meeting,  and  tlie  impossibility  of  many  of  [he 
growers  sending  a  second  van  or  cart  up  to  London  lor 
the  empty  baskets.  The  case  of  Mr.  Newman 
having  been  adjourned  for  a  month,  in  accordance 
with  his  request,  it  was  resolved  that  the  chairman  and 
secretary  of  the  Society  should  be  present  at  the  hear- 
ing, and  if  necessary  obtain  the  assistance  of  a  solicitor 
to  defend  the  case  ;  it  was  also  resolved  that  applica-, 
tion  should  be  made  to  Colonel   Henderson,   the 


Chief  Superintendent  of  Police,  to  receive  a  deputa- 
tion upon  the  subject.  The  meeting  then  adjourned 
to  the  Bedford  Office,  according  to  appointment, 
to  present  the  memorial,  signed  by  upwards  of  200 
stand-holders  and  salesmen,  petitioning  his  Grace  the 
Duke  of  Bedford  for  a  covering  over  the  open  part  of 
Covent  Garden  Market.  The  deputation  was  received 
by  Mr.  Davison,  the  agent  for  the  Duke,  who,  the 
deputation  was  informed,  was  not  well  enough  to 
attend  to  public  business.  Mr.  Meyers  hoped  that 
Mr.  Davison  would  give  them  an  opportunity  of 
answering  any  objections  that  might  be  made  by  those 
parties  now  holding  shops  in  the  market  who  are 
opposed  to  a  roof  being  erected  over  the  growers  to 
protect  their  persons  and  goods  from  the  weather. — 
Mr.  Clarke  said  he  was  sorry  the  shopkeepers  had 
not  accepted  the  special  invitations  to  be  present  at  the 
public  meetings  held  to  discuss  this  question. — Mr. 
Davison,  in  reply,  said  he  would  endeavour,  as  far  as 
lay  in  his  power,  to  protect  the  interests  of  all  parties 
concerned. — Mr.  Lobjoit  pointed  out  that  the  memo- 
rial had  been  restricted  to  the  tenants  of  his  Grace,  but 
he  considered  that  every  gi-eengrocer  attending  Covent 
Garden,  and  indeed  every  inhabitant  of  the  metropolis, 
was  deeply  interested  in  obtaining  the  much-needed 
covering  of  Covent  Garden  Market. — The  deputation, 
having  thanked  Mr.  Davison,  withdrew.  With  refer- 
ence to  the  matters  under  dispute,  it  appears  that 
great  difference  of  opinion  exists  amongst  those  most 
concerned ; — a  difference  made  manifest  at  another 
meeting  held  since  the  date  of  those  just  mentioned. 

Mr.  Baker,  in  the  yoiirnal  of  Botany,  men- 
tions a  somewhat  peculiar  method  of  Cabbage  Culti- 
vation, which  he  observed  last  year  in  West  Corn- 
wall. "All  through  the  western  half  of  Cornwall 
they  have  a  plan  in  the  corn  fields  of  gathering  the 
refuse  together  in  heaps  3  or  4  yards  in  diameter,  and 
planting  upon  these  a  crop  of  Cabbages,  and  when  the 
Cabbages  are  grown  and  taken  away,  spreading  what 
remains  over  the  land.  At  the  time  of  our  visit,  late 
in  August,  the  corn  was  reaped,  and  these  Cabbage 
'  pies '  stood  conspicuously  exposed.  Of  course  this 
plan  of  proceeding  abstracts  a  good  piece  of  the  field 
from  its  proper  crop,  and  it  is  looked  upon  by  the 
rising  generation  as  old-fashioned  and  unprofitable." 

The  ATuJiicipaUic,  which  is  the  organ,    as  its 

name  imports,  of  the  Paris  Government,  gives  the 
following  interesting  particulars  of  the  Cost  of  the 
Trees  planted  in  the  boulevards  and  other  public 
ways  of  the  city  ; — ■ 

Francs. 

Excavation,  15  metres,  at  4  fr.incs 6005 

Vegetable  mould,  same  quantity,  at  4  francs  ..        60.00 

Pole  to  support  the  tree,  5  to  6  metres  long  . .  . .  1.50 

121. t:o 
Deduct  contract  price  of  earth  excav.ate  J 


Complete  drainage  with  pipes,  per  tree 
Pipes,  &c. ,  for  watering,  estimated  at 
Cast-iron  grating  around  the  tree 
Carriage  and  placing  of  the  tree  and  pole 
Iron  cradle  around  the  tree 

Cost  of  the  tree 

Labour        


iy.23 

103.27 
11.13 
2.50 
46.69 
500 
8,70 
S-oo 
1.69 

184,00 
Each  tree  has  to  be  replaced,  on  the  average,  once 
in    12  years,   so  that    the  cost  of   maintenance 
amounts,  per  tree,  to    ..         ..         ..         ..         ..       18.00 


Each  tree,  therefore,  the  actual  cost  of  which  is  about 
41.,  costs,  planting  and  maintenance  included,  about 
£&  every  12  years.  There  are  in  Paris  102,154  trees  ; 
the  total  cost  is  therefore  about  ;^8i7,232,  or  upwards 
of  j^6S,  102  a  year.  It  must  be  understood  that  this 
account  applies  only  to  the  plantation  of  saplings.  The 
mere  cost  of  moving  large  trees  ranges  between  ^"4  and 
£fi  each,  without  taking  into  account  any  of  the  inci- 
dental expenses  in  the  above  list,  and  as  the  percentage 
of  failures  is  very  large,  the  costs  of  such  transplanta- 
tion are  proportionately  heavy.  Those  who  desire  to 
be  more  particularly  informed  on  this  head  should 
consult  M.  Alphand's  work  on  the  Pans  el  Promenades 
de  Paris,  noticed  in  the  Gardeners^  Chronicle  at 
p.  1381,  1870. 

Our    Entomological    friends    will   hear   with 

regret  that  among  the  disastrous  losses  occasioned  by 
the  Chicago  fire,  the  very  valuable  Entomological 
Collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Walsh  was  totally  de- 
stroyed. The  Canada  Farmer  states  that  after  the 
death  of  the  eminent  entomologist,  the  collection  be- 
came by  purchase  the  property  of  the  State.  It  was 
not  only  very  extensive,  but  the  specimens  were 
arranged  and  labelled  with  great  care  and  accuracy  ; 
and  it  will  be  many  years  before  another  can  be  col- 
lected to  replace  it. 

We  have  received  for  trial  from  Mr.  Calvert, 

of  Sabden,  Whalley,  Lancashire,  a  sample  of  an 
insecticide,  which  he  proposes  to  call  Calvert's 
Chemical  Compound  for  Destroying  Plant 
Pests.  The  compound  is  applied  by  means  of  a 
chemical  wash  bottle,  and  thrown  against  the  plant  in 
the  form  of  spray  by  blowing  through  a  bent  glass  tube. 
At  the  strength  of  2  oz.  to  rather  less  than  a  quart  of 
water  (the  strength  recommended),  and  applied  while 
tolerably  hot,  we  have  found  scale,  mealy  bug,  and 


jMTtary  20,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners*   Chronicle   and 


Aofricultural 


Gazette. 


73 


iJiiips  to  be  quite  killevi,  while,  except  in  the  case  of 
a  few  very  young  leaves,  no  damage  has  been  done 
10  the  plants.  The  inventor  recommends  dissolving 
the  2  oz.  of  the  compound,  in  the  bottle,  by  adding 
half  a  pint  or  more  of  boiling  water,  and  then  after  it 
is  dissolved  to  fill  the  bottle  nearly  full  with  cold  water. 
We  found  it  most  effectual  when  thus  made  and  used 
warm.  When  allowed  to  get  cold  before  application  it 
appeared  to  be  less  effectual.  So  far  as  a  few  experi- 
mental trials  enable  us  to  judge,  it  seems  to  be  an  effi- 
cient destroyer  of  the  insect  pests  which  infest  plants. 

We  hear  that  General   Scott   is  to  read  a 

paper  "On  the  Construction  of  the  Albert 
Hall,"  on  the  22d  inst.,  at  S  p.>l,  at  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects,  9,  Conduit  Street, 
Hanover  Square,  W. 

We  are   informed   that   Mr.  McNaij,    of  the 

Edinburgh  Botanic  Garden,  recently  tested  one  of  his 
Transplanting  Machines,  made  by  Mr.  Alex 
ANDER  HiSLOP,  of  Canonmills,  for  Sir  Antony  de 
Rothschild.  The  test  applied  was  the  transplanting 
of  a  beautiful  specimen  of  Cupressus  Lawsoniana, 
14  feet  high.  The  weight  of  the  whole  mass  removed 
was  about  a  ton,  and  from  the  time  when  the  men 
began  to  lift  the  tree  from  where  it  was  growing  to  the 
place  in  which  it  was  to  be  transplanted  only  about 
17  minutes  intervened,  and  in  a  very  few  minutes  more 
the  beautiful  Cypress  was  standing  gracefully  in  the 
new  position.  The  very  simple  application  of  leverage, 
by  which  this  result  was  obtained,  has  long  been  in  use 
at  the  Botanic  Gardens— the  old  experimental  garden, 
now  the  arboretum,  being  literally  crowded  with 
graceful  trees,  all  of  which  have  been  transplanted  by 
the  McNab  machine,  without  showing  any  sign  of 
having  suffered  by  the  process. 

According  to  the  Times,  the  CoRNiSH  Broc- 
coli Trade  of  1S72  has  commenced  in  earnest. 
During  the  last  fortnight  upwards  of  25  tons  have 
been  sent  away  by  rail,  principally  to  London.  Prices 
from  \s.  6d.  to  2s.  per  dozen  heads.  £60  have  been 
given  this  season  for  one  early  acre. 

We  are  glad   to  learn  that  the  Canvass  for 

Subscriptions  in  aid  of  the  family  of  the  late  Mr. 
Macmillan,  head  gardener  of  the  Alexandra  Park, 
Manchester,  who  died  very  suddenly  a  few  weeks  ago, 
leaving  a  wife  and  five  young  children  totally  unpro- 
vided for,  as  noted  by  us  last  year  (p.  1652),  has 
been  successful.  Mr.  Findlay  informs  us  that  "an 
effort  was  made  to  raise  a  little  money  for  the  '  widow 
and  fatherless,'  and  we  have  succeeded  in  raising  the 
handsome  sum  of  ^440,  which  will  be  devoted  to  the 
education  of  the  children." 

Mr.    Henry   Kingsley,   in  his   new   story, 

Valentin^  speaks  of  "the  Pale  Blue  English 
Cowslip,  the  Diana  among  flowers,  which  my  father 
had,  brought  with  his  own  hands  from  Yorkshire,  and 
which  not  one  Englishman  in  ten  knows  even  by 
name."  Is  this  variety  in  cultivation  ?  or  can  any  of 
our  readers  give  further  particulars  about  it?  Can 
P.  farinosa  be  meant  ? 

On  the  evening  of  Monday  last,  the  15th  inst., 

Messrs.  Downie,  Laird  &  Laing  entertained  the 
principal  employes  of  their  Edinburgh  establishment, 
along  with  a  few  other  friends,  to  a  splendid  dinner  in 
Philpot's  Hotel.  Mr.  Downie  occupied  the  chair, 
Mr.  Laird  acting  as  Vice.  After  the  usual  loyal  and 
patriotic  toasts  had  been  proposed,  the  Chairman,  in 
a  very  appropriate  feeling  speech,  presented  Mr. 
M'Keath,  the  manager  of  the  West  Coates  Nurseries, 
with  a  very  handsome  watch  and  chain,  as  a  mark  of 
esteem,  for  on  that  day  he  had  completed  a  service  of 
21  years  as  foreman,  and  during  that  long  period  had 
shown  an  amount  of  energy  and  perseverance  which 
Mr.  Downie  hoped  he  might  be  long  spared  still  to 
do.  Such  consideration,  on  the  part  of  employers, 
deserves  the  highest  commendation. 

At  the  Annual  General  Meeting  of  the  Gar- 
deners' Royal  Benevolent  Institution,  held 
on  the  nth  inst.,  six  additional  pensioners  were  placed 
on  the  funds.  Of  these,  three,  having  been  subscribers 
of  15  years'  standing,  were  put  on  without  election, 
whilst  for  the  remaining  places  a  contested  election 
took  place  between  eleven  candidates — so  little,  not- 
withstanding its  flourishing  condition,  is  this  useful 
Institution  able  to  keep  pace  with  the  need  of  those 
vho  fly  to  it  for  succour.  The  names  of  the  former 
three  were  James  Lane,  of  Fulham,  George  Wells, 
of  Southborough,  and  Louisa  Wilson,  of  Cambei- 
well ;  the  latter  were  Mary  Ann  Taylor,  of  Rogate, 
Richard  Hussey,  of  South  Cheriton,  and  Owen 
Owens,  of  Oakham.  If  they  would  but  remember 
that  there  are  eight  remaining  disappointed  candidates, 
all  fit  subjects  for  benevolence,  surely  the  gardeners  of 
Great  Britain,  and  the  friends  and  lovers  of  British 
gardens,  would  combine  to  place  more  liberal  means 
at  the  disposal  of  an  institution  which  is  doing  its 
utmost,  and  is  really  doing  a  vast  amount  of  good 
a.mongst  the  needy  members  of  the  craft. 

Concerning  the  Weather,    Mr.    Glaisher 

reports  as  follows  : — In  the  vicinity  of  London  the 
reading  of  the  barometer  at  the  level  of  the  sea,  at 
the    beginning    of    the    week    ending    January    13, 


was  about  29.60  inches.  Decreasing  readings  were 
generally  recorded  till  about  noon  of  the  Sth,  the 
value  at  that  time  being  20.30  inches,  followed 
by  several  increases  to  30.20  inches  on  the  I2ih. 
During  the  remainder  of  the  week  a  fall  was  expe- 
rienced, 29.70  inches  being  recorded  on  the  even- 
ing of  the  13th.  The  mean  reading  for  the  week 
was  29. 7S  inches.  The  highest  temperatures  by  day 
were  generally  in  excess  of  40";  the  maximum,  51°, 
occurring  on  the  13th.  The  lowest  temperatures  at 
night  did  not  vary  much  from  each  other  throughout 
the  week,  being  generally  between  32"  and  39°, 
though  on  the  13th  the  value  was  as  high  as 
45*.  At  Blackheath  the  departures  of  the  mean  daily 
temperatures  for  the  respective  averages  were  as  fol- 
lows : — 7th,  +4°.6  ;  Sth,  +0^1  ;  9th,  +0°.9  ;  loth, 
— o'.4 ;  nth,  -f  S°.5 ;  12th,  +5**.2 ;  and  13th, 
+  I  i^-S  ;  thus  warmer  weather  was  experienced  at  the 
beginning  and  end  of  the  week  than  in  the  middle. 
The  sky  was  generally  cloudy,  the  wind  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  week  being  generally  northerly,  changing 
to  S.W.  and  W.S.W.  on  the  nth  ;  the  pressures  were 
generally  light,  and  on  the  lOth  the  air  was  compara- 
tively calm.  Rain  fell  on  three  days,  the  amount 
measured  being  nearly  f  inch.  Snow  fell  on  the  morn- 
ing of  the  9th,  though  not  to  any  great  amount. 
It  appears  to  have  fallen  as  far  south  as  Hastings. 
In  England,  the  extreme  high  temperatures  ranged 
between  59.^*  at  Portsmouth,  and  48^  at  Hull  and 
Norwich,  the  general  average  over  the  country  being 
$1%"*.  The  extreme  low  temperatures  varied  from 
32^"  at  Blackheath,  to  23"  at  Eccles,  the  general  ave- 
rage being  28^".  The  average  range  of  temperature 
for  the  week  was  about  24".  The  mean  for  the  week 
of  the  highest  temperatures  observed  every  day  was 
45°,  the  highest  being  at  Portsmouth,  49.^',  and  the 
lowest,  41  j%  at  Hull.  The  average  daily  range  of 
temperature  was  i^''-  The  mean  temperature  for 
the  week  was  about  39°,  ranging  from  41  i"  at 
Liverpool  to  354  at  Hull.  Rain  fell  at  Black- 
heath, Leeds,  and  Hull,  on  three  days  in 
the  week,  and  at  other  places  from  four  to  six 
days.  The  greatest  fall,  1. 1  inch,  occurred  at 
Portsmouth,  and  the  least,  0.4  inch,  at  Birmingham. 
The  average  fall  over  the  country  was  about  0.6  inch. 
At  Liverpool  showers  of  hail  fell  on  the  Sth,  and  light- 
ning was  seen  at  night.  At  Hull  the  lowest  tempera- 
tures at  night  rarely  exceeded  32°,  the  sky  being  some- 
what clearer  than  at  other  places.  In  Scotland  the 
extreme  high  temperatures  varied  between  51*  at 
Greenock  and  35°  at  Paisley,  the  general  average  being 
about  47°.  The  extreme  low  temperatures  ranged 
between  32"  at  Greenock  and  20°.  5  at  Paisley,  the 
general  average  being  275*,  The  mean  tempera- 
tures varied  between  404°  at  Greenock  and  2S|* 
at  Paisley ;  thus  the  greatest  extremes  occurred  at 
places,  comparatively  speaking,  close  to  each  other. 
The  average  temperature  over  the  country  was  a  little 
above  36°,  thus  being  about  5"  colder  than  the  cor- 
responding temperature  in  England.  The  rainfall  in 
Scotland  was  heavier  than  in  England  ;  at  Greenock, 
as  much  as  2^4  inches  was  measured,  and  at  Glasgow 
1 1  inch  fell.  The  average  fall  over  the  country  was 
1 5  inch.  At  Dublin  the  maximum  temperature  during 
the  week  was  55",  the  minimum  28%  and  the  mean 
temperature  41^°.     The  amount  of  rain  was  o.  54  inch. 

We  hear  that  Mr.  Gamble,  the  Government 

gardener  of  the  hill-town  of  Darjeeling,  in  India,  has 
been  sent  to  Sikkim,  to  Collect  Plants  on  the 
Snowy  Range,  partly  for  Kew.  Dr.  Hooker,  it  will 
be  remembered,  was  a  former  explorer  of  Darjeeling 
and  Sikkim. 

From  the  local  papers  we  learn  that  Warring- 
ton is  to  have  a  Public  Park.  The  Corporation  of 
that  town  has  purchased  of  Colonel  Wilson-Patten, 
M.P.,  his  Warrington  residence,  together  with  iS  acres 
of  park  and  garden  land,  for  ;^22,ooo.  It  is  intended 
to  convert  this  estate  into  a  Public  Park,  and  to  build 
thereon  a  Town  Hali. 


'New  Garden   Plants. 

Angr^ecum  articulatum,  n.  s/. 

Foliis  cuneato-oblong!s  Jnasquali  bilobis  inxqualibus  ;  psdiinculis 
cmssis  basi  ima  mnltivaginatis  siipernis  racemosis ;  bracteis 
triangulis,  toros  conicos  retusos  pro  pedicellis  recipiendis  vix 
a;quantibus;  ovariis  pedicellatls  gracllibus  elongatis  :  sepalo 
supremo  cuneato-oblongo  acuminato,  iuferiori  siibfequali 
omnino  connate  aplce  nunc  refiexo  ;  tepalis  oblongis  acutis  ; 
Libello  cuneato  oblongo  apiculato,  breviori,  calcar!  filiformi 
acute  ponrecto  ovarium  pedicellatum  nunc  subaiquante,  nunc 
props  ter  superanle,  nunc  illo  bene  breviori:  columna  brevi 
trigona  ;  anthera  apice  minute  apiculata  (caudicula  bene 
Mmplici). 

Among  all  the  Angra;ca  represented  by  Aubert 
de  Petit  Thouars,  there  is  only  the  Angrcecum  citratum 
that  has  cuneate  leaves  like  those  of  this  very  inte- 
resting species,  and  its  nearest  relations,  the  western 
Angroccum  bilobum,  Lindl.,  and  its  allies.  These 
leaves  are  very  unequal,  cuneate,  and  unequally 
bilobed.  The  common  peduncle  is  very  short,  more 
than  two  spans  long,  flexuose  in  the  middle.  The 
basilar  part  only  is  covered  with  large  acute  sheaths, 
all  the  other  portion  bears  flowers.  It  is  most  remark- 
able that  the  flower-stalks  are  articulated  with  a 
thick  mamilar  body,  somewhat  longer  than  the  bract. 
The  cream-white  flowers  are  as  large  as  those  of  the 


well-known  Faham  tea  plant,  the  Angra;cum  fragrans. 
They  are  very  difficult  of  representation,  for  the  plant 
appears  to  delight  in  endless  caprices  in  the  produc- 
tion of  polymorphous  flowers.  I  have  been  twice 
favoured  with  the  flowers,  but  they  were  very  different, 
and  a  whole  inflorescence  I  lately  obtained  proves  them 
to  be  widely  varying.  There  is  a  good  hope  that  the 
inferior  sepal  may  keep  coiistantlyconnate,  thus  forming 
a  kind  of  a  sheath  for  the  benefit  of  the  straight  spur. 
Vet,  as  if  to  indulge  in  the  pleasure  of  not  having  less 
than  six  perigonal  segments,  there  is  one  flower  that 
bears  three  petals  in  lieu  of  the  customary  two.  How 
can  I  describe  the  spur?  It  is  straight,  filiform,  acute, 
but  do  not  ask  for  its  length.  I  have  seen  it  three 
times  as  long  as  the  stalked  ovary,  in  other  cases 
equalling  it  in  length,  and  in  some  instances  shorter. 
At  all  events  it  developes  very  late,  and  is  not 
to  be  seen  outside  of  the  bud.  The  column,  too,  is 
full  of  caprices.  I  have,  however,  watched  what  would 
rather  appear  to  be  its  normal  development.  In  other 
cases  it  indulges  in  morphological  fun,  even  bearing 
before  it  two  filiform  arms  (such  as  are  seen  in  Schcen- 
orchis juncifolia),  but  with  polleniferous  knobs;  thus 
aping  the  filaments  of  such  plants  as  have  not  the 
honour  of  being  Orchids. 

This  pretty  plant  appears  to  be  a  great  rarity,  since 
I  have  not  seen  it  in  any  herbarium,  and  since 
there  are  but  two  living  plants  in  Europe,  as  far 
as  I  know.  They  are  both  small,  three-leaved,  the 
larger  one  being  just  making  two  new  leaves,  and 
having  for  the  last  three  years  produced  every  season 
one  flower-stalk.  The  leaves  reach  the  length  of 
6  inches. 

I  am  indebted  for  this  great  curiosity  to  the  kindness 
of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Ellis,  of  Rose  Hill,  Hoddesdon, 
Herts,  who  has  also  favoured  me  with  the  particulars 
of  its  growth,  &c.  It  is  another  of  the  treasures  brought 
home  from  Madagascar,  though  not  indeed  rivalling  the 
most  glorious  sfioiia  introduced  by  the  Rev.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Ellis — the  Ouvirandras,  Aeranthus  sesqui- 
pedalis,  Grammangis  (Grammatophyllum)  Ellisii,  and 
Angrcecum  Ellisii.  J/.  G.  Rchb.  fiL 


GARDEN  PRODUCTS,  AND   THEIR 
COOKING. 

Gardeners  and  theif  employers,  as  a  rule,  get  on 
well  together  in  all  matters  which  are  arranged  by 
personal  communication,  the  one  with  the  other. 
The  opportunity  which  gardeners  have  of  talking  with 
their  masters  about  their  multifarious  duties  must,  of 
necessity,  depend  upon,  and  vary  with,  the  amount  of 
their  leisure  and  the  extent  of  their  interest  in  their 
garden.  But,  whatever  may  be  the  frequency  of  these 
opportunities,  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  time  is 
generally  devoted  to  intercommunications  relative  to 
the  ornamental  branches  of  horticulture,  while  vege- 
tables and  their  products  come  in  but  for  a  very  small 
share  of  consideration  in  the  employer's  conversations 
with  his  servants.  This  is  to  be  regretted,  since  pro- 
viding for  the  table  should  be  regarded  as  of  primary 
importance  amongst  a  gardener's  duties. 

The  difficulties  that  arise  between  gardeners  and 
their  masters  occur,  if  I  mistake  not,  more  often 
through  the  intervention  of  other  people  than  in 
any  other  way.  Thus,  there  may  be  a  difliculty  in 
the  matter  of  the  bailiff  and  the  manure,  in  the  matter 
of  the  plumber  and  the  hot-water  pipes,  in  the  matter 
of  the  glazier  and  the  roofs  of  the  houses;  but  I 
apprehend  that  there  is  no  more  frequent  cause  of 
disagreement  than  that  arising  out  of  the  grumbles 
of  the  cook  in  the  matter  of  vegetables. 

Circumstances  have  put  in  my  way  a  certain  amount 
of  knowledge,  connected  with  cooksand  their  grievances, 
about  vegetables.  Circumstances  have  also  thrown 
me  much  amongst  working  gardeners,  so  that  I  have 
from  them  heard  "the  other  side  of  the  question."  I 
am  not  a  gardener,  neither  am  I  cook,  but  I  think  I 
know  when  a  vegetable  is  well  or  badly  grown,  and 
when  it  is  well  or  badly  cooked.  I  am  fortunate  in 
possessing  a  fair  collection  of  books  upon  horticultural 
subjects,  while  in  books  upon  culinary  and  gastronomic 
matters  my  library  is  decidedly  "strong."  With  these 
aids  I  venture  to  hope  that  I  may  be  able  to  furnish 
your  readers  with  a  few  short  articles,  which  may 
interest  consumers,  and  be  useful  to  gardeners. 

It  is  not  probable  that  your  pages  often  find  their 
way  into  the  cook's  or  the  housekeeper's  room  of  large 
establishments  ;  if  it  were  otherwise,  I  might  perhaps 
give  them  some  hints  that  might  be  of  service  to  them 
in  connection  with  their  requirements  at  the  hands  of 
the  gardeners.  For  the  present,  at  any  rate,  I  will 
assume  that  I  am  addressing  gardeners  only,  and  will 
endeavour  to  give,  to  the  younger  ones  especially, 
some  useful  information  of  a  description  that  is  not 
commonly  found  in  books  upon  gardening. 

Let  me  begin  with  some  remarks  about  salt,  its  use 
and  its  abuse. 

All  gardeners  know  the  value  of  salt  as  a  destroyer  of 
weeds  in  garden  walks.  All  cooks  know  the  value  of 
salt  as  a  preservative  of  animal  food.  The  action  of 
salt  upon  vegetable  products  is  vastly  different  from  its 
action  upon  animal  products ;  and  yet  how  rarely  do 
you  find  a  good  cook  whose  proceedings  indicate  that 
this  difference  is  remembered,  or,  if  remembered, 
realised  ?  But  how  can  you  wonder  at  it,  when  the 
prejudicial  effects   of  salt   upon  uncooked  vegetation 


74 


The   Gatdeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  20,   1872. 


are  not  referred  to  in  any  cookery-book  that  I  have  of  saying  something  of  it.  Mr.  Barron  is,  we  believe, 
yet  met  with.  Proof  of  what  I  assert  is  open  to  every  a  native  of  Aberdeen,  a  locality  in  which,  to  quote  an 
one.'>  You  have  only  to  deprive  yourself  at  your  old  saying  of  the  Edinburgh  nurseries,  "They  strike 
breakfast  to-morrow  morning  of  a  dozen  heads  out  gardeners  by  cuttings,  so  plentiful  is  the  supply." 
oi  your  dish  of  watercresses.  Before  you  begin,  put  His  gardening  career  commenced  at  Crathes  Castle 
half-a-dozen  heads  upon  a  plate,  and  over  them  on  the  banks  of  the  Dee,  Aberdeen,  under  the  auspices 
sprinkle  some  salt ;  put  the  other  half-dozen  upon  of  his  father,  who  was  then  gardener  there,  and 
another  plate,  but  put  no  salt  over  them  ;  when  you  enjoyed  considerable  reputation  in  the  district  as  an 
have  finished  your  breakfast  compare  the  contents  of  able  cultivator  and  excellent  gardener.  Crathes  was 
these  two  plates,  and  also  taste  them.  Your  eye  and  but  a  small  place,  where,  however,  considerable 
your  mouth  will  agree  in  asserting  that  the  salt  has  attention  was  paid  to  Dahlias,  Pansies,  Hollyhocks, 
converted  a  crisp,  juicy,  tempting  vegetable,  into  '  and  other  florists*  flowers,  and  where  vegetables 
a  flabby,  washy,  and  unsightly  mess.  1  received  the  attention  they  deserve.     It  was  there  the 

How  often  do  you  see  a  salad  sent  to  table  fit  to  subject  of  our  notice  learned,  as  he  tells  us,  liow  to 
eat,  if  it  has  been  dressed  in  the  kitchen?  My  ex- '  grow  vegetables,  how  to  prepare  land,  how  to  use  the 
perience  answers,  not  once  in  a  hundred  times  ;  and  spade,  the  hoe,  the  rake,  the  scythe,  and  all  those  accom- 
is  not  that  yours,  gentle  reader?  And  why  is  this?  plishments  which  some  among  the  modern  school  of 
Simply  because  the  fresh  vegetable  has  been  salted  for  '  young  gardeners  think  it  beneath  their  dignity  to  acquire, 
half-an-hour  before  it  was  served  to  you.  j      On  leaving  Scotland  in  1S53,  Mr.  Barron  proceeded 

The  gardener  may  spend  his  master's  money  in  ,  to  the  gardens  of  the  Marquis  of  Huntly,  at  Orton,  near 
buying  seeds  of  all  the  varieties  of  Lettuce,  Endive,  I  Peterborough.  The  late  Marquis  was  a  great  admirer 
Cucumber,  and  other 
saladings ;  —  he  may 
pride  himself  upon  the 
earliness  of  one  and  the 
lateness  of  another,  upon 
the  whiteness  of  this  and 
the  greenness  of  that, 
upon  the  flavour  of  this 
variety  and  upon  the 
cold  juicy  crispness  of 
that ; — he  may  have  ap- 
plied to  the  growth  and 
perfection  of  certain 
kinds  the  thought  and 
experience  of  many  years 
of  labour  and  observa- 
tion; and  all  his  antici- 
pations of  giving  pleasure 
and  satisfaction  to  his 
employer  are  knocked 
on  the  head  by  the 
thoughtiulness  (?)  of  the 
cook,  who  {in  order  to 
be  well  forward  with  her 
work)  salts  the  salad  or 
the  Cucumber  half-an- 
hour  or  more  before  it  is 
to  be  eaten,  though  in 
this  she  only  follows  the 
instructions  of  the  books 
and  of  her  preceptors  by 
beginning  with  the  use 
of  pepper  and  salt,  and 
subsequently  pouring 
over  vinegar  and  oil ! 

Upon  another  occasion 
I  pi  opose  to  explain  how, 
in  my  judgment,  un- 
cooked vegetables  ought 
to  be  served.  The  sub- 
ject I  now  have  before 
m ;  is  not  salads  but  salt. 
And  gardeners,  who  de- 
sire that  the  saladings 
they  have  grown  should 
be  ticrved  to  their  masters 
ill  perfection,  should  lose 
nil  time  in  impressing 
upon  the  cooks  for  whom 
they  have  to  provide,  that 
salt  should  never,  under 
any  circumstances  what- 
ever, be  added  to  raw 
vegetables  until  the  very 
last  minute  that  it  is 
pussible  to  do  so  before 
it  is  to  be  eaten. 

Every  cooks  knows 
that  all  combinations  of 
eggs,  milk,  and  flour, 
r.  quire  to  be  served  im- 
mediately  that  they  are 

ctx)ked,  as  they  so  quickly  become  sodden  ;  batter 
paddings,  fritters,  pancakes,  and  omelettes  of  various 
^  uids,  are  all  dishes  of  which  the  cooking  is  put 
•  ^(T  until  the  last  moment;  and  all  who  enjoy  these 
[■reparations  will  agree  with  me  that  they  had  much 
i.ither  be  kept  waiting  a  few  minutes  for  a  pancake  or 
^n  omelette,  than  that  it  should  be  half  a  minute  in 
ne   room   too   soon.     Let   the  gardener   remind  the 

jok  of  these  facts,  and  at  the  same  time  explain  to 

er  that  the  premature  use  of  salt  overgieen  vegetables 

ill  as  certainly  injure  his  credit  as  a  grower,  as  the 
,  remature  cooking  of  an  omelette  will  afiect  her  credit 

i  a  good  cook.    JF,  T. 


ARCHIBALD     F.     BARRON. 


ARCHIBALD  F.  BARRON. 
Among  the  representative  horticulturists  of  Great 
'■itain,  there  are  few,  if  any,  who  have,  by  their 
lents  and  personal  qualities,  secured  from  their 
■llow-labourers  a  larger  measure  of  respect  and 
.teem  than  the  Superintendent  of  the  gardens  of  the 
I  oyal  Horticultural  Society  at  Kensington  and  at 
biswick  ;  and  as  his  career  is  one  that  may  with 
•ofit  be  studied  and  imitated  by  the  coming  race  of 
irdeners,  we  gladly  avail  ourselves  of  this  opportunity 


of  trees,  and  was  just  commencing  then,  with  Mr.  Ross,  I 
the  formation  of  the  fine  pinetum  which  now  exists 
there.  From  Orton,  in  April,  1854,  Mr.  Barron  went  1 
to  the  gardens  at  Arundel  Castle,  Sussex,  the  seat  of 
the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  and  at  that  time  under  the  ' 
direction  of  the  late  Mr.  M'Ewen.  ' 

The  collection  of  fruits  at  Arundel  was  very  fine,  and  ' 
great  attention  was  paid  to  their  cultivation  in  every  \ 
way,  so  that  the   foundations  of  Mr.   Barron's  know- 
ledge in  this  department  were  laid  in  this  situation.  I 
Mr.  M'Ewen  was  at   this   time   grappling   with  Mr. 
Fleming,  of  Trentham,    for  the   chief  honours  as   an  1 
exhibitor  of  fruit  at  the  London  shows.     Great  altera- 
tions were  being  made  in  the  gardens,  and  all  sorts  of 
experiments  were  in  progress.     Arundel  was  specially 
gi-eat  in  forcing  all  kinds  of  fruit  in  pots  and  out  of 
pots,  and  Mr,  M*Ewen  was  extremely  fond  of  making  ' 
daring  experiments  with  them,  so  that  while  his  pupil  , 
learned  the  way  how  to  become  successful,  he  learnt 
also  what  methods  of  procedure  to  avoid.  | 

From    Arundel    Mr.    Barron    went    to    Shrubland  ■ 
Park,    Suffolk,    the    seat    of  Sir  William    Middleton,  | 
then   one  of  the  leading  places  in    the    country   for 
summer  flower  gardening.     Here  Mr.   Barron  under- 
weit  a  good  drilling,  under  Mr.  Foggo,  in  the  depart- 1 


ment  of  ornamental  gardening,  in  the  use  of  Verbenas 
Pelargoniums,  &:c.  '■  * 

After   a  short  stay   at   Shrubland,    our  now    well- 
trained  gardentr  went  to  South  Wales,  to  assist  his 
brother  m  farming,  and  whilst  there  Mr.  M*Ewen  was 
appomted  superintendent  at  Chiswick,  and  invited  his 
former    pupil  to    come   to  Chiswick,    which   he  did. 
Mr.  M'Ewen  shortly  afterwards  died,  and  Mr.  Eyles 
became  superintendent,  when  Mr.  Barron  found  himself 
m  a  much  better  position  than  heretofore,  with  a  wide 
field  of  interest  before  him,  in  the  management  of  which 
he  was  encouraged  by  Mr.   Eyles,  Dr.   Lindley,  Dr. 
Hogg,  and  Mr.  R.  Thompson.     From  the  latter  Mr. 
Barron  derived  much  benefit,  and  learned  some  of  the 
best  lessons  of  his  life.     The  great  vinery  at  Chiswick 
was   planted  the    season    previous   to    Mr.    Barron's 
appointment.     The  first  season  the  Vines  were  in  a 
wretched  plight,  but  they  were  not  long  before  they 
assumed  a  more  creditable  appearance. 
_  On  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Eyles  to  South  Ken- 
smgton,  Mr.   Barron  became  superintendent  at  Chis- 
wick,   and    those    wha 
know     the     discourage- 
ments  under    which   he 
laboured  in  an  establish- 
ment starved  for  want  of 
means,  and  perforce  ne- 
glected in  sundry  depart- 
ments, are  those  who  are 
the  loudest  in  their  ap- 
proval of  the  skill  with 
which    the   garden    was 
managed.     By-and-by  a 
change  came  ;  the  garden 
was  reduced  in  size,  and 
altogether     put     on     a 
different    footing.      The 
orchard   was    replanted, 
and   space   left    for  the 
resumption  of  those  trials 
of  vegetables  and  flowers 
which  have  been  so  useful 
in  the  past.    The  altera- 
tions have  been  too  re- 
cently made  for  us  to  say 
anything   as    to   results, 
but  there  can  be  no  two 
opinions  as  to  the  skill 
shown  in  the  re-organisa- 
tion of  the  garden.     At 
the    present    time     Mn 
Barron  acts  as   supei^in- 
tendent  at  both  Chiswick 
and     Kensington,      and 
while  essentially  a  prac- 
tical gardener  of  the  best 
stamp,     is    no     rule-of- 
thumb  practitioner.    His 
practice  is  based  on  ex- 
perience,   but  it   is   mo- 
dified  according   to  cir- 
cumstances   by     shrewd 
common    sense,    correct 
reasoningupon  the  results 
of    observation,    and    a 
most  careful  appreciation 
and  discrimination  of  the 
requirements    of    plants 
and    the    conditions    in- 
fluencing those    require- 
ments.     If  Mr.    Barron 
has  a  love  for  one  thing 
more  than  another  it  is 
the  cultivation   of  fruits 
both  under  glass  and  in 
the  open  air,    in   which 
any  one  conversant  with 
the  history  of  Chiswick 
Garden  during   the   last; 
few    years    will    readily 
admit  he  has  had  a  well 
merited  share  of  success. 
The  way  in  which  he  has 
treated,    and   in   a   manner    rejuvenated,    the   almost 
worn-out    Vines    in   the    large   vinery,    is    deserving 
of  all  praise.     The  old  house  never  promised  better  for 
a  bright   future   than   it  did    the  past  season.      The 
culture  of  Figs  in  pots  has  received  his  special  attention, 
and  both  by  his  pen  and  the  beautiful  bushy,  fruitful 
trees  which  he  has  to  show  visitors  he  has  done  more  to 
bring  about   their  more  general  cultivation,  than  any 
other  man  of  the  day  and  generation  he  serves  so  well. 


COTTAGE  GARDENS, 
I  AM  an  old  country  resident  living  in  Hertfordshire, 
in  a  district  celebrated  for  its  cottage  gardens,  in  which 
Roses  and  Apple  trees  are  equally  abundant,  giving  an 
appearance  and  reality  of  comfort  to  the  inhabitants  not 
often  seen,  but  very  pleasurable. 

In  travelling  in  other  districts  of  England  I  am  often 
grieved  at  seeing  gardens  neglected,  or,  at  best, 
devoted  only  to  Potatos  and  Cabbages.  Knowing,  as 
I  do,  the  comfort  given  to  families  by  our  best-known 
and  easily-grown  fi-uit,  the  Apple,  I  am  tempted  to 
ask  you  to  assist  in  spreading  the  knowledge  of  its 
culture,  so  that  every  cottager  may  grow  his  own 
Apples,  and  thus  contribute  to  the  comfort,  and,  I  may 


January  2o,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


75 


add,  refinement,  of  his  family  :  for  I  contend  that 
a  fruit  garden  is  a  means  of  education,  teach- 
ing children  forbearance — for  Apple  bushes  full 
of  fruit  are,  indeed,  tempting,  arid  require  the 
fence  of  education  in  children  to  keep  their  Iiands 
from  picking.  I  know  that  the  temptation  must  exist, 
for  my  trees,  such  as  I  shall  describe,  were  last  autumn 
most  severely  tempting.  They  were  four  years  old, 
about  3  feet  high,  and  covered  with  the  finest  Apples 
I  ever  beheld.  I  saw  then  how  well  such  trees  would 
profit  the  cottage  gardener,  and  I  thought  if  only  the 
Times  would  take  the  matter  in  hand,  how  many 
thousands  would  be  benefited  ;  the  gardening  papers, 
reaching  so  small  a  portion  of  our  villagers,  are  not 
sufiicient.  Before  I  endeavour  to  describe  the  method 
of  forming  a  cottager's  Apple  garden,  I  must  give  a 
description — all  gardeners  know  it — of  the  stock  to  be 
employed  to  bring  in  the  fruitfulness  required  in  a 
small  garden.  Now,  a  stock,  in  gardener's  language, 
is  the  wild  tree  employed  on  which  to  graft  a  tame 
one — /.(■.,  a  cultivated  sort.  There  are  many  kinds  of 
stocks  employed  by  grafters — some  stocks  make  the 
trees  grafted  on  them  dwarf  and  fruitful,  others 
vigorous  and  luxuriant.  We  have  at  present  only  the 
former  to  consider. 

There  is  a  stock  used  to  graft  Apples  on  with  an 
almost  fabulous  name  and  origin.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  imported  from  Armenia,  from  the  real  site  of 
Paradise.  The  French  gardeners  in  old  times  christened 
this  tree  the  Pommier  du  Paradis — the  Apple  tree  of 
Paradise.  We,  as  humble  imitators,  named  it  the 
Paradise  stock.  Soon,  however,  the  name  was  applied 
to  other  Apple  stocks  of  the  same  dwarfing  nature,  so 
that  we  have  several  varieties  of  this  dwarf  stock,  which 
are  called  English  Paradise  stocks — kinds  suited  to  our 
climate,  and  likely  to  be  very  valuable  to  our  cottage 
gardeners. 

The  first  business  of  the  cottager  with  a  garden  is  to 
find  a  corner  or  square  portion  of  it  in  which  to  form 
his  plantation.  This  space  he  should  mark  out  so  as  to 
hold  trees  in  proportion  to  his  ground.  These  he  may 
plant  in  rows  round  the  edges  of  his  garden  at  a 
distance  of  4  feet  apart,  or  he  may  form  a  square,  say 
20  feet  in  extent,  which  at  4  feet  apart  will  hold 
20  trees. 

If  a  square  piece  of  ground  is  selected  it  should  be 
planted  with  Apple  trees  grafted  on  the  English  Para- 
dise stock,  in  the  form  of  bushes,  4  feet  apart  row  from 
row,  and  the  same  distance  tree  from  tree  in  the  rows. 
The  centre  of  the  space,  4  feet  between  each  row,  iS  to 
20  inches  in  width,  may  be  cultivated  for  three  or  four 
years,  till  the  trees  have  grown  to  the  size  of  a  fair-sized 
Goosdbeiry  bush,  and  in  this  space  may  be  grown 
Onions  and  dwarf  Potatos,  &c.,  so  as  to  give  a  paying 
crop.  This  portion  of  the  soil  may  be  dug  or  forked, 
so  as  to  loosen  it,  while  the  space  on  each  side  next  the 
rows  may  be  left  solid,  and  be  kept  clean  from  weeds 
with  the  hoe. 

We  have  thus  formed  an  Apple  garden — say  of  20 
trees.  The  sorts  may  be  as  follows  : — Four  trees  of 
Winter  Hawthomden,  four  Duchess  of  Oldenburg,  four 
Lord  Suffield,  four  Dumelow's  Seedling  or  Wellington, 
and  four  Cox's  Pomona.  These  are  large  Apples,  all 
great  bearers,  will  be  in  season  from  August  to  March, 
and  will  pay  the  cottager  well  for  the  slight  trouble  of 
their  cultivation.  My  bush  Apple  trees,  now  four  years 
old,  of  the  above  kinds,  bore  last  season  half  a  peck 
each.     They  were  beautiful  objects. 

My  plantation  consists  of  l6o  trees,  and,  in  addition 
to  the  sorts  enumerated  above,  I  have  the  Jolly  Beggar, 
Betty  Geeson,  Mere  de  Menage,  Small's  Admirable, 
and  Warner's  King.  I  mention  the  names  of  these 
prolific  trees  to  assist  the  cottager's  selection.  I  may 
add  others  equally  so — viz.,  the  common  Hawthornden 
and  Keswick  Codlin.  Some  kinds  of  dessert  Apples 
are  equally  prolific,  and  may  be  cultivated  by  the  cot- 
tager with  advantage.  I  may  mention  one  sort,  Cox's 
Orange  Pippin,  which  bears  well  and  sells  well,  and 
would  in  itself  be  a  fortune  to  a  cottager. 

And  now  as  to  their  planting  and  management.  The 
trees,  as  I  have  mentioned,  should  be  planted  4  feet 
apart  ;  the  ground,  after  being  dug,  should  have  holes 
opened,  2  feet  in  diameter  and  i  foot  deep  :  in  a  hole 
of  this  size  the  tree  should  be  placed,  and  its  roots 
covered  with  the  earth  taken  from  the  hole  ;  this  should 
be  gently  trodden,  and  the  planting  is  complete. 

The  first  season  after  planting  no  pruning  will  be 
required,  as  the  growth  of  the  trees  will  be  very  mode- 
rate ;  the  second  season,  and  every  year  afterwards, 
about  the  middle  of  June,  every  young  shoot  should  be 
shortened  to  half  its  length  with  a  sharp  knife  or 
pruning  scissors,  and  in  August  the  young  shoots  that 
have  broken  forth  since  the  June  pruning  should  be 
shortened  to  2  or  3  inches.  This  is  all  the  pruning 
required,  and  under  this  simple  culture,  the  trees,  if 
grafted  on  the  Paradise  stock,  become  sturdy  fruitful 
bushes  about  the  size  of  the  Gooseberry  bush,  and 
will  give  a  supply  of  fine  fruit  all  through  the 
winter. 

Trees  may,  I  believe,  be  bought  at  dd.  and  ^d.  each, 
so  as  to  be  within  reach  of  the  labourer's  pocket ;  or  if 
a  man  is  ingenious  he  may  buy  his  Paradise  stocks — say 
at  %s,  per  100.  The  second  year  after  planting  he  may 
graft  them  with  the  proper  sorts.  By  the  way,  grafting 
ought  to  form  a  part  of  the  education  of  boys  in  our 
rural  schools.     It  is  very  simple  and  easily  taught. 

If,  by  the  simple  method  of  culture  I  have  en- 
deavoured to  describe,  Apple  trees  can  be  made  profit- 


able to  our  cottagers  and  a  means  of  education  to  their 
children,  by  teaching  them  forbearance  and  self-control, 
they  will  do  a  real  service  to  the  community.  T.  /!., 
Hcrts^  in  the  "  Tiinesy 


FOR  TH  CO  MING  EXHIBITIONS. 

Ftbrnary  14.   Royal  Horticultural  Society  :  Exhibition  of 

Chinese     Primulas,      Dielytras,     Lycastes,      Dessert 

Apples  and  Pears,  and  Novelties. 
TebriiKiry  20,    Manchester  Botanical   and   Horticultural 

Society;  Exhibition  of  Novelties. 
March  6.    Royal   Horticultural  Society :    Exhibition   of 

Camellias,    Forced  Shrubs,  Early  and  Late  Grapes, 

Forced  Vegetables,  and  Novelties. 
March  13.   Royal  Botanic  Society  :  Exhibition  of  Spring 

Flowers. 
March    19.     Manchester    Botanical    and     Horticultural 

Society  :  Exhibition  of  Novelties. 
March  20.    Royal  Horticultural  Society:    Exhibition  of 

Hyacinths  and  other  Spruig-flowerlng  Bulbs,  Grapes, 

Apples,  Broccoli,  and  Novelties. 
April  3.    Royal    Horticultural    Society :    Exhibition    of 

Odontoglossums,  Cyclamens,  and  Noxelties. 
April  9.    Manchester  Botanical  Society  :    Exhibition  of 

Novelties. 
April  10.   Royal  Botanic  Society  :  Exhibition  of  Spring 

Flowers. 
April  17.     Royal    Horticultural  Society  •    Exhibition   of 

Greenhouse  Azaleas,  Auriculas,  Pansies,   Rhododen- 
drons, Forced  Vegetables,  and  Novelties. 
Mav  I.   Royal   Horticultural  h'ociety  :  Exhibition  of  Pot 

Roses,  Auriculas,  Azaleas,  Orchids,  Herbaceous  Cal- 
ceolarias, and  Novelties. 
May  S.     Royal  Botanic  Society  :    Exhibition   of  Spring 

Flowers. 
Mav  II.  Crystal  Palace  :  Great  Flower  Sho\v. 
Mav  \^and  \(i.   Royal  Horticultural  Society  :  Exhibition 
'  of  Table  Decorations,  Pot   Roses,  Rhododendrons, 

Hardy   Perennials,    Gloxinias,    Agaves,    Peas,    and 

Novelties. 
May  i8  /y  27.    Manchester  Botanical  and  Horticultural 

Society  :  Grand  National  Horticultural  Exhibition. 
May  22  and  23.    Royal  Botanic  Society  :    Great  Summer 

Exhibition. 
May  ^T^  to  Jitfie  1$.  Royal  Botanic  Society:  Exhibition 

of  American  Plants. 
Jn/ie  5,  6,  and  7.    Royal  Horticultural  Society :    Great 

Summer  Exhibition  at  South  Kensington. 
Jiijie   19.    Royal  Horticultural  Society :     Exhibition   of 

Zonal    Pelargoniums.     Fuchsias,     Palms,    Pa^onies, 

Ranunculuses,  and  Novelties. 
June  19  iifid  20.  Royal  Botanic  Society :  Great  Summer 

Exhibition, 
June  22.  Crystal  Palace  :  Annual  Rose  Show. 
June  25  lo  29.  Royal  Horticultural  Society  :  Great  Exhi- 
bition at  Birmingham. 
Juf/e  26.  Bishop  Stortford  and   Hertfordshire  Horticul- 
tural Society  :  Great  Summer  Show. 
July  3.     Royal    Horticultural    Society :     Exhibition    of 

Roses,  Vegetables,  and  Novelties. 
July  S  a?id  6.  Manchester  Botanical  and  Horticultural 

Society  :  Exhibition  of  Roses  and  Fruit. 
July  JO  and  I  J.   Royal  Botanic  Society:  Great  Simimer 

Show. 
July   17.    Royal    Horticultural  Society :    Exhibition   of 

Hardy  Herbaceous  Plants,  Phloxes,  Liliums,  Carna- 
tions, Vegetables,  and  Novelties. 
August  7.    Royal  Horticultural   Society  :    Exhibition  of 

Zonal     and     Variegated     Pelargoniums,     Clematis, 

Gooseberries,  and  Novelties. 
August  21.    Royal  Horticultural  Society  :    Exhibition  of 

Gladioli,  Hollyhocks,  and  Novelties 
September  4.  Royal  Horticultural  Society  :  Exhibition  of 

Liliums,  Asters,  Verbenas,  and  Novelties. 
September   10.     Manchester  Botanical  and  Horticultural 

Society  :  Exhibition  of  Novelties. 
September  18.    Royal  Horticultural  Society  :    Exhibition 

of  Zinnias,  Pentstemons,  Celosias,  Begonias,  Dessert 

Apples  and  Pears,  Toniatos,  Vegetables,  and  Novelties. 
October  1.    Royal    Horticultural  Society  :    Exhibition  of 

Fungi,  Vegetables,  and  Novelties. 
October    8,     Manchester     Botanical     and     Horticultural 

Society:  Exhibition  of  Novelties. 
November  6.  Royal  Horticultural  Society:  Exhibition  of 

Chrysanthemums,  Potatos,  and  Novelties. 
November  19.    Manchester   Botanical  and   Horticultural 

Society  ;  Exhibition  of  Novelties. 
December  4.  Royal  Horticultural  Society  :   Exhibition  of 

Tree     Carnations,    Late    Chrysanthemums,     Hardy 

Evergreens,  Salads,  Vegetables,  and  Novelties. 


NOTES  ON  CONIFERS.—II. 

Abies  Albertiaiia,  syn.  A.  Mertensiana  and  A.  Wil- 
liamsoni.  Introduced  in  1858  from  Oregon  and 
Northern  California,  where  it  grows  in  large  quantities. 
It  is  in  general  found  to  be  quite  hardy,  and  grows  freely, 
making  in  favourable  situations  annual  growths  of  from 
3  to  4  feet  in  length.  It  somewhat  resembles  the  Hem- 
lock Spruce  in  appearance,  is  less  dense  in  habit,  and 
stands  high  winds  much  better,  although  not  adapted 
for  planting  in  exposed  situations.  A  most  elegant  and 
graceful  evergreen  tree,  with  light  green  foliage,  and 
numerous  long  small  branches  ;  the  branchlets  are  also 
long,  flexible,  and  pendent,  like  the  Cedrus  Deodara. 
The  largest  specimens  I  have  seen  of  this  interesting 
tree  are  open  in  their  habit,  throwing  out  branches 
irregularly  beyond  the  others,  loaded  with  their  pen- 
dent branclilets,  giving  a  light,  pleasing,  and  elegant 
appearance  to  the  tree.  It  appears  to  thrive  best  in  a 
good,  strong  soil,  as  at  Riccarton,  the  residence  of  Sir 
William  Gibson  Craig,  Bart.,  where,  in  his  rich  col- 
lection of  Conifers,  is  to  be  seen  one  of  the  first  seed- 
linj^sniised  from  seed  senthomebyjeffery,  and  which  is 


now  from  40  to  50  feet  in  height.  As  an  ornamental 
tree  it  is  likely  to  be  much  in  demand,  for  planting  on 
a  lawn,  near  a  mansion-ho.use,  by  the  sides  of  drives, 
or  for  grouping  in  parks  and  pleasure-grounds  ;  either 
by  Itself  or  in  combination  with  others,  it  is  likely  to 
be  a  favourite.  In  its  native  country  its  timber  is  said 
to  be  white,  and  very  soft,  producing  Uttle  turpentine  ; 
in  this  country  it  does  not  form  wood  freely  ;  its  stem, 
like  its  branches,  are  small  in  proportion  to  its  height. 
It  cories  freely  at  Castle  Kennedy  and  elsewhere. 

Abies  Bninoniana^  from  Sikkim,  resembles  the 
Hemlock  Spruce,  but  is  a  great  improvement  on  it. 
It  is  said  to  be  by  far  the  handsomest  of  all  the  Indian 
species,  and  judging  from  the  few  healthy  plants  of  it 
which  are  to  be  met  with,  it  appears  to  merit,  at  least 
as  an  ornamental  tree,  the  flourish  of  trumpets  with 
which  it  was  introduced  some  25  years  ago,  and  which 
led  to  its  being  extensively  planted  and  experimented 
with.  Unfortunately  it  has  not  generally  proven 
hardy,  suffering  not  so  much  from  the  severity  of  our 
winters  as  from  our  late  spring  frosts.  Here  it  forms  a 
bush  seldom  more  than  6  or  S  feet  in  height,  and  double 
that  dimension  in  diameter.  In  liighly  favoured 
localities,  where  late  frosts  do  not  prevail,  it  should  be 
planted.  The  best  specimen  I  have  seen  of  it  is  at 
Ravensdale  Park  (the  residence  of  Lord  Clermont), 
Dundalk,  Ireland,  where,  growing  near  the  flower 
garden  in  a  somewhat  elevated  but  finely  sheltered 
situation  on  the  side  of  a  valley,  it  may  yet  form 
a  tree  of  some  magnitude. 

Abies  Doitglasii. — This  truly  magnificent  and  gigantic 
tree  was  first  introduced  in  1S27  by  Douglas,  the  cele- 
brated botanical  collector,  whose  name  it  bears,  and  who 
accidentally  lost  his  life  while  prosecuting  the  noble 
cause   to   which   he  so  ardently   and   so    successfully 
devoted  it.     In  its  native  country  it  has  a  wide  range, 
forming  immense   forests   in   the   north-west   parts  of 
America.     It   is   found   growing  at   very  various  alti- 
tudes, rapidly  dwarfing  to   a  mere  bush  as  it  ascends 
the  Rocky  Mountains.    Towards  their  base,  and  on  the 
banks  of  the  Columbia  River,  it  assumes  great  dimen- 
sions, and  is  often  to  be  seen  towering  to  the  height  of  1 50 
to  200  feet,  the  boles  occasionally  measuring  as  much 
as  10  feet  in  diameter.   It  is  also  to  be  found  growing  in 
various  parts  of  California.      Judging  by  the  progress 
already    made   by   not   a   few   specimens   growing  in 
various  localities,  I  think  we  have  a  right  to  anticipate 
that  it  may  almost  reach  similar  dimensions  in  our  own 
country.     In  speaking  of  the  well-known  specimen  at 
Dropmore,  Mr.  Frost,  the  respected  gardener  there,  in 
a  recent  communication  informs  me  that  "  the  Abies 
Douglasii  seeds  were  put  into  my  hands  about  mid- 
winter, iS27;""the  following  March  three  seeds  had 
vegetated,  and   were  about  i  inch   in  height.     At  the 
present  time  (October,    1S71),  the  large  tree  i^  100  feet 
6  inches  in  height,  and  the  girth,  3  feet  from  the  ground, 
9  feet  7  inches.     The  leader  now  is  obliquely  pointing 
to  the  North  :  if  erect  it  would  make  the  tree  103  feet 
higli.     I  have  the  growth  since  1S44  ;  its  growth  since 
then  is  60  feet  6  inches,  or  more  if  it  had  been  erect." 
This  is   said   to  be   the   finest  Douglasii   in    Europe. 
There  is  no  record  of  any  other  tree  having  made  the 
same  amount  of  growth  in  the  same  period — 44  years. 
The  fine  glaucous  variety   of  Douglasii   at  Raith,    in 
Fifeshire,  Mr.  Rintoul,  the  gardener  there  informs  me,  is 
80  feet  in  height,  and  measures  round  the  bole,  at  3  feet 
from  the  ground,  7  feet  6  inches.   There  is  also  a  hand- 
some tree  at  Hopeton  House,  near  Edinburgh,  about 
70  feet  in  height,   and  measuring  round  the  bole,  at 
5  feet  above  the  ground,   5  feet   10  inches.     There  is 
also  a  very  fine  specimen  at  Scone  Palace.     All  over 
the  country  specimens  of  large  dimensions  are  to  be 
met  with,  but  nowhere  are  they  to  be  seen  growing  in 
greater  luxuriance,  or  plants  of  a  large  size  in  greater 
numbers,  than  at  Murthly  Castle,  in  Perthshire,  which 
has  been  called  "  the  home  of  the  Conifers,"  and  which 
at  least  holds  true  in  a  remarkable  manner  with  this 
and  a  few  other  species.  There  hundreds  of  A.  Douglasii 
are  to  be  seen,    from  40  to   70  feet  in  height,  growing 
with  all  the  beauty  and  vigour  which  travellers  describe 
them  as  doing  in  their  native  habitats,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Tay  and  on  the  base  of  the  Murthly  Hills,  as  on  the 
banks  of  the  Columbia  and  base  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains.     With   the   exception   of    a    few   which   were 
planted  before   1846,  nearly  all  the  others  have  since 
been  propagated   by  layers   or  cuttings  and  planted, 
showing  in  a  remarkable  degree  the  rapidity  of  growth 
of  this  tree,  in  a  comparatively  young  state,  and  its  great 
importance  as  a  timber   producing  tree.     Mr.  Barron, 
in  his  Winter  Cm-den^   in  speaking  of  the  rapidity  of 
its  growth,   says: — "At  Elvaston  young  trees  raised 
from  cuttings  or  layers,  have  shot  up  as  much  as  5  feet 
in   one  year  :  in  two  extraordinary  instances  5  feet  7 
inches  and  5  feet  9  inches."     The  fine  specimen  shown 
in  the  International  Exhibition  of  1S62  measured  when 
cut   down   309  feet.     It   is  said   the  strength  of  the 
timber  considerably  surpasses  that  of  the  Larch  and  best 
red  deal,  and  is  only  approached  by  the  Pitch  Pine. 
It  will  be  found  to  succeed  in  most  ordinary  soils  and 
situations  ;  in  a  dry,  open,  gravelly  soil  it  does  not 
thrive  ;    in  a  good  deep,   strong  loam,   it  appears  to 
grow  best  ;  in  well-drained  peaty  soils,  it  shows  great 
health.     It  should  not  be  planted  in  situations  exposed 
to   high   winds  ;    in  moderately   sheltered   ones  it   is 
always  at   home,    bidding  defiance    to    our    severest 
winters,  and  withstanding  late  spring  frosts  even  in  its 
young  state  better  than  most  other  species.     There  are 
a  few  interesting  varieties  in  cultivation,  and  these  are 


76 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  20,   1872. 


likely  to  i)e  increased,  tlie  move  so  as  it  cones  and 
ripens  its  seed  freely  even  in  the  northern  parts  of  the 
country,  and  shows  a  slight  tendency  to  sport  or  run 
into  variety.  Its  fine  form,  large  proportions,  graceful 
habit,  and  beautiful  green  colour,  ever  changing  with 
the  seasons,  will  always  make  it  a  favourite  with  the 
landscape  gardener.  Its  rapidity  of  growth  will  be 
sure  more  and  more  to  arrest  the  attention  of  those 
engaged  in  planting  for  profit  or  shelter.  Monuments 
of  stone  and  lime  have  frequently  been  raised  to  com- 
memorate and  hand  down  to  posterity  the  deeds  of 
daring  and  renown  done  by  war- 
Wors  and  statesmen,  poets  and  phi- 
losophers, but  no  monument  can 
be  raised  by  the  hand  of  man,  how- 
ever well-merited,  so  appropriate 
and  so  enduring,  as  the  living  monu- 
ment with  which  the  name  of 
Douglas  is  now  so  happily  for  ever 
united. 

Ah'^s  excelsa  fiiiedonensh. — This 
is  a  variegated  Spruce,  which,  when 
well  grown,  has  a  very  pleasing 
appearance,  particularly  when  asso- 
ciated with  dark  foliaged  trees.  The 
underside  of  the  branches  is  gene- 
rally green,  while  the  upper  side  is 
of  a  straw  colour,  the  shade  changing 
considerably  with  the  season  of  the 
year.  Some  branches  show  the 
variegation  more  than  others,  but 
all  show  it  to  a  large  extent.  It 
is  well  worth  planting,  to  give  what 
is  so  much  wanted,  greater  variety 
of  tint  in  our  landscapes.  In  plant- 
ing avoid  a  dry  warm  subsoil.  In 
peaty  soils  it  is  to  be  seen  growing 
and  showing  the  variegation  to  the 
best  advantage. 

Abies  fniia.  —  A  very  distinct 
species,  introduced  a  few  years  ago 
from  Japan,  and  generally  reported 
to  be  hardy,  which  I  believe  will 
prove  to  be  the  case,  in  so  far  as  the 
severity  of  our  winter  frosts  are  con- 
cerned ;  but  like  the  Abies  Morinda, 
Webbiana,  and  others,  it  will  always, 
in  its  young  state  at  least,  be  liable 
to  be  injured  by  late  spring  frosts. 
At  Castle  Kennedy  there  are  two 
plants  growing,  now  upwards  of 
3  feet  in  height,  which  had  pre- 
viously been  slightly  protected 
during  the  spring  and  early  summer 
months.  The  last  spring,  which 
was  an  unusually  severe  one,  they 
were  purposely  left  unprotected. 
They  are  both  growing  in  mode- 
rately sheltered  situations— the  one 
open  to  the  south,  the  other  planted 
amongst  larger  trees  in  an  open 
position,  but  shaded  from  the  south 
and  east.  The  plant  open  to  the 
south  h.ad  the  young  side  growths 
blackened,  the  leaders  escaped  ;  the 
plant  in  the  shaded  situation  had 
not  a  leaf  or  bud  injured  in  the 
slightest  degree.  It  will  be  well,  till 
we  have  had  more  experience  of  this 
interesting  Japanese  tree,  to  plant 
it  on  hanging  ground  with  a  west  or 
north  aspect,  avoiding  the  bottoms 
of  glens  or  other  low-lying  situations, 
on  the  one  hand,  and  very  high  or 
exposed  ones  on  the  other.  Where 
positions  such  as  I  have  indicated 
cannot  be  conveniently  had,  plant- 
ing in  the  shade  of  larger  trees, 
selecting  or  making  open  spaces, 
and  trenching  the  gi'ound  before 
planting,  will  be  found  to  answer 
well  for  this  and  most  of  the  spring- 
tender  species. 

Abies  Jl/eiiziesii. — This  is  another 
interesting  tree,  which  Douglas  found 
growing  on  the  north-west  coast  of 
America,    and  is  said   to   be  found 
in  numerous  other  localities — grow- 
ing in  ordinary  soils  and  situ.itions 
from  60  to  70  feet  in  heiglit,  and  on 
the   banks   of    rivers   and  in    deep 
alluvial    soils  reaching  occasionally 
the  height  of  100  feet.     ICxperience 
has     already    taught      us     that     it 
will  not  thrive  on  light,  dry  soils,  although   on  such 
soils  in  wet  seasons  it  makes  free  growths.      On  our 
light,  thin  soil  here  it  becomes  half  deciduous  in  very 
dry  seasons,  such  as  we  have  lately  passed  through,  and 
in  that   state   is   most  unsightly.     To  form  a  correct 
estimate  of  its  character,  it  should  be  seen  growing  in  a 
deep,  rich,  damp  loam,   as  at  Murthly  Castle,  where 
trees  from  50  to  60  feet  in  height  are  growing  a  little 
above  the  level   of  the  Tay,  throwing  up  their  long, 
straight,  stiff  branches  at   acute  angles,  looking  as  if 
they   were    silver-laden   with   their   glaucous    foliage. 
This  is  to  be  more  particularly  observed  towards  the 
top  of  the  tree  ;  towards  the  middle  and  lower  part  of 
the  tree  the  branches  become  nearly  horizontal,  and  the 


foliage  less  glaucous,  or  it  appears  to  be  so  fron\  its 
altered  position,  the  under  side  of  the  leaf  alone  having 
tliis  silvery  appearance.  From  having  been  pretty  widely 
planted,  underagreat  variety  of  conditions,  I  think  it  may 
safely  be  classed  amongst  hardy  trees — as  much  so  as  the 
Spruce,  certainly  not  so  spring-tender  as  the  Silver  Fir. 
As  an  ornamental  tree  it  can  only  be  used  sparingly, 
for  planting  in  peaty  or  damp  loamy  soils.  Its  timber 
is  said  to  be  very  hard,  and  fine  in  the  grain,  and  alto- 
gether it  appears  to  possess  some  merit  as  a  forest  tree. 
Abies  Morinda^  syn.  A.  Khutrow  and  A.  Smithiana. 


Fig.    31. — TftE   CARTER   CHALLENGE    CUI'    (see   p.  77). 


Introduced  from  the  Himalayas  in  1818.  Is  a  native 
of  India,  China,  and  Japan.  In  its  native  habitat  it 
grows  from  100  to  150  leet  in  height.  Major  Madden, 
speaking  of  the  dimensions  of  this  species  in  his 
Obsei-'alions  on  the  Conifers  of  /miiil,  says  : — "Abies 
Smithiana,  near  Simla,  15  feet  in  girth;  near  Nag- 
kunda,  17J  feet  ;  and  on  the  north-east  face  of  Choor 
Mountain  20  feet  in  girth."  In  general  appearance  this 
species  resembles  the  Spruce  Fir,  but  it  is  altogether  a 
more  robust  tree.  Its  cones  arc  considerably  larger, 
and  on  healthy  trees  grown  in  tliis- country  its  leaves 
measure  from  i  to  2  inches  in  length.  Wlien  young, 
and  till  it  reaches  from  20  to  30  feet  in  height,  its  habit 
is  close  and  compact,  and  its  outline  very  regular ;  the 


I  radius  of  its  branches,  in  proportion  to  its  height,  being 
I  a  little  greater  than  those  of  the  Spnice  Fir.  As  the 
j  tree  increases  in  size  it  becomes  somewhat  more  open  in 
habit,  the  upper  branches  being  nearly  vertical,  gradu- 
ally flattening  till  they  become  almost  horizontal 
towards  the  middle  of  the  tree,  the  points  always  tend- 
;  ing  upwards,  giving  the  main  stem  of  the  branches  a 
j  more  or  less  curved  appearance,  being  slightly  concave 
j  on  the  upper  side.  The  lateral  branches  and  branch- 
lets  hang  down  on  each  side  of  the  main  branch  in  a 
I  nearly  perpendicular  manner,  which,  '  as  the  tree 
increases  in  size  and  age,  becomes 
more  apparent,  and  when  seen  on  a 
large  specimen  produces  a  very 
pleasing  effect.  The  lower  branches 
exhibit  the  same  characteristics,  and 
gradually  as  they  extend  out  become 
more  and  more  pendulous.  The  two 
finest  specimens  in  Scotland  are  those 
at  Hopeton  House,  well  known  to 
most  admirers  of  Conifers,  the  one 
a  seedling,  the  other  a  grafted  plant ; 
they  were  planted  in  their  present 
positions  about  the  year  1824  by 
the  late  Mr.  Smith,  the  well  loiown 
gardener,  who  so  long  and  so  ably 
presided  over  the  gardens  there. 
Mr.  Niven,  the  present  gardener, 
informed  me  a  few  months  ago  that 
the  seedling  plant  was  then  60  feet 
in  height,  and  measured  exactly  7  feet 
round  the  bole  at  4  feet  from  the 
ground.  The  grafted  plant  appears 
to  have  been  worked  on  a  Spruce 
Fir,  fully  4  feet  above  the  ground, 
and  is  now  58  feet  in  height.  The 
graft  has  overgrown  the  stock,  and 
stands  out  all  round  from  2  to 
3  inches,  thus  showing  that  the 
Morinda  is  a  much  quicker  timber- 
producing  tree  than  the  Spruce  Fir. 
At  Castle  Kennedy,  where  numerous 
plants  from  20  to  30  feet  in  height 
are  growing  side  by  side  with  the 
Spruce  Fir,  planted  at  the  same 
time,  and  on  their  own  roots,  they 
are  forming  wood  much  faster  than 
the  Spruce,  the  boles  being  of  larger 
dimensions,  although  not  increasing  in 
height  much  quicker  than  the  Spruce 
h'ir.  As  an  ornamental  tree  it  is  not 
without  merit ;  as  a  nurse  or  timber 
tree  it  may  yet  be  planted  pretty 
generally  where  it  can  be  had  in 
quantity  cheap  enough.  Although 
many  good  specimens  are  scattered 
over  the  countiy,  I  am  not  aware 
wliether  it  has  coned  or  ripened 
seed  since  it  was  introduced.  When 
at  Versailles  a  few  years  ago  I  ob- 
served a  fine  plant  with  a  nice  crop 
of  cones  in  the  Jardin  des  Fleurs,  at 
the  Petit  Trianon.  Its  timber  is 
said  to  be  light,  white,  and  soft, 
free  of  knots.  When  planted  in 
light  soils  and  warm  situations,  at 
least  when  young,  it  is  sometimes 
injured  by  late  spring  frosts,  and 
therefore  should  in  late  cold  dis- 
tricts be  planted  in  cold  heavy  soils, 
where  it  will  be  later  of  coming 
into  growth  ;  this  tendency  will  be 
increased  if  planted  in  a  north  or 
west  aspect.  Many  of  the  plants 
here  were  slightly  injured  last  spring, 
in  this  way,  to  the  height  of  a  few 
feet  above  the  ground,  while  all  the 
rest  of  the  plants  escaped  altogether 
unscathed. 

Abies  orientalis.  Indigenous  to  the 
coast  of  the  Black  .Sea,  and  also  found 
on  the  loftiest  mountains  of  Imeritia, 
in  LTpper  Mingrelia  and  the  neigh- 
bourhood  of  Tiflis,    forming  whole 
forests     between    C.uriel     and     the 
Adchar  Mountains.     When  seen  in 
a   good   state   this    is    a    charming 
tree.     It  has  a  gentle  refined  appear- 
ance, its  foliage,  as  seen  during  the 
winter  months,  when  matured,  being 
shorter,  finer,  and  more  densely  set 
than    the    common     Spruce.       Its 
habit,    when    young,    is    compact, 
but   the   tree  becomes  less  so  as  it 
increases  in  size  ;  its   branches  are  peculiarly  straiglit 
and  slender — a  line   of   yellowish   brown  bark,    bare 
of  foliage,   is   seen  on  the  underside  of  the    branch- 
lets.     Useful   for   planting   in    dressed    grounds  or  a 
lawn,  by  the  sides  of  drives  or  wood-walks,  where  it  is 
always  pleasing.     It  is  quite  hardy,  and  thrives  in  most 
soils  and  ordinary  situations,  stands  high  \\'inds  better 
than  most  of  its  congeners.     Plants,  from  20  to  30  feet 
in  height,  are  frequently  to  be  seen  at  Castle  Kennedy, 
a  plant,  25  feet  in  height,  has  coned.     When  to  be  had 
cheap  enough  it  will  be  well  worth  experimenting  with 
as  a  forest  tree,  the  more  so  as  its  wood  is  sai<l  to  be  of 
excellent  quality,   and  veiy  tough.  A.  Fowler,  Castle 
Kemiedy,  Stranraer. 


January  20,   1S72.] 


The    Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


77 


THE  CARTER  CHALLENGE  CUP. 

"With  reference  to  the  challenge  cup  (fig.  31),  which 
has  created  so  much  interest,  and  been  the  cause  of  some 
discussion  in  our  columns,  Messrs.  James  Carter  &  Co. 
inform  us  that  it  is  offered  by  them  for  competition  at 
the  great  Provincial  Shows  of  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society,  commencing  this  year  at  Birmingham.  It  is  to 
be  in  possession  of  the  employer,  not  the  gardener,  and 
when  won  three  times  (not  necessarily  consecutively)  it 
is  to  become  theproperty  of  the  competitor  so  winning  it. 
That  tlie  gardener  is  not  forgotten  is  evident  from  the 
fact  that  *'a  prize  of  ;,^io  is  annually  given  to  the  gar- 
dener winning  the  cup,  and  for  r.  2d  prize  the  sum  of 
£2,  is  also  offered."  These  spirited  and  liberal  prizes 
are  offered  under  the  following  conditions  : — ■ 

For  collection  of  vegetables  (24  dishes),  to  include  as 
follows  : — Haifa  peck  each  of  La.vton's  Alpha,  Laxton's 
Quality,  Laxton's  Supreme,  Carter's  First  Crop,  Carter's 
White  Gem,  and  Carter's  Hundredfold  Peas  :  Carter's 
Covent  Garden  Garnishing  Parsley.  Cox's  Golden  Gem 
Melon.  Naseby  Mammoth  and  Marzagolc  Onions,  French 
Breakfast  Radish,  and  Carter's  Champion  Cucumber. 

All  vegetables  to  be  grown  by  boin\  fide  gentlemen's 
gardeners  or  gentlemen  amateurs,  and  in  the  open 
ground,  excepting  Cucumbers  anti  Melons. 

The  following  to  comprise  dishes  :— Of  Onions,  12  ; 
Radisli,  3  doz.  ;  Melons  and  Cucumbers,  i  brace;  Let- 
tuce, 3  ;*Beet,  3  ;  Potatos,  18  ;  Savoy,  2  ;  Kale,  2  ;  Cauli- 
flower, 2  ;  Parsnips,  6  ;  Can-ot,  6  ;  Leek,  6;  Celery,  3. 


Jfluu  Comsponbence. 

The  New  Forest. — The  following  is  an  abstract 
of  the  letter  addressed  to  the  Times  referred  to  at 
p.  71  :— 

* '  I  was  glad  to  find  your  correspondent  calling  the 
attention  of  the  public  to  what  he  calls  the  '  Government 
Disafforest  at  ion  Bill,'  but  which  I  venture  to  hope  is  only 
the  draught  of  a  Bill  setting  out  Mr.  Howard's  expressed 
personal  views  in  reference  to  the  New  Forest.  Being  a 
strong  advocate  for  the  preservation  of  the  New  Forest.  I 
am  decidedly  opposed  to  the  principle  of  Mr.  Howard's 
Bill  for  reasons  which  I  shall  presently  give  ;  but  I  think 
it  but  just  to  Mr.  Howard  to  state  that  he  is  in  no  wise 
personally  responsible  for  the  enclosures  of  which  so 
many  complaints  have  been  made,  inasmuch  as  all  such 
enclosures  have  been  effected  in  strict  conformity  with 
certain  statutory  enactments  relating  to  the  forest,  which 
authorise  the  Crown  to  enclose,  and  keep  constantly 
enclosed,  for  the  purposes  of  planting,  no  less  than 
16,000  acres. 

"  The  first  of  these  Acts  was  passed  in  1698.  and  the 
Crown  is  thereby  authorised  to  enclose  and  plant  6000 
acres  for  the  express  purpose,  as  stated  in  the  preamble 
of  the  Act,  of  preventing  the  destruction  of  the  forest,  , 
which  '  might  be  of  great  use  and  conveniency  for  the 
supply  of  His  Majesty's  Royal  Navy.'  But,  as  iron  has 
superseded  timber  in  the  construction  of  ships  of  war, 
the  forest  can  no  longer  be  considered  as  requisite  to  the 
nation  as  a  nursery  for  naval  timber.  The  Government 
has  at  the  present  time  larger  stores  of  naval  timber  than 
it  actually  requires  or  can  conveniently  keep  in  store,  for 
I  was  informed  in  July  last,  on  the  best  authority,  that 
Pembroke  Dockyard  was  literally  '  blocked  up '  with 
timber  purchased  by  Government  as  far  back  as  1859, 
and  this  fine,  old,  selected  timber  could  not  command 
a  sale  when  offered  at  the  low  price  of  xod.  a  foot. 
Inasmuch,  then,  as  the  national  purpose  for  which  this 
Act  of  1698  was  passed  has  ceased  to  exist,  the  special 
powers  thereby  given  to  the  Crown  to  enclose  the  open 
forest  lands  should,  as  a  matter  of  justice  to  the 
commoners  and  the  public,  also  cease  and  determine. 
In  fact,  the  objects  for  which  the  Act  was  passed  having 
become  unnecessary,  the  Act  itself  ought  to  be  repealed. 

"  The  second  Act  authorising  the  Crown  to  enclose  and 
plant  portions  of  the  forest  was  the  Deer  Removal  Act  of 
1851.  The  destruction  of  the  deer  had  become  a  pubHc 
necessity ;  for  while  the  deer  were  an  actual  source  of 
expense  to  the  Crown,  they  were,  owing  to  their  having 
the  run  over  nearly  60,000  acres,  a  thorough  nuisance  to 
the  district.  For  consenting  to  carry  out  a  positive 
public  necessity  the  Crown  in  the  first  instance  required 
the  commoners  to  surrender  their  rights  over  14,000 
acres,  and,  when  this  demand  was  refused,  the  Crown 
pbtained  the  power  to  enclose  and  plant  no  less  than 
jo.ooo  acres.  Mr.  Howard  considers  the  Deer  Removal 
Act  as  an  absolute  bargain  irrevocably  concluded  between 
the  Crown  and  the  commoners,  the  powers  obtained  by 
the  Crown  being  the  consideration  paid  for  the  removal 
of  the  deer.  So  far  as  this  Act  can  be  regarded  as  a 
concluded  bargain,  it  was  a  bargain  effected  between 
the  Crown  and  the  commoners,  without  the  slightest 
consideration  for  the  rights  and  interests  of  the  public  in 
the  open  spaces  of  the  forest.  In  1851  the  value  of  such 
open  spaces  was  hardly  appreciated,  and,  although  only 
5000  acres  or  thereabout  ha\'e  been  up  to  the  present 
time  enclosed  under  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  the 
enclosures  already  effected  have  so  seriously  interfered 
with  the  interests  of  the  public  that  the  House  of 
Commons  last  session  agreed  to  a  resolution  that  no 
further  enclosures  should  be  made  '  pending  legislation, ' 
which  I  presume  means  until  Mr.  Howards  Bill  is  again 
brought  before  Padiament  for  approval  or  rejection,  or 
some  definite  legislative  action  is  taJien  in  reference  to  the 
New  Forest. 

"  During  the  last  twenty  years  (in  strict  conformity  with 
the  powers  conferred  by  these  Acts)  nearly  half  of  the 
old  forest  timber  trees  existing  in  1851  have  been  felled 
and  sold,  and  40C0  acres  of  old  forest  land  have  been 
cleared  and  converted  into  Fir  plantation.  In  addition 
to  this,  7000  acres  more  of  open  land  have  been 
enclosed  and  similarly  planted,  and  if  these  Acts  are 
carried  out  to  their  full  extent  the  whole  of  the  com- 


moners' pasture  land  will  eventually  be  absorbed   into 
these  gloomy  Fir  plantations. 

"  Under  these  circumstances  Mr.  Howard  brings  fonvard 
the  New  Forest  Disafforest  at  ion  Bill,  which  effectually 
removes  all  grounds  of  complaint  on  the  part  of  tlie 
public  by  getting  rid  of  the  forest  aUogether,  the  prin- 
ciple of  the  Bill  being  to  divide  or  partition  the  forest 
into  two  allotments,  one  to  become  the  private  estate  of 
the  Crown,  tlie  other  to  belong  to  the  commoners.  The 
Act  is  to  give  the  commoners  the  power  to  exclude  the 
public  from  the  commoners'  allotment,  and  we  may  be 
tolerably  confident  that  Mr.  Howard  intends  to  exercise 
the  right  the  Crown  would  possess  of  excluding  the 
public  from  the  Crown's  allotment.  A  partition  of  the 
forest  as  proposed  by  Mr.  Howard  necessarily  deprives 
the  public  of  their  free  and  undoubted  right  of  access  to 
the  open  forest  lands.  So  long  as  the  coinmouLMS  are 
secured  in  the  enjoyment  of  their  common  rights  as  they 
at  present  exist,  so  long  the  interests  of  the  commoners 
and  of  the  public  are  identical,  and  not  antagonistic ; 
and  the  commoners  are  the  best,  because  the  natural, 
guardians  of  the  public  rights  and  interests  in  the  New 
Forest.  Directly  we  give  the  commoners  a  definite 
territorial  allotment  for  their  indefinite,  though  certain  and 
ascertained  rights,  the  interests  of  the  commoners  and 
those  of  the  public  are  severed  and  opposed. 

"Parliament,  as  the  guardian  of  the  public  interests,  has 
the  undoubted  right  to  deprive  the  Crown  of  the  powers 
which  Parliament,  under  the  circumstances  I  have 
stated,  conferred  on  the  Crown,  and  I  fervently  hope  that 
when  the  New  Forest  question  has  to  be  determined 
by  Parliament  the  House  of  Commons  will  unhesitatingly 
refuse  its  sanction  to  any  Act,  whether  promoted  by  the 
Departments  of  Woods  and  Forests  or  at  the  instance  of 
the  commoners,  which  will  directly  or  indirectly  lead  to 
a  partition  or  to  an  enclosure  of  this  our  only  remaining 
national  forest. 

"Surely  the  time  has  come  when  we  should  endeavour 
to  stop  any  further  enclosure  of  a  district  so  admirably 
adapted  for  military  manccuvres,  and  protect  the  5C00 
acres,  which  are  still  adorned  with  some  of  the  finest 
forest  trees  in  the  kingdom.  It  is  idle  to  deplore  the 
mischief  that  has  resulted  from  the  mistaken,  though 
legalised,  policy  of  the  last  20  years  in  regard  to  this 
forest  if  we  deliberately  allow  the  work  of  destniction  to 
culminate  by  passing  the  proposed  '  New  Forest  Dis- 
afforestation  Bill.'  A  Borderer  ou  the  Nexo  Forest." 


Dinner  Table  Decoration. — As  I  have  strongly 
protested  against  the  absurd  length  to  which  this  has 
been  carried,  and  the  vulgarisms  perpetrated  under  its 
name,  it  is  with  no  ordinary  satisfaction  that  I  have 
read  an  article  in  BlaeJcivood  for  this  month.  The 
following  passage  I  would  commend  to  all  those 
who  are  interested  in  the  subject ;  indeed  the  whole 
article  on,  "French  Home  Life," is  well  worth  reading 
for  all  who  care  to  know  about  French  taste,  which 
is  so  often  reflected  here,  only  that  we  are  sure  to 
caricature  the  doings  of  our  neighbours.  And  while 
mentioning  table  decorations  does  it  not  seem  a 
strange  thing  that  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society 
should  give  its  premier  prize,  not  to  anytliing  that 
manifests  skill  ip  horticulture,  but  to  a  display  in 
which  *' Jeames  "  must  act  a  large  part,  and  in  which 
most  probably,  glass  and  china  merchants  will  be 
the  principal  exhibitors?  Z?.,  Deal. 

"  The  ornamentation  of  the  table  is  a  triumph  of  good 
sense  and  knowledge  ;  it  ought,  indeed,  to  be  always  so, 
for  the  science  of  adornment  offers  but  few  such  occasions 
of  interest,  as  all  artist-mindeil  French  women  are  well 
aware.  It  shows  character  and  breadtli  of  composition, 
with  ample  space,  and  no  crowding  or  excess  of  detail ; 
there  is  harmony  between  (he  hues  of  glass,  and  flowers, 
and  dessert  (the  Russian  service  is  the  only  one  now  used 
in  France) ;  the  whole  aspect  is  one  of  gaiety,  mixed  with 
calm  :  as  all  the  lighting  comes  from  lamps  and  candles 
suspended  overhead,  the  eye  is  not  dazzled,  it  suffers  no 
fatigue,  and  ranges  over  the  entire  table,  because  every 
ornament  is  kept  low,  so  as  not  to  mask  the  dincrsfrom  each 
other.  The  calculation  of  effect  at  table  isso  profound  a 
question,  and  is  so  keenly  felt  by  certain  women,  that  it 
comes  to  evidence  sometimes  in  the  subtlest  forms.  A 
lady  told  her  servant  that  six  people  were  coming  that 
night  to  dinner,  that  as  they  all  were,  friends  it  was  not 
necessary  to  spend  10  f.  for  flowers,  and  that,  therefore, 
the  green  Ferns  in  daily  use  would  do  for  the  centre- 
piece ;  'but,'  she  added,  'as  we  shall  consequently 
have  no  brilliancy  in  the  middle,  take  care  to  choose  the 
bonbons  and  the  cakes  of  vivid  colours,  so  as  to  com- 
pensate its  absence,  otherwise  the  table  will  look  dull."  " 


Nemophila  insignis. — Can  any  of  your  readers 
whose  practical  experience  enables  them  to  speak  with 
confidence  on  the  subject,  kindly  inform  me  how  long 
they  have  known  this  annual  to  last  in  profuse  bloom, 
under  favourable  treatment  ?  As  a  blue,  it  is  match- 
Ijsss  for  bedding  purposes,  and  to  save  the  labour  of 
getting  up  a  great  stock  of  Lobelia,  I  have  been  think- 
ing of  using  the  Nemophila  to  a  considerable  extent 
next  summer,  hoping  to  prolong  its  blooming  season, 
by  thinning  the  seedlings  carefully  and  liberal  treat- 
ment in  other  respects,  but  would  first  be  glad  to  have 
further  information  concerning  it,  and  to  know  if  any 
one  has  ever  known  it  to  die  oflT  in  patches  to  any 
serious  extent.  S. 

Trade  Circular.— I  notice  with  regret  the  publica- 
tion of  a  portion  only  of  a  [lithographed]  circular 
distributed  among  gentlemen's  gardeners  by  a  firm  in 
London,  and  I  think  that,  in  justice  to  the  more 
respectable  portion  of  the  London  nurserymen  and 
seedsmen,  the  circular  should  be  inserted  in  its  entirety, 
thus  making  the  public  acquainted  with  the  name  of  the 
said  firm  ;  for  which  purpose  I  beg  to  enclose  you  one  I 


which  was  received  by  a  gardener  in  my  neighbour- 
hood, who  not  only  feels  insulted  by  the  "private" 
offer  tims  made,  but  considers  that  all  such  communica- 
tions deserve  no  respect.  I  shall  therefore  feel  obliged 
if  you  will  insert  it  in  your  next  issue,  fully  believing 
such  practices  to  be  very  hurtful,  and  to  present  a  great 
temptation  to  gardeners,  who  as  a  rule  are  a  most 
respectable  class  of  men.  I  hope  that  the  making  public 
of  this  disgraceful  means  of  increasing  business,  and  at 
the  same  time  demoralising  gardeners,  may  prove  a 
warning,  and  deter  others  from  adopting  such  a  course. 
justice.  [We  were  not  able  to  publish  the  circular  in 
full  last  week,  from  causes  then  explained.  Now  that 
we  have  the  entire  circular  before  us  we  insert  it,  to 
prevent  any  unjust  imputation  being  made  (as  we  hear 
has  been  the  case)  on  firms  more  honourable  in  their 
mode  of  doing  business.] 

iPrivate.'\ 
"  Henry  Clarke  &  Sons,  Established  1815. 

"  Seed  Warehouses,  39.  King  Street, 

Covent  Garden,  London,  Dee.  30,  1871. 

"  Dear  Sir, — Our  Retail  Catalogue  of  \'egetable  and 
Flower  Seeds,  Garden  Requisites,  &c.,  is  now  in  press,  and 
will  be  issued .  in  a  few  days.  We  should  very  much  like 
to  place  you  on  our  list  of  customers,  feeling  assured  tliat 
you  will  have  no  cause  to  regret  having  given  us  a  trial  ; 
every  seed  we  offer  is  Nezv,  true  to  name,  and  the  growth 
carefully  proved  before  being  sent  out.  The  leading 
articles  we  offer  are  grown  in  immense;  quantities  by  our- 
selves, hence  we  have  increased  confidence  in  offering 
them  ;  and  our  reputation  for  supplying  ^i-z/zz/V/^  and/riA 
class  seeds  is  sufficiently  guaranteed  and  established,  when 
you  take  into  consideration  the  fact  of  our  having  enjoyed 
an  extensive  and  yearly  increasing  connection  for  upwards 
of  ^o  years. 

' '  We  would  also  call  your  attention  to  our  prices,  which 
will  compare  favourably  with  any  other  respectable  House 
—in  fact  we  are  in  a  position  to  compete  with  any  for 
quality  or  price— we  have  also  made  it  a  rule  to  study  the 
interest  of  the  Gardeners  as  well  as  that  of  their  Employers, 
as  a  proof  of  which  we  offer  you  10  per  cent.  {2s.  in  the  £) 
discount,  which  will  be  sent  to  you  hy  first  post  after  receipt 
of  order,  and  not  as  is  usual  with  other  Houses  wait  nntil 
the  account  is  paid.— V^^  are.  Dear  Sir,  yours  faithfiilly, 
Henry  Clarke  ^  Sons  per  G.  C." 

Heating  by  the    Tank    System.  —  In  leply  to 
"Constant  Reader"  as  to  the  economy  and  efliciency 
of  heating  a  lean-to  house,  50  feet  by  10  feet,  on  the 
above  system,  allow  me  to  state  that  a  tank  and  flue 
constructed  in  the  following  manner  will  be  found  more 
economical  than  heating  by  hot-water  pipes,  both  in 
the  first  cost  of  construction  and  in   the  after  consump- 
tion of  fuel,  while  it  will  be  found   quite  as   efficient. 
Let  a  tank  4  feet  wide,  running  the  length  of  the  house, 
be  formed  thus  : — The  bottom  to  be  of  stout  slates, 
cemented  together  carefully  at  the  joints,  and  resting 
on  transverse  walls  of  brick  on  a  bed  raised  to  any 
desired  height.     The  sides  to  be  formed  of  two  bricks 
in  the  bed,  and  the  whole  inside  to  receive  several  coats 
of  cement,  mixed  to  the  consistence  of  thick  paint,  and 
laid  on  with  a  brush.     The  interstices  will  thus  be  com- 
pletely filled  up,  and  no  after  leakage  need  be  appre- 
hended.    The  tank  is  now  to  be  covered  with  slates, 
also  cemented  together,  so  as  to  prevent  the  material 
used  for  plunging  from  getting  into  the  tank,  and  from 
thence  into    the   boiler.     This  plunging  material  had 
better   be  sharp  river  sand.     A  frame  of  white  deal, 
5  inches  deep  and  i  inch  thick,  may  be  placed  on  top 
of  the  tank,  to  hold  this  sand  or  other  material.     Now 
for  the  furnace  and  boiler  :  this  latter  will  do  either 
conical  or  saddle-back  ;  the  simplest  form  is  by  far  the 
best.     Let  the  furnace  and  boiler  be  set  at  one  end  of 
the  brick  wall,  and  sufficiently  low  to  allow  the  flame 
from  the  furnace,  after  passing  through  and  around  the 
boiler,  to  be  conveyed  into  a  flue  sufficiently  depressed 
at  one  end  of  the  house  to  allow  a  pathway  over  it ; 
this  flue  will   then   be   taken  along  the  front   of  the 
house  and  other  end,  and  through  a  chimney  in  the 
back    wall   at    the   end    of    the    house   farthest    from 
furnace.       Other   minor   details   of  construction    will 
naturally  present  themselves,  but  if  the  foregoing  are 
carried   out   in  the   main,   a   very   effective   mode   of 
heating  will    be    provided.    William   Abraham^   Fort 
Prospect  Nursery,  Lifnerick. 

Sultana  Grape. — Have  any  ot  your  correspondents 
tried  the  Sultana  as  a  late  Grape  ?  We  grow  it  largely 
here,  one  house  being  entirely  devoted  to  it.  I  have 
only  one  fault  to  find  with  it,  and  that  is,  the  smallness 
of  berry  ;  the  bunches  are  large,  and  the  berries,  when 
properly  ripened,  of  a  beautiful  amber  colour.  It  has 
a  great  advantage  over  most  Grapes, — it  is  not  liable 
to  shrivel,  and  will  keep  into  March.  It  requires  to 
be  treated  on  the  long  spur  or  rod  system,  and  should 
not  be  forced  much  until  in  flower,  when  the  ordinary 
treatment  will  answer.  I  have  this  season  tried  a  few 
in  pots,  but  they  are  not  forward  enougli  to  see 
whether  they  will  answer.  A.  Hossack^  Ashl'urnham 
Place,  Battle. 

Cocoa-nut  Cabbage. — Seeing  an  advertisement 
of  this  variety  of  Cabbage  last  spring,  I  procured  a 
small  packet  of  seed,  which  I  sowed  in  a  pan  ;  and  as 
soon  as  the  plants  were  large  enough  to  handle  they 
were  pricked  off  in  a  frame,  every  care  being  taken  of 
them  until  they  were  large  enough  to  plant  out  in  the 
open  border.  They  were  put  out  iS  inches  apart  each 
way,  and  soon  became  fine  plants.  For  some  time 
they  had  every  appearance  of  the  common  field  or  Ox 
Cabbage,  and  such  I  quite  thought  they  were.     Every 


78 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  20,   1872. 


one  who  saw  them  shared  in  this  opinion,  until  at  last 
I  became  quite  disgusted  at  having  taken  so  much  pains 
with  them,  and  ordered  them  to  be  pulled  up  and 
thrown  into  the  park  for  the  sheep.  Not  wanting  the 
ground  they  grew  upon,  however,  I  allowed  a  portion 
to  remain,  and  to  my  great  and  agreeable  surprise  they 
commenced  almost  directly  to  turn  in,  as  represented 
in  the  illustration  which  appeared  in  your  advertising 
columns.  A  better  name  could  not  have  been  given  to 
it,  for  it  is  nearly  as  hard  as  a  Cocoa-nut,  of  the  same 
shape,  and  of  an  excellent  mild,  sweet  flavour.  It 
requires  to  be  cut  in  quarters  for  boiling,  and  being  so 
firm  they  require  a  much  longer  time  than  the  common 
Cabbage.  I  can  with  every  confidence  recommend  it 
as  a  first-rate  Cabbage,  although  it  has  a  very  coarse 
appearance  until  it  commences  to  heart.  S.  Taylor, 
The  Gardens,  S'lon  Hill,  Kidderntinster. 

Pelargonium  Marie  Lemoine    as    a    Bedding 

Plant. — I  would  strongly  recommend  the  above  to  the 
notice  of  flower  gardeners  for  the  coming  season.  I 
had  two  large  beds  of  double  pink  Pelargoniums  last 
season  for  trial,  each  containing  about  60  plants  of 
Madame  and  Marie  Lemoine  :  Madame  is  not  worth 
growing  in  comparison  with  Marie — the  growth  was 
irregular,  and  most  of  the  leaves  spotted,  ami  the 
trusses  of  flower  small,  while  in  Marie  the  growth  was 
regular,  and  the  foliage  handsome,  and  splendid 
trusses  of  bloom,  which  stood  the  rain.  It  is  a 
continuous  bloomer  (far  preferable  to  Christine  as  a 
pink),  and  requires  liberal  treatment.  I  have  been 
told  it  is  a  shy  grower,  but  have  not  experienced  it. 
A.  IJossack,  Ashhurnham  Place,  Battle. 

American  Early  Rose  Potato. — In  April  last  I 
planted  half  a  peck  (the  largest  of  which  I  cut  into 
fair  good  sets),  in  rows  20  inches  apart,  and  about 
12  inches  between  the  sets.  They  all  came  up  true, 
and  when  lifted  the  produce  was  nearly  8  pecks  ;  but 
as  to  their  appearance  when  cooked,  a  well-fed  pig 
would  scarcely  have  eaten  them.  Thinking  they  would 
improve  by  keeping,  I  tried  them  a  month  later  ;  but 
found  no  improvement  in  their  quality.  After  this 
they  were  allowed  to  remain  unnoticed  until  all  my 
other  stocks  were  exhausted,  and  necessity  obliged  me 
to  use  a  few  for  my  employer's  table,  the  servant's 
hall,  &c.,  all  being  then  of  one  mind,  that  they  were 
the  best  mealy  Potatos  we  had  had.  It  had  a  slight 
tinge  of  red  in  the  middle,  but  in  all  other  respects  was 
a  first-rate  Potato.  It  is  a  most  productive  sort,  and 
free  from  disease,  as  I  had  but  tliree  affected  tubers  ; 
neither  have  they  gone  since  they  were  taken  up.  My 
soil  is  neither  heavy  nor  light.  I  manure  heavily  in 
the  autumn  with  the  old  Cucumber  and  Melon  beds, 
which  consists  of  a  nearly  equal  quantity  of  stable  dung 
and  leaves.   S.   Taylor^  Sion  Hill,  Kidderminster. 

Terra  Cotta  Tallies.  —  Seeing  an  advertisement 
of  this  much-desired  article  in  the  Gardejwi  Chronicle, 
I  ordered  200  of  No.  9.  It  is  an  admirable  article.  I 
wrote  the  names  of  the  trees  on  white  paint  with  a 
pencil,  and  then  had  them  varnished,  which  will 
greatly  help  to  preserve  the  writing.    W.  F.  Radcly(fe. 

Anemone  japonica. — Is  not  this  good  old  plant 
again  losing  caste  amongst  us  as  a  bedding  plant  ? 
We  possess  three  or  more  varieties,  and  very  beautiful 
objects  they  are  when  in  bloom.  .  They  thrive  well  in 
moist  situations,  and  will  flourish  on  a  damp  cool  soil, 
flowering  freely  where  many  plants  would  not.  Besides 
you  may  plant  them  almost  anywhere  in  a  flower 
garden,  and  they  seem  to  prosper  with  orJinary  atten- 
tion. Where  the  summer  display  is  not  required  in 
perfection  until  late  in  July  or  August,  this  is  a  pecu- 
liarly useful  subject  for  the  centre  of  beds,  as  it 
tends  to  increase  the  variety  of  contrasts,  and  to 
multiply  effects,  such  as  are  not  seen  where  vivid 
colours  alone  are  displayed  or  employed.  William 
EarUy. 

Hardiness  of  Primula  japonica. — I  do  not  con- 
sider the  decaying  of  the  outer  leaves  of  this  plant  any 
indication  of  the  tenderness  of  its  condition.  The 
same  thing  occurs  in  our  common  hedge  varieties. 
The  plant  I  have  here  has  this  winter  withstood  16° 
of  frost.  Its  heart  is  quite  sound  and  full,  and  will, 
as  will  also  the  plants  of  your  correspondent,  I  doubt 
not,  flower  all  the  better  for  its  rest.  H.  J\l.,  Envs.  [We 
recently  saw  some  plants  in  Messrs.  Downie,  Laird 
.N;  Laing's  nursery  in  the  condition  described  by  our 
correspondent.  Nothing  could  give  greater  promise 
that  the  stout  plump  crowns  which  they  show.   Eds.] 

The  Carrot  Grub. — If  you  want  to  encourage  this 
pest  take  a  piece  of  ground  for  Carrots  in  the  autumn, 
clear  it  of  the  crop,  turn  the  dead  leaves,  weeds,  and 
rubbish  under  by  ridging,  before  frost  comes,  so  that 
all  grubs  formed  during  the  summer  may  be  put  away 
safely  for  the  winter.  The  same  thing  may  be  done  for 
years,  until  the  garden  is  full  of  grubs  or  other  injurious 
insects.  Now  for  a  preventive.  Take  a  piece  of 
ground  in  the  autumn  when  the  crop  is  cleared  oiT; 
hoe  and  rake  it  clear  ;  put  the  nibbish  away,  to  be 
mixed  with  hot  litter.  This  will  heat,  kill  all  gnibs, 
and  make  good  manure.  Having  cleaned  the  ground, 
get  some  agricultural  salt,  which  costs  about  I4J.  per 
ton.  Scatter  it  over  the  ground,  the  same  as  you 
would  do  lime  or  soot.  Rough  dig  your  ground  about 
a  week  before  you  want  it,  scatter  some  sea  sand  over 


it,  and  rake  it  before  you  sow  the  seed.  Vou  will  then 
soon  get  rid  of  both  Carrot  and  Onion  grubs.  D.  E,  B. 

Leaves  for  Dishing-up  Fruit. — Allow  me  to 
draw  attention  to  the  following  leaves,  which  are  very 
useful  for  dishing-up  fruit  :— Abutilon  striatum,  with 
its  fine  dark  green  leaves,  is  first-rate  for  this  purpose  ; 
also  A.  Thompsoni.  I  think  the  last-named  plant 
would  be  better  than  Coba^a  scandens  variegata, 
though  some  people  have  an  objection  to  variegated 
leaves  for  the  purpose.  I  would  also  recommend 
Selaginella  denticulata  as  good  for  a  basis  ;  it  looks  so 
nice  by  gas  or  candle-light,  and  so  easily  grown.  In 
the  winter  months  it  will  grow  well  under  the  stage,  or 
by  the  side  of  the  paths  in  the  greenhouse,  and  always 
looks  clean  and  tidy.  John  Clark,  Rochatnpton  Lodge, 
S.IK 

Unseasonable  Flowering  of  the  Pear  Tree. — 

The  Pear  tree  to  which  I  alluded  at  p.  12  as  having 
fruited  the  second  time,  and  now  showing  signs  of  a 
third  process  of  blooming,  has  not  been  moved  for  four 
years  at  the  least,  nor  have  its  roots  been  disturbed  in 
any  way  ;  on  the  contrary,  they  are  subject  to  an 
unusually  close  confinement,  owing  to  the  daily  traffic 
upon  them,  in  gaining  access  to  a  forcing  pit.  If  the 
present  mild  weather  continues,  it  will  ere  long  present 
a  peculiar  appearance.  E.  Morgan,  Gr.  to  y.  Eiithcn'eu, 
Esij. ,  Harroiv-on'the-Hill. 

Dwarf  Palms  :  Geonomas. — G.  elegans  has 
slender  annulate  stems,  bearing  near  their  apices  a  few 
bright  green  leaves  slit  into  irregular  lobes.   The  foliage 


Fig.  52.  — geonoma  ari'ndinacea. 

of  this  plant  is  brown  or  olive-coloured  when  youngj 
and  it  is  a  beautiful  little  species.  G.  Martii  (G.  See 
manni)  has  long  dark  green  bilobed  leaves,  which,  like 
the  preceding,  arc  brown  when  young.  It  is  a  most 
beautiful  addition  to  a  collection  of  strong  plants,  and 
is  moreover  one  of  the  most  distinct  species  of  the 
group,  (i.  arundinacea  (fig.  32)  has  ca'spitose  cane- 
like stems  and  leaves,  somewhat  resembling  the  last- 
named,  but  with  shorter  lobes.  Add  to  these  G.  fenes- 
tralis,  G.  macrostachys,  and  G.  Ghiesbreghtiana,  and 
you  will  have  a  choice  selection  from  this  charming 
genus.  F.  fV.  B, 

Scrymger's  Giant  Brussels  Sprouts, — If  there  is 
any  "brother  in  the  craft"  in  doubt  about  ordering 
Scrymger's  Giant  Brussels  Sprouts,  allow  me  to  inform 
him  that  he  need  not  be  afraid  to  do  so,  for  it  is  one  of 
the  best  in  the  lists.  The  stalk  from  top  to  bottom  is 
{with  me)  literally  covered  with  well-formed,  compact 
miniature  Cabbages,  which  are  of  good  flavour.  It  is 
really  a  good  variety.    G.  Warren,  Balcombe  Place. 

Variegated  Elms. — I  have  a  pair  of  these  very 
beautiful  trees  growing  in  the  carriage  drive  leading  to 
my  house.  I  have  not  measured  the  height,  but  I 
should  say  they  are  considerably  over  30  feet,  and  large 
in  proportion.  They  were  planted  in  1S18  by  a  gentle- 
man I  knew,  who  told  me  they  were  at  that  time 
selected  as  rarities  to  commemorate  his  eighth  birthday. 
He  also  told  me  they  were  brought  from  a  garden 
about  a  mile  from  this  place.  The  foliage  varies  in 
beauty,  according  to  the  season,  but  generally  the  early 
spring  foliage  is  very  lovely — it  has  all  the  appearance 
of  being  frosted  with  silver.  These  trees  throw  up  innu- 
merable suckers.  In  1S68  I  selected  a  strong  one,  which 
I  have  carefully  trimmed,  so  as  to  form  a  good  head, 


and  it  has  become  a  very  handsome  young  tree,  possess 
ing  all  the  variegated  properties  of  its  parent.  B.  S.  R. 
Adam,  The  Manor  House,  Staines. 

Scolytus  destructor.— When  the  Botanic  Society, 
in  1839,  entered  on  the  ground  in  the  Regent's  Park, 
it  was  found  to  be  encircled  by  a  belt  of  Elm  trees, 
many  of  which  were  infested,  and  were  being  rapidly 
destroyed  by  the  larvre  of  the  Goat  Moth  (Cossus  ligni- 
perda),  and  that  more  fatal  pest,  Scolytus  destructor,  a 
little  beetle  not  larger  than  the  common  "  Death 
Watch."  This  belt  of  Kim  trees  was  not  included  in 
the  lease  of  the  ground  to  the  Society,  but  retained 
under  the  management  of  the  Crown  officers.  How- 
ever, in  1842,  permission  was  granted  to  the  Society  to 
experiment  upon  the  trees,  with  a  view  to  prevent  their 
total  destruction,  and  so  successful  was  the  plan  then 
adopted,  that  during  the  past  23  years  only  occa- 
sionally Jias  an  individual  of  either  of  the  depre- 
dators made  its  appearance.  I  have  this  morning 
carefully  examined  the  trees  one  by  one,  and  of 
the  total  number  (97)  I  have  only  detected  signs 
of  the  presence  of  either  of  the  insects  in  two 
instances  ;  and,  as  the  spring  advances,  even  these 
may  prove  to  be  the  work  of  past  generations  ;  one 
small  tree,  however,  which  by  accident  appears  to 
have  escaped  attention  and  care,  is  quite  dead,  and 
fully  illustrates  the  rapid  and  fatal  work  of  tl>e  beetle. 
Although  all  the  other  trees  in  the  belt  are  in  robust 
health  and  vigour  (for  London),  many  of  them  exhibit 
full  evidence  of  the  scars  and  scrapings  of  our  early 
operators.  The  process  is  very  simple,  and  re- 
sembles that  practised  in  France  :  it  consists  in  divest- 
ing the  tree  of  its  rough  outer  bark,  being  careful  at 
the  infected  parts  to  go  deep  enough  to  destroy  the 
young  larva,  and  dressing  with  the  usual  mixture  o 
lime  and  cowdung.  In  1S4S  a  paper,  describing  the 
process  in  detail,  was  read  before  the  Society,  and 
printed  with  a  few  good  illustrations,  of  which  I  shall 
be  happy  to  send  a  copy  to  any  one  whose  Elm  trees 
are  suffering  from  the  ravages  of  these  pests.  William 
So7oerby,  Botanic  Gardens,  Regents  Park. 

' In  Loudon's  Arboretum  Britannicnm,  vol.  iii.,  p. 

1390,  it  is  strongly  recommended  that  Elm  trees  which 
been  attacked  by  the  Scolytus  for  food,  but  in  which 
the  female  beetle  has  not  yet  deposited  her  eggs, 
should  have  the  bark  well  brushed  with  coal- 
tar,  the  absence  or  presence  of  the  larvae  being  made 
out  by  cutting  down  to  the  wood  of  the  tree  in  a  few 
places  with  a  spoke-shave.  This  remedy  might,  from 
the  great  dislike  of  the  Scolyti  to  the  smell  of  coal-tar, 
be  of  service  even  where  the  trees  are  badly  infested 
with  the  larva?,  it  would  almost  certainly  save  them 
from  further  external  attacks,  and  if  put  on  thick 
enough  might  possibly  prevent  the  beetle  gnawing  its 
way  out  to  do  further  mischief.  E.  A.  O. 

Destruction  of  Elm  Trees.  —  Had  *'  South 
Devon"  afforded  some  information  as  to  the  position 
which  the  Elm  trees  in  question  occupied,  it  might 
have  aided  your  readers  the  more  freely  to  suggest  some 
means  of  alleviating  the  ills  from  which  the  trees  are 
suffering.  Twenty-five  years  ago  the  entrance  to  the 
town  of  Southampton  from  Winchester  was  decorated 
with  a  noble  avenue  of  lofty  Elms,  and  which,  judging 
by  their  size,  had  not  then  attained  to  full  maturity. 
Just  after  that  period,  however,  symptoms  of  disease 
began  to  appear  in  some  of  the  trees,  the  foliage  became 
yellow,  and  fell  off  prematurely,  large  slices  of  the  bark 
also  peeled  off,  and  the  ravages  of  the  Scolytus 
became  apparent.  Men  learned  in  arboriculture 
were  consulted,  and  all  seemed  to  concur  in  fixing 
the  mischief  upon  the  backs  of  the  insects.  Various 
remedies  were  adopted,  such  as  coating  over  the  in- 
jured portions  with  a  mixture  of  clay  and  cowdung 
and  other  compositions,  but  all  failed  to  arrest  the  evil ; 
and  in  the  course  of  a  few  years  the  whole  of  the  trees 
on  either  side  of  the  road,  to  nearly  half  a  mile  in 
extent,  died,  leaving  at  the  northern  extremity  one  or 
two  solitary  specimens  to  show  another  generation 
what  the  glories  of  the  avenue  once  had  been.  A  few 
hundred  yards  farther  on,  the  high  road  had  years  ago 
been  diverted  from  the  original  course  taken  when  the 
old  avenue  was  planted,  and  beyond  this  point  of 
diversion,  and  standing  in  what  is  well  known  there  as 
"  The  Common,"  is  a  continuation  of  the  trees  of  the 
original  avenue,  numbering  probably  a  few  score  ;  but 
I  believe  I  am  correct  in  stating,  that  of  this  part  of 
the  avenue  not  a  single  tree  has  died,  whilst  all 
over  the  splendid  natural  park,  miscalled  "The 
Common,"  of  some  300  acres,  timber  flourishes 
in  the  healthiest  form.  Reverting  to  the  one  or  two 
specimens  of  the  old  avenue  that  are  left  standing,  it 
is  noteworthy  to  observe  that  they  stand  upon  the 
immediate  verge  of  a  garden.  What  was  the  real 
cause  of  the  destruction  of  this  avenue  of  Elms? 
Modern  improvements  in  road-making  necessitated 
the  rendering  of  the  roadway  between  the  rows  of 
trees  as  impervious  to  the  entrance  of  moisture  as  pos- 
sible, so  the  centre  was  well  rounded  up  that  all 
surface-water  might  run  ofi"  freely.  Then  on  either 
side,  and  outside  of  the  rows  of  trees,  ran  a  broad 
pathway  about  12  feet  in  width,  and  at  a  lower  level 
than  the  roadway,  so  that  no  moisture  in  any  avail- 
able quantity  could  enter  to  the  roots  of  the  trees, 
until  it  had  ran  from  off  the  wide  surface  covered  bg 
the  macadamised  road  and  pathways.  Added  to 
his,    it    became    necessary   to    make    deep    cuttings, 


January  20,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


79 


along  the  road  to  lay  down  water  and  gas  mains, 
and  thus  considerable  disturbance  and  maceration  of 
the  roots  ensued.  Is  it  possible  to  come  to  any  other 
conclusion  therefore  than  that  the  trees  were  literally 
starved  to  death  for  want  of  moisture  and  nutriment, 
and  that  the  appearance  of  the  Scolytus  was  but  the 
effect  rather  than  the  cause  of  the  mischief?  When  I 
write  of  nutriment  I  allude,  of  course,  to  the  external 
application  of  it  either  naturally  or  artificially.  Now 
in  the  case  to  which  I  alluded,  neither  one  way  or  the 
other  could  nuturiment  be  given.  Nature's  own 
restorer,  the  leaves  of  the  previous  summer,  were  either 
swept  away  by  the  wind  or  scraped  clean  from 
the  surface,  so  that  not  a  particle  of  decomposed 
vegetable  matter  could  become  to  the  impover- 
ished roots  that  "ashes  to  ashes,  and  dust  to 
dust,"  which  would  in  the  course  of  Nature's  evolu- 
tions be  converted  again  into  food  sap  and  foliage. 
Why  did  all  the  trees  (planted  contemporaneously)  in 
the  portion  of  the  avenue  that  is  now  in  the  common 
continue  to  exist  ?  Here  there  was  no  exclusion  of 
moisture,  and  all  the  leaves  that  fell  year  after  year 
became  absorbed  into  the  soil  and  aided  to  maintain 
that  nutrimental  property  in  the  earth  that  is  so 
essential  to  health  and  life.  I  greatly  fear  that  much 
of  our  fine  timber  has  had  to  suffer  from  deprivation 
both  of  moisture  and  of  its  leafage  ;  and  especially 
from  this  latter  cause  has  many  a  hitherto  fine 
luxuriant  shrubbery  come  to  grief  when  the  imperious 
demands  of  modern  tidiness  has  gathered  from  off  the 
surface  year  after  year  almost  every  leaf  that  fell.  No 
wonder  that  with  such  a  continuous  abstraction  of 
what  otherwise  would  have  been  so  much  good, 
trees  should  begin  to  develope  a  precocious  autumn, 
and  that  Laurels  and  other  shrubs  should  grow 
"smaller  by  degrees  and  beautifully  less,"  until 
a  few  dead  branches  are  all  that  is  left. 
How  many  a  noble  trees  has  thus  been  paved, 
gravelled,  and  swept  to  death,  and  yet  how  in- 
comprehensible the  cause  !  Mr.  Robert  wrote  years 
ago  that  trees  in  France  were  being  done  to  death  in  a 
similar  fashion,  and  a  walk  across  Hyde  Park  will 
expose  to  the  observer  plenty  of  wretched  specimens 
struggling  for  life  (like  a  Geranium  in  a  blacking  bottle 
at  a  garret  window),  the  surface  of  the  earth  around 
them  being  as  hard,  smooth,  and  impervious  as  the 
"powers  that  be  "can  make  it.  Do  "South  Devon's" 
trees  suffer  from  such  surroundings  as  these  ;  or  if  not, 
would  he  tell  us  if  any  conditions  similar  to  them 
exist  ?  Perhaps  it  may  really  be  old  age,  but  it  is  not 
unlikely  that  there  are  more  fine  trees  killed  by  mis- 
directed kindness  than  die  of  natural  decay.  A.  D. 

Root  Pruning  and  Fruit  Thinning.— Mr.  Fish, 
in  his  able  letter  (p.  13),  has  opened  up  a  wide  field 
for  discussion,  but  at  present  I  only  wish  to  notice  the 
latter  part  of  it  bearing  upon  root-pruning  ;  he  has 
there  touched  a  chord  that  I  trust  will  echo  throughout 
the  land  amongst  fruit  growers.  But  it  is  no  new 
theory ;  many  of  our  best  fruit  growers  have  recog- 
nised its  value  for  maintaining  the  balance  of  power 
among  fruit  trees,  and  as  an  aid  to  fruitfulness.  But  as 
far  as  I  remember  now  Mr.  Rivers  is  the  only  large 
fruit  grower  that  has  really  elevated  it  into  a  regular 
system.  To  my  mind,  grossness  and  fmitfulness  are 
directly  antagonistic  terms,  and  deep  rooting,  in  most 
of  our  strong  soils,  means  grossness;  therefore,  if  we 
can,  by  judicious  root-pruning,  correct  that  habit  (of 
which  I  have  no  doubt),  it  will  be  a  great  and  decided 
gain.  But  another  important  question  in  association 
with  this  subject  in  my  mind  is  this— if  we  cut  away 
the  anchors  or  deep  feeders,  we  lose  our  hold  upon 
the  deep  cool  stratum  below,  that  supplies  moisture  in 
hot  dry  weather  j  therefore  we  must  bring  some 
influence  to  bear  to  compensate  for  its  loss.  And  as 
far  as  my  experience  goes,  I  strongly  recommend 
mulching,  not  necessarily  directly  on  the  surface,  but 
by  turning  back  about  2  inches  of  the  top  soil,  placing 
on  the  compost,  and  replacing  the  loose  soil  ;  there 
is  thus  no  eyesore  to  the  fastidious,  and  the  birds 
cannot  drag  it  about.  Intimately  connected  also  with 
this  subject  is  the  custom  of  cropping  fruit-tree  borders. 
This  was  discussed  in  your  columns  several  years 
ago — I  cannot  just  now  refer  to  the  papers — 
but  I  think  an  open  verdict  was  returned. 
I  think  the  question  of  our  fruit  supply  as  at  least  of 
equal  importance  to  the  supply  of  vegetables,  and  if  it 
can  be  proved  that  the  cropping  of  our  fruit-tree 
borders  with  vegetables  to  the  extent  generally  practised 
is  injurious,  by  all  means  let  us  reserve  a  portion  at 
least  round  each  tree  sacred  to  the  roots  alone.  I  think 
Mr.  Fish  invented  this  phrase,  but  I  hope  he  will 
pardon  my  using  it,  for  I  cannot  find  a  more  expressive 
one.  In  conclusion,  allow  me  to  say  a  word  or  two  on 
fruit -thinning.  I  think  many  of  us,  in  favourable 
seasons,  leave  too  much  fruit  on  our  trees,  thus  to  a 
certain  extent  injuring  our  prospects  for  the  following 
season.  I  am  not  only  alluding  to  our  choice  wall 
fruits,  such  as  Peaches  and  Apricots,  but  I  should  like 
to  see  our  best  kinds  of  Apples,  Plums,  and  Pears  done 
justice  to  by  a  timely  and  vigorous  thinning.  True,  in 
a  large  garden  it  would  take  time,  and  I  admit  the 
labour  question  is  a  most  anxious  one  with  many  of  us  ; 
still  I  think  the  first  result  would  be  very  superior  fruit, 
and  it  would  also  have  a  great  influence  upon  con- 
tinuous fruitfulness,  as  the  trees  after  a  heavy  crop  are 
•xhausted,  and  require  a  season  to  recuperate  their 
powers,  k,  Hobday t  Ramsey  Abbey.     P.S, — Referring 


to  the  word  "mulch,"  can  any  one  oblige  me  with 
information  as  to  its  origin  or  derivation  ?  I  have  looked 
through  all  the  dictionaries  I  have  access  to,  but  cannot 
find  it.     [German  Mulsch  =  rotten,  soft.   Eds.] 

The  Night-blooming  Cereus.  ~~  Some  hfty 
years  since  it  was  the  custom  for  sundry  Fellows 
of  the  Linnean  Society  to  dine  together  at  intervals 
at  the  Star  and  Garter  Hotel,  at  Kew  Bridge.  On 
these  occasions  the  party  consisted  of  Sir  Everard 
Home  ;  Robert  Brown,  princeps  botanicoritm  ;  Mr. 
Alton,  the  curator  of  the  Royal  Garden  ;  Ferdinand 
Bauer,  the  unrivalled  botanical  artist,  and  others.  Sir 
Everard  at  that  time  resided  at  Ham,  a  few  miles  dis- 
tant from  the  place  of  feasting  ;  and  having,  on  one  of 
the  meeting  days,  a  plant  of  the  Cereus  grandiflorus 
about  to  expand  its  flowers,  he  invited  the  party  to  dine 
at  his  residence,  instead  of  the  tavern  aforesaid.  The 
savans  were  to  inspect  the  flower,  the  artist  to  paint  it. 
All  went  well,  as  we  learn,  though  there  are  curious 
rumours  afloat  as  to  what  took  place  :  whether  some 
of  the  party  thought,  as  they  might  well  do,  that  they 
saw  the  sun  at  midnight,  or  whether  they  saw  two 
floweps  in  place  of  one,  is  not  recorded.  At  any  rate, 
Sir  Everard's  muse  was  inspired,  and  produced  the 
following  apostrophe,  for  an  inspection  of  which  we 
are  indebted  to  Mr.  Smith,  the  ex-curator  of  the  Royal 
Gardens,  Kew  : — 

On  Seeing  the  Cactus  grandifloka  Blow. 

Mysterious  flower,  whose  broad  expanse  I  see, 
Clad  in  pure  white,  celestial  panoply. 
Purer  than  all  the  race  beside  can  show, 
For  in  no  clime,  like  you,  do  others  blow. 
Angels  and  ghosts  who  came  on  earth  of  yore 
Such  pure  and  spotless  garments  wore  : 
Such,  too,  when  fairies  ventured  on  our  land, 
The  dress  by  which  distinguish'd  was  their  band. 

Is  your  angelic  form  of  heavenly  white 
Of  mortal  eyes  unfit  to  bear  the  sight  ? 
And  therefore  dost  thou  come,  when  light  is  gone, 
That  you  may  live  and  die  to  us  unknown  ? 
Unrivall'd  though  you  are  upon  the  earth, 
Having  attained  perfection  at  your  birth. 
Yet  what  is  life  ?    An  hour  that  cannot  last. 
Your  progress  to  decay  comes  on  so  fast  ; 
Unless  by  sons  of  Science  you  are  caught, 
And  are  preserved  ere  yet  you  fall  to  nought : 
To  show  mankind  that  beauty  is  so  frail, 
And  thence  to  point  the  moral  of  a  tale. 

A  flower  mysterious  you  must  still  remain. 
Till  Science  shall  that  wondrous  spell  explain 
Instinctively  to  you  by  Nature  given  : 
In  other  words,  a  law  that  comes  from  heaven. 
Which  makes  you  in  the  midnight  hour  to  blow, 
And  fully  your  expanded  beauties  show  : 
Yet,  ere  Aurora  sheds  her  morning  light, 
Shrunk  into  nothing,  you  elude  our  sight. 

Sir  Everard  Home. 


Societies. 

Royal  Horticultural  :  Jamutry  17.— Lord  Henry 
Gordon  Lennox,  M.P.,  in  the  chair.  Beyond  the  usual 
routine  business,  nothing  transpired  at  the  general  meeting 
of  any  interest  to  our  readers. 

Scientific  Committee.— Dr.  Masters,  F.R.S.,  in 
the  chair.  The  attendance  on  this  occasion,  probably 
owing  to  the  inclement  weather,  was  very  scanty,  and  the 
subjects  brought  before  the  committee  were  few  in 
number.  Among  them  was  a  remarkable  Chinese  Prim- 
rose, with  leafy  flowers,  on  which  we  may  have  more  to 
say  on  a  future  occasion  ;  specimens  of  the  false  cones 
made  by  the  aphis,  Chemes  abietis,  &c. 

Floral  CommLittee. — W.  Marshall,  Esq.,  in  the 
chair.  This  was  one  of  the  best  meetings  the  Society  has 
ever  had  in  January,  notwithstanding  that  the  weather 
was  as  unfavourable  as  it  well  could  be,  rain  falling  nearly 
all  day,  with  boisterous  winds  from  the  south-west.  Tlie 
Council-room  was  unusually  attractive  with  Orchids, 
Cyclamens,  Primulas,  and  other  spring  flowers,  and  there 
was  a  very  good  attendance  of  members.  Amongst 
other  new  arrangements  which  came  into  operation,  we 
must  not  omit  to  mention  that  Special  Certificates  are 
abolished.  These  have  usually  been  given  to  such  objectsas 
have  evidenced  superior  cultivation,  but  having  been  used  for 
trade  purposes  in  a  manner  which  was  not  anticipated  at 
the  lime  of  their  adoption,  it  has  been  decided  to  give 
Commendations'only  in  such  cases,  First  and  Second-class 
,  Certificates  being  granted  as  heretofore  to  novelties  and 
improvements  on  existing  forms.  First-class  Certificates 
were  voted  to  Messrs.  E.  G.  Henderson  iJc  Son  for  four 
varieties  of  what  must  evidently  be  regarded  as  a  new 
strain  of  double  Primulas,  and  which,  on  account  of  the 
distinctness  and  vividness  of  their  colours  and  fine  form, 
must  be  welcomed  as  a  decided  step  in  advance  of  any- 
thing of  the  kind  seen  before.  They  were  P.  filicifoha 
Emperor,  rosy-crimson,  suffused  with  a  slight  shade  of 
purple,  and  very  double  ;  Princess  of  Wales,  pure  white, 
very  fine  ;  Exquisite,  delicate  pink,  a  beautiful  flower ; 
and  Magenta  King,  rich  bright  magenta,  fine  in  size,  and 
very  double.  Mr.  Denning,  gr.  to  Lord  Londesborough, 
also  received  a  similar  honour  for  Odontoglossum  Deni- 
sonpe.  It  was  sent  to  the  meeting  unnamed,  and  the 
Committee  thought  it  was  probably  a  white  variety  of 
O.  luteo-purpureum,  but  very  distinct.  It  had  a  branched 
spike,  on  which  were  19  flowers,  from  3  to  ■\\  inches 
across,  pure  while,  with  a  lemon-yellow  labellum,  the 
sepals  and  petals  being  spotted  with  light  brown.  A 
peculiar  feature  of  this  plant  was  the  fact  that  some  of  the 
flowers  had  the  normal  number  of  sepals  and  petals 
while  others  had  seven.     Mr.  Denning  also  sent  along 


with  the  above  a  nice  collection  of  Orchids,  including 
vigorous  flowering  specimens  of  Lycaste  lanipes,  Zygope- 
talum  Mackayi,  Ada  aurantiaca,  Laelia  anceps,  Onci- 
dmm  leopardinum,  Saccolabium  Harrisonice,  and  Phalaj- 
nopsis  Porteana,  a  nice  specimen,  with  two  good  spikes 
of  white  and  purplish  lilac  flowers.  lioth  this  plant  and 
the  collection  were  commended.  From  Messrs.  V'eitch  & 
Sons  came  a  fine  group  of  Orchids,  including  several  good 
specimens  of  Lycaste  Skinneri  and  its  varieties  ;  a  rich 
orange-flowered  species  of  Arpophyllum,  the  Guatemalean 
Barkeria  Skinneri ;  and  a  new  and  very  distinct  species 
of  Dendrobium  from  the  East  Indies,  with  white 
flowers,  produced  in  short  but  dense  drooping  spikes,  the 
labellum  being  white  at  the  base,  tipped  with  rosy  lilac, 
and  incurved  like  the  floret  of  a  Dahlia.  They  also  sent 
nicely-flowered  groups  of  Cyclamens  and  Primulas,  and 
forced  examples  of  Persian  and  Charles  X.  Lilacs. 
These  also  were  commended.  I'Yom  Messrs.  Standish 
&  Co.  came  a  beautiful  group  of  spring  flowers,  the  most 
remarkable  of  which  were  some  exceedingly  well-grown 
and  beautifully-flowered  plants  of  Bouvardia  longiflora  and 
Lily  of  the  Valley,  with  cut  blooms  of  Gardenia  florida  in- 
termedia. The  Bouvardias  were  objects  of  much  intere§t, 
being  nice  young  bushy  stuff,  in  32-sized  pots,  literally 
covered  with  flowers.  Mr.  Standish  grows  them  in  a  span- 
roofed  house,  around  the  outside  walls  of  which  he  has  a 
heated  tank,  a  bed  in  the  centre  being  kept  filled  with  dung 
and  leaves.  The  Lily  of  the  Valley  and  the  Gardenias  are 
also  pushed  along  in  this  house,  there  being  any  amount 
of  powerful  bottom-heat  at  command.  An  extra  prize  was 
awarded.  Commendations  were  bestowed  on  a  collection 
of  hybrid  Aucubas,  and  a  group  of  Tricolor  Pelargoniums, 
m  fine  colour  for  the  season,  from  Mr.  Turner  ;  on  a  speci- 
men of  Cattleya  Walkeriana — the  best  that  has  been  seen 
here — from  Mr.  B.  S.  Williams ;  on  a  specimen  of 
Lnslia  autumnaiis  grandiflora,  with  12  handsome  white 
and  rosy-purple  flowers,  from  Messrs.  Backhouse  &  Son  ; 
and  on  showy  groups  of  Cyclamens,  from  Mr.  Wiggins, 
gr.  to  W.  Beck,  Esq.,  Isleworth.  and  Mr.  R.  Clarke, 
market  gardener,  Twickenham.  From  Messrs.  Dobson 
&  Son  came  a  group  of  well-grown  plants  of  Primula 
sinensis  fimbriata  alba,  on  which  were  flowers  nearly 
2  inches  across  ;  and  from  Mr.  J.  George,  Putney 
Heath,  came  a  box  of  choice  cut  flowers.  Mr. 
B.  S.  Wilhams  also  sent  some  nicely-berried  plants 
of  Aucuba  luteocarpa,  and  a  flowering  specimen 
of  the  rare  Oncidium  cheirophorum,  which  produces 
spikes  about  12  inches  in  length,  of  diminutive  clear  pale 
yellow  flowers.  Prizes  were  offered  for  g  distinct  Ivies  in 
pots,  which  were  taken  by  Messrs.  H.  Lane  &  Son  and 
Mr.  Turner,  with  capitally  grown  pyramidal  specimens, 
the  varieties  being  somewhat  similar  to  those  shown  on  a 
former  occasion.  For  9  hardy  Conifers,  distinct,  some 
beautiful  plants  were  shown,  especially  in  the  ist  prize 
group,  contributed  by  Messrs.  Standish  &  Co.,  as,  for  in- 
stance, a  perfect  specimen  of  Cupressus  Lawsoniana 
fragrans,  about  8  feet  high  ;  a  large  and  handsome  plant 
of  the  graceful  weeping  Retinospora  filifera  ;  a  fine 
example  also  of  R.  pendula  ;  and  dwarfer  but  equally 
attractive  plants  of  Cephalotaxus  Fortunei  robusta, 
Thujopsis  dolabrata,  &c.  Messrs.  Veitch  cS:  Sons  were 
2d  with  a  uniform  group  of  vigorous-growing,  well-formed 
plants  of  Cryptomeria  elegans,  a  beauty  ;  Picea  lasio- 
carpa  [Parsonsii],  P.  nobilis,  Retinospora  filicoides,  Scia- 
dopitys  verticillata,  &c.  ;  and  Messrs.  Lane  &  Son  came 
in  3d  with  some  specially  healthy  young  trees,  notably 
a  very  vigorous  Araucaria  imbricata,  &c. 

Fruit  Committee. — G.  F.  Wilson,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  in 
the  chair.  For  similar  reasons  to  those  mentioned  in  our 
report  of  the  Floral  Committee  above,  this  body  has  also 
decided  to  abandon  the  Special  Certificate,  substituting 
instead  what  will  in  future  be  recognised  as  "Cultural 
Commendations."  From  Dominico  Piccirillo,  Wigniore 
Street,  Cavendish  Square,  came  a  most  interesting  collec- 
tion of  fruits  and  vegetables,  grown  at  Naples,  and  which 
included  fine  Giant  Chestnuts,  Sorrento  Walnuts,  new 
Lemons  from  the  Island  of  Procido,  Pine  cones,  a  green- 
fleshed  Melon  weighing  10  lb.  11  oz.,  dried  Figs  from  the 
Island  of  Ischia.  nice  examples  ofthe  new  small  white  Queen 
Onion,  and  fine  Giant  Garlic,  &c.  A  letter  of  thanks  was 
ordered  to  be  sent  him.  Cultural  Commendations  were 
voted  to  Mr.  Wilson,  gr.  to  Earl  Fortescue,  Castle  Hill, 
South  Molton,  Devon,  for  two  handsome  fruits  of  the 
Charlotte  Rothschild  Pine,  weighing  i3Ub.,  cut  from 
plants  17  months  old  ;  and  to  Mr.  Bray.  gr.  to  W.  A. 
Sandford,  Esq.,  Nynehead  Court,  Wellington,  for  a 
splendid  bundle  of  early  forced  Asparagus.  Mr.  Bray, 
whose  method  of  culture  was  described  in  our  columns 
last  year  at  p.  308,  has  frequently  shown  this  vegetable 
here  in  a  condition  which  any  gardener  might  be  proud 
of.  Mr.  Dancer,  Little  Sutton,  brought  some  fine 
examples  of  Beurrc  dAremberg  Pears.  Messrs.  Back- 
house &  Son,  York,  sent  two  dishes  of  the  new  Galloway 
Pippin  Apple,  which  fully  confirmed  the  high  opinion 
which  the  committee  entertained  of  its  merits  when  they 
awarded  it  a  First-class  Certificate  last  year.  From 
Mr.  William  Paul  came  a  collection  of  six  varieties  of 
Apples.  Mr.  Clarke,  gr.  to  W.  Vivian,  Esq.,  Roe- 
hampton  Lodge,  sent  a  dish  of  Glou  Morceau  Pears, 
which  had  been  well  kept,  and  were  very  fine,  from  a 
standard  tree;  and  Mr.  J.  Batters,  The  Gardens,  Chil- 
worth  Manor.  Romsey,  exliibited  three  bunches  of  Grajies, 
well  kept  but  deficient  in  flavour.  Mr.  C.  Ross, 
gr.  to  C.  Eyre,  Esq.,  Welford  Park,  Newbury,  sent 
examples  of  a  pretty  seedling  Apple,  which  was 
considered  promising,  but  being  a  little  too  ripe  it 
was  requested  to  be  shown  again  another  season. 
The  prizes  offered  for  three  dishes  of  kitchen  Apples 
brought  out  some  really  fine  examples,  and  a  nice  lot  of 
them  too,  considering  their  scarcity.  The  ist  prize  was 
won  by  Mr.  Parsons,  gr.  to  R.  Attenborough,  Esq., 
Fairlawn,  Acton  Green,  with  largo,  heavy,  and  nicely- 
coloured  fruit  of  r.lenheim  Orange,  Golden  Noble,  and 
Wellington,  Mr.  G.  T.  Miles,  gr.  to  Lord  Carrington, 
coming  in  2d  with  very  fine  Alfriston,  Prince  of  Wales, 
and  Wellington.  The  other  competitors  were  Mr.  Par- 
sons, Danesbury ;  Mr.  C.  Frisby,  Blankney ;  Mr.  C 
Ross,  and  Mr.   W.  Crager,   Snyd  Park,  Bristol.     For  3 


8o 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette, 


IJatHiaiy  20,   1872. 


dishes  of  kitchen  Pears  Mr.  Miles  had  the  ist  prize,  show- 
ing finer  and  better  coloured  specimens  of  Catillac  than  are 
usually  seen,  together  with  Vicar  of  Winkfield  and  Uve- 
ilale's  St.  Germain,  which  were  also  of  excellent  qudity. 
Mr.  Parsons,  Danesbury,  sent  capital  examples  of  Fon- 
d;mte  de  Mars,  Morel,  &c.,  which,  unfortunately,  were  not 
entered  in  time.  Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  Rothnie's 
Patent  Electric  Thermometer,  described  and  figured  m 
these  columns  at  p.  1473,  1870,  and  which  seemed  to 
create  considerable  interest.  Mr,  A.  M'Lachlan,  gr., 
Dungourney,  Greenock,  N.B.,  sent  a  specimen  of  his  new- 
patent  verge  cutter,  which  was  not  considered  of  any 
great  merit— perhaps  from  the  manner  of  working  it  not 
being  properly  undetstood. 

LiNNEAN  :  Decanter  J.— Q.  Bentham,  Esq.,  President, 
in  the  chair.  The  Rev.  A.  Johnson,  M.A.,  and  M.  S.  C. 
Rickards,  Esq.,  were  elected  Fellows.  D.  Hanbury, 
Esq.,  exhibited  a  shoot  of  the  Olive  (Olea  europa^a),  bear- 
ing fruit,  which  had  been  produced  in  the  open  air 
(against  a  south  wall)  in  his  garden  at  Clapham.  The  fol- 
lowung  papers  were  read  :— I.  A^o/f  mi  Amomiim  angusti- 
mliiim,  by  Daniel  Hanbury,  Esq.  The  author  exhibited 
specimens  of  the  fruits  of  this  species,  ripened  in  his  hot- 
house at  Clapham  during  the  past  autumn.  The  plant 
was  collected  by  Sonnerat  in  Madagascar,  and  was  de- 
scribed and  figured  by  him  under  the  name  of  A.  angusti- 
folium,  in  1782.  Roxburgh  cultivated  it  in  the  Calcutta 
Botanic  Gardens  from  plants  brought  from  the  Mauritius, 
of  which  island  it  is  a  native.  Bojer,  in  1837,  in  his 
Hortiis  Mauritianus,  called  it  A.  nemorositm,  and 
Bouton  subsequently  observes  that  it  grows  abundantly  in 
the  island  in  marshy  places.  Mr.  Hanburys. plant  was 
raised  from  seeds  sent  from  Mauritius  to  the  Paris  Exhi- 
bition of  1867,  and  when  it  flowered  in  June  last  its 
identity  with  the  West  African  A.  Danielli  was  at  once 
seen,  and  subsequently  confirmed.  The  West  African 
plant  varies  in  the  colour  of  the  flowers,  which  are  some- 
times of  a  uniform  chrome-yellow,  sometimes  crimson,  with 
the  labellum  of  a  yellow  colour  more  or  less  pale,  and 
sometimes  entirely  crimson,  but  the  shape  of  the  flower, 
which  is  highly  characteristic,  presents  but  little  variation. 
The  scape  is  either  long  or  short,  from  3  to  8  inches  in 
length,  and  varies  greatly  in  the  number  of  fruits  which  it 
bears.  The  fruits,  which  are  moderately  uniform  in  shape 
and  size,  are  filled  with  an  acidulous  pulp,  in  which  are 
lodged  numerous  oblong  polished  brown  seeds.  Neither 
the  fruit  or  foliage,  nor  the  two  combined,  afford  positive 
characters  for  the  recognition  of  the  species.  The  author 
concluded  by  giving  the  synonymy  of  the  species  as  fol- 
lows : — A.  angustifolium,  Sonnerat  ( Voyage  nux  Indcs 
OrUntales,  ii.  242,  t.  137)  ;  A.  nemorosum,  Bojer  {Hortns 
Miiuj-ittaiiiis,  327) ;  A.  Danielli,  Hook.  f.  {Hooker's 
Joiiniiil  of  Botany,  iv.  129,  t.  5— sub  nom.  A.  Afzelii ; 
Bot.    Mag.   t.   4764)  ;    A.    Clusii,    Bot.    Mag.    (t.   525° : 

?  Smith,    Rees'  Cychftedia,  xxxix.,  addenda). II.  On 

the  Formation  of  British  Pearls,  and  their  possible 
itnproi'ement,  by  R.  Garner,  Esq.  In  connection 
with  Mr.  Garner's  paper,  W.  Matchwick,  Esq. ,  exhibited 
by  permission  of  the  Science  and  Art  Department,  South 
Kensington,  examples  of  pearl-producing  molluscs  and  of 
artificially  produced  pearls  ;  also,  on  the  part  of  F.  D.  T. 
Delmar,  Esq.,  a  fine  specimen  of  a  pearl  oyster  in  spirit, 
with  pearls  attached  to  the  shell,  and  embedded  in  the 
tissues  of  the  animal. III.  On  a  Luminous  Coleopter- 
ous Larva,  by  Dr.  H.  Burmeister. IV.  On  the  Botany 

of  the  Spcie  and  Grant  Expedition,  by  Lieut. -Col.  Grant. 
Z>^<-.  21.— G.  Bentham,  Esq.,  President,  in  the  chair. 
H.  W.  Bates,  Esq.,  H.  Seeley,  Esq.,  and  the  Rev.  F.  A. 
Walker  were  elected  Fellows.  The  commencement  of  a 
lengthy  paper,  On  the  Anatomy  of  the  King  Crab,  Limu- 
hts polyphcmus,  by  Professor  Owen,  was  read. 


Florists'  Flowers. 

Looking  back  over  the  list  of  the  New  Flowers 
of  the  Past  Year,  the  nett  result  shows  most  con- 
clusively that  the  march  of  improvement  is,  as  of  old, 
steadily  onward,  and  that  our  raisers  are  busily  engaged 
in  the  eminently  successful  work  of  adding  to  the  floral 
treasures  each  year  brings  as  its  especial  heritage. 
Year  by  year  the  ideal  rises  up  to  a  higher  level  of 
comparative  perfection,  and  as  surely  is  it  approached  ; 
and  what  is  now  accontplished  is  but  an  earnest  of  what 
is  yet  to  be  done.  The  "higher  types  of  Nature  "  is 
the  pole  star  towards  which  the  patient,  laborious 
florist  turns  his  longing,  expectant  eyes,  and  surely  reaps 
his  reward. 

The  genus  Amaryllis,  including  that  of  Hippeastrum, 
has  been  widely  augmented  during  the  year  that  has 
just  closed.  Various  species  and  varieties,  all  of  great 
beauty,  and  generally  rich  in  gorgeous  tints,  have  re- 
ceived First-class  Certificates.  One  of  the  most  con- 
spicuous is  Chelsoni,  the  flowers  rich  orange-red,  and 
remarkably  bold  in  appearance.  Then  follows  that  fine 
imported  Peruvian  species,  Leopoldii,  Brilliant,  and 
maculata,  a  glorious  high-coloured  flower  of  rare  beauty. 
These  form  part  of  the  collection  of  Messrs.  Veitch  & 
Son.  Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  one  form  named 
Ilybrida  gigantea,  which  was  reported  to  be  a  hybrid 
between  an  Amaryllis  and  Lilium  giganteum,  but 
which  is,  we  believe,  A.  longiflora.  The  tiowers  are 
longer  in  the  tube  than  is  usually  seen,  and  are 
handsomely  feathered  with  crimson  on  a  white  ground. 
Marmorata  perfecta  and  Prince  Henry,  the  former 
handsomely  marked,  the  latter  more  delicate  in  tint 
than  is  usually  seen,  were  strikingly  fine.  The 
varieties  of  this  superb  flower,  with  their  gorgeous 
lints,  may  be  said  to  close  up  the  rear  of  our  winter 
blooming  plants,  and  are  unapproachable  for  stove 
decoration  when  in  full  bloom. 

Year  by  year  that  old  garden  flower,  the  homely 
Antirrhinum,  displays  itself  in  varying  types  of  delicate 


and  rich  beauty.  Messrs.  Downie,  Laird  &  Laing  have 
a  batch  of  eight  varieties,  selected  from  a  large  number 
of  seedlings,  some  of  which  are  remarkable  for  the 
beauty  and  novelty  of  their  marking.  Perhaps  as  a 
late  summer  and  autumn  blooming  plant,  when  the 
numerous  side  branches  are  aglow  with  the  bright 
colours  of  their  many  spikes  of  bloom,  the  Antir- 
rhinum is  scarcely  sufficiently  appreciated,  common 
though  it  is. 

While  the  show  Auricula  may  be  said  to  be  sta- 
tionary {some  authorities  have  asserted  that  it  has 
deteriorated  during  the  past  ten  years),  the  richly 
coloured  alpine  varieties,  *'  gorgeous  as  the  tints  of 
iris'  purple  robe,"  are  steadily  in  the  ascendant.  In 
Marquis  of  Westminster  and  Sultan,  Mr.  Turner 
possesses  two  fine  flowers ;  while  Thomas  Moore, 
superbly  rich  in  colouring,  has  great  breadth  of  pip, 
though  a  little  rough. 

Of  the  eight  varieties  of  Azaleas  thai  have  taken 
First-class  Certificates  during  the  past  year,  all  but  one 
are  of  Continental  origin.  At  one  of  the  early  summer 
meetings  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society,  M.  Louis 
Van  Houtte  exhibited  a  group  that  attracted  much 
attention,  and  to  six  of  these  Certificates  were  awarded. 
For  brilliancy  of  colour  George  Loddiges  and  Marquis 
of  Lome  were  especially  conspicuous,  while  in  Alice  and 
President  de  Ghellink  de  Walles  improved  double 
flowers  could  be  seen.  .So  rich,  however,  are  the 
Continental  raisers  in  seedling  Azaleas  that  these  are 
said  to  be  but  an  introduction  to  something  of  much 
higher  value. 

A  very  pretty  and  acceptable  free  blooming  green- 
house Begonia  appeared  in  Multiflora  elegans,  from 
Messrs.  E.  V^.  Henderson  &  Son,  and  having  the 
reputation  of  being  perpetual  in  blooming. 

No  new  Carnation  put  in  appearance,  but  a  good 
flesh-coloured  forcing  Clove,  narhed  Miss  Joliffe, 
received  the  highest  award  the  Floral  Committee  can 
grant.  On  the  other  hand,  new  Picotees  were  quite 
plentiful ;  that  well-known  raiser,  Mr.  N.  Norman,  of 
Woolwich,  received  four  First-class  Certificates  for  Ada 
Ingleton,  purple  edge  ;  Mrs.  Brown,  red  edge  ;  and 
Miss  Ingleton  and  Morning  Star,  both  rose  edged 
varieties.  These  were  all  of  full  substance  and  fine 
promise.  Delicata,  purple  edge,  one  of  Messrs.  Wood 
&  Ingram's  seedling  flowers,  was  also  of  high-class 
character,  and  had  a  similar  award. 

Of  Pinks,  Mr.  Turner  had  three  superb  flowers  in 
Dr.  Masters,  Godfrey,  and  Shirley  Hibberd,  large,  full 
substance,  and  handsomely  laced  ;  the  first  and  last- 
named  were  remarkable  for  their  marvellous  size. 
Lady  Blanche  was  also  very  promising. 

So  great  has  been  the  advance  made  during  the  past 
six  years  with  hardy  Clematises,  that  our  raisers  would 
appear  to  have  paused  for  a  time  till  they  had  fixed 
upon  some  mode  of  bringing  forth  ailother  valuable 
and  decisive  break.  There  is  a  grand  wealth  of 
summer  blooming  Creepers  in  the  new  varieties  of 
Jackman,  Cripps,  Noble,  and  others,  and  it  is  pleasant 
to  know  they  are  being  much  planted  about  the  gar- 
dens of  suburban  villas,  where  they  make  a  most 
effective  display.  Lady  Maria  Meade  and  William 
Cripps,  two  new  varieties,  shown  by  Messrs.  Cripps  & 
Son  during  the  past  summer,  were  very  handsome  and 
attractive,  and  will  no  doubt  be  seen  again  next  season. 
Now  that  the  Floral  Committee  requires  that  the 
plants  of  new  Clematises  should  be  shown  in  order  to 
obtain  certificates,  it  is  just  possible  so  many  awards  of 
this  character  will  not  be  made. 

The  three  new  forms  of  Coleus  shown  during  last 
year,  viz..  Favourite,  Lady  Leigh,  and  Tryoni,  w-ere 
very  distinct  in  character,  the  latter  remarkably  so,  as 
one  half  of  the  leaves  were  of  a  rich  glowing  crimson, 
and  the  other  of  a  bright  golden-yellow  ;  and  it  would 
seem,  from  later  announcements,  that  this  character  is 
maintained,  and  will  be  perpetuated  by  the  ordinary 
methods  of  propagation. 

That  most  useful  of  .all  autumn  and  winter  flowering 
plants,  the  Cyclamen,  is  still  being  improved  ;  three 
fine  varieties,  of  Mr.  C.  Edmund's  raising,  having  re^ 
ceived  First-class  Certificates.  Cultivators,  like  Mr. 
Henry  Little,  of  Twickenham,  are  gradually  getting 
together  collections  that  must  presently  produce  seed- 
ling flowers  of  surprising  beauty,  as  artificial  fertilisa- 
tion is  being  resorted  to  for  the  attainment  of  certain 
desired  ends.  It  is  now  asserted  that  any  given  variety 
of  the  Cyclamen,  if  the  seed  be  carefully  saved,  will  be 
certain  to  yield  a  large  proportion  of  flowers  of  the 
parental  type,  as  certainly  as  a  Primula,  and  that  this 
tendency  is  becoming  more  apparent  year  by  year, 
as  a  higher  mode  of  culture  is  followed.  R.  D. 

{To  be  Continued.') 


We  have  to  recoi*d  the  death,  full  of  yeai^s,  of  Mr. 
John  Andrew  Henderson,  of  St.  John's  Wood. 
Mr.  Henderson  was  well  known  to  a  former  genera- 
tion of  gardeners  as  the  highly -respected  head  of  the 
rine-apple  Nursery  Establishment  in  the  Kdgware 
Road,  which,  under  his  management,  became  one  of 
the  foremost  nurseries  of  the  metropolis.  Many  years 
since,  however,  he  retired  from  business,  and  has 
since  resided  in  Hamilton  Terrace,  St.  John's  Wood, 
where,  on  the  13th  insl,,  he  died,  aged  77.  Mr. 
J.  A.  Henderson  was  an  attached  friend  and  earnest 
supporter  of  the  Gardeners'  Royal  Benevolent  Institu- 
tion, and  has  been  for  many  years  one  of  its  trustees. 


THE   WEATHER. 

STA  TE  OF  THE  WEA  THER  A  T  BLACKHBA  TH\  LONDON\ 
For  the  Week  ending  Wednesday,  Jan.  17;  1872. 


1872. 
Month 

AND 

Day. 


1872. 


'., 


■a  -  t;  C  1 


Tt:M^ERAtURE  or 

THE  AlR. 


u  o 


Hygroine- 
trical  Uc- 

ductioiis  I 

from      I  Wind. 
Glaisher's 
iTablessth 

Edition. 


In.  I  In, 
29,71  j— o.oi  50.839^.2  iT.fl 
29-99  l-i-0-27|46.3  36.b  ro.3 
29,69    —0.63  SI. 04s. 2j    5.7 

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2^.8i  1+0.09142-728.3  14.4 

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II — Rdiii  fell  betweeii  3  and  ioA,M.,  and  nccasiohally  aRtr- 
wards.  Overcast  till  noon  ;  the  clouds  then  gradually 
cleared  away,  and  it  was  cloudless  after  6  I'.M. 

12.— A  fine  morninR,  with  light  clouds.  Generally  cloudy  after 
mid-day."  Solar  halo  in  the  afternoon. 

13.— Overcast  till  nighl ;  ihen  slightly  variable.  Rain  fell 
thinly  in  the  morninfj,  but  more  heavily  in  the  aftfirnoori 
and  evening. 

I4.  A  little  cloud  and  fog  prevalent  at  mid-dav.  Generally 
cloudless  at  other  times.     Moar-frosl  at  ni(»nt. 

13, — A  vcrj'  line  day.  Cloudless  in  the  morning.  Variable  in 
the  afternoon  and  evening.     Hoar-frost. 

16.— Hoar-frost  in  morning.  Generally  cloiidy  till  niRht ;  then 
variable. 

17.— Overcast  throughout.  Heavy  gale  with  almost  con- 
tinuous rain  prevalent. 

JAMES  GLAISHER. 


^arir^K  #perati0tts, 

(for  the  ensuing  fortnight.) 
PLANT  HOUSES. 
The  Conservatory. — Evergreen  creepers,  such  as 
Hihbcrtia  i-olubiiis,  Rhynchospcttnum  jasininioides^ 
yasminiwigrandifloyinn^  LapagetHa  rosed  and  alba,  Loni- 
cera  se/npennrtms,  Tecoma  Jasfninioidesj  and  mahy  other 
beautiful  species  which  are  grown  in  one  garden  ot 
another,  with  such  "twiggy"  pillar  plants  as  Helio- 
trope, F7(c/isiaSj  HabrothamniiS  elegans.  Plumbago 
capeftsisy  Ho^'ea  Celsiy  and  others,  should  all  receive  a 
share  of  attention,  such  as  slight  pruning,  cleaning,  and 
rearranging,  by  slinging  with  string  and  copper  wire 
from  the  rafters  or  columns  of  the  building  in  a  grace- 
ful natural  way,  and  not  in  a  stiff  faggot-like  manner, 
in  disregard  of  the  real  habit  and  requirements  of  these 
graceful  plants.  Suspending  brackets  made  of  pottery, 
which  are  the  best,  may  be  looked  to  and  filled  with 
many  beautiful  combinations :  for  instance  the  Sedum 
carna^rn  variegatiim  and  Tradescantia  discolor  mixed, 
will  recommend  itself  at  all  seasons,  and  especially 
now.  Many  others  will  quickly  occur  to  the  thought- 
ful gardener,  when  he  has  such  things  at  his  disposal. 
Vases,  too,  could  have  the  soil  renewed  and  filled  in 
the  meanwhile  with  Bulbs  and  Mosses.  No  one  need 
be  timid  in  taking  to  the  conservatory,  and  especially 
if  in  connection  with  the  mansion,  such  Orchids  as  may 
be  in  flower  just  now.  Lcvlia  supcrbierts  and  other 
such  like  long-stemmed  flowers,  could  be  cut  and  stuck 
in  a  pot  of  moist  Selaginella  denticulata,  since  they 
show  off  to  much  advantage  in  this  way.  We  have 
also  kept  the  Poiusettia  a  long  while  by  the  sattie 
plan,  and  other  long-stemmed  flowers  no  doubt  could 
be  treated  thus  with  advantage  and  profit  to  the  plant. 
H.  Knight^  Floors  Castle. 

Greenhouse  Soft-wooded  Plants. — These  will 
require  great  care  this  mild  damp  weather.  Give  all 
the  air  possible  on  favourable  occasions.  It  frequently 
happens  that  the  greenhouse  is  filled  with  a  mixed 
collection  of  plants  :  where  such  is  the  case  it  is  a  good 
plan  to  collect  the  different  kinds  into  separate  groups, 
if  possible,  a5  they  are  then  more  easily  attended  to  ; 
besides,  it  is  better  for  the  plants,  the  more  tender 
kinds  not  being  so  liable  to  get  smothered  by  the 
robust  and  stronger  growers.  See  that  no  dead  or 
decaying  leaves  are  allowed  to  remain  on  the  plants ; 
they  not  only  look  untidy,  but  are  sure  to  spread 
decay  around  them.  Lachenalias  that  are  showing 
bloom  should  have  plenty  of  water.  Imaniophyllum 
miniaium  that  has  been  kept  rather  dry  should  not  be 
allowed  to  suffer  in  this  respect ;  when  well  grown  it 
forms  one  of  the  finest  and  most  useful  flowering  plants 
we  have.  Vallota  purpurea  also  should  not  be  allowed 
to  lose  its  leaves  for  want  of  water.  AWincs,  as  soon 
as  they  show  signs  of  losing  their  leaves,  should 
have  the  water  gradually  withheld.  Disa  grandijlora^ 
where  growing  strongly,  should  have  plenty  of  water. 
In  some  situations  it  is  liable  to  rot  off;  hence,  instead 
of  giving  water  in  the  usual  way,  stand  it  in  a  pan  fdr 
two  or  three  minutes,  allowing  the  water  to  reach  half 
way  up  the  pot.  Kalosanthcs  may  now  be  potted* 
using  three  parts  light  loam  to  one  of  leaf-mould, 
adding  a  few  pieces  of  charcoal  and  old  brickbats 
smashed  up  j  they  are  very  useful  plants  for  decoration 


January  20,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agfricultural    Gazette. 


81 


in  July  and  August.  Sarmceiiias,  where  it  is  necessary 
to  increase  the  stock,  may  now  be  divided,  and  others 
potted  that  require  it.  Lilium  lamiAtlium  and  aiiialnin, 
if  not  potted  in  the  autumn,  should  be  done  at  once, 
using  eciual  parts  of  peat  and  loam  with  one  of  old 
cow-dung,  giving  them  plenty  of  room  in  the  pots ;  a 
cold  pit  or  frame  is  the  best  situation  for  them  until 
they  become  too  tall.  There  is  nothing  requiring  so 
much  care  in  the  greenhouse  as  the  application  of 
water.  Never  give  it  to  a  plant  unless  it  requires  it ; 
then  give  enougli  to  soak  the  ball,  i-'se  well-aired 
water  at  all  times,  and  let  it  be  of  the  same  temperature 
as  the  house.  All  vigorous-rooted  plants  are  fond  of  a 
little  soot  added  to  the  water.   G.  Bakir,  Clapham. 

Flower  Forcing. — Azaleas  should  be  introduced 
more  freely  now,  always  taking  those  that  have  the 
buds  most  forward.  A.  ama-na  is  one  of  the  best  early 
ones,  but  many  of  the  others  will  bloom  equally  as 
early,  by  gradually  bringing  them  in  a  little  earlier 
each  year.  Small  plants,  in  5  and  6-inch  pots,  when 
in  bloom,  are  becoming  very  fashionable  for  the  dinner- 
table  ;  let  them  have  frequent  syringing.  A  few 
plants  of  Gai-daiias  will  be  found  in  great  demand,  at 
least  the  blooms,  which  make  nice  "  button-holes."  Let 
them  have  the  hottest  end  of  the  house,  with  several 
dewings  overhead  daily.  A  few  of  the  early  Hyacitilhs 
may  be  set  close  to  the  glass  if  they  are  required  very 
early.  Eucharis  amazoitiax  is  another  plant  which 
does  well  if  plunged  in  a  brisk  bottom-heat,  and 
afforded  a  humid  surface-heat.  When  the  flowets  begin 
to  appear,  let  them  have  frequent  waterings  with 
liquid  manure,  and  if  wanted  to  stand,  when  in  bloom, 
they  \vill  do  so,  in  a  very  low  temperature,  for  a  long 
time.  Euphorbia  jacqiiinitvfiora  should  have  attention  ; 
it  can  be  easily  gro\\'n  in  small  pots,  in  which  it 
blooms  well.  If  a  bed  can  be  spared,  and  planted  with 
it,  a  rich  harvest  will  await  the  autumn  gatherer. 
Epacrises  force  very  well  ;  a  few  may  now  be 
introduced,  also  another  batch  of  RhoJodemhvns, 
A'almias,  Kosis,  and  Epip/iyllitins,  which  are  becoming 
popular  as  table  plants  when  on  stems  about  a  foot 
high,  and  in  not  too  large  pots.  They  should  not  be 
kept  too  damp  at  the  roots  until  freely  growing  :  by 
syringing  alone,  they  can  be  kept  quite  fresh  for  a  long 
time.  A.  H. 

Stove  Plants. — See  that  all  dry  Bulbs,  such  as 
Ac/iimeiics,  Gloxinias,  and  Catadiums,  are  in  a  proper 
state  of  preservation  ;  they  should  not  be  kept  in  a 
temperature  below  50".  Atlatiiandas,  Dipladenias,  and 
Clerodiudrous,  which  will  now  be  at  rest,  ought  still  to 
have  as  much  water  as  will  keep  them  from  shrivelling  ; 
they  are  often  kept  much  too  dry  at  this  season.  Pay 
strict  attention  to  plants  in  flower  ;  keep  them  as  near 
to  the  glass  as  possible  ;  a  little  weak  manure  water  will 
help  to  prolong  the  blooming  season.  In  regard  to  such 
plants  as  Poinscltias,  Plumbago  rosea,  Eitphorbias,  and 
Begonias,  get  all  materials  for  potting  in  readiness. 
Moisten  the  piths  on  fine  days,  and  the  last  thing  at 
night,  to  prevent  dry  heat  as  much  as  possible.  A. 
Ingnwi,  Alnwick  Castle, 

Indoor  Ferns. — In  the  warm  division  keep  the 
temperature  at  55°  to  58°  at  night  ;  the  former  will  be 
sufftcient  during  very  frosty  weather.  Very  little,  if 
any,  air  will  be  required  unless  the  day  is  very  warm  at 
this  season  of  the  year.  Look  carefully  to  any  Ferns 
that  are  planted  near  the  hot-water  pipes,  to  see  that 
they  do  not  suffer  for  want  of  water ;  syringe  overhead 
only  on  fine  days,  especially  if  there  is  any  water  in  the 
house.  Get  a  good  supply  of  foliage  plants  ;  they  have 
a  beautiful  effect  when  plunged  with  the  different 
Ferns  ;  avoid  those,  however,  that  have  much  white  in 
the  leaves,  as  they  soon  spot  and  look  unhealthy  in  the 
moist  temperature  of  the  tropical  fernery.  For  green- 
house or  temperate  Ferns,  40°  to  45°  at  night  will  be 
sufficient.  Any  plants  that  have  grown  too  large  can 
now  be  moved  to  where  there  is  more  head  room.  On 
fine  days  syringe  the  stems  of  Z>?W'jf«?Vrj-,  Cyathcas,  &c., 
but  use  the  syringe  very  carefully  on  wet  or  foggy  days. 
Fiius  repens  \stipulata\  looks  very  well  planted  at  the 
base  of  Tree  Ferns,  and  allowed  to  climb  up  the  trunks. 
I'repare  in  a  moist  shady  corner  a  place  for  some  of 
the  beautiful  Triehomanes,  such  as  eaudiculatum, 
tnaximum,  &c. ,  Hvme}iophyllu7H  crispalnm,  pyxidi- 
feruin,  and  many  other  varieties.  Todea  pellucida  and 
sufcrba  also  do  well  with  them.  The  latter  will  do 
with  much  less  heat  than  they  usually  receive.  Rough 
peat  and  broken  sandstone  or  tufa,  with  silver  sand, 
will  grow  them  well.  J.  R.  Pckh,  Manley  Hall, 
Manchester, 

FLOWER  GARDEN,  ETC, 

Roses.  — Should  the  weather  be  severe,  advantage 
may  be  taken  of  the  frost  to  wheel  dung  to  the  Rosa- 
rium. This  may  be  either  well  rotted  or  only  half- 
decayed,  and  should  be  spread  about  2  inches  thick  in 
a  circle  of  about  2  feet  in  diameter  round  the  plants. 
Pig  dung  is  perhaps  the  best  manure  for  this  purpose. 
The  dressing  may,  as  soon  as  the  ground  will  work,  be 
pointed  in,  or  if  neatness  be  no  great  object,  it  may  be 
suffered  to  remain  on  the  surface,  for  the  rain  and  worms 
will  carry  down  most  of  the  goodness  to  the  Rose 
roots,  and  the  residuum  will  mulch  the  roots  and  pre- 
vent excessive  evaporation  in  scorching  weather. 
Should  the  weather  be  wet,  supports  for  the  shoots 
which  will  spring  from  last  yea/s  buds  may  be  pre- 


pared. Nothing  is  better  for  this  purpose  than  the 
upper  ends  of  the  stocks  cut  off  at  planting  time. 
These  should  be  from  iS  inches  and  upwards  long  ; 
they  are  easily  and  quickly  prepared.  One  cut  which 
shaves  away  about  half  its  thickness  for  a  length  of 
8  or  to  inches  of  the  thickest  end  is  all  that  is 
required.  R,  B,  P. 

Spring  Garden. — The  establishment  of  a  reserve 
garden  appropriate  to  the  cultivation  ai  Spring  Flowei's 
is  a  very  important  point  in  relation  to  their  manage- 
ment. If  the  collection  of  plants  be  tolerably  large  and 
varied,  it  is  very  necessary  to  have  some  peat  beds,  some 
others  rich  in  leaf-soil,  with  or  resting  on  unbroken  and 
tenacious  subsoil,  while  other  portions  of  the  reserve 
plot  may  be  light,  open,  and  calcareous.  Whether  a 
reserve  garden  be  employed  or  not,  it  is  true  economy 
in  the  management  of  spring  plants  to  give  them  space, 
suitable  soil,  and  a  position  that  will  encourage  a  hard 
and  healthy  growth.  Young,  weU-developei  plants  of 
Aubrietia,  Arabis,  and  Russian  Violets  produce  finer 
blossoms  and  bloom  at  an  earlier  period  than  old 
plants.  These  plants  belong  to  a  section  which  may 
be  annually  propagated  by  means  of  division  or  seed, 
and  a  reserve  stock  should  always  be  retained  for  early 
propagation,  so  that  entire  dependence  may  not  be 
placed  on  the  plants  occupying  the  flower  beds,  wliich 
are  removed  in  the  month  of  May,  when  the  weather  is 
often  hot  and  dry.  The  plants  thus  treated  receive  a 
serious  check,  so  that  their  growth  is  retarded  ;  and 
rooting  late  in  the  season,  the  maturity  of  growth  and 
elaboration  of  blossom  is  less  complete  than  it  should 
be.  Another  section  of  plants,  which  includes  the  Double 
Primroses  and  Hepaticas,  demand  somewhat  different 
treatment ;  the  annual  removal  of  such  plants  at  the 
moment  of  growth  checks  any  further  development  for 
the  season,  and,  subjected  to  the  same  treatment  for  a 
few  years,  the  plants  become  valueless  for  decorative 
purposes.  Allowed  to  remain,  and  to  get  established 
in  cool,  moist,  leafy  beds  for  two  or  three  seasons,  both 
Primroses  and  Hepaticas  may  be  kept  in  health  and 
vigour,  even  though  subjected  to  removal  to  or  from  the 
spring  garden.    W,  Ingram,  Bek'oir  Castle, 


FRUIT  HOUSES, 


believe  it  is  beneficial  to  the  trees,  if  done  in  modera- 
tion ;  but  this  should  now  be  taken  off,  for  after  the 
salt  is  washed  out  little  good  remains,  and  if  forked  in, 
it  loosens  the  ground  so  as  to  afford  harbour  for  insects 
to  bury  themselves,  previous  to  their  going  into  the 
chrysalis  state.  //.  Atills,  Enys, 


KITCHEN  GARDEN, 

Outdoors. — Now  is  the  best  time  to  plant  early 
round  Potatos  in  warm  south  borders,  digging  and 
jilanting  as  the  work  proceeds.  I  find  Coldstream  the 
best  and  earliest.  Place  thinly  on  cold  vinery  floors 
the  dilYerent  varieties  of  Ashtops,  of  which  Veitelis  is 
among  the  best  ;  the  shoots  will  break  strong  and 
hardy  preparatory  to  planting.  By  doing  this  all  your 
Potatos  will  be  up  at  the  same  time,  all  pri/,es  and  no 
blanks ;  nothing  looks  worse  than  a!i  uneven  crop  of 
anything,  and  especially  of  Potatos.  Plant  Seakale  in 
good  rich  land.  I  find  cuttings  the  size  of  one's  thumb 
make  the  best  plants  ;  cut  them  in  3-inch  lengths,  pack 
them  thickly  in  a  bo.-i  of  light  soil,  and  place  them  in 
the  Mushroom-house  to  start ;  harden  them  ofi  in  the 
orchard-house,  and  before  planting  rub  off  all  shoots 
but  the  strongest,  and  plant  3  feet  apart  each  way. 
Rhubarb  should  also  be  planted  early.  I'ut  in  single 
eyes,  and  bear  in  mind  the  more  dung  you  give  them 
the  more  Rhubarb  you  may  expect  to  have.  HawISs 
Champion  is  the  best  I  know.  R.  Gilbert,  Burghley. 


Cucumbers. — The  month  of  January  is  more 
favourable  than  the  two  preceding  ones  for  forcing  the 
Cucumber,  so  that  in  a  few  weeks  some  better  growth 
may  be  expected.  Maintain  a  moist  temperature  of 
about  75'  to  So°  by  day,  and  about  65°  by  night ; 
avoid  pouring  water  on  the  hot  pipes,  but  rather  make 
it  a  rule  to  syringe  the  walls  and  pathways  twice 
daily,  and  add  a  little  liquid  manure,  just  sufticient 
to  discolour  the  water  :  this  will  be  an  advantage. 
Continue  fortnightly  to  give  the  surface  of  the  bed  a 
slight  covering  of  manure  and  soil.  Do  not  stop  the 
shoots  too  soon,  but  allow  them  to  make  from  four  to 
five  joints  before  stopping  ;  and  if  the  plants  are  in  a 
weakly  state,  do  not  stop  them  at  present.  R,  Draper, 
Seaham  Hall, 

FRUIT  GARDEN. 

Wall  Fruits. — Continue  the  pruning  and  nailing 
of  wall  trees  in  open  weather.  If  the  ground  has  been 
already  properly  prepared,  all  kinds  of  wall  trees  may 
be  planted  in  the  absence  of  frost.  If  the  soil  be  of  a 
strong,  rich  nature,  little  or  no  manure  is  needed  ;  but 
if  of  a  light,  thin  nature,  with  a  porous  subsoil,  then  a 
good  dressing  of  manure  is  absolutely  necessary  to 
insure  healthy,  vigorous  wood  in  fruit  trees.  In 
planting  the  trees  on  heavy  strong  soils,  it  is  ad- 
visable to  keep  them  a  little  higher  than  the 
general  surface  of  the  soil,  but  on  light  soil  it  is 
better  to  plant  them  a  little  below  the  level  of  the  sur- 
face, so  that  what  rains  fall  may  reach  the  roots. 
C;ive  all  newly-planted  trees  a  good  mulching  of  rotten 
dung.  M,  Saul,  Stourton  Pari. 

Hardy  Fruits.  —  Prepare  ground  and  plant  all 
kinds  of  fruit  trees  in  open  weather.  Secure  them 
safely  to  stakes,  and  give  them  a  good  mulching  of 
rotten  dung.  Finish  pruning  Apples,  Pears,  Plums, 
and  Cherries,  also  Gooseberry  and  Currant  bushes  ; 
and  dig  the  borders.  Raspberries  will  not  require  much 
pruning  if  the  canes  were  well  thinned  in  summer. 
These  are  best  grown  in  rows  4  feet  apart  and  trained 
to  wires  fastened  to  stakes.  The  ground  should  be 
very  lightly  dug,  and  a  good  dressing  of  manure  will 
be  beneficial.  Make  fresh  plantations.  Raspberries 
will  continue  in  a  bearing  state  for  a  great  many  yeai-s, 
but  it  is  advisable  to  keep  up  a  healthy  young  planta- 
tion of  canes  by  planting  a  row  or  hvo  of  young  plants 
yearly,  and  destroying  a  row  or  two  of  old  ones.  M, 
Saul,  Stourton  Park, 

Bush  Fruits. — I  do  not  think  the  practice  of 
throwing  fresh  slacked  lime  among  the  bushes  effects 
any  good,  for  after  such  a  dressing  I  have  seen  many 
of  the  larger  branches  die  off.  Smearing  the  stems  to 
get  rid  of  lichen  and  moss  is  another  matter,  and 
should,  where  necessary,  be  done  now.  Where  these 
bushes  have  been  bound  up  with  straw  or  hay-baiids, 
as  a  protection  against  birds — a  material  which  entices 
the  birds  more  than  anything  else — they  should  at  once 
be  loosened,  and  soon  be  all  cleared  away.  Many 
cover  the  ground  between  their  bushes  with  seaweed— 
a  capital  thing  to  keep  down  slugs  and  insects— and  I 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

.\Ui;uBAS  :  .Alt  Old  Reader.  If  your  male  plant  flowers 
first,  collect  the  pollen,  and  keep  it  in  a  paper  packet 
or  small  pill-box  in  a  dry  place.  When  the  female 
flowers  are  in  bloom,  place  a  little  of  the  pollen  on 
the  stigma  with  a  dry  caniel's-hair  brush.  This  is 
the  surest  method,  but  the  bushes  will  be  pretty  certain 
to  set  many  of  the  flowers  under  the  circumstance  you 
mention.  Indeed  once  we  had  nearly  .is  many  berries 
formed  by  insect  agency  as  by  the  bnish, 

BuoKS  :  T.  S,  R.  Before  we  can  aUow  you  to  "transfer 
your  important  mission  to  gardeners,  both  head  and 
under  ones,  concerning  various  valuable  works  about  to 
appear,  treating  on  the  science  and  practice  of  horti- 
culture," we  must  have  an  opportunity  of  judging  for 
ourselves  whether  the  works  in  question  are  ' '  most 
admirable."  "invaluable,"  "incomparable,"  &c..  as 
you  describe  them.  If  we  find  them  so,  we  shall  gladly 
say  so. 

Cool  Orchids  :  C,  J.  *0dontoglos5um  grande,  O. 
luteo-purpureum,  O.  Alexandrx,  Cypripedium  insigne, 
('.  barbatum,  •Ccclogyne  cristafa,  Cymbidium  Mas- 
tersii,  *Dendrobium  nobile  var.,  »Loelia  autumnalis, 
L.  albida,  *Oncidium  leucochilum,  Maxillaria  Harri- 
sons;, *Lycaste  Skinneri.  If  six  only  are  required  take 
those  marked  *. 

iNsr^CTS :  Wm.  Cross,  Polydesmus  complanatus. 
Watering  with  salt  or  nitrate  of  soda  has  been  recom 
mended.  We  should  be  glad  to  hear  what  success 
attends  any  experiments  you  may  try.  The  creature  is 
not  imported,  but  is  a  too  well  known  native  pest.— 
7.  Slater  Sr"  Sons.  Otiorhynchus  sulcatus.  We  are 
afraid  there  is  nothing  for  it  but  careful  examination 
and  hand-picking. 

Iron  Rose  Pegs:  G,  F.  W.  writes,  "I  shall  be  much 
obliged  if  any  of  your  correspondents  can  tell  me 
whether  iron  pegs,  long  and  strong  enough  for  pegging 
down  the  shoots  of  strong  growing  Roses,  can  be  bought 
ready-made,  and  if  so,  where?" 

JAPANKSE  Honeysuckle:  IV.  C,  It  cannot  be  said  to 
be  common  for  this  to  produce  flowers  in  this  country, 
still  less  fnut,  though  we  have  often  seen  both. 

LAl'AGERlA  :  IV,  C,  We  do  not  know  if  this  plant  will 
be.ar  as  much  as  10°  of  frost,  but  think  it  not  unlikely. 
It  ought  to  bear  gas  well,  according  to  a  statement 
recently  made  as  to  its  growing,  uninjured,  near  smelt- 
ing works  in  Chili. 

Mr.  James  Pond,  The  Vineries,  Jersey,  writes  to  say 
that  he  has  no  knowledge  of  or  connection  with  Mr. 
James  Pond,  of  Marazion. 

Name  of  Fruit  :  E,  E,     Court-Pendu-Plat.  D.  \V, 

Names  of  Plants:  Syntax,  i,  Retinospora  pisifera ; 
2,  material  insufficient  for  determination  ;  3,  Thujopsis 
borealis.  A.  M.—  W,  B.  G.  i,  Gymnogramma  chry- 
sophylla ;  2,  Pleopeltis  Phymatodes  ;  3,  Pteris  cretica 
albo-lineata.— 7.  M.     Polystiohum  capense. 

New  Nectarines  :  Nectarine.  We  believe  that  Albert 
and  Albert  Victor  are  distinct,  and  that  the  flowers  of 
both  are  large. 

Scarlet  Thorn  :  hnjnirer.  No  doubt  it  could  be 
done,  but  the  time  required  and  the  loss  sustained 
would  not  make  it  worth  while  to  .adopt  the  plan  you 
mention. 

Ti;STIM0NIAL  :  W.  T.  We  cannot  see  that  you  Iiavc 
any  grounds  for  complaint.  The  character  given  is  a 
good  one,  and  from  its  general  tenor  we  slioutd 
imagine  the  lady  would  reply  to  any  specific  question 
that  might  be  asked  her. 


CATALOGUES  Reciuved  ;— Little  &  Ballautyne  (Car- 
lisle), Catalogue  of  Forest  and  Ornamental  Trees, 
Shrubs,  Evergreens,  Fruit  Trees,  &-c.— Butler,  McCul- 
loch  &  Co.  (Covent  Garden),  Spring  Catalogue  of 
Seeds,  Bulbs,  &x.— Downie,  Laird  &  Laing  (^Forest 
Hill,  S.E.),  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Garden,  Ilower, 
and  Agricultural  Seeds,  Implements,  &c.— Barr  &  Sug- 
den  King  Street,  Covent  Garden),  Descriptive  Spring 
Catalogue  of  Choice  Seeds  for  Flower  and  Kitchen 
Garden.— WiUiam  Leno  (East  Street,  Walworth,  S.E.), 
Price  List  of  Medicated  Garden  .Shreds.— E.  F.  Fair- 


82 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


Oanuary  20,   1872. 


bairn  &  Sons  (Carlisle),  Catalogue  of  Roses. —William 
Cutbush  &  Son  (Highgate),  C:atalogue  of  Select  Vege- 
table, Flower,  and  Farm  Seeds.— Robert  Parker  (Toot- 
ing), Catalogue  of  Agricultural,  Flower,  and  Vegetable 
Seeds,  (Plants,  Fruit  Trees,  &c.  —  Milligan  &  Kerr 
(Dumfries),  Catalogue  of  Vegetable  and  Flower  Seeds, 
Gladioli,  &c.— William  Rollisson  &  Sons  (Tooting), 
General  Seed  Catalogue,  comprisingalsoa  List  of  Seeds 
of  Sub-tropical  Plants.— James  Dickson  &  Sons  (Ches- 
ter), Catalogue  of  Vegetable  and  Flower  Seeds,  Gar- 
dening Tools,  Implements,  &c.— John  Scott  (Yeovil, 
Somerset).  Catalogue  of  Seeds  for  the  Kitchen  Garden, 
P'lower  Garden,  and  Farm.  —Charles  H.  Dickson 
(Manchester),  Spring  Catalogue  of  Vegetable,  Flo-ver, 
and  Agricultural  Seeds.— \Vm.  Drummond  &  Sons 
(Stirling),  Catalogue  of  Vegetable  and  Flower  Seeds.— 
Stuart  &  Mein  (Kelso),  General  Catalogue  of  Vege- 
table and  Flower  Seeds.— George  Gibbs  &  Co.  Down 
Street,  Piccadilly),  Catalogue  of  Kitchen  Garden  and 
Flower  Seeds.— Wm.  Bull,  Catalogue  of  Select  Flower, 
Vegetable,  and  Agricultural  Seeds  ;  and  Special  List  ol 
Gladioli  and  New  Plants. 


Erkatum. — At  p.  39,  col.  c,   20  lines  from  the  bottom, 
for  Hutton  read  Stitton. 


COIMMUNICATIONS  RECEIVED.— P.  D.  L.   (tOO    lollg   fof    illSet-lioll, 

the  substance  of  it  is  given   elsewhere).- Tcutschel  and  Co. 
(next  week).— T.  R.— J.  R.  P.— B.  F. 


ark^ls. 


CO  VENT   GARDEN.— Juu.  19. 

We  have  very  little  variation,  either  in  supply  or  de- 
mand, the  best  descriptions  of  goods  maintain  last  week's 
rates,  but  rough  ones  remain  heavy  in  stock.  Arrivals 
from  the  Continent  have  fallen  off,  and  comprise  very 
little  else  but  salading. 


Flowers. 


s.  d.  s.  (i. 
Azaleas.p.doz.sprnys  . ,  to  i  6 
Camellias,  per   doz, 

blooms      . .  ..40—60 

Heliotropes,  p.  doz. 

sprays       . .  . .      . .  —   10 

Hyacinths,  each    . .      . .  —  06 

Lily   of  the  Valley, 

p.  doz.  sprays  . .  40-^60 
Pelargoniums, 

French.p.  12  sprays  20  —  30 


5.  if.     S.  d- 

Pelargoniums,  Scar- 
let, p.  12  sprays.. 

Poinsatias,  each  . . 

Roses,  per  doz. 

TropEeolums,  p.  bun. 

Trumpet  Lilies,each  06  —  09 

Tulips,  per  doz —  20 

White  Lilac,  p.  doz. 
sprays      . .  . .       . .  — 18  o 

Cyclamen.p.  isspks.     ..  —  06 


1  6  to  ; 


6  o  — 12  o 
..  —  04 


Frlut. 

.d.\  _ 


s.  d.     s.  d.  i  J.  d.     s.  d. 

Apples,  per  I  sieve  2  o  to  5  o  j  Melons,  each  ..  2  o  to  s  o 
Cobs,  per  100" lb.  .  .60  o  — 65  o  !  Oranges,  per  100  ..60  — 10  o 
Filberts,  per  lb.  ..08  —  10  Pears,  per  dozen  . .  40  —  80 
Grapes,  per  lb.  ..40  —  80  Pine-apples,  per  lb.  4  o  —  So 
Lemons,  per  100    ..70  — 10  o     Pomegranates,  each  o  4  —  o  S 

Vegetaules. 
s.  d.     s.  d. 
Artichokes,green,  ea.  o  6  to  o  8 
Asparagus,  per  100     6  o—  8  o 
Beet,  per  doz.  . .    i  o —  2  o 

Broccoli,  purple,  per 

bundle       . .  ..      10—  i  3 

Brussels  Sprouts,  p. 

half  sieve..  ..  x  6 —  2  6 
Cabbages,  per  doz...  10 —  1  3 
Capsicums,  p.  100..  1  6 —  2  o 
Carrots,  p.  bunch   ..  o  5^-  o  7 

—  French,  do. . .  1  o —  1  6 
Cauliflowers,  p.  doz.  2  o —  6  o 
Celery,  per  bundle  .  1  o —  2  o 
Chjlies,  per  100  ..  i  6-—  2  o 
Cucumbers,  each  . .  2  o —  3  o 
Frcncli  Beans,  new, 

per  100 


s.  d. 
rierhs,  per  bunch  ..02 
Horse  Radish,  p.  bun.3  o 
Lcelis,  per  bunch  ..02- 
Lettuces,  per  score.. 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott. 
Onions,  per  bunch  ..04- 
Parsley,  p.  bunch  . 
Peas,  new,  per  pun.  . .  ■ 
Radishes,  per  bunch  o  2- 
—  French,  do.  . .  o  4- 
Rhubarb,  p.  bund.  .  i  6 
Salsafy,  per  bun.  ..09- 
Scorzoncra,  per  bun.  o  g- 
Scakalc,  per  punnet  1  o- 
Shallots,  perlb.  , .  o  8- 
Spinach,  per  bushel  3  o 
Turnips,  p.  bunch.,  o  2- 


to  o  4 

—  50 
o  4 

—  20 
2  o 

,—  09 

—  04 

■  3  o 

o'e 

-    2    O 

■  I   3 

■  1  3 


..   30—40 
Potatos,  Regents,  ioo.r,  to  1301.  ;  Flukes,  1201.  to 
French  Shaws,  60s.  to  70s. 


isa--. 


BOROUGH  MARKET. 
Wholesale  Prices. 


IS72. 

Savoys. 

Greens. 

Parsnips. 

Broccoli. 

Jan.     13.. 

Per  doz. 
s.    d.      s.  d. 
0    4  to  0  10 

Per  doz.  bun. 
s.    d.      s.  d. 
2     0  to  3    0 

Per  score. 
J.    d.      s.  d. 
0     7  to  I     0 

Per  sieve, 
i.    ,/.      J.  d. 
09-13 

—     16.. 

03  —  09 

2     6  —  3     00     6  —  0     9 

0    9  to  I     3 

—     iS.. 

04  —  09 

05  —  09 

10  —  13 

POTATOS.Soiffhioark,  Jan.  15. 

During  the  past  week  the  arrivals  coastwise  have 
again  been  moderate,  but  still  equal  to  the  demand. 
Top  samples  made  a  little  more  money.  Quotations  ; — 
Yorkshire  Flukes,  per  ton.  iooj.  to  130J.  ;  Yorkshire 
Regents,  6oj^.  to  100s.  ;  Dunbar  and  East  Lothian  do., 
xoos.  to  130J. ;  Perth,  Forfar,  and  Fifeshire  do.,  85J.  to 
iioj.  ;  do.  Rocks,  8o.f.  to  90J.  ;  Kent  and  Essex 
Regents,  50^.  to  90J.;  do.  Rocks,  60s.  to  Zos.  ;  French 
Whites,  40J^.  to  70.1. 


For  Want  Places,  &c.,  see  page  99. 


TO  PLANTERS.— STRONG  FOREST  TREES,  &c. 
I.ARCH,  2  to  3,  2'i  to  3J^,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
SCOTCH,  ij^  to  2,  2  to  2'2(  and  aj^  to  3  leet. 
SPRUCE,  \%  to  2,  2  to  2J4,  i%  to  3,  and  3  to  4  Tcct 
ENGLISH  OAKS,  ii%  to  3!^,  3  to  4»  4  to  5,  5  to  6,  and  6  to  7  ft. 
UIKCH,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  s,  and  5  to  6  feet. 
ELMS  (Wych),  z  to  3,  3  to  4.  and  4  to  5  feci. 
HA7.KLS,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
MOUNTAIN  ASH.  2  to  3,  3104,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
SYCAMORES,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet. 
With  many  others,  all  of  the  best  Quality.     The  I-arch  are  clean, 
stout,  wcli-firown  stulT.  and  hav'e  never  been  injured  by  frost. 
JOHN  HILL,  The  Nurseries,  Spot  Acre,  near  Stone,  Staffordshire. 


To  Purchasers  of  Seeds. 

MESSRS.  SUTTONS'  CATALOGUE  of  GARDEN 
SEEDS  has  now  been  posted  to  every  Customer  on  their 
Books,  but  as  it  appears  that  such  Catalogues  do  not  always  reach 
their  destination,  Messks.  Sutton  will  be  obliged  if  those  who  have 
not  received  it  will  apply  to  them  that  another  may  be  posted 
immediately. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Seedsmen  by  Special  Appointment  to  The 
(^icenand  H.R.H.  The  Prince  of  Wales,  Reading. •■ 


Q  T  U  A  R  T.    M  K\Z  DONALD    AND    CO.'S 

O   WHOLESALE    LIST    of  FLOWER   SEEDS,  comprising   the 
leading  Novelties  of  the  Season.l 

STUART,    MAC  DONALD    AND    CO.'S 
COLLECTIONS   of  CARNATIONS  and  PICOTEES  are   the 
finest  in  Cultivation. _^_^___^_^ 

TUART,     MAC  DONALD     and     CO., 

Wholesale  Sked  Gbowurs  and  Seed  Merchants, 

85,  Southampton  Row,  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 


s 


A 


LFRED     LEGERTON,     Seed     Merchant, 

—  —  5,  Ald(,;ate,  London,  E.,  begs  to  announce  that  his  WHOLESALE 
PRICED  CATALOGUE  of  GARDEN,  AGRICULTURAL,  and 
FLOWER  SEEDS  is  now  ready,  and  can  be  had  on  application. 

Samples  are  unusually  fine  this  season,  and  prices  the  lowest  in 
London. 


New  Seed  Catalogue  for  1872. 

MESSRS.  JOHN  AND  CHARLES  LEE 
will  be  happy  to  forward,  post  free  on  application,  their  New 
Descriptive  Priced  CATALOGUE  of  GENUINE  SEEDS,  containing 
every  Novelty  for  1872,  to  any  of  their  Friends  and  Customers,  and 
others  who  have  not  already  received  it. 
Koyal  ^'i^eya^d  Nursery  and  Seed  Estabfishment,  Hammersmith,  W 


ClIARLES  TURNER'S   CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS 
is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  on  application. 
This  Catalogue  contains  selections  of  the  best  in  each  class,  and 
descriptions  ofthc  leading  varieties  only. 

C.  TURNER'S  CATALOGUE  of  HARDY  TREES,  including  a 
full  collection  of  Fruits,  Conifera?,  Evergreen  and  Deciduous  Shrubs, 
and  Trees,  Roses,  &c..  may  also  be  had. 

■J'hc  Royal  Nurseries,  Slough.      


Carter's  Vade  Mecum  for  1872. 

JAMES  CARTER  and  CO.  have  the  pleasure  to 
announce  the  publication  of  their  ILLUSTRATED  GAR- 
DENER'S and  FARMER'S  VADE  MECUM  for  1872  (37th  Annual 
Edition),  containing  much  useful  information  on  matters  connected 
with  the  Garden  and  Farm,  and  Illustrated  with  over  200  Engravings 
by  the  best  Artists.     Free  by  post  for  u.  ;  gratis  to  Customers. 

lAMES    CARTER    and    CO..   Seedsmen   to   the   t^ueen  and  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  237  and  238,  Hign  Holbom,  London,  W.C. 


New  Lists. 

DOWNIE.  LAIRD,  and  LAING,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  NEW  LISTS  of  AGRICULTURAL.  GARDEN, 
and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  FLORIST  FLOWERS,  GREENHOUSE 
PLANTS,  GLADIOLI,  &c.,  arc  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  free 
on  application. 

17,  Frederick  Street,  Edinburgh ;  and  Stanstead  Park,  Forest  Hill, 
London,  S.E. __^__ 


WILLIAM  POTTEN'S  CATALOGUE  of  choice 
VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  all  selected  from  the 
best  stocks,  is  now  ready;  also  his  CATALOGUE  of  UEDDING 
PLANTS,  containing  over  300  sorts  of  the  best  GERANIUMS  in 
cultivation.     To  be  had  post  free  on  application  to 

WM.  POTTEN,  Seedsman  and  Florist,  Sissinghurst,  Staplehurst, 
Kent.  


New  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  Plants,  Fruits,  &c. 

ROBERT  PARKER  begs  to  announce  that  his  NEW 
CATALOGUE,  containing  select  Descriptive  and  Priced  Lists 
of  Agricultural,  Flower,  and  Vegetable  Seeds,  Fruit  Trees,  Miscel- 
laneous Plants,  Sweet  Violets,  &c.,  is  now  published,  and  will  be 
forwarded  to  applicants. 

The  stocks  of  seeds  have  all  been  procured  from  the  best  possible 
sources  ;  all  arc  warranted  genuine,  and  arc  offered  at  the  lowest  pos- 
sible prices.  Intending  purchasers  are  requested  to  compare  the 
prices  with  those  of  other  houses. 

Exotic  Nurserj-,  Tooting,  Surrey,  S.W. 

Strong  Epacrls. 

THOMAS  DAVII'.S  AM)  *  O.  have  a  large  stock  of 
the  above,  good  plains,  in  5-ini.h  pots,  just  COMING  INTO 
BLOOM,  consisting  of  all  the  leading  varieties,  price  12s.  per  dozen  ; 
smaller  size,  8j.  per  dozen. 

Wavertree  Nursery,  near  Liverpool.^ 


ORNAMENTAL  GAME  COVERT. 
A  Collection  of  Plants,  consisting  of  SVRINGA,  RIBES, 
ELDER,  SPIR.EC,  SNOWBERRY,  &c.,  will  be  supplied  at  ;£?  per 
1000.     See  Catalogue. 

JAMES  SMITH,  Darley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock.    _ 


MAURICE  YOUNG'S  NEW  TRADE  LIST  of 
CONIFERTE,  HARDY  EVERGREEN  TREES  and 
SHRUBS,  ROSES,  RHODODENDRONS,  JAPANESE  PLANTS 
NEW  AUCUBAS,  &c.,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  on 
application. 

Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming,  Surrey. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  LIST  of  all  the  EVERGREEN 
FIR  TRIBE,  suitable  for  Britain,  giving  size,  price,  popular 
and  botanical  ifames,  derivations,  description,  form,  colour,  foliage, 
growth,  timber,  use  in  arts,  native  country  and  size  there,  situation, 
soil,  and  other  information,  with  copious  inde,x  of  their  synonyms. 
Free  by  post  for  si,\  stamps. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Niirscrj-man  and  Seed  Merchant.  Worcester 


Elvaston  Nurseries. 

WILLIAM  BARRON  aNd  SON'S  Priced 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  CONIFER.E  and  other 
ORNAMENTAL  PLANTS,  ROSES,  RHODODENDRONS, 
FRUIT  TREES,  &c-,  is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had,  post  free,  on 
application. 

A  visit  to  the  Nurseries  from  intending  purchasers  is  respectfully 
solicited.         Elvaston  Nurseries,  Borrowash,  near  Derby. 


ONE    HUNDRED    THOUSAND    HARDY 
HEATHS. 
100,  in   10  varieties,  20s,  ;    100,  in  20  varieties,  30J.  ;    or  100,  in   40 
varieties,  45s.      See  Catalogue. 

JAMES  SMITH.  Darley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 


Forest  Trees,  Omameutal  Trees,  Slinibs,  Fruit  Trees, 

ROSES,  &c. 

LITTLE  AND  BALLANTYNE'S  Priced  LIST  of 
the  above  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  sent  free  on  application. 
They  are  prepared  to  supply  wcll-rootcd,  hardy  plants,  and  their  stock 
is  large  and  varied. 

The  Carlisle  Nurseries,  Knowefield. 
Office   and  Seed  Warehouses,  44,  English  Street,   and   Blackfriars 
Street,  Cariisle. 


Fruiting  and  Planting  Vines. 
V^  DWARD    MORSE   has  a   quantity   of  the   above. 


E 


very  strong  and  short-jointed  this  season,  and  consist 
of  BLACK  HAMBURGH,  SWEETWATER,  ROYAL  VINE- 
YARD, ROYAL  MUSCADINE,  BLACK  ALICANTE.  MRS, 
PINCE'S  MUSCAT,  and  DUCHESS  of  BUCCI.EUCH.  Fruiting 
Canes,  51,  each  ;  plantinj^  do.,  3s.  iid. 
Origin:il  Nurseries,  Epsom. 


For6stj  7t^p^ 

MITCHELL  AND  YOUNG,  Brechin,  N.B.,  offer  the 
following,  which  are  all  well  grown  and  healthy,  at  special 
low  prices  : — 
LARCH,  transplanted,  i  to  ij^  foot,  and  \%  to  2  feet. 
SCOTCH  FIR,  do.,  native,  0  to  10  ins.,  iz  to  15  ins.,  and  i^i  to  2  ft 
PINUS  CEMBRA,  \M  to  2%  feet. 
CUPRESSUS  LAWSONIANA,  ifoottoafeet. 
LARCH,  2  yr.  Seedling. 
BEECH,  2-vr.  Seedling, 
RASPBERRIES  and  CURRANTS. 

Samples  sent  on  application. 


Three  First-class  Certificates  for  the  Magnificent  new 

HYBRID    PERPETUAL    CLIMBING    ROSE,    PRINCESS 
LOUISE  VICTORIA. 

WM.  KNIGHT  has  still  a  limited  number  of  strong 
Plants  of  the  above,  and  will  continue  to  supply  it  at  75.  6<f.,  or 
three  for  2ij.  Usual  Trade  discount.  Also,  a  large  and  varied 
GENERAL  NURSERY  STOCK,  which  cannot  be  surpassed. 
CATALOGUES  free  on  application. 

Floral  Nurseries,  Hailsham,  Sussex. 


Special  Notice. 

ROSES      and      VINES      at     Wholesale     Prices. 
Fine  Standard  ROSES,  best  sorts,  105,  per  dozen. 
Fine  Dwarf  ROSES,  best  sorts,  ^s.  per  dozen. 
Fine  fruiting  VINES,  of  sorts,  5s,  each  ;  54J.  per  dozen. 
Fine  planting  VINES,  of  sorts,  21.  bd.  each;  2±i.  per  doz. 
LISTS  free.    Terms  cash.     Post  Oflice  orders  payable  at  Huntingdon. 
KIRK  ALLEN,  The  Nurseries,  Brampton,  Huntingdon. 


STRONG  STANDARD  APPLES,  PEARS,  and 
WALNUTS.— Fine  Standard  and  dwarf-trained  APRICOTS, 
PEACHES,  and  NECTARINES,  Standard  and  Dwarf  Perpetual 
ROSES,  Evergreen  and  Deciduous  Flowering  SHRUBS,  FOREST 
TREES  of  sorts,  from  2  to  10  feet  Prices  on  application  to 
CHARLES  BURGESS.  The  Nurseries,  London  Road,  Cheltenham. 


To  the  Trade. 

FINEST    STRIPED     FRENCH      MARIGOLD 
Finest  LEMON  AFRICAN   MARIGOLDS 
Finest  ORANGE  AFRICAN  MARIGOLDS 
LOBELIA  SPECIOSA 
TROP^OLUM  CANARIENSE 

ASTERS,  ijUILLED  GLOBE,  finest  colours,  separate  and  mixed 
ANTIRRHINUM,  finest  mixed 
PANSY,  Show,  from  named  flowers 

Prices  on  application. 
DOWNIE.  LAIRD,  and  LAING,  Edinburgli^ 


New  Japanese  Lilies,  Orchids,  Maples,  Conifer  Seed,  &c. 

MESSRS.    TEUTSCHEL    AND     CO.,     Colchester, 
Agents   for   Messrs.  Kramer  &  Co,,  Seedsmen  and  Nurserj'- 
men,  Yokohama,  Japan. 

CATALOGUES  of  Importations  in  preparation,  will  include  three 
New  Lilies  and  L.  Leicbtlinii,  several  New  Orchids,  Seeds  of  Abies 
Firm  a,  &c. 


JAMES  FAIRHEAD,  Seed  Grower,  &c..  Peckham, 
Surrey,  offers  the  following,  all  1871  crop: — 
CARROTS.— Altringham,  Surrey,  James"  Intermediate,  White  and 
Yellow  Belgian. 
MIGNONETTE. 

PEAS.— Early  Sangster's,  Harrison's  Glory,  Ne  Pius  Ultra,  Hair's 
Dwarf  Mammoth,  Veitch's  Perfection. 

Prices  on  application. 


Splendid  Forest  and  Ornamental  Trees. 

LARCH,  extra  fine  and  stout,  transplanted,  2  to 
3  feet,  and  3  to  4  feet,  twice  transplanted,  with  good  lends. 
Grown  on  sound,  exposed  land,  adjoining  Leeming  Lane.  Also  fine 
SYCAMORE,  BIRCH,  LIME,  OAK,  POPLAR,  BEECH,  ELM. 
SPRUCE  FIR,  Sfc,  well  transplanted,  and  among  the  best  and 
cheapest  in  the  Trade. 

Samples  and  price,  very  moderate,  on  application. 
W.  JACKSON  AND  Co..  Nur-eries,  Bedale,  Yorkshire. 

Preliminary  Notice. 

MESSRS.     GEO.    JACKMAN    AND    SON    intend 
distributing   in    May  next  a  set  of  their  hardy  frce-fiowering 
CLEMATIS,  viz.  :— 

C.  Thomas  Moore,  pucy  violet,  white  stamens,  passi flora- like. 
C.  Mrs.  lames  Bateman,  pale  lavender,  fine. 
C.  viticella  rubra  granditiora,  bright  claret-crimson. 
C.  Alexandra,  pale  reddish  violet. 
C.  velutina  purpurea,  rich  blackish  mulberrj*. 
15^.  each.     The  set  of  five  varieties  for  (x>s.     Orders  booked,  and 
sent  out  in  rotation. 

See  CATALOGUE  for  a  general  collection  of  CLEMATISES  in 
slock, 

N.B.  A  Priced  and  Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  HARDY  TREES 
and  SHRUBS  free  on  application. 

Wokin;;  Nursery,  Surrey. 


To  Thicken  Plantations  and  Shady  Walks. 

HEMLOCK  SPRUCE.-^Thisgracetul,  beautiful  Fir, 
so  Jrequently  described  in  American  travels, — 

4  to  5  feet,  55.  per  dozen,  :10s.  per  100. 

5  to  6  feet,  8j.  per  dozen,  50J.  per  100. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


Evergreen  Hedge  or  Screen. 

rpHUJOPSIS     BOKEALIS.  — This    beautiful    silvery 

jL  Conifer,  in  appearance  between  the  Cypress  and  Siberian  Arbor- 
vita;,  is  fast-growing,  compact,  and  bears  clipping  well ;  it  is  so  hardy 
that  no  frost  can  hurt  it  in  Britain. 

Upright,   well-prown    shrubs,  7    feet    high    and   iipwardB,    at    the 


RI 


cmely  low  price  of  30s.  per  dozen. 
CHARD " 


SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


ROBERT  NEAL,  Nurseryman,  Wandsworlh 
Common,  Surrey,  S.W.,  begs  to  offer  to  Gentlemen  who  intend 
planting  this  season  his  large  and  varied  stock  of  FRUIT,  FOREST, 
and  ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES, 
RHODODENDRONS,  CONIFER.E,  SHRUBS,  &c.,  which  arc 
now  in  fine  condition  for  removal.  CATALOGUES  may  be  had  free 
on  application. 

The   Nurseries  are  within  a  few  minutes'  walk  of  the   Clapham 
Junction,  and  Wandsworth  Common  Railway  Stations. 


Forest  and  Ornamental  Planting. 

PETER    LAWSON    and    SON    respectfully    solicit 
early    orders    for    FOREST     TREES    and     ORNAMENTAL 
TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  they  can  supply  to  great  extent. 

The  large  breadths  of  LARCHES,  from  i  to -^^^  feet,  SCOTCH 
FIR,  NORWAY  SPRUCE,  AUSTRIAN  PINES, and  other  leading 
sorts  of  FOREST  TREES,  are  unusualk'  fine,  and  worthy  of  inspec- 
tion. CATALOGUES  and  special  oflers  will  be  furnished  upon 
application. 

Edinburgh  and  London. — December,  1871. 


Planting  Season. 

JAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS  beg  to  draw  attention 
to,  and  to  solicit  an  inspection  of,  their  almost  unlimited  stock 
of  FOREST,  FRUIT,  and  ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  SHRUBS, 
ROSES,  and  all  other  NURSERY  STOCK, 

The  "  Newton"  Nurseries  can  now  be  reached  on  foot  in  8  minutes 
from  the  Chester  Passenfjcr  Station. 

Priced  LISTS  post  free. 
JAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS,  "Newton"  Nurseries,  Chester. 


rpo    WILLOW   GROWERS.— The   Planting   Season 

-L    having  commenced,  WILLIAM  SCALING,  Willow  Nursery- 
man, Basford,  Notts,  is  now  ready  to  execute  orders  for 

WILLOW     PLANTS    and    CUTTINGS    for    Timber  Trees   and 
Coppice  Wood. 

WILLOW  PLANTS  and  CUTTINGS  for  Onamental  Trees  and 
Shrubs. 

WILLOW  CUTTINGS  for  Basket  Makers' purposes. 

BITTER  WILLOW  PLANTS  and   CUTTINGS   for   Hedges  and 
Game  Coverts. 

WILLOW  STOCKS  for  Budding  and  Grafting. 

Descriptive  CATALOGUES  free  upon  application  as  above. 
"THE  SALIX,  OR  WILLOW,"  second  edition,  post  free,  is.;  or 

of SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL  and  CO..  London. 


J  SCOTT.  The  Nurseries,  Merriott.  Somerset,  has  to 
•  offer  300,000  line  HAZEL,  3  to  i,\  feet,  nnd  ■s\  to4i  feet,  at  low 
prices;  .tIso  500,000  fine  transplanted  TH<  >RNS,2i,  3,  and  4  leet ;  wiih 
equal  proportions  of  ALDER,  ASH,  BEECH,  OAK,  and  other 
FOREST  TREES. 

The  FRUIT  TREES  arc  healthy  and  in  large  breadth  ;  the  collec- 
tion is  unrivalled,  nearly  1500  sorts  of  Pear,  1000  of  Apple,  140  of 
Cherry,  184  of  Nectarine  and  Peach,  and  200  of  Plum,  with  other  fruits 
in  proportion,  the  names  of  which  will  be  found  in  J.  S.'s  new  cnuincra- 
ttve  CATALOGUE  of  FRUITS,  36  pages,  just  published,  gratis, 
and  is  the  most  complete  list  of  Fruit  trees  in  the  English  language, 

J.  S.'s  NEW  SEED  LIST  is  ready,  and  can  be  had  free  by  post. 

The  ORCHARDIST  and  COMPANION,  a*.,  in  stamps,  can  still 
be  had. 


January  2o,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


83 


Agricultural  Seeds. 

CHARLES  SHARI'E  ANn  CO..  Seed  Growf.ks 
and  Skkd  Merchants,  Slcaford,  Lincolnshire,  bcp  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  HOME-GROWN 
AGRICULTURAL  SEEDS  is  now  ready  and  will  be  forwarded, 
post  free,  upon  npplication. 


RAYNBIRD.       CALDECOTT,       BAWTREE, 
DOWLING  AND  COMPANY   (Limited), 
Corn,  Sekd,  Manuke.  and  Oilcake  Mekchants.    * 
Address,  20,  Seed  Market,  ^Iark  Lane,  E.G.  ;  or  Basingstoke. 
Samples  and  prices  post  free  on  :ipplication.      Prize  Medals,  1851, 
for  Wheat;  1862,  for  "  E.\ccllent  Seed  Corn  and  Seeds." 

STOCK  MANGEL  SEED.--  This  celebrated 
Somerset  Mangel,  grown  by  Mr.  Taylor  of  Hambridge,  near 
Taunton— from  large  transplanted  bulbs— may  now  be  obtained  from 
MESSRS.  KELWAY  and  SON,  The  Royal  Nursery,  Lan;;porl. 
The  kinds  arc  Long  Red,  Yellow  Globe,  and  Intermecliate  Orange. 
This  is  a  line  opportunity  to  procure  some  pure  stocks.  Prices  on 
application.  

Planting  Seakale,  by  the  100,  1000,  or  10,000. 

'NL  WOOD  ANO  SON  have  an  immense  quantity 
of  SEAKALE  ROOTS  for  Planting.     Prices  will  be  given  on 
application. 

WM.  WOOD  AND  SON,  The  Nurseries,  Maresfield,  near  Uckfield, 
Sussex. 


w 


Best  of  All  Pea. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  having  grown  for  trial  all  the 
New  Peas  which  have  lately  been  introduced  by  Dr.  McLean. 
Mr.  l^xlon,and  others,  have  no  hesitation  in  recommending  McLean's 
HES  T  OK  ALL,  as  richly  worthy  oi"  its  name. 

Si-'iTON  ^  Sons  have  always  on  hand,  ready  for  Sale,  all  the  new 
sorts  of  PEAS,  POTATOS,  and  other  SEEDS,  which  they  supply  at 
the  same  Prices  as  charged  by  the  raisers  who  introducea  them;  as 
sec  Priced  LISTS. 

Royal  IJerks  Seed  Establishment,  Reading. 

Sooly  Qua— New  Chinese  Cucumber. 

WOOD  AND  INGRAM  offer  this  remarkable  variety, 
which  attains  a  length  of  from  5  to  6  feet,  and  a  circumference 
of  from  12  to  i6  inches,  in  packets  of  three  seeds  for  u.  &/.,  or  six  for 
ss.  ttd.     Postaire  stamps  with  orders. 

W.  &  L's  new  select  LIST  of  GARDEN  and  AGRICULTURAL 
SEEDS,  with  an  engraving  from  a  photograph  of  the  above  (ugantic 
novelty  grown  here  last  summer,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  sent  free  on 
application.  The  Nurseries,  Huntingdon. 

Extra  fine  Forcing  and  Planting  Seakale. 

GEORGE   CLARKE  has   many  thousands,  very  fine 
clean   stuff,   this  season,   which   he   begs  to  offer  as   under : — 
Planting   size,  s*-   per   loo ;    forcing,   los.,   12s.,  and   some  superfine 
selected  Crowns,  155.  per  100. 
Nurseries:  Brixton  Hill,  London, S.W.  ;  and  Mottingham,  Kent,S.E. 


Seed  Fotatos. 

HAND  F.  SHARPE'S  Wholesale  LIST  of  SEED 
•  POTATOS  is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had,  post  free,  on 
application.  It  comprises  all  the  best  early  and  late  varieties,  a\so  all 
the  American  sorts  worthy  of  cultivation.  The  quality  is  excellent, 
and  the  prices  very  moderate. 

,  Seed  Growing  Establishment,  Wisbech, 


M 


Wood  Engraving. 
R.  W.   G.   SMITH,   Artist  and   Engraver  on 

Wood,  i?,  North  Grove  West,  Mildmay  Park,  London,  N. 

MR.    JAMES    FRASER^HORTlcuTfuRAlTand 
Agricultural  Valuer  and  Auctioneer,  Mayland's  Farm, 
Romford,  Essex  ;  late  of  the  firm  of  J.  &  J.  Fraser,  Lea  Bridge  Road. 


To  Nurserymen  and  Florists. 

TO  BE  LET,  with  immediate  possession,  near 
Birkenhead  and  Liverpool,  a  well-stocked  NURSERY,  contain- 
ing about  Five  Acres  (including  a  good  House  and  Cottage),  situated 
in  the  midst  of  a  fashionable  and  increasing  neighbourhood. 

ROBERT  DOBSON,  Estate  Agent,  Rock  Ferrj-,  Birkenhead. 


Cambridge. 

To  LANDSCAPE  GARDENERS,  NURSERYMEN  and 
FLORISTS. 

TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  with  immediate  possession, 
in  consequence  of  the  death  of  the  Proprietor,  a  first-class 
GENERAL  LANDSCAPE  GARDENER  and  NURSERYMAN'S 
BUSINESS,  with  Greenhouses,  Stock  in  Trade,  Goodwill,  &c. 

Applications  to  be  made  to  Messrs.  WISBEY  and  SON,  Auctioneers 
and  Land  Agents,  Cambridge. 

To  Nurserymen.  Gardeners,  and  Others. 

VALUABLE  FREEHOLD  PROPERTY,  near  LEICESTER. 

TO  BE  SOLD,  by  Private  Contract,  TWO  first-class 
SEMI-DETACHED  VILLA  RESIDENCES,  each  containing 
Eight  Rooms  and  Scullery,  situate  on  the  main  road  leading  from 
Leicester  to  Melton  Mowbray,  and  within  three  miles  from  the  first- 
named  town.  One  of  the  above  would  be  suitable  for  a  Nurseryman, 
there  being  attached  to  it  about  2500  feet  of  Glass,  ail  Heated  with 
Hot-water  Pipes,  Potting  Shed,  large  Packing  Room,  Store  Rooms, 
Stabling,  and  about  One  Acre  of  excellent  Garden  Land. 

There  is  every  convenience  attached  to  the  above,  with  abundance 
of  Hard  and  Soft  Water.  The  locality  is  central  for  Four  Markets 
a  week,  and  in  all  respects  the  property  presents  a  rare  opportunity  for 
a  competent,  persevering  Man.  The  whole  of  the  Buildings  have 
been  erected  within  the  last  three  years  by  the  present  owner,  who  is 
retiring  from  the  business  in  consequence  of  a  family  bereavement. 

Forfurthcrparticulars.applyto  Mr.  CHARLES  JAMES  HUNTER, 
Solicitor,  13,  Halford  Street,  Leicester, 


SALE    THIS    DAY,   at   HALF-PAST   TWELVE    O'CLOCK. 

Hardy  and  Ornamental  Plants  and  Spring  Bulbs. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  (Jarden,  W.C,  on 
SATURDAY,  fanuary  20.  at  half  past  12  o'Clock  precisely,  an  impor- 
tation of  Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES.  FRUIT  TREES.  Sic,  from 
Holland:  RASPBERRY  CANES.  CARNATIONS,  PICOTEES, 
and  PINKS;  LAURELS,  HOLLIES,  BOX,  CEDARS,  RHODO- 
DENDRONS,  Dwarf-t rained,  Pyramid,  and  Standard  APPLES, 
PEARS,  PLUMS,  APRICOTS,  and  CHERRY  TREES;  specimen 
CONIFERS,  and  a  Variety  of  DECIDUOUS  TREES  and 
SHRUBS;  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS,  choice  GLADIOLI  and 
LILLUMS. 
^ <!)n  view  the  morning  of  Sate,  and  Catalogues  had. 


M 


Seeds,  Bulbs,  and  Tree  Ferns. 

R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 

his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  on 
MONDAY,  January  22.  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely.  10,000 
Bulbs  of  LILIUMAURATUM,  in  two  different  Consignmenis  ;  also 
a  quantity  of  new  and  rare  LI  LI  ES  from  Japan  and  other  parts  ;  two 
Importations  of  TREE  FERNS,  consisting  of  Cyathea  dcalbata, 
Dicksonia  squarrosa,  .and  ant.irctica;  CONES  of  ABIES  NOBILIS, 
and  SEEDS  of  ABIES  FIRM  A;  3  oj:.of  SEED  of  PRIMULA  JAPO- 
NIC A,  just  arrived  from  Jap.^n.  The  lots  are  so  arranged  as  to  suit  the 
Trade  and  private  buyers.  The  Lilies  are  likely  to  contain  varieties, 
as  the  Bulbs  differ  verj'  much  from  previous  Consignments. 
On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Periodical  Sale  of  Poultry  and  Pigeons. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38.  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  on 
""""    '  '    "  o'clock  precisely 


,  first -t 


TUESDAY,  January  zi,  at  half-past 

-  IE     COCHINS,      from 

BRAHMAS,    BUFF    COCHINS,  and    RED    GAME   BANTAMS, 

from    Rev.    T.    C.    Hose;   and  a  variety   of   other    POULTRY   and 

PIGEONS,  from  well-known  Breeders  and  Exhibitors. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had, 

^^Callf orlanTreeSeeds. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. ,  on 
TUESDAY,  lanuary  30,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely,  an  impor- 
tation of  TRfiE   SEEDS,  consisting  of  Wellingtonia  gigantea, 


Pinus  ffexilis 

Cupressus  macrocarpa 

,,      monttcola 

„         Macnabiana 

„      Jeffreyii 

,.         I^wsoniana 

„      ponderosa 

Picea  amabilis 

„      contorta 

Libocedrus  decurrens 

„      insignts 

&c.,             &c. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Notice. 

GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICUL- 
TURAL GAZETTE.— The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready; 
price,  in  cloth,  £t  6s.  6d. 

W.  RICHARDS,  41,  WellinRton  Street,  Strand,  W  C. 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  20,  1872. 


SALES     BY     AUCTION. 


Important  to  Noblemen,  Gentlemen,  Nurserymen,  Ac- 
sale  of  2000  fine  LILIUM   AURATUM,  300  STANDARD 
ROSES,  &c. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  AND  MORRIS  will  SELL 
bv  AUCTION,  at  the  City  Auction  Rooms,  38  and  30,  Grace- 
church  Street,  E.C.,  on  TUESDAY,  Tanuary  30,  at  half-past 
12  o'clock  precisely.  2000  LILIUM  AURATUM,  line  bulbs;  in 
splendid  condition,  from  Japan  :  LILIUMS,  of  sorts  :  GLADIOLUS, 
&C.  ;  300  fine  Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES,  of  the  t>est  varieties: 
selected  FRUIT  TREES,  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  choice  CONI- 
FEROUS and  EVERGREEN  SHRUBS,  &c.,  together  with  a  small 
consiKTiment  of  choice  Manufactures  from  Japan. 

On  view  the  morninp  of  Sale.  Cataloi^ucs  ma\'  be  had  at  the  Rooms, 
as  above,  and  of  the  .Auctioneers  and  A'aluers.  Lcvtonstone,  E. 


Preliminary  Notice— Wlndlesliam,  near  Bagshot. 

EXTENSIVE  UNRESERVED  SALE  of   VALUABLE 
NURSERY  STOCK. 

MESSRS.      PROTHEROE     and     MORRIS     have 
received  instructions  from  Messrs.  G.  Baker  &  Son  to  SELL 
by  AUCTION, on  the  Premises, as  above, on  MOND.AV,  February'  i(), 
and  two  following  days,  at   12  o'clock  precisely  each   day,  without 
reserve,  many  thousands  of  VALUAIU-E  NURSERY  STUCK. 
Further  particulars  will  shortly  appear. 

New  Forest,  Hant£ 

TheNURSERIES.RHINEFIELD.  three  miles  from  Brockenhurst 

and  Holmsley  Stations,  on  the  London  and  South-Western  Railway. 

V.  R.  By  Order  of  the  Co.mmissioners  in  Cii-vrge  of  Her  Majesty'.s 

Woods  and  Forests. 

MR.  F.  ELLEN  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  the 
Railway  Inn,  Brockenhurst,  on  THURSDAY,  Januarj-  25,  at 
half-past  2  o'Clock, 'a  quantity  of  NURSERY  STOCK,  comprising' 
about  8oo,(x)o  2-yr.  Seedling  and  375,(X)0  transplanted  Scotch  Fir, 
350,000  2-yr.  Seedling  and  230,000  transplanted  Oak  ;  15,200  Austrian, 
Corsican,  Weymouth,  and  other  Pines ;  57,000  Larch,  2700  Douglas 
Spruce  .Fir,  iioo  Lawson's  Cypress,  700  Dcodara,  and  other  Trees 
and  Shrubs. 

Catalogues  and  further  particulars  may  be  obtained  on  application 
to  Mr.  L.  H.  CUMBERBATCH,  Queen's  House,  Lyndhurst: 


THE  Home  Cattle  Defence  Association, 
as  represented  by  its  Secretary,  keeps  a 
watchful  eye  on  foreign  stock  ;  and  does  not  fail 
to  take  advantage  of  every  rumour  which  has  a 
tendency  to  show  that  all  imported  animals  are 
vehicles  of  infection,  and  therefore  dangerous  to 
our  home-bred  herds  and  flocks,  which  are  appa- 
rently assumed  to  be,  by  nature,  free  from  all  con- 
tagious and  infectious  maladies.  The  motto  of 
the  Society  is — Ouarantine  or  slaughter  at  the 
landing  place  for  all  imported  stock — and  regu- 
lations which  fall  short  of  this  ultimatum  are 
viewed  with  uncompromising  hostility. 

No  cause  of  complaint  could  be  urged  against 
the  Association  if  it  were  contented  with  a 
simple,  consistent,  and  straightforward  advocacy 
of  its  opinions  ;  but  looking  back  to  the  com- 
munications which  have  been  from  time  to  time 
published  by  the  secretary  of  the  Society,  we 
fail  to  find  evidence  of  that  caution  in  spreading 
vague  reports,  and  candour  in  admitting  errors, 
which  might  be  fairly  expected  from  a  public 
advocate  of  the  public  interest. 

Most  of  the  secretary's  letters  have  been  pub- 
lished in  the  Times,  and  the  statements  contained 
in  them  have  frequently  led  to  inquiries  in  the 
House  of  Commons;  it  is  not  exactly  satisfactory 
therefore  to  observe  that  a  frequent  answer  has 
been  to  the  effect  that  the  statements  were 
inaccurate  in  important  particulars,  or  altogether 
without  foundation.  As  a  specimen  of  the  kind 
of  information  which  the  secretary  of  the  Asso- 
ciation is  in  the  habit  of  giving  for  the  warn- 
ing and  guidance  of  the  agricultural  world,  we 
reproduce  the  following  letter,  which  was  pub- 
lished in  the  Times  of  J  anuary  12: — 

Importation  of  Cattle  Disease. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Times, 

Sir, — There  appears  to  be  a  screw  loose  in  the  arrange- 
ments for  intercepting  importations  of  contagious  diseases 
of  animals,  notwithstanding  the  opening  of  a  waterside 
market,  upon  which  the  stockowners  of  the  kingdom  have 
been  so  much  congratulated. 

On  Sunday  last  the  Florence  steamer,  from  Rotterdam, 
discharged  at  Brown's  Wharf  her  cargo  of  cattle  and 
other  animals.  At  the  expiration  of  the  usual  period  of 
final  inspection  some  of  the  cattle  were  found  to  be  suffer- 
ing from  foot-and-mouth  complaint,  whereupon  the 
cattle  were  re-shipped  to  Deptford.  Unluckily  the  Leo 
steamer,  also  from  Rotterdam,  closely  following  the 
Florence,  lay  alongside  the  same  jetty,  and  landed  her 
cargo  of  cattle  and  other  animals,  which,  after  traversing 
the  same  landing  stage  and  being  confined  for  12  hours 
upon  the  same  boards  trodden  by  the  affected  beasts,  and 
therefore  to  a  moral  certainty  made  vehicles  of  contagion, 
were  set  at  liberty  to  go  anywhere  and  to  mingle  with 
home-bred  stock. 

If  with  a  "safety  market,"  provided  for  the  express 


purpose  of  intercepting  disease,  disease  is  to  be  freely 
admitted  in  this  manner,  there  is  no  hope  of  diminishing 
those  losses  of  home  stock  which  prevent  reduction  in  the 
price  ot  meat.  Moreover,  if  any  British  farmer  had 
neglected  to  give  notice  that  his  premises  were  infected, 
and  had  allowed  animals  to  leave  those  premises,  he  would 
have  subjected  himself  to  a  serious  penalty.  But  what  is 
not  permissible  where  home  cattle  are  concerned  is  prac- 
tised as  the  right  thing  to  do  by  officials  of  the  Privy 
Council  where  foreign  animals  are  concerned.  Jolm. 
Waller,  Home  Cattle  Defence  Association,  8i,  Fenchurch 
Street,  Jan.  11. 

It  is  a  curious  misadventure  for  an  honest 
and  well-intentioned  person  to  have  constructed 
a  statement  which,  being  partly  true,  nevertheless 
so  totally  misrepresents  the  actual  occurrences. 
To  prove  this  we  have  only  to  place  the  facts 
before  our  readers,  without  a  word  of  comment. 
On  Sunday  morning,  January  7,  the  Florence 
steamer,  from  Rotterdam,  landed  at  Brown's 
Wharf  her  cargo  of  120  cattle  and  1343  sheep. 
All  these  animals,  which  at  the  time  of  their  first 
inspection  presented  no  symptoms  of  foot-and- 
mouth  disease,  were reinoved  to  lairs  neartheland- 
ing-place.  Immediately  afterwards  the  landing- 
place  was  washed  and  disinfected,  and  not  till  this 
precautionary  measure  had  been  taken  did  the 
34  cattle,  501  sheep,  and  6g  pigs  land  from  the 
Leo,  and  walk  over  the  "  same  boards  "  to  lairs 
in  another  part  of  the  premises,  where  they  were 
kept  quite  apart  from  the  animals  which  had 
been  landed  from  the  Florence. 

On  Monday  morning  the  inspector  discovered 
three  of  the  1 20  beasts  from  the  Florence  to  be 
suftering  from  foot-and-mouth  disease.  Accord- 
ingly all  the  120  cattle,  and  also  the  1343  sheep 
were  detained  for  slaughter ;  notice  of  the  out- 
break was  given  to  the  police,  and  all  the  direc- 
tions of  clause  19  of  the  Animals'  Order  were 
carried  out.  Subsequently  the  animals  were 
removed  by  water  to  Deptford,  at  the  request  of 
the  importers. 

Meanwhile  the  animals  forming  the  cargo  of 
the  Leo  had  been  kept  separate  from  the  cargo 
of  the  Florence,  in  ortler  to  avoid  the  consequence 
of  clause  9  of  the  Foreign  Animal's  Order,  which 
provides  that — 

"  "Wliere  any  foreign  animal,  forming  part  of  one 
cargo,  has  not  been  kept  separate  from  any  foreign  animal 
forming  part  of  another  cargo,  all  the  foreign  animals 
forming  such  cargoes  shall  be  treated  as  forming  one 
cargo." 

As  the  animals  had  been  kept  separate  they 
could  not  be  dealt  with  legally  as  one  cargo. 

However,  under  clause  10  of  the  Foreign 
Animals'  Order,  the  inspector  has  power  to 
detain  animals  which  he  thinks  may  introduce 
infectious  diseases,  for  any  time  which  he  may 
consider  necessary,  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  all 
the  animals  from  the  Leo  were  detained,  not  for 
"  12  hours  on  the  boards  trodden  by  the  in- 
fected beasts,"  but  until  the  Tuesday  following, 
when,  being  found  free  from  disease,  they  were 
removed  to  the  Metropolitan  Market.  Referring 
to  the  last  paragraph  of  the  letter,  it  is  necessary 
to  remark  that  it  is  not  true  as  stated  that  any 
British  farmer  would  be  subject  to  penalties  for 
moving  animals  from  his  premises  during  the 
prevalence  of  foot-and-mouth  disease  among 
his  stock.  Nothing  in  the  Act  interferes  with 
his  freedom  in  this  respect,  so  long  as  he  does 
not  move  diseased  animals  along  public  ways. 
Local  authorities  have  power  to  make  regu- 
lations for  preventing  the  movement  of  animals 
from  premises  where  disease  exists,  but  in  at 
least  two-thirds  of  Great  Britain  no  such  restric- 
tions are  in  force,  and  most  certainly  in  Middle- 
sex home-bred  animals  which  have  been  herded 
with  diseased  ones  are  moved  in  every  direction 
without  hindrance. 

Since  the  removal  of  the  cordon  from  the 
metropolis  scores  of  cattle  have  been  found  by 
the  inspector  in  the  Metropolitan  Market  and 
lairs,  affected  with  foot-and-mouth  disease,  and 
have  been  detained  for  slaughter  ;  but  no  steps 
have  been  taken,  nor  is  it  probable  that  they 
will  be  taken,  to  prevent  those  animals  which 
have  been  herded  with  them  from  carrying 
infection  far  and  wide. 

We  express  no  opinion  here  of  the  object  which 
the  Home  Cattle  Defence  Association  seeks  to 
attain,  but  we  ask  in  cotnmon  fairness  that  no 
more  alarming  reports  shall  be  circulated  under 
its  official  sanction  until  the  circumstances  have 
been  properly  investigated. 

Like  an  ill-tempered  mare,  the  EDUCATION  of 
the  Agricultural  Labourer  is  a  ticklish  sub- 
ject. Legislators  have  "  gee'd  "  to  it  and  "  woa'd  " 
to  it,  and  used  all  sorts  of  blandishments  in  vain 
to  induce  either  settlement  or  movement.    Some^ 


84 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  20,  1872. 


where  wc  have  read  that  "  great  is  the  distance 
'twixt  country  and  town,"  and  most  emphatically 
does  this  appear  when  we  attempt  to  deal  with 
the  education  question  as  affecting  both.  Little 
difficulty  ought  to  attend  its  settlement  in  towns  ; 
many  a  one  will  have  to  be  met  in  meeting  the 
wants  of  agriculturists — in  fact,  the  problem  how, 
and  how  best  to  educate  our  rural  population 
can  only  be  solved  by  special  consideration. 

A  boy  cannot  at  school  receive  all  the  education 
necessary  to  make  him  an  intelligent  man.  At 
school— and  we  are  speaking  of  those  who  have 
to  pass  at  an  early  age  into  the  ranks  of 
bread-winners— at  school  he  simply  receives 
the  foundation  for  the  superstructure  to 
be  raised  by  application  and  observation 
in  after  years.  In  large  towns  and  cities 
there  are  evening  classes  for  all  grades  of 
learners,  where  all  kinds  of  subjects  are  syste- 
matically taught  :  what  has  the  villager  given  him 
as  a  similar  make-weight  ?  Virtually  nothing. 
We  have  yet  to  learn  that  the  willing-minded 
lad  has  any  chance  of  acquiring  at  school  a 
knowledge  of  even  the  rudiments  of  that  special 
education  which  alone  is  fitted  to  make  him  a 
successful  agricultural  labourer. 

We  see  it  announced  that  the  Society  of 
Arts  are  to  abandon  their  usual  examination,  by 
which  in  a  number  of  centres  throughout  the 
country  they  have  tested  the  school  education  of 
young  men;  and  seeing  that  that  is  now  provided 
for  by  Government,  they  are  to  confine  themselves 
to  examinations  in  the  science  and  technology  of 
tlie  various  arts  and  manufactures  of  this  country, 
conducted  by  a  board  of  examiners  representing 
the  abstract  science  involved,  as  well  as  the 
practical  knowledge  and  skill  in  its  application. 
No  doubt  agriculture  will  find  its  place  on  them, 
and  it  is  possible  that  even  such  humble  technical 
knowledge  as  the  shepherd,  or  the  groom,  or  the 
attendant  on  the  steam-plough  or  threshing 
machine,  requires,  may  be  submitted  to  the 
test  of  their  examination. 

Failing  these,  it  may  be  well  to  cast  a  glance 
at  what  some  of  the  London  Guilds  are  doing. 
Some  of  them  are  offering  prizes  for  the  best 
specimens  of  work  in  trades  from  which  the  guilds 
derive  their  titles  ;  and  ihis  is  certainly  a  step 
forward.  Only  one  company  or  guild  has  done 
this  for  a  long  series  of  years — the  Painter- 
Stainers  ;  a  humble  guild  it  may  be,  which 
nevertheless  has  done,  and  will  continue  to  do, 
good  work.  Possibly  the  various  companies  will 
eventually  unite  in  founding  a  Technical  College, 
where  the  practice  of  the  workshop  will  be  supple- 
mented by  teaching  in  the  class-room.  Surely, 
this  is  a  consummation  most  devoutly  to  be 
wished.  Now,  are  there  any  bodies  in  the 
agricultural  world  which  can  be  named  as  the 
ecjuivalent  for  those  in  London  and  elsewhere  ? 
We  think  there  are.  But,  not  to  take  the 
hurdles  too  lapidly,"  we  must  first  consider 
that  certain  educational  facilities  already  exist 
in  the  country— that  many  schools  now  teach 
much  that  is  good,  and  might  more  that  would 
be  better ;  then  the  thing  to  settle  is,  how- 
to  get  the  greatest  good  out  of  these  institu- 
tions, and  what  to  add  to  them  to  bring  them 
up  to  the  requirements  of  the  times.  Our 
guild-equivalents  in  the  agricultiu'al  world  are 
Farmers'  Clubs,  Chambers  of  Agriculture,  and, 
in  England,  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society. 
Certain  is  it,  that  to  no  more  profitable  subject 
could  they  turn  attention  than  the  technical  educa- 
tion of  our  agricultural  population.  High-class 
impJements  are  now  becoming  the  rule  where  but 
recently  they  were  the  exception,  and  their 
number  must  continue  to  increase.  The  cultiva- 
tion of  the  soil  becomes  more  and  more  scientific, 
and  the  breeding  and  rearing  of  valuable  live 
stock  necessitates  the  employment  of  intelligent 
and  observant  men.  The  education  of  the  junior 
agriculturist  has  not  hitherto  been  in  keeping 
with  the  advances  made  in  implements  and  in 
stock  ;  let  the  agricultural  -brain — and  it  is  a 
massive  one  think  out  the  problem  how  to  get 
Ihc'twoto  run  more  evenly  together  in  the  shafts. 
Any  representations  they  may  make  to  Govern- 
ment will  assuredly  be  well  received,  for  wa  be- 
lieve that  all  "parties"  are  thcn'oughly  in  earnest 
in  making  up  for  the  valuable  time  lost  'twixt 
'3;  and  '71. 

That  wc  do  not  needlessly  draw  attention 
to  this  matter  the  columns  of  the  Ai^ricuHnral 
Gametic  abundantly  prove:  and  we  hope  that  no 
time  may  be  lost  in  giving  it  that  prominence 
in  discussion  and  action  which  we  believe  the 
subject  of  agricultural  education  richly  de- 
serves. E. 


At  Mark  Lane  on  Monday  trade  was  firm,  and 

all  good  qualities  made  the  full  price  of  the  previous 
week  ;  corn  was,  however,  generally  in  bad  condition. 
On  Wednesday  trade  was  dull.  Good  English  Wheat, 
indeed,  commanded  the  late  rates,  but  all  other  kinds 

were  neglected. At  the  Metropolitan  Cattle  Market 

supplies  have  been  rather  short,  and  trade  was  pretty 
brisk  on  Monday.   On  Thursday,  however,  it  was  dull, 

owing  to  the  immense  supplies  of  dead  meat. The 

agricultural  seed  trade  has  hardly  yet  wakened  up  to 
the  usual  spring  activity. 

We  have  been  requested  to  publish  the  follow- 
ing correspondence  : — 

(Copy.) 
ToH.  M.Jenkins,  Esq.,  Sccrefaiy.  Jioyal  Agnail/iiral 
Society  of  England. 
Sudbury  Hall,  Derby,  January  9,  1872. 

Dear  Mr.  Jknkins, — .Accompanying  this  you  will  re- 
ceive tlie  copy  of  a  letter  addressed  to'me  by  the  French 
Foreign  Minister. 

I:  is  unnecessary  to  allude  to  it  further  than  to  say  that 
it  has  been  a  source  of  pride  to  me  to  h.ave  been  associated 
in  the  performance  of  a  philanthropic  work  for  the  benefit 
of  a  neiglibouring  country  in  its  hour  of  bitterest  distress. 
I  shall  never  forget,  that  if  circumstances  placed  me  at 
the  liead  of  our  work,  it  was  the  sagacity  of  my  colleagues 
which  brought  about  the  result  for  which,  apparently,  I 
receive  the  honourable  recognition  of  the  French  Govern- 
ment. 

The  cordial  manner  in  which  my  colleagues  have  always 
co-operated  with  me,  is  a  guarantee  that  they  will  join  in 
viewing  this  testimonial  as  a  record  of  approval  of  our 
united  efforts,  and  that  they  will  be  satisfied  that  it 
should  rest  in  my  keeping. 

Whenever  we  do  separate  we  shall  all  look  back  to  our 
intimate  association  with  unmixed  pleasure. 

Believe  me,  yours  very  faithfully,  Vernon. 

(Copy.) 
A  Lord  Vernon,  President  dii  Comitk  pour  la  dis- 
tribution des  Scmences  aux  Agricultettrs  JYani^ais. 
Versailles,  le  30  Novembrc,  1871. 
My  Lord,  — L'ceuvre  du  Comit6  qui  s'est  charge,  sous 
voire  direction,  de  venir  aux  secours  des  Agriculteurs 
fran9ais,  victimes  de  la  guerre,  en  leur  faisant  distribuer 
des  semences,  a  rendu  u  la  France  de  trop  grands  services 
pour  c|ue  le  President  de  la  Rcpublique,  nc  ful  pas 
dcsireux  de  vous  donner  un  temoignage  de  sa 
gratitude.  Le  President  m'a  charge  de  vous  offrir 
line  porcelaine  de  Sevi-es.  Je  m'empresse  de  vous 
transmettrc  ce  souvenir,  et  je  me  felicile  d'etre,  en  cette 
circonstance,  I'interprete  duChof  del'Etat,  et  d'avoir  cette 
occasion  de  vous  exprimer,  my  lord,  nies  sentiments 
personnels  de  haute  consideration. 

Le  Ministre  des  Affaires  Etrangeres,       Remusat. 

(Translation.) 
To  Lord  Vernon,  President  of  the  Committee  for  the  Dis- 
tribution of  Seeds  to  the  French  Farmers. 

Versailles,  November  30,  1871. 
My  L<JKD, — The  work  which  the  committee,  under 
your  presidency,  undertook  in  coming  to  the  aid  of  those 
among  the  farmers  of  France  who  were  the  victims  of  the 
war,  by  causing  seeds  to  be  distributed  among  them,  was 
of  such  great  value  to  France,  that  the  President  of  the 
Repubhc  can  but  feel  desirous  of  offering  you  some  mark 
of  his  gratitude.  The  President  has  desired  me  to  pre- 
sent you  with  a  vase  of  Sevres  porcelain.  I  lose  no  time 
in  forwarding  this  souvenir  to  you,  and  I  rejoice  to  be,  in 
this  matter,  the  interpreter  of  the  Chief  of  the  Stale,  and 
to  have  this  opportunity  of  expressing  to  you,  my  Lord, 
my  personal  sentiments  of  high  regard. 

The  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs,  RemusAT. 

The  Mark  Lain-  Express  last  week  published 

the  returns  of  its  correspondents  regarding  the  Grain 
Crots  or  THE  Country.  The  following  is  an  extract 
from  its  account  of  the  large  mass -of  correspondence 
which  is  tabulated  in  its  columns  : — 

"Taking  the  accepted  average  of  the  country  at 
28  bush,  of  Wheat  per  acre,  these  returns  show  328  dis- 
tricts to  be  under  an  average,  121  to  reach  to  an  average, 
and  29  only  to  be  above  an  average.  Over  the  harvest  of 
1S70,  similar  advices  gave  156  districts  under  an  average, 
213  at  an  average,  and  118  above.  It  will  be  found,  how- 
ever, that  many  of  the  present  returns  speak  more  strongly 
against  the  Wheat  crop  of  1S71  than  would  be  nnplied  in 
the  phrase  merely  '  under  an  average.'  Thus  we  have  '  the 
worst  crop  for  many  years  ' — '  never  known  to  be  so  bad  ' 
- — '  nuich  under  an  average  '—'condition  bad  and  unsale- 
able ' — '  full  third  under  average,  and  much  of  it  stacked 
in  bad  order,'  with  a  preponderance  of  similar  advices 
alike  against  the  yield  and  the  (|uality  of  the  crop.  The 
Barleys  show  far  better,  particularly  when  jjut  m  com- 
parison with  last  year;'whilc  of  Oats  there  was  pretty 
generally  a  fairly  good  growth  ;  exceptionally  favourable 
in  certain  districts,  but  very  seldom  less  than  an  average." 

The    HoLKiiAM    Lka.m;,    in    another    page, 

deserves  careful  study.  It  is.  hardly  possible  to  over- 
estimate the  influence  or  the  value  of  the  noble  prece- 
dent here  established  on  a  great  estate  by  the  6lh  clause. 
Absolute  freedom  of  cultivation  is  conceded  until  the 
last  four  years  of  the  lease,  during  which,  if  an  agree- 
ment for  a  new  lease  has  not  been  effected,  the  tenant 
is  to  adopt  the  4-course  system  of  husbandry. 

Wc  have  received  from  Mr.  W.  lIorK,  V.C., 

Parsloes,  Barking,  a  reply  to  the  communication  from 
Mr.  H.  J.  MoRCrAN,  on  sewage  utilisation,  which 
appeared  last  week.  It  gives  the  history  of  the  Metro- 
polis Sewage  Company,  and  of  Mr.  Morgan's  con- 
nection with  it  as  secretary  ;  and  it  makes  certain 
corrections  of  that  gentleman's  account  of  the  discus- 
sion before  the  Society  of  Arts.     Mr.  Hope  says  ; — 


"  1.  I  did  not  say  that  I  agree  'completely '  with  Mr. 
Pailky  Denton. 

"  2.  I  did  not  say  that  '  the  ntetropolis  is  already  fully 
supplied  with  everything  whicli  it  is  in  the  power  of  sew- 
age to  grow  excepting  corn, '  nor  did  I  nicUte  use  of  any 
expression  tending  in  the  slightest  degree  to  convey  this 
impression. 

"  3.  I  did  not  say  that  12,000  tons  of  sewage  could  not 
be  parsed  throiigh  an  acre  of  land  Within  li  nidriths. 

"4.  I  did  not  say  that  I  had  passed  31,000  tons  of 
sewage  tlirough  an  acre  of  my  own  land  in  a  year. 

"5.  I  did  not  say  that  '  the  best  use  of  sewage  would 
be  found  in  the  application  of  that  of  20  to  25  persons  to 
an  acre  in  the  production  of  cereals.'  " 

We   are   unable  to    give  the  whole  letter  immediate 
publication. 


VUR  LIVE  STOCK. 


CATTLE. 

We  this  week  give  a  list  of  the  Lightburne  herd 
(noticed  at  p.  19),  with  a  few  additional  particulars. 
In.  the  bull  section  : — 

Guano  Duke  17TH  (24,064).  rich  roan,  calved  May  4, 
1866,  got  by  2D  Dure  of  Wiiarfkoale  (19,649),  dam 
Grand  Duchess  izth  by  Imperial  Oxford  (18,084),  was 
purchased  in  1868  for  300  gsi  at  Mr.  Betts'  sale  at  Preston 
Hall. 

Prince  of  Ligiitburnk,  red  and  white,  calved 
October  4,  1869,  got  by  Granp  Duke  i7tH  (24,064), 
dam  Princess  id  by  3D  DUKE  or  Thorni:)ALF.  (17.749). 
was  bred  by  Mr.  Progden.  His  colour  is  unexceptionable, 
and  he  is  a  model  of  symmetry  ;  a  most  promising  young 
buU;  and  one  highly  valued  by  his  owner. * 

Baron  Russ  (27,966),  roan,  calved  May  23,  1870,  got 
by  Grand  Duke  17TH  (24,064),  dam  Elvira  yi  by  8th 
Duke  of  Oxford  (15,939) ;  bred  by  Mr,  Brogden. 

Grand  Duke  of  Lightburne  3D,  red  and  a  httle 
white,  calved  Julv  4,  1870,  got  by  Grand  DuKt;  lOTH 
(21,848),  dam  Red  Rose  ^th  by  Grand  DukE  4TH 
(19,874);  bred  by  Mr.  Brogden. 

Prince  Bismarck,  roan,  calved  May  24,  1871,  gt)t  by 
Grand  Duke  17111  (24,064),  ddiii  FJvira  ^d  by  8th 
Duke  of  Oxford  (15,939) ;  bred  by. owner. 

Dukk  of  Oxford  23D,  white,  calved  July  4,  1871;  got 
by  4rH  Bakon  Oxford  (25,580),  dam  draitd  Duchess  of 
Oxford  c)th  by  12TH  Duke  of  Oxford  (19,633)  ;  bred  by 
his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  and  purchased  by  Mr, 
Brogden,  when  two  months  old,  for  155  gs. 

Meathup,  rich  roan,  calved  September  10,  1871,  got 
by  Grand  Duke  17TH  (24,064),  dam  Cordelia  6/A  by 
Kfntucky  (22,029) ;  bi'^'i  *^y  ^^i"-  Brogden. 

Among  cows  and  heifers  we  notice  : — 

FJvira  id,  roan,  calved  September  6,  i860,  got  by  the 
8tii  Duke  of  Oxford  (15,939),  dam  Ruby  Rose  %d  by 
Baronet  (10,918);  bred  by  Mr.  Drewry.  In  calf  to 
Grand  Duke  i7TH. 

Elvira  ^d,  red  and  white,  calved  August  19,  1861,  got 
by  8th  Duke  of  Oxford  (15,939),  dam  Rnby  Rose  2d 
by  Baronft  (10,918)  ;  bred  by  Mr.  Drewry.  In  calf  to 
Grand  Duke  i7tn. 

Cordelia  5M,  red  and  white,  calved  September  13,  i86r, 
got  by  9TH  Duke  of  Oxford  (17,738),  dam  Cordelia  ^d 
by  Prince  of  Gloucester  (17,738)  ;  bred  by  Mr. 
Drewry.     In  calf  to  Grand  Duke  i7Tn. 

Ruliy  Rose  ^fli,  roan,  calved  in  1862,  got  by  GoLDRiLl* 
(16,177),  dam  Ruby  Rose  3^  by  VOLTlGEUR  {12,274). 
Purchased  at  the  Holker  sale. 

Princess  ■zd,  red  and  white,  calved  June  13,  1864,  got 
by  3D  Duke  of  Thohndale  (17,749),  d^'"  Lady  Sale 
by  Old  Rowley  (15,020).  Pj-i7iccss  -zd  is  on  the  eve  of 
calving  to  the  celebrated  Holker  bull,  BaRon  Oxford 
4TH.  She  was  purchased  from  Mr.  Mackintosh,  Essex, 
by  Mr.  Foster,  of  Kilhow,  and  was  knocked  down  to  Mr. 
Brogden  at  the  Kilhow  sale  for  300  gs. 

Red  Rose  ^th,  red  and  a  Httle  white,  calved  April  30, 
1865,  got  by  Grand  Duke  4TH  (19,874},  dam  Red  Rose 
2d  bv  Englishman  (19,701)  ;  purchased  from  Mr.  Betts, 
Preston  Hall.     In  calf  to  Grand  Dukf,  17TH. 

Ruby  Rose  ^th,  light  roan,  calved  June  4,  1667,  got 
by  Kentucky  (22,029),  dahi  Ruby  Rose  j^fh  by  Gold- 
rill  (16,177)  ;  in  calf  to  Grand  Duke  17711.  Bred  by 
Mr.  Brogden. 

Elvira  Stli,  red  and  white,  calved  Febmary  9,  1868. 
got  by  loTH  Grand  Duke  (21,848),  dam  Elvira  st/by 
8th  Duke  of  Oxford  (15.939)  ;  in  calf  to  Grand 
Duke  17TIL     Bred  by  Mr.  Drewry. 

Cordelia  6th,  rich  roan,  calved  July  2,  1868.  got  by 
Kentucky  (22,029),  dam  Cordelia  ^th  by  gTH  DUKB  OF 
Oxford  (17,738)  ;  bred  by  owner. 

Princess  4/I1,  light  roan,  calved  October  30,  1868,  got 
by  Royal  Camukidoe  (25,009),  dam  Princess  sd  by  30 
Duke  of  Tjiokndale  (17,749) :  l^red  by  Mr.  Brogden. 

Ruby  Rose  6fh,  white,  calved  November  12,  1868,  got 
by  Grand  Duke  i7rH  (24,064),  dam  Ruby  Rose  ^f/i  by 
Goldrill  (16,177) ;  in  calf  to  Prince  of  Lightburne. 
Bred  by  Mr.  Brogden, 

Winsome  jtli,  red,  calved  January  g,  1869,  gol  by 
Grand  Dukf,  loiH  (21,848),  dam  Winsome  by  Oxford 
2p  (18,507)  ;  in  calf  to  Bakon  Oxford.  A  splendid 
animal,  purchased  from  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Devonshire, 
when  2  years  old,  for  300  gs. 

Elvira  gth,  red.  calved  February  24,  1869,  got  by 
Grand  Duki;  iotii  (21,848),  dam  FJvira  3D,  by  8tu 
Duke  of  Oxfdrd  {25,939) :  '"  *^^^^  to  Prince  of  Light- 
burne.    Bred  by  owner. 

Elvira  ioth,'  rich  roan,  calved  March  31,  1869,  got 
by  Grand  Dl  kk  17TII  (24,064),  dam  Elvira  zd  by 
8th  DuKi:  of  Oxford  (15,939)  ;  in  calf  to  PRiNCR  of 
Ligiitburnk.     Bred  by  owner. 

Cordelia  jtli,  roan,  calved  July  5,  1870,  gol  by  Grand 


*  W*  cannot  addlice  a  hiffher  compliment  to  our  eulogy  of 
Prince  or  Lightuurne  than  by  sfxyinc  thai  since  the  above  was 
written  he  has  been  transferred  lo  the  Holker  herd,  having  been 
bought  from  Mr.  Brogden  by  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Devonshire. 


January  20,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


85 


DUKF.  17111  (24,064),  dam  Cordelia  5W,  by  glH  DUKB 
OF  OxixiKli  (17,738);  bred  by  owner,       ,     ^^_. 

Dudicss  of  LiqlitbiinK,  rich  roan,  calved  October  29, 
1870,  sot  by  Bakon  Oxford  4T11,  dam  Elvira  ith  by 
loin  Gkan'D  Duke  (21,848) ;  bred  by  owner. 

O,;/;!/  Dachas  of  Liglithnnc,  red  and  a  little  white, 
calved  March  5, 1871,  got  by  Granb  Duke  idth  (21,848), 
dam  Princess  2d  by  3D  DUKic  OF  Thorndalf,  (17,149)  1 
bred  by  owner. 

. The  following  interesting  particulars  regarding 

the  career  of  Mr.  Richard  Eastwood  are  abridged  from 
Mr.   Tliornton's  memoir   of   that   eminent   Khorthorn 
breeder,  in  the  Circular  for  October.      Mr  .  Eastwood 
was  formerly  a  solicitor,  and  afterwards  became  agent 
to  Colonel  Towneley.     His   first   essay  in   Shorthorn 
breeding  was  made  by  the  purchase  of  cheap  cattle, 
which,  after  some  time,  were  sold  off.     At  the  \  ork 
Show,  1S42,  he  saw  Butta-ciip,  the  dam  of  Bui  "IERFLy, 
and  subsequently  purchased  her  at  Mr.  Watson's  sale. 
His  career  as  a  breeder  and  how  he  sold  his  herd  to 
Colonel  Towneley  has  been  well  told  by  the  "  Druid 
in   Saddle   and  Sirloin. 
We   add   a   few  of  the 
leading  particulars  : — 

Barmpton  Rose  (the 
dam  of  Bul/erciip)  was 
bred  by  Mr.  Waldy  at 
Barmpton ;  Mr.  W. 
Wetherell  had  often  no- 
ticed her  as  a  heifer,  and 
tried  to  buv  her  ;  at  last 
Mr,  Waldy  said  he  might 
have  her  and  her  calf 
Bessy  for  ^50  :  it  was  no 
civil  bargain  on  either 
side,  for  the  money  was 
paid  and  the  cow  and  calf 
driven  away  on  the  in- 
stant. She  vas  in  calf  at 
the  time,  and  produced 
.the  beautiful  Princess 
Poyal  (bought  by  Earl 
Ducie  for  230  gs.),  .and 
the  three  were  eventually 
sold  to  Mr.  Watson,  of 
Walkcringham.  Mr.  La.x, 
at  Ravensworth,  was  said 
at  that  time  to  have  had 
the  best  small  herd  in  the 
country.  Mr.  John  Booth 
sent  Bracelet  to  his  Mus- 
sulman, the  produce 
being  the  celebrated  sire 
Buckingham  (3239),  and 
the  prize  bull  Captain 
Shaftoe  (6833)  went 
from  the  same  herd  into 
Lincolnshire.  From  Mr. 
La.\,  Mr.  Eastwood 
bought  Duke  (9032),  of 
"Cherry"  blood,  by  Me- 
HEMET  Ali  (for  whom 
Mr.  Torr  bid  300  gs. ), 
and  lie  became  the  sire 
of  Frederick  (11,489), 
a  plain  twin  calf,  which 
was  to  have  gone  to  Mr. 
Manning,  but  went  in- 
stead to  a  tenant  on  the 
Whitewell  Moors.  When 
shooting  two  or  three 
years  aftenvards,  Mr. 
Eastwood  observed  a  lot 
of  good  calves,  and  the 
keeper  said  they  were  by 
Frederick.  The  tenant, 
shortly  coming  up.  asked 
if  he  might  sell  the  bull, 
"  No,"  said  Mr.  East- 
wood, "he  may  go  to 
another  tenant,"  but 
seeing  how  good  his 
calves  were,  he  asked 
what  the  bull  was  worth 
in  the  market?  "About 
;^8,"  replied  the  tenant. 
"Then  take  him  to 
Towneley,"was  the  reply, 
"  and  I'll  give  you  a  ten- 
pound  note  for  him."  Be- 
ing very  poor,  and  scarcely 

able  to  walk,  he  was  not  at  first  allowed  to  be  used  with 
the  herd,  but  he  afterwards  begot  Master  Buttf.rfey 
(13,311)  and  Royal  Butterfly  (r6,3ii),  as  well  as  most 
of  the  celebrated  Towneley  winners.  The  fame  of  these 
animals  is  well  known.  When  Master  Butterfly  won 
the  1st  prize  at  the  Royal  at  Chelmsford,  Mr.  Eastwood 
was  asked  to  sell  him,  and  said  he  should  want  a  long 
price,  1500  gs.  at  least.  Twelve  hundred  guineas  \vere 
bid  at  once  and  accepted,  and  Mr.  Strafford,  through 
whose  recommendation  several  of  the  Towneley  animals 
had  been  collected,  bought  the  bull  for  ,  Australia. 
Mr.  Eastwood  always  liked  to  have  a  few  choice  Short- 
horns on  the  farm  at  Thomeyholme.  Lately,  however, 
increasing  age  told  upon  him,  and  when  his  neighbour, 
Mr.  Jonathan  Peel,  proposed  selling  the  Knowlmere  herd, 
he  thought  it  a  fitting  time  to  sell  his  own  ;  so  the  two 
herds  were  sold  together  last  spring  at  Wfiitewell.  From 
the  time  the  sale  was  proposed  nothing  but  ill-luck 
prevailed.  Barmpton  Butter/ly  2d  died,  Lady  Spencer 
became  too  ill  to  bring  out,  and  Dtichess  of  Towneley' \ 
beautiful  red  heifer  calf  was  lost,  yet,  notwithstanding 
these  drawbacks,  the  stock  came  out  in  blooming  condi- 
tion, realising  for  the  entire  herd  of  15  head  the  e.xtra- 
ordinary  average  of  £i^i  8j.  grf.  Mr.  Eastwood  was 
exceedingly  weak  and  ill  at  the  time  of  the  sale,  so  much 


so  that  he  could  not  be  present.  In  the  evening,  when  the 
cheque  was  handed  over  to  him,  he  remarked  that  it  was 
just  a  thousand  more  than  he  e.vpected,  and  that  he  was 
rewarded  at  last.  In  a  short  time  he  removed  for  a  little 
change  near  the  sea  at  Morecambe,  but  he  gradually 
sank,  and  passed  away  in  his  70th  year. 


NOTEWORTHY  AGRICULTURISTS. 

Mr.  William  M'Combie,  M.P. 

[For  the  folloxVing  portrait   and   memoir,    we  are  Indebted    to 

Messrs.  Cassell's  Farnjers'  AbitauacA 

Mr.  M'Comhie  is  sufficiently  well  known  to  all 
agricultural  readers  in  the  southern  .as  well  as  the 
nortliern  half  of  the  island.  He  has  long  been  a  lead- 
ing man  in  the  agricultural  world  of  Scotland  ;  and  as 
Member  of  Tarliament  for  his  native  county  he  has 
attained  a  leading  position  in  the  English  agricultural 
world  also.  Known  at  first  in  London  as  a  breeder 
and  stock-farmer,  sending  some  of  the  finest  animals 
southward  that  are  seen  either  in  our  fat  stock  shows 
dr  in  the  Metropolitan  Cattle  Market— introduced  to  : 


the  lowlands  is  dead,  for  as  big  and  as  strong  as  he  was.' 
One  of  his  descendants,  Donald  M'Combie,  settled  in  the 
North,  and  an  ancestor  in  direct  descent  of  the  cousins  at 
Tillyfour  and  Easter  Skene  was  buried  just  150  years  since 
in  the  parish  of  Tough.  His  grandson  William  began  to 
farm  Lynturk  in  1748,  and  was""  reputed  to  be  the  strongest 
man  in  seven  parishes  round.  He  had  also,  lilce  '  the  big 
M'Combie,'  seven  sons,  of  which  the  three  youngest — • 
Thomas,  Peter,  and  Charles — all  became  lairds.  Thomas 
was  an  Aberdeen  baillie,  and  left  Easter  Skene  to  his  son 
William,  the  present  possessor,  who  also  got  Lynturk 
through  his  uncle  Peter  ;  and  Charles,  who  did  not  care 
for  the  quiet  life  of  an  ,-\berdeen  merchant,  and  preferred 
the  more  exciting  one  of  a  lean  cattle  dealer,  invested  in 
land,  and  left  Tillyfour  and  TuUyriach  to  his  eldest  son, 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Charles  M'Combie,  minister  of  Lumphanan, 
who  lets  them  to  his  brother." 


Mr.    WILLtA^^     M'COMBIE,     M.P. 


us  also  by  his  own  pen  and  other  pens  in  works 
descriptive  of  the  agriculture  of  his  county— he  has 
since  found  his  way  to  the  front  in  connection  with 
many  public  movements  having  especially  an  agricul- 
tural interest.  He  led  his  county  in  the  successful 
effort  which  it  made  to  resist  the  introduction  of  the 
cattle  plague,  and  he  has  since  led  it  in  its  protests 
against  the  hardships  inflicted  under  coyer  of  the 
Game  Laws.  The  energy  and  ability  displayed  in 
these  and  other  ways  led  to  his  being  returned  to  Par- 
liament at  the  last  election  by  his  brother  farmers,  as 
Member  for  Aberdeenshire.  Mr.  M'Combie  belongs 
to  a  Highland  family,  of  which  the  following  notice  is 
extracted  from  the  late  Mr.  H.  ll.  Dixon's  amusing 
volume,  entitled  Field  and  Fern  : — 

"'The  powerful,  pushing,  and  prosperous  race'  of 
M  'Combies  are  first  heard  of  in  Glenshee  and  Glenisla. 
The  name  signilies  '  son  of  Thomas,'  and  the  family  is 
specially  mentioned  as  Clan  M  'Thomas,  in  the  clan  roll. 
They  were  all  men  of  large  stature  ;  and  the  '  great 
M'Combie'  kept  the  Cateran  in  such  check,  that  one  of 
their  number  thus  announced  his  death  :  '  Blessed  be 
the  Virgin  Mary  I  the  great  M  'Combie  in  the  head  of 


K.IINIT,   OR  CRUDE    POTASS   SALTS. 
The  substance  imported  from  Germany  under  the 

name  of  Kainit,  is  a  mixture  of  sulphate  of  potass,  sul- 
phate of  magnesia,  chlo- 
'ride  of  magnesium,  and 
chloride  of  sodium  or 
common  salt,  with  small 
and  immaterial  amounts 
of  some  other  matters. 
It  is  found  as  a  natural 
deposit  ;  and  although 
different  samples  differ 
more  or  less  in  compo- 
sition, the  analyses  of 
L')r.  Voelcker  show  it  to 
contain  :  —  From  23  to 
25  per  cent,  sulphate  of 
potass  ;  from  14  to  2S 
per  cent,  salts  of  mag- 
nesia ;  from  30  to  48 
per  cent,  chloride  of 
sodium,  or  common  salt. 
In  round  numbers  it 
may  be  said  to  contain 
about  13  per  cent,  of 
potass.  The  cost  of  the 
manure  by  the  time  it 
reaches  the  farmer's 
hands  will  be  nearly  /'4 
per  ton ;  and  assuming 
it  to  contain  from  23  to 
25  per  cent,  of  sulphate 
of  potass,  it  supplies  that 
substance  at  the  rate  of 
from  £16  to  £l^  per 
ton,  which  is  not  far 
from  its  cost  in  the  form 
of  the  ordinary  sulphate 
of  potass  of  commerce, 
containing  from  90  to 
92  per  cent,  of  the  pure 
salt.  This  is  allowing 
nothing  for  the  other 
constituents  ;  for,  if  in  a 
few  cases  they  may  be 
of  some  value,  in  the 
majority  they  will  only 
add  to  the  cost  of  car- 
riage. 

As  many  agiiculturists 
are  using  the  Kainit 
salts,  and  I  receive  many 
inquiries  as  to  whether 
the  application  of  them 
is  likely  to  be  profitable, 
it  may  be  of  some  inte- 
rest to  give  a  brief  state- 
ment of  the  results  ob- 
tained from  the  use  of 
salts  of  potass,  soda,  and 
magnesia,  at  Rotham- 
sted,  where  experiments 
have  been  made  with 
them  for  nearly  30 
years. 

Barley. — In  the  expe- 
rimental field   in  which 
Barley  has  now  been  grown  for  20  years  in  succession, 
one  plot  has  been  manured  every  year  with  ammonia 

'  salts  and  superphosphate  of  lime,  and  another  with  the 
same  amount  per  acre  of  ammonia  salts  and  superphos- 
phate of  lime,  and,  in  addition,  200  lb.  sulphate  of 
potass,  100  lb.  sulphate  of  soda,  and  100  lb.  sulphate  of 
magnesia,  every  year.    The  result  is,  that  there  has  been 

'  practically  no  increase  of  crop  by  the  use  of  the  potass, 
soda,  and  magnesia  salts,  notwithstanding  the  exhaust- 

I  ing  character  of  the  process  of  removing  both  corn  and 
straw  every  year  for  20  years  in  succession.  It  is 
obvious,  that,  in  this  case,  the  soil  itself  supplied  sufli- 

:  cieht  alkalies  for  the  production  of  20  crops  of  Barley 

[  grain  and  straw. 

ir/ieai.—Vot  more  than  20  years  one  plot  in  the  ex- 
perimental Wheat  field  has  been  manured  with  super- 
phosphate of  lime  and  ammonia  salts  every  year  ;  and 
another  with  the  same,  and  a  mixture  of  salts  of  potass, 
soda,  and  magnesia,  similar  to  that  employed  m  the 

:  case  of  the  Barley.  The  effects  of  the  alkali  salts  have 
been  much  more  marked  with  the  Wheat  than  with  the 
Barley  ;  and  they  are  more  and  more  apparent  as  time 


86 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  20,   1872. 


goes  on,  and  the  exhaustion  on  the  plot  where  they  are 
not  used  becomes  more  developed.  At  first  sight  it 
might  be  supposed  that  the  Wheat,  sown  so  much 
earlier,  and  therefore  having  time  to  extend  its  roots 
through  a  much  greater  mass  of  the  soil,  would  have 
suffered  much  less  from  an  exhaustion  of  potass  than  the 
late  sown,  and  more  superficially  growing  Barley.  But 
the  amount  of  the  alkali  taken  off  in  the  straw  of  the 
Wheat  is  very  much  greater  than  in  that  of  the  Barley. 
Notwithstanding  the  comparatively  beneficial  effects 
from  the  application  of  the  salts  of  potass,  soda,  mag- 
nesia to  the  experimental  Wheat  crop,  when  it  is 
borne  in  mind,  that  the  crop  has  been  grown  year  after 
year  on  the  same  land,  that  the  whole  of  the  produce 
(both  corn  and  straw)  has  been  removed,  that  there  has 
been  no  return  of  dung,  and  how  very  different  are 
these  conditions  from  those  of  ordinary  agriculture,  it 
cannot  be  concluded  from  this  result,  that  the  use  of 
potass  salts  for  the  Wheat  crop  would  be  advantageous 
under  the  usual  conditions  of  its  growth  on  moderately 
clayey  soils,  which  naturally  contain  a  large  amount  of 
potass. 

Beans. — For  many  years  in  succession.  Beans  have 
been  grown  by  superphosphate  of  lime,  both  with  and 
without  nitrogenous  manure,  and  by  the  same,  with 
salts  of  the  alkalies  in  addition.  Although  growing  the 
crop  year  after  year  on  the  same  land  is  unfavourable 
to  its  healthy  development,  and  it  seems  under  such 
circumstances  to  be  more  liable  to  injury  from  un- 
favourable conditions  of  season  than  when  grown  in  the 
ordinary  way,  and  hence  the  crops  have  seldom  been 
large  and  healthy,  still,  potass  salts  have  had  very 
marked  effects,  more  especially  in  the  earlier  years  of 
the  experiments. 

Cloz'cr. — With  Clover,  as  well  as  with  Beans,  there 
was,  especially  in  the  early  years  of  the  experiments, 
considerably  larger  produce  where  superphosphate  of 
lime  and  salts  of  potass  were  used,  than  where  super- 
phosphate of  lime  was  used  alone. 

Notwithstanding  these  results  with  Beans  and  Clover 
the  action  of  artificial  manures  upon  them,  as  well  as 
upon  all  other  crops  of  the  Leguminous  family  of 
plants,  such  as  Tares,  Peas,  &:c.,  has  proved  to  be  so 
uncertain,  that  I  have  long  ceased  to  recommend  their 
application  with  a  view  to  profit,  for  any  of  these 
crops. 

Swedish  Turnips. — In  a  field  in  which  (with  the  ex- 
ception of  an  interval  of  three  years  of  Barley  without 
manure)  Turnips  have  now  been  growing  every  year 
since  1843,  almost  from  the  commencement  one  portion 
has  been  manured  with  superphosphate  and  ammonia 
salts,  withoutalkalies,  and  another  with  superphospliate, 
ammonia  salts,  and  salts  of  potass,  soda,  and  magnesia. 
In  each  case  the  whole  of  the  crop  (both  roots  and 
tops)  has  been  removed  from  the  land.  Under  these 
circumstances  of  very  unusual  exhaustion,  the  salts  of 
the  alkalies  have  given  some  increase,  which  compa- 
rison  with  other  results  shows  to  be  most  probably  due 
to  the  potass.  But,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Beans  and  the 
Clqver,  the  cost  of  the  manure  has  been  much  greater 
than  the  value  of  the  increase  obtained  by  its  use.  And 
as  in  ordinary  practice  the  root  crop  follows  closely  upon 
the  application  of  dung,  it  will  seldom  happen  that 
potass  will  be  relatively  deficient,  at  any  rate  in  soils 
containing  a  moderate  proportion  of  clay. 

Permanent  Meadoiv  Land. — It  is  with  the  natural 
grasses  that  the  best  results  have  been  obtained  by  the 
use  of  salts  of  potass,  soda,  and  magnesia  ;  but  espe- 
cially of  salts  o(  potass.  When  used  with  superphos- 
phate, but  without  any  nitrogenous  manure  (such  as 
ammonia  salts  or  nitrate  of  soda),  potass  salts  greatly 
increase  the  proportion  of  Clover  and  other  Legu- 
minous plants  in  the  mixed  herbage,  and  give  a  very 
good  quality  of  hay,  though  not  a  large  crop.  When 
used  with  both  superphosphate  and  nitrogenous  manure, 
they  give  more  increase  of  hay  per  acre,  but  the  in- 
crease consists  almost  entirely  of  the  grasses,  and  the 
Leguminous  plants  are  very  much  reduced  in  quantity. 
If  we  consider  how  large  is  the  amount  of  potass  removed 
in  the  hay  crop,  that  the  roots  of  the  majority  of  the 
grasses  do  not  penetrate  very  far  beneath  the  surface, 
and  that  the  soil  of  grass  land  Is  not  exposed  to  the 
action  of  the  atmosphere  as  is  that  of  arable  land,  it  is 
not  surprising  that  potass  salts  should  be  useful  where 
hay  has  been  removed  every  year,  and  no  dung  has 
been  applied. 

Thus,  in  the  experiments  above  referred  to,  with 
some  crops  the  application  of  potass  salts  has  produced 
no  beneficial  effects,  whilst  with  others  there  has  been 
a  more  or  less  considerable  increase  of  produce  obtained. 
Looking,  however,  to  the  special  conditions  under 
which  any  increase  of  crop  has  been  obtained,  I  must 
say  that,  if  farming  moderately  heavy  land  in  the  ordi- 
nary way  with  a  view  to  profit,  I  should  not  be 
disposed  to  spend  my  money  in  the  purchase  of  Kainit. 
Under  such  circumstances,  corn  and  meat  constitute 
almost  the  whole  of  the  products  sold  ;  in  them  the 
export  of  potass  from  the  farm  is  but  small  ;  and  it  is 
established  that,  in  the  case  of  such  land,  the  loss 
of  potass  by  drainage  is  very  small.  This  conclusion  is, 
however,  deduced  not  only  from  the  results  of  the 
experiments  at  Rothamsted,  but  also  from  a  knowledge 
of  the  results  obtained  on  the  application  of  potass 
salts  with  a  view  to  profit  in  all  parts  of  the  country  for 
many  years  past. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  available  supply  of  potass  in 


soils  of  different  descriptions  is  too  limited  to  enable  us 
to  say  with  certainty  on  what  soils  Kainit  may,  and  on 
what  soils  it  will  not,  be  applied  with  profit.  But  it 
may  safely  be  assumed  that  it  is  more  likely  to  be  re- 
munerative on  the  lighter  than  on  the  heavier  soils — 
that  is  on  sandy  or  gravelly  rather  than  on  clayey  soils, 
and  more  especially  for  roots.  Clover,  or  other  Legumi- 
nous crops,  or  Potatos.  For  the  latter  crop,  when 
grown  not  for  consumption  on  the  farm,  but  for  sale, 
it  may  even  be  of  use  on  the  heavier  descriptions  of 
soil.  Used  in  moderate  quantity,  it  may  also  prove  of 
service  for  grass  land  which  does  not  receive  sufficient 
dung,  and  from  jtvhich  hay  is  annually  taken  by  the  aid 
of  nitrogenous  manures,  such  as  ammonia  salts  or 
nitrate  of  soda.  Kainit  salts  are  certainly  much 
superior  as  manure  to  common  salt,  and  those  who  find 
the  use  of  the  latter  profitable  on  their  soil,  will  most 
probably  find  it  worth  while  to  pay  the  extra  price  for 
Kainit. 

In  conclusion,  I  feel  bound  to  say  that  I  do  not  anti- 
cipate much  benefit  from  anything  like  a  general  use  of 
Kainit  in  agriculture.  In  isolated  cases  it  will  doubt- 
less pay  for  the  cost  of  the  application  ;  but  it  is  prob- 
able that  in  a  much  larger  number  the  value  of  the  in- 
crease of  crop  obtained  will  be  less  than  the  cost  of  the 
manure.  I  am  myself  a  large  maker  of  salts  of  potass; 
but  have  felt  that  I  could  not  recommend  them  for 
general  use  as  manure,  and  only  in  special  cases  employ 
them  as  an  ingre^lient  in  mixed  manures.  J.  B,  Lawesj 
Rothamsted^  Herts.  ^  yanuary. 


THE  HOLKHAM  LEASE. 

[\Vc  have  received  from  the  Earl  of  Leicester  the  following 
"  Terms  and  Conditions  upon  which  a  Lease  of  the  —  Farm  of 
the  Right  Hon.  Thomas  William,  Earl  of  Leicester,  of  Holk- 
hani,  in  the  county  of  Norfolk,"  is  granted.] 

I.  The  tenancy  is  to  be  for  twenty  years,  commencing 
on  the  eleventh  day  of  October,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  but  to  be  terminable  at  the  end  of  sixteen 
years  at  the  request  of  the  tenant,  with  the  consent  of  the 
landlord  ;  with  the  intention  that  the  landlord  shall  then, 
if  he  think  fit,  grant  a  new  lease  from  the  end  of  the 
sixteenth  year,  at  the  old  rent  for  the  first  four  years  of 
the  new  term,  and  for  the  remainder  of  the  term  at  the 
rent  that  may  then  be  agreed  upon. 

II.  The  tenant  is  to  reside  in  the  farmhouse,  and  not  to 
assign,  underlet,  or  part  with  the  farmhouse,  or  any  part 
of  the  farm,  without  the  previous  consent  in  writing  of  the 
landlord  or  his  agent. 

III.  The  rent  is  to  be  £,  per  annum,  and  is  to 
become  due  and  be  payable  by  two  equal  half-yearly  pay- 
ments, namely,  on  the  6th  April  and  nth  October  in  each 
year  (except  the  last  half-year's  rent,  which  shall  become 
(due  and  be  payable  on  the  2d  August  next  before  the 
termination  of  the  tenancy),  clear  of  all  present  and  future 
rates,  taxes,  and  deductions  whatever,  except  the  tithe- 
rent  charge,  land  tax,  quit-rents,  and  landlord's  property 
tax.  The  tenant  is  also  to  pay  £^^  per  centum  per  annum 
on  any  sum  or  sums  of  money  expended  by  the  landlord 
in  altering  or  erecting  buildings  at  the  request  of  tenant, 
after  the  works  agreed  to  be  done  at  the  commencement 
of  the  tenancy  are  completed ;  he  is  also  to  pay  ^5  per 
centum  per  annum  on  any  sum  or  sums  of  money  expended 
by  the  landlord  in  draining.  The  payment  for  buildings 
is  to  commence  from  the  nth  day  of  October  next  after 
the  completion  of  the  work,  and  the  payment  for  draining 
from  the  nth  day  of  October  next  before  the  completion  ; 
and  both  the  said  annual  sums  shall  become  due,  and 
continue  payable  as  rent,  during  the  remainder  of  the 
term,  on  the  same  days  as  the  original  rent  is  payable, 
and  be  subject  to  the  same  conditions. 

IV.  The  tenant  before  entering  upon  the  occupation  of 
the  farm  is  to  pay  to  the  landlord  such  a  sum  of  money  as 
the  hay.  Turnips,  Mangel  Wurzel,  and  muck  left  upon  the 
farm,  and  grown  and  made  thereon  during  the  then 
present  year,  shall  be  adjudged  to  be  worth  for  consump- 
tion on  the  farm — the  amount  to  be  determined  by  arbi- 
tration, as  hereinafter  provided;  and  also  the  amount 
that  has  been  expended  for  grass  seeds  sown  on  the  farm 
in  the  same  year,  and  nd.  per  acre  for  sowing  the  same. 
At  the  end  of  the  tenancy  the  tenant  is  to  leave  in  the 
hands  of  the  landlord  all  the  hay,  Turnips,  and  Mangel 
Wurzel  which  shall  be  grown  and  produced  on  the  tarm 
in  the  last  year,  being  paid  for  the  same  by  arbitration. 

V.  The  tenant  is  to  find  and  provide,  at  proper  and 
convenient  times,  before  the  ist  day  of  June  next  after 
entering  upon  the  occupation  of  the  farm  (up  to  which 
time  the  tiarns  or  dressing-houses  are  to  remain  in  the 
occupation  of  the  outgoing  tenant),  sufficient  horses  and 
waggons,  or  carts,  with  drivers,  to  convey  the  necessary 
fuel  and  water  to  the  steam-engine  for  threshing  the  corn, 
grain,  and  pulse,  of  the  previous  harvest ;  to  remove  the 
com,  grain,  or  pulse,  when  threshed,  into  the  dressing- 
house  ;  to  provide  labourers  to  remove  the  straw  as  it 
passes  from  the  threshing-machine ;  and  to  provide 
horses  and  drivers  to  remove  the  steam-engine  and  thresh- 
ing apparatus  after  each  threshing,  to  any  distance  not 
exceeding  7  miles  from  the  farm.  The  tenant  is  to  carry 
out  and  deliver,  at  proper  and  convenient  times,  before 
the  said  ist  day  of  June,  in  loads  of  not  less  than 
25  coombs  each,  and  not  exceeding  loads  in  any 
week,  all  such  corn,  grain,  and  pulse,  to  any  place  as 
may  be  required,  within  lo  miles  from  the  farm,  and 
bring  back  the  empty  sacks  ;  and  he  is  to  be  allowed  lo 
take  the  straw,  chaff,  and  colder,  for  his  own  use,  and  to 
be  paid  or  allowed  by  the  outgoing  tenant  the  tolls 
and  porterage  consetiuent  upon  carrying  out  the  corn. 
At  the  end  of  the  tenancy,  the  landlord  is  to  make  the 
same  provision  for  threshing  and  carrying  out  before  the 
ist  day  of  June  following,  the  corn,  grain,  and  pulse, 
grown  on  the  farm  in  the  last  year  of  the  tenancy,  and  to 
permit  the  tenant  to  retain  possession  of  the  barns  or 
dressing-houses  until  that  date. 


VI.  The  tenant  is  to  cultivate  and  manage  the  farm 
during  the  first  16  years  of  the  term  according  to  his  own 
judgment,  and  to  have  full  power  during  such  time  to 
dispose  of  all  or  any  portion  of  the  produce  of  the  farm  by 
sale  or  otherwise.  During  the  last  four  years  the  tenant 
shall  bring  the  arable  lands  into  the  four-course  system  of 
husbandry  practised  in  Norfolk,  so  that  in  the  last  year  of 
the  term  there  shall  be,  as  neariy  as  the  sizes  of  the  fields 
will  admit,  one-fourth  in  winter  corn  or  pulse,  upon  olland 
or  grass  of  one  year's  lying  ;  one-fourth  in  a  root  crop, 
of  which  not  more  than  one-fourth  shall  be  Mangel 
Wurzel,  and  not  more  than  one-tenth  in  white  Turnips  ; 
one-fourth  part  in  Barley,  or  other  spring  corn  ;  and  the 
remaining  fourth  part  in  olland,  or  grass  of  one  year's 
lying ;  and  he  is  not  to  suffer  any  Hemp,  Mustard, 
Coleseed,  nor  any  Clover,  Trefoil,  or  other  artificial  grass, 
to  stand  or  grow  for  a  crop  of  seed  in  the  last  four  years 
of  the  term. 

VII.  The  tenant  is  effectually  to  destroy  all  rabbits, 
moles,  and  rats,  upon  every  part  of  the  farm.  The  tenant 
is  to  deliver  waggon  loads  of  good  wheat-straw  at  the 
Holkham  stables,  or  at  any  one  of  the  landlord's  brick- 
yards as  may  be  directed,  in  every  year,  without  any 
allowance.  "The  tenant  is  to  deliver  one  good  fat  turkey 
at  Holkham  House  in  the  month  of  December  in  every 
year.  The  tenant  is  to  do  days'  work  of  four  horses, 
with  the  necessary  waggons  or  carts  and  drivers  as  may 
be  required,  to  any  place  within  the  distance  of  ten  miles 
from  the  farm  in  every  year  without  allowance  ;  and  in 
case  any  portion  of  such  day's  work  shall  not  have  been 
done  in  any  one  year,  the  arrears  of  such  year  shall  be 
performed  in  the  subsequent  year,  if  required  or  appointed 
by  the  landlord  or  his  agent. 

VIII.  The  tenant  is  not  to  remove  nor  alter  any  fences, 
landmarks  or  boundaries,  nor  lo  erect  nor  alter  any 
buildings  without  the  consent  in  writing  of  the  landlord 
or  his  agent.  The  tenant  is  not  to  break  up,  aor  convert 
any  of  the  meadow  or  old  grass  land  into  tillage,  without 
the  consent  in  writing  of  the  landlord  or  his  agent.  The 
tenant  is  to  pay  a  further  annual  rent  of  £zo  for  every 
acre,  and  the  same  rent  in  proportion  for  any  greater  or 
less  quantity  than  an  acre,  which  he  shall  break  up  and 
convert  into  tillage,  in  addition  to  any  other  rent  of  the 
farm  ;  and  such  additional  rent  is  to  commence  from  the  * 
nth  day  of  October  next  preceding  the  breaking  up  of  the 
land,  to  be  payable  half-yearly  with  the  other  rents  of 
the  farm,  and  to  be  subject  to  the  same  conditions.  The 
tenant  is  also  to  pay  a  penalty  of  ^5  for  every  timber  or 
other  tree  which  he  shall  cut  down,  crop,  or  lop,  without 
the  consent  in  writing  of  the  landlord  or  his  agent,  in 
addition  to  the  market  value  of  the  tree. 

IX.  The  tenant  is  to  give  ten  days'  notice  to  the  land- 
lord of  his  sowing  Barley  or  spring  com  in  the  last  year 
I  of  the  tenancy,  and  the  landlord  is  to  have  liberty  to  sow 

grass  seeds  on  such  lands,  which  the  tenant  is  to  harrow 
in  without  any  allowance  :  the  tenant  is  not  to  suffer  any 
live  stock,  except  swine  well  ringed,  to  be  upon  these  lands 
from  that  time.  The  tenant  is  not  to  sow  any  Swede 
Turnips  in  the  last  year  of  the  tenancy  before  the  16th  day 
of  May.  The  tenant  is  not  to  suffer  the  ollands  or  grass 
lands  to  be  fed  by  any  stock,  except  those  of  the  landlord 
or  his  incoming  tenant,  after  any  sale  of  the  tenant's 
stock  and  farming  utensils  in  the  last  year  of  the  tenancy, 
without  first  offering  to  sell  the  same  to  one  of  them  by 
agreement  or  by  arbitration.  The  tenant  is  to  have  all 
the  crops  upon  the  farm  propcriy  cleaned  and  weeded 
during  the  last  two  years  of  the  tenancy  ;  and  the  land- 
lord is  to  have  the  power  to  do  this  work  at  the  expense 
of  the  tenant,  if  it  be  not  effectually  done  upon  sufficient 
notice  in  writing  from  the  landlord  or  his  agent.  The 
tenant  is  to  stack  all  the  crops  of  corn,  grain,  and  pulse 
produced  on  the  farm  in  the  last  year  of  the  tenancy,  in 
the  fields  where  they  are  grown,  or  in  an  adjoining  one  if 
required  by  thej  landlord  or  his  agent ;  and  is  to  thresh 
out  the  same  in  a  husbandlike  manner  before  the  ist  day 
of  June  following,  leaving  the  straw,  chaff,  and  colder 
without  any  allowance,  so  that  the  landlord  or  his  incoming 
tenant  may  be  regularly  and  constantly  supplied. 

X.  The  landlord  reserves  to  himself  the  power  at  any 
time  during  the  first  sixteen  years  of  the  term,  by  notice 
in  writing,  to  require  that  the  arable  lands  shall  be 
brought  into  the  four-course  system  within  four  years 
from  the  date  of  such  notice.  The  tenant,  on  receipt  of 
such  notice,  or  in  the  event  of  the  death  of  the  tenant,  his 
executors  or  administrators  without  notice,  shall  bring  the 
arable  lands  into  the  four-course  systeni ;  and  from  such 
time  he  or  they  shall  continue  so  to  farm  the  lands; 
namely,  the  one-fourth  part  in  winter  corn,  upon  olland 
or  grass  of  one  year's  lying,  shall  immediately  after  such 
winter  corn  be  summer  tilled,  and  sown  with  Turnips  or 
Mangel  Wurzel,  and  then  sown  with  Barley  or  other 
spring  corn,  and  laid  down  for  one  year  with  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  good  Clover  or  grass  seeds. 

XI.  After  such  notice  shall  have  been  given,  or  on  the 
decease  of  the  tenant,  or  during  the  last  four  years  of  the 
term,  the  tenant,  or  his  executors,  or  administrators,  shall 
consume  on  the  farm  all  the  hay,  straw,  chaff,  colder, 
green  crops,  Turnips,  and  Mangel  Wurzel  (except  that 
grown  in  the  last  year  of  the  tenancy),  and  spread  the 
manure  made  thereon  upon  the  lands  where  necessary, 
except  in  the  last  year,  when  one-thinl  part  thereof,  as 
near  as  the  same  can  be  estimated,  shall  be  left  turned  up 
in  heaps  for  the  use  of  the  landlord.  After  such  notice,  or 
on  the  decease  of  the  tenant,  or  during  the  last  four  years 
of  the  term,  the  tenant,  his  executors,  or  administrators, 
shall  not  mow  more  than  a  third  of  the  meadow,  or  old 
grass  land,  and  that  only  once  in  any  year,  and  not  two 
years  in  succession,  nor  at  all  in  the  last  year  ;  and  he,  or 
they,  shall  not  mow  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  Clover, 
or  artificial  grass,  in  the  last  year,  nor  any  of  the  lands 
more  than  once  ;  and  such  two-thirds  shall  be  made  into 
hay,  and  stacked  and  thatched  upon  a  convenient  part  of 
the  farm.  After  such  notice,  or  on  the  decease  of  tlie 
tenant,  or  during  the  last  four  years,  the  tenant,  his 
executors,  or  administrators,  shall  cut  and  scour,  at  proper 
seasons  in  every  year,  such  fences  and  ditches  as  may 
require  it,  or  as  the  landlord  or  bis  agent  shall  direct ; 


January  20,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle  and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


87 


shall  defend  and  preserve  all  young  Thorn,  quick  fences 
and  trees,  from  cattle  and  sheep ;  shall  not  pare  nor 
remove  the  soil  from  the  backs  of  the  fences,  but  keep  the 
banks  well  faced-up  and  backed-up,  and  not  less  than 
four  and  a  half  feet  wide  at  the  base  or  foot  thereof;  and 
shall  prevent  the  banksorfences  of  any  wood  or  plantation, 
on  or  adjoining  the  farm,  from  being  injured.  He,  or 
they,  shall  also  cause  all  grips,  water-courses,  and  drains 
belonging  to  the  meadow  or  grass  lands,  including  rivers 
on  or  adjoining  the  farm,  to  be  opened,  drawn,  cleansed 
and  botlomfyed,  once  in  every  year,  at  the  proper  season  ; 
shall  keep  the  outfalls  of  all  drains  clear  and  free  from 
obstruction  ;  spread  and  level  all  ant-hills  and  mole-hills  ; 
mow  all  Tliistles.  Rushes  and  Weeds  before  their  seeding 
time  ;  and  not  suffer  any  swine,  unless  well  ringed,  to  be 
upon  any  meadow  or  grass  land, 

XII.  The  tenant  is  to  maintam,  keep,  and  leave  all  the 
glass,  windows,  lines,  weights,  and  fastenings  thereto 
belonging ;  all  locks,  keys,  bolts,  bells,  bell-wires,  hinges, 
shelves,  and  fixtures  of  every  kind  to  tlie  farm-house, 
offices,  and  premises  ;  water-closets,  with  the  cisterns  and 
going  gears  ;  also  all  gates,  gate-irons,  stiles,  posts,  pales, 
rails,  pumps,  wells,  bridges,  tunnels,  drains,  grips,  writer- 
courses,  river,  river-banks,  and  other  fences,  upon  and 
belonging  to  the  farm  or  premises,  in  good  and  tenantable 
repair  and  condition,  being  allowed,  or  assigned  on 
request.  Thorns  grown  upon  the  farm,  bricks,  pipes,  lime, 
and  \\ood,  for  and  towards  such  repairs.  The  tenant  is 
to  cause  the  woodwork  and  painted  walls  of  the  interior 
of  tlie  farmhouse  and  offices  to  be  painted  with  two  coats 
of  good  oil  paint,  and  the  papered  walls  to  be  re- papered, 
when  considered  necessary  by  the  landlord  or  his  agent, 
and  to-  leave  the  same  in  a  perfectly  good  and  tenantable 
state,  the  paper  to  be  of  the  same  description  and  quality 
as  at  the  commencement  of  the  tenancy.  The  tenant  is 
not  to  lay  any  corn,  grain,  wool,  or  other  weighty  or 
prejudicial  matter  in  the  farmhouse.  The  tenant  is  to 
make  good  at  his  own  expense,  both  as  to  material  and 
labour,  all  injuries  to  the  farmhouse,  buildings,  and 
premises,  through  the  fault  or  neglect  of  himself  or  his 
servants,  or  by  the  horses  or  cattle  on  the  farm  and 
premises,  damage  by  fire  excepted  :  and  in  the  event  of 
damage  by  fire  not  the  wilful  act  or  neglect  of  the  tenant, 
the  landlord  shall  sufficiently  rebuild  or  restore  the  premises 
damaged  or  destroyed,  within  12  calendar  months. 

XIII.  The  tenant  is  to  cause  all  gutters,  pipes,  and 
troughs,  belonging  to  the  farmhouse  and  other  buildings, 
to  be  effectually  cleaned  out  when  necessary.  The  tenant 
is  to  provide  and  keep  on  the  farm  premises  a  ladder  of 
sufficient  length  to  reach  to  the  roof  of  the  highest  build- 
ing thereon,  in  a  fit  state  for  use,  and  to  cause  or  permit 
the  same  to  be  used  on  all  necessary  occasions.  The  tenant 
is  to  keep  and  leave  the  garden,  orchard,  and  shrubberies, 
well  and  sufficiently  stocked,  planted,  manured,  cleaned, 
and  preserved  ;  and  to  well  and  sufficiently  cherish,  nail 
up,  prune,  and  preserve  all  the  fruit  trees,  bushes,  \'ines, 
and  shrubs,  standing  or  growing  in  the  gardens,  orchards, 
or  shrubberies. 

XIV.  The  landlord  is  to  maintain  and  keep  the  farm- 
house and  other  buildings  hi  good  and  tenantable  repair 
during  the  term,  excepting  only  such  repairs  as  are  before 
specified  to  be  done  by  the  tenant.  The  tenant  is  to  fetch 
and  carry  all  materials  to  be  used  in  repairing  the  build- 
ings, or  in  erecting  new  ones  upon  the  farm  by  agreement 
during  the  term.  The  tenant  is  to  fetch  and  carry  all 
bricks,  pipes,  and  tiles  to  be  used  in  draming  upon  the 
farm  ;  and  also  a  proportion  of  the  materials  to  be  used  in 
repairing  or  erecting  cottages  belonging  to  the  landlord, 
and  situated  in  any  village  within  one  mile  from  the  iAvm, 
with  other  tenants  upon  the  estate  ;  the  proportion  to  be 
settled  by  the  landlord  or  his  agent. 

XV.  The  landlord  and  his  agent,  and  other  persons 
authorised  by  him,  are  to  have  full  power  to  enter  upon 
the  farm  at  all  reasonable  times,  for  the  purpose  of  taking 
down  and  removing  timber  or  other  trees ;  carrying  on 
draining  or  other  works  ;  inspecting,  altering,  and  repair- 
ing the  buildings  ;  raising  and  removing  marl,  clay,  brick- 
earth,  gravel,  sand,  or  stone  (which,  with  all  timber  trees, 
mines,  and  minerals,  are  reserved  to  the  landlord)  ; 
burning  bricks,  pipes,  or  tiles,  or  for  any  other  lawful 
purpose,  reimbursing  the  tenant  for  any  injury  he  may 
sustain.  The  landlord  retains  the  power  to  take  land  for 
roads,  watercourses,  building,  plantings,  or  other  improve- 
ments, or  for  the  purpose  of  exchange,  allowing  to  the 
tenant  a  proportionate  reduction  from  the  rent,  and  pay- 
ing him  for  any  actual  damage  he  may  sustain. 

XVI.  The  landlord  reserves  the  exclusive  right,  for  him, 
self,  his  friends,  companions,  and  servants,  of  hunting 
shooting,  fishing,  fowling,  and  (subject  to  the  liberty  of 
the  tenant,  between  the  ist  day  of  November  and  the  ist 
day  of  March  in  every  year,  to  course  tlie  hares  by  means 
of  greyhounds,  but  not  otherwise)  of  coursing  and  sport- 
ing upon  the  farm  and  premises.  The  tenant  is  to  use 
his  utmost  endeavours  to  preserve  the  fish,  game,  and 
eggs  and  nests  of  game,  and  to  prevent  all  other  persons 
from  molesting  or  destroying  the  same,  or  for  trespassing 
on  any  part  of  the  lands  for  that  purpose.  The  landlord 
may  bring  any  action,  or  take  any  legal  proceedings,  or 
give  any  notices  to  or  against  any  person  so  offending  or 
trespassing,  in  the  name  and  on  behalf  of  the  tenant,  who 
shall  not  release,  impeach,  hinder,  or  discharge  any  such 
action  or  proceedings,  without  the  consent  in  writing  of 
the  landlord,  who  shall  indemnify  and  save  the  tenant 
harmless  from  the  costs  and  charges. 

XVII.  If  the  rents  reserved,  or  any  part  of  them,  shall 
be  in  arrear  or  unpaid  for  twenty-one  days  after  the  date 
on  which  they  are  specified  to  be  paid  ;  or  if  the  tenant 
shall  break  or  infringe  any  of  the  conditions  of  his 
tenancy  ;  or  shall  abscond,  or  cease  to  reside  upon  the 
farm  ;  or  be  declared  bankrupt ;  or  make  any  assignment 
of  his  personal  estate,  or  any  composition  with  his 
creditors;  or  if  any  writ  of  execution- shall  be  issued 
against  his  person  or  goods,  the  landlord  shall  have  power 
to  enter  upon  the  farm,  land,  and  premises,  and  remove 
the  tenant,  or  any  other  persons  therefrom,  and  the  term 
shall  thereupon  cease  ;  llie  right  of  distress,  ej'-clment,  or 


other  action  at  law  by  the  landlord  not  being  in  any 
way  thereby  affected.  If  at  any  time  the  crops  shall  be 
sold  under  a  distraint  for  rent,  they  shall  be  sold  subject 
to  the  straw,  chaff,  and  colder  being  left  on  the  farm  with- 
out any  allowance,  and  the  hay  and  roots  being  consumed 
thereon.  No  receipt  for  any  rent  or  penalty  shall  dis- 
cliarge  any  other  rent  or  penalty  than  that  mentioned  in 
such  receipt  ;  and  no  condition  before-mentioned  shall 
operate  to  weaken,  prejudice,  or  postpone  the  perform- 
ance of  any  other  conditions  by  the  tenant,  nor  the  right 
of  the  landlord  to  enforce  the  same  by  action,  suit,  or 
otherwise. 

XVIII.  In  the  event  of  the  farm  being  given  up  to  tlie 
landlord  at  any  time  during  the  first  16  years,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  death  of  the  tenant,  or  for  any  other  reason 
with  the  consent  of  the  landlord,  the  tenant  shall  be  paid 
for  any  claying  or  marling  done  in  the  four  years  previous 
to  such  surrender,  with  the  knowledge  and  sanction  of  the 
landlord  or  his  agent,  at  the  rate  of  three-fourths  of  tlie 
cost  for  that  done  in  the  previous  year,  one-half  for  that 
done  in  the  third  year,  and  one-fourth  for  any  such  work 
done  in  the  fourth  year  before  such  surrender.  In  the 
event  of  the  farm  being  so  given  up,  by  agreement  made 
at  any  time  subsequent  to  the  ist  day  of  l-'ebruary  in  the 
year  in  which  it  is  surrendered,  the  tenant  shall  also  be 
paid  one-third  part  of  the  cost  price  of  linseed  cake, 
consiuned  by  stock  (except  horses)  in  well-littered  yards 
with   troughed  sheds,    or  in  boxes  ;  or  by  sheep,  when 


consuming  Turnips    or   Mangel   Wurzel   on    the    land, 
during  the  last  year  of  the  tenancy. 

XIX.  When  any  valuation  shall  be  made  of  the  hay. 
Turnips,  Mangel  Wurzel,  and  muck  to  be  left  at  the  end 
of  the  tenancy,  the  person  or  persons  making  such 
valuation  shall  take  into  consideration  the  state,  con- 
dition, and  usage  of  the  farm  and  premises,  and  deter- 
mine whether  the  tenant  has  carried  out  all  the  terms  and 
conditions  before-mentioned,  and  whether  the  farm  is  then 
in  a  clean  and  creditable  state  ;  and  if  not,  shall  deter- 
mine what  sum  of  money  shall  be  paid  to  the  landlord  as 
compensation  therefor,  and  shall  deduct  such  .sum  from 
the  amount  which  the  hay,  Turnips,  Mangel  Wurzel,  and 
muck  shall  be  adjudged  to  be  worth. 

XX.  The  word  "  landlord  "  shall  include  his  heirs  and 
assigns;  and  the  word  "tenant"  shall  include  his  exe- 
cutors, administrators,  and  assigns. 

XXI.  If  any  question  or  dispute  shall  arise  between  the 
landlord  and  tenant,  or  their  respective  heirs,  executors, 
administrators,  or  assigns,  as  to  these  terms  and  con- 
ditions, or  any  matter  or  thing  connected  with  them,  or 
with  tlie  occupation  of  the  farm,  such  matter  indifference, 
including  any  provided  to  be  referred  to  arbitration,  shall 
be  referred  to  two  arbitrators  and  their  umpire,  in  accord- 
ance and  conformity  with  the  provisions  contained  in  the 
Common  Law  Procedure  Act  (1854),  or  any  then  subsist- 
ing statutory  modification  thereof. 


UfPORTS  FOR    THREE    YEARS, 

[We  extract  the  following  figures  from  the  Board  of  Trade  Return.^,  jiist  issued.] 


Principal  Articles. 


cwt. 
No. 


cwt. 


Alkali  

Animals,  living — Oxen,  and  Bulls 

Cows 

Calves         

Sheep  and  Lambs 

Swine  

Bacon 

Beef— Salted  

Fresh,  or  slightly  salted  . .  . . 

Bones  (burnt  or  not,  or  as  Animal  Charcoal)  : 

For  manure  . .  tons 

Butter  ..         .,         cwt. 

Cheese  ..  

Corn — Wheat — From  Russia 

Denmark    ..  

Germany    . .  .,         . .         . .         .. 

France 

Austrian  Territories 

Turkey  and  Wallachia  and  Moldavia 

Egypt  

United  States 

Chili  ..         ..         

British  North  America  .. 

Other  countries    ..         ..  


Quantities. 


1869. 


1870. 


1871. 


97,679 

23.097 
29,516 

709.843 
69,067 

696,177 

2M.955 
14,^68 

90,604 

1,259,089 

979,189 


92,497 
M5.737 

24.910 

31,525 
669,905 

95.624 
536.844 
203,713 

12,035 

92,032 
M59.210 
ii04i,28i 


101.560 
135.1^3 

73.639 

40,139 
916,799 

85,622 

1,017,907 

279,179 

22,005 

94.212 

i.337,8oS 
1,219,056 


1869. 


£• 

135.550 

3.289,171 

402.940 

141.739 
1,219,014 

246,223 
2,280,697 

380,387 

516,64s 
6,933,210 
3,083,850 


9.>58,33> 

549,811 
6,149,030 

468,274 
1,030,563 
2.379.906 
■.004,479 
13,181,507 

567,107 
',7=3.053 

483,767 


10,269,198 

3=7,9>9 
3.348,214 

253.644 
60,472 
489,421 
104,950 
12,371,922 
599,337 
2,838,361 
237,791 


15.629.435 

130.370 

3,°49.°3i 

134,841 

239.147 

1,418,886 

884,396 

13,405.057 

549.529 

3,279,264 

687,690 


Total j  37,695,828     I  30,901,229     I  39,407,646 


4,518,108 
=77.175 

3,450,018 
245,73= 
513. 5>7 

1,106,534 
473. log 

6,939,258 
332.635 

'.392,996 
266,676 


19.515,758 


1870. 


1871. 


{.■ 

153,041 
2,622,778 

391,269 

133.014 
1,151.373 

356.47' 
',668,096 

427,823 
33.698 

59:. 70' 
6,793.877 
3,274.33' 


I- 

144.99s 
2.407,755 
'.03'.999 

'40,553 
',789,826 

292,089 
2,507,470 

58. ,77' 
54.'50 

59'.998 
6,958,961 
3.343.574 


5, "7. 392 

'65.301 
1,949.805 

140,119 
29,071 

223,104 

45,239 

6,564,341 

360,341 
■.537.855 

'30.959 


8.940,597 
77.791 

2,018,292 
72,345 
'58,475 
737.718 
489,74' 

8,062,414 
358,427 

2,005,698 
424,132 


16,264,027        23,345,630 


B.lrley 

Oats 

Peas 


licans  . . 

Indian  Corn,  or  Maize 

Wheat  meal  and  Flour — Germany 
France 

United  States 

British  North  America  . . 
Other  countries    . . 


3.407.425 
4,001.687 

459.624 
1.269,424 
6,470.789 


Total 


Indian  Com  Meal   ..        ..         ..        .,     cwt. 

Eggs Great  hundreds 

Flax  (dressed,  undressed,  and  Tow  or.  Codilla 
of)— Russia       \ ,     cwt. 

Germany    ..  ..  ,.  ,. 

Holland 

lielj'ium 

Other  countries    , . 


Total 


Guano  tons 

Hams..  .,  cwt. 

Hemp  ^dressed,  undressed,  and  Tow  or 
Oodilla  of) — Russia    . .  . .  . .     cwt. 

Italy 

Austrian  Territories 

Hritlsh  India         . .  

Philippine  Islands 

Other  countries    ..         ..         ..         ,.         ,. 


Total 


Hops  . .  . .  . .     cwt. 

Meat,  uncniunerated — Salted  or  Fresh,. 
Preserved  otherwise  than  by  Salting  . . 

Nitre,  Cubic  (Nitrate  of  Soda)     .. 

Oil  Seed  Cakes         . .  , .  . .  . .     tons 

Pork — Salted  \not  Hams) cwt. 

Fresh  

Potatos  

Poultry  and  Game,  alive  or  dead  (including) 
Rabbits) )■ 

Saltpetre        ..  ..  ..         ,.         ,.     cwt. 

Seeds —Clover  and  Grass  , . 

Cotton        tons 

Fla.>:  and  Linseed  . .         . .         . .        qr. 

Rape  ■        

Wool,  Sheep  and  Lambs' — Europe         ..        lb.  25,199,401 

I'ritish  Possessions  in  South  Africa    ,.          ..  34.307.S82 

l.ritish  India          ..          ..          ,.          ..           ..  j  18,796,579 

Australia    ..         ..         ..          ..          .,         ..  158,477,960 

Other  countries i  18,379,522 

Total 255,161,344 

Yeast,  dried  , .  ,,         ..  ..         ..      cwt,  120,912 


This  inclndcs  the  value  of  a  quantity  of  Mai^^na,  a  preparation  of  Indian  Corn  meal. 


88 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  20,   1872. 


AGRICULTURAL  PROGRESS. 

Mr.  Hope,  of  Fenton  Barns,  addressing  a  social 
gathering  of  the  Haddingtonshire  Association,  in  Glas- 
gow lately,  said  : — 

I  think  you  have  judged  well  in  making  your  homes 
in  this  great,  flourishing,  and  steadily  and  rapidly- 
increasing  commercial  capital  of  Scotland.  Glasgow 
is  now,  indeed,  in  point  of  population,  the  second  city 
of  the  United  Kingdom.  It  has  more  resources  than 
any  other  city.  It  is  not  merely  a  manufacturing 
place  like  Manchester,  or  a  commercial  one  like  Liver- 
pool. It  unites  both  .  manufactures  and  commerce  ; 
and  over  and  above  its  cotton  and  woollen  manu 
factures,  it  has  great  coal  and  iron  works  ;  and  besides 
all  this,  it  does  a  good  stroke  of  business  in  shipbuild 
ing.  What  a  pity  Mr.  Butt  does  not  see  that  the 
difference  of  the  Clyde  and  the  Shannon  is  owing 
entirely  to  the  populatioiv  I  am  very  glad  to  know 
that  every  trade  and  business  here  is  at  present  in  a 
highly  satisfactory  state,  and  I  hope  it  will  long  con- 
tinue so.  But  evei7  now  and  again  fluctuations  or 
changes  may  be  looked  for  in  all  industries.  Depres- 
sions, however,  are  not  likely  to  affect  every  branch  of 
trade  at  the  same  lime.  I  think,  therefore,  Glas- 
gow rests  on  a  broader  ami  surer  basis  of  prosperity 
than  any  other  town  I  know  of.  The  commercial 
policy  of  perfect  freedom  of  trade,  now  happily  well 
imderstood,  has  been  one  of  tlie  main  sources  of  the 
lengthened  course  of  your  prosperity. 

It  is  little  more  than  30  years  since  the  total  prohibi- 
tion of  foreign  cattle  and  sheep  was  changed  by  the 
great  Sir  Robert  Peel  into  free  and  unrestricted  impor- 
tation. Some  of  our  East  Lothian  friends,  under  the 
idea  that  ruin  would  speedily  overtake  them  from  beef 
and  mutton  selling  at  2it  per  lb.,  sold  off  their  flocks 
of  sheep.  It  was  curious  at  that  time  how  people 
approved  of  free  trade  in  everything  except  what  they 
sold  themselves.  I  recollect  hearing  a  conversation 
which  took  place  in  a  hotel  in  this  city,  shortly  before 
this  change  was  made,  betwixt  an  arable  farmer  and  a 
great  Highland  grazier.  The  latter  inveighed  against 
the  iniquity  of  the  Corn-laws,  which  increased  the  price 
he  paid  for  oatmeal  to  his  shepherds,  when  our  friend 
of  the  plough  said  he  quite  agreed  with  him;  but  he 
thought  the  prohibition  against  live  stock  would  be 
done  away  with  before  the  abolition  of  the  Corn-laws. 
*'  What  ?  "  cried  our  free  trade  grazier,  "  I  would  just 
lilce  to  see  the  scoundrel  who  would  propose  to  admit 
I'l'SlVch  wedclers  ! "  But  this  was  done  before  the 
•I'oolition  of  the  Corn-laws  was  carried.  It  was  years 
before  many  arable  and  sheep  farmers  were  reconciled 
to  the  present  state  of  matters,  and  they  kept  calling 
nut  that  they  would  speedily  be  ruined.  It  was  in  vain 
that  I  used  to  point  out  that  there  was  more  butcher 
meat  consumed  in  your  adopted  city  than  was  imported 
into  the  whole  kingdom.  That  does  not  hold  good 
now,  the  foreign  supply  of  meat  having  increased  even 
more  largely  than  the  consuming  powers  of  this  fair 
city.  But  owing  to  your  wealth,  and  the  general  pros- 
perity of  the  kingdom,  butcher  meat  is  now  dearer 
than  ever  before  known.  This  shows  how  intimately 
the  well-bsing  of  your  native  district  is  connected  with 
your  prosperity  here.  You  are,  in  fact,  the  source  of 
our  prosperity. 

The  science  and  practice  of  agriculture,  stimulated 
by  your  requirements,  has  for  years  past  been  making 
great  progress,  and  certainly  as  much  in  East  Lothian 
as  in  any  other  district.  The  clianges  in  my  time  are 
something  remarkable.  I  remember  the  first  steam 
threshing-machine  being  erected,  and  for  upwards  of 
30  years,  I  may  say,  there  has  been  one  on  every 
farm  except  the  smallest  possessions,  and  even  for  them 
there  are  now  portable  steam  threshing-machines  easily 
to  be  hired  at  a  very  moderate  charge.  I  have  seen 
the  county  thoroughly  drained  with  tiles,  which  has 
enabled  us  to  abolish  plain  fallows,  and  have  in  place 
of  them  large  and  valuable  crops  of  Potatos  and  Tur- 
nips. The  produce  of  our  grain  crops  has  increased 
fully  50  per  cent.,  and  in  many  cases  been  doubled,  and 
by  having  our  lands  lying  on  the  flat,  and  without  open 
furrows,  the  reaping-machine  has  superseded  the  sickle, 
which  saves  the  rural  population  from  the  most  labo- 
rious part  of  harvest  operations.  We  feed  and  send  to 
market  treble  the  number  of  cattle  and  sheep  we  did 
formerly.  Only  a  short  time  ago  scarcely  a  penny  was 
spent  in  the  purchase  of  manures  and  feeding-stuffs, 
while  the  annual  sums  now  paid  for  them  equal  the 
rental  of  the  whole  county.  Cultivation  by  steam  has 
been  introduced.  There  are  now  eight  steam  ploughs 
in  the  county,  and  they  cannot  fail  to  increase  in  num- 
liers.  By  their  general  use  I  hope  to  see  the  active 
.<;oil  of  the  whole  county  doubled  in  depth,  though  it  is 
impossible  to  increase  our  acreage. 

Then,  again,  we  have  railroads,  which  may  be  said 
to  have  annihilated  the  distance  betwixt  us,  not  only  for 
social  purposes,  but  by  which  we  are  enabled  to  send 
you  in  any  forenoon  such  bulky  crops  as  Potatos,  for 
your  benefit  and  our  profit.  My  father  used  to  tell  me 
of  the  grain  being  sent  to  market  on  horseback,  and 
that  farmers  had  a  large  four-wlieeled  waggon,  with 
which  four  horses  and  two  men  were  sent  to  bring  home 
coals,  the  men  taking  with  them  a  hedgebill  and  a 
spade  to  cut  Whins  and  fill  up  any  holes  in  the  road 
larger  than  usual.  lie  also  told  me  that  he  had  seen 
his  father's  men  ploughing  the  public  road  betwixt 
North  Berwick  and  Dirleton — being  the  highway  to 


Edinburgh — to  make  the  road  passable,  and  prevent 
travellers  from  traippling  on  the  sown  ground.  I  sus- 
pect some  of  my  young  friends  from  North  Berwick 
here  present  will  be  rather  surprised  to  hear  this. 
Before  quitting  this  subject,  I  have  one  more  early 
renuniscence  I  should  like  to  narrate  to  you.  Fifty 
years  ago,  an  old  man,  upwards  of  90  years  of  age, 
told  me  that  when  he  was  a  lad  in  the  village  of  Athel- 
staneford,  he  witnessed  the  arrival  of  the  Duchess  of 
Gordon  at  Gilmerton  House,  the  residence  of  the 
respected  family  of  Kinloch.  Her  Grace  was  in  a  car- 
riage drawn  by  six  horses,  and,  besides  the  drivers,  she 
was  attended  by  six  men  as  outrunners,  who  carried 
long  poles  in  their  hands,  and  ran  beside  the  carriage 
ready  to  prevent  it  overturning.  Every  inhabitant  of 
the  village  was  at  Gilmerton  House  to  witness  the 
arrival.  The  last  hundred  yards  or  so  of  the  road 
being  good,  the  horses  were  urged  to  a  canter,  and  the 
Duchess  landed  at  the  door  in  triumph,  and  amid  the 
cheers  of  the  assembled  multitude.  This  was  the  first 
time  a  private  carriage  had  been  seen  in  these  parts. 
I  hope  you  will  excuse  these  remarks  about  bygone 
times,  and  perhaps  I  have  also  said  too  much  of  what 
may  be  considered  **  the  shop;"  but  you  know  a 
person  talks  most  easily  about  what  he  is  deeply  inte- 
rested in.  I  may  say  to  my  young  friends,  no  one  can 
accjuire  name  or  fame  in  any  business  or  pursuit  unless 
it  occupies  the  greater  part  of  his  time  and  thought, 
and  also  that  he  holds  it  to  be  a  religious  duty  to  dis- 
charge with  q.11  his  might  every  obligation  incumbent 
on  him,  professional  or  otherwise, 


SEWAGE  INTERMITTENT 
FIL  TRA  TION. 

[The  following  letter,  from  Mr,  Eailey  Denton,  in  reply  to  that 
of  Mr.  Blackburn  quoted  at  p.  1686, 1871,  lately  appeared  in 
the  Tinii-s.'l 

As  your  correspondent,  Mr.  J.  T.  Blackburn,  of  the 
Camp  Farm,  Aldershott,  in  his  letter  of  the  23d  ult., 
when  speaking  of  intermittent  filtration,  obviously 
pointed  to  the  works  executed  under  my  directions  at 
Merthyr  Tydfil,  and  referred  to  opinions  expressed  in 
certain  letters  of  mine  which  have  appeared  in  your 
columns,  I  trust  you  will  pardon  the  delay  that  has 
occurred,  and  give  me  space  for  a  few  words  in 
explanation. 

The  advantages  of  applying  liquid  sewage  to  land 
depend  on  two  results — lirst,  the  permanent  purification 
of  the  sewage  before  it  enters  the  rivers,  and,  next,  a 
remunerative  return  on  the  outlay  involved  in  the 
necessary  works ;  and  it  is  clear  that  your  cor- 
respondent has  not  fully  appreciated  the  means 
by  which  the  intermittent  mode  of  applying  sewage' 
to  land  may  effect  both  these  objects  while  re- 
ducing the  quantity  of  land  so  appropriated.  No 
one  is  more  desirous  than  myself  to  see  the  adoption 
of  sewage  irrigation  on  a  large  scale,  whenever  land 
can  be  obtained  under  circumstances  favourable  to  it ; 
but  in  the  present  state  of  things  it  is  difiicult  to 
believe  that  it  would  be  consistent  with  sound  economy 
to  widen  the  area  of  surface  distribution  at  a  loss  to 
individual  towns,  in  order  that  the  nation  at  large  may 
have  the  benefit  of  increased  production.  To  my  mind 
it  is  far  better  that  sewer  authorities,  without  shutting 
their  eyes  to  the  better  appreciation  by  agriculturists  of 
the  value  of  sewage  as  a  fertiliser,  which  must  sooner 
or  later  occur,  should  limit  the  land  they  take  for  irri 
gation  to  such  a  quantity  as  will  enable  them  to  purify 
the  sewage  of  their  towns,  and  either  obtain  a  return 
on  the  outlay  expended  in  works  or  reduce  to  a  mini- 
mtim  the  loss  those  works  may  involve,  taking  care 
not  to  reject  any  opportunity  of  obtaining  a  larger 
profit  from  wide  irrigation  where  it  can  be  secured 
with  certainty.  It  is  30  years  since  I  first 
advocated  in  the  pages  of  the  Westminster  Rcvitw 
(March,  1842)  the  utilisation  of  liquid  sewage  on 
land,  and  from  that  time  to  the  present  I  have  earnestly 
watched  the  results  of  those  practical  instances  which 
have  been  established  without  being  able  to  find  any 
examples  in  which  Worshipful  Corporations  and  Local 
Boards  of  Health  have — as  yet — managed  to  secure  a 
satisfactory  return.  This,  doubtless,  arises  from  two 
causes  which  will  ultimately  right  themselves — first, 
that  public  municipal  bodies  are  naturally  the  worst 
farmers  in  the  world,  and  must,  therefore,  learn  the 
business  ;  and  next,  because  agriculturists  are  not 
believers  in  large  gains  from  farm  produce,  and  will 
not  give  high  rents  until  convinced  of  a  profitable 
return.  But  it  is  also  true  that  nothing  has  gone  so  far 
to  prevent  practical  farmers  entering  upon  sewage  irriga- 
tion as  the  statements,  so  often  repeated  by  those  who 
would  have  wide  irrigation  at  any  price,  that  a  large 
proportion  of  Italian  Rye-gi^ass  is  an  essential  feature 
in  sewage  farming  ;  for  every  one  has  noticed  that  on 
sewaged  free  soils  Italian  Rye-grass  fails  in  quantity  in 
dry  years  like  that  of  1S70,  when  it  is  most  wanted, 
while  in  favourable  seasons,  when  prolific  crops  are 
grown  everywhere,  like  that  of  last  year,  there  is  the 
greatest  difficulty  in  disposing  of  it ;  and  farmers 
generally  have  suffered  so  much  from  cattle  plague  and 
pleuro-pneumonia  that  they  are  disinclined  to  enter 
upon  extensive  operations  involving  the  keeping  of  a 
large  number  of  cows  in  order  to  consume  it. 

The  Merthyr  works  have  distinctly  proved  two  facts 
which  were  not  anticipated  even  by  Dr.  Frankland,  to 
whom  we  owe  the  original  idea  of  intermittent  filtra- 
tion.    I  refer  to  the  growth  of  crops  on  the  surface  of 


the  filtering  areas,  and  the  attainment  of  a  remunerative 
return.  To  state  the  case  shortly  and  clearly,  I  will 
first  quote  a  few  words  from  the  Report  of  the  present 
Rivers  Pollution  Commissioners,  and  then  give  the 
experience  at  Merthyr.  The  Commissioners  state  that, 
although  I  acre  of  filtering  material,  6  feet  deep,  used 
intermittently,  would  cleanse  the  sewage  of  3300 
people,  the  process  was  subject  to  three  formidable 
objections: — "First,  it  is  entirely  unremunerative  ; 
second,  the  whole  of  the  manure  ingredients  of 
the  sewage  would  be  absolutely  wasted  ;  and,  third, 
the  collections  of  solid  fascal  matters  upon  the  sur- 
face of  the  soil,  with  no  vegetation  to  make  use 
of  them,  would  probably  give  rise  to  a  for- 
midable nuisance."  At  Merthyr,  as  soon  as  some 
of  the  filtering  areas  were  drained  and  prepared,  and 
the  filtration  was  at  work,  they  were  planted  with 
Cabbages  and  roots,  and  70  days  afterwards  the  pro- 
duce was  sold  by  auction  at  a  price  which  enabled  the 
chairman  of  the  local  board  to  declare  that  had  the 
land  been  obtained  at  a  fair  agricultural  value,  and  the 
works  executed  at  the  cost  for  which  they  would  now 
be  executed,  with  the  experience  acquired,  he  "  had  no 
hesitation  in  saying  the  filtering  areas  would  be  a 
source  of  great  profit  to  the  ratepayers  of  the  district." 
The  sewage  applied  to  the  land  was  frequently 
144,000  galls,  per  acre  per  diem,  witliout  any  miisance 
whatever  ;  for  there  was  no  smell,  although,  as  the 
crops  grew  on  ridges  while  the  sewage  ran  down  the 
furrows  between  them,  its  depth  often  reached  from 
10  to  12  inches  in  the  furrows. 

These  facts  cannot  be  otherwise  than  satisfactory  to 
every  one  ;  for,  as  land  to  which  sewage  is  applied  is 
not  likely  to  become  less  suitable  for  the  gi'owth  of 
appropriate  crops,  no  further  experience  is  needed  to 
prove  that  selected  vegetables  planted  on  well-prepared 
land  will  flourish  in  the  midst  of  heavy  doses  of  sewage 
applied  daily  ;  and  when  the  practice  of  intermittent 
filtration  is  extended  from  one  series  of  filtering  areas 
to  three  or  four,  as  it  should  be  to  be  permanently  suc- 
cessful, the  growth  of  vegetation  will  be  increased  in 
even  greater  proportion  than  the  land,  and  its  scaveng- 
ing powers  brought  to  bear  in  a  like  degree. 

Without  questioning  Mr.  Blackburn's  assertion  that 
the  manure  ingredients  of  liquid  sewage  will  be  greatly 
wasted  by  such  copious  applications  as  are  involved  in 
intermittent  filtration,  in  which  plant  growth  is  made 
a  secondary  object  to  purification,  I  may  state  that  it 
is  also  certain  that  ordinary  irrigation,  in  which  the 
production  of  crops  is  made  of  the  same  importance  as 
purification  itself,  is  often  accompanied  by  an  equal 
waste  without  attaining  the  same  amount  of  purification. 
In  fact,  it  may  be  said,  without  disparagement,  that 
the  majority  of  sewage-irrigated  lands  are  simply 
defective  filters,  owing  either  to  the  soil  being  too  free 
or  to  the  drainage  being  inappropriately  executed.  This 
is  proved  by  an  examination  of  the  effluent  water  from 
the  two  processes  ;  and  the  Lodge  Farm  at  Barking 
and  the  Camp  Farm  at  Aldershott,  when  compared 
with  Merthyr,  will  serve  for  illustration.  While  the 
eftluent  water  at  Merthyr  is  declared  by  the  Rivers 
Pollution  Commissioners  to  be  "so  pure  that,  if  it  con- 
tained twice  the  percentage  of  impurities  which  it  did, 
it  would  still  fall  considerably  within  the  standards 
lecommended  in  their  first  Report  (Mersey  and  Ribble 
Basins,  1869),"  that  at  Barking  is  stated  by  Dr.  Frank- 
land  to  contain  of  organic  nitrogen  .  198  and  of  ammonia 
.005  parts  per  100,000,  and  that  at  Aldershott  has  been 
shown  on  equal  authority  to  contain  of  organic  nitrogen 
.129  and  ammonia  .622  parts  per  100,000.  It  is 
clear  from  these  figures,  satisfactory  in  themselves, 
that,  if  doubled,  the  percentages  will  exceed  instead  of 
being  below  the  standard  referred  to. 

I  observe  that  Mr.  Blackburn  and  several  of  those 
who  are  the  advocates  of  wide  irrigation,  irrespective 
of  immediate  return,  ignore  the  arrangements  I  have 
recommended  at  Birmingham  and  elsewhere  as  a  certain 
means  of  securing  permanency  of  effect  and  of  prevent- 
ing any  possibility  of  clogging  the  soil  of  which  the 
filters  are  composed.  I  refer  to  the  provision  and  pre- 
paration of,  at  least,  treble  the  quantity  of  land  which 
would  theoretically  suffice  for  purification  ;  or,  in  other 
words,  that  there  should  be,  at  least,  three  distinct 
areas  of  filters,  each  capable  of  purifying  the  whole 
sewage,  so  that  intermittency  of  action  maybe  extended 
from  one  series  to  three  series,  with  a  view  to  make  eacli 
serve  its  turn  for  a  year  and  allow  of  an  interim  of  two 
years  to  elapse  before  it  is  againbrought  into  constant  use. 
Duringthe  interval  of  twoyears  the  two  series  that  would 
not  be  in  use  would  be  devoted  to  the  growth  of  crops, 
receiving  sewage  only  when  wanted  for  the  promotion  of 
growth,  at  which  times  the  quantity  delivered  would  be 
only  just  as  much  as  would  be  requisite  for  that  purpose 
and  no  more.  By  this  means  a  greater  acreage  crop 
may  be  expected  than  even  from  ordinary  irrigation. 
The  soil  would  be  prevented  from  clogging,  first,  by 
the  extraordinary  vigour  of  vegetable  growth  resulting 
from  this  mode  of  treatment  ;  and,  next,  by  the  deep 
and  frequent  surface  cultivation,  which  is  essentially  a 
part  of  the  filtering  process,  and  which  breaks  up  and 
exposes  to  the  atmosphere  all  those  particles  of  organic 
matter  which  would  be  arrested  in  the  upper  portion  of 
the  soil.  Thus,  while  vegetation  would  never  be 
absent  from  any  portion  of  tiie  land  during  the  growing 
period  of  the  year,  maximum  croi)s  would  be  produced 
from  the  two  series  at  rest  from  filtration,  with  all  the 
advantages  of  an  increased  plant  growth  as  a  scavenging 
power. 


Januaiy  20,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


Ap;Ticultural 


Gazette. 


89 


Though  this  may  be  called  "  irrigation  in  a  con- 
centrated form,  yet  the  intermittency  of  treatment 
gives  it  a  distinctive  character,  and  it  is  wrong,  there- 
fore, to  say  that  the  difference  between  such  a  mode 
of  Treatment  ahd  that  of  ordinary  irrigation  is  purely 
imaginary. 

I  should  add  that  the  process  of  intermittent  filtra- 
tion designedly  canied  out  has  been  tested  by  me  for 
two  years  under  considerable  disadvantages,  in  the 
grounds  of  a  hospital  in  Surrey,  and,  both  with  regard 
to  purification  and  remuneration,  with  undoubted 
success.  J.  Bailey  Dmhn,  22,  WhiUhall  Place,  Jan.  4. 


History  of  Steam  Cultivation. — At  p.  59,  Mr. 
Grey  gives  us  a  sketch  of  steam  cultivation  from  1S55, 
As  Mr.  Grey  seems  to  me  to  shoot  with  a  long  bow,  I 
must  step  in.  Hear  him  : — *'  In  which  year  {1S55)  he 
had  the  pleasure  of  assisting  the  late  John  Fowler  to 
start  his  first  steam-plough  in  I'.ssex,  which  was  a  very 
successful  attempt,  much  more  so  than  many  attempts 
he  made  after  that.  The  design  consisted  of  a  single 
engine,  upon  the  roimdabout  system,  and,  barring  a 
few  minor  details,  it  proved  equal  to  expectations."  As 
this  pretended  novelty  of  Mr.  Grey's  is  quite  unknown 
to  me,  I  ask  for  particulars  other  tlian  his  assertion  of 
''assistance  in  Essex,  in  1855;"  for  the  late  John 
Fowler's  *'  first  start  at  steam  plougliing  "  was  the  in- 
stmctions  he  received  from  me  at  Carlisle  to  make  for 
me  a  windlass  to  be  worked  upon  the  roundabout  plan. 
That  windlass  was  made  by  Messrs.  Ransome,  and 
supplied  tome  in  December,  1S55.  All  Fowler  did  in 
the  matter,  was  to  convey  my  instmctions  to  tlie  Messrs. 
Ransome.  That  windlass  never  worked  in  Essex, 
for  I  have  a  letter  before  me,  dated  Nov,  24,  1S55, 
signed  "John  Fowler,  Jan.,"  stating  that  "the  wind- 
lass had  been  tried  but  found  incomplete."  This 
"trial"  took  place  at  Ipswich.  Hear  "J.  A.  Ran- 
some" upon  the  point,  by  letter,  to  Mr.  Fowler,  dated 
March  28,  1S59  :— 

"  Dear  John,  — The  wmdlass  and  tackle  prepared 
under  my  direction  for  Wm.  Smith,  of  Woolston.  was 
tried  on  November  17.  19,  20,  1855,  on  Harvey's  Farm, 
Ipswich,  with  a  Biddle  scarifier,  in  the  presence  of  the 
following  parties  ; — 

Q  ABiddell,  1^^^ 

W.  M  orley.    )  ^       ' 

J.  Smith,  John  Fowler's  manager  ; 

J.  Hammond,  foreman  of  engineers  ; 

S.  Felgate,  foreman  of  pattern-makers  ; 

R.  Hagger,  engine  driver  ; 
—all  of  whom  can  testify  to  the  fact.  " 

This  same  letter  also  proves  that  the  Messrs, 
Ransome  sent  the  windlass  off  from  their  works  on 
Dec.  12,  1S55,  and  that  they  had  sent  to  me 
an  engine  on  October  13,  1S55,  for  me  to  work  it 
with  ;  and  thus  the  instructions  given  by  me  to  them, 
and  "John  Fowler,  jun.,''  in  the  showyard  at  Carlisle 
in  1855,  were  carried  out,  and  I  paid  them  both  accord- 
ing to  contract  made  in  the  said  showyard  at  Carlisle. 
Now,  in  the  face  of  all  these  witnesses,  "John 
Fowler"  himself,  "J.  A.  Ransome,"  and  six  others, 
proving  the  first  doings  of  "John  Fowler"  upon 
steam-ploughing,  I  ask  Mr.  Grey  to  show  clearly  to  us 
his  asserted  start  of  "John  Fowler"  in  Essex  in  1S55. 
Mr.  Grey  goes  on  thus  :  "and  gave  Mr.  Fowler  great 
encouragement  to  proceed.  After  this  Mr,  Fowler 
expended  ^70,000  on  experiments,  at  the  end  of  which 
time  all  he  had  to  represent  this  large  capital  was  a  lot 
of  old  machinery."  "Which  time?"  that  is  the 
question.  \Ye  will  take  it  to  mean  at  the  death 
of  "John  Fowler"  in  1S64,  for  we  have  the 
substantial  evidence  at  the  trial  between  Howards 
and  Fowler  &  Co.,  proving  clearly  that  he  had 
expended  a  large  sum  of  money  on  experiments. 
Then,  according  to  the  evidence  of  Mr.  Grey,  the  Scotch 
prize  of  "  ;^200 "  and  the  "  R,  A.  Society  prize  of 
;^500  "  were  awarded  to  experimental  lumber,  I  knew 
all  that  in  1858,  through  Mr.  Colinson  Hall,  who  told 
me  that  Mr.  Fowler  knew  before  the  trials  that  the 
windlass  with  which  he  won  these  prizes  could  never  be 
made  a  practical  and  an  economical  working  machine. 
The  judges  pronounced  that  it  was  so,  yet  it  succumbed 
to  the  condemnation  that  Mr,  Fowler  had  passed  upon 
it  before  it  went  into  trial  for  these  prizes,  and  now 
Mr.  Grey,  although  he  cracks  up  these  prizes,  tells  us 
that  they  were  won  by  experimental  machinery,  now 
and  long  since  "old  machinery."  Mr.  Grey  next  tells 
us  about  400  steam-ploughs  in  Egypt,  worked  by 
one  farmer,  without  telling  us  how  many  of 
them  may  be  placed  amongst  the  "  lot  of  old 
machinery."  Mr.  Grey  then  goes  on  thus  ;  "  There  are 
working  in  England,  working  for  hire,  400  to  500  sets 
of  tackle."  Then,  upon  this  evidence,  what  a  mighty 
place  Eg)'pt  is,  with  its  steam-ploughing  machinery 
out-stripping  England.  To  be  sure,  Mr.  Campbell's 
two  big  "  30-horse  power  engines,  nominally  (240  horse 
effective),"  stirring  land  3  feet  deep,  growing  crops 
7  feet  high,  can  give  England  a  leg-up  ;  but  then  Mr. 
Grey  does  not  give  us  the  wear  and  tear,  as  well  as 
breakage,  with  the  hindrances  of  this  very  powerful 
machinery,  I  can  tell  him  that  14-horse  double  set 
engines  are  vastly  more  costly  in  repairs  and  much  less 
effective  than  double  12-horse  engines  are,  therefore  I 
jump  to  the  conclusion  that  his  double  30-horse  engines, 


V'orked  up  to  120-Iiorse  po\\cr  each,  are  very  much 
more  so.  Common  sense  tells  us  that  they  must.  A 
120-horse  power  pull  upon  an  agricultural  implement 
is  a  thunderer,  and  besides  all  that  the  ropes  must  be 
worked  out  when  there  is  aworking  power  of  120-horse 
power  in  them.  Look  at  the  waste  when  working  with 
big  engines.  Mr.  Grey's  little  talk  about  Scotland's 
doing  upon  the  steam-plough  question  is  not  worth 
troubling  one's  self  about.  Mr.  Grey  is  a  big  talker. 
Now  let  him  give  us  all  the  particulars  about  his  big 
figures,  and  saying  especially  so  about  his  doings  in 
Essex  in  1855.  iVilUam  Smithy  IVoolston,  BUtchUy 
Station,  Bucks,  yan.  13. 

A  Fixed  Steam-Engine  of  6-hor5e  power  will, 
with  S. horse  Cornish  boiler,  cost  about  £\lo.  There 
it  is  if  you  want  it,  and  there  it  is  if  you  don't  want  it  ; 
in  the  latter  case  it  eats  and  drinks  nothing,  and  you 
have  only  a  loss  on  interest  of  capital  at  5  per  cent,,  or 
of  less  than  6./.  per  day  {^4  5j.  for  half  a  year).  How 
difierent  from  horses  when  they  stand  idle  and  retpiire 
both  food  and  attendance,  and  get  gouty-heeled  for 
want  of  labour.  Now  a  farmer  with  300  acres  of 
arable  land  should  keep  40  bullocks  and  200  sheep, 
nearly  always,  but  certainly  for  six  or  eight  months  in 
the  year,  and  he  will  then  require  (if  he  studies  profit) 
to  grind  his  corn,  break  his  cake,  cut  up  his 
straw  and  hay  into  fine  chaff,  pulp  his  roots, 
crush  his  Linseed,  pump  water,  and  steam  chaff,  &c,, 
and  this  should  be  done  regularly  during  the  six  winter 
months,  and  it  must  be  done  by  steam  if  done  cheaply. 
It  won't  do  to  neglect  your  cattle  and  .sheep  at  inter- 
vals, by  taking  away  your  steam-engine  for  cultivating, 
threshing,  ike.  Having  worked  my  steam-engine  for 
24  years,  I  can  speak  practically  on  this  matter,  and 
get  all  my  work  done  for  nothing,  because  my  neigh- 
bours (some  of  them  with  plenty  of  money  and  Innd) 
are  foolish  enough  to  send  me  their  corn  to  grind, 
instead  of  having  an  engine  of  their  own.  If  we  farm 
high,  200  sheep  and  40  bullocks  are  none  too  much  for 
300  acres,  if  arable  land,  I  have  often  had  as  many 
or  more  on  175  acres  of  poor  land,  and  grow 
plenty  of  corn  too,  and  make  a  good  .'profit  ;  for  I 
find,  even  this  year  (1871),  that  the  balance  available 
for  rent,  interest,  and  profit,  after  paying  every 
expense,  is  nearly  £'joo  ;  in  1S70  it  was  more  than 
that.  Vou  shall  have  details  shortly.  If  we  are  to 
make  our  poor  farms  pay,  it  must  be  by  "going  In" 
for  plenty  of  home-made  under-cover  manure,  plenty  of 
fat  meat,  very  deep  cultivation,  not  too  much  seed,  and 
maximum  crops.  The  cheese-paring  system  and  un- 
drained  land  won't  do,  with  32,000,000  of  hungry  and 
well-to-do  customers,  wanting  a  daily  supply  of  bread, 
meat,  milk,  butter,  cheese,  and  beer.  It  was  a 
different  affair  a  centmy  or  two  ago,  in  the  pastoral 
age,  with  plenty  of  acres,  few  people,  scarcely  any 
manufactures,  and  no  steam,  and  very  little  capital. 
We,  as  agriculturists  (landlords  and  tenants),  must  watch 
the  signs  of  the  times,  and  keep  moving  forward. 
7.  y.  Mci'hi,  Tiptree,  Jan.  15. 

Tenant-right. — That  one  false  step  leads  to 
another  is  as  true  in  politics  as  in  social  life.  I 
seldom  see  any  monstrous  scheme  proposed  without 
the  proposer  referring  to  the  Irish  Land  Bill  as  a 
general  precedent  for  eccentric  legislation.  The  two 
points  in  which  that  Bill  runs  counter  to  the  principles, 
not  only  of  English  Law,  but  of  all  sound  legislation, 
are  as  follows — i.  Every  law  having  a  retrospective 
eflect  is  vicious,  and  the  Bill  in  question  is  such, 
because  it  affects  leases  which  commenced  before  it 
became  law.  2,  The  principal  office  of  civil  law  is 
to  enforce  contracts,  but  parts  of  the  Bill  abridge  the 
free  exercise  of  the  right  of  contract,  or  even  annul  it 
altogether.  This,  again,  is  sought  to  he  justified  by 
the  precedent  of  a  clause  in  the  Income  Tax  Act,  thus 
confirming  the  old  saying,  "Decipit  exemplum  vitiis 
imitabile."  I  observe  from  your  reports  of  the  conver- 
sations at  farmers'  clubs,  that  many  English  farmers 
desire  that  the  Irish  Bill  may  be  extended  to  England, 
and  therefore  it  is  not  irrelevant  at  the  present  time  to 
point  out  the  injustice  of  some  of  its  provisions. 
There  seems,  however,  to  be  no  reason  why  the  rela- 
tion between  landlord  and  tenant  should  not  be  con- 
sidered by  the  Legislature.  The  common  law  has  laid 
down  certain  incidents  as  belonging  to  tenancies  by 
the  year,  and  to  tenancies  for  a  term.  These  incidents 
are,  however,  considerably  modified  by  various  local 
customs,  which  are  themselves  to  be  regarded  as  a  part 
of  the  common  unwritten  law.  Now  any  one  desirous 
of  legislating  on  the  subject  should  first  make  himself 
acquainted  with  these  local  customs.  He  should 
then,  by  their  light,  and  also  with  the  advice  of  the 
best  practical  men,  determine  what  would  be  the  most 
equitable  incidents  to  attach  to  the  difierent  sorts  of 
tenancies,  having  regard  to  the  rights  of  all  parties 
concerned.  When  this  has  been  settled,  an  Act  might 
be  passed  abolishing  all  local  customs,  and,  in  lieu 
thereof,  laying  down  new  rules,  and  enacting  that 
such  rules  shall  be  applied  to  all  tenancies  commencing 
after  the  passing  of  the  Act,  in  the  absence  of  any 
written  contract  modifying  the  same.  Such  an  Act 
would  injure  no  one,  would  not  be  retrospective,  and 
would  remedy  any  injustice,  if  there  be  such,  in  our 
present  laws.   G.  S. 

Profits  of  Farming, — Some  few  years  ago  an 
M.P,,   at  an  agricultural  dinner,  spoke  somewhat -as 


follows  :-  "  He  held  but  little  land  then  in  hand— not 
more  than  enough  to  supply  the  house  ;  he  had  farmed 
largely,  drained,  improved,  and  erected  machinery, 
procured  the  best  stock,  &c.  ;  but  it  happened  thai, 
though  heattamedto  6qr.  per  acre  of  wheat,  15  gs. 
a  head  all  round  for  his  rams,  35  gs.  each  for  his  3-year- 
old  steers,  and  other  things  in  proportion,  when  his 
shepherd  informed  him  that  the  scab  had  got  into  the 
flock,  and  advised  selling  the  lot  by  auction.  He 
said  'So  we  will  ;  and,  while  we  are  about  it,  we  will 
sell  the  horses,  cattle,  pigs,  and  implements,  as  I  find 
I  [have  drained  my  purse.'  "  A  good  few  of  us  have 
the  same  story  to  tell  I  fear  the  truth  is  that,  if  a 
man  has  money,  or  brains,  or  both,  he  cannot  lake 
them  to  a  worse  market  than  agriculture.  Agricultural 
money-making  is  a  very  slow  game,  and  by  no  means 
a  sure  one.  This  must  be  the  reason  why  capital, 
sharp  wit,  and  strong  will,  prefer  any  wild  speculation 
to  agriculture  ;  though  I  have  no  doubt  that  what 
associated  capital  has  done  for  locomotion  and  traction 
it  would  also  do  for  agriculture.  Rustkits  Expectans, 

A  Cure  for  Pleuro-Pneumonia  in  Cattle. — 
Mr.  Russell  emigrated  from  Lancashire  to  the 
neighbourhood  of  Chicago,  North  America,  several 
years  ago,  where  he  commenced  as  a  farmer  and  cattle- 
dealer — his  wife  being  one  of  those  clever,  practical 
ladies,  who  are  often  to  be  found  in  luigland  as  good 
farmers  ;  but,  preferring  to  reside  in  England,  they 
returned  home  in  the  autumn  of  1S71.  They  had  an 
intimate  friend  in  South  Gloucestershire,  Mr.  W.,  a 
dairy  owner,  who  had  recently  lost  many  cows  by 
pleuro-pneumonia,  and  Mrs.  Russell,  being  at[his  house 
on  a  visit  (before  they  decided  w^here  to  settle),  when 
the  last  of  Mr.  W.'s  diseased  cows  was  nearly 
in  a  dying  state,  she  offered  to  cure  it  by  a  remedy 
which  she  said  was  so  effective  and  so  well  known 
in  America,  that  they  thought  but  little  of  that  disease 
there.  Mr.  W.  remarked  that,  the  cow  being  then  so 
bad  that  it  would  not  live,  she  was  welcome  to  try  it. 
Accordingly  Mrs.  Russell  poured  as  much  paraflin  oil 
as  would  lie  in  the  palm  of  her  hand,  and  then  threw 
it  with  a  blow  up  the  animal's  nostrils,  which  blow 
caused  the  cow  to  suddenly  withdraw  its  nose,  and 
thereby  it  inhaled  some  of  the  paraffin  oil,  whxh 
made  the  animal  sneeze  violently,  by  which  much  of 
the  matter  on  the  lungs,  which  caused  the  disease,  was 
dislodged  and  ejected  ;  and  the  cow,  thus  relieved, 
became  better  from  that  time.  About  three  days 
afterwards  the  cow,  although  better,  being  still  far  from 
well,  the  same  process  was  repeated,  but  with  a  larger 
quantity  of  oil,  and  with  such  a  result  of  sneezing  that 
the  cow  soon  quite  recovered,  and  is  uowrestored  to  good 
health.  This  information  was  related  by  Mrs,  Russell 
in  the  presence  of  the  undersigned,  who,  supposing  the 
same  process,  if  used,  may  prove  to  be  an  effective 
remedy  against  that  fatal  disease,  pleuro-pneumonia,  in 
the  cattle  districts  of  Great  Britain,  he  supplies  it  for 
publication  as  related  to  him,  but  the  merit  of 
the  information  is  due  to  Mrs.  Russell.  The  principle 
of  the  remedy  appears  to  be,  that  paraflin  oil  (or  per- 
haps some  other  liquid)  may  be  equally  effective  when 
inhaled  into  the  lungs  ;  it  excites  excessive  coughing, 
whereby  diseased  matter,  contained  therein,  is  ejected 
therefrom,  and  the  lungs  being  thus  cleared  of  such 
matter,  become  restored  to  a  healthy  state.  E.  Wat, 
Saltford,  near  Bristol, 

The  Dog-in-the-Manger  Principle  is  not  to  be 
commended,  and  is  especially  injurious  to  agriculture. 
To  deprive  yourself  of  10s.,  because  some  one  else  will 
get  5.r.  of  it,  don't  pay  in  a  commercial  point  of  view. 
I  am,  and  always  have  been,  a  strong  advocate  for 
tenant-right,  which  will  surely  come  in  time  ;  but  while 
the  grass  is  growing  the  steed  may  starve  ;  so  all  busi- 
ness men  who  have  an  eye  to  profit  do  the  best  they 
can  under  the  circumstances.  I  have  carried  that 
out  both  in  agriculture  and  in  trade,  where  I  have 
had  a  lease,  as  I  certainly  should  not  do  it  on 
annual  tenure,  except  under  certain  landlords,  and 
on  certain  estates  where  generations  of  farmers  are 
retained  on  the  same  occupation  as  a  point  of  honour. 
When  I  bought  the  lease  of  my  premises  in  Regent 
Street  I  laid  out  ;i^50oo  in  alterations,  fittings,  and 
fixings  suitable  for  my  trade,  knowing  that  when  the 
lease  expired  (21  years)  my  rent  would  be  increased. 
On  the  45  acres  of  Chapel  land  which  I  hold  adjoining 
my  own  on  a  21  years'  lease  I  immediately  drained  it 
thoroughly,  although  I  knew  that  the  rent  would  be 
ultimately  raised  ;  but  I  could  not  aflord  to  lose  the 
benefit  of  improvement  because  a  percentage  of  it 
would  ultimately  go  to  the  landowner.  Our  Scottish 
friends  as  farmers  are  quite  clear  upon  this  point,  for 
at  the  very  commencement  of  a  19  years'  lease  they 
frequently  drain  and  lime  the  land,  at  a  cost  of  many 
pounds  per  acre.  There  is  one  evil  that  sadly  requires 
remedy.  In  business  our  leases  are  saleable  or  trans- 
ferable. If  this  were  done  in  agriculture,  it  would  lead  to 
much  investment  of  additional  capital  and  great  improve- 
ments. I  look  upon  this  as  nearly  or  quite  as  important  as 
tenant-right.  Good  farms  are  always  much  competed 
for,  but  poor  unimproved  land  may  always  be  had,  and 
often  cheaply  too,  by  a  tenant  known  to  be  an  agricul- 
tural improver.  Farming  will  never  be  what  it  ouglu 
to  be  until  land,  whether  for  selling  or  letting,  is 
emancipated  from  old  feudal  customs  and  dealt  with 
on   commercial   principles.    There   is   no  reason   why 


90 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  20,   1S72. 


this  should  be  inconsistent  with  an  agreeable  feeling 
between  landowner  and  tenant.  I  am  sure  that  it 
would  increase  the  landowner's  rental,  y.  J.  Mechiy 
Jan,  15. 

School  Boards  :  Adventure  Schools.  —  In  the 
parish  where  I  reside,  we  have  some  18  to  20  schools 
of  one  kind  or  other.  Above  a  moiety  of  these  would, 
according  to  the  Elementary  Education  Act,  be  deemed 
elementary  adventure  schools,  /.  e.,  eligible  to  receive 
the  Government  grants  under  inspection  :  the  pupils 
not  paying  more  than  9</.  per  week  for  their  schooling. 
We  have  elected  a  School  Board  many  months  since, 
but  notwithstanding  their  weekly  meetings,  and  their 
arduous  and  difficult  labours,  they  have  made  but  little 
progress.  We  have  four  school-rooms  upon  charitable 
foundations.  One  is  supported  by  a  good  charity  left 
by  our  forefathers,  the  others  by  voluntary  subscrip- 
tions, aided  by  "a  few  pence  weekly  from  some  of  the 
scholars.  The  great  difficulty  lies  in  the  appropriation 
of  these  rooms  for  the  uses  of  the  School  Board.  The 
Education  Endowment  Commissioners  have  nearly 
unlimited  power  over  all  educational  endowments,  and 
they  will  not  give  one  iota  of  endowment  under  their 
custody  **  in  relief  of  or  to  diminish  "  the  rates  of  any 
parish.  We  have  a  large  outlying  and  populous  district 
to  provide  for,  consequently  we  shall  require  at  least 
four  school-rooms, — two  for  boys,  two  for  girls,  and 
possibly  two  more  for  "infants," — besides  houses  for 
the  masters  and  mistresses.  We  have  to  provide  in  one 
way  or  another  for  the  education  of  about  Soo  children. 
The  adventure  schools  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  will  all 
be  swamped  by  the  establishment  of  our  School  Board 
schools.  Our  poor  people  are  very  independent,  and 
will  send  their  children  to  be  taught  at  such  schools  as 
they  like  best,  and  the  present  proprietors  of  these 
schools  also  hope  to  hold  their  own.  I  want  to  know, 
therefore,  why  we  are  to  be  compelled  to  erect  such 
large  and  expensive  school-rooms  ere  we  ascertain  the 
need  of  them  ?  I  am  told  the  Elementary  Education 
Commissioners  insist  upon  this  being  done,  and, 
moreover,  further  insist  upon  additional  class-rooms. 
Verily  this  does  astonish  me.  Elementary  classes  ! 
Well,  let  us  drop  the  word  elementary.  I  have  to-day 
seen  the  estimates  of  our  surveyor  for  one  of  our 
schoolrooms  and  master's  house,  &c.,  which,  however, 
is  to  be  a  combined  one  for  boys  and  girls.  It  exceeds 
;[^3400,  exclusive  of  the  site.  It  is  a  rural  parish,  and 
the  accommodation  is  for  about  from  400  to  500 
children,  which  includes  the  aggregate  number  now 
taught  in  the  free  and  adventure  schools.  The  out- 
lying district  will  require  like  accommodation,  unless 
the  Endowment  Commissioners  can  be  prevailed  upon 
to  yield  acquiescence  to  the  School  Board.  What  an 
expenditure  ! — and  much  of  it  an  entire  speculation  as  to 
whether  the  adventure  schools  can  be  swamped,  to  be 
replaced  by  rate-aided  schools.  Now,  this  is  no 
isolated  case  ;  such-like  costly  and  oppressive  courses 
will  be  pursued  in  every  parish  throughout  the  kingdom 
wherever  School  Boards  are  formed.  It  is  high  time 
a  stand  was  made  against  such  unwise  and  reckless 
extravagance.  Surely  some  temporary  course  could  be 
adopted  in  every  parish  till  the  effect  upon  adventure 
schools  was  manifest.  They  go  to  the  full  extent  of 
the  provision  before  it  is  required.  I  know  the  Act 
authorises  it,  and  the  Commissioners  require  such  to  be 
done,  but  the  time  is  much  in  the  hands  of  the  School 
Boards.  The  onjy  penalty  is  dismission  if  they  fail  to 
carry  out  the  law.  It  appears  that  very  trifling  notice 
is  to  be  taken  of  adventure  schools.  To  my  mind  it  is 
a  great  trial,  and  a  direct  hardship  and  wrong  that  is 
thus  thrown  upon  the  proprietors  of  these  schools. 
Thousands  of  masters  'and  mistresses  are  laudable 
teachers  of  these  schools,  obtaining  good  and  honest 
livelihoods.  It  could  never  be  the  intention  of  Par- 
liament to  put  them  down.  Why,  then,  erect  such  large 
establishments  for  that  purpose  ?  I  write  rather 
angrily,  because  I  see  a  great  wrong  done  to  this  class, 
and  also  to  the  ratepayers,  which  a  little  care  and 
timely  procrastination  would  greatly  modify.   O.  F, 


Foreign  Correspondence. 

Moscow:  December  16  (28),  1871.  — 77/^-  Weather 
in  Russia^  and  other  Alatters. — While  the  greater  part 
of  Western  Europe  is  being  subjected  to  a  more  than 
ordinary  severe  visitation  of  frost  and  snow,  we  in  the 
East  are  enjoying  comparatively  mild  weather.  Up  to 
the  present  time  I  have  not  once  had  occasion  to  don 
my  fur  coat.  Such  of  your  readers  as  have  had  expe- 
rience of  a  winter  in  Russia  will  understand  what  such 
a  fact  signifies,  for  inordinary  winters  it  is  not  possible 
to  be  continuously  in  the  open  air  at  this  season  with- 
out ninning  great  risk  of  being  frozen,  unless  well  pro- 
tected by  a  fur  overcoat  and  warm  boots  ;  but,  during 
the  present  winter,  such  precautions  have,  so  far,  been 
unnecessary,  indeed  inconvenient,  as,  from  the  mild- 
ness of  the  weather,  a  light  overcoat  is  much  more 
agreeable  to  walk  about  in  than  when  enveloped  in 
the  heavy  folds  of  a  "shube." 

On  one  occasion  only  has  the  thermometer  indicated 
more  than — 10°  Reaumur  (54°  Eahr.)  ;  that  was  on 
December  12  (24),  when  we  had  — 13°  Reaumur 
(3*  Fahr.).  With  this  one  exception  the  thermometer 
has  on  no  occasion  indicated  more  than — 6''(iS*Fahr. ), 
and  the  mean  temperature  for  the  month  has  been 
— 4*  Reaumur  {23"  Fahr.),  as  against  the  mean  tem- 


perature of  December,  I S70,  of — 12"  Reaumur  (4"  Fahr. ) 
— a  difference  in  favour  of  1871  of  8°  Reaumur  (19° 
Fahr.).  Even  with  this  mild  average  temperature  the 
frost  has  not  been  continuous,  as  on  several  occasions 
we  had  the  glass  up  to  38"^  Fahr.  in  the  night  time, 
and  during  the  day  there  was  quite  a  rapid  thaw; 
indeed,  on  December  8  (20)  we  had  quite  a  summer's 
day,  the  thermometer  in  the  sun  indicating  54*  Fahr. 
Such  a  fine  day  in  the  middle  of  winter  is  rather  a  rare 
occurrence  in  Russia. 

Along  with  this  comparative  absence  of  frost,  we 
have  also  very  little  snow  ;  indeed,  in  many  places  the 
snow-roads  are  not  yet  formed,  and  traffic  has  still  to  be 
conducted  on  wheels,  and  as  a  consequence  all  articles 
of  home  produce  are  extremely  dear  ;  for  as  nearly  all 
the  breadstuffs,  and  other  necessaries  of  life,  for  the 
supply  of  Moscow  are  brought  from  the  interior,  it  is 
a  matter  of  primary  importance  to  have  good  winter 
roads,  and  that  early  in  the  season,  as  with  good  snow- 
roads  everything  can  be  carried  at  a  much  cheaper  rate 
than  on  wheels,  the  more  especially  in  a  country  like 
Russia,  where  there  are  no  good  turnpike  roads,  with 
the  exception  of  the  great  Chauss(?es.  As  for  the  cross 
country  roads,  they  are  mere  tracks,  and  in  the  autumn 
and  early  winter  are  almost  impassible  even  for  light 
carts,  and  the  carriage  of  heavy  articles  is  altogether 
out  of  the  question  ;  so  that  every  one  is  very  glad  when 
the  snow-roads  are  formed,  and  it  is  possible  to  travel 
by  sledge. 

This  winter,  owing  to  the  want  of  snow-roads  (it  is 
only  some  10  days  since  the  first  snow  fell)  all  heavy 
traffic  from  the  interior,  except  by  railway,  has  been 
brought  to  a  standstill ;  and  this,  added  to  a  more  than 
ordinary  bad  harvest,  has  conduced  to  raise  the  price 
of  bread  to  almost  famine  prices.  The  absence  of 
snow  and  the  mild  weather  has  also  interfered  with  the 
conveyance  of  frozen  geese  and  ducks  from  the  steppes 
in  the  South,  and  Raiptchick  and  other  game  from 
Archangel. 

Add  to  all  these  complications  the  cattle  plague, 
which  has  been  for  some  time  past  ravaging  (the 
herds  of  the  steppe,  and  also  of  Central  Russia,  and 
you  may  well  imagine  that  our  Christmas  larders  are 
not  likely  to  be  overstocked,  and  also  that  we  are  all 
very  glad  that  at  length  we  have  something  like  winter, 
so  that  it  is  possible  to  travel  by  sledge  ;  and  if  haply 
there  should  be  sharp  frost,  we  may  yet  have  some 
chance  of  having  our  usual  supplies  of  frozen  game  for 
Christmas  time. 

Formerly  one  could  purchase  frozen  geese  and  ducks 
at  this  season  of  the  year  for  5  copecks  {\\d.')  per  lb., 
and  beef  and  mutton  for  2d.  per  lb.  ;  but  I  fear  that 
good  time  will  be  a  long  time  in  coming  again.  Frozen 
geese  are  not  yet  in  the  market,  and  good  beef  is  now 
about  6(/.  per  lb.  ;  bread  flour,  especially  Rye,  is  also 
very  dear.  At  the  present  moment  it  is  about  3^-.  per 
measure  of  36  lb. — that  is,  more  than  double  its  average 
price  in  past  times.  The  price  of  rye-flour  has  been 
going  up  year  bv  year  ever  since  the  emancipation  of 
the  serfs  ;  and  this  is  easily  accounted  for  by  the  simple 
fact  that  there  is  not  now  so  much  land  cultivated  in 
Russia  as  previous  to  that  great  change,  for  in  former 
times  the  nobles  and  landowners  cultivated  immense 
breadths  of  land  at  a  mere  nominal  cost  for  labour ;  but 
since  the  people  have  been  free,  and  their  labour  has 
had  to  be  paid  for,  the  landowners  have  in  many  cases 
given  up  the  cultivation  of  their  estates,  and  there  are 
now  many  large  tracts  lying  waste  that  formerly  pro- 
duced crops  of  Rye.  And  the  land  that  was  given  to 
the  peasantry  is  in  many  cases  so  miserably  cultivated, 
that  it  is  impossible  to  expect  anything  like  a  crop  from 
it ;  and  this  year,  owing  to  a  combination  of  circum- 
stances, there  has  been  a  very  short  harvest  over  the 
greater  part  of  Russia.  The  young  Rye  plants  suffered 
from  the  fearfully  severe  cold  of  January,  1S71,  which, 
according  to  the  report  of  the  St.  Petersburg  Observa- 
tory, was  the  coldest  that  has  been  experienced  in 
Russia  for  90  years  past.  The  Wheat  and  other 
spring-sown  crops  were  got  into  the  ground  under  very 
unfavourable  conditions,  as  April  and  May  months  were 
both  cold  and  wet ;  indeed,  from  May  i  to  May  20 
there  was  hardly  one  dry  day,  so  that  it  was 
impossible  to  get  a  good  seed-bed,  and  as 
a  consequence  the  plants  came  up  very  irregu- 
larly, and  when  the  dry  weather  did  at  length  set 
in  it  was  nearly  as  bad  as  the  wet,  for  June  month 
was  dry  and  cold,  a  hard  searching  east  wind  blowing 
nearly  the  whole  month,  and  from  May  20  to  the  end 
of  August  we  had  continuous  dry  weather.  This  long 
drought  had  a  very  disastrous  effect  on  the  crops,  all  of 
which,  roots  and  cereals,  are  far  below  an  average  in 
quantity,  and  also  of  bad  quality,  the  Rye  especially 
is  very  inferior,  even  bad,  being  much  infested  with 
ergot. 

The  other  day  I  read  in  a  Russian  paper  a  report 
from  some  medical  men  of  several  districts  in  Russia, 
where  the  people  are  suffering  from  having  eaten  this 
bad  Rye ;  its  effects  appear  to  be  most  disastrous, 
causing  paralysis,  severe  ague,  intermittent  fever,  gan- 
grene, and  other  complaints  ;  and  in  the  case  of  women 
the  birth  of  still-born  children.  As  the  crop  for  next 
year  has  been  sown  with  this  ergotted  Rye,  it  isdifficult 
to  foresee  what  ills  may  arise  from  it,  as  here  there 
are  no  means  employed  to  destroy  the  germs  of  the 
Fungus  ;  so  that  in  all  probability  it  will  produce  an 
infected  crop  next  season.  And  as  Rye  is  the  staff  of 
life  in  Russia,  it  is  rather  a  serious  prospect  to  look 
f.TA'ard  to.  John  Finiay,     [Many  thanks.] 


Somlits. 


INSTITUTE  OF  SURVEYORS. 
Agricultural  Pipe  Drainage. — The  following  is  an 
abridged  report  of  the  paper  on  this  subject  read  by 
Mr.  Richard  Boxhall  Grantham,  C.E.,  at  the 
ordinary  general  meeting  of  the  Institute  of  Sur- 
veyors, December  iSth,  1871  : — 

The  end  of  all  pipe  drainage,  let  the  depths  be  what 
they  may,  is  to  keep  the  subsoil  water  at  such  a  level 
as  not  to  allow  it  to  rise  to  the  roots  of  the  plants,  and 
injure  their  growth  by  its  coldness  and  non-fertilising 
properties,  and  to  render  the  soil  above  the  pipes  more 
friable  and  open,  by  making  it  moderately  dry,  and 
causing  a  circulation  of  air  through  it. 

A  very  prevalent  opinion  existed  that  the  sole  use 
of  pipe  drains  was  to  take  off  to  an  outlet  water  which 
descended  upon  the  surface  of  the  land  as  rain,  or 
overflowed  it  from  springs,  &c. ,  and  with  many 
farmers  this  idea  is  still  prominent,  and  they  cannot 
understand  that  if  drains  are  sunk  in  clay  soils  as 
deep  as  4  feet,  the  drainage  water  will  ever  reach 
them,  or  the  land  ever  be  improved ;  and,  if  left  to 
themselves,  they  would  not  lay  the  drains  deeper 
than  2  feet,  or  2  feet  6  inches. 

I  have  many  times  tried  to  convince  them  what 
is  the  source  of  the  water,  by  showing  it  to  them  by 
trial  holes  dug  in  stiff  clay,  and  asking  them  where 
they  thought  it  came  from,  as  there  was  no  appearance 
of  its  having  run  down  the  holes  from  the  surface  of 
the  land,  or  of  its  having  percolated  from  the  sides  of 
the  holes.  I  have  shown  them  that  it  could  only  rise 
from  the  bottom  ;  but  in  a  few  instances  only  have  I 
found  that  the  conviction,  even  if  an^ived  at,  lasted 
very  long.  I  have  also  shown  them  that,  after  a  drain 
has  been  dug  out  to  its  proper  depth,  in  a  few  hours 
water  will  gradually  arise  where  there  was  none 
before. 

Many  instances  are  well  known  in  which  shallow 
draining,  say  from  2  feet  to  2  feet  6  inches,  has  been 
taken  up  and  the  pipes  relaid  at  depths  of  4  feet  and 
upwards  ;  and  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  believe  that  in 
the  present  day  persons  can  be  found  who  would 
practise  shallow  in  preference  to  deep  drainings. 
There  have  certainly  been  failures  in  deep  draining, 
but  these  have  arisen  from  imperfect  work  ;  either  the 
pipes  have  not  been  laid  in  a  true  line  in  the  drains, 
or  proper  attention  has  not  been  paid  to  the  fall  or 
inclination,  or,  more  frequently,  to  the  distances  from 
each  other  at  which  the  drains  are  laid. 

When  the  soil  between  the  drains  has  been  rendered 
perfectly  permeable,  so  that  rain  water  sinks  to  the 
full  depth  of  the  drains,  and  the  subsoil  water  rises  up 
to  their  level,  the  work  may  be  deemed  to  be  satis- 
factory, as  showing  that  the  drains  have  not  been 
placed  too  far  apart,  having  regard  to  the  depth  in  the 
particular  soil  which  is  being  treated. 

Many  persons,  being  desirous  of  saving  the  cost  of 
deep  draining,  have  placed  the  drains  closer  together 
with  shallower  depths  ;  but  it  will  be  found  that  this 
system  entails  a  greater  cost  and  is  not  so  efficient  or 
durable.  The  Table,  which  will  be  found  under  the 
head  of  cost,  shows  the  several  rates  per  acre  at  various 
depths  and  widths  apart. 

The  alternative,  in  case  of  a  defect  either  from  the 
pipes  being  laid  at  an  insufficient  depth  or  too  far 
apart,  is  to  do  the  work  over  again,  or  to  allow  it  to 
remain  a  lasting  disappointment. 

I  will  now  proceed  to  direct  your  attention  to  the 
several  practical  parts  of  the  question,  and  will  first 
deal  with  the  nature  of 

Soils. — In  laying  out  drainage  the  principal  difficulty 
in  determining  both  the  depth  and  width  apart  of 
drains,  is  found  in  dealing  with  the  different  kinds  of 
soil  that  are  met  with.  The  first  question  that 
naturally  arises  is — 

What  is  the  geological  formation  of  the  locality  ? 
and  what  is  the  inclination  or  dip  of  the  strata?  From 
the  answers  to  these  questions  we  are  able  to  infer  the 
existence  or  absence  of  permanent  springs.  Thus,  for 
example,  beds  of  gravel,  sand,  or  other  free  soil,  sur- 
rounded or  underlaid  by  beds  of  clay  or  other  impervious 
strata,  store  up  large  bodies  of  water,  which,  by  slow 
percolation,  saturates  the  surface  of  the  country.  So 
that  we  can  in  such  cases,  by  simple  means  and  a  small 
amount  of  work,  free  large  areas  of  land  from  wetness. 
A  knowledge  of  the  soils  may  be  gained  by  sinking  trial 
holes,  exceeding  in  depth  the  proposed  drainage,  or  by 
boring  to  moderate  depths. 

The  depth  from  the  surface  with  which  it  is  necessary 
to  deal  is  really  very  small  as  compared  with  the  great 
masses  of  material  which  make  up  any  geological  forma- 
tion ;  but,  nevertheless,  it  is  highly  necessary  that  the 
engineer  should  investigate  every  feature  of  the  soil,  the 
form  of  the  land,  its  inclinations,  and  produce,  in  order 
that  he  may  be  able  to  lay  out  the  work  to  be  executed 
both  efficiently  and  economically,  as  well  as  in  the 
manner  best  suited  for  the  future  improvement  of  the 
land.  Soils  may  be  classed  in  two  grand  divisions — clays 
and  free  soils,  and  it  is  these  we  have  to  deal  with  ;  but 
it  must  be  remembered  that  each  of  them  admits  of 
several  subdivisions,  and  in  both  cases  rock  may  be 
mixed  with  them." 

"  Depth  and  Internal  of  Drains. — In  all  cases  in  which 
loans  of  money  are  made  by  the  drainage  companies 
under  the  powers  of  their  Acts,  the  Inclosure  Com- 
missioners, who  sanction  the  charge  upon  property  for 


January  20,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


91 


the  repayment  of  the  loans,  require  4  feet  to  be  the 
minimum  depth  of  pipe  drainage;  and  experience  has 
fully  confirmed  the  good  effects  of  this  rule^  after 
several  yeajs'  practice.  This  minimum  depth  has 
been  fixed  after  mature  deliberation  ;  but  it  ou^t  not 
to  be  imperatively  insisted  upon  in  every  kipd  of  soil 
or  under  all  the  varying  conditions  of  land. 

One  constantly  meets  with  the  objection  that  water 
cannot  get  down  through  thick  clay,  and  that  it  is  useless 
to  go  so  deep  as  4  feet  ;  but  our  experience  teaches  us 
that  the  soil  having  become  more  loosened  and  opened 
by  cracks,  admits  the  permeation  of  water  to  that  depth 
at  least  ;  the  very  wormholes  permit  the  rain  to  per- 
colate, and,  after  it  has  once  found  its  way,  by  gravity, 
through  the  soil,  by  innumerable  small  passages,  it  never 
ceases,  year  after  year,  to  continue  the  same  course. 
Thus,  in  course  of  time,  the  whole  depth,  from  the 
causes  before  cited,  —  namely,  the  prevention  of  the 
capillary  attraction  upwards  of  ungenial  water,  the 
admission  of  air  by  the  pipes,  and  the  gradual  filtering 
of  rain  from  above, — is  totally  changed  in  character  from 
that  of  an  obdurate  and  untractable  soil  to  that  of  a  more 
genial  plant-producing  one. 

The  same  effects  are  produced  both  in  arable  and 
pasture  lands  ;  but  the  system  to  be  adopted  in  draining 
them  is  somewhat  different.  I  have  hitherto  endeavoured 
to  prove  that  there  is  a  certain  minimum  depth  at  which 
pipe  drainage  is  capable  of  producing  the  best  results, 
more  particularly  when  applied  to  stiff  clay. 

I  think  a  general  rule  might  be  established  to  detennine, 
in  connection  w^ith  the  depths,  the  distances  at  which  the 
drains  should  be  placed  apart  from  each  other,  and  that 
is,  that  the  width  should  be  a  multiple  of  the  depth  ;  for 
instance,  4  feet  drains  may  be  16,  20,  24,  28,  32,  36,  or  40 
feet  apart,  the  depth  being  first  found  at  which  the  level 
of  the  \s'ater  bed  stands  beneath  the  surface.  We  must 
then  judge,  from  the  nature  of  the  soil,  whether  it 
will  allow  of  the  water  finding  its  way,  for  half  of  any 
of  the  above  widths,  to  the  pipes,  always  bearing  in 
mind  that  water  will  find  its  way  most  quickly  to  a 
vacuum  or  the  point  of  least  resistance.  Take  again 
any  soil  in  which  it  may  be  found  that  the  water  level 
stands  at  5  feet  deep,  the  multiple  may  be  40,  45,  50, 
55,  or  60  feel,  and  so  with  6  feet  drains,  the  widths  may 
be  60,  66,  72,  78,  84,  or  90  feet.  The  drainer's  judg- 
ment and  experience  will  enable  him  to  determine  at 
which  of  these  widths  the  particular  soil  which  he  finds 
will  act  best,  remembering  again  that  each  line  of  pipes, 
i.e.,  each  drain,  only  influences  half  the  distance  between 
it  and  the  next  one  on  the  other  side  of  it. 

The  depths  of  pipe  drains  can  be  determined  (as  we 
have  already  seen)  by  many  conditions  of  the  soil  and  of 
the  water  beds  as  they  are  found  in  the  land  ;  but  the 
determination  of  the  widths  at  which  the  drains  should 
be  laid  apart  requires  much  practical  knowledge  of  the 
nature  of  different  soils,  especially  as  regards  the  facility 
with  which  they  allow  water  to  percolate  through  them, 
the  object  being  to  drain  arable  land  sufiiciently,  while 
not  overdraining  grass  land.  The  expense  is  lessened 
considerably  when  great  widths  can  be  attained,  even 
at  an  additional  depth.  The  rate  I  have  before  referred 
to  as  the  measure  of  the  width  would  still  require  the 
judgment  of  the  drainer  to  decide  what  soils  will  be 
properly  drained  by  any  of  those  distances  apart. 

hiclhtation  or  Slope  of  Drains. — Owing  to  the  con- 
stantly varying  slopes  of  the  country,  scarcely  any  rule 
can  be  absolutely  laid  down  for  the  inclinations  at 
which  the  pipes  should  be  laid. 

The  greatest  attention  is  required  in  laying  the  main 
pipes,  into  which  the  smaller  branch  pipes  run.  In  flat 
countries  they  should  always  be  set  out  with  the  spirit 
level,  and  the  depths  from  the  surface  given  to  the 
men  at  every  one  or  two  chains  along  the  line.  Water 
will  run  freely  at  inclinations  of  i  foot  fall  to  1,000,  2,000, 
or  3,000  feet  of  length,  where  the  pipes  are  well  laid  ;  but 
it  must  be  obser\ed  that  at  every  junction  of  a  branch 
pipe  the  flow  will  be  impeded  in  the  main  pipe  by  the 
water  entering  from  the  branch  pipe,  sometimes  running 
with  considerable  velocity.  So  that  as  much  inchnation 
as  possible  should  be  given  to  the  mains,  in  order  that 
the  hydraulic  pressure  may  force  the  current  towards  the 
outlet.  The  inchnations  of  the  minor  or  branch  pipes 
must,  necessarily,  be  controlled  by  the  natural  slopes  of 
the  ground.  In  a  general  system,  laid  out  on  a  definite 
plan,  it  is  better  to  have  as  few  outlets  as  possible,  and  I 
need  hardly  say  that  all  the  minor  or  branch  pipe  drains 
ought,  at  their  lowest  ends,  to  be  united  or  jomed  up  to 
one  main  pipe  of  such  larger  dimensions  as  may  be 
proportioned  to,  and  capable  of  discharging  the  water 
from  a  given  area  of  land ;  these  larger  pipes  being 
conducted  to  the  lowest  extremity  of  the  area  to  be 
drained,  and  there  discharged  into  an  open  drain  or 
stream. 

The  cost  of  long  lengths  of  large  pipes,  increasing 
in  size  as  they  go,  raises  a  question  as  to  the  expediency 
of  using  them  ;  but  the  work  is  easier  to  maintain  than 
when  a  large  number  of  outlets  is  used. 

I  have  frequently  found  it  most  useful,  in  laying  both 
large  and  small  pipes,  where  the  bottoms  of  drains  are  in 
soft,  boggy,  or  sandy  soils,  and  there  is  every  probability 
of  the  pipes  sinking  or  getting  out  of  their  proper  inclina- 
tion, to  lay  them  on  strips  of  wood  cut  out  of  planks 
of  elm,  or  other  timber  as  durable  in  water,  from  \  inch 
to  \  inch  thick.  The  cost  is  very  trifling,  and  is  as  nothing 
compared  to  that  of  having  to  re-open  and  re-lay  the 
drains,  while  doubt  of  the  success  of  the  work  is  thereby 
to  a  great  extent  avoided. 

Outlets. — The  pipe  at  the  outlet  or  head  should  be 
raised  above  the  ditch  or  stream,  which  should  be  cleared, 
and,  if  required,  deepened  for  some  distance,  so  as  to 
ensure  the  water  not  being  backed  up  into  the  pipes.  I 
have  adopted  self-acting  iron  traps  at  the  outlets,  in 
cases  where  the  tide  has  occcasionally  risen  against 
them  ;  but  the  chief  object  was  to  prevent  the  mud, 
of  which  there  is  generally  a  large  quantity  in    tidal 


waters,  from  being  taken  up  the  pipes,  and  there  left 
to  deposit  itself.  All^<J^t^ts  should  be  protected  by 
brick  or  stonework,  set  m  mortar  or  cement,  the  founda- 
tions being  sunk  from  i  to  2  feet  under  the  bottom  of  the 
ditch  or  stream,  which  should  be  paved  to  receive  the 
water  from  the  pipe. 

Referring  again  to  the  depths  of  the  drains,  it  is  fre- 
quently necessary  to  lay  the  main  drains,  6,  7,  8,  or  even 
10  feet  deep  in  places,  in  order  to  drain  land  to  an  outfall 
which  lies  at  too  low  a  level  to  allow  of  the  ordinary 
depths  being  employed. 

Sizes  of  Pipes  for  c€i-iain  Areas. — In  all  engineering 
questions  relating  to  the  flow  of  water  through  pipes, 
there  are  fixed  rules  for  ascertaining  the  quantity  dis- 
charged, when  running  full,  according  to  the  size  of 
the  pipes,  their  inclinations,  and  head  or  pressure 
above  the  point  of  entrance  of  the  water  into  the  pipe. 

But  in  the  case  of  pipes  in  land  drainage,  which  are 
not  as  a  continuous  tube,  no  rule  can  be  applied  to 
measure  the  quantity  that  flows,  so  as  to  adapt  the 
sizes  of  the  pipes  to  the  particular  cases  in  which  they 
are  employed,  because  the  quantity  of  water  which  is 
taken  in  is  very  uncertain,  and  in  some  cases  most 
irregular,  and  the  inclinations  vary  at  every  change  of 
surface,  so  that  in  some  parts  of  the  same  pipe  the 
velocity  is  very  great,  and  at  others  very  small.  It  is 
seldom  found  that  the  same  amount  of  water  is  dis- 
charged out  of  any  two  pipes  in  the  same  field,  and  this 
is  frequently  the  case  even  when  they  are  side  by  side. 
The  quantity  of  water  varies  very  considerably  under  the 
different  conditions  of  soils  in  which  the  pipes  are  laid  ; 
for  instance,  in  free  soils  with  springs  and  in  times  of 
much  rain,  which  penetrates  quickly,  all  the  pipes  will 
run  full,  and  likewise,  at  times,  in  free  soils,  with  rain 
alone.  In  clay  soils — the  percolation  of  water  in  sus- 
pension through  the  soil  being  slow,  and  rain  water  also 
descending  slowly,  —  the  pipes  are  not  overcharged  ; 
besides,  in  such  soils  the  pipes  are  at  more  frequent 
intervals,  and  would,  if  the  water  came  as  rapidly  as 
from  the  free  soils,  discharge  it  more  easily.  In  the 
early  period  of  land  drainage  pipes  of  i  inch  in  diameter 
were  commonly  used,  but  they  were  not  continued  for 
any  length  of  time,  and  they  were  seldom,  if  ever,  sunk 
in  the  ground  deeper  than  2  feet  or  2  feet  6  inches. 
Pipes  of  i^  inch  in  diameter  succeeded  them,  and,  more 
recently,  2  inch  pipes  have  been  almost  universally  adopted 
for  the  branch  drains.  There  was  also  the  horse-shoe 
pipe,  laid  on  a  tile  as  a  sole  ;  but  these  have  totally  failed 
and  become  obsolete.  The  adoption  of  2  inch  pipes 
(the  area  of  which  is  3.14  square  inches),  has  been  a 
great  improvement,  inasmuch  as,  besides  being  in  nearly 
all  cases  large  enough  for  the  water  to  run  out,  they  allow 
the  air  to  pass  up  when  they  are  not  full,  as  before 
described,  and  thus  ameliorate  the  condition  of  the  soil 
above  and  around  them.  No  single  rule  can  apply  as  to 
size  ;  but,  as  regards  the  sizes  of  main  pipes,  into  which 
the  minor  pipes  discharge,  some  attention  is  required  to 
regulate  them,  and,  if  possible,  their  inclinations.  In 
these  cases,  however,  it  would  be  impossible  to  fix  the 
sizes  by  the  ordinary  rules  of  engineering  ;  so  that  it  is 
necessary  to  resort  to  experience,  aided  by  a  few  approxi- 
mations which  serve  somewhat  as  guides.  These  main 
pipes  vary  from  3  inches  up  to  12  inches,  and  2  feet  in 
diameter,  in  proportion  to  the  area  which  will  discharge 
into  them,  and  the  inclinations  at  which  they  are  laid. 
The  following  Table  gives  the  approximate  sizes  of  pipes 
for  soils  of  maximum  density  and  lightness. 


Diameter 

Area  of  Pipe. 

Area  Drained. 

of  Pipe. 

In  Clay  Soils. 

In  Free  Soils. 

Inches. 

Square  Inches. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

3 

7.66 

6 

4     to       s 

4 

12.56 

9 

6     „        7 

5 

10. 50 

16 

13     ,.      14 

6 

28. 08 

25 

20     , .      22 

7 

38.22 

35 

30 

8 

4992 

46 

40 

9 

63.18 

60 

50 

10 

78.00 

75 

60 

11 

94.38 

91 

70 

" 

112.38 

109 

80 

The  several  degrees  of  porosity  of  soils  between  the 
extremes  must  be  treated  as  experience  may  dictate,  and 
the  inchnation  at  which  the  drains  are  laid  will  affect  the 
question  ;  for  instance,  a  rapid  fall  of  the  branch  pipes 
into  the  main  pipe  would  necessarily  require  that  the 
latter  should  be  increased  in  size ;  but  a  slow  discharge 
does  not  require  larger  pipes  than  those  given  in  the 
Table. 

Directions  of  Drains. — In  ordinary- sized  fields  it  is 
convenient,  and  in  no  way  interferes  with  the  efliciency 
of  pipe  drainage,  to  lay  out  the  minor  drains  in  each 
field  exclusively  for  that  field,  but  to  connect  them 
with  a  main  drain,  which  may  be  laid  so  as  to  take  the 
water  from  several  fields  to  a  distant  outlet. 

In  uniform  soils,  whether  dense  or  free,  the  usual  prac- 
tice is  to  lay  drains  parallel  to  each  other,  on  what  is 
commonly  called  the  gridiron  system.  In  stiff  clays, 
where  the  drains  are  more  frequent,  this  plan  is  undoubt- 
edly to  be  preferred,  for  the  reasons  before  stated, — that 
the  water  may  be  equally  drawn  off  from  all  parts,  and 
the  land  uniformly  aerated.  In  free  soils,  such  as  gravel, 
sand,  and  the  like,  where  there  are  springs  which  rise  to 
the  surface,  and  are  visibly  saturating  large  or  small 
areas,  the  drains  may  be  run  in  such  directions  as  wiU 
enable  them  to  tap  those  places,  and  ultimately  to  drain 
a  larger  area. 

Deep  as  drainage  may  be  laid,  it  is  never  altogether 
free  from  the  possibility  of  being  put  out  of  order  by  the 
roots  of  trees,  or  of  certain  kinds  of  crops  which  may 
penetrate  the  drains,  and  form  a  hindrance  to  the  free 
passage  of  the  water  through  them.  The  roots  of  the 
Elm,  Ashj  Willow,  and  other  trees,  are  known  to  enter 


the  pipes,  and  even  pass  through  the  ground  for  several 
yards  to  reach  them,  as  if  they  were  attracted  by  the 
moisture  and  air  which  they  find  in  the  pipes,  and  by  the 
nourishment  afforded  them  there.  To  obviate  this  dif- 
ficulty It  is  advisable,  where  it  occurs  or  is  apprehended 
to  use  socket-pipes  jointed  with  cement,  or  to  lay  the 
pipes  as  far  as  possible  from  the  trees.  I  have  found  that 
embedding  the  pipes  in  lime,  mortar,  or  concrete,  has  pre- 
vented them  from  being  choked,  although  close  to  trees 
which  it  was  impossible  to  avoid,  and  has  kept  them  clear 
for  some  years.  The  roots  of  some  crops,  such  as  Wheat 
Turnips,  Carrots,  Mangel,  &c.,  if  they  should  penetrate 
the  pipes,  die  away  when  the  crops  are  removed,  and  are 
frequently  washed  out  at  the  mouths  of  the  drains  by  the 
strong  flow  of  water  through  them.  Other  substances  give 
the  drainer  a  vast  amount  of  trouble  in  obstructing  pipes. 
Ochreous  water,  depositing  oxide  of  iron,  is  a  common 
source  of  obstniction.  It  appears  to  harden  and  consoli- 
date as  it  receives  air  through  the  pipes,  and  ultimately 
chokes  them.  I  have  found  it  best  to  get  at  the  source  of 
the  spring  or  springs,  and  conduct  the  water  away  by 
large  pipes  independent  of  the  general  system.  Confervce 
and  parasitic  plants  will  also  get  into  the  pipes,  grow,  and 
ultimately  stop  the  flow  of  water  through  them  ;  another 
source  of  trouble  is  the  percolation  of  sand  into  the  pipes, 
which  necessitates  patience  and. care  in  taking  them  up, 
frequently  after  being  first  laid'  and  relaid,  until  all  the 
water  has  run  out  of  the  bed,  and  then  laying  them  in 
straw  and  on  strips  ot  wood. 

Fcn-Iand  draining  is  one  of  those  exceptional  cases 
where  great  skill  and  attention  are  required.  In  an 
instance  with  which  1  am  acquainted,  some  fen  pasture 
land  which  was  letting  at  from  £2  to  £1  an  acre  was 
drained  and  broken  up,  but  it  produced  scarcely  any 
crops.  It  was  too  closely  drained,  and  some  time  elapsed 
before  it  even  partially  recovered  from  the  effects. 

Mr.  Clutton,  in  his  paper  on  "  The  Cost  of  Conversion 
of  Forest  and  Wood  Land  into  Cultivated  Land."  having 
alluded  to  the  drainage  which  was  carried  out  at  Hainault 
and  Shrob  Walk,  has  drawn  my  attention  to  draim'ng 
under  those  circumstances.  I  wiU  just  state  that  in  the 
former  case,  although  some  pains  were  taken  to  grub  up 
the  roots  of  the  Oaks  and  Hornbeams  with  the  trees,  we 
constantly  met  with  them  in  the  drains,  and  they  were 
either  taken  out  or  cut  through.  Some  of  the  roots  in 
the  light  soils  in  the  southern  part  of  the  forest  were 
found  deep  in  the  ground. 

At  Shrob  Walk,  where  the  soil  was  almost  entirely  an 
uniformly  stiff  clay,  we  had  not  so  much  difticulty  arising 
from  this  source,  but  in  both  cases  the  cost  of  draining 
was  thereby  increased,  and  this  applies  also  to  the  land 
containing  Briers  and  underwood  only.  Could  the  drain- 
ing have  been  delayed  for  a  year  or  two,  the  roots  would 
have  nearly  all  rotted  oft'. 

Draining  through  rocky  ground  is  very  expensive,  but 
as  in  most  rocks  water  either  lays  above  the  beds  or  below 
them,  it  frequently  taps  a  large  area  of  land,  and  where  the 
rock  projects  out  on  the  face  of  a  sloping  country,  which  it 
frequently  does,  it  holds  up  the  water  in  the  land  above 
it,  so  that  one  or  two  drains  carried  through  it  let  free  a 
large  quantity  of  water,  and  the  land  will  be  permanently 
drained.  The  most  obdurate  rocks  are  those  found  in  the 
high  land  of  the  old  red  sandstone,  the  lias,  those  of  the 
coal  measures,  and  others.  The  stone  may  be  used  for 
the  farms  or  public  roads,  and  this  will  very  much  reheve 
the  expense  of  getting  it  out  of  the  drains. 
{To  be  concluded  Jiext  week.) 


CIRENCESTER. 
Introdnctory  Address  by  Sir  Michael  Hicks  Bc-acky 
Bart.,  ALP. — At  the  first  meeting  of  the  Cirencester 
Chamber  of  Agriculture,  the  President,  Sir  Michael 
E.  Hicks  Beach,  Bart.,  M.P.,  delivered  an  address, 
from  which  we  make  the  following  extracts  : — 

I.  The  Work  of  the  Chamber  hitherlo. — We  know 
what  advantage  the  cattle  market  is  to  this  town,  and 
to  the  market,  and  I  believe  it  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that  the  origin  of  that  market  was  in  suggestions  ema- 
nating from  members  of  this  Chamber.  Then,  again, 
last  year  we  not  only  attended  to  our  own  interests  as 
agriculturists,  but  we  also  went  to  the  assistance  of 
agriculturists  in  foreign  parts.  I  think  the  manner  in 
which  the  French  seed  fund  was  taken  up  by  the 
Chambers — and  by  this  Chamber  in  particular,  show 
the  great  use  of  having  organisations  of  this  kind, 
which  we  may  devote  not  only  to  matters  of  discussion 
or  agricultural  politics,  but  to  matters  of  practical  use- 
fulness. Then  with  regard  to  our  discussions  upon 
other  points,  I  have  carefully  gone  through  them,  in 
order  to  see  w-hat  matters  we  have  principally  con- 
sidered, and  I  find  that  we  have  discussed  during  our 
existence  of  a  few  years  several  matters  more  than 
once.  I  find  five  discussions  upon  the  educa- 
tion of  the  children  of  those  employed  in  agricul- 
ture. I  find  three  discussions  upon  rates,  and 
three  on  local  taxation,  while  the  interesting  questions 
of  game  and  cattle  plague  have  each  been  discussed 
twice  in  this  Chamber.  I  find  it  would  be  hardly 
possible  to  name  any  one  subject  having  an  interest 
to  landlord  and  tenants,  or  their  general  interests  in 
connection,  to  which  some  attention  has  not  been 
devoted.  We  have  discussed  the  management  of  light 
land  and  heavy  land,  of  sheep  and  cattle,  cultivation 
of  roots  and  Barley,  question  of  ploughing  with  steam 
or  horses  or  oxen,  the  best  system  of  farm  accounts  and 
farm  management,  and  finally  the  best  mode  of  drawing 
up  an  agreement  between  landlord  and  tenant.  The 
science  of  agriculture  has  not  been  neglected,  for  Mr. 
Constable  not  very  long  ago  brought  before  us  the  pro- 
posed metric  system  :  and  discussions  upon  the  culti- 
vation of  Sugar-Beet  have  filled  up  no  small  proportion 
of  the  time  of  the  Chamber  during  the  past  year.  So 
that  I  think  any  one  who  looks  fairly  at  the  proceed- 


92 


The   Gardeners'    Chro:iic!e   and   A-^ricultural    Gazette. 


[January  20,   1S72. 


ingsofthis  Chamber  during  the  time  of  its  existence, 
must  be  able  to  see  that  what  has  been  said  and  what 
has  been  done,  has  been  of  real  practical  use  to 
agriculture. 

2.    The  Condition  of  the  Labourer. — Let  me  take  the 
question  first  of  the  lodging  of  the  labourer.     Now 
any  one  who  has  paid  any  attention  to  the  dwellings  of 
the  labourer— let  us  say  in  this  district — and  any  one 
who  also  knows  the  state  of  the  dwellings  of  the  work- 
ing classes  in  some  of  our  large  towns,  will  see  tliat  the 
comparison  is,  as  a  rule,  in  favour  of  the  agricultural 
labourer.     At  any  rate,  whatever  the  house  may  be,  he 
has  the  benefit  of  growing  what  is  very  often  denied 
him  in  the  towns.     But  still  we  must  feel  that  there  is 
very  much  room  for  improvement  in  this  respect,  and  I 
do  not  myself  look  at  the  matter  as  some  people  do, 
entirely  upon  the  ground  as  to  whether  or  no  the  build- 
ing cottages  will  pay — I  don't  think  a  landlord  ought 
to  consider  whether  the  money,  the  actual  expense  in 
building  cottages,  will  return  him  so  much  per  cent, 
only.     I  should  be  very  sorry  to  do  so  myself.     I  think 
we  must    feel   there    is   a   moral   obligation  upon  the 
owner  of  the  property  to  take  care  that  his  tenants  do 
not  live  in  houses  which  are  not  fit  for  their  habitation. 
Now  the  question  which  we  may  consider  is,  how  far 
we  may  enforce  that  obligation  by  law?     For  my  own 
part  I  think  we  may  fairly  consider  the   que?.tion   of 
overcrowding  ;  whether  a  man  owning  a  little  corner 
of  land  should  be  allowed  to  cover  the  whole  of  that 
land    with   cottages,    having    perhaps    no    backdoor, 
and  no  possible  room  for  comfort  or  decency.     Any- 
one who   knows   almost    any   village   can   bring  for- 
ward  numberless  instances  where  this  has  been  done. 
Then  there  is  the  question   of  his  wages.     Now,  in 
former  times  when  the  feudal  feeling  existed  between 
landlord  and   tenant,   it  also   existed  between   tenant 
and  labourer.     There  was  perhaps  a  greater  associa- 
tion between    them   than  we  can  ever  expect   to  see 
again,  and  rising  from  that  there  was  the  custom  which 
still  prevails  in  some  parts  of  England  of  a  consider- 
able number   of  labourers  being   employed   not   only 
when  actually  wanted,    but  being  kept   on  the   farm 
year  after  year  through  their  whole  lives,  and  doing 
the  work  of  the  farm  really  whether  they  wanted  to 
do  it  or  not.       In  these  days,  now   that   agriculture 
has  become  a  science,  and  that  it  must  be  considered 
with  regard  to  the  profit  which  can  fairly  be  made,  I 
don't   think  it  is  wonderful  if   we  find  sometimes  an 
agriculturist    in    the    habit    of    employing    labourers 
simply  for  the  harvest,  and  then  when  there's  nothing 
to   do    turning  them  off.       And  again,  now  that  the 
labouring  element  has  become  more  independent,  it  is 
not  wonderful  if  we  find  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the 
labourer — that  after  he  has  engaged  himself  for  a  year, 
to  leave  his  master  just  when  his  services  are  most 
required.     How  is  it  possible  for  us  to  mend  this  state 
of  things  which,  as  far  as  my  experience  goes,  is  not  by 
any  means  satisfactory  ?  I  don't  think  it  can  be  mended 
by   simply  giving  higher  wages — it    is   a  question  of 
demand  and  supply,  and  I  am  inclined  to  think  that 
the  agricultural  labourer  gets  as  much  for  his  work  as 
that  work  is  worth.     But  it  has  occurred  to  me  that  we 
may  fairly  consider  whether  it  may  be  possible  to  place 
the    agricultural    labourer,    who   has    shown    himself 
deserving,  in  a  better  position  to  raise  himself  in  the 
world  than  he  has  at  present.     Let  me  explain  what  I 
mean.     I  read  with  great  interest  the  system  which 
had   been    pursued    in   the   unions    of    Shropshire    in 
reference    to    outdoor    relief.       It    was    by   teaching 
the  laboureis  to  be  provident,  and  they  were  taught 
to    be    provident   because    they  were    encouraged    to 
lay    by   from    time    to    time    a    certain    sum    in    the 
savmgs'  bank,  and    there   were   some  pieces  of  land 
somewhat  larger  than  allotments,  which  were  placed  in 
the  hands  of  those  who  could  show  a  certain  sum  to 
their  balance  in  the  savings'  bank.      How  far  is  it  pos- 
sible with  the  system  of  large  farms — which  I  confess  I 
prefer,  because  I  think  in  that  way  agriculture  is  most 
progressive — how  far  is  it  possible  in  any  part  of  the 
country  where  the  system  of  large  farms  prevails  to 
have  certain  small  tenancies  which  shall    as    it   were 
encourage  the  labourer,  and  enable  him  to  raise  himself 
towards  the  class  to  which  at  present  he  has  hardly  any 
chance  of  reaching?     Then   there  is  a  question  which 
may  very  properly  be  discussed — that  of  poor  relief — 
the  question  of  outdoor  relief.    I  should  be  glad  if  it  were 
possible  that  the  agricultural  labourers  sliould  be  here 
themselves  and  express  what  they  think  upon   these 
matters,  but  we  must   feel   that  in  the  present  state  of 
society  it  would  be  hardly  possible  for  them  to  do  so. 
But  I  have  no  doubt   that  we  have  some  among  us, 
men — practical   men — who    can  of  their   own    know- 
ledge tell  us  what  the  labourers  think.     I  would  also 
seriously  invite  the  co-operation  of  those  whom  I  am 
quite  sure  could  afford  us  valuable  information  on  these 
subjects.     I  mean  the  clergy.     I  am  glad  to  see  one  or 
two  members  here  this  evening,  and   I  wish  that  they 
and  others  would  come  more  constantly  to  the  meetings 
of  this  Chamber — and  especially  when  questions  of  this 
kind  are  being  discussed  ;  they  would  be  performing  a 
duty  thoroughly  consistent  wkh  their  high  and  sacred 
office.     Not  only  that,  but  they  would  be  doing  far 
more  to  promote  the  real  benefit  of  the  agricultural 
labourer,  than  if,  like  certain  clergymen  iri  the  West  of 
England,  they  endeavoured  to  set  class  against  class  by 
placing  themselves  in  opposition  to  the  farmers,  who 
ought  to  be  their  best  friends. 


I\Ir.  S-MjWsiiLL  said  :  There  is  one  point  omitted  in 
Sir  Michael's  excellent  address,  which  is  of  most  vital 
importance  to  us  as  tenant-farmers;  that  is,  the  non- 
payment for  all  unexhausted  improvements.  The 
farmers  generally  are  twitted  by  the  manufacturing  and 
other  classes  at  the  slow  progress  of  their  improvements, 
but  I  would  ask  these  parties,  if  their  positions  were 
the  same  as  ours,  if  they  could  have  then  boasted  of  the 
great  improvements  they  have  undoubtedly  made. 
Therefore  I  would  ask  them,  how  can  they  expect 
farmers  to  lay  out  thousands  of  pounds  in  improve- 
ments, when  they  are  at  the  mercy  of  their  landlords, 
who,  under  the  present  laws,  can  claim  it  for  them- 
selve  ?  and  I  appeal  to  all  tenant-farmers  whether  they 
are  not  prepared  to  improve  the  agriculture  of  this 
country  to  an  extent  hitherto  unknown,  if  they  had  but 
that  right  granted  them  ?  The  landowners,  after  letting 
their  land  at  its  full  value  at  the  time  being,  are  cer- 
tainly entitled  to  the  natural  increase  of  the  land,  say 
some  1)1  per  cent,  every  14  years,  and  if  they  lay  out 
their  own  money  in  draining,  building,  &c,,  they  are 
entitled  to  5  per  cent,  on  the  outlay  ;  but  I  must  say 
they  are  not  entitled  to  the  improvements  which  their 
tenants  have  made  without  first  paying  them  a  fair  price 
for  the  unexhausted  improvements. 

The  President  :  It  is  an  important  subject,  there 
can  be  no  doubt ;  and  I  don't  think  it  is  a  point  which 
we  have  properly  discussed.  I  believe  it  has  been  re- 
commended by  the  Central  Chamber  for  discussion,  and 
if  Mr.  Snowsell  would  prepare  a  paper  and  read  it,  I 
am  quite  sure  it  would  be  a  very  valuable  one. 

Mr.  Rucic  thought  the  question  of  outdoor  relief 
touched  the  farmer  more  nearly  than  any  others.  He  went 
dead  against  outdoor  relief.  To  bring  a  man  up  to  expect 
at  the  end  of  his  days  a  miserable  pittance  of  2.s.  6(f.  or 
3^.  6d.  a-week,  seemed  an  unfortunate  end  to  his  life. 
It  affected  the  price  of  labour.  If  they  were  deserving 
of  relief,  let  the  amount  be  increased  very  considerably. 
They  could  not  get  a  man  to  work  over  a  certain  age. 
As  soon  as  he  became  of  a  certain  age  he  said.  No  more 
work  for  me,  and  passed  the  remainder  of  his  days  on 
the  miserable  pittance  he  had  mentioned. 

The  Rev.  T.  Matjrice  did  not  think  in  that  union 
any  outdoor  relief  was  given  except  in  cases  of  sick- 
ness and  inability  to  work  from  old  age.  He  did  not 
quite  see  how  wages  could  be  affected  by  that.  It 
might  be  there  were  old  men  capable  of  doing  some- 
thing, and  they  might  obtain  relief  from  defective 
information  ;  but  it  was  the  invariable  rule  at  the 
Cirencester  Board  not  to  give  partial  relief.  They 
received  a  man  as  a  pauper  or  refused  him  altogether  : 
they  did  not  allow  him  to  eke  out  parish  pay  by 
working  for  some  one  at  a  less  rate  than  he  could  get 
another  man  to  do  the  work  for.  It  had  often  been  a 
great  question  with  him,  whether  outdoor  relief  should 
be  refused  to  old  people  or  not  ;  but  it  seemed  a 
wretched  thing,  at  the  end  of  a  man's  days,  to  compel 
him  to  come  into  the  workhouse  when  his  inability  to 
work  was  undoubted. 

Mr.  Ruck  agreed  with  Mr.  Maurice.  Still,  it  seemed 
to  him  that  there  was  something  very  wrong  when  out 
of  a  parish  of  435  inhabitants  67  received  parish  pay. 
It  seemed  to  him  the  principle  was  wrong  of  bringing 
people  up  to  such  an  end  ;  that  was  the  only  point  he 
spoke  of.  He  did  not  make  the  least  reflection  upon 
the  manner  in  which  the  Board  carried  out  its  duties  ; 
he  made  not  the  slightest  charge  or  allusion  to  them  ; 
he  only  spoke  of  the  principle,  and  should  like  to  see 
the  law  altered. 

The  Rev.  T,  Maurice  quite  understood  that  Mr. 
Ruck  did  not  cast  any  imputation  upon  the  Board, 
The  question  was,  how  was  the  agricultural  labourer 
to  be  provided  for  when  he  grew  old  ?  A  question  had 
been  raised  among  a  committee  of  the  East  Gloucester- 
shire Club  whether  something  might  not  be  done 
by  insurance,  but  it  was  found  to  be  extremely  difficult, 
because  the  payments  would  be  so  much  larger  than 
the  earnings  of  agricultural  labourers  would  enable 
them  to  meet.  It  appeared  to  him  that  there  were  but 
three  ways  of  maintaining  a  man,  when  his  work  was 
done,  viz.,  either  from  his  own  savings,  which  seemed 
impossible  in  the  case  of  an  agricultural  labourer  ;  or 
by  outdoor  relief;  or  in  the  workhouse,  which  would 
then  be  required  to  be  made  more  comfortable  as  an 
almshouse.  There  was  one  other  state  for  him,  it  was 
true,  which  was  to  die  of  starvation,  but  that  the 
country  would  never  allow. 


.  Lock  assures  us  that  you  can. 
concluding  sentences  : — 


itie  tollowmg  are 


Y  By  either  of  these  described  methods,  not  only  is  an 
article  obtained  of  which  you  know  the  ingredients,  but, 
at  an  actual  saving  of  xos.  per  acre,  as  the  following  cal- 
culation will  show.  It  has  been  proved  by  many  agricul- 
turists, some  of  whom  have  made  their  own  superphos- 
phate for  years,  and  a  few  of  whose  testimonials  (from 
among  many)  I  have  inserted  at  the  end  of  this  work. 

"By  experiments  which  have  been  made  by  several 
agriculturists,  it  has  been  proved  that  the  application  of 
one  sack  of  bones,  dissolved,  to  an  acre  of  land,  produces 
a  result  equal  to  4  cwt.  of  the  best  procurable  super- 
phosphate. 

"  Now,  we  will  take  half-inch  bones  at  20s.  per  quarter, 
yet  they  can  be  purchased  early  in  the  season  as  low  as 
18s.  and  i8j.  6d.,  and  the  best  oil  of  vitriol  at  id.  per  lb. 
—the  price  at  which  I  sell  it  at  the  manufactory,— and 
the  best  superphosphate  of  lime  at  £6  51.  per  ton  {and 
really  serviceable  cannot  be  purchased  under)  ;  then  we 
have  this  result  : — 

I  sack  of  bone?  at  201.  per  quarter ^< 

60  lb.  oil  of  vitriol  at  i(/.  per  lb 


.0  10 
•     o     S 

;^o  IS 


4  cwt.  superphosphate  at  jC6  ss.  per  ton       . .        ..£150 

Saving  effected  on  i  acre         ;£o  10    o 

"  It  would  be  well  if  every  farmer  always  kept  a  few 
carboys  of  vitriol  by  him,  so  that  when  horses  or  cattle 
die  on  the  farm  through  disease,  accident,  or  age,  they 
might  be  dissolved  and  turned  into  useful  manure, 
instead  of,  as  now,  being  buried,  or  given  as  food  to 
tlie  pigs. 

"To  do  this,— take  the  skin  from  the  animal,  and 
sprinkle  it  well  with  salt  on  the  fleshy  side,  to  preserve  it  ; 
then  roll  it  up  until  an  opportunity  occurs  of  selling  it  to 
the  tanner.  Cut  up  the  carcase,  and  boil  it  for  24  hours 
in  a  copper  of  water,  by  which  time  the  bones  can  easily 
be  taken  out.  During  the  boiling,  a  quantity  of  fat  wiU 
float  on  the  top,  which  should  be  carefully  skimmed  off 
and  presen'ed,  as  it  is  very  superior  to  any  other  grease 
for  cart  axles  or  machinery.  The  liquor  is  excellent  for 
wetting  bones— better  than  simple  water— or  it  could  be 
emptied  into  the  manure  tank.  The  bones  should  be 
broken  as  small  as  possible,  and,  with  the  flesh,  put  into 
the  tank.  Some  water  must  be  added,  and,  in  the  next 
place,  some  oil  of  vitriol,  the  whole  to  be  covered  with 
some  ashes.  Let  the  compound  remain  for  several  days. 
at  the  end  of  which  time  it  could  be  dug  out,  mixed  with 
the  ashes,  and  used  as  superphosphate. 

"  A  friend  of  mine,  in  the  present  year,  made  some 
manure  in  this  way,  at  a  cost  of  about  ^4  15*,  per  ton ; 
of  which  he  used  an  equal  quantity  per  acre  on  the  same 
day  and  on  the  same  soil  by  the  side  of  some  blood 
manure  at  ^8  per  ton,  and  found  his  own  to  be  far  supe- 
rior. A  horse  will  yield  from  50  lb.  to  80  lb.  of  dry  bones, 
according  to  size." 


g^ctitcs  of  %oa\\% 


Agriculturists  their  own  Superphosphate 
Makers  ;  icith  Illustrations.  By  Alfred  G.  Lock. 
E.  &  F.  N.  Spon,  4S,  Charing  Cross. 

We  suppose  that  the  division  of  labour  principle  will 
hold  its  own  against  all  the  attempts  of  the  kind  here 
illustrated,  which  are  continually  being  made,  and  like 
home  brewed  beer  and  home  spun  clothing,  home 
made  superphosphate  will  soon  be  a  thing  of  the  past. 
Nevertheless,  instructions  of  the  kind  here  given  are 
serviceable  as  furnishing,  if  nothing  else,  one  great 
security  and  protest  against  adulteration.  If  you  have 
wit  enough  to  buy  unadulterated  bone-dust  and  un- 
adulterated sulpliuric  acid,  you  can,  by  Mr.  Lock's  help, 
make  unadulterated  superphosphate.  We  doubt,  how- 
ever, if  you  will  do  it  cheaper  than  you  can  buy  it.    But 


Farm  Memoranda. 

Lord  Warwick's  Farm,  near  Leamington  : 
Utilisatiojt  of  Sewage. — The  best  way  of  utilising  the 
sewage  of  towns  has  been  for  a  long  time  before  the 
public.  Cesspools  and  middens  are  clearly  inadmissible 
in  densely  populated,  or,  indeed,  in  any  other  districts. 
After  Parliament  passed  the  Health  of  Towns  Acts, 
local  authorities  sent  their  excreta  into  the  nearest 
brook  or  river,  as  the  case  may  have  been,  and  the 
results  were  the  pollution  of  running  streams,  and 
injunctions  in  the  law  courts  restraining  parties  from 
continuing  the  practice.  The  decisions  of  the  legal 
tribunals — and  they  are  numerous— invariably  condemn 
the  system  of  contaminating  rivers. 

Local  authorities  and  manufacturers  in  various 
places  have  of  late  years  thought  that  they  could 
cast  their  impurities  into  the  adjacent  river,  if  only 
they  deodorised  and  clarified  the  liquid  which  issued 
from  their  premises.  With  a  view  to  carry  out 
this  idea,  they  have  employed  chemists  who  have 
used  various  substances,  such  as  perchloride  of  iron, 
carbolic  acid,  and  lime  to  neutralise  the  effects  of 
deleterious  matters.  These  so-called  remedies  have, 
in  most  instances,  made  matters  worse,  and  ren- 
dered the  liquid  treated  in  this  way  poisonous 
to  fish,  as  well  as  injurious  to  man  and  beast.  The 
promoters  of  the  "A  B  C"  process  of  treating 
sewage  profess  to  be  in  possession  of  a  mode  of  treat- 
ing this  obnoxious  liquid  that  shall  convert  all  its 
manurial  parts  into  the  valuable  form  of  British  guano, 
at  the  same  time  changing  the  effluent  liquid  into  a 
substance  fit  to  be  turned  into  a  nmT\ing  stream,  which 
stream  may,  at  a  distance  of  a  few  miles,  be  used  by 
human  beings  and  by  cattle  for  drinking  purposes. 

That  the  churning,  by  mechanical  means,  of  alum, 
blood,  clay,  charcoal,  and  other  substances,  with  town 
sewage,  exercises  a  beneficial  effect  upon  it  we  do  not 
deny.  The  expense  of  the  process  is,  however,  con- 
siderable, and  the  value  of  the  solid  "  British  guano  '* 
so  obtained  has  yet  to  be  ascertained.  At  Leamington, 
where  the  promoters  of  this  scheme  had  the  sewage 
of  25,000  people  for  nothing  for  more  than  a  year,  the 
results  of  the  sales  of  British  guano  do  not  seem  to 
have  been  so  remunerative  as  to  justify  them  in  offering 
a  rent  for  the  excreta  of  the  town,  which  would  no 
doubt  have  been  accepted  had  other  concomitant 
circumstances  been  satisfactory.  The  real  point  is,  does 
the  "ABC  "  process,  in  its  most  improved  forms,  treat 
liquid  sewage  in  such  a  way  that  it  can  afterwards  be 
turned  with  impunity  into  running  water?  The  inhabi- 
tmts  of  Leamington  could  answer  this  question.     In 


January  20,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


93 


the  meantiine  we  may  state  that  the  Board  of  Health 
of  that  town  have  entered  into  arrangements  with  the 
Earl  of  Warwick  for  an  irrigation  scheme,  which  is  now 
in  operation.  The  Earl  pays  the  Leamington  Board  of 
Health  /450  a  year  for  the  sewage  of  25,000  people, 
delivered  to  him  free  of  all  cost.  He  has  a  farm  of 
nearly  400  acres  laid  out  in  proper  form  for  receiving 
the  liquid,  which  can  be  pumped  up  to  the  highest  part 
of  the  farm  by  two  powerful  engines.  As  the  land 
undulates,  the  sewage  is  distributed  on  the  catch-water 
system,  familiar  to  those  who  manage  water  meadows. 
The  main  carriers  on  the  farm  are  furnished  with 
earthenware  pipes,  which  hide  the  sewage  from  view 
before  it  is  distributed  over  the  land. 

It  is  intended  to  grow  Rye-grass,  Mangels,  Swedes, 
corn,  &c.,  and  various  kinds  of  garden  stuff. 
Should  a  market  not  be  found  for  this  produce, 
he  has  an  adjoining  farm  in  his  own  occu- 
pation, on  which  he  can  consume  any  surplus. 
A  Scotch  farm  manager,  well  acquainted  with  the 
distribution  of  sewage  over  land,  and  with  the  manage- 
ment of  crops,  superintends  the  whole.  This  sewage 
farm  near  Leamington  will,  in  all  probability,  when 
in  full  operation,  prove  a  model  for  the  whole  country. 
There  is  another  similar  to  it  at  Banbury,  and  the  irri- 
gation system  is  at  full  work  in  various  other  parts  of 
the  kingdom. 

The  irrigation  of  land  by  sewage  seems  at  present  to 
be  the  plan  most  in  vogue  for  getting  rid  of  a  nuisance. 
If  scientific  men  can  by  chemical  means  devise  a 
better  plan  of  disposing  of  the  obnoxious  liquid  than 
that  now  in  favour  let  them  do  so.  The  cost  of  manu- 
facturing what  is  called  British  guano  will  always 
prove  to  be  a  serious  item  of  expenditure,  not  to  speak 
of  the  nuisance  created  by  the  process,  as  in  the  case 
of  Leamington. 

It  is  satisfactory  to  find  that  the  sewage  of  towns  is 
gradually  being  withdrawn  from  rivers,  and  used  on 
the  land.  Any  economical  method  which  aims  at  the 
same  object  will  no  doubt  be  welcomed  with  satisfac- 
tion by  the  general  public. 


Alrewas  Hays.  —  [The  following  report  of  a  com- 
plimentary dinner  'to  Mr.  Winterton,  the  tenant  of  the 
farm  which  received  the  second  prize  for  the  best 
cultivated  farm  near  Wolverhampton,  is  abridged  from 
the  Midiajid  Counties  Herald.  We  publish  it  in  this 
section  of  our  journal,  as  it  conveys  a  history  of  agri- 
cultural success  such  as  the  readers  of  these  columns 
generally  expect  to  find.] 

The  Vice-Chairman  (Mr.  G.  A.  May)  proposed  the 
toast  of  the  evening,  namely,  "  The  health  of  Mr. 
Thomas  Winterton."  He  supposed  one  of  the  reasons 
why  he  had  been  selected  to  propose  the  toast  was 
because  he  was,  perhaps,  Mr.  Winterton's  oldest  friend. 
During  his  long  knowledge  of  Mr.  Winterton,  which 
extended  to  40  years,  he  had  never  known  a  stain  upon 
his  character.  Early  in  life  Mr.  Winterton  lost  his 
father,  but  by  the  help  of  a  good  mother  the  nest  was 
kept  warm  for  the  young  birds  until  they  were  fledged. 
He  was  lately  reading  an  account  of  one  of  the  old 
Roman  states  where  the  right  to  citizenship  consisted 
in  one  of  three  things  :  that  a  man  should  be  the  father 
of  a  male  child,  build  a  house,  or  write  a  book.  He 
knew  that  Mr.  Winterton  had  several  male  olive 
branches,  that  he  was  fond  of  bricks  and  mortar,  and 
that,  if  he  had  not  written,  he  had  lived  a  book,  which 
all  of  them  might  read  with  profit,  and  perhaps 
pleasure.  By  a  curiuus  coincidence  he  found  himself 
living  in  .Staffordshire  at  about  the  same  distance  from 
Mr.  Winterton  that  he  resided  in  Leicestershire.  He 
remembered  Alrewas  Hays  before  Mr.  Winterton 
entered  upon  it  ;  but  now  a  wonderful  change  had  come 
over  the  place — a  change  for  the  better,  for  landlord 
and  tenant,  and  for  the  nation  at  large,  for  it  meant 
more  beef,  more  mutton,  more  bread,  and  more  wool. 
He  congratulated  Mr.  Winterton  on  the  honour- 
able position  in  which  he  stood  as  a  farmer.  It 
required  a  horse  having  bone,  muscle,  and  wind 
to  come  in  a  good  second  in  a  race  of  23.  He 
believed  Mr.  Winterton's  honours  were  fairly  won, 
and  would  no  doubt  be  worn  wisely.  In  looking  over 
the  judges'  report  of  the  farm  two  or  three  points  were 
noticeable.  The  first  was  the  large  amount  expended 
in  artificial  food,  nearly  40J.  an  acre,  a  fair  share  of 
which  was  no  doubt  put  to  the  land  account,  and  for 
which  no  doubt  he  had  security  ;  but  it  must  require  a 
sharp  look-out  to  keep  that  little  account  of  four  figures 
correct.  The  slow  part  of  the  farm  seemed  to  be  the 
64  acres  of  second  seeds.  They  had  been  told  for  many 
years  that  the  four-course  system  was  best  on  light 
land.  He  was  not  there  to  criticise  Mr.  Winterton's 
farming,  and  no  doubt  he  had  good  reason  for  what  he 
did  ;  but  if  his  second  seeds  were  only  Rye-grass  they 
were  not  very  valuable.  The  judges,  however,  said, 
*'the  second  seeds  give  a  large  amount  of  food." 
Another  item  in  the  report  was  the  small  amount  of 
labour — only  23J.  an  acre.  His  {Mr.  May's)  account 
was  a  good  deal  more,  and  he  should  like  to  be 
enlightened  on  the  matter  some  day.  Mr.  Winterton 
was  a  living  example  of  Longfellow's  advice  to  be  **  up 
and  doing,"  and  certainly  he  was  "  still  achieving,  still 
pursuing,"  for,  though  he  had  grey  hairs  in  his  beard, 
he  had  successfully  begun  a  new  business,  namely,  that 
of  auctioneer.  No  doubt  the  Lichfield  Smithfield  was 
a  great  convenience  to  many,  but  as  a  farmer  he  held 
the  old  creed — that  a  man  does  his  own  business  best : 


and  he  remembered  with  regret  the  old  monthly  meet- 
ings, where,  if  a  man  had  half-a-dozen  good  heifers,  he 
had  as  many  customers  for  them.  He  was,  however, 
no  obstructive;  the  "old  order  changeth,  and  giveth 
place  unto  the  new,"  and  he  was  not  one  wholly  to 
regret  change.  It  was  with  the  greatest  sincerity  he 
begged  to  propose  the  health  of  Mr.  Winterton,  wish- 
ing him  every  prosperity  and  happiness. — The  toast 
was  very  cordially  received. 

Mr.  Winterton,  after  making  his  acknowledg- 
ments, said  h-"  had  had  from  childhood  a  peculiar 
pleasure  in  the  cultivation  of  the  land,  and  he  came 
into  the  neighbourhood  because  there  appeared  to  be 
room  for  the  development  of  a  good  deal  of  what  he 
thought  was  in  him.  The  farm  at  that  time  was 
occupied  by  a  gentleman  living  at  a  distance.  He  knew 
there  was  something  good  in  the  land,  and  he  felt  sure 
the  neighbourhood  was  one  where  a  man  might  make 
his  way  by  industry  and  perseverance.  With  regard  to 
the  farm,  there  was  no  work  connected  with  it  but 
what  he  had  been  obliged  to  do  ;  and  if  he  had  met 
with  success,  it  was  through  knowing  how  the  work  was 
to  be  done  in  detail.  He  came  to  the  farm  with  a 
certain  amount  of  capital,  which  was  sufficient,  but  it 
now  required  more  than  double  that  amount  to  work 
and  stock  the  farm.  When  he  went  to  the  business,  at 
the  enthusiastic  age  of  20,  he  intended  to  work  hard, 
and  to  retire  at  the  age  of  50  ;  but  he  had  passed  the 
age  of  50,  and  had  failed  to  attain  that  position.  He 
had,  however,  a  good  home  and  a  happy  family,  while 
he  himself  was  blessed  with  health.  With  these 
advantages  he  could  not  complain.  He  did  not  look 
upon  the  man  who  possessed  the  greatest  amount  of 
wealth  as  being  the  richest ;  but  the  man  who  was 
endowed  with  the  largest  amount  of  principle,  and  who 
applied  it  in  tue  direction  of  making  other  persons 
happy.  Since  "le  had  been  in  the  neighbourhood  he 
had  endeavoure-'  to  do  his  duty  to  all  around  him.  He 
would  refer  to  the  question  of  labour,  which  had  been 
alluded  to  by  Mr.  May.  The  sum  certainly  did  appear 
small,  but  the  fact  of  its  being  so  small  a  sum  was 
owing  to  the  house  being  situated  in  the  centre  of  the 
farm,  and  having  cottages  attached  to  it  for  the 
labourers.  In  the  short  space  of  10  minutes  he  could 
go  to  any  part  of  his  farm,  which  comprised  560  acres. 
He  would  tell  them  candidly  that  he  looked  after  his 
labour  well.  If  he  neglected  his  men,  it  was  the  same 
as  being  unkind  to  them,  and  therefore  injurious  to 
them.  His  object  was  to  pay  them  well,  and  have  an 
adequate  return  for  so  doing. 

The  Earl  of  Lichfield  felt  it  to  be  a  very  great  com- 
pliment when  he  was  asked  to  preside  that  evening. 
Knowing  Mr.  Winterton  as  he  did,  his  friends  would 
not  have  asked  him  to  take  the  chair  unless  they 
thought  Mr.  Winterton  and  his  landlord  got  on  pretty  well 
together.  Mr.  Winterton's  case  was  a  peculiar  one. 
He  entered  on  the  farm  immediately  after  he  (the  noble 
Earl)  came  into  possession,  and,  altliough  nothing 
could  be  more  satisfactory  than  the  manner  in  which 
Mr.  Winterton  was  farming  the  land,  he  candidly  con- 
fessed he  was  not  prepared  for  his  taking  so  distin- 
guished a  posi.  m  as  he  had  done  in  gaining  the  2d 
prize  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  It  so  hap- 
pened, however,  that  there  was  some  particular  fortune 
about  the  farm  \.hich  Mr.  Winterton  occupied,  because 
when  an  uncle  of  his  friend  on  his  left  (Mr.  Parr)  was 
the  occupier  of  it  in  the  year  1825,  he  gained  a  prize  of 
50  gs.,  given  by  the  County  Agricultural  Society, 
against  all  Staffordshire.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Parr's 
uncle  another  tenant  brought  the  farm  into  a  very  un- 
satisfactory state.  When  it  became  vacant,  in  the 
year  18  55,  he  without  the  slightest  hesitation  accepted 
Mr.  Winterton,  because  he  was  satisfied  that  he  was 
the  man  who  would  act  up  to  the  principles  he  had 
so  well  put  before  them  that  evening.  He  was 
glad  to  hear  that  Mr.  Winterton  had  no  reason  to  com- 
plain. Indeed,  if  the  stock  upon  his  farm  had  doubled 
in  value  he  was  to  be  congratulated  upon  his  great 
success,  because  the  farm  he  had  occupied  during  the 
last  16  or  17  yeri-s  was  a  very  ordinary  one.  He  (the 
noble  Earl)  was,  however,  disappointed  in  reading  the 
report  on  Mr.  Winterton's  farm  in  the  Journal.  No 
doubt  it  was  valuable  to  those  who  wished  to  follow 
Mr.  Winterton's  career  in  farming.  There  must,  how- 
ever, be  many  ■.'  'tails  in  the  management  of  that  farm 
which  were  only  slightly  touched  upon  in  the  report, 
but  respecting  j'hich  valuable  suggestions  might  be 
made  by  men  of  such  experience  as  those  who  had 
awarded  the  prizes.  It  seemed  to  him  that  a  report  of 
that  sort  might  be  made  a  most  useful  and  valuable 
document  for  reference  by  all  persons  engaged  in  farm- 
ing upon  a  large  scale,  and  having  a  large  amount  of 
capital  embarked  upon  their  farms.  He  hoped,  as 
they  had  several  members  of  the  Council  of  the  Society 
present,  the  subject  would  not  be  lost  sight  of.  There 
was  one  feature  in  the  management  of  Mr.  Winterton's 
farm  which  had  led  him  to  take  his  part  in  this  com- 
pliment more  earnestly  than  he  otherwise  might  have 
done.  He  believed  there  were  few  farmers  who  had 
taken  more  trouble  and  given  more  attention  to  the 
position  of  his  labourers  than  Mr.  Winterton.  Mr. 
May  wondered  at  the  small  amount  paid  for  labour, 
but  it  would  have  been  possible  to  have  had  some  use- 
ful examples  of  what  might  be  done  by  labourers  when 
they  were  treated  with  proper  care  and  attention. 
There  was  no  1.  ne  in  that  room  who  attached  more 
importance  to  the  circumstances  that  every  farmer 
should  have  a  sufficient  number  of  cottages  within 


immediate  reach  of  his  farm,  for  the  labourers  engaged 
on  it,  than  he  did.  He  told  them  honestly  and  fairly 
that  he  did  not  think  there  was  any  cause  of  complaint 
against  the  farmers  in  this  respect.  He  was  not  going 
to  say  that  the  landowners  were  not  to  blame  ;  but  this 
he  did  say,  that  for  one  application  he  had  had  for 
enabling  cottagers  to  live  within  reach  of  their  work  he 
had  50  from  tenants  for  the  convenience  of  themselves. 
Mr.  R.  H.  Masfen,  responding  to  the  toast,  "Suc- 
cess to  the  Agricultural  Interest,"  said  Mr.  Winter- 
ton  was  a  benefactor  to  mankind,  for  he  brought 
more  beef  and  mutton  to  the  shambles  than  any 
farmer  had  done  for  many  years,  and  it  had  been 
the  endeavour  of  Mr.  Winterton  so  to  increase 
the  supply  of  meat  that  we  should  not  be  dependent  to 
so  great  an  extent  on  foreign  supplies.  He  remembered 
reading  in  the  Agricultural  Gazette^  a  few  days  ago,  the 
fact  that  the  [current]  interest  of  a  tenant  in  a  farm  was 
something  like  fourfold  that  of  the  landlord  ;  and, 
such  being  the  case,  he  asked  them  whether  they  were 
a  complaining  class  because  they  asked  for  a  fair  and 
liberal  agreement  in  return  for  the  investments  of  their 
occupation.  He  had  often  said — and  he  would  say 
again — that  there  was  a  class  of  men  who  might  be 
called  custodians  or  agents,  and  who  carried  the 
balance.  He,  however,  thought  that  agents  should  be 
pioneers  in  the  districts  in  which  they  moved,  whose 
interest  should  be  to  let  farms  at  a  reasonable  rent, 
and,  having  let  the  farms,  to  make  a  periodical  visit  to 
the  estate.  He  believed  the  great  stumbling  block  in 
the  way  of  the  tenant-farmer  was  the  unsatisfactory 
position  in  which  he  was  placed  with  reference  to  the 
education  of  his  children.  In  the  counties  of  Bedford 
and  Devon  institutions  existed  for  the  benefit  of  the 
children  of  the  tenant-farmer,  and  he  thought  it  was 
quite  patent  that  something  should  be  done  in  their 
own  particular  county.  He  felt  determined  not  to  let 
that  meeting  pass  without  bringing  the  subject  before 
them,  inasmuch  as  the  children  of  operatives  could  now 
receive  a  good  education,  while  those  of  tenant-farmers 
had  no  privileges  in  that  respect. 

Mr.  S.  A.  May,  in  reply  to] the  health  of  "The 
Vice-Chairman,"  said  :  His  was  not  a  show  farm.  It 
was  rather  old-fashioned,  having  crooked  fences  and 
deep  ditches,  which  did  not  take  the  eye  favourably. 
He  was  not  afraid  that  the  judges  would  find  much 
fault  with  the  stock  and  crops,  and  therefore  he 
entered  his  name  as  a  competitor  solely  on  the  ground 
that  Staffordshire  should  not  be  behind  her  sister, 
Salop,  in  pluck.  There  were  three  main  points 
needed  in  farming  :  security  of  tenure,  liberty  of  action, 
and  compensation  for  unexhausted  improvements — 
sufficient  security  that  a  man  might  farm  for  the  future 
as  well  as  the  present ;  that  he  should  feel  at  home  in 
his  holding ;  have  liberty  of  action  in  cropping  and 
selling,  so  that  he  did  not  deteriorate  the  land  ;  and 
compensation  as  agreed  upon  for  all  real  improvements. 
In  looking  over  the  reports  of  the  judges,  one  was 
pleased  to  find  that  a  good  understanding  must  exist 
between  landlords  and  tenants,  as  only  one  prize  farm 
was  held  on  lease,  and  yet  buildings  had  been 
erected,  land  drained,  farms  changed,  cottages  built, 
and  the  farms  wonderfully  improved,  proving  the 
old  adage  that  a  good  landlord  makes  a  good 
tenant.  Now,  if  such  were  the  case,  and  the  object 
of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  was  the  giving  of 
farm  prizes  for  the  improvement  of  agriculture,  they 
seemed  to  want  another  prize — for  the  best  managed 
estate.  The  possession  of  land  in  England  he  held  to 
be  one  of  great  responsibility,  and  though  there  were  a 
great  number  of  noblemen  and  gentlemen  whose  time 
was  employed  in  the  government  of  the  country,  and 
in  the  solution  of  important  social  questions,  there  were 
plenty  of  honest,  practical  men  able  and  willing  to  take 
the  management  of  estates.  Mr.  Masfen  truly  said 
that  they  wanted  good  practical  agents — not  laivyers 
living  in  London,  or,  in  fact,  anywhere ;  not  outsiders 
who  oidy,  perhaps,  visited  the  estates  to  sport  or 
receive  the  rents,  but  common-sense  men,  who,  while 
taking  every  care  for  the  landlord,  would  lend  a  helping 
hand  to  a  deserving  tenant.  There  were  several 
important  questions  which  would  soon  have  to  be  solved 
by  some  one.  There  was  the  supply  of  labour,  the 
increase  of  taxation,  the  purchasing  of  disease  at  ^d.  a 
pound,  and  that  other  peculiar  word  of  four  letters, 
which,  if  he  spelt  to  them,  they  would,  perhaps,  make 
"  game "  of.  He  would  iTot  further  tire  them,  but 
simply  thank  them  for  good  wishes. 


The  Vale  of  Gloucester  :  Jan.  9. — The  very  wet 
weather  that  we  have  again  had  the  last  week  has  inter- 
fered with  ploughing  and  Wheat  sowing ;  torrents  of  rain 
have  come  down  the  past  few  days,  and  much  land  is 
under  water.  The  teams  have  only  ploughed  one  day, 
upon  a  Wheat  stubble  of  light  soil,  the  Turnip  land  for 
Wheat  being  too  wet,  therefore  no  progress  has  been 
made  towards  finishing  sowing.  Hauling  stones  for 
repairing  roads  and  gateways,  and  carting  road-sidings 
and  mould  for  forming  the  bottom  of  a  dungheap,  has 
been  the  chief  work.  Draining  and  hedging  has  been 
continued,  also  turning  a  large  heap  of  dung  and  mould, 
in  preparation  for  using  for  the  next  root  crop.  The 
ewes  are  now  put  into  a  strawyard  at  night,  and  foddered 
with  bean-straw,  going  out  upon  a  hill  pasture  by  day. 


94 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  20,   1872. 


and  getting  a  bait  of  Swede  Turnips  before  going  into 
the  yard  at  night. 

■  yan.    16. — The  weather  last   week   admitted 

of  ploughing  until  Friday,  when  a  heavy  fall 
of  rain  put  a  stop  to  it  for  the  present.  The 
labourers  have  been  employed  in  planting  Swede 
Turnips  for  producing  seed,  which  work  was  com- 
pleted on  Saturday ;  they  are  set  in  rows  2  feet 
apart  and  i  foot  in  the  rows  ;  20  bush,  of  seed  an 
acre  is  a  good  yield.  Threshing,  cutting  chaff,  and 
grinding  corn  for  cattle  and  pigs  has  been  done 
when  too  wet  to  work  out  :  machinery  driven  by  water- 
power  (a  turbine  wheel)  being  used  upon  this  farm 
for  such  work.  Wheat  is  looking  well,  the  heavy 
rain  having  done  good  in  consolidating  the  soil,  but 
should  it  continue  much  longer  it  will  sufier,  par- 
ticularly the  early  sown. 

East  Lothian  Farm:  Jan.  11. — There  has  been 
a  good  sharp  frost  for  the  most  of  this  last  week,  but 
hardly  enough  to  prevent  ploughing  on  the  low-lying 
land.  Grass  land  is  being  now  ploughed  up  for 
Potatos,  as  also  stubble  for  Potatos  and  Turnips. 
Ploughing,  as  a  rule,  almost  four  weeks  behind  last 
year.  Dung  is  being  carted  out  of  cattle  courts,  and 
straw  threshing  to  litter  same.  Potatos  being  picked 
over  ;  already  beginning  to  grow  in  pits.  Turnips 
(Swedish)  being  stored  for  feeding  cattle,  and  Cabbages 
carted  home  for  ewes  and  early  lambs,  ewes  and 
feeding  sheep  being  folded  on  Turnips.  Wheat  sowing 
finished  for  this  season,  although  a  great  many  have 
got  little  more  than  half  their  quantity  sown  this 
year,  owing  to  the  wet  weather.  H.  B.  [Many  thanks 
for  your  report,  which  will  appear  next  week.] 

Jan.     15. — The    weather    during    the     last 

week  has  been  very  wet.  The  land  has  perhaps 
not  been  so  M'et  for  the  last  six  years.  We 
have  been  busy  ploughing  grass  land  for  Potatos, 
stubble  for  same  ;  threshing  Barley  for  straw  for 
cattle.  Weight  of  Barley,  59  lb.  per  bush.  Intend  to 
plough  grass  land  for  Oats,  Potato  land  for  Barley, 
the  soil  being  too  light  for  Wheat.  Threshing  Wheat 
for  straw  for  cattle.  Young  Wheat  nearly  all  up, 
and  looking  well.  H.  B. 

Chatteris:  Jan.  13. —  Five  hundred  and  twenty 
acres,  in  four  small  farms  :  about  100  acres  pasture, 
remainder  arable.  A  great  variety  of  soil — light  fen 
lands,  gravelly  and  clay  high  lands.  Every  con- 
ceivable kind  of  cropping — no  regular  rotation  :  Wheat, 
Oats,  Barley,  Carrots,  Potatos,  Onions,  Kohl  Rabi 
for  seed,  or  anything  else  that  offers  a  prospect  of 
remuneration.  Threshing  Wheat  ij  day:  stopped 
by  bad  weather.  Ploughing  land  designed  for  Oats 
and  Potatos.  Clip  quicks  :  cut  down  to  renew  quicks  ; 
began  to  underdrain  an  acre  or  two  where  drains  pre- 
viously laid  have  failed.  Preparing  to  put  up  Potatos 
for  market.  Fat  sheep  all  sold.  Sixty  cattle  in  yard. 
A.  S.  R. 

Herefordshire:  Jan.  15. — Unusually  mild  weather, 
very  changeable — heavy  storms  of  rain,  boisterous 
wind,  succeeded  by  sharp  frosts,  of  more  or  less  dura- 
tion, during  almost  every  successive  24  hours  of  the 
present  year.  On  the  light  dry  soils  the  ploughing  of 
Wheat  stubbles  (usually  finished  months  ago)  is  now 
pretty  generally  finished.  The  land,  cleared  of  roots 
by  the  sheep,  is  ploughed  ready  for  planting,  when 
dry  enough.  The  poor  sheep  have  no  chance  to  lay  on 
flesh,  saturated  with  water  on  their  backs,  and  mud  to 
lie  upon.  The  com  in  the  ricks  is  so  damp  that  little 
threshing  is  done,  and  all  are  anxiously  looking  for  a 
dry  atmosphere  and  seasonable  frost.  The  roots  are 
remarkably  sound,  but  the  hay  was  so  damaged  by 
wet  that  there  is  no  proof  in  it  for  making  beef,  which 
depends  upon  cake,  corn,  and  roots.  The  heavy  soils 
are  in  a  very  backward  state,  and  undrained  land  will 
be  a  long  time  before  it  can  be  cultivated. 

Leicester  :  Jan.  15. — Commenced  ploughing  lea 
for  Oat  sowing.  Finished  stubble  ploughing.  Thresh- 
ing Wheat — corn  not  as  dry  as  w:is  expected.  Sheep 
feeding  upon  Swedes  on  grass  land  intended  for  Oats. 
The  roots  are  cut  into  finger  pieces  by  a  Gardner's 
machine,  and  spread  regularly  over  the  field.  Markets 
almost  unchanged.     Dry  corn  firm  in  value.      T.  C. 

Selkirkshire  :  Jan.  15. — Land  very  wet  ;  field 
work  behind.  Mixed  arable  and  stock  farm— a  large 
proportion  reclaimed  from  natural  hill  pasture  by 
draining,  fencing,  liming,.  &c.  After  a  rotation  of  Oats 
and  twice  Turnips  in  succession  (Turnips  all  eaten  on 
.the  ground  with  sheep),  laid  down  to  grass  without  a 
corn  crop.  Sow  Rape  with  the  grass  and  Clover  seeds, 
also  eaten  on  the  land  with  sheep.  At  present  draining 
more  for  the  same  purpose  ;  drains  18  feet  apart,  3  feet 
deep  ;  tile  pipes  used.  Soil  light,  resting  on  Avhin- 
stone.  Ploughing  lea  for  Oats,  and  attending  to  sheep 
and  cattle,  is  the  chief  work  on  the  farm  at  present. 
Cattle  fed  on  Turnips,  cake,  and  straw  ;  making 
rapid  progress  after  coming  through  foot-and-mouth 
disease,  but  sheep  on  Turnips  suffering  from  such  a 
continuance  of  wet.    W.  S. 

Chalk  Land  Farm,  Berkshire  :  yan.   15. The 

past  week  has  been  rather  more  favourable  for  out- 
door work  on  the  farm,  as  ploughing  behind  the  sheep- 
fold  for  the  spring  corn,  cutting  hedges,  &c.  ;  but  it  is 
almost  too  early  in  the  year  for  much  to  be  required  to 
be  done,  except  attending  to  the  stock,  and  threshing 
out  the  corn.  The  latter  comes  to  market  in  very  bad 
condition,  and  causes  the  trade  to  rule  dull.  The 
early  lambs  for  fattening  are  beginning  to  fall,  and  are 


going  on  as  satisfactorily  as  the  weather  will  permit. 

Roxburghshire  ty^?/.  15.— Carting  out  dung  during 
the  frosty  days  in  the  beginning  of  the  week,  ploughing 
Turnip  land  for  Barley,  and  threshing  Barley, — weight 
57  lb.  per  bush,  sold  at  35^.  per  qr.  The  yield  is  far 
short  of  the  past  two  seasons.  Reference  was  made 
last  week  to  ploughing-in  Turnips.  Two  drills  are 
pulled  and  placed  in  a  deep  furrow,  the  plough  turning 
the  furrow  back  over  them  again,  covering  them  all  up 
except  the  top  of  the  shaw.  Frost  is  found  not  to 
injure  them  when  covered  in  this  way,  but  more  earth 
adheres  to  them  when  lifted  in  spring  than  is  desirable. 

West  Gloucester:  yau.  16. — By  shifting  the  folds 
often  the  sheep  have  been  kept  on  Turnip  land  ;  they 
are  doing  well  in  spite  of  the  bad  weather  ;  ewes  look 
promising  for  an  average  fall  of  lambs.  Cattle  have  had 
foot-and-mouth  disease,  but  of  the  mildest  possible  form; 
farmers  are  beginning  to  look  upon  it  just  as  they  do 
measles, — a  warm,  comfortable  shed  is  preferable  to 
medicine.  Ploughing  for  Wheat,  Oats  and  Barley  is 
being  pushed  on  vigorously.  Threshing  an  old  Wheat 
rick  :  weather  has  very  much  affected  condition.  Men 
will  be  engaged  turning  Potato  pits  and  forking  out  bits 
of  Couch  before  sheep,  y.   IV. 

West  Sussex  :  y^K.  16.— The  weather  is  still  wet, 
and  we  can  do  nothing  in  the  fields.  Sheep  have  to  be 
taken  out  of  the  Turnips  where  possible,  and  then  they 
hardly  ever  do  so  well  with  the  best  care  as  they  do  if 
they  can  be  allowed  to  stop  in  the  arable  fields.  But 
though  wet,  it  has  been  so  mild  that  they  have  done 
well.  The  lambs  are  dropping  in  good  season,  and  as 
yet  there  have  been  no  losses  ;  but  we  have  heard  of 
some  severe  losses  among  the  forward  cross-bred  lambs, 
after  they  had  attained  a  good  size.  Mutton  gets  a 
little  lower  in  price,  but  there  is  no  chance  of  much 
alteration  in  it.  The  Wheat  plant  is  very  regular  on 
the  ground,  and  though  not  so  forward  as  usual  at  this 
date,  it  looks,  upon  the  whole,  promising,  and  the 
occasional  frosts  appear  to  check  the  slugs,   G.  S. 


Arrivals  of  Grain,  &c.,  into  London  by  Water  Carriage. 


Wheat. 

Barley. 

Oab. 

Flour. 

English  & 
Scotch. . 
Irish 

Foreign  . . 

Qrs. 
410 

18,770 

60 
4490 

Qrs. 

7290 

Sacks. 

.1       — 

(    1270  brls. 

19,180 

455° 

7290 

Liverpool,  Jan.  i6. — There  was  a  fair  attendance, 
and  the  market  opened  steady  for  Wheat,  but  the  busi- 
ness done  was  limited,  at  a  decline  of  iii.  on  ordinary 
runs,  and  srf,  to  ^(f-  per  cental  on  low  qualities,  since  this 
day  week.  Flour  is  quiet,  and  unchanged  in  value. 
Beans  very  slow  to  move,  , at  Friday's  advance.  Indian 
Com  is  in  excessive  supply,  and  again  fully  6d.  per  qr. 
lower.  . 

Averages. 


23  ■ 
30  . 

6  . 


Average 


Wheat. 


56  5 
55  8 
55     4 

54  II 

55  I 


55     S 


Barley, 


37s  irf 
37     1 
36     q 
36     5 

35  8 

36  n 


36    II 


Oats. 


245  2d 

22  10 

23  o 


Notices  to   Correspondents. 

Agricultural  Co-operative  Society  :  Shareholder 
of  Nearly  Four  Years'  Standing.  We  have  not  seen 
the  published  balance-sheet  to  which  you  refer,  but  no 
doubt  if  the  Council  are  bound  to  issue  such  a  state- 
ment annually  it  has  appeared.  Probably  this  notice 
may  procure  it  for  you  ;  anyhow  we  are  unable  to  pub- 
lish your  letter  on  the  subject,  before  inquiry  has  been 
made. 

Bere  or  Bigg  :  The  Earl  of  Essex,  Cassiohury,  Wat- 
ford, will  be  greatly  obliged  to  any  one  who  will  give 
him  information  as  to  its  productiveness,  the  quantity 
of  seed  required,  and  best  time  for  sowing  ;  also  if  it 
has  ever  been  found,  when  sown  in  spring,  to  run  to 
straw  without  throwing  up  a  head. 

Grass  Land  and  Moss  :  Reader.  You  would  find 
gas-water  a  help  to  the  destruction  of  Moss.  But  if 
your  land  is  drained  you  cannot  do  better  than  apply 
the  farmyard  dung  of  which  you  speak. 

Erratum. — At  p.  51,  col.  b,  line  15  from  the  top,  for 
j^5i6  I3J-.  ^d.  readj^4i6  13J.  ^d. 


arkts. 


55— 60 

58—62 
60 — 64 

51—69 
38—40 
28—31 
20 — 23 
25—27 
24 — 26 
22—26 
31—33 

34—49 


44—50 
40—42 
24-28] 


Red. 
Red. 


Red. 


Malting  . , 
Malting  .. 

Feed  .  . . , 
Feed  .... 
Feed  .... 
Foreign  . . 

Harrow  . 
Longpod  . 
Egyptian, 
Suffolk  .. 
Foreign  . , 
Foreign  . . 

Country  , , 
Per  sack, . 


MARK    LANE. 
Monday,  Jan.  15. 

The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this  morning's  market 
was  small,  and  the  condition  generally  very  bad  ;  the  few 
selected  parcels  were  sold  at  the  extreme  prices  of  this  day 
se'nnight.  There  was  a  good  attendance,  and  a  fair 
consumptive  demand  for  foreign  Wheat,  at  last  week's 
rates.  Beans  and  Peas  were  unchanged  in  value.  Maize 
6fl'.  per  qr.  cheaper.  Of  new  Oats  there  was  a  large 
supply,  and  rather  less  money  was  accepted,  but  old  were 
unaltered.     Flour  was  steady. 

Price  per  imterial  Quarter, 
Wheat,    Essex.  Kent,  Suffolk,. White 

—  fine  selected  runs do. 

—  Talavera 

—  Norfolk    

—  Foreign    

Barlev,  grind  &  dist  ,26^  to  31.S. .  Chev. 

—  Foreign.. grinding  and   distilling 
Oats,  Essex  and  Suffolk 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire.  .Potato 

—  Irish Potato 

—  Foreign Poland  and  Brew 

Rye 

Rye-meal,    Foreign  

Beans,  Mazagan,.  .,32^,  to  34f...'rick 

—  Pigeon 37^.  to  58^.  ..Winds 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  White,  Essex,  and  Kent. .  Boilers 

'  -     Maple,  — s.  to  — j Grey 

Maize 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered,  .per  sack 

—  2d  ditto  ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 

Wednesday,  Jan.  17. 
The  tone  of  the  Wheat  trade  was  dull  to-day, 
ness  being  very  much  restricted.  The  show  of  English 
samples  was  small,  and  the  quality  was  inferioT",  but 
there  was  a  good  supply  of  foreign.  Good  English 
Wlieat  was  scarce,  and  commanded  late  rates,  but  all 
other  descriptions  were  neglected.  Flour  was  not  in- 
quired after  lo  any  extent,  but  values  were  unchanged. 
Barley  was  steady  in  price,  there  bdng  a  revived  demand 
for  choice  parcels.  Malt  was  in  request,  and  tended 
upwards.  Beans  and  Peas  sold  slowly,  on  former  terms, 
while  good  sound  Oats  sold  at  full  prices.  Maize  was 
inactive,  but  not  cheaper. 


33-38 


20 — 22 

14—19 


33—34 
41-44 
36—44 


busi- 


METROPOLITAN  CATTLE  MARKET. 
Monday,  Jan.  15, 
The  supply  of  Beasts  is  considerably  shorter  than  last 
Monday,  and  consequently  prices  are  rather  higher  than 
on  Thursday,  although  the  trade  is  not  very  brisk.  There 
is  a  large  number  of  Sheep,  and  trade  is  not  so  active  as 
of  late  ;  prices  on  the  average  are  lower  ;  ewes  and 
inferior  descriptions  met  with  a  very  dull  sale.  Good 
Calves  are  still  making  very  high  prices.  Our  foreign 
supply  consists  of  800  Beasts,  4650  Sheep,  and  40 
Calves ;  from  Scotland  there  are  210  Beasts  ;  from 
Ireland,  400  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  900 ;  and  710 
from  the  Midland  and  Home  Counties. 


Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c. 

Best  Shorthorns  .. 

2d  quality  Beasts 

Best  Downs  and 
Half-breds 

Do.  Shorn 


s.   d.     s.  d.  I  s.  d.    s.  d. 

I  Best      Long-wools     6     6to6     8 

5     6t05  10  '  Do.  Shorn 


Ewes  &  2d  quality 
Do.  Shorn 
Lambs       . . 
Calves 

Pis 


4     8—5     4 


.  Pigs, 


Beasts,  3020  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  16,290  ;  Calves,  55  ; 
Thursday,  Jan.  18. 
The  total  number  of  Beasts  is  much  smaller  than  on 
last  Thursday.  There  are  a  few  more  foreign,  but 
English  are  scarce,  especially  choice  qualities.  Owing  to 
the  large  supplies  of  dead  meat,  however,  trade  is  very 
slow,  and  Mor.day's  quotations  are  scarcely  realised. 
The  number  of  Sheep  is  also  smaller,  and  the  demand 
very  limited  ;  prices  on  the  average  are  lower,  and  a 
clearance  cannot  be  effected.  Calves  are  not  quite  so 
dear.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  500  Beasts,  1360 
Sheep,  and  124  Calves,  There  are  only  30  Milch  Cows 
on  offer,  making  from  j^ig  to  ^^24  per  head. 


Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  (fee. 

Best  Shorthorns  .. 

2d    quality  Beasts 

Best  Downs  and 
Half-breds 

Do,  Shorn 


a.    s.  d. 

6to5  8 

4—5  6 

8—4  S 


Best    Long-wool; 

Do.  Shorn 

Ewes  &  2d  quality    4 

Do.  Shorn 

Lambs 

Calves       . .         •  ■      4 

Pigs 


s.  d.   s.  d. 
6     4to6    6 


8-4 


Beasts,  1080  ;    Sheep  and  Lambs,  4720;  Calves,  165  ;  Pigs,  12. 


iioj.lo  1301, 
70         90 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  -^6  Trusses. 
Smithfield,  Thursday,  Jan.  18. 
Prime  MeadowHay,  Zos.locps.     Clover,  old 

Inferior  do 60         70        Inferior  do.     . . 

Rowen     40        65        Prime  2d  cut  do. 

Inferior  do.      . .      . .  —        —        Inferior  do —         — 

Straw       30         37 

Cumberland  Market,  Thursday,  Jan.  18. 
Sup.  Meadow  Hay  92J.toioaj.     Inferior  Clover      ..  S^^.toiioj 

Inferior  do 70  84     !  Prime  2d  cut  do.  . .  —  — 

New  do.         ,.      .,  —  —     I  New  do.      ..  ..  —  — 

Inferior  do,    ..      ..   —  —      I  Straw      42  46 

Superior  Clover   ..iro         130     I  Joshua  Baker. 


METROPOLITAN  MEAT  MARLCET,  Jan.  18. 

Best  Fresh  Butter         185.  per  dozen  lb. 

Second  do.  do.  17^.        ,, 

Small    Pork,  35-.    Zd.  to  4*.    4*/.  ;  Large  Pork,   3^.  4^.  to 
3^.  Sf/.  per  8  lb. 


SEED  MARKET. 


The  agricultural  seed  trade  remains  in  pretty  much  the 
position  noted  in  our  last,  no  great  demand  for  the 
country  having  yet  spnmgup.  In  the  absence  of  business 
values  are  for  the  most  part  unchanged.  Secondary 
qualities  of  American  red  Clover  are  now  obtainable,  on 
somewhat  reduced  terms  ;  choice  descriptions  are  firm. 
New  English  is  in  limited  supply  ;  for  what  little  there  is 
offering  long  prices  are  demanded.  White  Clover  has 
met,  during  the  last  fortnight,  with  an  improved  inquiry  ; 
advanced  quotations  are  reported  from  Germany.  Alsike 
and  Trefoil  are  without  alteration.  The  same  can  be 
said  of  French,  Italian,  and  perennial  Kye-grasses. 
Canary  seed  fully  maintains  the  recent  advance.  For 
Hemp  the  trade  is  slow.  Blue  Peas  are  in  moderate 
request,  at  the  recent  decline. 

John  Shaw  &  Sons,  Seed  Merchants, 
37,  Mark  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


COALS.— Jan.  17. 
Holywell  Main,  20s. \  West  Hartley,  2o.r. ;  Walls  End 
Origmal  Hartlepool,  zis.  prf. — Ships  at  market,  30  ;  sold, 
28  ;  at  sea,  25. 


January  20,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   A^-ricultural    Gazette. 


95 


THE  ONLY  POTATO  FREE  FROM   DISEASE  IS 

BUTTONS'  RED-SKINNED  FLOURBALL 

This  variety  entirely  resisted  the  disease  last  season,    and  is,   witliout  exception,    the   heaviest  cropping  and 
best  cooldng  late   Potato  in  cultivation. 


,.-^ 


BUTTONS'    BED-SKINNED    FLOUilBALL    POTATO. 

This  splendid  Potato  was  sent  out  by  us  in  1870,  and  at  once  became  immensely  popular.  Last  year  there  was 
such  an  extraordinary  demand  for  it,  that  although  we  had  an  enormous  supply,  we  were  sold  out  long  before  the 
season  was  over.  It  is  pre-eminently  the  Potato  for  storing,  and  is  good  for  cooking  long  after  the  young  Potatos 
are  ready,  and  we  would  not  advise  its  use  till  after  Christmas.  When  sent  up  to  table  the  Potatos  appear  like  balls 
of  flour,  and,  when  sufficiently  known,  we  are  confident  it  must  supersede  all  otlier  sorts  for  supplying  the  London 
market.  Lowest  price  per  sack  or  ton  on  application.  We  think  it  necessary  to  caution  the  Public  against  the 
numerous  inferior  kinds  of  Potatos  which  have  been  sent  out  under  the  name  of  Red-skinned  Flourball. 

For  further  particulars  of  BUTTONS'  CHOICE  SEEDS  and  POTATOS,  see  SUTTONS'  DESCRIPTIVE 
CATALOGUES,  Gratis  and  Post  Free  on  application. 


SUTTON     &    SONS, 

SEEDSMEN  BY  SPECIAL  APPOINTMENT  TO  THE  QUEEN  AND  H.R.H.  THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES, 

READING,     BERKS. 


J.  C  Wheeler  &  Son, 

SEED    GROWERS, 

GLOUCESTER    AND     LONDON. 


GLOUCESTERSHIRE    KIDNEY    POTATO. 

J.  C.  WHEELER  and  SON  can  highly  recommend  the  above  POTATO  for  eartiness,  flavour,  and  size.     In 
comparison  with  the  Ashleaf,  it  is  as  early,  -whilst  it  produces  nearly  double  the  crop,  and  is  altogether  superior 


jO  that  variety. 


Price  per  bushel,  10s. ;   per  peck,  3s. 


J.  C.  WHEELER  and  SON  have  much  pleasiu-e  in  referring  to  the  following  Letters,  speaking  in  high 
terms  of  its  earliness  and  excellence  :— 

"  I  have  grown,  your  Gloucestershire  Kidneys  here  for  the  last  five  years  with  all  other  early  kinds,  and  find 
yours  to  be  much  the  earliest." — Mr.  Speed,  Gardener  to  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Penrhyn,  Peurhyi}  Castle. 

"Please  send  me  two  bushels  of  your  Gloucestershire  Kidney  Potatos.  I  have  grown  them  these  last  four 
years  with  other  early  kinds,  and  find  them  the  best  always  both  in  crop  and  quality." — E.  Morgan,  Conri-y-Gallofi. 

"  Your  Gloucestershire  Kidney  Folates  suit  this  chmate  admirably.  I  have  grown  them  for  six  years,  and 
have  never  seen  one  diseased."— Col.  Apperley,  Machnyllclh. 

"  I  grew  last  year  more  than  120  lb.  of  Gloucestershire  Kidneys  per  perch,  and  of  first-rate  quality.  My  man 
says  1401b.,  and  I  think  he  is  right."— Rev.  James  L.  May,  West  Putford. 

GLOUCESTER;  and  59,  MARK  LANE,  LONDON,  E.Cr^c^^^^. 


STo  the  Trade. 
EED   POTATOS.  —  Several   Tons  each  of  Myatt's 
Prolific    Ashleaf,    Rivers'    Royal    Ashleaf.  Shaw's,   and    Dawes' 
Matchless.     The  above  arc    true,  and  in  good  condition.     Prices  on 
application  to 
J.  AND  P.  MYATT,  Stanstead,  near  Bishop  Stortford,  Essex. 

HOME-GROWN  SEEDS.  POTATOS.  &c.— Royal 
Ashleaf,  Myait's  Prolific  and  Gloucester  Kidneys,  Early  Hands- 
worth.  Early  Oxford,  &c. ,  a!!  true,  clean,  and  selected  seed,  8j.  per 
cwt. ;  Sangsler's  No.  i  PEAS,  8s,  per  bushel;  Purple  Sprouting 
BROCCOLI,  ij.  td.  per  lb.  ;  White  Cos  LETTUCE,  si  6rf.  ;  PARS- 
NIP, 4.i.;  SHALLOTS,  3rf.  ;  Yellow  Globe  MANGEL  WURZEL, 
i^.    Much  cheaper  by  the  cwt, 

THOS.  EVES,  Gravesend  Nurseries  and  Seed  Grounds. 


Seed  Potatos. 

WHALSTEAD  has  to  offer,  in  fine  condition. 
•  American  Early  Rose.  Wheeler's  Gloucester  Kidney, 
Wheeler's  Milky  White  POTATO.  Price  per  bushel  or  ton  on 
application. 

LARCH,  transplanted,  extra  fine,  3  to  4  feet. 

,,  ,,  fine,  I '3  to  2  feeL 

ALDER  „  strong,  2  to  3  feet. 

Sample  100  for  31.  dd.     Price  per  1000  on  application. 

Warrington  GOOSEBERRY  Trees,  strong,  12s.  td.  per  100. 

Strong  SEAKALE,  8j.  per  100. 

W.  HALSTEAD,  Nursery-man.  Lancaster. 


POTATO  PLANTS.— -The  Eariy  American  Goodrich 
Potato,  the  quickest  growing  sort  in  England.  I  have  grown 
them  the  last  two  years  with  very  good  results.  Crop  1870,  1  had 
nearly  double  the  produce  I  had  on  cither  the  Early  Shaw  or  Dalma- 
hoy,  and  quite  15  days  sooner  fit  for  market.  In  1871  I  planted  32  acres, 
and,  although  a  cola,  wet  season,  they  were  ready  to  dig  two  weeks 
sooner  than  any  other  sort.  In  the  month  of  June,  6  tons  per  acre  ;  in 
the  third  week  of  J  uly,  q  tons  ;  and  by  the  middle  of  August.  10  to  12 
tons  per  acre ;  more  than  double  the  crop  of  Shaws  or  Oalmahoys. 
They  had  licm  to  no  blight  in  them,  while  all  other  sorts  had  a  large 
proportion,  and  those  I  clamped  arc  keeping  quite  sound.  I  have  a 
limited  quantity  of  them  for  sale,  grown  in  Essex,  also  some  grown  on 
the  east  coast  of  Scotland,  ready  to  deliver  in  February ;  also  Flukes, 
Dalmahoys.  Victorias,  Evergreen  Regents,  the  hardiest  sort  of 
Regent,  Blues,  and  other  sorts,  fresh  from  Scotland,  in  the  months  of 
February  and  March. 

ALEXANDER  TOD,  17,  Duke  Street,  London  Bridge,  S.E. 


For  Seed. 


H 


TRADE 

PEDIGREE 


CHEVALIER 

BARLEY, 

which  was  awarded 

The  FIRST  PRIZE  THREE  YEARS  in  SUCCESSION 

(1867,  1868,  1S69,  and  again  in  1S71), 

at  the  Birmingham  and  Midland  Counties'  Show, 

Yielded,  at  Brighton,  in  1869.  TEN  QUARTERS  PER 
ACRE,  weighing  57  lb.  per  bushel. 

ALSO 

PEDIGREE    BLACK    TARTARIAN, 

AND 

PEDIGREE  WHITE  CANADIAN 

OATS. 

For  price  and  full  particulars  of  above,  and  of 
PEDIGREE  SEED  WHEATS,  apply  to  the  Originator 
of  the  System, 

Captain  HALLETT,  F.L.S.,  Brighton. 


SELECT  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS.— 
Amateurs  and  others  who  may  be  at  a  loss  in  making  a  suitable 
selection  of  SEEDS  for  the  GARDEN  will  be  greatly  aided  by 
referring  to  our  Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  VEGETABLE  and 
FLOWER  SEEDS  ior  187?. 

THOMAS    KENNEDY  AND  CO.,   Seed   and   Nursery  Establish- 
ment,  Dumfries. 

Seeds" NOT  to  be  surpassed  for  QUALITY 
and  Cheapness  combined. — All  Orders  amounting  to  51.  sent 
carriage  free  to  any  Railway  Station  in  England,  Scotland,  or  Wales, 
or  to  any  seaport  town  in  Ireland.  No  charge  is  made  for  packing  or 
packages.     Y'our  early  orders  will  greatly  oblige. 

CATALOGUE  free  on  application. 

G.    M.    KEMP-WELCH,     Nurseryman,     Seedsman    and    Florist, 

Gotham,  Bristol. ^_______ 


Great  Bargain. 

GIANT  asparagus  ROOTS,  3  and  4-yr.  old,  all 
raised  from  one  root,  at  21.  td.  per  100.     These  roots  are  second 
to  nona,  and  are  sold  at  tho  above  low  price,  the  land  being  required. 
Beds   made  of  these  roots  may  be  cut  the   following  year.     Orders 
accompanied  by  remittances  will  have  immediate  attention. 
Mr.  G.  F.  A.  FLOWER,  Stafford,  Dorchester. 


To  tne  Trade. 

CHOICE     CUCUMBER     SEED,    all     home-grown, 
carefully  saved  Seed. 
BURNETT'S  PERFECTION,  21.  6.^.  per  100,  305.  per  1000. 
MASTERS'  PROLIFIC,  2s.  6(f.  per  100,  2M.  per  1000. 
REYNOLDS'  PERPETUAL  BEARER,  as.  pcrioo,  151.  penooo. 
ROLLISSON'S  TELEGRAPH,  31.  per  100. 
BERKSHIRE  CHAMPION,  2i.  td.  per  too,  20s.  per  1000. 
WILSON'S  PROLIFIC, 2J.  6rf,  per  100,  205.  per  1000. 
And  many  other  choice  sorts.     Prices  to  be  had  on  application  to 
EDWARD  TAYLOR,  Seed  Merchant,  Malton,  Yorkshire._  __ 

RIGHT'S    G^OVE   WHITE   CELERY,    one  of 

the  largest  and  best-flavoured  bleaching  \'arieties  ever  intro- 
duced; after  the  same  character  as  the  Grove  Red,  sent  out  by  me, 
but  blanches  about  a  fortnight  earlier.  It  has  been  awarded  the  First 
Prizes  at  the  two  Celery  Shows  held  at  Retford,  the  average  weight  of 
the  sticks  exhibited  being  6  lb.  each.  It  was  raised  by  myself,  and 
will  be  found  one  of  the  best  white  Celeries  jn  cultivation.  This  is 
the  second  season  I  have  sent  it  out,  and,  as  the  stock  of  seed  is 
limited,  early  orders  are  requested.  Price  is.  p.  packet,  or  61.  p.  doz. 
W.  WRIGHT,  Seed  Merchant,  East  Retford. 
Agents  :  HURST  and  SON,  6,  I^adcnhall  S t reet,  London,  E.C. 


F 


OR    DISPOSAL,    the  following  SEEDS,    for  cash. 

Samples  can  be  had,  post  free,  on  application  : — 
PEAS—PRIZETAKER  MARROW,  ^s.  per  bushel 

WOODhORD'S  GREEN   MARROW,  7s.  per  bushel 
NE  PLUS  ULTRA  as.  per  bushel 
MCLEAN'S  PRINCESS  ROYAL,  8s.  OJ.  per  bushel 
CHAMPION  of  ENGLAND.  S5,  W.  per  bushel 
BLUE  SCIMETAR,  8j.  6.^.  per  bushel 
BRITISH  QUEF.N.^i.W.  per  bushel 
A'EITCH'S  PERFECTION.  OS.  W.  per  bushel 
BEANS— MONARCH   LONG-POD,  7^-  per  bushel 
MIGNONETTE.  II,  &i.perlb. 
STOCK-RED  V^RGI^fIAN,  is.  3^.  per  lb. 
Immediate  attention  will  be  given  to  all  orders  addressed 
SEED  GROWER,  Canttners'  ChtvnUlt  Office,  W.C. 


96 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle  and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


[January  20,   1872. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  FRUIT  LIST  contains  a 
sketch  of  the  various  forms  of  Trees,  with  Directions  for 
Cultivation,  Soil,  Drainage,  Manure,  Pruning,  Lifting,  Cropping, 
Treatment  under  Glass,  also  their  synonyms,  quality,  size,  form, 
skin,  colour,  flesh,  flavour,  use,  growth,  duration,  season,  price,  &c. 
Free  by  post  for  one  stamp. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


IilUiun  auratum. 


The  ANNUAL  IMPORTATIONS  having  just  arrived  from  Japan, 

MR.  WILLIAM  BULL  can  supply  good  BULBS, 
by  the  dozen,  hundred,  or  thousand.     The  Bulbs  are  remark- 
ably sound  and  good  this  season,  and  can  be  supplied  at  very   low 

Rare   Plants,   King's   Road,  Chelsea, 


prices. 

Establishment  for  New  a 
London,  S.W, 


Charles   H.  Dickson's 

new  vegetable  and  flower  seeds, 

OF  BEST  QUALITY  ONLY. 

All  Orders  amounting  to  20s.  and  upwards  sent  Carriage  paid. 
Priced    Descriptive    CATALOGUES    Free    by    Post    on    application. 


23,  MARKET  PLACE,  MANCHESTER. 


New  and  Genuine  Seeds  ot  Superior  Stocks. 


1872. 


1872. 


SEEDSMEN  TO  THE  QUEEN. 

FRANCIS  &  ARTHUR  DICKSON  &  SONS, 
The  Old  Established  Seed  Warehouse,  Io6,  EastRate  Street,  and 
The  "  Upton"  Nurseries,  Chester,  beg  to  intimate  that  their  Priced 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  NEW  and  SELECT  VEOETABLE 
and  FJ.OWER  SEEDS,  &c.,  with  Cultural  Directions  for  1872,  is 
now  published.  Copies  will  be  sent  gratis  and  rosT  tree,  on 
applicatJon. 

Vegel.lble  and    Flower    Seeds   of   the   value   of  £t   and    upwards 
CARRIAGE  FREIi  to  any  part  of  the  Kingdom. 

■\T    ILFORD         NURSERIES, 

•*■''-*-  near  Godalming. 

For    NEW  and    RARE    HARDY    PLANTS    and 

CONIFER.-E,  see   MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive 
CATALOGUE. 

For  HARDY  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  and  SHRUBS, 

EVERGREENS,    &c.,     see     MAURICE    YOUNG'S    New 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 
For     RHODODENDRONS    and    other    AMERICAN 

PLANTS,     see     MAURICE     YOUNG'S    New    Descriptive 
CATALOGUE. 

For  STANDARD   and    HALF  STANDARD   ROSES, 

sec  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  NEW  JAPANESE   AUCUBAS,    see    MAURICE 

YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 
For  JAPANESE   NOVELTIES,  see  MAURICE 

YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  Clieap  EVERGREENS  and  SHRUBS  for  COVER 

PLANTING      or       SHRUBBERIES,       see       MAURICE 
YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  PLANTS  suitable  for  WINTER    BEDDING,    see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 
For  TRANSPLANTED    FOREST   TREES,    see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For   EXTRA   TRANSPLANTED    or   QUARTERED 

FOREST   TREES    for   Planting    Belts   or   Shrubberies,    see 
MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  Catalogue. 
Forwarded  on  application  enclosing  stamp. 
Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming. 


NEW  LARGE  LATE   FRANKFORT  CAULIFLOWER. 

The  above  Cauliflower,  after  having  been  thoroughly  tested,  wc7s  iniroduced  by  us  in  Spring  i86g,  and  advertised 
in  the  Gardeuets  Chronicle  under  the  above,  its  true  name,  as  being  of  great  size,  extremely  hardy,  growing 
vigorously  in  almost  every  description  of  soil,  and  uninfluenced  by  weather  or  climate.  It  has,  since  its  introduction, 
fully  borne  out  all  that  has  been  said  of  it,  as  can  be  verified  from  the  reports  of  numerous  Correspondents  through- 
out the  Kingdom,  who  have  had  no  difficulty  in  producing,  in  the  months  of  November  and  December,  large  heads, 
beautifully  wliite  and  very  solid,  measuring  from  lo  to  12  inches  in  diameter.  Price  per  packet,  containing  about 
2000  Seeds,  2s. 

We  have,  this  season,    received   from   the  raiser  of  the  above   another   variety,    called 

NEW     SECOND    EARLY    FRANKFORT, 

Which  he  strongly  recommends  as  "exceeding  in  beauty  and  flavour  all  other  sorts  hitherto  grown." 
per  packet,  containing  about  2000  seeds,  2s. 


Price 


Genuine  German  Flower  Seed,  offered  to  the  Trade  by 

MESSRS.    IIOCK    AND    CO.,    Seed   Merchants, 
Castcl,  opposite  Maiiiz,  Germany. 
The  seed  beinp  principally  saved  by  themselves,  they  can  safely 
guarantee  the  genuineness  of  the  varieties. 

Separate,  per  collection. 
ASTERS,   100  splendid  varieties,  all  named,  comprisinj:;  the 

best  known  (sec  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  December  30,  1871, 

pace  1674)        ..         ..  ;Ci     o    o 

ANTIlvRHINUM,  Tom  Thumb,  6  new  extra  fme  varieties    020 

COCKSCOMB,  12  superb  best  varieties 020 

DIANTHUS,  20  splendid  varieties ..         ..050 

EVERLASTING  FI.OVVEKS,  25  finest  varieties        ..         ..050 
GERMAN    BALSAMS,  50  beautiful  varieties,  comprising 

the  newest      ..         ..         ..         ..         ..     oto    o 

IPOMCEA  PURPUREA,  12  superb  varieties o     i    q 

LARKSPUR,  36  line  vars.,  seecf  saved  from  selected  plants  .060 

MARIGOLD,  15  finest  selected  varieties 020 

PERENNIAL  PHLOX,  saved  from  our  exhibition  Phlox, 

mixed,  in  many  varieties,  large  packet,  2s.  bd.  ;  small  pkt,  016 
PHLOX  DRUMMONDI,  20  extra  fine  varieties  ..  ..050 
POPPY,  Double,  12  showy  varieties  026 

„        Single,  8  best  sorts 026 

PANSY,  bedding,  in   three  pure  colours,  viz, ,  black,  yellow, 

and  light  blue  ..         ..         ..         ..030 

PANSY,    Odier,    newest    fine   spotted,    exhibition    variety, 

large  packet,  5s.  ;  small  packet,     030 

COMPACTA  MULTIFLORA       per  packet    020 

RESEDA,  newest  Pyramidal  Bouquet      ..         ..  „  020 

GIGANTEA  PYRAMIDALIS        ..  ,.  010 

TEN-WEEK  or  GERMAN  STOCKS,  50  splendid  varieties, 

comprising  the  best  known  and  newest,  all  named  . .     o  15    o 

FROEBEL  AND  CO.,  Neumunster  Nursery,  Zurich, 
Switzerland,  call  the  attention  of  the  Trade  to  the  following 
NEW  PLANTS,  which  will  be  ready  for  SALE  on  April  i  :— 

SALVIA  SPLENDENS  COMPACTA  FL.  ALBn —The  white- 
blossoming  Salvia  splendens  compacta,  with  quite  white  bracts  (so 
that  the  wTioIe  of  the  panicles  are  white,  not  the  llowers  only),  till  now 
only  known  with  scarlet  (lowers,  but  producing  the  same  efTcct  in 
while  as  the  other  type  in  scarlet. 

Our  new  plant  attains  less  height  than  the  red  oncj  and  is  extremely 
suitable  lor  borders  to  beds  of  scarlet  Salvia.  It  is  unnecessary  to 
commend  the  advantages  and  various  uses  which  the  pure  while 
Salvia  splendens  compacta  offers.  It  will,  without  doubt,  meet  with 
immediate  appreciation.     One  plant,  price  71.  ;  6  plants,  price  30J. 

SAXIFRAGA  PELTATA  (Torr.,  MS.  ex.  Benth.  in  "  Plant. 
Hartweg,"  n.  1740,  p.  311). — Called  by  the  natives  on  the  Sacramento 
River,  "  Umbrella  Plant." 

We  offer  for  the  first  time  this  gigantic  Saxifraga,  hitherto 
only  known  from  the  manuscripts  of  Hentham,  and  in  the  hortus 
siccus  of  Hartweg.  and  only  f^und  in  the  district  ol  the  Sacramento. 

We  feel  assured  that  this  unique  Saxifraga  will  be  received  with 
interest  by  Botanists  and  Gardeners.  The  leaves  are  circular  and 
scutiform,  the  margin  with  round  flaps,  the  stalk  joins  to  the  middle  of 
the  leaf. 

The  leaves  are  from  ij^^  to  2  feet  in  diameter,  and  are  used  by  the 
natives  on  the  Sacramento  as  umbrellas. 

They  are  dark  green,  glossy,  and  of  a  solid  leathery  consistence. 
The  peduncles  are  straight,  solid,  i!i— 2  feet  long,  and  crowned  with  a 
fine  rose-coloured  flower-umbel,  This  plant  has  slnud  out  unharmed  all 
the  severe  winters  of  1870-72,  an  amount  of  hardiness  which  makes  its 
value  quite  incontrovertible.  As  this  plant  likes  wetground,  it  is  most 
fit  for  shady  grass  plots,  grottos,  ponds;  whilst  its  most  permanent 
leaves  make  it  especially  valuable  for  decorating  rooms,  vestibules,  and 
conservatories. 

Bentham  says  of  this  plant : — "  Species  from  all  those  we  know  very 
distinct,  still  retaining  in  its  flowers  ail  the  characters  of  a  Saxifraga. 

The  rhiiomc  of  this  plant  is  sojid  and  creeping,  like  that  of  S.  crassi- 
folia,  cordifolia,  and  NIcgasea  ciliata.  This  plant  will  be  sure  to  create 
as  much  sensation  as,  in  their  time,  OiiBnera  scabra  and  Acanthus 
macrophj/llus  did,  to  which  it  will  prove  a  successful  rival.  One 
Plant,  price  20J.  ;  six  Plants,  £k. 

CROSSOSOMA  TRILOBATA  (Roczl^— From  Wahsatch  Moun- 
tains, Utah,  one  of  the  Rosaceous  plants,  a  neat  evergreen,  most  dis- 
tinguished shrub.  The  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  is  of  a  glossy 
green,  the  under  surface  lomentose,  and  of  a  silvery-grey,  A  very 
singular  and  original  novelty,  and  perfectly  hardy,  having  withstooa, 
without  any  protection,  the  severe  cold  of  this  winter  with  absolute 

mpunity.     One  plant,  price  f>s.  ;  3  plants,  price  15s. 


Our  CATALOGUE  of  SELECT  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  NEW  POTATOS, 

&c.,  is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  on  application. 
I^^   All  Orders  are  executed  at  once,  and  forwarded  Carriage  paid. 

WILLIAM    DEUMMOND    &    SONS, 

SEED  AND  NURSERY  ESTABLISHMENT,  STIRLING. 


KITCHEN     GARDEN     SEEDS, 


CARRIAGE   FREE. 


A  Complete  Collection  for  a  large  Garden 

A  Complete  Collection  for  a  medium-sized  Garden 

A  Complete  Collection  for  a  Small  Garden 


None  but  the  most  approved  sorts  of  Vegetables  are  included  in  the  above  Colieclions. 
LIST,  Free  on  application. 


63s. 

42s. 
21s. 

For  sorts,  see  SEED 


The  GUINEA  COLLECTION  of  KITCHEN   GARDEN  SEEDS,   Carriage  Free, 

Is  composed  of  tlie  following  most  approved  kinds  :— 


TEAS— Dillistone's  Earliest,  1  quart 

Sutlons'  Early  Champion,  i  quart 

Champion  of  England,  1  t|uart 

Veitcn's  Perfection,  i  quart 

Payne's  Conqueror,  i  pint 

Advancer,  1  pint 

liluc  Scimitar,  i  pint 
EKANS — Johnson's  Wonderful,  I  tjuart 

Broad  Windsor,  i  quart 

French  Robin's  Egg,  i  pint 

Scarlet  Runners,  i  pint 
HEET— St.  Osyth,  i  o^. 
BORECOLE,  or  KALE— Asparagus,  1  pkt. 

Hearting,  i  packet 

Cottagers',  i  packet 
BRUSSELS  SPROUTS— Finest,  i  packet 
BROCCOLI— Adams'  Early,  i  packet 

Snow's  Winter  White,  i  packet 

Purple  Sprouting,  i  packet 

Wafcheren,  i  packet 


BROCCOLI— Dwarf  Late  While,  i  packet 
CABBAGE— Early  Nonpareil,  1  packet 

Eiilield  Market,  i  packet 

Worcester  Incomparable,  1  packet 

Red  Pickling,  i  packet 
CARROT— Early  Horn,  1  oz. 

lames'  Intermediate,  i  oz. 

Improved  Altringham,  i  oz. 
CAULIFLOWER— Early  London,  i  packet 
CELERY— Matchless  Red,  i  packet 

Cole's  Crystal  White,  i  packet 
CRESS— Broad-leaved,  2  oz. 

Curled,  2  oz. 

Australian,  i  oz. 
CUCUMBER—Smith's  Frame,  i  packet 

Stockwood,  I  packet 
ENDIVE— Moss  Curled,  i  packet 
LEEK— Musselburgh,  i  packet 
LETTUCE— Paris  White  Cos,  i  packet 

Paris  Green  Cos,  i  packet 


LETTUCE— Worcester  Cabbage,  i  packet 

MUSTARD~4oz. 

MELON— Haiinarn's  Hybrid,  i  packet 

ONION— While  Spanish,  i  oi. 

James'  Keeping,  i  oz. 
PARSLEY— Myatt's  Garnishing,  i  packet 
PARSNIP— Improved  Hollow  Crown,  i  oz. 
RADISH— Long  Scarlet,  2  oz. 

Ked  Turnip,  2  oz. 

White  Turnip,  z  oz. 

Olive  Shaped,  3  oz. 
SAVOY— Green  Curled,  i  packet 
SPINACH— Round,  402- 

Prickly,  4  oz. 
TURNIP— Early  Snowball,  i  oz. 

American  lledlop,  i  oz. 
TOMATO— Red,  i  packet 
VEGETABLE  MARROW,  i  packet 
POT  HERBS,  4  packets 


EICHAED    SMITH, 

SEED     MERCHANT     AND     NURSERYMAN,     WORCESTER. 


MIDLAND  HORTICULTURAL  and  HOT-WATER  ENGINEERING  WORKS, 

LOUGHBOROUGH. 


T.  G.  Messenger 

Begs  to  call  attention  to  his  Patented  mode  of  Construction,  now  being  adopted  in  every  part  of  the  country, 
wliicli  combines  extreme  lightness  and  durability,  and  being  lManufactui«d  by  Steam-power  Macliinery,  can  be 
supplied  at  very  moderate  rates. 

T.  G.  M.  will  be  happy  to  prepare  Plans  and  Estimates  from  instructions  by  Post,  or  he  will  be  liappy  to  wait 
upon  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  to  assist  tliom  in  the  arrangements,  and  take  particulars  for  Plans  and  Estimates. 

Architects'  Designs  carried  out  according  to  their  details,  or  with  liis  principles  of  Construction  adapted  to  their 
Designs.     The  satisfactory  completion  of  all  work  undertaken  is  guaranteed. 

A  richly  Illustrated  CATALOGtJE  forwarded  Post  Free  for  83  Stamps. 

PHOTOGRAPHS    of   HOUSES    RECENTLY    ERECTED    SENT    FREE   for    INSPECTION. 


January  20,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


97 


Would  You  be  Surprised  to  Hear 

^HE  UNDERMENTIONED  can  now  be  purchased 

at  about  half  the  usual  prices?    Apply  to 
CHARLES  NOIILE,  Bacshot. 
Standard  APPLES,  PEARS,  and  PLUMS 
Pyramid         ,.  ,,  ■■ 

Dwarf.trained  PEACHES 
Standard  lyr.  trained  PEACHES 
RED  CLIRKANTS,  in  variety 

RHODODENDRONS,  Hybrid  Secdlingt,  a  to  4  feet 
SPRUCE  FIR,  3  to  4  feet 
CUPRESSUS  LAVVSONIANA,  2  to  10  feet 
PICEA  NORDMANNIANA,  3to6feet 
PINUS  CEMHRA,  3  to  4  feet 
RETINOSPORA  StjUARROSA,  I'A  to  2'^  feet 
„  ERICOIDES,  l!^t03fcet 

„  PISIFERA,  iK  to61ect 

„  OBTUSA,  3to6fcet 

THUJA  AMERICANA,  3  to  6  feet 

„        LOBBII,  i'2  too  feet 
THUIOPSIS  BOREALIS,  4  to  8  feet 

„  DOLABRATA,  ginches  to  jr;  foot 

ARUNDO  CONSPICUA,  strong 
BEREEKIS  AQUIFOLIA 

„  DARWINII,  ijd  to  2!i  Icct 

„  lAPONICA,  ito2feet 

LABURNUMS.  3  to6  feet 

DEUTZIA  CRENATA  FLORE-PLENO,  3  to  6  leet 
DOUBLE  FURZE,  pots 
ENGLISH  OAKS,  2  to  6  feet 
LAURELS,  Colchic,  i',i  to  3!^  feet 
,,  Common,  iJ4  to  ai^  feet 

„  Portugal,  t  to  2  feet 

LARCH  FIR,  6  to  9  feet 
SCOTCH  FIR.  4to6feet 
MENZIESII  POLIFOLIA,  strong 
Paul's  New  Scarlet  THORN,  Standard  and  Pyramid 
PURPLE  LABURNUMS,  4  to  8  feet 
POPLAR,  t)NTARIO,  6  to  12  feet 

,,  BLACK  ITALIAN,  6  to  12  feet 

LOMBARDY,  6toi2feet 
QUICK,  extra  strong 
SPIR,-EAS,  of  sorts,  3  to  4  feet 
VIBURNUM  PLICATUM,  2  to  3  feet 
\'IOLETS,  in  best  varieties 
YUCCA  FLACCIDA,  strong 
CLEMATIS,  of  sorts 
IVIES,  of  sorts 
GYNERIUM  ARGENTEUM 


APPLES  on  PARADLSE  STOCK.— The  fines!  kinds 
as  under,  in  Pyramid  and  Bush  Trees,  each  or  dozen. 


POMONA 

REINETTE  DU  CANADA 
NORTHERN  SPY 
DUMELOVV'S  SEEDLING 
BLENHEIM   ORANGE 
GLORY 

LORD  BURGHLEY 
COX'S  ORANGE  PIPPIN 
RINGER 

KING  of  the  PIPPINS 
.LORD  SUFFIELD 
BEAUTY  of  KENT 
COURT-PENDU-PLAT 

Purchaser's  selection  from  the  above, 
ECLINVILLE  PIPPIN,  fine,  with  fruit  buds- 


ALFRISTON 
IRISH  PEACH 
COCKLE  PIPPIN 
COCKPIT  or  EVER  BEARER 
GOLDEN  HARVEY 
CALVILLE  BLANCHE 
ROUNDWAY  MAGNUM 

EONUM  [LING 

BEDFORDSHIRE        FOUND. 
KESWICK  CODLIN 
KING 

DUTCH  MIGNONNE 
EARLY  HARVEST 
each, 
this  sort  has   been 


Tiuch  spoken  o[ in  Garilt-ners'  CAr.'Hif/f— 3  feet  stems,  fine  head:  , 

buds  for  fruit,  3s.  6d.  each. 
The  finest  3-yr    old  LANCASHIRE  GOOSEBERRIES,  121.  per  too, 

or  80J.  per  looo. 
HARDY  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS,  all  correctly  named  on  each 

kind,  35^.  per  too. 
HARDY  ROCK  PLANTS,  30s.  per  ico. 

My  Collections  of  the  above  are  very  extensive. 

CATALOGUES    of  HERBACEOUS     PLANTS    ready. 

HENRY  MAY.  Hope  Nurseries,  Bedale,  Yorkshire. 


Forest  Trees. 

WOOD  AND   INGRAM  ofier  as  follows,    very  fine 
stuIT;—  Pcnooo.— J.  d. 

OAKS,  3-yr.  Seedlings 76 

„        3  to  4  feet 30    o 

„        4t05feet 35    o 

ELM,  English,  t-yr  Seedlings 50 

„              ,,         2yr.  Seedlings 76 

,,        Huntingdon,  8  to  10  feet            per  100  50    o 

HORSE  CHESTNUTS,  3-yr.  Seedlings So 

,,                       ,,               2  to  3  feet 12    o 

OAK,  Evergreen,  i-yr.  Seedlings         10    o 

>>              „           3-yr  Seedlings        15    o 

Samples     sent     on     application. 
The  Nurseries,  Huntingdon. 


Quicks  and  Forest  Trees. 

S  ROBINSON  has  a  large  qu.antity  of  Bedding  and 
•  Transplanting  QUICKS  to  offer ; — 2  to  3-yr-  old,  ss.  fxi.  to  71. 
per  1000;  3t0  4-yr-old,  7J.  (>d.  to  I2r.  6.f.  per  1000;  4  to  s-yr.  old, 
I2S.  fid.  to  20^-  per  1000- 

SPRUCE  FIR,  well  furnished,  fit  for  ornamental  planting,  2or.  to 
255-  per  too. 

LARCH,  2^  to  4  feet  high,  very  fine,  3SJ.  per  tooo. 

SCOTCH  FIR,  2  to  2j^  feet,  bushy  plants,  in  fine  condition,  soj. 
per looa 

PRIVETS,  2  to  3  feet,  18s.  to  21!.  per  1000. 

A  few  hundred  fine  ELM  and  BIRCH,  7  to  8  feet. 

HOLLIES,  7  to  9  teet,  beautiful  specimen  plants.     Prices  on  appli- 
cation. 

Shaw  House,  Melbourne,  near  Derby, 
N.B.  Samples  of  the  above  upon  application,  to  be  charged  for. 


To  the  Trade. 

I   STOCK    PLANTS   of  GOLDEN    TRICOLOR  GERANIUMS 
and   OTHER   PLANTS. 

GEORGE  POULTON  begs  to  offer  the  following,  in 
good  strong  nlants,  in  48-sized  pots,  each  plant  averaging  from 
3  to  6  Cuttings  eacn  . — Lady  Cullum,  loj.  per  doz.  ;  Louisa  Smith,  105. 
per  doz,  ;  Lady  Franklin,  lot.  per  doz.  ;  Sophia  Cusack,  I2s.  perdoz.  ; 
Sophie  Dumaresque,  I05,  per  doz,  ;  Mrs,  Pollock,  8s,  per  doz,  ;  Zonals, 
Bonfire  and  Jean  Sisley,  loJ.  per  doz.  Averaging  about  5  or  6 
Cuttings  each  :  Vesuvius,  White  Perfection,  and  other  choice  named 
varieties,  61.  per  doz.  (stock  plants),  CI.N'ERARIAS,  fine  strain,  51, 
per  doz, ;  Primulas,  beautifully  fringed,  immense  trusses  of  bloom,  t>s. 
per  doz,  CALCEOLARfAS,  splendid  strain,  4J  per  doz.  Packages 
(basket  and  mat)  charged  2i,  td.  extra.  Small  plants  in  6o's  of  all  the 
above  Geraniums,  4s,  per  doz,,  package  free, 

GEORGE  POULTON,  Fountain  Nursery,  Angel  Road,  Edmonton, 
Middlesex. 

Planters  of  Large  Trees  for  Blinds  and  Immediate 

EFFECT  may  be  glad  to  know  they  can  be  SUPPLIED  by 

WILLIAM     MAULE     and    SONS,     from    their 
Nurseries,  Bristol,  in  large  quantities,  at  moderate  prices. 
EVERGREEN  TREES, 
HOLLIES,  Green,  on  stems,  10  to  12  feet 
PINUS  EXCELSA,  8  to  10  feet 
NORWAY  SPRUCE,  8  to  to  feet 
CEDRUS  DEODARA,  8  to  to  feet 
CHINESE  AREOR-VIT.E,  8  to  to  feet 
ABIES  DOUGLASII,  5  to  6  feet 
ARAUCARIA  IMERICATA,  4  to  5  feet 
MOUNT  ATLAS  CEDAR,  6  to  7  feet 
CEDAR  of  LEBANON,  7  to  8  feet 
CHINESE  JUNIPERS,  THUJOPSIS,  and  agreat 

variety  of  choice  EVERGREENS,  7  to  8  feet 
PINUS  AUSTRIACA,  4  to  5  leet 
PORTUGAL  LAURELS,  4  to  5  feet 
CUPRESSUS  LAWSONIANA,  4toSfect 
ENGLISH  YEWS,  5  to  6  feet 
RHODODENDRONS,  bushy,  4  to  5  feet 

DECIDUOUS  TREES, 
POPLAR,  BLACK  ITALIAN,  to  10  12  feet 
BIRCH,  10  to  12  feet 
TURKEY  OAK.  ro  to  12  feel 
ACACIA,  BEECH,  ELM,  MOUNTAIN  ASH, 

ONTARIO  POPLAR,  LABURNUMS, 

CHESTNUTS— 10  to  12  feet 

Prices  on  application. 


Forest  Trees. 

LARCH,       SCOTCH,       SPRUCE,       SYCAMORE, 
HORSE     CHESTNUT,     BIRCH,     LIMES,     MOUNTAIN 
ASH,  &c,    A  fine  slock.     For  prices,  see  (^^atalogue, 

JAMES  SMITH,  Parley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 

FIFTY  WELLINGTONIA  GIGANTEA,  12  to  14 
feet  high,  and  beautifully  furnished  to  the  ground,  and  removed 
in  1871,  These  beautiful  specimens  are  said  bv  many  to  be  the  finest, 
in  England  for  beauty  and  health.  Single  plants,  30J  each,  or  2oc5 
per  dozen,  or  less  for  the  whole.  They  remove  with  balls  of  roots, 
and  will  be  delivered  free  on  the  rails  here,  '       pg,,  dozen  — s  d. 

ABIES  DOUGLASII,  3  to  4  feet,  very  healthy        per  100,  75J,     t2    o 
,,  ,,  2  to  3  feet  ,,  ,,      65J,       9    o 

PINUS  AUSTRIACA,  3  to  4  feet,  well  transplanted      ,.         ,.90 

AMERICAN  ARBOR-VIT.B,  4  to  5  feet 90 

Paul's  New  Double  Scarlet  THORN,  3  to  4  feet 12    o 

PORTUGAL  LAURELS, at03feet,and2to3feetacross  .,90 
RIEES  SANGUINEA,  2t03feet,fine        ..        ..  per  too,  20s.      3    o 

EERBERIS  DARWINII,  2  feet ,,       20J,       3    o 

AILANTUS    GLANDULOSA,    6   to   7  feet,  very  fine— the 
Silkworm  Tree,  or  Tree  of  Heaven,  magnificent  foliage,  2 

to  3  feet  long,  and  hardy per  100,  7.5s,       9    o 

RHOIIODKNIlRi.lN,  J,  C,  Stevens,  the  finest  scarlet,  2  feet,.     12    o 
„        Chianoidcs,  the  finest  white,  2  feet  ..         ..         . .     12    o 

,,        line  named  kinds,  2  to  3  feet. .         ,,         18    o 

„        line  hybrids,  2  to  3  feet,  fine  ..         ,.         .,         ,,         ..       80 
to.ooo    finest  kinds  of  Hybrid  Perpetual   ROSES, 
roo  named,  in  50  sorts,  5(M.,  or  9s.  per  dozen. 
The  above  Roses  are  budded  low  on'  the  Manctti,  and  fine  plai  ts 
HENRY  MAY,  The  Hope  Nurseries,  near  Bedale,  Yorkshire.    ' 

MOUNTAIN  ASH,  for  Underwood. 
3  to  4  feet,  3s,  per  100,  255.  per  1000 ;  4  to  s  feet,  45.  per  100, 
30S.  per  1000  ;  g  to  ()  feet,  5s.  per  100,  35s.  per  i(x»  ;  6  to  8  feet,  loj.  per 
100.     See  Cat.alogue. 

JAMES  SMITH,  Parley  D.ale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 

REES  AND  CO.'S  BIPHOSPHATED  PERUVIAN 
GUANO  (Registered  Trade  Mark,  Flying  Albatross),  is  now 
ready  for  delivery  in  tiuantity  and  in  fine  condition.  It  is  believed  to 
be  tne  best  Artificial  Manure  yet  produced.  Its  base  is  Peruvian 
Government  Guano;  it  contains  21  percent,  of  Soluble  Phosphates, 
5  to  7  per  cent,  of  Ammonia  with  Salts  of  Potash.  See  reports  of  Dr. 
"V'oelcker,  Dr  Anderson,  Professor  Way,  Mr.  Ogston,  and  Mr.  Sibson. 
Delivered  in  2  cwt.  bags,  each  of  which  is  secured  by  a  leaden  seal, 
bearing  the  Company's  Trade  Mark.  The  analysis  is  guaranteed  so 
long  as  the  seals  remain  unbroken. 
_  REES  AND  CO.  (Limited),  58,  Old  Broad  Street,  London,  E.G. 

r^  Tie  "  L  O  N  D  O  N      M  A  Sru"^RE~~C  O  M  P  ANY. 
{Established  i8-(o). 
Have  now  ready  for  delivery,  in  fine  dry  condition — 
PURE  DISSOLVED   BONES, 

CONCENTRATED  AMMONIACAL  MANURE, for Top-Dressing 
PURSER'S  BONE  TURNIP  MANURE. 
SUPERPHOSPHATE  of  LIME. 
NITROPHOSPHATE 

MANGEL,  HOP,  and  POTATO  MANURES.    Also 
PERUVIAN    GUANO   (as  imported   by   Messrs,  Thomson,    Bonar, 
&  Co,),  nitrate  of  SODA,  SULPHATE  of  AMMONIA,  &c 
116,  Fenchurch  Street. EDWARD  PURSER,  Secretary. 

The  Cheapest  and  Best  Insecticide^ 

POOLEY'S       TOBACCO      POWDER. 
Of  all  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 

rflOBACCO  Tl'SSUE,"  for  FUM  laATINCT^REEN'- 

X.  HOUSES.— Will  destroy  Thrip,  Red  Spider.  Green  and  Black 
riy,  and  Mealy  Bu^,  and  burns  without  the  assistance  of  blowinij, 
and  is  entirely  free  from  paper  or  rags.  Price  31.  f>d.  per  lb.,  carriage 
free.     A  reduction  in  price  for  large  quantities. 

To  be  had  of  Messrs.  ROBERTS  AND  SONS,  Tobacco  Manufac 
turcrs,  112,  St.  John  Street,  Clerkenwell,  E.G.,  of  whom  Copies  of 
Testimonials  may  be  obtained  ;  and  of  all  Seedsmen  and  Nurserymen, 

To  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 

The  OLDEST  ESTABLISHED  WAREHOUSE  in  LONDON  for 
GENUINE  JiOLLED  TOBACCO-PAPER,  CLOTH,  or  CORD, 

H       PERKINS,     16,    Cambridge    Circus,     Hackney 
•    Road,  N.E.,  who  has  a  large  STOCK  of  the  best  quality  on 
hand  for  the  ensuing  season. 

Orders  by  Post  promptly  attended  to. 

/''     I    S    H    U    R   S   T 
^^        COMPOUND. 

Used  by  many  of  the  leading 
Gardeners  since  1859,  aminst 
Red  Spider,  Mildew,  'I  nrips. 
Green  Fly,  and  other  Elight,  in 
solutions  of  from  i  to  2  ounces 
to  the  gallon  of  soft  water,  a 
ol  from  4  to  16  ounces  as 
Winter  Dressing  for  Vines  and 
Fruit  Trees.  Has  outlived  many 
preparations  intended  to  super- 
sede it. 

Sold  Retail    by    Seedsmen,  ir 
boxes,  It.,  31.,  arid  \as.  (>d. 


Red 
Spider. 


Magni- 
fied. 


Wholesale  by 

PRICE'S    PATENT 

CANDLE      COMPANY 

(Limited), 

Eattersea,  London,  S.W. 


WS.     BOULTON     AND     CO.,     Norwich, 
•    Horticultural  Builders  and  Hot-water  Apparatus 
Manufacturers. 

New  labour-saving  machinery  enables  us  to  supply  first-class  CON- 
SERVATORIES, VINERIES,  ORCHARD  HOUSES,  FORCING 
PITS,  &c.,  at  very  low  prices.  Designs  and  Estimates  furnished. 
Carriage  paid  to  any  station  in  the  kingdom. 

MELON  and  CUCUMBER  LIGHTS  ready  for  delivery. 


Iliiillip 

These  are  strong  and  well-made  Sliding  Lights,  glazed,  and  painted 
three  coats.  Height  of  frame,  14  inches  at  n-ont,  25  incnes  at  back. 
With  handles  complete. 

Prices.— Carriage  paid  to  any  station  within  200  miles  ol  Norwich 
when  orders  amount  to  £3  and  upwards. 

8  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide. .  ;£2  15  I    16 feet  long  by  6  feet  wide.,  ^£5    o 
12  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide. .  j^3  17  |    24  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide. .  £7    5 
If  prepared  with  wood  cills,  to  build  on  brick  wall,  and  lights  to 
slide,  prices,  carriage  paid  as  above  :^ 

loi  feet  long  by 6  feet  wide..  £i  o  I   24!  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide..  £7  o 

lyi  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide. .  ;^5  o  I   31^  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide. .  £g  o 

Other  sizes  at  prices  in  proportion. 

PLANT  PRESERVERS. 

Illustrated    Catalogues    free    on    application. 

Rose  Lane  Works,  Norwich. 

T.    ARCHER'S    "  FRIGI    DOMO.*— Patronised 

•  and  used  for  Frogmoreand  KewGardcns.  It  is  made  entirely 
of  prepared  wool,  and  a  perfect  non-conductor  of  heat  or  cold  where  it 
is  applied. 

PROTECTION  AGAINST  the  COLD  WINDS  and  MORNING 

FROSTS. 

WOOL  NETTING,  2  yards  wide  and  u.Gd.  per  yard. 

"FRIGI  DOMO"  CANVAS." 

Two  yards  wide is.  lod.  per  yard. 

Three  yards  wide 21.  lod.  per  yard. 

Four  yards  wide 3»-  'o*'-  P"  yard. 

SCRIM  CANVAS,  72  inches  wide,  yoyardslong,  sJ^d.  toSJ^^i.p.  yard. 
HESSIAN  CANVAS,  do.,  do.,  54  and  72  inches  wide,  t%d.  and 
i^d.  per  yard. 

ELISHA  T.  ARCHER,  Only  Maker  of  "  Fngi  Domo  "  3,  Cannon 
Street,  City,  E.C.  {  and  of  all  Seedsmen  in  London  or  the  Country. 
NOTICE.— Removed  from  7,  Great  Trinity  Lane. 


FOR    SEAKALE     POTS,     RHUBARB     POTS. 
GARDEN  POTS  Oarge  stock  and  good  quality),  apply  to 
JOHN     MATTHEWS.    Royal    Potter>-.    \\'e';t..>n  supcr-Mar^^ 


For  sowing  Peas. 

BY  ROYAL  LETTERS  PATENT 

T^HE    SIDNEY    GARDEN 

-*-  SEED  SOWERS. 

21.  6rf.  and  5s,  each. 

For  all  sorts  and  siiics  ol  Vegetable 
and  Flower  Seeds. 

By  an  Inside  fitting,  Peas  will  not 
block  in  the  large  Sower. 

Wholesale  Agents  for  the  Patentee, 

Messrs,  POLLARD,  JEPHSON 
AND  CO.,  Bear  Garden,  Southwark. 

Sold  by  all  Seedsmen  and  Iron- 
mongers. The  Trade  supplied  by  alt 
Wholesale  Dealers. 

.  A  L  V  A  N  I  S  E  D       W  iITe  "    N  E  T  T  I  N~G. 

Lvarded  "  Mentioii^Extraordinaire"  at  the  Amsterdam 
xhibilion 


Prices  per  Lineal  Yard,  24  inches 

high. 

Mesh. 

Mostly  used  lor                Light. 

Medium. 

Strong. 

2 

s.    d. 

Poultry 0    3?i 

Rabbits,  Hares,  &c 0    a'A- 

Smallest  Rabbits        ..         ..        0    SA 

s.    d, 
0    4'^ 

0    (>% 

Ik 

0  s 

All  guaranteed,  and  carriage  paid  to  any  railway  station, 

T.  B.  BRO\VN  AND  CO  , 

Offices— f)0,  Cannon  Street,  London,  E.C.  ;  Netting  Warehouse  and 

Factory,  4,  L.nurence  Pountney  Place  (close  to  the  iilficcs). 

B 


By  Appointment  to  H.R.H.  The  Prince  of  Wales. 

ARTON'S    PATENT    STABLE    and    HARNESS 

ROOM  FITTINGS,  BRACKETS,  &c. 


Patronised  by  H.H.  the  Viceroy  of  Eg^'pt,  the  King  of  the  Belgians, 
the  King  of  Italy,  the  King  of  Holland,  Dy  the  principal  Nobility  of 
the  Kingdom,  and  adopted  by  the  first  Architects  and  Builders  of 
England  and  the  Continent.  Illustrated  Catalogues  sent  on  receipt 
of  six  stamps 

For  ALTERATION  of  STABLES  a  competent  person  can  be  sent 
to  any  part,  to  inspect  and  give  Estimates, 

I  AMES  BARTON,  Iron  Works,  370,  Oxford  Street.  W. 


pOTTAM'S 


PATENT     PORTABLE 
COW   FITTINGS. 


UNITED 


intages    are — Portability,     not    fixtures,    remt.vaLile    at 

V^i».,u,i,,  „^  Woodwork  o:  Partitions  to  impede  Ventilation  or  breed 
ermin;  Hay  Rick  dispensed  with  as  unnecessary;  increased  width 
and  depth  of  Feeding  Troughs,  Water  Cistern,  and  Patent  Drop 
Cover  to  prevent  over-gorging.  Cleanly,  durable,  and  imper\'ious  to 
infection,  being  all  of  Iron,     Price  of  Fittings  per  Cow,  551. 

Prospectuses  free  of  COTTAM  and  Co.,  Iron  Wotks,  2,  Winsley 
Street  (opposite  the  Pantheon),  0.\ford  Street^  London,  W.,  where  the 
above  are  exhibited,  together  with  several  important  Improvements 
in  Stable  Fittings  just  secured  by  Patent. 


Roslier's  Garden  Edging  Tiles. 


THE  above  and  many  other  PATTERNS  are  made  in 
materials  of  great  durability.      The  plainer  sorts  are  especially 
suited    for   KITCHEN    GAR- ^^,,^,„„,„,„.,,,^;-- 
DENS,     as    they    harbour    no  ^^^^tjZi^^^^ 
Slugs  or  Insects,  take  up  little       yjg^^^ 
room,    and,     once    put    down,       \  ^ 

incur  no  further  labour  or  ex-  ^ 

pense,   as  do    "  erown  "    Edg-  mT 

ings,  consequently  being  much  .^^\ 

cheaper,  f^^—t 

GARDEN  VASES,  FOUNTAINS,  &a,  in  Artificial  Stone,  very 
durable  and  of  superior  finish,  and  in  great  variety  of  design. 

F.  AND  G.  ROSHER,  Manufacturers,  Upper  Ground  Street,  Black- 

friars,  S.E. ;  Queen's  Road  West,  Chelsea,  S.  W. ;  Kingsland  Road,  E. 

Agents  for  LOOKER'S  PATENT  "ACME  FRAMES,"  PLANT 

COVERS    and    PROPAGATING    BOXES  ;     also    for   FOXLEY'S 

PATENT  BEADED  GARDEN  WALL  BRICKS. 

Illustrated  Price  Lists  free  by  post     The  Trade  supplied. 


ORNAMENTAL  PAVING  TILES  for  Conservatories, 
Halls,  Corridors,  Balconies,  &c.,  from  31.  per  square  yard 
upwards.  Pattern  Sheets  of  plain  or  more  elaborate  designs,  with 
prices,  sent  for  selection. 

WHITE  GLAZED  TILES,  for  Lining  Walls  of  Dairies,  Larders, 
Kitchen  Ranges,  Baths,  &c.    Grooved  and  other  Stable  Paving  of  great 
durability,  Wall  Copings,  Drain  Pipes  and  Tiles  of  all  kinds.  Roofing 
Tiles  in  great  variety.  Slates,  Cements,  &c. 
F.  AND  G.  ROSHER,  Brick  and  Tile  Merchants.— See  addresses  above. 

SILVER  SAND,  fine  or  coarse  grain  as  desired. 
Fine  141.,  Coarse  17*.  per  Ton.  In  Truck  Loads  is.  per  Ton  less. 
Delivery  by  Cart  within  three  miles,  or  to  any  London  Railway'or 
Wharf,  2J.  per  Ton  extra.     Samples  of  Sand  free  by  post 

FLINTS  and  BRICK  BURRS  for  Rockeries  or  Kemeries.    KENT 
PEAT  or  LOAM  supplied  at  lowest  rates  in  any  quantities. 
F.  and  G.  ROSHER.— Addresses  see  above. 
N.B,    Orders  promptly  executed  by  Rail  or  to  Whan-es. 
A  liberal  discount  to  the  Trade. 


98 


The  Gardeners'   Chronicle  and  Agricultural   Gazette. 


[January  20,   1872. 


Tlie  Patent  Imperishable  Hothouse. 

AYRES'S  PATENT. 

GLASS,  IRON,  and  CONCRETE. 
Before  building  a  Plant  or   Fruit  House  of  any  kind,  send  six 
stamps,  and  obtain  the  Illustrated  Prospectus  of  the 

IMPERISHABLE  HOTHOUSE  COMPANY, 

Newark -on-Trenl,  Notts. 

MANAGER— W.  P.  AYRES,  C.M.R.H.S,, 

Imperishable  Hothouse  Company,  Newark-on- Trent. 

Plans,  Specifications  and  Estimates  supplied  upon  the  shortest  notice 


Improved  CsituaL 


HOT-WATER  APPARATUS 

erected  Complete,  or  the  Materials  supplied  lor  Heating 

GREENHOUSES,  Tubular  BoiUr. 

HOTHOUSES, 
CONSERVATORIES, 
CHURCHES, 
PUBLIC    BUILDINGS,  &c. 
HOT-WATER  PIPESat  whole- 
sale prices  :    Elbows,  T  Pieces, 
Syphons,  and  every  other  connec- 
tion kept  in  stock. 

WROUGHT  and  CAST.IRON 
,  CONICAL,  SADDLE,  and 
)  IMPROVED  CO^fICAL, 

—       -  also  Elliptic,  Boilers,  from  24^.  each  ,.,^,tci,c 

Improved  and  enra  strone  CAST-IRON  TUBULAR  LOILERS, 

wither  without  Water  Bars,  l"romS3s.6.i.  each.  t^pc  „-  c.,.1 

CAST  and  WROUGHT-IRON  PORTABLE  BOILERS,  on  Stand, 

for  use  without  brickwork,  from  60s.  each.  ,TATirc.c 

ror>.,U  BcUr.    pS'^JTIc  J"d"o"oYs';^aR1    "an-d"-  ^I'S^'Hi 
jft  WORK  or  every  description  and  Size 

INDIA-RUBBER      RINGb    for    Pipe    Joints 
Sockets  require  no  other  packing,     Eiuptic  Boiler 

and  are  perfectly  water-tight. 

Goods,  of  the  very  best  manu 
factur«[  delivered  at  Railway  or 
Wharf  in  London. 

LYNCH  WHITE, 

Old  Barge   Iron   Wharf,    Upper  |liil! 
Ground  Street,  London.S.  E.  (Surrey 
side  Blackfriars  Bridge).     Price  List  on  application. 


JONES'S    PATENT      "  DOUBLE     L "    SADDLE 
BOILER. 


HOTHOUSES    for    the    MILLION.— Medal,    1862. 
Invented  bv  the  late  Sir  Ioseph  Paxton. 
Manufactured  in   London;   Utversione   ILancashire) ;  Gloucester ; 
Coventry;  Paisley,  and  Aberdeen,  only. 


Illustrated  Price  Lists  free.  A  Pamphlet,  with  Views  of  these  and 
other  styles  of  Glasshouses,  post  free,  31^.  Estimates  given  for 
Conservatories,  Sic,  to  any  design  in  Wood;  also  for  Heating 
Apparatus, 

HEREMAN  AND  MORTON,  Horticultural  Builders, 
14,  Tichborne  Street,  Regent  Quadrant,  London.  W. 


[AMES   WATTS   AND    CO.,  Hothouse    Builders 

'  and  Hot-Water  Apparatus  Manufacturers, 

353,  Old  Kent  Road,  London,  S.E. 


Onn    CUCUMLLR     and     MELON     BOXES    and 

^\j\j  LIGHTS,  all  sizes.  Glazed  and  Painted  complete,  ready 
for  immediate  use,  packed  ana  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom. 

Strong  GREENHOUSE  LIGHTS,  6  feet  by  4  feet,  5s.  each. 
GLASSES,  all  sizes. 

References  to  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  Trade  in  most  of  the 
Counties  in  England. 


BEARD'S     PATENT     NON-CONDUCTING    and 
VENTILATING  METALLIC   GLASS  HOUSES   will    prove 
cheaper  than  wood. 


These  Boilers  possess  all  the  advantages  of  the  old  Saddle  Boiler, 
with  the  following  improvements,  viz,,  the  water-space  at  back  and 
over  lop  of  saddle  increases  the  healing  surface  to  such  an  extent 
that  a  "Patent  Double  L  Saddle  Boiler"  will  do  about  twice  the 
amount  of  work  with,  the  same  quantity  of  fuel  ;  the  cost  of  setting  is 
also  considerably  reduced,  and  likewise  the  space  occupied  ;  at  the 
same  time  these  Boilers  are  simple  in  construction,  and,  being  made 
ofwrought  iron,  are  not  liable  tocrack.  They  are  made  of  the  following 
sizes : — 


High. 

Wide. 

Long. 

30  in. 

18  in. 

30   „ 

18  „ 

«4   II 

so  n 

18  „ 

30  11 

24  » 

24  » 

34   II 

'4   >i 

'4  II 

39  II 

24  >. 

24   .. 

36  ,1 

Ml 

=i;; 

tl 

30  >t 

30 ,1 

72   „ 

36 ,. 

36  ■■ 

96  ,1 

4S     M 

48  „ 

108  ,1 

48     „ 

48  „ 

144  11 

To  beat  of 
4-in   Pipe. 


Feet. 

300 

450 

600 

700 

350 

1,000 

1,400 

1,800 

2,600 

4.500 

7,000 

10,000 


C  $.d. 


And  are  kept  in  Stock  and  sold  only  by  the  Inventors  and  Patentees, 
Jones  &  Sons. 

Price  Lists  of  ilOT-WATBR  PIPES  and  Connections,  with 
Boilers,  of  all  sizes  and  shapes  ;  or  ESTIMATES  for  HOT-WATER 
APPARATUS,  erected  complete,  will  be  sent  on  application, 

J.  JONES  AND  SONS,  Iron  Merchants,  6,  Eankside,  Southwark, 
London,  S.E. ^_ 


Portable  and  Fixed  Hot-water  Apparatus 

FOR 

HEATING 

conservatories, 

piothouses, 

churches, 

public  buildings, 

private  residences, 

&c. 

TRUSS'  PATENT  UNIVERSAL  FLEXIBLE  and 
LEAKLESS  pipe  joint  and  PATENT  CRACKLESS 
EXPANSION-JOINTED  TUBULAR  BOILERS,  of  a  VARIETY 
of  FORMS,  PORTABLE  or  for  BRICKWORK  SETTING.  They 
are  the  MOST  POWERFUL,  whilst  ONLY  CONSUMING  HALF 
the  FUEL  of  OTHER  BOILERS.  PORTABLE  BOILERS,  to 
HEAT  ANY  LENGTH  of  PIPING;  and  ANY  PERSON  can 
TAKE  these  BOILERS,  as  also  the  PIPES,  APART,  and 
SPEEDILY  PUT  THEM  TOGETHER  AGAIN. 

T.  S.  TRtJss  begs  to  state  that  the  immense  number  ol  APPA- 
RATUS annually  Designed  and  Erected  by  him  in  all  parts  of  the 
Kingdom, and  for  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  at  South  Kensington 
and  Chiswick,  with  unrivalled  satisfaction,  is  a  guarantee  for  skill  of 
design,  superior  materials,  and  good  workmanship ;  while  the  great 
advantage  obtained  by  his  Improved  System  cannot  be  over-estimated, 
consisting  of  perfectly  tight  joints  with  neatness  of  appearance  ;  eflects 
a  saving  of  25  per  cent,  on  cost  of  Apparatus  erected  compared  with 
other  systems  ;  facihty  for  extensions,  alterations  or  removals  without 
injury  to  Pipes  or  Joints;  easily  and  expeditiously  erected ;  and  per- 
fectncss  of  design  supplied,  insuring  no  extras. 


All  lovers  of  Wall  Fruit  and  delicate  Flowers  should  have  a  piece  of 

BEARDS  PATENT  IRON-FRAMED  GLASS 
or  SLATE  WALLS. 


_^;;^a 


Full  particulars  of  the  above  may  be  had  for  a  stamped  envelope, 
also  Illustrated  CAT.\LOGUE,  price  is.,  of 


CHARLES  BEARD,   Patentee,   Horticultural   Engineer,  Victoria 
Works,  Bury  St.  Edmund's, 


Indestructible  Terra-Cotta  Plant  Marlcers. 

MAW  AND  CO.'S  PATENT.— Prices,  Printed 
Patterns,  and  Specimens  sent  post  free  on  application ;  also 
Patterns  of  Ornamental  Tile  Pavements  for  Conservatories,  Entrance 
Halls,  &c.         MAW  and  CO.,  Benthall  Works,  Broseley^ 


LABELS.    LABELS.— PARCHMENT    or    CLOTH 
LABELS.— Tree  or  Plant  Labels,  punched  parchment,  4  inches 
long,  4s.  per  1000.  or  10,000  for  35s.,  ca^ih  on  delivery.      Sample  Label 
sent  on  receipt  of  a  postage.'  stamp     Orders  delivered  free  in  London  by 
JOHN    FlsHER  AND  CO  ,  Label  Works,  Boston,  Lincolnshire. 


(RUSSIAN    WOOD   GARDEN   STICKS  and 

TALLIES,  commended  bv  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society. 

The  above  can  be  had,  of  aU  sizes,  wholesale  of 

CHARLES  J.  BLACKITH  and  CO., 

Cox's  Quay,  Lower  Thames  Street,  London,  E,C. 

Retail  of  the  principal  Seedsmen.     Prices  on  application. 


F 


OR 


SALE,     a     large     quantity    of    first-class 

ORNAMENTAL  ROCK  STONE. 
H.  RAINS  AND  CO.,  Rope  Works,  Canons  Marsh,  Bristol. 


FOWLER'S     PATENT    STEAM     PLOUGH 
and    CULTIVATOR    may    be    SEEN    at    WORK    in    every 
Agricultural  County  in  England. 

For  particulars  apply  to  JOHN  FOWLER  AND  CO.,  71,  Comhill, 
London,  E,C.  ;  and  Steam  Plough  Works,  Leeds. 


BATH  and  GAS  WORK  ERECTED  in  TOWN  or  COUNTRY. 
The  Trade  supplied. 


Price  Lists,  Plans,  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application  to 

T.  S.  TRUSS,  C.E.,  Sole  Manufacturer, 

Consulting  Horticultural  Engineer,  Iron  Merchant,  Hot-water  and 

Steam  Apparatus  Manufactur»r, 


THE    CELEBRATED    GRANITIC     PAINT. 
Manufactured     Solely     and     Only     by     the    Silicate    Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Company. 

For    Price  Lists,  Testimonials,  and  Patterns  of  Colours,  apply  to 
THOMAS  CHILD,  Manager,  3qA,  King  William  Street,  London,  E.C. 

THE  SILICATE  ZOPISSA  COMPOSITION. 
To  CURE  DAMP  in  WALLS,  and  Preserve  Stone,  &c. ,  from 
Decay.  Manufactured  Solely  and  Only  by  the  Silicate  Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Company. 

For    Particulars  and    Testimonials  apply  to   THOMAS   CHILD, 
Manager,  39A,  King  William  Street,  London,  E.C. 

EORGE'S        PATENT       CALORIGEN 

For  WARMING  and  VENTILATING. 

Prices  :  — 
Coal  Calorigen,  ^6  6s.    \   Gas  Calorigen,  £^  3^. 

Height,  36  ins.  ;  diameter,  21  do.  Height,  28  ins. ;  diameter,  14  d  . 


G' 


GRLINII  I  n    the    FINSBURY    STE-XM 

JCINLK"i      \        JIS     121     Bunh  II  Ro        London      E  C 
W   H    LASCFLLES    Propr  etor      L  sts  s  nt  on  appi  cat  on 

Prices  for  House  ,asabo  e.mideof  best  red  de^l,  and  sashes      nches 

thick,  glazed  with  16  oz.  good  sheet  glass,  delivered  and   fixed  within 

30  miles  of  London,  painted   four  coats  in  best  oil   colour,  including 

locks,  gutter,  down-pipe,  and  gearing  for  opening  the  ventilators  at 

one  lime, — heating,  staging,   brickwork  not  included  ; — 

20  ft.  by  12  ft.        40  ft.  by  i5  ft.       60  ft.  by  20  ft.        100  ft.  by  24  ft. 

lno    00  ;C79    0    o  j£i32    0    o  ^£238  10    o 

GARDEN  LIGHTS  AND  BOXES. 

3  ft.  by  4  fL  lights,  2  in.  thick,  unglazed 3J.  each 

„  „    glazed,  iG-oz.  good  sheet  glass      ..        ..      oj.    ,, 

6  ft    „  ,,    a  in.  thick,  unijlazcd  . . 5^-    n 

,,  „  glazed,  16  oz,  good  sheet  glass  . .     1  is.    „ 

Portable  box  containing  one  6  ft.  by  4  ft.  light,  painted  four 

coats,  ready  for  use        . .  30J,    „ 

Portable  box  containing  two  ditto,  6  ft.  by  8  ft.  . .         . .     551.     „ 

Estimates  given  for  Conservatories  or  Greenhouses  to  any  Design. 


A— the  interior  of  the  Room  ;  B— exterior  of  the  Buildmg;  C— wall; 
D— the  Calorigen;  E~a  Cylinder;  F— pipes  communicating  to 
supply  air  for  combustion,  and  carry  ofi  product;  G— pipe  for 
passage  of  Cold  Air  to  Calorigen;  H— outlet  for  ditto  after  being 
made  warm;  1— gas  burner  ;  J— door. 
The  only  Gas  Stove  which  retains  the  whole  of  the  Heat  given  oft 
by  the  Gas  without  vitiating  the  atmosphere. 

It  will  be  found  very  valuable  in  the  Nursery  or  Sick  Room,  Damp 
Buildings,  Shops,  Conservatories,  Offices,  &c  Exhibited  in  the 
Exhibition  of  1871  (Department  of  Scientific  Inventions),  May  be 
inspected  at  the  Sole  Manufacturers, 

J.  F.   FARWIG   AND   CO., 

36,  Queen  Street,    Cheapside,    London,    E.C. 


Horticultural  and  Window  Glass  Warehouses. 

JAMES    MILES,    6,    High  Street,   and  12  and 
13,  Blosson  Street,  Shoreditch,  London,  E. 
CONSERVATORY  and  ORCHARD-HOUSE  GLASS. 

GenuiJic   White  Lead,   Oils,   Colours,  Brushes,  6*^. 
GARDEN  ENGINES,  PUMPS,  SYRINGES,  INDIA-RUBBER 
HOSE,  TAPS,  CONNECTIONS,  &c. 

Prices  upon  application. 


Glass  for  Garden  Purposes. 
AMES        PHILLIPS        and 

beg  to  submit  their  REDUCED  PRICES  as  follows: 


PROPAGATING 


c  o. 


Each.- 
i  inches  in  diameter 


58 


BEE  GLASSES,  -with  ventilating  hole  through  knob. 
(  inches  in  diameter       , .     os.  6d.       9  inches  in  diameter 


Each. 

d. 

13  inches  In  diameter 

I 

9 

13        >•              >i 

a 

a 

H          M                   .. 

a 

6 

II.  M 

a    o 
3    6 


CUCUMBER 
24  inches  long 


Either  flat  or  conical  tops. 


IS.  od,  I  16  inches  long 


GLASSES. 

.,  If.  4<f, 
.,  1  2- 
..    »    S 


WASP  TRAPS,  35.  6if.  per  doien. 


WITH 
OPEN  TOPS. 


London  Agents  for  HARTLEY'S  IMPROVED  PATENT 
ROUGH  PLATE. 

LINSEED  OIL,  Genuine  WHITE  LEAD,  CARSON'S  PAINTS,' 
PAINTS  of  various  colours  ground  ready  for  use. 

SHEET  and  ROUGH  PLATE  GLASS,  SLATES  of  all  siles, 
BRITISH  PLATE,PATENT  PLATE. ROLLED  PLATE.CROWN, 
SHEET,  HORTICULTURAL,  ORNAMENTAL,  COLOURED, 
and  every  description  of  GLASS,  of  the  best  Manufacture,  at  the  lowest 
terms.     Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application  to 

JAS.  PHILLIPS  AND  CO.,  iSo,  Siahopsgate  Street  Without,  M.C. 


January  20,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners'  Chxonicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


99 


r^  EOLOGICAL       MINERALOGY.-KING'S 

VT  COLLEGE,  London.-Professor  TENNANT  F  G  S..  will 
COMMENCE  the  SECOND,  or  PRACTICAL  DIVISION  of  his 
LECTURES,  on  MINERALS  and  ROCKS,  on  WEDNESDAY 
MORNING.  January  24.  The  Lectures  will  be  continued  on  each 
succeeding  Friday  and  Wednesday,  al  9  a.m.     Fee  C-2  2s.        ^,„^,^^ 

A  shorier  COURSE  on  the  same  subject  will  be  ijiven  on  IHURS- 
DAY  EVENINGS,  at  8  o'clock.     Fee  £1  is. 

Private  Instruction  in  Mineralogy  and  GeoloRy  is  given  by  Professor 
TENNANT  at  his  residence,  149,  Strand,  W.C 


THE      LANDS      IMPROVEMENT      COMPANY. 
(Incorporated  bv  Special  Acts  of  Parliament.) 
DRAINAGE,  RECLAMATION,  FARM  BUILDINGS, 
LABOURERS'  COTTAGES,  TRAMWAYS,  RAILWAYS,  &c. 
Directors. 


John  Glutton,  Esq. 
Frederick  L.  Dasnwood,  Esq. 
Henry  Farquhar,  Esq. 
Lord  Garlies,  M.P. 
John  Horatio  Lloyd.  Esq. 


Granville  R.  Ryder,  Esq. 
Granville  R.  H.Somerset,Esq,,Q.C, 
Henry  W.  West,  Esq.,  ftl.P. 
Charles  Watkin  Williams  Wynn, 
Esq.,  M.P.  (Chairman). 


The  Company  advances  money,  unlimited  in  amount,  for  all  purposes 
of  Agricultural  Improvement,  including  the  Erection  of  CottaKes  and 
Farm  Buildings,  to  the  Owners  of  settled  and  other  Estates,  zind  to 
the  Clergj*  in  respect  of  their  Glebe  Lands. 

Tenants  may,  with  the  consent  of  their  Landlords,  execute  the 
necessary  Improvements  upon  the  Farms  which  they  occupyj  charging 
them  with  the  cost. 

UTILISATION  of  SEWAGE.— The  Company  also  advances 
money  for  the  purpose  of  Works  of  Sewage  Irrigation. 

The  whole  outlay  and  expenses  are  liquidated  by  a  rent-charge  upon 
the  land,  redeeming  principle  and  interest,  over  25  years. 

No  investigation  of  title  is  required. 

For  Fonns  and  further  information,  apply  to  GRANVILLE  R. 
RYDER,  Esq.  Managing  Director,  No,  i,  Great  George  Street, 
Storey's  Gate,  Westminster,  S.  W. 


Agricultural  Land  Improvements. 

DRAINAGE,    SEWAGE    IRRIGATION.    FARM     BUILDINGS, 
LABOURERS'  COTTAGES.  &c. 

THE    GENERAL    LAND     DRAINAGE    and 
IMPROVEMENT  COMPANY. 
(Incorporated  by  Act  of  Parliament  in  1849.) 
DiKECTORS. 

The   Right  Hon.    Viscount   Com- 
bcrmere. 


T.  Chapman,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 
George  Thomas  Clark,  Esq. 
John  C.  Cobbold,  Esq. 
Henr>'  William  Currie,  Esq 


Edward  John  Hutchins,  Esq. 
Sir  William  Tite,  M.P.,  C.B. 


Principal  Engineer,  Mr.  J.  BAILEY  DENTON. 

Agricultural  Improvements  of  every  kind  are  executed  by  the 
Company,  or  the  outlay  thereon  repaid  to  Landowners  who  prefer 
carrying  out  the  works  by  their  own  agents. 

Tenant  Farmers  may  also,  by  agreement  with  their  Landlords, 
procure  the  execution  of  such  Improvements. 

The  outlay,  with  all  official  expenses,  may  be  charged  upon  the 
Estate,  and  paid  off  by  a  Rent-charge  of  about  6  per  cent.,  in  31  years, 
or  at  the  option  of  the  Landowners  in  a  shorter  term. 

No  investigation  of  title  necessary,  and  no  legal  expenses  incurred. 
UTILISATION  of  SEWAGE. 

Special  arrangements  will  be  made  with  Boards  of  Healthy  Sewer 
Authorities,  and  others,  for  undertaking  Works  of  Sewage  Irrigation, 
together  with  al!  Works  incidental  thereto.  The  outlay  in  respect 
thereof  may  be  repaid  either  by  a  sum  in  gross,  or  by  a  terminable 
yearly  payment,  discharging  in  a  fixed  period  the  pnncipal  amount 
with  interest  thereon. 

Application  to  be  made  to  ARTHUR  MILMAN,  Esq.,  the 
Secretary,  at  the  Offices  of  the  Company,  ga.  Whitehall  Place.  S.  W. 


Notice. 

GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE      AND     AGRICUL- 
TURAL GAZETTE.— The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready ; 
price,  in  cloth.  £1  6s.  6d 

W    RICHARDS.  41.  Wellington  Street.  Strand,  W.C. 


In  a  few  days, 

THE  FAIRFIELD  ORCHIDS;  a  Descriptive 
Catalogue  of  the  Species  and  Varieties  grown  bv  J  AS. 
BROOKE  AND  CO.,  Fairfield,  near  Manchester,  with  Preliminary 
Chapters  upon  the  History,  Structure,  and  uses  of  Orchids,  and  a 
Copious  Glossary  of  the  Significations  of  the  Names.  Svo,  pp.  ia8. 
Neatly  bound.  2s.  6d. 
BRADBURY,  EVANS.  AND  CO.,  10  Bouverie  St.,  London,  E.C. 


Now  ready,  price  ii.,  free  by  post  for  13  stamps,  with  9  Illustrations, 

ITALY  in  ENGLAND  ;  a  Practical  Treatise  on  the 
Cultivation  of  choice  Fruits,  Flowers  and  Vegetables  with  the  aid 
of  Looker's  Horticultural  Appliances  in  Earthenware  and  Glass, 
which  defy  the  Winter  and  assist  the  Summer. 

HOULSTON  AND  SONS,  65,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. ;  through  all 
Booksellers,  and  of 
BENJ.  LOOKER,  Kingston-on-Thames. 


Now  ready, 

THE   SALIX,    or   WILLOW.     By   W.    Scaling, 
Willow  Nurserj'man,   Basford,  Notts.     A  revised  and  enlarged 
edition,  containing  Instructions  (or  its  Planting  and   Culture,  with 
Obser\-ation5  upon  its  Value  and  Adaptability  for  the  Formation  of 
Hedges  and  Game  Coverts. 
Post  free  ir.  :  or  of  SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL,  and  CO.,  London. 


THE  NEW  METHOD  of  GROWING  FRUIT  and 
Fl^OWERS  (by  the  Rev.  John  Fountaine,  Southacrc, 
Brandon),  being  a  practical  combination  of  Vinery,  Orchard  House 
and  Conservatory,  as  now  worked  in  a  New  House  erected  for  the 
purpose  at  Chiswick.  Third  Edition,  Illustrated.  Free  for  seven 
stamps  to  the 
"Journal  of  Horticulture"  Office,  171,  Fleet  Street;  or  to  the  Author. 


Just  published,  in  8vo,  price  One  Shilling, 

PSYCHIC    FORCE    and    MODERN    SPIRITUAL- 
ISM;  a  Reply  to  the  Quarterly   Rrvuw  and  other  Critics.     By 
William  Crookes,  F.R.S.,  &c, 
London  :  LONGMANS,  GREEN,  and  CO.,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 


To  Ground  Foremen. 

WANTED,  a  steady,  respectable  MAN,  who  well 
understands  Budding,  Grafting,  &c.  A  reliable,  truthful 
Man,  will  find  this  a  permanent  situation. — Apply  by  letter  to  J.  T., 
59,  Mark  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


WANTED,  a  young  MAN,  who  understands  Budding 
and  Grafting.  He  will  be  required  to  look  after  a  small 
Greenhouse  ior  BcJding  Plants.  One  who  has  a  knowledge  of  the 
Seed  Trade  preferred,  as  he  wculd  have  to  assist  in  the  Shop  when 
wanted.  None  need  apply  unless  their  character  can  bear  the 
strictest  investigation,  —  GEORGE  WINFIKLD,  Gloucestershire 
Seed  Warehouse,  Gloucester. 


WANTED,    in   Birmingham,   a  GARDENER  (Out- 
door), well  understanding  Pine,  Grape,  and    Peach    Houses, 
and  Flower  Growing. — R.,  Housekeeper,  61,  New  Street,  Birmingham. 


WANTED,  a  young  MAN,  active,  and  of  good 
character,  accustomed  to  Potting  and  general  work  of  Green- 
house. One  accustomedj  to  Growing  for  Market  preferred. — State 
wages,  and  all  particulars,  to  The  Clapham  Road  Nursery,  Stockwell, 
London,  S.  W. 


WANTED,  to  Grow  Alpines  and  Hardy  Ferns,  a 
YOUTH,  who  is  fond  of  and  knows  them  well,  and  their 
cultivation — Address,  with  terms,  Y.  Z.,  Messrs.  Hurst  &  Son, 
Leadenhall  Street,  London.  E.C. 


WANTED,  a  first-class  BOUQUET  MAKER,  &c. 
If  suitable,  wages  no  object.  Also  an  APPRENTICE  to  the 
above  business.— Apply,  by  letter,  to  G.  D.  TAVINER,  Florist  and 
Seedsman,  Bayswater  Koad,  W.  -  .       - 


FAND  A.  SMITH  have  an  OPENING  for  a 
•  PACKER. — A  permanent  situation  for  an  active,  intelligent 
Man.  Good  handwriting  necessary.  Good  relerencc  e-\pected.— The 
Nurseries,  West  Dulwich,  S. 


WANTED,  a  HEAD  SHOPMAN  and  an 
ASSISTANT  for  a  large  Seed  and  Nursery  Establishment  in 
Ireland.  Preference  given  to  parties  having  a  knowledge  of  Plants. — 
Apply,  in  first  instance,  stating  qualifications  and  salary  required,  to 
A.  AV.  ELPHICK,  12.  GarsdiUe  Road,  Pcckham,  S.E. 


WANTED,    a   HEAD    WAREHOUSEMAN,   in    a 
Wholesale  Seed  House.    An  ASSISTANT  also  WANTED.— 
WARD  AND  CO.,  Seed  Merchants,  Bristol.  __^__ 


Seed  Trade. 

WANTED,  an  e-xpc-ricnccd  SHOPMAN,  to  take 
Management  of  Garden,  Seed,  z^nd  Plant  Department,  to  a 
suitable  Person  a  permanent  situation  on  progressive  salary.— Apply, 
stating  age,  &c.,  to  THOMAS  PIERPOINT,  iz6,  Bridge  Street, 
Warrington. 


ANTED,  CLERK  and  SHOPMAN.— KELW AY 

AND  SON,  Langpott. _^ 

ANTED,    a    W  A~R  E  H  O  U  S  E     CLERK, 

acquainted    with    Shipping    Business.  —  Apply    by    letter    to 
MESSRS.  PETER  LAWSON   and  SON,  20,  Budge  Row,  City,  E.C. 


w 
w 


WANT  PLACES— Letters  to  be  Post  Paid. 

EXPERIENCED  GARDENERS  (or  as  GARDENER 
and  BAILIFF),  of  various  qualifications^  recommended  to 
Genilenien. — Further  p.irticulars  given  on  application  to  Messrs.  E.  G. 
PIENDERSON  AND  SON,  Wellington  Nursen%St^IohjiVWood.N.W 

To  Gardeners  and  Bailiffs  {Head,  Foremen,  or  Under). 

JAMES  CARTER  anu  CU.  having  many  applications 
for  the  above,  request  that  those  WANTING  SITUATIONS 
will  send  NAME.  ADDRESS,  and  COPIES  of  TESTIMONIALS, 
for  ENTRY  in  their  FREE  REGISTER.  Only  those  who  can  send 
unquestionable  references  need  apply. 

Any  Lady  or  Gentleman  requirmg    GARDENERS  or  B.\ILIFFS 
may  rely  upon   J.  C.'^RTER    &    CO.    adopting    the   most    stringent 
regulations  in  reference  to  testimonials  as  to  ability,  honesty,  &c. 
237  and  238,  High  Holborn.  London.  W.C. 


Gardeners  and  Under  Gardeners. 

WM.  CUTBUSH  AND  SON  beg  to  state  that  they 
have  at  all  times  on  their  books  MEN  of  various  qualifications, 
whose  characters  will  bear  the  strictest  inquiry.  Any  Gentleman 
making  application  would  save  time  by  clearly  staling  the  duties  to  be 
undertaken,  wages  offered,  &c.,  so  that  suitable  Men  may  be  selected. 
— Highgate  Nurseries,  London,  N. ^ 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  40  ;  thoroughly  practical 
in  all   branches.      Seven   years'   character.      No   Single-handed 
place  accepted. — A.  B.,  13,  Charles  Street,  Portman  Square,  London, W. 


GARDENER  (Head). —Age  30,  married.  Scotch; 
thoroughly  experienced  in  all  the  branches  of  the  profession. — 
Address,  slating  wages  and  all  particulars,  to  G.  E.,  Post  Office, 
Leatherhead,  Surrey. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Middle-aged  ;  thorough  and 
extensive  experience  in  the  various  branches  of  the  profession. 
First-rale  references.  —  J.  G.,  Pine-apple  Nursery,  Maida  Vale, 
London.  W. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Thoroughly  understands  the 
Management  of  Stove,  Greenhouse,  Orchids,  and  Ferns,  &c. 
Seven  and  a-h.ilf  years  in  last  situation.  Good  references. — W.  G., 
Posl  Office,  Gateshead. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  29,   married,  one  child  ; 
has  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  profession  in  all  its  branches, 
including  a  good  knowledge  of^  Orchids. — P.  P.,  The  Gardener,  Hythc 

"\'illa,  Staines, 

ARDENER  (Head).— Age  28,  married,  no  family; 

is  a  thoroughly  good  general  Gardener.  Two  and  a  half  years' 
character  from  last  place. — T.  G.,  Pine-apple  Nursery,  32,  Alaida 
Vale.  London,  W. 


To  Ladies  and  Gentlemen. 

GARDENER  (Head),  age  40,  married. — Messrs, 
Warren  &  Craik,  Florists,  41,  Duke  Street,  St.  James's.  S.W., 
can  with  confidence  recommend  to  either  requiring  a  M^n  of  superior 
abilities,  with  excellent  testimonials  as  to  character,  &c. — Address  as 
above. 


GARDENER  (Head).— The  Advertiser,  having  had 
many  years'  experience  in  first-class  establishments,  is  at  liberty 
to  treat  with  any  Nobleman  or  Gentleman  requiring  the  services  of  a 
thorough  practical  Man  in  all  branches  of  the  profession,  including  the 
Early  and  Late  Forcing  of  Fruits  and  Vegetables  ;  a  good  Plantsman, 
and  Flower  and  Kitchen  Gardener. — A.  B.,  Beau  Manor  Park  Gardens 
Loughborough,  Leicestershire. 


GARDENER  (Head),  where  two  or  three  are  kept.— 
Good  practical  knowledge  of  the  profession  in  all  its  branches. 
Can  produce  four  years'  good  character  from  present  employer. — 
H.  AL,  Mr.  Crew,  Abbey,  Romsey. 


GARDENER  (Head),  and  BAILIFF.— To  Noble- 
men and  Others,  especially  to  those  who  are  forming  or  enlarging 
their  Grounds  and  Forcing  Houses. — A  Gentleman  wishes  to  recom- 
mend a  Gardener  of  unusually  satisfactory  attainments  and  character, 
and  who  is  qualified  either  to  Layout  new  Gardens  and  Houses,  or  to 
take  charge  of  Gardens  of  large  capacity,  and  can  also  act  as  Bailiff. — 
R.  F.,  Moulsey  Grange,  Esher,  Surrey. 


GARDENER  (Second),  or  ne.\t  to  good  Foreman  in  a 
private  garden. — A  young  Man.   Highest  references  to  character 
'     -■  ■"*"",R,  Bridge  Street,  Si  -    -- 


and  ability.— A.  BARKER 


,  Stowmarket,  Suffolk. 


GARDENER  (Single  -  handed,  or  where  one  is 
kept). — Married,  no  incumbrance ;  well  up  in  the  profession  in 
all  its  branches.  Wages  no  object,  so  long  as  place  is  comfortable. 
Good  references. — A.  B.,  Taylor's,  Stationer,  Stanmore,  Middlesex. 


GARDENER,  in  a  place  where  two  or  three  are 
kept,  or  FOREMAN  in  a  large  establishment. — Age  24,  single  ; 
steady  and  persevering.  First-class  character. — J.  L.,  Pine-apple 
Nursery,  Maida  Vale,  London,  W. 


GARDENER,  where  two  or  more  are  kept. — 
Thoroughly  practical  and  steady.  No  Single-handed  place 
accepted. — Apply,  stating  salary  and  particulars,  to  C.  H. ,  Mr.  Martin, 
Bookseller.  4,  Park  Terrace.  Sutton,  Surrey. 


GARDENER  (Under),  or  GARDENER  where  one, 
two,  or  more  are  kept. — Age  24.  Character  and  testimonials 
first  class.  Three  years  Foreman  in  present  situation, — State  terms  to 
C.  W.,  The  Gardens,  Lower  Eaton,  Hereford. 


GARDENER  (Under).— Age  22,   single;  well  up   in 
Orchids,   Stove    Plants,  &c.     Highest  references.— T.    H.,  28, 
Clapham  Park  Road,  Clapham,  S.W, 


GARDENER  (Under),   age  20. — A  Gardener  wishes 
to  recommend  an  honest,  steady,  sober,  willing  Man.   Excellent 
character.- P.  P.,  The  Gardens,  Wembley  Park,  Harrow,  Middlesex. 


G 


XARDENER 
(Head),  (age  36. 


and    BAILIFF,    or   GARDENER 

ied),  to  any  Nobleman  or  Gentleman  who 


requires  the  service  of  a  good  practical  Man,  of  20  years'  experience 
Well  versed  in  the  Cultivation  of  Pines,  Vines,  Peaches,  ftlelons, 
Cucumbers,  Mushrooms,  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  Orchids  and 
Ferns,  also  Early  and  Late  Forcing  of  Fruits.  Flowers,  and  Vege- 
tables, and  a  good  Kitchen  and  Flower  Gardener ;  also  understands 
the  Rearing  and  Breeding  of  Stock,  and  their  Value.  Wife  can  take 
charge  of  Poultry.  Good  character  from  present  and  previous  em- 
ployers.— F.  A.  H.,  The  Gardens,  Turville  Park,  near  Henley-on- 
Thames,  OxorL 


FOREMAN,  in    a  good  estabUshment,— Age  25  ;  has 
good   e.\perience  and   first-class  testimonials. — A.  S.   Y.,    Post 
Office,  Chelford,  Cheshire. 


FOREMAN,  or  FOREMAN  and  PROPAGATOR.— 
Well  understands  the  Cultivation  of  Roses,  Rhododendrons, 
Conifera;,  &c.  ;  20  years' good  experience  in"  the  Nursery  business 
generally,  both  Indoors  and  out.  Good  reference.— A.  D.,  Bedford 
Road  Nursery,  Northampton, 


FORESTER  and  GROUND  OFFICER.— Age  38, 
married ;  has  had  long  experience  in  England  and  difterent 
parts  of  Scotland.  Highest  references,  with  particulars  as  to  wages. 
&c,  given  on  application  to  MUNRO  BROTHERS,  Seedsmen  and 
Nurserymen,  Inverness,  N.  B. 


A  YOUNG   MAN,    with  some  experience,    desires  a 
situation  in  a  London  Florist's  Establishment,  or  under  a  good 
Gardener.— W.  C,  13,  Park  Street,  DawUsh,  Devon. 


RUSSIA  MATS.— A  large  stock  of  Archangel  and 
Petersburg,  for  Covering  and  Packing.  Second  sized  Arch- 
angel, 100s. :  I'elersburg,  601.  and  801.  ;  superior  close  Mat,  4S».,  501., 
and  sjr,  ;  packing  Mats,  20*. ,  30*.,  and  351.  per  100;  and  every  other 
description  of  Mats  at  equally  low  prices,  at 

J.  BLACKBURN  and  SONS,  Russia  Mat  and  Sack  Warehouse, 
4  and  5,  Wormwood  Street,  E.C, 

KUSSIA    MATS,    for   Covering~Garden  Frames. — 
ANDERSON'S    TAGANROG   MATS   arc  the   cheapest   and 
most  durable.     Price  List,  which  gives  the  size  of  every  class  of  Mat, 
forwarded  post  free  on  application. 
JAS.  T.  ANDERSON,  7.  Commercial  Street.  Shoreditch,  London. 


/"IHAPMAN'S    "ANTI-CLOCHE"  VENTILATE!) 

V^  MULTUM-IN-PARVO  PLANT,  FLOWER  and  SEED  PRO- 
TECTOR,  preserves  Plants,  &c..  from  Snails,  Slugs,  Earwigs,  Wind, 
Rain,  and  r  rost ;  quite  as  useful  for  all  purposes  as  the  Hand  Glass 
or  Cloche,  and  at  about  half  their  cost.  Any  Gardener  can  repair  them. 

They  are  made  in  nestS,  of  different  sizes.  Cost  of  Set,  with  one  for 
protecting  Gladiolus  or  Hollyhocks,  Dahlias,  Roses,  or  Chr>'sanlhe- 
mums,  for  exhibition,  "with  stake  clip,  and  all  complete,  from  One 
Guinea-     The  Anti-Clochc  can  be  made  any  siie. 

Estimates  given  to  Nurserymen,  Market  Gardeners,  &c.,  for  large 
quantities.  Vvhen  not  in  use,  they  pack  in  a  very  small  compass, 
without  liability  to  breakage.     To  be  obtained  from 

W.  F.  CHAPMAN,  Patentee,  Bristol  Road,  Gloucester. 
A  remittance  from  unknown  Correspondents  will  have  attention 


B-EDSTEADS,     BEDDING,    and    FURNITURE.— 
BEDSTEADS,  IRON  and  BRASS,  and  CHILDREN'S  COTS, 
a  very  large  assortment  of:  150  patterns  on  show,  from  lu.  to  £^5. 

BEDDING     Manufactured    on    the    Premises,    and 
warranted  by  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON. 
For  Bedsteads.  Width  :  3  ft.       4  ft-  6  in. 

under  Mattresses         ..     11s.  6d.     ..     i6j,  od. 


Best  Alv; 

Good  Coloured  Wool 
Best  Brown  Wool 
Good  White  do. 

Best        do 

Good  Horse  Hair 

Best        do 

German  Spring  Hair  Stuffing 

Best        do.         Elastic  Sides 

Feather   Beds,    from   31s. 


175,  od. 
SIS.  (id. 
28s.  6d. 
501.  o^. 
42s.  6d. 
55^-  orf. 
DSf.  od. 

851.  od.     ..  ii5i. 
i8or.  :     Bolsters,  6s. 


25 J.  od. 
3rs.  6d. 
43s.  od. 
73r.  od. 
62s.  od. 
83s.  Off. 
871.  6d. 
od. 


5  ft. 
t8s.  od, 
2Ss.  6d. 
34s.  6d, 
471.  od 
811.  od. 
6gs.  od. 
945,  od, 
95^.  od. 
125s.  od. 


to  2gs.  6d. ;    do. 


Pillows,  35.  6d.  to  13s.  ;     Down  Pillows,  101.  6d.  to  i. 

FURN  ITUREfor  Bedrooms  and  Dining-rooms. — Complete  suites  in 
Mahogany,  Fancy  Woods,  Polished  andjapanned  Deal, always  on  show. 

FURNITURE  for  Dining-rooms. — An  assortment  of  Sideboards, 
Dining  Tables,  Dinner  Waggons,  Chairs,  Couches,  and  every  other 
article  of  Dining-room  Furniture  is  on  view  in  the  Large  Furniture 
Show  Rooms.  Easy  Chairs,  a  large  selection,  from  371.  6d.  Gilt 
Chimney  and  Pier  Glasses,  a  large  and  new  assortment,  from  47*.  6d. 
Catalog'ues  post  free. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON.  Furnishing  Ironmonger  by  appointment 
to  H.R.  H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  sends  a  Catalogue, containing  upwards 
of  850  Illustrations  of  his  unrivalled  stock,  with  Lists  of  Prices  and 
plans  of  the  20  large  show  rooms,  post  free. — 39,  Oxford  Street: 
I,  lA,  2,  3,  and  4,  Newman  Street;  4,5,  and  6,  Perry's  Place;  and 
1,  Newman  Yard,  W,     The  cost  of  delivering  goods  to  the  most  distant 

§  arts  of  the  United  Kingdom  by  Railway  is  trifling.  WILLIAM  S. 
:URTON  will  always  undertake  delivery  at  a  small  fixed  rate. 


K 


I  N  A  H  A  N'S 


L  L 


WHISKY 


This  celebrated  and  most  delicious  old  mellow  spirit  is  the  very 
CREAM  of  IRISH  WHISKIES,  in  quality  unrivalled,  perfectly 
pure,  and  more  wholesome  than  the  finest  Cognac  Brandy.  Note  the 
words,  "  KINAHAN'S  .   L  L  ."  on  seal,  label,  and  cork. 

N ew  Wliolesale  Depot,  6a,  Great  Tichfield  Street,  Oxford  Street,  W. 

M.        YOUNGER        AND        CO.'S 

EDINBURGH,  INDIA  PALE  and  DINNER  ALES. 

Sparkling,  refreshing,  nourishing  and  economical. 

To  be  had  of  the  principal  retailers. 

Observe  Trade  Marks,  as  other  brands  are  frequently  substituted. 

Breweries,  Edinburgh.    Established  1740    Ixindon  Stores,  Belvedere 

Road^  S.  E. ;    Liverpool,  t,  Seel   Street;    Bristol,   14,   Narrow   Quay; 

Dublin   Stores,  7,   Lower   Abbey   Street ;    Swansea,    Quay    Parade ; 

Glasgow,  Queen  Street;  Birmingham,  13,  Temple  Street. 


A. 


Grateful— C  omf orting. 

EP       P       S    ■    S  CO 

BREAKFAST. 
"  By  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  natural  laws  which  govern  the 
operations  of  digestion  and  nutrition,  and  by  a  careful  application  of 
the  fine  properties  of  a  well  selected  cocoa,  ^Ir.  Epps  has  provided  our 
breakfast-tables  with  a  delicately-flavoured  beverage  which  may  save 
us  many  heavy  doctor's  bills." — Civil  Service  Gazette. 

Made  simply  with  boiling  water  or  milk. 

Each  packet  is  labelled, 

JAMES  EPPS  AND  CO.,  Homceopathic  Chemists,  London. 


D 


INNEFORD'S 


FLUID 


MAGNESIA. 


The  best  remedy  for  Acidity  of  the  Stomach,  Heartburn,  Headache, 
Gout,  and  Indigestion  ;  and  the  best  mild  Aperient  for  delicate  consti- 
tutions, especially  adapted  for  Ladies,  Children  and  Infants. 

DINNEFORD  and  CO.,  172,  New  Bond  Street,  London,  W.  ; 
and  of  all  Chemists  throughout  the  World. 


BILIOUS  and  LIVER  COMPLAINTS,  Indigestion, 
Sick  Headache,  Loss  of  Appetite,  Drowsiness,  Giddiness, 
Spasms,  and  all  Disorders  of  the  Stomach  and  Bowels  are  quickly 
removed  by  that  well-known  remedy,  FRAMPTON'S  PILL  of 
HEALTH. 

They  unite  the  recommendation  of  a  mild  operation  with  the  most 
successful  effect;  and  where  an  aperient  is  required  nothing  can  be 
better  adapted. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  u.  i%d.  and  2J.  9^.  per  box, 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


c 


OCKLES    ANTIBILIOUS     PILLS. 

THE     SAFEST     FAMILY    APERIENT. 
In  boxes,  at  ii.  il4^-t  -*■  O'^-i  ■**■  ^^i  3nti  iij. 


COCKLE'S  ANTIBILIOUS  PILLS.— 
These  Pills  consist  of  a  careful  and  peculiar  admixture  of'  the 
best  and  mildest  vegetable  aperients,  with  the  pure  extract  of  the 
flowers  of  the  Camomile.  They  will  be  found  a  most  efficacious 
remedy  for  derangement  of  the  digestive  organs,  and  for  torpid  action 
of  the  liver  and  bowels,  which  produce  indigestion  and  the  several 
varieties  of  bilious  and  liver  complaints.  They  speedily  remove  the 
irritation  and  feverish  state  of  the  stomach,  allay  spasms,  correct  the 
morbid  condition  of  the  liver  and  organs  subservient  to  digestion, 
promote  a  due  and  healthy  secretion  of  bile,  and  relieve  the  constitu- 
tion of  all  gouty  matter  and  other  impurities,  which,  by  circulating  in 
the  blood,  must  injuriously  affect  the  action  of  the  kidneys  ;  thus,  by 
removing  the  causes  productive  of  so  much  discomfort,  they  restore 
the  energies  both  of  body  and  mind.  To  those  who  indulge  in  the 
luxuries  of  the  table,  these  Pills  will  prove  highly  useful,  occasioning 
no  pain  in  their  action,  unless  they  meet  with  an  unusual  quantity  of 
acrid  bile  and  acid  matter  in  the  stomach  and  bowels.  It  must  be 
understood  that  these  Pills  are  not  recommended  as  containing  any 
new  or  dangerously  active  ingredients;  on  the  contrary,  they  are 
characterised  by  a  remarkable  simplicity  of  combination,  and  whatever 
merit  they  may  be  found  to  possess  depends  as  much  upon  the  selec- 
tion of  pure  drugs,  and  the  unusual  labour  and  attention  bestowed 
upon  their  subsequent  preparation,  as  upon  the  acknowledged  pecu- 
liarity of  their  composition.  They  are  not  recommended  as  a  panacea, 
nor  are  they  adapted  to  all  complaints;  but  as  a  mild  and  efficacious 
aperient  and  tonic  in  the  various  forms  of  indigestion  it  will  not  per- 
haps be  an  exaggeration  to  state  that  they  have  been  resorted  to  under 
all  systems  of  diet,  changes  of  climate  or  atmospheric  alterations,  with 
an  extraordinary  degree  of  success,  for  72  years.  This  celebrated 
family  aperient  may  be  had  throughout  the  United  Kingdom  in  boxes 
at  IS.  i%d.,2s.  gd.,  45.  6d.,  and  in.,  as  well  as  in  India,  China,  New- 
Zealand,  and  the  Australian  colonies. 


c 


OCKLE'S    ANTIBILIOUS    PILLS. 

THE    OLDEST    PATENT    MEDICINE. 
In  boxesat  is.  iHd.,  2S.  gd.,  4t.  Od..  and  iir. 


100 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


[January  20,   1872. 


GREEN'S    PATENT    BOILERS, 

WITH    INVERTED    CYLINDER    ENGINES    COMBINED. 

Engines  and  Boilers  fitted  ivith  Governors,  Equilibrium  Throttle  Valve,  Stop  Valve,  Safety  Valve,  Feed  Pump,  Water  and  Steam  Gauges,  fi-v.,  complete. 


Consumption  of  Fuel— 7 

lib. 

of  Coal  per  Horse  Power 

per  Hour, 

1) 

Water, 

1  Cubic  Foot 

)) 

II 

Horse 
Power. 

Diameter  of 
Cylinder. 

Stroke. 

Height  of 
Boiler. 

Diaineter. 

Price. 

I 

..        3iin.  . 

Z  in. 

4  ft. 

0  in.  . . 

.           I  ft. 

8  in.  ... 

/37* 

2 

••       4 

lO 

,S 

0 

2 

4       ... 

^55t 

3     ■ 

••        4l 

lO 

.s 

6 

2 

4 

Z65+ 

4     • 

-       5i 

12 

7 

0 

2 

4 

.^90 

6     . 

..       b\ 

14 

8 

0 

2 

8 

/;i25 

8     , 

8 

i6 

9 

0 

3 

0 

/165 

10     . 

■■       9l 

i6 

10 

0 

3 

4        ... 

/200 

12     . 

..        lO 

iS 

1 1 

0 

0 
0 

8 

.^220 

14     . 

II 

i8 

1 1 

6 

0 

0 

10 

^■245 

16     . 

12 

20 

12 

0 

4 

0 

.^275 

iS     . 

..        I2| 

20 

12 

6 

•       4 

0 

i:29o 

20     . 

■•      i3i 

2  2 

13 

0 

•       4 

4 

£1^^ 

25     • 

•-      141- 

28 

14 

0 

•       4 

8 

/380 

30     . 

..      i5i 

28 

15 

0 

5 

0 

^450 

35     • 

..      i6f 

..           28 

16 

0 

■       5 

4       •• 

.^520 

40 

..      i8 

..           28 

17 

0 

5 

8 

^585 

*  The  i-Horse  Power,  if  fitted  with  Water  Tank,  Sole  Plate  and  Governors,  £$  extra, 
t  The  2  and  3-Horse  Pov  -jr,  if  fitted  with  Governors,  £^  e.\tra. 

The   Foundation   Plate   answers  the  purpose  of  Feed-water  Tank,    in    which   the  Water  is   Heated  before  passing  into  the   Boiler  ;    and 
also  of  .in  Ash  Pit,  and   NO  BRICK  WORK  or  FOUNDATION  is  REQUIRED. 

Upwards  of  650  of  these  Engines  and  Boilers  are  now  at  work,   giving  entire  satisfaction.       References  if  required. 


GREEN'S   PATENT  SILENS   MESSORS, 

OR  NOISELESS  LAWN  MOWING,  ROLLING,  AND  COLLECTING  MACHINES  FOR  1872. 

The   Winner  of  Every  Prize  in  all  Cases  of  Competition. 


SINGLE-HANDED    LAWN    MOWER. 


To  cut    8  inches j^2  lo 

M        lO        ,,        .  .  ,  .  ,  ,       3    ID 


I  To  cut  12  inches. 


.     S  10 


DOUBLE-HANDED    LAWN    MOWER. 


To  cut  16  ins. ,  £6  lo    This  can  be  worked  by  One  Man  on  an  even  lawn 

,,      18    ,,        7  10    By  Man  and  Boy.  I  To  cut  22  ins. ,  ^8  10    By  M.an  and  Boy. 
,,      20    ,,         80  ,,  ,,  I       ,,      24    ,,         90  ,, 


To  cut  26  inches 

••/13 

,.       28       „ 

•  .     IS 

,.       30      „ 

■  ■     17 

DOISTKEY  and   PONY   MACHINES. 

Leather  Boots  for  Donkey 
Ditto  for  Pony 


^018 


HOBSS    MACHINES. 


To  cut  30  inches 
„      36      .. 
,.      42      ,, 


.^21 
.  24 
.     27 


To  cut  48  inches 
Leather  Boots  for  Horse 


. /30    o    o 
,       160 


GREEN'S     PATENT     ROLLERS 

FOR   LAWNS,    DRIVES,     BOWLING    GREENS,     CRICKET   FIELDS,     AND    GRAVEL    PATHS,     SUITABLE   FOR    HAND   OR   HORSE   POWER. 


PBICES    OF    HAND    ROLLERS    IN    TWO    PARTS 

Diam.  LenRlh.  IJiam.  Length. 

30  inches  by  32  inches , ,         ..^710    o  [  20  inches  by  22  inches . , 
24      ».  26      4  10    o  I  16      ,,  17      ,,     ,, 

IN    ONE    PART. 

24  inches  by  26  inches..         .,  ..  ,.  ,.  .,  ,, 


Li  10 
2  IS 


16 


J? 


3   2 

2  lo 


PRICES    OF    ROLLERS    FITTED    WITH    SHAFTS. 

Suitable  for  Pony  or  Horse  Power. 


Diam.  Length. 

30  inches  by  32  inches  . 
3°      .1  36      ,,     . 

30      ..  42      ,,     . 

3°      ..  48      „     . 


.^10  o 
.  10  IS 
.  II  IS 
,     13  10 


Diam.  Length. 

30  inches  by  60  inches . 

30  •>  72  M  . 

30      ..  84      ,,     . 


■■£'5  10 
. .  17  10 
. .     19  10 


N.B.    Parties  having  LAWN  MOWERS  to  REPAIR  will  do  well  to  send  them  either  to  our  Leeds  or  London  Establishments; 
then  they  will  have  prompt  attention,  as  an  efficient  Staff  of  Workmen  are  kept  at  both  places. 

THOMAS    GREEN  and  SON, 

SMITHFIELD  IRON  WORKS,  LEEDS;    54  and  55,  BLACKFRIARS  ROAD,  LONDON,  S.E, 


Editona   Communications  should  be  addressed  to  "The  Editor;"  Advertisements  and  Uusiness  Letters  to  "The  Publisher,"  at  the  Office,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C. 
Printed  by  WiLUAM  Richards,  at  the  Office  of  Messrs.  Bradbuby  Evans,  &  Co. ,  Lombard  Street,  Precinct  of  WhiterrLars,  City  of  London,  in  the  County  of  Middlesex,  and  Published  by  tbe  said  WILLIAM      , 
RICH'RDS,  at  the  Office,  No.  41,  Wellington  Street,  Parish  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  in  the  said  County.— SATURDAY,  January  JO,  187a. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL   GAZETTE. 


No.  4. — 1872.] 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  27. 


I     Registered  at  the  General 
'  Post  Office  as  a  Newspaper. 


Price  5d. 

Post  Free,  $hd. 


CONTENTS. 


LEAPING  ARTICLES,  &'c.— 

Agricultural  progress 117 

Alternations  of  growth,  &c.  107 
Birminirlmm  sliow,  the  ....  107 
Dutch  AKricultural  Society  118 
Meteorology  o(  the  week  ,.   loq 

Primula  iaponica  107 

Sewage  aeiecation,  &c 118 

Siege  of  Paris,  occurrences 

durinc  the    108 

Snow,  influence   of  on  tem- 
perature ol  soil   108 

Weights  and  measures  ....  118 
Wool  trade,  home 119 

A'Eir  GARDEN  PLANTS- 
Dendrobiiin)       (Pedilonum) 
amelhystoglossuni    109 

OUR  LIVE  STOCK— 
Cattle 119 

ORIGINAL  ARTICLES— 

Agricultural  notes    121 

Bcct-sugar  manufacture. . ..  122 
Begonia,  hybrid  (with  cuts)  109 
Forest  culture,  Dr.  Mueller 


Kceic    Hall   Gardens  (with 

cuts)    109 

Sewage  utilisation    120 

HOME  CORRESPONDENCE— 
Abies  cilicica  and  Quercus 

pyramidalis 112 

Currant-bud  disease 112 

Desfont^unea  spinosa 112 


Il0^rE  CORRESPONDENCE— 
Farm   labourer,  condition  of 

thL-  122 

Leaves   for  dishing-up  fruit  112 

Nemophila  insignis 112 

Primula  japonica 112 

Sewage  utilisation    123 

Sidney  seed-sower,  the  ....   112 

Verbascum i  iz 

Winter  Asparagus    112 

FOREIGN  COR  RES.— 
Tree      Ferns      from      Lord 
Howe's  Island  (with  cuts)  113 

GARDEN  MEMORANDA— 
Messrs.  Carter  &  Co.'s  Seed 
Farms    113 

SOCIETIES— 

Highland  and  Agricultural  123 
Kincardine  Farmers'  Club  .  125 
Surveyors'  Institute 124 

NOTICES  OF  BOOKS— 
A  Few  Words  on  Reaping 
and     Mowing     Machmes 
(with  cuts)   127 

FARM  MEMORANDA— 
Farms  of  Mungos-Wcllsand 
Camptoun    127 

CALENDAR  OF  OPERA  TIONS 

Farming  operations 128 

Garden  operations    114 

Weather  Tables 114 


Notice  to  Subscribers. 

QUBSCRIPTIONS.    payadh-    in    advance,    including 
^  Postage  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom:— 
Three  Months    ..  5/.  ii^rf.  |  Six  Months     ..     iij.  z.\d. 
Twelve  Alonths     , .     £i  3^.  \od. 
Post   Office   Orders  to  be   made  payable  to  WiLLlAM 
Richards,  at  the  King  Street  Post  Office. 

Publishing  Office,  41,    Wellington  Street,    W,C. 


_  Notice. 

/^ARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICUL- 
^-1    TURAL  GAZETTE.-The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready: 
price,  in  cloth,  j£i  6s.  &/. 
W.  RICHARDS.  41,  Wellington  Street,  Strand.  W.C, 


ROYAL    BOTANIC    SOCIETY    GARDENS, 
Regent's  Park. 
EXHIBITIONS      of     SPRING      FLOWERS— WEDNESDAYS  : 

March  13,  April  10,  May  8. 
SUMMER  EXHIBITIONS— WEDNESDAYS  and  THURSDAYS: 
May  22  and  23,  June  19  and  20,  July  10  and  11. 
Schedules  of  Prizes,  and  all  other  particulars,  can  be  obtained  at  the 
Gardens,  by  post. 


BUTLER.  McCULLOCH,  and  CO.'S  SPRING 
CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS  for  1872  is  now  ready.  It  contains 
many  Novelties  of  merit  and  worth  consideration.  Sent  free  and 
post  paid  on  application. 

27,  South  Row,  Covent  Garden  Market,  London,  W.C. 
Established  upwards  of  a  century. 


s 


To  the  Trade. 

TUART     AND     CO.,    Seed    Growers,     Nice; 

Seed  Merchants,  5,  Tavistock  Row,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 

NEW    and    CHOICE    SEEDS. 
CATALOGUE  on  application. 


Cbolce  New  Seeds,  Gladioli,  &c. 

WILLIAM     CUTBUSH    and    SON'S     Descriptive 
Priced  CATALOGUE  contains  every  requisite,  of  the  finest 
quality  only.     Post  free  on  application. 
Highgate  Nurseries,  London,  N, 


CHARLES   H.  DICKSON'S   NEW  VEGETABLE 
and    FLOWER    SEEDS,    of   best    quality    only.       All    orders 
amounting  to  aoj.  and  upwards  sent  carriage  paid.    Priced  Descriptive 
CATALOGUES  free  by  post  on  application. 
23.  Market  Place,  Manchester. 


Eltcben  Garden  Seeds. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  Seed  Merchants,  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
seeds  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  appli- 
cation. 


THE      PINE-APPLE      NURSERY      COMPANY, 
32,  Maida  Vale,  Edgware  Road,  W. 
JOHN  BESTER,  Manager  of  the  Nursery  and  Seed  Department. 
The  Company  guarantee  to  their  Customers  Punctuality,  Liberality, 
and  Genume  Articles.     The  favour  of  a  visit  is  earnestly  solicited. 


Trade  Price  Current  Seeds  for  1873. 

PETER  LAWSON  and  SON  beg  to  intimate  that 
x.x^jK'U':.'^?:'^^^  LIST  of  AGRICULTURAL,  GARDEN,  and 
FLOWER  SEEDS,  &&,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  post 
free,  on  application. 

20,  Budge  Row,  Cannon  Street,  London,  E.C.,  and  Edinburgh. 


ALFRED  LEGERTON.  Seed  Merchant, 
5,  Aldgate,  London,  E.,  begs  to  announce  that  his  WHOLESALE 
E^JV.^Pt,^-^'^'^^*^^^'^  ^f  GARDEN,  AGRICULTURAL,  and 
r  LOWER  bLEL,S  IS  now  ready,  and  can  be  had  on  application 

Samples  are  unusually  fine  this  season,  and  prices  the  lowest  in 
London, 


O'      AKS,    CHESTNUTS,    BEECH,    ELMS,    suitable 
for  planting,  30*.  per  1000  :  «  per  loa 
.JXAi^UTS' SYCAMORES,  LABURNOM^,  LARCH, SPRUCE 
l?S?£"  ?."''  S'LVER  FIRS,  ROSES,  and  iiy  other  ffURSERY 
biUCK.     Carnage  free  to  London. 

WILKIN,  Tiptree,  Kelvedon. 
ICHARD  SMITH'S  LIST  of  EVERGREEN  and 

DECIDUOUS  SHRUBS. RHODODENDRONS  STANDARD 
ORNAMENTAL  TREES.  CLIMBINGandTWlNlfjG  PLANTS 
with  their  generic,  specific,  and  English  names,  native  country, 
height,  Ume  of  Ilowenng,  colour,  &c,  and  general  remarks,  free 
Dy  post.  ' 

RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  Worcester. 


ROSE      MARECHAL     NIEL     (Noisette).— Fine 
Standard  and  Half-standard  plants. 
ROSES  (Tca-scentcd).— Choicest  varieties,  fine  Standard  and  Half- 
standard  pl.Tnis.     Offered  by 
JOHN  CRANSTON,  Nurseries,  King's  Acre,  near  Hereford. 
Price  on  application. 


Show  Roses. 

A  PRICED  LIST  of  the  best  Hybrid  Perpetual  Show 
ROSES:     also     a     PRICED    LIST    of     choice    Variegated 
GERANIUMS,  post  free,  on  application  to 

ALFRED  FKVEK,  1  he  Nurseries,  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire. 


AMATEUR  ROSE  GROWERS  should  at  once  get 
my  CATALOGUE.  It  contains  all  the  good  sorts,  and  the 
plants  are  the  finest  that  can  be  produced. 
^R.  R.  CANT,  St.  John's  Street  Nursery,  Colchester. 


CHOICE  ROSES.— The  finest  Stock  of  Tea,  Noisette, 
China,  and  other  Roses  to  select  from,  all  strong  and  healthy,  in 
pots.     Descriptive  Priced  LIST  on  application  to 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 

ORCHARD-HOUSE    TREES,"  Fruiting    in~Pots.— 
Peaches,    Nectarines.    Plums,    Pears,    Apples,    Figs,    Apricots, 
Cherries,  Mulberries,  and  Oranges. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 

DS.  THOMSON  begs  to  offer  a  quantity  of  good 
•  Dwarf  trained  PLUMS,  CHERRIES,  and  APRICOTS; 
also  GRAPE  \'INES  for  planting— good  ripened  canes  ol  the  best 
varieties. Nursery,  Wimbledon,  Surrey, 


Grape  Vines.  Fruiting  and  Planting  Canes, 

KS.  EACH. — Lewis  Woodthorpi-;  begs  to  offer  a  fine 

tJ  and   well-grown    STOCK    of    all    the     best    sorts.       Descriptive 
CATALOGUES  free.     Second  sized  BLACK  HAMBURGHS,  35.  U. 
each.     L.  W.'s  system  of  packing  saves  half  the  cost  of  carriage, 
Munro  Nurserj',  Sible  Hedingham,  Essex. 


PINES— Fruiting  and  Succession,  smooth   Cayennes, 
Jamaicas,  and   nueens,  very  fine,  from  a  stock  that  never  had 
Scale.  M.  ROCHFORD,  Page  Green,  Tottenham,  N. 


FOR      IMMEDIATE      SALE,      Four     Dozen 
SUCCESSION  PINES,  strong  plants,  15  months  old,  price  301. 
per  dozen. 

WINDEBANK    AND    KINGSBURY,    Eevois    Valley    Nurserj-, 
Southampton. 


FINE  STRONG  SHOW  GOOSEBERRIES,  i6j.  per 
100;  strong  RED  and  BLACK  CURRANTS,  8s.  per  100,  ^Cs  per 
1000;  2-yr.  GOOSEBERRIES,  ^s.  per  100,  Jjx  per  1000;  strong  4-i'r, 
APPLES,  loj,  per  doz  ,  £,1  per  100 ;  splendid  Dwarf-trained  APPLES, 
151.  per  doz.  ;  PLUMS  and  PEARS,  i%s. 

R.  THORN H ILL,  Bowdon  Nurseries,  Bowdon,  Cheshire. 


WEBB'S     PRIZE     COB     FILBERTS,     and    other 
PRIZE   COB    NUTS   and  FILBERTS.      LISTS  of  these 
varieties  from Mr.  WEBB,  Calcot,  Reading. 


WEBB'S  NEW  GIANT  POLYANTHUS, 
Florist  Flower,  and  GIANT  COWSLIP  SEEDS;  also  Plants 
of  all  the  varieties,  with  Double  PRIMROSES  of  different  colours; 
AURICULAS,  both  Single  and  Double;  with  every  sort  of  Eariy 
Spring  Flowers,     LIST  on  application.— Mr.  WEBri,  Calcot,  Re;   " 


CALCEOLARIA  (herbaceous),  of  very  choice  strain, 
from  pans  sown  in  August,  and  once  pricked  out,  is.  per  dozen  ; 
31.  M.  per  two  dozen  ;  6j.  for  50 ;  loj.  per  100,  free  by  post. 

H.  AND  R,  STIRZAKER,  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster. 


WM.  KNIGHT  is  now  sending  out  12  Varieties 
of  the  NEW  FUCHSIAS  of  1S71,  selected  as  the  best  of  the 
season,  in  extra  strong  Plants  for  Exhibition,  for  los.  dd.  the  set, 
package  included. 

Floral  Nurseries,  Hailsham,  Sussex, 


EVERY         G  A  R  D  EN         REQUISITE 
KEPT  in  STOCK  at 
CARTER'S  New  Seed  Warehouse,  237  &  238,  High  Holborn,  London. 


TRUE  LONDON  PLANE  TREES,  15  feet  high,  and 
straight   as  gun-rods,   425.    per  dozen;  also  a  great  variety  of 
STANDARD  ORTmaMENTAL  TREES  for  Park  or  Avenue  Planting. 
RICHARD  SMITH.  Nurser>'men,  Worcester. 


FINE  bushy   LAURUSTINUS,    i   to  2  feet.     Prices 
on  application. 
WM.   WOOD  AND  SON,  Woodlands  Nurscri-,   Maresficid,  near 
Uckfield,  Sussex. 


w 


HlTETHORN  QUICK,   i-yr.,  fine.     For  sample 

and  price  apply  to 
B.  R,  CANT,  St.  John's  Street  Nursery,  Colchester, 


TRONG  Transplanted  LARCH,  2  to  s  feet.     Buyers 

of  the  above  or  other  Trees  will  be  treated  liberally. 
JAMES  DICKSON  AND  SONS,  NEWTON  Nurseries,  Chester. 


IP  INE,    Strong,     well-grown,     transplanted     LARCH 
FIR,  from  2103  feet. 
WILLIAM  WOOD  and  SON,  The  Nurseries,  Mar«s6eld,  near 
Uckfield.  Sussex. 


STRONG    THORNS    and    LARCH.— Buyers  of  the 
above  will  be  liberally  dealt  with.     For  samples  and  prices  apply  to 
RUSH     AND    YEATS    (late    Chiva.s    &    Weaver),    Eaton     Road 
Nurseries,  Chester. 


HTo  Thicken  Plantations  and  Sliady  Walks. 
EMLOCK  SPRUCE.-- This  graceful,  beautiful  Fir, 
so  Irequently  described  in  American  travels, — 

4  to  5  feet,  5^.  per  dozen,  30s.  per  100. 

5  to  6  feet,  8s,  per  dozen.  50J.  per  100. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


A         Must  be  Sold,  to  Clear  the  Ground, 
SH,    BEECH,    OAK,    SYCAMORE,     LARCH, 
SCOTCH,      SPRUCE,      PINUS      AUSTRIACA,       PINUS 
CEMERA,  PRIVET,   PORTUGAL   LAUREL,   YEWS,   HOLLY, 
and  other  Nursery  Stock. 
JAMES  MELDRUM,  Kendal. 


To  Gentlemen  and  the  Trade. 

AT    very    moderate    prices,    Extra  Strong   THORN, 
QUICK,   BIRCH,   ALDER,    SPRUCE,   SILVER,  LARCH, 
OAK,  WILLOWS,  AUSTRIAN  and  WEYMOUTH  PINE. 
JOSEPH  TREMLE  AND  SONS,  Penrith 


MAURICE  YOUNGS  NEW  TRADE  LIST  of 
CONIFERS,  HARDY  EVERGREEN  TREES  and 
SHRUBS,  ROSES,  RHODODENDRONS,  JAPANESE  PLANTS, 
NEW  AUCUBAS,  &c.,  is  now  r<ady,  and  will  be  forwarded  on 
application. 

Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming,  Surrey. 


WANTED,    50,000  to   100,000  gooti   BEECH   and 
THORN  PLANTS,  delivered  at  Plymouth  Station.    Apply, 
stating  lowest  price,  &c., 

WARD  AND  CHOWEN,  Tavistock. 


PARIS,  I  BUTTONS'  GRASS  SEEDS  for  ALL 
1867.  I  SOILS,  The  PREMIER  PRIX  SILVER  MEDAL 
for  GARDEN  SEEDS,  GRASSES,  and  GRASS  SEEDS,  was 
Awarded  to 

SUTTON    AND    SONS,  Seedsmen,  by  Special    Appointment,  to 
II, M.  the  Queen,  and  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Reading,  lierks. 

Agricultural  Seeds^ 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  Seed  Merchants,  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  HOME-GROWN 
AGRICULTURAL  SEEDS  is  now  ready  and  will  be  forwarded, 
post  free,  upon  application. 


BIRD'S  KING   of  the    CUCUMBERS,   \s.   6d.  per 
packet.     The  best  for  exhibition. 
BIRD'S    QUEEN    of   the    MELONS,   is.    per  packet.     The  best 
green-Ucshed  variety.     May  be  h.nd  of  all  the  Seed  Trade,  and  of 
JAMES  BIRD,  Nurserym,in  .ind  Seedsman,  Downham. 

To  the  Traded 

SOOLV  IJUA  CUCUMBER. 

SUTTON    AND    SONS   have    a    Umited  quantity  of 
SEED  of  the  above  to  offer  to  the  Trade.     Price  on  application. 
Royal  Berks  Seed  Establishment,  Reading. 


Telegraph  Cucumber. 
VXTOOD  AND  INGR.-\M    oflcr  the  above  well-known 

V  V     variety,  which  is  perh,i])s  the  greatest  bearer  out,  one  small 
house,  31  feet  by  14  feet  having  produced  924  first-class  fruit.     Six  fine 
Seeds  for  is,,  or  Twelve  for  is.  bd.     Postage  stamps  with  orders. 
The  Nurseries,  Huntingdon. 


Turnip  and  Mangel  Wurzel  Seeds-1871  Crop. 

[OHN  SH.ARPE  will  on  application  furnish  his  LIST, 

with  prices,  of  the  principal  SEEDS  he  is  growilg  this  year. 
Bardney  Manor,  Lincoln, — JulyS. 


Mangel  Wurzel  and  Kohl  Rabl. 

MR.    S.   A.    DAINTKKE,   ol    I-endrayton,   St.    Ives, 
Hunts,  has  fine  stocks  of  the  above  SEEDS  for  SALE,  of  his 
own  growth  and  selection,  from  large  bulbs,  at  very  moderate  rates. 


GENUINE     MUSSELBURGH      LEEK.  —  Sample 
and  price  on  application, 
BALLANTYNEandSON,  Nurscrimcnand  Seedsmen,  Dalkeith, N. P. 


s 


THe  Forwardest  Pea  known. 
UTTONS'  RINGLEADER. 

Price  IS.  6d.  per  quart.     May  be  sown  at  once, 
SUTTON^  AND  SON S ,  Reading,  Berks. 


MR.  LAXTON'S  NEW  PEAS  for  1872.— For 
particulars  of  Mr.  Laxton's  latest  and  remarkable  Novelties  in 
Garden  Peas,  which  will  be  sent  out  by  us  this  season  in  trial  packets, 
see  page  105  of  this  day's  Gardoters'  Chroiticle. 

HUKST  AND  SON,  6.  Lcndenhali  Street,  London,  E.C. 


F 


To  the  Seed  Trade. 
OR  SALE,  in  large  quantities,  the  following  PEAS  : 

NE  PLUS  ULTRA,    |   CHAMPION  OF  ENGLAND. 

HAIRS'  DWARF  MAMMOTH. 

All  new^eed  and  true  stock.     For  price  apply  to 

B.    R.    CANT,   St.   John's   Street   Nursery,   Colchester. 


CARTER'S      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS.— Price  125.  6d.,  21s.,  30*,,  42s.,  and  63s.    Packing  and 
carriage  free. 
237  and  238,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C, 


CARTER'S      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS  will  produce  a  constant  supply  of  the  best  vegetables 
all  the  year  round. 


CARTER'S     COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS. 
For  Cottage  Gardens,  I  For  Small  Gardens,  ]  For  Medium  Gardens, 
price  121.  6d.  \  price  21J.  |       price  30^.  and  425. 
Packing  and  carriage  free.     Five  per  cent,  for  cash  payment. 
237  and  238.  High  Holborn,  London.  W.C. 


To  the  Trade. 

ASPARAGUS     PLANTS,    very    strong    and    good; 
grown  on  our  own  farms.    Lowest  price  on  application. 
JAMES  CARTER,  DUNNETT,  and  BEALE,  237  and  238,  High 
Holborn.  London,  W.C. 

RICHARD  WALKER  has  to  offer  for  cash :— Best 
SEAKALE  for  forcing,  7s.  per  too;  SEAKALE  for  planting- 
out,  3s,  per  loo!  WHITE  SPANISH  ONION  SEED,  all  new  and 
genuine,  11.  gd.  per  lb. 

The  Market  Gardens.  Tilgglcswade,  Beds. 


Planting  Seakale,  by  the  lOO,  1000.  or  10,000. 

WM.   WOOD  AND  SON   have  an   immense  quantity 
of  SEAKALE  ROOTS  for  Planting.     Prices  will  he  given  on 


Notice  to  Large  Purchasers  of  Seeds. 

PURCHASERS   of   large    quantities  of   SEIiDS    and 
POTATOS  will  be  supplied  on  liberal  terms,  on  application,  by 
post  or  otherwise  (stating  quantities  required),  to 
SUTTON  AND  SONS.  Seccf  Growers,  Reading. 


POTATOS.— Fifty  Tons  good  sound  Seed  of  Kidneys. 
Early  Ashleaf,  Myatt's  and  Lemon,  Early  Handsworth,  Golden 
Dwarf  and  Dalmahoy.     Prices  per  cwt.  and  ton  very  moderate. 
H.  AND  R-   STIRZAKER,  Skerton  Nurseries.  Lancaster. 


EARLY      SEED      POTATOS.  —20     Tons     Myatt's 
Prolific,   or  Fortyfold.     Good    sample,   fine  quality,  and  heavy 
crops.     Put  on  the  rails  at  5^.  per  bushel  of  70  lb. 

JAMES  PEARSON.  Forest  Mills.  York 


CARTER'S      CHOICE      POTATOS. 
See  page  104  of  this  day's  Gardencn'  ChronicU. 
JAMES  CARTER  and  CO.,  Royal  Seedsmen,  237  and  238,   High 
Holborn.  London.  W.C. 


Seed  Potatos. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO..  Seed  Growers 
and  Sehd  Merchants,  Slealord,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  SEED  POTATOS  is 
now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  application. 


To  the  Trade. 

SEED   POTATOS.  —  Several   Tons  each  of  Myatt's 
Prolific    Ashleaf,   Rivers'   Royal    Ashleaf,  Shaw's,   and    Dawes' 
Matchless.     The  above  are    true,  and  in  good  condition.     Prices  on 
application  to 
J^  and  p.  MYATT,  Stanstead,  near  Bishop  Stortford,  Essex. 

GIANT  KING  POTATO  (True),  a  heavy  cropper 
and  the  earliest  Potato  in  Cultivation.  Per  cwt..  fn,  6J.,  cash; 
price  per  ton  on  application.  Also  HOKLEY'S  NEW  PATENT 
GARDEN  FRAMES,  complete,  from  121,  W.  On  inquiry  full  parti- 
culas  sent  to  any  address. 

M.  E.  HORLEY,  Toddington,  Beds. 


102 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


[January  27,   1872. 


Orcliids. 

JAMES  BROOKE  AND  CO.,  Nurseries,  Fairfield, 
near  Manchester.— Our  recent  importations  of  choice  ORCHIDS, 
especially  of  the  best  winter  flowering;  kinds,  having  been  extensive, 
and  the  plants  being  all  in  excellent  condition,  we  are  enabled  to  offer 
them  on  terms  unusually  advantageous.  Where  selections  to  a  fixed 
value,  say  £ro  to  £so,  are  desired,  and  the  choice  is  left  to  ourselves, 
the  purchaser  pays  less  than  the  catalogue  prices,  and  is  no  loser  m 
regard  to  merit  and  variety.  The  plants  we  have  sent  out  in  execution 
of  such  orders  have,  we  are  inforn-.ed,  given  unmixed  satisfaction. 
The  following  list,  with  prices  annexed,  will  be  some  guide  to  intending 
purchasers : — 

Dendrobium  Falconeri,  21S.  to  63J.  each;  D.  Wardianum,  63s.  to 
105s.  ;  D.  chrysotis,  21s.  to  6y.  ;  D.  McCarthia:,  42s.  to  S4S.  ;  u. 
heterocarpum,  55.  to  21s.  D.  moniliforme,  los.  6ii.  to  21s.  ;  D,  trans- 
parens,  5s.  to  21s.  ;  D.  Devonianum,  7s,  bd.  to  21s. ;  D.  nobile,  5s.  to 
1051. ;  Odontoglossum  grande,  7s.  6d.  to  los.  6d. ;  O.  Insleayi,  7'-  ud.  to 
las.  6d. ;  O.  citrosmum,  7s.  6rf.  to  los.  6d.  ;  (».  luteo-purpurcum,  25s.  ; 
O.  gloriosum,  25J.  ;  O.  Alexandra  (Bluntii),  21s.  to  63s. ;  O.  Pescatorei, 
21s.  to  63s.  ;  O.  Rossi  superbum,  21s.  to  31s.  6rf.  ;  O.  crocidypterum, 
d3S.  ;  O.   platyodon,  31s.  td.  ;   O.  ramulosum.  31s.  6if.  ;  O.  Bictonense, 


15s.  :   O.  Uroskinnen,  los  (3d.  to  15s.  ;  Vanda  cccrulea,  los.  dd.  to  105s. 

Pleione  WaJlichii,  3s.  dd.  eich,   30J.  per  dozen;    P.  lagenana,   S^-.W 

105.  6d.  I  Cypripedium  hirsutissimum,  7s.  6d.  to  215.  ;  Catlleya  Mossiffl, 


TS.  f}d.  to  2is: :  C.  maxima,  31s.  6d.  ;  C.  Trianse,  15s.  ;  C,  Warneri,  21s.  . 
Barkeria  Skinneri,  :oj.  6d.  to  63s.:  B.  spectabihs,  los.  M.  to  63J.  ; 
Calanthe  vestita,  3s.  M.  to  21J. ;  C.  Veitchii,  los.  6d.  to  42s.  ;  Ca:]ofjyne 
crislatum,  las.  dd.  to  63s. ;  Oncidium  Papilio,  7J.  fid.  to  loi.  6*1.  j  O. 
Krameri,  21s.  ;  O.  Lanceanum,  fine  variety,  15J.  


APPLES  on  PARADISE  STOCK.— The  finest  kinds 
as  under,  in  ryraniid  and  Bush  Trees,  each  or  dozen  ;— 


POMONA 

KEINETTE  DU  CAN-^DA 

NORTHERN  SPY 

DUMELOW'S  SEEDLING 

BLENHEIM  ORANGE 

GLORY 

LORD  BURGHLEY 

CO.X'S  ORANGE  PIPPIN 

RINGER 

KING  of  the  PIPPINS 

LORD  SUFFIELD 

BEAUTY  of  KENT 

COURT-PENDU  PLAT 


ALFRISTON 
IRISH  PEACH 
COCKLE  PIPPIN 
COCKPIT  or  EVER  BEARER 
GOLDEN   HARVEY 
CALVILLE  BLANCHE 
ROUNDVVAY  MAGNUM 

BONUM  [LING 

BEDFORDSHIRE        FOUNU- 
KESWICK  CODLIN 
KING 

DUTCH  MIGNONNE 
EARLY  HARVEST 


Purchaser's  selection  from  the  above,  IJ.  each. 
ECLINVILLE  PIPPIN,  fine,  with  fruit  buds— this  sort  has  been 
much  spoken  ot  in  Gardnters'  Chronicle — 3  feet  stems,  fine  heads, 
buds  for  fruit,  3s.  6d.  each. 
The  finest  3.yr,  old  LANCASHIRE  GOOSEBERRIES,  13s.  per  100, 

or  8or.  per  1000. 
HARDY  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS,  all  correctly  named  on  each 

kind,  35r.  per  100. 
HARDY  ROCK  PLANTS,  301.  per  ico. 

My  Collections  of  the  above  are  very  extensive. 

CATALOGUES    of   HERBACEOUS    PLANTS    ready. 

HENRY  MAY,  Hope  Nurseries,  Bcdale,  Yorkshire. 


ABIES  DOUGLASII,  3  to  4  feet,   very  healthy,   per 
100,  75s.  :  12J.  per  doz.  Per  doz. — s.  d. 

ABIES  DOUGLASII,  2  to  3  feet,  very  healthy     ..  per  100,  65s.       9    o 
PINUS  AUSTRIACA,  3  to.!  feet,  well  transplanted      ..         ..0    0 

AMERICAN  AREOR-VIT.E,  4  to  5  feet 90 

Paul's  New  Double  Scarlet  THORN,  3  to  4  feet is    o 

PORTUG.\L  LALTRELS,  2  t0  3  feet,  and2t0  3fectacross    ..      90 
RIBES  SANGUINEA,  2  t0  3feet,  fine        ..        ..  per  100,  20s.      3    o 

BERBERIS  DARWINII,2  feet 20s.       3    0 

AILANTUS    GLANDULOSA,    6    to    7   feet,   very   line— the 
Silkworm  Tree,  or  Tree  of  Heaven,  magnificent  foliage,  2 

to  3  feet  long,  and  hardy per  too,  75J.       9    o 

RHODODENDRON,  J.  C.  Stevens,  the  finest  scarlet,  2  feet..     I2    o 

„        Chianoides,  the  finest  white,  2  feet  12    o 

,,        fine  named  kinds,  2  to  3  feet..         80 

„       fine  hybrids,  2  to  3  feet,  fine 80 

10,000    finest   kinds   of  Hybrid   Perpetual   ROSES. 

100  named,  in  50  sorts,  sos. ,  or  Qr.  per  dozen. 

The  above  Roses  arc  budded  low  on  the  Manetti,  and  fine  plants. 

HENRY  MAY,  The  Hope  Nurseries,  near  Bedale,  Yorkshire. 


TO  PL.-VNTERS  of  FOREST  TREES.— The 
handsomest  and  also  the  most  profitable  Forest  Trees  to  grow 
are  the  two  NEW  WILLOWS,  SaLIX  BASKORDIANA  and 
SALIX  SANGUINEA.  S.  Basfordiaiia  is  the  most  vigorous  growing 
Willow  yet  introduced  ;  the  timber  is  exceedingly  tough  and  valuable ; 
the  branches  arc  of  a  brif.;ht  orange  colour,  deepening  into  a  red 
towards  the  points,  and  shine  in  the  sun  as  if  varnished.  S.  sanguinea 
is  not  quite  such  a  rapid  grower,  but  the  timber  is  equally  tougn,  and 
the  branches  throughout  of  a  deeper  red,  and  very  bright.  The  colour 
is  the  most  brilliant  when  the  trees  are  destitute  of  leaves.  They  are 
spiry  topped  trees,  and  attain  a  large  size,  perfectly  hardy,  and  will 
grow  in  the  poorest  soils  or  most  exposed  situations.  They  would 
form  handsome  groups  in  a  landscape,  or  mix  with  and  relieve  the 
sombre  appearance  of^  our  woods  in  winter.  It  is  very  rarely  that  a 
valuable  novelty  like  the  above  has  been  offered  at  such  extremely  low 
rates.  Strong  rooted  plants,  6  to  g  feet  high,  bs.  per  dozen,  or  40J.  per 
100;  9  to  13  feet  hign,  ft.  6d.  per  dozen,  or  501.  per  100;  selected 
specimens  over  13  feet,  12s.  per  dozen,  or  Sos.  per  103. 

For   the  value   of  the  Willow  as  a  Timber  Tree,  see   the  Garden, 
December  g,  1871. 

WILLIAM  SCALING,  Willow  Nurseryman,  Earford,  Notts. 


FOX  and  GAME  COVERTS.— The  BITTER 
WILLOW  is  the  cheapest,  most  easily  reared,  and  most  useful 
plant  yet  offered  for  forming  new  coverts,  or  improving  those  already 
made.  Birds  are  especially  partial  to  Willow  plantations.  Bitter 
Willow  stakes,  3  to  4  feet  long,  will  make  a  really  good  covert  the  first 
year,  and  perfectly  secure  from  the  attacks  of^  rabbits.  Anxious  to 
make  the  value  of  this  plant  better  understood,  W.  Scaling  will  supply 
cuttings  or  stakes  at  the  following  extremely  low  rates  for  the  remainder 
of  the  planting  season  : — 

10  inches  long,  i5(.  per  1000         I        36  inches  long,  40^.  per  1000 

IS  inches  long,  20J.  per  1000  48  inches  long,  w.  per  1000 

24  inches  long,  301.  per  1000         |        60  inches  long,  60s.  per  1000 

Increasing  in  thickness  as  they  increase  in  length,  and  all.  except  the 

10  inches,  cut  from  3-yr.  old  shoots.     The  two   larcer  sizes  are  well 

adapted   to  make   hedges,  in   place  of  Thorn  or  Quick-reared.     See 

article  in  Rural  Almanac,  1872,  p.  37,  published  at  the  Field  office. 

WILLIAM  SCALING,  Willow  Nurseryman,  Basford.  Notts. 


JIT    ILFORD         NURSERIES, 

near  Godalming. 
For   NEW  and    RARE    HARDY    PLANTS   and 
CONIFER/E.  see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive 

For  HARDY  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  and  SHRUBS, 

EVERGREENS,     &c,    see     MAURICE    YOUNG'S    New 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For     RHODODENDRONS    and    other    AMERICAN 
CATALOGUE     ^^^^^^^^    YOUNG'S    New    Descriptive 

For  STANDARD   and    HALF  STANDARD   ROSES 

see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  NEW  JAPANESE  AUCUBAS,    see   MAURICE 

YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE 

^°'Jvmm^f§^.?^*^^^L'^^^S'  see  MAURICE 

YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE 

For  Cheap  EVERGREENS  and  SHRUBS  for  COVER 

PLANTING      or       SHRUJiHERIES,       see       MATfRTrF 
YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE         "^"^^^^ 

For  PLANTS  suitable  for  WINTER    BEDDING    see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE 
For  TRANSPLANTED    FOREST   TREES     see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE 

For   EXTRA    TRANSPLANTED    or   QUARTERED 

x/l'^?^^'^'^■**'''E^   ^°'    Planting    Belts   or   Shrubberies,    see 
MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  Catalogue. 
Fon,varded  on  application  enclosing  stamp. 
Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming. 


E.  G.  Henderson  &  Sons 

DESCRIPTIVE  AND  ILLUSTRATED  SEED  CATALOGUE 

Forwarded   Gratis   to   Customers,   and  on  receipt  of  Six  Stamps  to  Strangers. 


See  PRICED  LIST  of  FIRST-CL.^SS  FLORIST  FLOWERS, 

See  PRICED  LIST  of  NOVELTIES  for  1872, 

See  PRICED  LIST  of  RARE  and  DESIRABLE  FLOWERS, 

In  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  January  20,  p.  66. 


WELLINGTON  NURSERY,  ST.  JOHN'S  WOOD,  LONDON,  N.W. 


Richard   Smith, 

NURSERYMAN  AND  SEED  MERCHANT, 
WOECESTEE. 


ROSES— Standard,  Dwarf  and  Climbing. 
FRUIT  TREES  of  every  description. 
CREEPERS,  for  Trellises  and  Walls. 
FOREST,  SCREEN,  and  TIMBER  TREES. 
SHRUBS  for  GAME  COVERTS. 
QUICK  and  other  STOCK  for  HEDGES. 


CONIFEROUS  TREES  and  SHRUBS. 

EVERGREEN  ,,  ,, 

FLOWERING 

ORNAMENTAL      „ 

AVENUE 

GARDEN  and  FARM  SEEDS  of  all  kinds. 


DESCRIPTIVE  PRICED  CATALOGUES  to  be  had  on  application. 


32,   Mai  da    Vale,   Edgware  Road,  W. 

THE    PINE-APPLE    NURSERY 

(one  of  the  Oldest  Nurseries  extant) 

IS    NOW    CONDUCTED    BY   A    COMPANY,    WHO    ARE 
PREPARED    TO 

WABEANT    GENUINE 

EVERY  ARTICLE   SUPPLIED   TO   THEIR    CUSTOMERS. 
THEIR  STOCK  AND  RESOURCES  ARE  ALMOST 

INEXHAUSTIBLE; 

AND 

THEIR   MOTTO   IS   "LIBERALITY." 

Please  write  fortheir  ROSE  and  FRUIT  TREE  CATALOGUE,  and.also  fortheir  SEED   CATALOGUE, 

just  published. 


Address,  JOHN  BESTER  (Manager), 
PINE-APPLE     NURSERY,      MAIDA     VALE,      LONDON,     W. 


PREMIER  HORTICULTURAL  PRIZE  AND  TWO  GOLD  MEDALS 

FROM    INTERNATIONAL    EXHIBITION,   1871. 


William  Paul 

RESPECTFULLY     SOLICITS     ORDERS     FOR     HIS 

OOLLEGTION    OP    ROSES, 

The    largest,     cheapest,     and    best    stock    in    the    country. 

VEGETABLE    AND    FLOWER    SEEDS 

Of  the  most  select  and  impi-oved  races,  many  of  which  have  been  worked  up  under  his  own  eye  and  hand  ;_ 
the  carriage  of  which  may  be  deducted  from  the  account. 

FRUIT    TREES, 

Standards  and  Dwarfs,  Trained  and  Untrained  ;    also  many  thousands  of  handsome  Fruiting 
Pyramids,  well  set  with  flower-buds. 

GRAPE    VINES. 

A  large  Collection,  including  all  the  newest  sorts,  in  excellent  condition  of  root  and  top, 

EVERGREENS  and  FLOWERING  TREES  and  SHRUBS. 

Many  acres  in  splenrfid  condition  for  removal,   well  worthy  of  inspection  by  any  gentleman  planting. 


Carriage  of  all   Goods  Free  to  London.      Priced  Catalogues  Free  by  Post. 
PAUL'S  NURSERIES  and  SEED  WAREHOUSE,  WALTHAM   CROSS,  LONDON,  N. 


January  27,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


103 


PRELIMINARY     NOTICE. 


Messrs.  Geo.  Jackman  &  Son 


INTF.NII   DISTRIBUTING   IN    MAY   NF.XT 


A  SET  OF  THEIR  HARDY  FREE-FLOWERING  CLEMATIS, 

VIZ.  :  — 

C   THOMAS  MOORE,  pucy  violet,  white  stamens,  passiflora-like.     ist  Class  Certificate. 
C.  MRS.  JAMES  BATEMAN,  pale  lavender,  tine,     ist  Class  Certificate. 
C.  VITICELLA  RUBRA  GRANUIFLORA,  bright  claret-crimson,     ist  Class  Certificate, 
C.  ALEXANDRA,  pale  reddish  violet,     ist  Class  Certificate. 
C.  VELUTINA  PURPUREA,  rich  blackish  mulberry,     ist  Class  Certificate. 
15s.  each.      The  set  of  five  varieties  for  60s. 
Orders  booked,  and  sent  out  in  rotation. 


See  CATALOGUE  for  a  general  collection  of  CI.EMATISES  in  stock. 

N.B.    A  Priced  and  Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  HARDY  TREES  and  SHRUBS  free  on  application. 

WOKING    NURSERY,    SURREY. 


1872-VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS. 

James  Dickson  &  Sons 

WILL   BE  GLAD   TO   SEND   TIIElfe    DESCRIPTIVE    PRICED 

CATALOGUE   OF   GENUINE  GARDEN   SEEDS, 


ALSO  1LLUSTR.-\TED  SHEET  OF  THE  MOST  APPROVED  GARDEN  TOOLS,  &-c., 
Post  Free  on  application. 


"  NEWTON  "   NURSERIES  ;     AND    102,   EASTGATE   STREET,    CHESTER. 


NEW  LARGE  LATE   FRANKFORT  CAULIFLOWER, 

The  above  Cauliflower,  after  having  been  thoroughly  tested,  was  introduced  by  us  in  Spring  1869,  and  advertised 
in  the  Gardenets'  Chronicle  under  the  above,  its  true  name,  as  being  of  great  size,  extremely  hardy,  growing 
vigorously  in  almost  every  description  of  soil,  and  uninfluenced  by  weather  or  climate.  It  has,  since  its  introduction, 
fully  borne  out  all  that  has  been  said  of  it,  as  can  be  verified  from  the  reports  of  numerous  Correspondents  through- 
out the  Kingdom,  who  have  had  no  difficulty  in  producing,  in  the  months  of  November  and  December,  large  heads, 
beautifully  white  and  very  solid,  measuring  from  10  to  12  inches  in  diameter.  Price  per  packet,  containing  about 
2000  Seeds,  2s. 

We  have,  this  season,    received   from   the   raiser  of  the  .above   another  variety,    called 

NEW    SECOND    EARLY    FRANKFORT, 

Which  he  Strongly  recommends  as  "exceeding  in  beauty  and  flavour  all  other  sorts  hhherto  grown." 
per  packet,  containing  about  2000  seeds.  2s. 


Price 


Our  CATALOGUE  of  SELECT  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  NEW  POTATOS, 

&c.,  is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  on  application. 
1^*  All  Orders  are  executed  at  once,  and  forwarded  Carriage  paid. 


WILLIAM    DEUMMOND   &   SONS, 

SEED  AND  NURSERY  ESTABLISHMENT,  STIRLING. 


KITCHEN     GARDEN     SEEDS, 


CARRIAGE   FREE. 


A  Complete  Collection  for  a  large  Garden         63s. 

A  Complete  Collection  for  a  medium-sized  Garden  ..        ..       42s. 
A  Complete  Collection  for  a  Small  Garden        21s. 

None  but  the  most  approved  sorts  of  Vegetables  are  included  in  the  above  Collections.     For  sorts,  see  SEED 
LIST,  Free  on  application. 

The  GUINEA  COLLECTION   of  KITCHEN   GARDEN  SEEDS,   Carriage  Free, 


Is  composed  of  the  following  most  approved  kinds  : 


PEAS— Dillislone's  Earliest,  i  quart 
Suttons'  Early  Champion,  i  quart 
Champion  of  Eopland,  i  quart 
Veitch's  Perfection,  i  quart 
Payne's  Conqueror,  i  pint 
Aavanccr,  i  pint 
blue  Scimitar,  i  pint 


BEANS— Johnson's  Wonderful 
Broad  Windsor, 


I  quart 


.  I  quart 

French  Robin's  Egg,  i  pint 

Scarlet  Runners,  r  pint 
BEET— St.  Osyth.  i  oz. 
BORECOLE,  or  KALE— Asparagus,  i  pkt. 

Hearting,  i  packet 

Cottagers',  i  packet 
BRUSSELS  SPROUTS— Finest,  i  packet 
BROCCOLI— Adams'  Early,  i  packet 

Snow's  Winter  White,  i  packet 

Purple  Sprouting,  i  packet 

Walcheren,  i  packet 


BROCCOLI— Dwarf  Late  White,  i  packet 
CABBAGE— Early  Nonpareil,  i  packet 

Enfield  Market,  i  packet 

Worcester  Incomparable,  i  packet 

Red  Pickling,  i  packet 
CARROT— Early  Horn,  i  or. 

Tames'  Intermediate,  i  oz. 

Improved  Altringham,  i  oz. 
CAULIFLOWER— Early  London, I  packet 
CELERY— Matchless  Red,  i  packet 

Cole's  Crystal  White,  i  packet 
CRESS— Broad-leaved,  2  oz. 

Curled,  2  oz. 

Australian,  i  oz. 
CUCUMBER— Smith's  Frame,  i  packet 

Stockwood,  I  packet 
ENDIVE— Moss  Curled,  i  packet 
LEEK— Musselburgh,  i  packet 
LETTUCE— Paris  White  Cos,  i  packet 

Paris  Green  Cos,  i  packet 


LETTUCE— Worcester  Cabbage,  i  packet 
MUSTARD— 4  oz. 

MELON— Hannam's  Hybrid,  i  packet 
ONION— White  Spanish,  i  oz. 

James'  Keeping,  i  oz. 
PARSLEY— Myatt's  Garnishing,  i  packet 
PARSNIP— Improved  Hollow  Crown,  i  oz. 
RADISH— Long  Scarlet,  2  oz. 

Red  Turnip,  2  oz. 

White  Turnip,  z  oz. 

Olive  Shaped,  2  oz. 
SAVOY— Green  Curled,  i  packet 
SPINACH— Round,  4  oz. 

Prickly,  4  oz. 
TURNIP— Early  Snowball,  i  oz. 

American  Redtop,  i  oz. 
TOMATO— Red,  i  packet 
VEGETABLE  MARROW,  X  packet 
POT  HERBS,  4  packets 


EICHAED    SMITH, 

SEED     MERCHANT    AND    NURSERYMAN,    WORCESTER. 


Before  Ordering  Seeds,  Sc, 

PLEASE  TO  PROCURE 

XTOOPER'S     GARDENING     GUIDE 
.^ND  GENERAL  GATALOGUE, 

A  complete  Instructor,  and  Illustrated  witli  more  than 

THREE  HUNDRED  ENGRAVINGS, 

Price  iid.,  post  Tree  8rf. 


HOOPER  ,\ND  CO.,  Covcnt  Garden,  London,  W.C. 


D 


Every  One  Possessing  a  Garden  sliould       \  i 
apply  for  \l 

ICK        RADCLYFFE      AND      CO.'S    J 

SPRING    CATALOGUE    of    SEEDS  A 

AND  \\\\ 

GARDEN    REQUISITES,  I/' I 

gratis  and  post  free. 
!i),  HiRllHolborn,  W.C. 

Seed  Grounds,  Erfurt,  Prussia. 


Lillum  auratum. 


The  ANNUAL  IMPORTATIONS  having  just  arrived  from  Japan, 

MR.  WILLIAM  BULL  can  supply  good  BULBS, 
by  the  dozen,  hundred,  or  tliousand.  'I'he  Bulbs  arc  remark- 
ably sound  and  good  this  season,  and  can  be  supplied  at  verj-  low 
prices. 

Establishment  for  New  and  Rare  Plants,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
London,  S.W. 


M 


New  Seeds—"  Only  the  Best." 


R.     WILLIAM      BULL'S      CATALOGUE 

is  now  ready, 
SEEDS  of  NEW  VEGETABLES, 
SEEDS  of  NEW  FLOWERS. 
"Only   the  best."      TiVi- descriptions  in  Mr.  WILLIAM  BULL'S 
CATALOGUE.     "  Every  article  priced." 

It  is  particularly  requested  that  orders  be  sent  on  the  order  sheet 
that  accompanies  the  Seed  Catalogue,  as  soon  after  its  receipt  as 
possible.  Phis  is  desired  with  a  view  to  prevent  any  delay  in  the 
execution  of  orders,  for,  although  a  lar-je  and  efficient  staff  is  em- 
ployed, yet,  in  the  heifjbt  of  the  season,  the  pressure  is  extremely 
great,  and  hence  the  work  is  much  facilitated  if  the  orders  are 
received  early. 

E^itablishment  for  New  and  Rare  Plants,  King's  Road,  Chclseai 
London,  S.W. 


Imported  Seed  of 


PRIMULA   JAPONICA    (New    Crimson   Primrose), 
in  six  varieties. 
Vide  Mr.  WILLIAM   BULL'S  NEW  SEED  CATALOGUE,  p.  8j. 
Establishment   for  New  and    Rare   Plants,  King's   Road,   Chelsea, 
London,  S.W. 


New  and  Genuine  Seeds  of  Superior  Stoclcs. 


1872. 


1872. 


SEEDSMEN  TO  THE  QUEEN. 

FRANCIS  ik  ARTHUR  DICKSON  &  SONS, 
The  Old  Established  Seed  Warehouse.  106,  Eastgate  Streef,  and 
The  "  Upton"  Nurseries,  Chester,  beg  to  iniimate  that  their  Priced 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  NEW  and  SELECT  VEGETABLE 
and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  &a,  with  Cultural  Directions  for  1872,  is 
now  published.  Copies  will  be  sent  gratis  and  post  free  on 
application. 

Vegetable  and    Flower    Seeds   of   the  value   of   £1   and   upwards 
CARRIAGE  FRHi;  to  any  part  of  the  Kingdom. 


New  Japanese  Primrose,  Primula  japonica. 

BS.  WILLIAMS  has  much  pleasure  in  offering 
•  imported  SEEDS  of  the  above  superb  FLANT,  a  plant  which 
has  deservedly  been  designated  the  "  Queen  of  the  Primroses."  This 
species  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  best  ol  Mr.  Fortune's  introductions 
from  Japan,  the  llowers  in  the  original  species  being  rich  crimson, 
produced  in  several  whorls  upon  an  erect  scape;  plants  from  seeti 
produced  flowers  of  bright  magenta;  lilac  and  rose,  white,  carmine 
and  red,  rosy  lilac  and  orange,  in  addition  to  the  origisal  colour,  rosy 
crimson  and  maroon  crimson.  Besides  the  above  colours  many 
variations  may  be  expected  under  cultivation.  The  seed  here  offered 
has  been  sent  home  by.  Mr.  Kramer  from  Japan,  who  remarks  that  it 
sometimes  remains  for  a  long  time  before  starting  into  growth;  but 
Mr.  E.  S.  Wn,LiAMS  would  ad\-ise  those  who  wish  to  give  it  a  trial  to 
do  so  at  once,  as  now  is  the  best  time  to  ensure  success  in  germina- 
tion. The  varieties  are  here  offered  without  name,  but  with  the 
descriptive  colours  as  imported.  Cultural  directions  will  be  found  on 
each  packet.  p^r  packet.-^,  d. 

PRIMULA  JAPONICA,  purple-crimson 26 

,,  ,,     var.,  white  flowers z    6 

„  ,,     van,  reddish  scarlet  flowers        ..         ..     z    6 

,,  ,,    var.,  lilac  and  crimson  centre  flowers  ..26 

,,  ,,    var.,  clear  rose  flowers 26 

,,  ,,     var.,  white  and  rosy  crimson  flowers    ..     z     6 

,,  ,,    mixed,  each  packet  containing  seeds  of 

all  the  above  varieties  . .         .,         ..26 
B.    S.    WILLIAMS,    Victoria    and    Paradise    Nurseries,    Upper 
Holloway,  N. 


Planters  of  Large  Trees  for  Blinds  and  Immediate 

EFFECT  may  be  glad  to  know  they  can  be  SUPPLIED  by 

WILLIAM     MAULE     AND     SONS,     from    their 
Nurseries,  Bristol,  in  large  quantities,  at  moderate  prices. 
EVERGREEN  TREES. 
HOLLIES,  Green,  on  stems,  10  to  12  feet 
PINUS  EXCELSA,  S  to  loieet 
NORWAY  SPRUCE,  8  to  10  feet 
CEDRUS  DEODARA,  8  to  10  feet 
CHINESE  ARBOR-VIT-*:,  8  to  lOfeet 
ABIES  DOUGLASII,  5to6fcet 
ARAUCARIA  IMBRICATA,  4  to  5  feet 
MOUNT  ATLAS  CEDAR,  6  to  7  feet 
CEDAR  of  LEBANON,  7  to  8  feet 
CHINESE  JUNIPERS,  THUJOPSIS,  and  a  great 

variety  of  choice  EVERGREENS,  7  to  8  feet 
PINUS  AUSTRIACA,  4  to  5  feet 
PORTUGAL  LAURELS,  4  to  5  feet 
CUPRESSUS  LAWSONIANA,  4  togfcet 
ENGLISH  YEWS,  5  to  6  feet 
RHODODENDRONS,  bushy,  4  to  5  feet 

DECIDUOUS  TREES. 
POPLAR,  BLACK  ITALIAN,  10  to  12  feet 
BIRCH,  10  to  12  feet 
TURKEY  0.\K,  10  to  rzfeet 
ACACIA,  BEECH,  ELM,  MOUNTAIN  ASH. 

ONTARIO  POPLAR,  LABURNUMS, 

CHESTN  UTS— 10  to  12  feet 

Prices  on  application. 


104 


The   Gardeners*   Chronicle   and   Ag*ricultural   Gazette. 


[January  27,   1872. 


Tlio  Kew  American  Potatoa. 

TO  THE  TRADE. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Merchants. 
Sieaford,  can  ofTer  the  following  varieties  of  POTATOS,  fresh 
iroported  Seed.     Price  on  application. 
^fij  NEW  AMERICAN  LATE  ROSE 

EARLY  ROSE 
EARLY  GOODRICH 
EARLY  SOVEREIGN 
BRESEE'S  PROLIFIC 
ERESEE'S  KINGoftheEARLIES 
BRESEE'S  PEERLESS 
BRESEE'S  CLIMAX 
PEACH  BLOW.  ^___^ 


Seed  Fotatos. 

WHALSTEAD  has  to  offer,  in  fine  condition, 
•  American  Eariy  Rose,  Wheeler's  Gloucester  Kidney, 
Wheeler's  Milky  White  POTATO.  Price  per  bushel  or  ton  on 
application. 

LARCH,  transplanted,  extra  fine,  3  to  4  feet. 

„  „  fine,  iVi  to2  feet 

ALDER  „  strong,  2  to  3  feet. 

Sample  100  for  3s.  od.     Price  per  1000  on  application. 

Warrington  GOOSEBERRY  Trees,  strong,  125.  6d.  per  100. 

Strone  SEAKALE,  is.  per  100. 

W.  HALSTEAD,  Nurseryman,  Lancaster. 

Seed  Fotatos. 

HAND  F.  SHARPE'S  Wholesale  LIST  of  SEED 
•  POTATOS  is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had,  post  free,  on 
application.  It  comprises  all  the  best  early  and  late  varieties,  also  all 
the  American  sorts  worthy  of  cultivation.  The  quality  is  excellent, 
and  the  prices  very  moderate. 

Seed  GrowinK  Establishment,  Wisbech. 


Great  Bargain. 

GL^NT  ASPARAGUS  ROOTS.  3  and  4-yr.  old.  all 
raised  from  one  root,  at  2s.  6d.  per  100.  These  roots  are  second 
to  none,  and  are  sold  at  tho  above  low  price,  the  land  being  required. 
Beds  made  of  these  roots  may  be  cut  the  followmg  year.  Orders 
accompanied  by  remittances  will  have  immediate  attention. 

Mr.  G,  F.  A.  FLOWER,  Stafford.  Dorchester. 

Extra  fine  Forcing  and  Flanting  Seakale. 

GEORGE   CLARKE  has   many  thousands.  ver>^  fine 
clean   stuff,  this  season,   which   he  begs  to   offer   as   under:— 
riantine  size,  51.   per   100;    forcing,   los.,   12s-,  and   some   superfine 
selectea  Crowns,  15^.  per  100. 
Nurseries:  Brixton  Hill,  London, S.W. ;  and  Mottingham,  Kent,S.E. 


Sooly  Qua— New  Chinese  Cucumber. 

WOOD  AND  INGRAM  offer  this  remarkable  variety, 
which  attains  a  length  of  from  5  to  6  feet,  and  a  circumference 
of  from  12  to  16  inches,  in  packets  of  three  seeds  for  15.  6ii.,  or  six  for 
a*.  6d.     Postage  stamps  with  orders. 

W.  &  I.'s  new  select  LIST  of  GARDEN  and  AGRICULTURAL 
SEEDS,  with  an  engraving  from  a  photograph  of  the  above  gigantic 
novelty  grown  here  last  summer,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  sent  free  on 
application.  The  Nurseries,  Huntingdon. 


JAMES  FAIRHEAD,  Seed  Grower.  &c.,  Peckham, 
Surrey,  offers  the  following,  all  1871  crop  : — 
CARROTS.— Altringham,  Surrey,  James'  Intermediate,  White  and 
Yellow  Belgian. 
MIGNONETTE. 

PEAS.— Early  Sangster's,  Harrison's  Glory,  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Hair's 
Dwarf  Mammoth,  Veitch's  Perfection. 

Prices  on  application. 


WANTED,  by  the  RAIKES  HALL  PARK 
GARDENS  and  AOUARIUM  COMPANY,  Limited, 
Blackpool,  Lancashire  :— CHRYSANTHEMUMS,  ROSES,  Fancy 
or  Show  PELARGONIUMS,  VERBENAS,  CAMELLIAS, 
ERICAS,  GLOXINIAS,  ACHIMENES.  PHLOX,  MESEM- 
BRYANTHEMUMS,  CARNATIONS,  DIANTHUS.  State  price 
per  100,  including  package.  R.  RUSHTON,  Secretary. 


J.  C.  Wheeler  & 

SEED    GROWERS, 


Son, 


GLOUCESTER     AND     LONDON. 


%  - 


'-3S 


GLOUCESTERSHIRE    KIDNEY    POTATO. 

J.  C.  WHEELER  AND  SON  can  highly  recommend  the  above  POTATO  for  mrliness,  flavour,  and  j/:c.  In 
comparison  with  the  Ashleaf,  it  is  as  early,  whilst  it  produces  nearly  double  the  crop,  and  is  altogether  superior 
to  that  variety.  Svyce  per  bushel,  10s. ;   per  peck,  3s. 

J.  C.  WHEELER  AND  SON  have  much  pleasure  in  referring  to  the  following  Letters,  speaking  in  high 
terms  of  its  earliness  and  e.^cellence  ; — 

"  I  have  grown  your  Gloucestershire  Kidneys  here  for  the  last  five  years  with  all  other  early  kinds,  and  find 
yours  to  be  much  the  earliest." — Mr.  Speed,  Gardener  to  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Penrhyn,  Penrhyn  Castk, 

"  Please  send  me  two  bushels  of  your  Gloucestershire  Kidney  Potatos.  I  have  grown  them  these  last  four 
years  with  other  early  kinds,  and  find  them  the  best  always  both  in  crop  and  quality." — E.  MORGAN,  Court-y-Gallon. 

' '  Your  Gloucestershire  Kidney  Potatos  suit  this  climate  admirably.  I  have  grown  them  for  six  years,  and 
have  never  seen  one  diseased."— Col.  Appeeley,  Machnylleth. 

"  I  grew  last  year  more  than  120  lb.  of  Gloucestershire  Kidneys  per  perch,  and  of  first-rate  quality.  My  man 
says  1401b.,  and  I  think  he  is  right." — Rev.  JAMES  L.  May,  Wesi  Putford. 


GLOUCESTER;  and  59,  MARK  LANE,  LONDON,  E.C. 


Seedsmen  to      { 


The   Queen. 


CARTER'S    CHOICE    POTATOS, 

CAEBIAGE     FBEE. 
BRESEE'S  PEERLESS  POTATO,  per  Peck,  7s.  6d. 


Seedsmen  to  the 


Prince  of  Wales. 


NEW  AMERICAN  POTATOS 
(fresh  imported  seed).  Special 
quotations  per  Cwt.  or  Ton  will 
be  given  where  large  quantities 
are  required. 

EARLY  ROSE  {fresh  imported  seed 
direct  from  the  raiser).  This 
remarkable  novelty,  introduced 
by  us  some  years  since,  has 
thoroughly  established  its  claims 
to  public  favour.  For  a  combi- 
nation of  productiveness  and 
fineness  of  quality  we  believe  it 
is  without  a  rival.  Per  Peck,  4s, ; 
per  Bushel,  14s, 

LATE  ROSE  (a  new  importation, 
offered  for  the  first  time  this 
season!.  Per  Gallon,  71.  M.  ; 
per  Peck,  145. 

BRESEE'S  "CLIMAX"  (fresh 
imported  seed  direct  from  the 
raiser).  In  productiveness  it  is 
fully  equal,  if  not  superior,  to 
either  the  Early  Rose  or  the 
Early  Goodrich,  bears  few  small 
tubers,  matures  nearly  with  the 
Early  Rose,  while  its  keeping 
qualities  are  unsurpassed.  — 
Frotn  R.  G.  Lakes,  Esq.,  Tie- 
narrick,  Si.  Austell.  Feb.,  1871, 
—  "I  have  much  pleasure  in 
recommending  the  Climax  Potato 
I  had  from  you  last  year,  i  lb. 
produced  52  lb,  of  first-rate 
Potatos."  Per  Gallon,  41.  ;  per 
Peck,  7s.  6d. 

BRESEE'S  KINGoftheEARLIES, 
or  FIFTY-DOLLAR  POTATO 
(fresh  imported  seed  direct  from 
the  raiser).  Per  Gallon,  41.  ; 
per  Peck,  7J.  6<i. 

EARLY  GOODRICH  POTATO 
(fresh  imported  seed  direct  from 
the  raiser).     Per  Peck,  55. 

BRESEE'S  PROLIFIC  POTATO 
(fresh  importe<l  seed  direct  from 
the  raiser).  Per  Gallon,  4s. ; 
per  Peck,  75.  Cd. 

Special  loiv   quotations  per 
Cwt.  or   Ton  on  application. 


The  largest  and  best  of  all  the  Atncricans. 

BRESEE'S  PEERLESS  (fresh  imported  seed  direct  from  the  raiserj.— .P'rawi  Mr.  II.  PRlctlARD,  Ganf<^(r/f>  J.  Hamilton, 
Esq.,  Fync  Court,  Somerset.  Aug.  18,  1871. — "  I  had  i  lb.  of  IJrescc's  Peerless  Potato  of  you  last  spring  ;  and  the  produce  of  ihf 
lib.  is  591b.  in  weiglit,  which  were  taken  up  and  weighed  in  the  presence  of  witnesses.  Such  an  increase  appears  almost 
incredible,  '  "         '  ■"  f.      -^   ..  .,     ,  ,  , 


,  but  such  IS  the  case," 


■  Peck,  7J,  td. 


JAMES    CARTER  &  CO.,   237  and  238,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  LONDON,  W.C 


CARTER'S  ASH-TOP  FLUKE 
POTATO.  —  This  variety  has 
now  been  before  the  public  for 
many  years,  and  the  increasing 
demand  lor  it,  both  in  private 
gardens  and  amongst  the  Cornish 
growers  for  market,  stamps  it 
as  one  of  the  best  Potatos  in 
cultivation ;  for  table  purposes 
it  has  no  equal.  Per  Peck, 
3J.  W. ;   per  Bushel,  131. 

CARTER'S  MAIN  CROP 
POTATO. —"D,,  Deal,"  thus 
describes  this  valuable  variety 
in  the  Jatintal  of  Horticulture, 
A'ov.  9,  1871 : — "  Carter's  Main 
Crop  is  the  heaviest  red  Potato 
I  have  ever  seen,  smooth  as  a 
cricket-ball,  and  without  the 
least  hollowness  of  eye;  no  waste 
whatever."     Per  Peck,  gj. 

RED-SKIN  FLOURBALL 
POTATO.— For  charitable  and 
other  institutions  where  there 
is  a  large  consumption,  this 
Potato  is  invaluable. 

Sf-ecial  Notice.  —  Our  stock 
may  be  thoroughly  depended 
upon,  having  been  obtained 
direct  from  the  original  raiser. 

Price,  per  Bushel,  10s.  &/. 
Much  cheaper  in  large  quantities. 

CARTER'S  CHAMPION  EARLY 
FORCING  POTATO.  —  The 
earliest  frame  Potato  in  cultiva- 
tion ;  described  in  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle  as  "  An  early  kidney 
frame  Potato,  earlier  than  the 
Ashleaf,  with  scarcely  any 
haulm,  and  therefore  very  suit- 
able for  forcing."  Per  Peck, 
51.  ;    per  Bushel,  i8r. 

CARTER'S  ILLUSTRATED 
POTATO  CATALOGUE  will  be 
sent  Gratis  and  Post  Free  on 
application. 


January  27,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


105 


To  PLANTERS.— STRONG  FOREST  TREES;&c. 
LARCH,  2  to  3,  sJi  to  3';,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
SCOTCH,  I'A  to  2,  2  lo2'^,  and  a'ti  to  3 'eet. 
SPRUCE,  iS  to  2,  2  to  sJi,  2K  to  3.  and  3  to  4  feet, 
ENGLISH  OAKS,  2?^  103?^,  3104.  4  to  S.  S  to  6,  and  6  to  7  ft, 
BIRCH.  2  to  3,  3  to  4.  4  to  5.  and  5  to  6  feet. 
ELMS  (Wych),  2  to  3,  3  to  a,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
HAZELS,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
MOUNTAIN  Ash.  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  S  feet. 
SYCAMORES,  2  to  3,  3  to  4.  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet. 
With  many  others,  all  of  the  best  quality.     The  Larch  are  clean, 
stout.  well-Kfown  stuff,  and  have  never  been  injured  by  frost. 
JOHN  HILL,  The  Nurseries,  Spot  Acre,  near  Stone,  Siafford shire. 


WITTY  AND  SON  have  to  offer  the  following  cheap 
FRUIT     TREKS.    FOREST     TREES,     ORNAMENTAL 
TREES  and  SHRIFDS,  which  arc  all  of  first-class  quality  :— 

Standard  APPLES,  95.  per  dozen,  60s.  per  100. 

Standard  PEA  RS,  as.  per  dozen,  601,  per  100,  fine. 

Standard  CHERRIES,  12s.  per  dozen,  75s.  per  100. 

Dwarf-trained  PEACHES,  301.  to  48J,  per  dozen,  fine. 

Dwarf-trained  NECTARINES,  301.  to  48^.  per  dozen. 

Dwarf-trained  APRICOTS,  30J.  to  48s.  per  dozen. 

Dwarf-trained  CHERRIES,  241.  1030^.  per  dozen,  extra  fine. 

P>'rainid  PEARS,  i2j.  to  60s.  per  dozen. 

Pyramid  PLUMS,  i2J.  to  i8j.  to  361.  per  dozen. 

Pyramid  CHERRIES,  as.  to  I2J.  to  24s.  per  dozen,  fine. 

GOOSEBERRIES,  is.  6d.  per  dozen,  loj.  per  100,  £4  per  1000. 

ASH,  Mountain,  6s.  to  8  feet,  305.  per  100. 

American  Weeping  WILLOWS.  121.  per  dozen,  175^.  per  100, 

Kilmarnock  Weeping  WILLOWS,  iSj.  per  dozen. 

POPLAR,  in  sorts.  3s.  to  i2S.  per  dozen. 

THUJAG1GANT1>.A,  4to     - 

THUTAGIGANTEA,  5to     

CUPRESSUS  LAWS(>NIANA,4to5feet,  30*.  10405.  perdoz.,  fine. 

American  ARBOR-VIT.-E,  3  (eet,  sj.  to  6s.   per  dozen,  25.^,1042*. 
per  100. 

Siberian  ARBOR-VIT.-E,  3  to  4  feet,  405.  per  100. 

LAUREL,  Common,  from  los.  6d.  to  21s.  per  100,  fine  and  bushy. 

LAUREL,  Portugal,  18  inches  to  2  feet,  1355.  per  100. 

QUICKWOOD,  loi.  6<f.  to  25s.  per  100,  extra  fine. 

LARCH,  fine,  agi.  to  301.  per  1000,  fine. 

SYCAMORE,  25s.  to  30J.  per  1000,  extra  fine. 

The  above  have  all  been  regularly  transplanted,  and  will  remove 
with  perfect  safety. 

The  Nurseries,  Cottin^liam,  near  Hull. 


to  5  feet,  365.  per  dozen,  fine. 
to  6  feet,  60s.  per  dozen,  fine. 


JOSEPH     SMITH,    JUN.,    Moor     Edge     Nurseries, 
Tanslcy,  near  Matlock,  Derbyshire,  offers  as  follows,  at  per  1000  : — 
ALDER,  I  fi  to  2  feet,  141.  ;  a  to  3  feet,  18s. :  3  to  4  feet,  22s. 
ASH,  Mountain,  2  to  3  feet,  i8s,  j  3  to  4  feet,  20J,  ;  4  to  g  feet,  255, ; 

3106  feet,  401. ;  6  to  7  feet,  60s. 
BEECH,  1%  to  2  feet,  185.  ;  z  to  3  feet.  23s. 
BERBERIS  AQUIFOLIUM,9toi2inches,  20J.  ;  1  to  r^;  foot,  30s.  ; 

BIRCH,  1?^  to  2  feet,  lof.  to  i6j.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  iji.  to  21s. ;  3  to  4  feet, 

201.  to  3&r. 
BOX,  Tree.  9  to  15  Inches,  60s. 
BROOM,  Common,  2  to  3  feet,  igj. ;  3  to  4  feet,  15J.  ;  Seedlings,  3s.  6i. 

„         White,  I  and  2-yr. .  3s.  6d.  to  51. 
COTONEASTER  MICROPHYLLA.  255.  to  401. 
ELM,  lia  to  2  feet,  14J.  ;  z  to  3  feet.  iSs. ;  3  to  4  feet,  23^. 
FIR,  Scotch,  I  to  il-2  foot,  14s.  ;  ij^  to  z  feet,  16s.  ;  3  to  4  feet,  30J. 
„     Spruce,  I  to  i;^  foot,  155. ;  i}^  to  2  feet,  205. ;  2  to  3  feet,  30s. ; 

3  to  4  feet,  50S. 
,.  I,      American,  a  to  3  ft.,  70s.  ;  3  to4  ft.,  120s. :  4  to  5  ft.,  i.^os. 

„      Larch,  9  to  15  ins  ,  loj. ;  1  to  1^  foot,  12s.  6d, ;  i^  to  2  feet,  iCs. ; 
z  to  3  feet.  25s. 
FURZE  or  Gorse,  Seedlings,  ts.  6rf. 
LIMES,  I  to  1,'j  foot,  50s,  ;  iJi  to  2  feet,  70s. ;  2  to  3  feet,  iios, ;  3  to 

4  feet,  1 40s. 
OAKS,  r  to  i^A  foot,  7s. ;  1I3  to  2  feet,  12s.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  aor.  ;  3  to  4  ft., 

28s.  ;  3  jr  ,  2s.  OJ. 
PINUS  AUS  TRIACA,  6  to  iz  inches,  15s. ;  9  to  15  inches,  25s.  ;  i  to 
iN'  foot.  30s. 
MARITIMA,  zfeet,  los. 
POPLAR,  Ontario,  i  to  ij-i  foot,  los.  ;  ij^  to  2  feet,  12s.  6d.  ;  2  to  3  ft,, 

zor.  r  4  to  5  feet,  45s.  ;  6  to  8  feet,  70s. 
QUICKS,  2-vr.  transplanted,  8s.  ;  3-yr.  do.,  los. 
RHODODENDRONS,  2  and  3-yr.  Seedling,  £20  per  100,000. 

•(    3-yr-  selected,  ,^37  los.  per  100,000. 

,,    2-vr.  i-yr.  transplanted,  i6s, ;  2-yr.  and  2-yr.  transplanted,  24s. 
SYCAMORE,  i!^  to  z  feet,  14s.  ;  z  to  3  feet,  \6s.  ;  3  to  4  feet,  z5s. ; 

4  to  5  feet,  35s, 
WILLOW,  ISedTord,  i  to  \%  foot,  7s. ;  i^^  to  2  feet,  los.  ;  2  to  3  feet, 

15s.  ;  3  to  4  ft..  23s. ;  4  to  5  ft. ,  ags, ;  6  to  8  ft.,  70s,  ;  8  to  10  ft,,  lOos. 
PRIVET,  Evergreen,  i-yr,,  4s.  ;  ij^to  2  feet,  ijs. 
LAUREL.  Common,  i-yr.,  fine,  igs. 
SEAKALE,  2-yr,  25s.  ;  i-yr.  15s. 

FLOWERING  SHRUBS,  in  50  varieties,  1  to  4  feet,  loos. 
With  many  others,  of  which  a  Priced  LIST  will  be  sent  on  application. 


T 


To  the  Trade. 
O      BE     SOLD     CHEAP. 


30  qr.  VEITCH'S  PERFECTION 
and    10  qr.    PRI2ETAKER    PEAS. 

For  price,  &c.,  apply  to  F.  G. 
GODWIN,  Seedsman,  3  and  4,  Norfolk 
Market  Hall,  Sheffield. 

N.B,  F.  G.  G.'s  No,  2,  or  VEGET- 
ABLE SEED  CATALOGUE,  will  be 
forwarded  Post  Free  on  application. 

T~OBACCO~lTsSUE,  for  FUMIGATING  GREEN- 
HOUSES.— Will  destroy  Thrip,  Red  Spider,  Green  and  Black 
Bly,  and  Mealy  iJu^',  and  burns  without  the  assistance  of  blowinp, 
and  is  entirely  free  from  paper  or  rags.  Price  3s,  dd.  per  lb,,  carriage 
free.     A  reduction  in  price  for  large  quantities. 

To  be  had  of  Messrs.  ROBERTS  and  SONS,  Tobacco  Manufac- 
turers, 112,  St.  John  Street,  Clerkenwell,  EC,  of  whom  Copies  of 
Testimonials  may  be  obtained  ;  and  of  all  Seedsmen  and  Nurserymen. 


To  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 

The  OLDEST  ESTABLISHED  WAREHOUSE    in  LONDON   for 
GENUINE  ROLLED  TOBACCO-PAPER,  CLOTH,  or  CORD,  is 

H       PER  KINS,     16,    Cambridge    Circus,     Hackney 
•    Road,  N.E. ,  who  has  3  large  STOCK  of  the  best  quality  on 
hand  for  the  ensuini;  season. 

Orders  by  Post  promptly  attended  to. 

TEVEN  SO  N  'S^^ABYSSINIAN      MIXTURE, 

For  the  Destruction  of  all  Insects  Infesting  Plants. 


S^ 


TRADE    MARK, 


Surpasses  all  other  remedies  for — 
(■Killing    easily  Mealy 
;.  Effective-j      Bug,      Brown     and 
NESS.         "1     White  Scale,  Thrips, 


p-o 
fJ      = 


be    used    with    a 
_.  Ease        of  1      Syringe,     or  in    any 
Application"!     other        convenient 
(.     way. 


3.  Cleanli- 
ness. 


{■Leaving  the  foliage  as 
<  thoutch  it  had  been 
t     polished. 


Sold  by  all  Nurserymen  and  Seeds- 
men    in     the     United     Kingdom,     in 
bottles,   IS,  6d.,  3s.,  4s.  6rf.,  and  5s.  6d. 
Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall,    each,  with  full  directions  for  use. 
Sole  Manufacturer,  F,  STEVENSON,  Lark  Hill,  Timperley,  Cheshire. 


G 


Rfd 
Spider. 


Magni- 
fied. 


I    S    H    U    R   S   T 
COMPOUND. 

Used  by  many  of  the  lead  in.; 
Gardeners  since  1859,  against 
Red  Spider,  Mildew,  Thrips, 
Green  Fly,  and  other  Blight,  in 
solutions  of  from  i  to  2  ounces 
to  the  gallon  of  soft  water,  and 
ct  from  4  to  16  ounces  as  a 
Winter  Dressing  for  Vines  and 
Fruit  Trees.  Has  outlived  many 
preparations  intended  to  super- 
sede it, 

Sold  Retail  by  Seedsmen,  in 
boxes,  IS.,  3s.,  and  los.  td. 

Wholesale  by 

PRICE'S   PATENT 

CANDLE       COMPANY 

(Limited), 

Battersea,  London,  S.W. 


F 


OR     SALE,     a     large     quantity    of    first-class 

ORNAMENTAL  ROCK  STONE,       ' 
G.  H,  RAINS  AND  CO.,  Rope  Works,  Canons  Marsh,  Bristol. 


F 


OR    SEAKALE     POTS,    RHUBARB     POTS, 

GARDEN   POTS  (large  stock  and  good  quality),  apply  to 
JOHN_MAjrTHEWS,     Royal    Potterj',    Weston-super-Mare. 

ANNED    GARDEN"  NETTING,    One""Penny  per 

square  yard,  for  Protecting  Seed  Beds,  Peas,  Fruit,  Straw- 
berries, &c,,  from  Birds,  Frost,  Blight,  &c.,  and  as  a  Fence  for 
Fowls— in  1,2,  3.  and  4  yard  widths.  HEXAGON,  TIFFANY, 
and  other  NETTING;  GALVANISED  WIRE  NETTING,  PEA 
HURDLES,  SEED  PROTECTORS,  &c. 
C.  WRIGHT  and  CO.  (late  376,  Strand,  London),  Newark-on-Trent. 


POTATO. 

VEITCH'S    IMPROVED    EARLY    ASHLEAF    KIDNEY. 


James  Veitch   &   Sons 


Desire  to  direct  special  attetition  to  this  excellent  EARLY  POTATO,  about  which  they  are  constantly  receiving 
very  flattering  Testimonials. 

It  is  quite  distinct  from  every  other  sort,  and  may  be  fairly  described  as  THE  best  Ashleaved  Kidney  IN 
CULTIVATION,  being  a  very  heavy  cropper,  of  excellent  quality,  and  A  first-rate  forcer. 

Per  peck,  4s.  ;   per  bushel,  15s. 

PRICE     TO     THE     TRADE    ON    APPLICATION. 


ROYAL     EXOTIC     NURSERY,      KING'S     ROAD,     CHELSEA,     S.W. 


A  BLUE  PEA  AS  EARLY  AS  ANY  WHITE  ONE, 

And  the  most  prolific  early  Pea  ever  introduced. 

THE  PUBLIC  ARE  RESPECTFULLY  REMINDED 
that  this  magnificent  "  First  Early "  Blue  Pea,  brought  to  their  notice  last  season, 
achieved  great  success,  fully  realising  the  anticipations  that  were  then  entertained,  and  thus 
proving  itself  to  be  excellent  in  flavour,  a  magnificent  cropper,  and  in  the  primarily  important 
point  of  gathering  time  surpassed  by  no  Early  Pea. 

No  Gardcno's  Collcclion  complete  luit/iont  it. 
To  be  obtained  of  the  Principal  Seedsmen  in  Town  and  Country. 


MR.     LAXTON'S 

NEW  PEAS  FOR  1872. 


The  following  latest  and 
remarkable  Novelties  in 
GARDEN  PEAS  will 
be  found  to  be  great  ad- 
vances in  their  respective 
classes  :~ 

William  the  First. 

The  finest  Pea  yet  sent 
out  for  earliness,  flavour, 
and  appearance,  com- 
bined ;  height  3  feet. 

Griffin, 

A.  remarkably  fi  ic- 
flavoured  variety,  hivuigj 
bright  green  seeds  wlien 
ripe  ;  height  2  ft,  6  ins. 


Popular. 


Ablue  wrinkled  Marrow, 
earlier  than,  and  an  im- 
provement on,  "Champion 
of  England  ;"  height  4  ft. 

Superlative. 

The  largest  and  finest 
podded  variety  yet  raised, 
indispensable  for  exhibi- 
tion ;  pods  7  in.  In  length, 
height  7  ft. 

Omega. 

A  dwarfish  "  Ne  Plus 
Ultra,"  a  first-class  late 
Pea ;  height  2  ft.  6  in. 


For  further  particulars 
see  larger  advertisements, 
and  Hogg's  Gardeners' 
Year  Books  for  1871  and 
1872. 


In  order  to    show  the 
true    characters    of   these 
Peas, 
EARLY    SOWING 

IS 
RECOMMENDED. 


^^15  will  be  offered,  in 
five  pnzes  of  £$.  £a.  £$• 
jQz  and  ^i,  for  fifty  pods 
of  "SUPERLATIVE" 
at  the  Royal  HorticultuTal 
Society's  forthcoming  ex- 
hibition at  Birmingham. 


To  be  had  only  in  small 
sealed  Collections  of  trial 
Packets,  price  £1  is.,  of 
the  principal  Seedsmen  in 

S..„.„I-A'  ,_  the  United  Kingdom,  and 

UperlatlVe.  wholesale  of 

Messrs.  HURST  and  SON,  6,  Leadenhall  St. .  London. 


The  Cheapest  and  Best  luBecticlde. 
OOLEVS       TOBACCO       POWDER, 

Of  all  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 


A 


EX.  W      I      L      K      I 

"CONDENSED"  COMPOSITION 


Is  allowed  to  be  the  CHEAPEST  and  only  EFFECTUAL  MEALY 
BUG,  SCALE,  and  THRIP  DESTROYER. 

Sold  in  bottles,  containing  J^  pint,  2i. ;  1  pint,  y.  6d. ;  i  quart,  6j. 

Can  be  obtained  from  any  of  the  undermentioned  Nurscrj-men  and 
Seedsmen,  who  will  also  be  pleased  to  furnish  a  printed  Copy  of 
Testimonials  on  application  : — 


Messrs.  Backhouse  &  Son,  York 
,,  Barr&Sugden,  King  Street, 

Covent  Garden,  W.C. 
„  Cutbush  &  Son,  Highgate.N. 
,,  F.    &   A.    Dickson    &     Sons, 

Chester 
,,   Tas.  Dickson  &  Sons,  Chester 
,,  "Dickson  &  Tumbull,  Perth 
,,  Downie,      Laird     &      Laing, 

Edinburgh 
,,  Downie,      Laird     &     Laing, 

Forest  Hill,  S.E. 
,,  Drummond  &  Sons,  Stirling 
,,  Drummond  &  Sons,  Dawson 

Street,  Dublin 
,,  Garaway  &  Co,,  Bristol. 
,,  Harrison  &  Sons,  Leicester 
„  E.  G.  Henderson  &  Son,  Wel- 
lington Nurser>',  St.  John's 

Wood.  N,W. 
,,  Hogg  &   Robertson,  z«,  Mary 

Street,  Dublin 
„  Hurst   &   Son,  6,  Leadenhall 

Street,  London,  E,C. 
,,  Kennedy  &  Co.,  Dumfries 
,,  Laird  &  Sinclair,  Dundee 
,,  J.  &  C,  Lee,  Hammersmith 
„  Little  &  Hallaiityne,  Carlisle 


Messrs.  Lowe  &  Co.,  Wolver- 
hampton 
„  Osborn  &  Sons.  Fulham,  S.W. 
,,  Dick  Radclyfle  &  Co..  lag, 
H  igh  H  ol  born ,  Lon  don ,  W.  C . 
„  Rolhsson  &  Sons,  Tooling 
„  Smith  &  Son,  Market  Street, 

Aberdeen 
,,  Stuart  &  Mein,  Kelso 
„  Sutton  &  Sons,  Reading 
„  Veitch  &  Sons,  Chelsea 
„  Wood  &  Ingram,  Huntingdon 
Mr.  Beni.  Bracher,  Halifax 
„    E.  Cooling,  Derby 
„    G.  Cooper,  Derby 
„     William  Cutbush,  Earnct 
„    C.    H.    Dickson,  23,   Market 

Place,  Manchester 
„     John      Fraser,     Lea     Bridge 

Road,  London 
„    John  Harrison,  Darlington 
„     F,  Kinghorn,  Richmond, S.W. 
„    T.  J.  Pern-,  Banbury 
„    T.     B.    Thomson,     20,    High 

Street,  Birmingham. 
„     B.  S,  Williams,  Upper  Hollo- 
way,  N.  [Wilts 
„    George  WhecIcr,Warmmster, 


io6 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  2'],   1872. 


J.  C.  WHEELER  &  SON, 

SEED      GROWERS, 

GLOUCESTER    and    LONDON, 


WHEELERS'  KINGSHOLM  COS  LETTUCE 


WHEELERS'  KINGSHOLM  COS  LETTUCE 

This  magnificent  Lettuce,  fully  described  in  previous 
Advertisements,  is  now  offered  in  Packets,  post  free, 
at  zs.  each.  A  List  of  the  Trade  of  whom  it  may  be 
obtained,  will  be  published  in  this  paper. 


WHEELERS'  LITTLE  BOOK  for  1872 

Is  now  ready,  price  6(/.,  post  free,  gratis  to  customers. 
"The  mass  of  buyers  who  have  no  fancies,  but  who 
dislike  being  perplexed,  and  are  satisfied  with  what  is 
excellent,  will  greatly  prefer  a  short  select  seed  list  to  an 
interminable  labyrinth  of  names,  which,  for  the  most  part 
represent  nonentities  or  rubbish.  Messrs.  Wheelers' 
'  Little  Book  '  will  do  something  to  satisfy  their  expecta- 
tions."— Dr.  LlNDLEY. 


WHEELERS'  TOM   THUMB  LETTUCE. 

This  is  undoubtedly  the  best  Cabbage  Lettuce  in 
cultivation,  and  a  remarkable  favourite.  It  is  good 
both  summer  and  winter.  In  our  Little  Book  for  1872 
are  extracts  from  13  letters,  spealcing  in  the  very  highest 
terms  of  its  excellence. 

Price  IS.  per  Packet,  post  free.    Small  Packetg,  6d. 


PINUS   AUSTRIACA. 


Extra  fine,  transplanted,  very  handsome,  well-rooted 
ants,  3  to  4  feet.  One  of  the  largest  stocks  in  the 
.ingdom.  Price  on  application. 


plants,   J 
Kingdom, 


WHEELERS'  COCOA-NUT  CABBAGE. 


Wheelers'  Cocoa-nut  is  a  iiew  and  very  early  variety, 
perfectly  distinct,  of  most  excellent  flavour.  It  should  be 
planted  18  inches  apart :  will  yield  an  early  and  continuous 
supply.  This  Cabbage  is  a  decided  novelty  and  a  great 
acquisition. 

Owing  to  the  small  supply  of  seed  this  season,  we  much 
regret  that  we  cannot  supply  the  Trade  until  we  have 
harvested  our  next  crop. 

Price  IS.  per  Packet,  post  free.     Small  Packet,  6d. 


J.  C.  WHEELER  and  SON, 

SEED  GROWERS,    GLOUCESTER  and  LONDON. 


WM.  CUTBUSH    &    SON, 
HIGHGATE    NURSERIES, 

LONDON,  N. 

THE    BEST    NEW    PEA 

OF  THE  SEASON, 

Cullingford's    Magnum     Bonum. 

Retail  price  ; — Quarts,  4^.  ;  Pints,  2S.  6d. 


THE  HANDSOMEST  EARLY  POTATO 

OF  THE  SEASON, 

Pottle's  Prince  Teck. 

The  stock  is  very  limited,  and  will  be  sent  out  strictly 
in  rotation,  as  orders  are  received. 

In  sealed  Peck  Bags  (141b.),  ys.  6d. 


Tf'ade  Price  of  Magnum  Bonum  Pea,  and 
Prince  Teck  Potato,  on  af)plicatio7i. 

1^^  Names  of  Firms  procuring  suppHes  will  be 
published  the  third  Saturday  in  January. 

For  particulars,  &c.,  see  Advertisement  in  Gardeners' 
Chronicle  of  January  6,  p.  16  ;  or  CATALOGUE, 
Post  Free. 


NEW    AND    GENUINE    SEEDS, 


CARRL.\GE    FREE. 


B.  S.  WILLIAMS, 

NURSERYMAN  and  SEED  MERCHANT, 

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES, 

UPPER   HOLLOWAY,   LONDON,  N. 


COIMPLETE  COLLECTIONS  of  KITCHEN  GAR- 
DEN SEEDS,  to  suit  Gardens  of  various  sizes, 
21J.,  42^.,  635.,  and  84J.  each. 

NEW  and  CHOICE  VEGETABLE  SEEDS. 

Per  packet—*,  d. 

Williams'  Alexandra  E  ROCCOLI          16 

Williams'  Improved  Dwarf  BRUSSELS  SPROUTS        ..         ..10 

Williams' Early  Nonsuch  CAKEAGE 10 

Williams' Matchless  Red  CELERY 10 

Veitch'sAutumn  Giant  CAULIFLOWER 26 

Telegraph  CUCUMEER  (Woolley's  Improved) 16 

Turner's  Blue  Gown  CUCUMBER 26 

Williams'  Gloria  Mundi  ENDIVE        16 

Burncll's  Alexandra  White  Cob  LETTUCE 16 

Williams'  Victoria  Cos  LETTUCE 10 

Webb's    Climax    MELON,  ihe    finest  flavoured  grccn-fleshcd 

variety  out ..       ...  1    6 

Williams'  Paradise  Gem  MELON,  scarlet-fleshed,  the  earliest  in 

cultivation            16 

Williams'   Emperor  of  the   Marrows   PEA,   a  white   wrinkled 

variety,   very  prolific,  and  of  exquisite  flavour,  the   finest 

wrinkled  marrow  Pea  in  cullivalion          . .         . .  per  quart  . .  go 

Barley's  Defiance  TOMATO,  the  earliest  in  cultivation,  per  pkt,  i    6 


NEW  and  CHOICE  FLOWER  SEEDS. 

Per  packet — s.  d. 
Williams'  superb  strain  of  PRIMULA,  Red,  White,  or  Mixed 

IS.  61/.,  25.  6(/.,  3J.  fid.,  and    5    o 

Williams'  superb  strain  of  BALSAM is.  6rf.  and    2    0 

Neill's  extra  choice  strain  of  CALCEOLARIA 

IS.  &f.,2s.  6<i.,3s.  6i.,  and  5  o 
Weatherill's  extra  choice  strain  of  CINERARIA 

IS.  td.yis.  6rf.,  3S.  6if,,  and  5  o 
Wiggin's  prize  strain  of  CYCLAMEN. .  \s.  6d.,  2s.  6d.,  and    3    6 

Wiegin's  prize  strain  of  POLYANTHUS      ..        ..  is,  and    i    0 

GL()XINIA,  finest  erect  varieties        ..10 

GLOXINIA,  finest  drooping  varieties 10 

AGERATUM,  Imperial  Dwarf , 10 

AMARANTHUS  SALICIFOLIUS is.  6.i.  and    2    6 

CENTAURKA  CLEMKNTEI i    6 

COLLINSIA  VIOLACEA  10 

DELPHINIUM  NUDICAULE  26 

PRIMULA  JAPONICA,  in  six  beautiful  varieties         ..    each    s    6 

„  ,,  mixed  a    6 

East  Lothian  STOCKS,  per  collection  of  three  colours    . .        ..26 

VIOLA  CORNUTA,  Enchantress 2s.  6rf.  and    3    6 

VIOLA  CORNUTA.var.  Perfection is.  6rf.  and    2    6 

ZINNIA  HAAGEANA,florcpleno 10 

B,  S.  W.'s  Illustrated  CATALOGUE  is  now  ready,  post  free  on 
application.  _  

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES. 
Upper  HoUoway,  London,  N. 


•^^^t  ROb, 


CRASS  SEEDS 


^ 


CARTER'S 


COLLECTIONS 


VEGETABLE     SEEDS 


PRODUCE  THE 

Best  Vegetables 

ALL  THE  YEAR  ROUND. 


EVIDENCE  of  QUALITY. 

T/ieRev.  Canon  KiNGSLEY 
Eversley,  Sept.  2t,  1871. 
"  The  seeds  are  by  far  the  best 

I   ever  had ;    and   I    have    much 

pleasure  in  mentioning  this  to  all 

friends." 

W.    Baylis,    Esq.,     JV/n- 
slow,  Feb.  21,  1871. 

"You  have  sent  me  Collections 
of  Seeds  for  the  last  two  years, 
which  have  succeeded  admirably.'' 

H.  W.  PoRTEUS,  Esq., 
Farningham,  Au^.26, 1871. 
"  You  were  good  enough  to 
send  me  a  Collection  of  Vegetable 
Seeds  last  year,  which  turned  out 
remarkably  well ;  and  if  you  could 
send  mc  another,  you  may  do  so 
at  once." 

The  Rev.   H.  J.  Stokes, 
Griudon,  March  22,  1871. 

"  I  found  the  seeds  1  had  from 
you  so  good,  and  they  did  so  well 
in  this  high  latitude,  that  I  shall 
try  them  again." 


Other  Collections, 

12s.    6d.,   21s.,    30s., 

and  63s.  each, 

All       PACKING       and 

CARRIAGE  FREE. 


SEE 

CARTER'S 

ILLUSTRATED 

VADE  MECUM 

for  1872 

(Described  as  the  Queen  of 

Catalogxies), 

CONTAINING    UPWARDS  OF 

Two   Hundred 

Truthful   Illustrations 

or 

NATURE  and  ART. 

Post   Free,    One  Shilling. 
Gratis  to  Customers. 


Carter's  423.  Collection 

CONTAINS  — 
1  quart  Carter's  First  Crop  PEA 

1  quart  Dickson's  Favourite  do. 

2  quarts  Prizctaker  do. 

2  quarts  Champion  of  England  do. 

I  quart  Advancer  do. 

I  quart  Premier  do. 

I  quart  Bishop's  Long-pod  do. 

I  quart  Laxton's  Supreme  do. 

I  quart  Carter's  Victoria  do. 

I  quart  Veitch's  Perfection  do. 

1  quart  Strathmore  Hero  do. 

2  quarts  Broad  Windsor  BEANS 
1  quart  Monarch  do. 

1  quart  Green  Nonpareil  do. 

2  pints  Best  French  do.,  in  sorts 
I  pint  Scarlet  Runners  do. 

loz.  St.  Osyth  BEET 

I  oz.  Pine  Apple  do, 

large  packet  Cottagers'  KAIL 

,,  New,  Asparagus  do. 

,,  Dwarf  Scotch  do. 

„  ALBERT  SPROUTS 

„  BRUSSELS  SPROUTS.Best 

,,  Carter's    Champion    BROC- 
COLI 

„  Snow's  Winter  do. 

,,  Wilcove  do. 

,,  Adam's  Early  White  do. 

„  Knight's  Protecting  do. 

„  Purple  Cape  do. 

„  Carter's  Early  CABBAGE 

,,  Tom  Thumb  do. 

„  Enfield  Market  do. 

,,  Dwarf  Nonpareil  do. 

,,  Early  York  do. 

„  Sugar-loaf  do. 

I,  Savoy,  dwarf  curled  do 

I,        Drumhead  do. 

,,        Dwarf  Ulm  do. 

„  CAPSICUM 

1  oz.  French  CARROT,  forcing 
z  oz.  Early  Horn  do. 

3  oz.  Selected  Scarlet  do. 

2  oz.  James'  Intermediate  do. 
2  oz.  Long  Surrey  do. 

large  packet  Carter's  Dwarf  Mam- 
moth CAULIFLOWER 
„  Walcheren  do. 
,,  Incomparable    Dwarf   White 

CELERY 
„  Manchester  Red  do. 
„  CORN  SALAD 
J^pint  Plain  CRESS 

4  oz.  Curled  do. 

I  oz.  Australian  do. 
I  oz.  American  do. 
I  packet     Carter's     Champion 
CUCUMBER 

,,  Lynch 's  Star  of  the  West  do. 

,,  Newton  Hero  do. 
Ig.  pkt.  French  curied  ENDIVE 

„  Imperial  Batavian  do. 

„  Ayton  Castle  LEEK 

„  Carter's     Giant    White     Cos 
LETTUCE 

„  Carter's  Giant  Crown  do. 

,,  Drumhead  do. 

,,  Wheelers' Tom  Thumb  do. 
I  pint  MUSTARD 
1  pkt.  Carter's  Excelsior  MELON 

„  Turner's  Gem  do. 
I  oz.  Giant  Madeira  ONION 
4  oz.  Reading  Improved  do. 
20Z.  James' Keeping  do. 
I  oz.  Silver-skin  do. 

1  packet  ORACH  [LEY 
.)oz.  Dunneit's  Garnishing  PARS- 
20Z.  Student  PARSNIP 

2  oz.  Wood's  Frame  RADISH 
4  oz.  Short-top  do. 

20Z.  Scarlet  Turnip  do. 

2  oz.  White  Turnip  do. 

t  packet  RAMl'ION 

looz,  RAPE — For  salads 

!i  pint  Summer  SPINACH 

)2  pint  Winter  do. 

large  packet  SALSAFY 

large  packet  SCORZONERA 

2  oz.  Early  Six-week  TURNIP 

2  oz,  White  Duldi  do. 

2  oz.  Orange  Telly  do. 

2  oz.  Yellow  Alalia  do. 

I  pkt.  TOMATO  [CREAM 

I  packet  Moore's    ^'EC.ETABLE 

4  packets  POT  HERBS 

Carriage  Free. 


Before  laying  down  Meadow  Land  or  Lawns,  read 

Carter^s    Illustrated    Farmers'  Calendar, 

Containing  much  valuable  information,  i.e.. 

What  to  Sow,  How  to  Sow,  When  to  Sow. 

Post  Free,  6d.  ;  Gratis  to  Customers. 


JAMES    CARTER   and    CO., 

SEEDSMEN  TO  THE  QUEEN,  THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES, 

THE  EMI'EKOR  of  RUSSIA,  THE  EMTEROK  of  GERMANY 

THE  ROYAL  HORTICULTUUAL  SOCIETY,  &c., 

237  and  238,    HIGH   HOLBORN,    LONDON,    W.C. 


January  2?,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


107 


New  Lists.  .    . 

DOWNIE,  LAIRD,  and  LAING,  beg  to  mtimate 
that  their  NEW  LISTS  of  AGRICULTURAL,  GARDEN, 
,„d  FLOWER  seeds: FLORIST  FLOWERS  GREENHOUSE 
PLANTS,   GLADIOLI,  &c.,  are  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  free 

"". 7,''lrSer°ck  Strecl,  Edinburch  ;  and  Stans.ead  Park,  Forest  Hill, 
London,  S.E. 


New  Seed  Catalogue  for  1872, 

MESSRS.    JOHN    AND    CHARLES     LEE 
will  be  happy  to  forward,  post  free  on  application,  their  New 
Descriptive  PriceS  d-VTALOGUE  of  GENUINiS  SEEDS,  contamtnc 


Friends  and  Customers,  and 


VCSCTV. .        . 

evcrj'  Novelty  for  1872,  to  any  ot  thci 
others  who  have  not  already  received  it. 
Koyal  Vineyard  Nursery  and  Seed  LstabUshment,  Hammersmith,  VV 

New  Seeds.  „^„o 

/CHARLES  TURNER'S   CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS 

KJ  is  now  ready,  and  may  be  h.id  on  application. 

This  Catalogue  contains  selections  of  the  best  m  each  class,  and 
descriptions  oflhc  leadine  varieties  only.  „„^^    .     ,     ,■ 

C.  TURNER'S  CATALOGUE  of  HARDY  TREES,  including  a 
full  collection  of  Fruits,  Conlfera;,  Evergreen  and  Deciduous  Shrubs, 
and  Trees,  Roses,  &c,,  may  also  he  had. 

The  Royal  Nurseric s,_SJo u gh. 


Notice.— Seed  Catalogue. 
R.  WILLIAM    BULL   begs   to  intimate   that  his 

NEW  SEED  CATALOGUE  has  been  issued;  but  if,  by  over- 
sight, inadvertence  or  nondelivery,  any  of  his  Customers  have  not 
received  a  Copy,  Mr.  W.  B.  will  be  glad  to  be  informed  of  il,  and 
will  immediately  forward  one.  >     ^l   1 

Establishment  for  New  and  Rare   I'lants,   Kmg  s   Road,    Chelsea, 
London,  S.W. 


M 


MANCHESTER      BOTANICAL      and 
HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 
FLORAL  and    HORTICULTURAL    MEETINGS  will  be  held 
at  the  Town  Hall,  Kinc  Street,  Manchester,  during  the  year  1872,  on 
the  following  dates  : — 

TUESDAYS— Februar)'   20,    March    10,    April    g,    September    10, 

October  S,  and  November  ig. 

GRAND  NATIONAL  HORTICULTURAL  SHOW, 

MAY  17  tozj. 

ROSE  and  FRUIT  SHOW.— JULY  5  and  6. 

Schedules  will  shortly  be  issued  and  obtained  from  the  Undersigned. 

Botanic  Gardens.  Manchester.  BRUCE  FINDLAY. 


Notewortliy  Horticulturists  and  Botanists. 

NOTICE.— A  SERIES  of  PORTRAITS  of 
NOTEWORTHY  HORTICULTURISTS  and  BOTANISTS 
is  being  published  in  the  "GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  and 
AGRICLtLtURAL  GAZETTE."  The  following  have  already 
appeared,  and  separate' Copies  (price  M.  each),>nUmted  paper,  may 
be  had  on  application  to  the  rublisher,  -'-  ■ 


Dr.  Hooker,  C.B.,  F.R.S. 
W.  Wilson  Saundeks,  F.R  S. 
Rev.  M.  J.  Berkeley,  F.L.S. 
M.  Decaisne 
G.  F.Wilson,  F.R.S. 
Dr.  Moore,  of  Glasnevin 
Professor  Keichenb.^ch. 
Published  by    WILLIAM    RICHARDS,    ^i,  Wellington    Street, 
Covent  Garden,  W.C, 


Rev.  S.  R.  Hole,  M.A. 
E.  J.  Lowe,  F.R.S. 
James  McNab. 
Robert  Hogg,  LL.D. 
James  Bateman,  F.R.S. 
Berthold  Seemann,  Ph.D. 
Archibald  F.  Barron. 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  it,  1872. 

MEETING  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
Thursday,  Feb.   i— Linnean 8  P.M. 


MR.  FISH,  in  commenting  on  some  expres- 
sions made  use  of  in  one  of  the  articles 
on  Botany  for  Beginners,  published  in  our 
columns  last  year  (see  p.  1483),  accepts  the 
explanation  there  given,  as  to  alternations  of 
GRO^VTH  and  Arrest  of  Growth,  and  proceeds 
to  apply  it  to  the  tendency  which  Cauliflowers 
and  Broccoli  so  provokingly  manifested  last 
season,  to  form  flowers — "  to  bolt,"  as  it  is 
termed  in  gardening  phrase.  Now  one  object 
of  the  writer  of  the  articles  in  question  was 
to  put  before  practical  gardeners  an  account  of 
the  principles  of  plant  growth,  so  far  as  that  is 
manifested  in  outward  form,  in  order  that  they 
might  apply  those  principles  in  their  everyday 
work.  The  principles  laid  down  were  based 
on  facts,  derived,  in  the  first  instance,  from  a  study 
of  plants  in  a  state  of  Nature,  but  if  they  are 
correct  they  should  apply,  mutatis  mutandis,  to 
cultivated  plants  equally  well.  The  difficulty  in 
applying  them  consists  mainly  in  this,  that  the 
conditions  under  which  they  act  are  so  many  and 
often  so  conflicting,  that  it  becomes  next  to  im- 
possible to  determine  precisely  to  what  cause  a 
particular  effect  is  due. 

In  fact,  growth  and  development  are  the 
results  of  a  series  of  compromises,  and  this  is 
one  reason  why  the  principles  of  physiology,  of 
medicine,  of  agriculture,  or  of  horticulture,  are 
less  advanced  than  in  the  case  of  mathematical, 
or  even  of  chemical  science.  This,  too,  affords 
an  explanation  of  the  empirical,  irrational,  but 
for  all  that  often  highly  successful  manner  in 
which  practitioners  in  the  above-named  arts 
carry  on  their  operations.  In  mechanics,  even, 
where  mixed  agencies  often  concur  in  bringing 
about  certain  results,  it  is  a  comparatively  easy 
matter  to  disentangle  the  problem,  to  ascertain 
precisely  what  is  the  effect  of  a  particular  cause, 
to  what  extent  it  is  influenced  by  modifying  cir- 
cumstances, and  to  apply  the  necessary  correc- 
tion—all this  is  very  much  matter  of  calculation, 
rather  than  of  judgment. 

How  different  in  gardening.  Take  the  case 
before  us  ;  assuming  the  growth  to  be  arrested, 
Mr.  Fish  pertinently  asks,  what  arrests  it  ?  and 


he  proceeds  to  answer  the  question  by  referring 
it  to  changes  in  climatal  condition.  In  this  no 
doubt  he  is  right  ;  but  such  changes  will  not 
account  for  all  the  phenomena  of  arrest  or 
renewal  of  growth.  In  the  case  of  the  Cauli- 
flower we  have  a  sort  of  antagonism  between  the 
feeding  organs,  the  store-rooms  of  the  plant 
(leaves,  &c.),  and  the  organs  of  fructification.  To 
some  extent,  also,  we  have  an  antagonism 
between  the  succulent  cellular  tissues  of  the 
plant  and  the  fibrous  woody  material. 

Now  we  know  by  observation  what  circum- 
stances will  favour  leaf-growth,  what  that  of 
flowers,  what  conditions  tend  to  exalt  the  cellular 
growth,  what  to  promote  that  of  the  woody 
tissues.  "  Why,  here,"  some  may  say,  "  is  all  that 
we  want  to  know."  Unfortunately,  it  is  not  so. 
We  only  know  part,  not  the  whole.  We  know 
how  leaf-growth  and  that  of  cellular  tissue  is 
favoured  by  the  coincidence  of  heat  and  moisture, 
and  by  the  application  of  rich  manures.  We 
know,  too,  that  drought  and  heat  and  a  brisk 
wind  favour  the  production  of  woody  tissue,  and 
accelerate  the  production  of  flowers.  But  will 
this  hold  good  in  all  cases  ?  Certainly  not.  That 
fat,  fleshy  Houseleek  on  the  cottage  roof,  that 
succulent  Cactus  growing  irom  the  crevices  of 
rocks  so  hot  that  the  hand  can  scarce  touch 
them  without  pain,  have  heat  enough  in  all  con- 
science, but  wonderfully  little  moisture  ;  and  yet 
their  cellular  tissue  is  inordinately  developed, 
and  the  quantity  of  water  they  contain  is  very 
considerable.  The  thick  rind  prevents  the  evapo- 
ration that  goes  on  so  freely  from  the  surface  of 
other  leaves,  and  enables  the  plant  to  retain  and 
store  up  the  moisture  that  it  gets  at  intervals. 
The  thick  rind  is  here  the  modifying  circum- 
stance. Again,  the  time  at  which  a  particular 
climatal  or  manurial  change  occurs,  is  of  the 
first  consequence.  The  same  circumstances 
which  at  an  early  stage  of  plant  life  promote  the 
growth  of  leaves,  will  at  a  later  period  promote 
that  of  flowers.  We  see  examples  of  this  every 
day  in  our  practice  ;  the  manure  that  gives 
vigour  to  our  Rose  trees,  and  size  and  colour  to 
their  leaves,  will  by-and-by  give  size,  substance, 
colour,  to  the  flowers. 

It  comes  to  this,  then,  that  over  and  above  the 
external  conditions  there  is  the  innate  organi- 
sation of  the  plant  itself  handed  down  from 
generation  to  generation,  and  which  is,  so  far  as 
we  see,  only  partially  affected,  that  is  to  say,  in 
degree  rather  than  in  kind,  by  any  outward  influ- 
ence, natural  or  artificial.  The  natural  tendency  of 
the  Cauliflower  is  to  "  bolt  ; "  the  desire  of  the 
gardener  is  to  prevent  its  doing  so.  By  care- 
fully repeated  selection  he  has  got  the  plant  to 
produce  those  toothsome  heads  so  much 
esteemed  on  the  dinner-table  ;  by  careful  culti- 
vation and  incessant  watchfulness  he  forces  the 
plants  to  do  his  bidding.  But  every  now  and 
again  some  climatal  change  or  some  ill-under- 
stood agency  is  exerted,  and  away  goes  the 
Cauliflower  back  to  its  normal  and  ancestral 
form.  All  this  is  very  interesting  to  the  physio- 
logist, but  it  is  very  annoying  to  the  gardener. 
His  only  certain  way  of  preventing  the  recurrence 
of  such  vexations  is  carefully  to  study  the  laws 
of  growth,  and  the  conditions  influencing  them, 
and  to  apply  the  knowledge  so  gained  at  the 
right  time,  and  in  the  right  way.  Some  varieties, 
such  as  the  Walcheren,  are  less  disposed  to 
"  button  ■'  than  others.  These,  then,  should  be 
grown  by  preference,  and  in  any  case  when  the 
heart  is  forming  care  should  be  taken,  as  far  as 
possible,  to  keep  the  conditions  of  life  as  equable 
as  possible,  by  affording  moderate  temperature, 
moderate  watering,  moderate  manuring.  So 
treated  the  plant  will  grow,  its  cellular  tissue  in- 
crease and  multiply  :  disturb  the  balance,  so  as  to 
modify  its  even  course  of  growth,  and  it  will  "bolt." 


■  A  MEETING  was  held  at  Birmingham  last  week 

in  connection  with  the  Country  Show  of  the  Royal 
Horticultural  Society,  to  be  held  in  that  town  on 
June  25,  26,  27,  28,  and  29  next,  the  result  of  which  it 
seems  desirable  that  we  should  briefly  chronicle.  The 
meeting  was  a  public  one,  convened  by  advertisement, 
and  was  presided  over  by  the  ex-Mayor  of  Birmingham, 
who  was  one  of  the  gentlemen  who  signed  the  invita- 
tion to  the  Society,  and  which  was  forwarded  during  his 
mayoralty.  There  was  a  large  attendance,  and  practical 
horticulture  was  well  represented,  though  it  took  no 
very  active  part  in  the  proceedings  so  far  as  we  can 
learn.  The  business  of  the  meeting  was  mainly 
transacted  by  Birmingham  business  men.  The 
first  resolution  expressed  the  satisfaction  that  was 
felt  at  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  having 
decided  to  honour  Birmingham  with  a  visit,  and 
stated  that  the  meeting  pledged  itself  to  co-opciate 
in    all    the    arrangements    which    may   be   necessary 


to  promote  the  success  of  the  visit.  The  next 
business  was  the  appointment  of  a  committee  consisting 
entirely  of  noblemen  and  gentlemen  (some  120  in 
number),  who  had  expressed  their  willingness  to  act 
upon  it.  This  long  list  included  the  names  of  the 
Most  Hon.  the  Marquis  of  Hertford,  the  Right  Hon. 
the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury  and  Talbot,  the  Right  Hon. 
the  Earl  of  Lichfield,  the  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop 
of  Worcester,  the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Leigh,  Lord- 
Lieutenant  of  Warwickshire  ;  the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord 
Wrottesley,  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Staffordshire ;  the 
Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Lyttelton,  Lord-Lieutenant 
of  Worcestershire ;  the  Riglit  Hon.  the  Lord 
Willoughby  de  Broke,  the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord 
Dormer,  the  Right  Hon.  .Sir  John  Pakington,  Bart., 
G.C.B.,  M.P.,  Sir  G.  Cornwall,  Bart.,  Rev.  Sir 
L.  T.  Stamer,  Bart.,  Sir  T.  E.  Winnington, 
Bart.  ;  II  M. P.'s,  25  Justices,  scientific  men,  clergy- 
men, representatives  of  the  Town  Councils  of  Bir- 
mingham, Dudley,  Kidderminster,  Wolverhampton, 
and  Lichfield,  and  a  large  number  of  other  gentlemen 
of  influence  (some  being  well  known  amateurs)  in  the 
counties  of  Warwick,  Stafford,  Worcester,  and  else- 
where. The  Earl  of  Bradford  (who  has  a  seat  at 
Castle  Bromwich,  near  Birmingham)  was  invited  to, 
and  has  since  accepted  the  office  of  President  of  the 
local  committee,  and  the  Mayor  of  Birmingham  that  of 
Vice-President ;  Mr.  Councillor  Lowe  was  elected 
Hon.  Treasurer,  Mr.  E.  W.  Badger,  Hon.  Sec,  and 
Mr.  A.  Forrest  paid  secretary.  Then  followed  an 
important  resolution  on  the  subject  of  the  special  prize 
fund,  to  which  sums  amounting  to  over  ^{^130  were 
immediately  afterwards  subscribed.  With  such  a  start, 
we  think  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  needful 
amount  (^^700  to  ;ifSoo)  being  speedily  raised.  Mr. 
T.  B.  Wright  then  introduced  a  resolution,  which 
we  print  at  length  : — 

That  this  meeting  desires  that  the  local  committee 
should  encourage,  as  far  as  possible,  the  exhibition  of 
horticultural  implements  and  appliances,  garden  orna- 
ments, and  articles  generally  which  are  applicable  for  use 
in  the  several  branches  of  rural  economy  ;  and  expresses  a 
confident  hope  that  this  important  department  of  the 
exhibition  will  be  on  an  extensive  scale,  and  worthy  of  a 
district  in  which  the  branches  of  manufacture  more  par- 
ticularly referred  to  have  long  been  successfully  carried  on. 

We  need  scarcely  say  that  it  is  a  source  of  much 
gratification  that  we  have  thus  foreshadowed  a  really 
great  exhibition  of  garden  implements  and  appliances 
in  connection  with  the  June  show.  Other  resolutions 
followed,  all  tending  to  the  success  of  the  forthcoming 
event.  It  will  be  seen  from  what  we  have  stated  that 
the  work  of  preparation  has  been  well  and  vigorously 
begun.  We  trust  and  believe  it  will  be  carried  on  to 
a  successful  issue. 

It  is  always  gratifying  to  us  to  see  our  articles 

copied  into  other  papers  w^hen,  as  is  usually  the  case, 
the  common  courtesy  of  acknowledgment  is  paid  ;  but 
when  they  are  systematically  extracted  without  acknow- 
ledgment, we  think  we  have  a  right  to  complain.  We 
complain  now  of  the  Royal  Cornwall  Gazelle,  which,  in 
spite  of  our  private  remonstrance,  continues  to  reprint 
our  articles  without  saying  a  word  as  to  whence  they 
were  taken.     This  is,  to  say  the  least,  not  courteous. 

Respecting    the    Hardiness    of    Primula 

JAPONICA,  Mr.  Fortune  writes  :— 

"  Ha\ing  had  the  honour  of  introducing  this  charming 
plant  from  Japan  to  Europe,  I  ought,  perhaps,  to  give 
any  information  I  have,  as  to  its  habit  and  hardiness,  for 
the  information  of  those  correspondents  of  the  Gar- 
deners' Chronicle  who  li.ive  been  writing  upon  the  subject. 
I  had  several  plants  of  it  out  all  last  winter,  and  quite  un- 
protected, in  a  I^ondin  garden,  under  very  unfavour.able 
conditions.  They  passed  the  winter — a  severe  one — 
without  being  injured  in  the  least  degree,  and  flowered 
beautifully  last  summer.  Several  plants  also  stood  with- 
out any  protection  in  my  son's  garden  at  Elphinstone 
Tower,  East  Lothian,  with  a  like  result.  It  is  the  habit 
of  the  plant  to  lose  its  outer  leaves  in  winter,  and  retain 
a  few  short  ones  only,  which  are  barely  visible  above 
ground.  In  fact,  it  goes  to  rest  in  this  way,  and  as  your 
correspondent,  '  H.  M.,  Enys,'  well  says,  'will  flower 
all  the  better  for  it.'  I  have  no  doubt  of  its  being  quite  as 
hardy  as  the  common  Primroses  and  Cowslips  of  our 
woods  and  hedges." 

. We  are  informed  that  the  Rev.  S.  Reynolds 

Hole  has  kindly  consented  to  preside  at  the  Anni- 
versary Dinner  in  aid  of  the  funds  of  the  Garde- 
ners' Royal  Benevolent  Institution,  to  be  held 
in  the  ensuing  summer. 

At  a  meeting   of  merchants  and  others,  held 

recently  at  the  Mansion  House,  several  resolutions 
were  passed  in  favour  of  the  metric  decimal  system  of 
Weights  and  Measures.  All  the  speakers,  in- 
cluding Sir  John  Luhbock  and  Professor  Leone 
Levi,  were  unanimous  in  advocating  a  uniform  system 
of  weights  and  measures,  not  only  in  this  cotmtry,  hut 
throughout  the  civilised  word,  and  most  of  them 
advocated  the  introduction  of  the  metric  system.  It 
was  ultimately  determined  to  petition  the  President  of 
the  Board  of  Trade  to  introduce  in  the  forthcoming 
session  of  Parliament  a  measure  to  amend  the  general 
law  in  relation  to  weights  and  measures,  and  to  secure 
the  compulsory  adoption  of  the  metric  system. 

By  the  permission  of  H.R.H.    the  Duke   of 

Edinburgh,  the  collection  which  has  been  formed  by 


io8 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  27,   1872. 


his  Royal  Highness  during  his  cruises  in  different  parts  I  covered  with  turf  or  denuded.  The  authors  found  that  led  to  the  preservation  and  extension  of  many  useful 
of  the  world,  has  been  sent  to  the  South  Kensington  ,  the  temperature  under  the  turfed  soil  within  two  or  trees,  but  we  are  sorry  to  find  that  more  attention  is 
Museum  to  be  exhibited  there  for  the  next  two  or  three  I  three  centimetres  of  the  surface  was  always  above  not  paid  by  the  authorities  to  other  useful  plants, 
months. 'The  objects  and  drawings  have  been  arranged  ,  freezing  point,  and  as  constantly  below  that  point  where  Thus  we  learn  that,  in  some  parts  of  the  Madras 
in  the  north  court  of  the  Museum,  where  they  fill  many  I  the  turf  had  been  pared  off—a  result  that  might  have  been    Presidency,  where  the  Cardamom  grows  spontaneously 

in  many  hill  tracts,  and  where, 
with  good  management  and 
cultivation,  it  might  be  made  to 
yield  a  handsome  return,  it  is 
turned  to  little  or  no  account. 
In  South  Canara  some  Carda- 
mom tracts  have  been  sold  on 
a  lease  of  several  years  for  a 
very  small  sum  ;  and  in  por- 
tions of  the  Anamallays,  Ma- 
dura, Tinnivelly,  &c.,  the 
Government  tracts  are  poached 
on  by  collectors  under  the 
Cochin  and  Travancore  Govern- 
ments. In  a  great  portion  of 
these  forests,  however,  the  Car- 
damoms are  left  uncared  for,  so 
that  they  simply  rot  upon  the 
plants. 

— —  Referring  to  the  note  in 
our  columns  at  p.  1360,  1871, 
as  to  the  distinctness  of  Picea 
grandis,  P.  lasiocarpa,  and  P. 
Parsonsiana,  Mr.  Meehan  ob- 
serves, in  the  last  number  of  the 
Ga7-dcner's  Monthly^  that  there 
has  never  been  a  doubt  in 
America  as  to  Picea  Parsonsiana 
being  at  least  a  very  well 
marked  variety. 

From  the  report  of  the 

meeting  of  the  Metropolitan 
Board  of  Works  on  the  13th 
inst. ,  it  appears  that  Mr. 
M'Kenzie  has  been  authorised 
to  take  the  necessary  steps  for 
replacing  with  Occidental  Planes 
—  acerifolia,  we  presume,  is 
meant  —  eight  Oriental  Planes 
on  the  Victoria  Embankment, 
which  it  is  found — so  says  the 
report — "  do  not  flourish  by  the 
river  side."  Is  it  really  so,  or 
is  the  failure  of  these  plants 
merely  accidental  ?  or  is  it  a 
bad  variety  which  has  crept  in  ? 
We  can  at  least  state,  on  the 
other  side,  that  in  the  Chelsea 
Botanic  Garden,  within  a  few 
feet  of  the  river's  edge,  stands 
one  of  the  finest  Plane  trees  in 
London,  and  this  is  of  the  true 
Oriental  type. 


glass  cases  and  cover  many 
screens.  Mr.  Oswald  Brierly 
and  M.  Chevalier  are  the 
artists  who  produced  the  draw- 
ings and  sketches  of  the  various 
places  visited,  and  of  the  inci- 
dent* which  occurred  during  the 
cruises.  Both  these  gentlemen 
accompanied  his  Royal  High- 
ness in  his  travels. 

A  Mr.   Raoux  assures 

the  editor  of  the  American 
Ga7'dene7-s'  Monthly  that  *'  it  is 
becoming  the  practice  with  some 
swindling  concerns  in  Europe 
to  Dye  Apple  Seed  the  colour 
of  Ptar,  and  then  sell  it.  This 
seai<:in  especially  the  tempta- 
tion is  great,  on  account  of  the 
scarcily  of  Pear  seed.  It  is 
fortunate,  perhaps,  that  it  is  not 
wor^e  than  this,  with  Pear  seed 
at  4  dols,  per  lb." 

■ The   Parisian   scientific 

journals  continue  to  record  in 
an  official  matter-of-fact-way 
matters  of  detail  that  transpired 
during  the  Siege  and  Revo- 
lution in  Paris,  and  which 
serve  to  recall  vividly  the  hor- 
rors experienced  in  that  city 
only  a  few  months  since.  Thus 
at  the  Botanical  Society  of 
France  during  April,  we  find 
on  the  14th,  four  members 
were  present  ;  on  the  2Sth, 
three  ;  on  the  12th  of  May,  four, 
and  on  the  26th  of  the  same 
month — in  a  week  in  which  "the 
capital  of  the  so-called  civilised 
world  was  inundated  with  blood 
and  bestrewn  wilh  nuns,  in  a 
moment  when  after  furious  fight- 
ing the  eastern  part  of  the  city 
on  both  banks  of  the  Seine  re- 
mained in  the  power  of  the  Com- 
mune, when  the  flames  were 
destroying  the  most  important 
public  buildings  of  Paris,  when 
trafiic  in  the  streets,  especially 
at  night,  was  impeded,  or  in 
certain  quarters  forbidden,  it 
was  more  than  ever  impossible 
to  hold  a  peaceable  scientific 
meeting  " — we  are  told,  even 
in  (he  midst  of  such  dire 
cata^tiophes,  that  the  sense  of 
duty  on  the  part  of  the  Secre- 
tary was  such  that  he  was  at  his 
post  at  the  usual  hour  of  meet- 
ing, to  find  himself,  as  might 
have  been  expected,  the  only 
member  of  the  Society  present. 
A  few  days  after,  the  courageous 
and  zealous  Secretary  (M.  de 
Schonefeld)  had  the  satisfac- 
tion of  ascertaining  that  the  library  and  other  property 
of  the  Society  was  unhurt. 


Fig.  55. — CRGONiA.  tearcei. 

■ MM.  Becquerel  have,  Z3.ys  Nature^  recently 

contributed  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Paris  a 
memoir  on  the  iNFLUENCEof  Snow  on  the  Tempera- 
ture of  the  Soil  at  various  depths,  according  as  it  is 


Fig.  54.— mazel's  hybrid  begonia. 


anticipated,  and  the  practical  deductions  from  which  are 
obvious.  In  that  favoured  comer  of  France,  Finisterre,  at 
Penendreff,  there  are,  according  to  M.  Blanciiard, 
the  head  gardener  of  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Brest,  six 
trees  of  Araucaria  imbricata  which  were  planted  in 
1823.  The  largest  is  now  more  than  60  feet  high 
(20  metres),  and  its  trunk  at  3  feet  from  the  ground  has 
a  girth  of  2  metres  10.  The  tree  is  well  furnished. 
Only  one  of  the  six  trees  has  produced  cones, 
and  this  has  a  different  habit  from  the  rest,  being 
round-headed,  while  the  others  are  pyramidal. 
Apropos  of  this  matter,  M.  Brongniart  remarked 
at  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Central  Plorticultural 
Society  of  France  that  the  Australian  and  New  Cale- 
donian Araucarias  were  mono3cious  (bearing  male  and 
female  flowers  on  the  same  tree)  while  those  from 
South  America  were  dicecious  (bearing  male  flowers  on 
one  tree,  and  cones  on  Another)  :  hence  it  had  been 
proposed  by  some  botanists  to  make  two  genera,  to 
keep  the  designation  Araucaria  for  the  American  or 
dicecious  trees,  and  to  call  the  Australian  monoe- 
cious trees  by  the  name  of  Eutassa.  In  further 
support  of  this  division,  it  is  stated  that  the 
seedlings  of  the  American  Araucarias  germinate 
with  two  seed-leaves,  which  remain  below  ground, 
while  the  Eutassias  or  Australian  Araucarias,  have  four 
cotyledons  [or  rather  two,  each  divided  into  two] 
thrust  up  above  the  surface  of  the  ground.  This  one- 
sexedness  in  the  case  of  A.  imbricata,  if  a  general  rule, 
does  not  always  hold  good,  in  witness  of  which  we 
refer  to  the  specimen  sent  from  Bicton  by  Mr.  Beguie, 
and  which  bore  both  male  calkins  and  female  cones. 

The  thorough  organisation  of  the  forest  depart- 
ment in  India,  says  the  Pharmacmtual  Joiii'jiGl^  has 


In  the  1 2th  number  of 

Fors    Clavigera,    Mr.    RUSKIN 
tells   his  working-class   readers 
that    he   has    made    them    the 
Christmas    gift   he    promised — ■ 
/7000  Consols  in  all  clear — "  a 
fair  tithe,"  he  says,  **  of  what  I 
had,  and  to  as  much  perpetuity 
as  the  law  will  allow  me."     He 
adds  : — "  It  will  not  allow  the 
dead  to  have  their  own  way  long, 
whatever  licence  it   grants   the 
living  in   their  humours,    and  this  seems  to   me   un- 
kind to  those  helpless  ones.     Very  certainly  it  is  in- 
expedient for  the  survivors,  for  the   wisest  men  are 
wise  to  the  full  in  death ;  and  if  you  would  give  them, 


Fig, 


CEGONIA   BOLIVIENSIS. 


instead  of  stately  tombs,  only  so  much  honour  as  to  do 
their  will  when  they  themselves  can  no  more  contend 
for  it,  you  will  find  it  good  memorial  of  them,  such  as 
the  best  of  them  would  desire,  and  full  of  blessing  to 
all  men  for  all  time."     English  law,  he  thinks,  needs 


January  27,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


to9 


mending  in  many  respects  ;  in  none  more  tlian  this. 
As  it  stands,  he  can  only  vest  his  gifts  in  trustees, 
desiring  them,  in  the  cose  of  his  df^ath,  immediately  to 
appoint  their  own  successors,  and  in  sucli  continued 
succession  td  apply  the  proceeds  of  the  St.  Cieorye's 
fund  to  the  purchase  ofland  in  England  and  Scotland, 
which  shall  be  cultivated  to  the  utmost  attainable  fruit- 
fulness  and  beauty,  by  the  labour  of  man  and  beast 
thereon,  such  men  and  beasts  receiving  at  the  same 
time  the  best  education  attainable  by  the  trustees  for 
labouring  creatures,  according  to  the  terms  stated  in 
his  book. 

■  Referring:  to  the  Neolect  of  FruiT-Growing 

in  Encland,  the  Food  youruai  says,  it  may  be 
remarked  that  pomology,  properly  so  called,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  other  branches  of  horticulture,  has  not 
yet  received  anything  like  the  attention  which  it 
deserves  in  this  country.  We  have  been  well  enough 
contented  to  go  on  in  the  old  grooves,  or  too  often  in 
what  may  be  better  called  the  old  muddy  ruts.  Many 
fruits  might,  under  conditions  of  scientific  treatment, 
be  grown  successfully,  and  after  the  first  investments  of 
time  and  money,  what  are  now  regarded  as  the  expen- 
sive luxuries  of  the  few  fortunate  persons  who  can  com- 
mand a  supply  of  them,  might  become  a  large  popular 
supply.  How  many  sunny  walls  are  there  in  Corn- 
wall, as  well  as  in  other  parts,  on  which  year  by  year 
might  be  grown  splendid  crops  of  luscious  wholesome 
fruit;  what  Pears  and  Plums — to  say  nothing  of  pos- 
sible Grapes,  Peaches,  and  Apricots  !  The  fact  that 
high  wind-storms  often  blow  and  scatter  the  promise 
of  harvest  abundnnce  given  by  our  large  standard  fruit 
trees  planted  in  the  open  groimd  is  no  solid  objection. 

Concerning    the   WeatMER    Mr.    Glaisher 

writes  : — In  the  vicinity  of  London  at  the  beginning 
of  the  week  ending  January  20,  the  reading  of  the 
barometer  at  sea  level  was  abont  29.7  inches.  A 
slight  increase  occurred  till  the  evening  of  the  14th, 
the  maximum  at  that  time  being  about  30.  i  inches. 
A  steady  decreai^e  then  set  in  and  lasted  till  the 
morning  of  the  iSth,  the  lowest  value  recorded  being 
about  29.1  inches;  this  was  followed  by  increased 
readings  till  the  end  of  the  week.  The  tnean  daily 
values  for  the  last  four  days  were  below  the  average 
to  the  amounts  of  5,  7,  5,  and  3-ioths  of  an  inch 
respectively.  The  great  depression  on  the  17th  and 
1 8th  was  accompanied  by  a  very  heavy  S.W.  gale 
and  fref|uent  rain.  Numerous  pressures  of  30  Jb.  find 
upwards  on  the  square  foot  were  registered  on  these 
days,  and  the  horizontal  movement  of  the  air  was  lit 
excess  of  500  miles  on  both  occasioiis.  With  the 
increasing  barometric  readings  or!  the  19th  the  wind 
changed  to  N.  E.,  and  throughout  the  20th  the  pre- 
vailing direction  was  N.N.E.  Rain  fell  on  the  last 
four  days  of  the  week  to  the  amount  of  half  an  inch  ; 
the  greatest  fall  on  any  one  day  occurred  on  the  17th, 
the  amount  collected  being  three-tenths  of  an  inch. 
The  highest  temperatures  by  day  ranged  between  48* 
on  the  18th,  and  41 3°  on  the  l5th  aiid  20lh.  The 
lowest  temperatures  by  night  varied  from  38^°  on  the 
iSth,  to  28^-'^  on  the  15th.  The  daily  ranges  of  tem- 
perature were  generally  small,  the  greatest  being  157,". 
On  the  I4lh  the  mean  daily  temperatures  were  in  defect 
of  the  average  on  the  15th  and  i6th,  but  in  excess  on 
the  remaining  days.  The  departures  were  as  follows  : — ■ 
14th,  3°.6  ;  15th,  i*,3  ;  i6th,  1°.  i;  17th, +  5^.5; 
18th, +  5°. 9;  19th, +3°;  and  20th, +2°.  The  dif- 
ference of  dew-point  temperatures  from  air  tempera- 
tures were  generally  small,  the  greatest  were  regis- 
tered on  the  iSth,  and  the  least  on  the  i6th,  the  air 
and  dew-point  temperatures  being  the  same  at  g  A.M. 
on  that  day.  On  the  14th,  r5th,  iSth,  and  19th,  the 
amount  of  cloud  was  generally  small,  but  on  other 
days  the  sky  was  nearly  covered.  In  England  the 
extreme  high  temperatures  ranged  between  55'  at 
Leeds,  and  46°  at  Hull,  the  general  average  over  the 
country  being  about  51*^.  The  extreme  low  tem- 
peratures varied  from  33°  at  Bradford  to  24*  at 
Manchester,  the  general  average  was  28^".  The  average 
range  of  temperature  in  the  week  was  about  22^.  The 
mean  for  the  week  of  the  highest  temperatures  observed 
every  day  was  45"  ;  the  highest  being,  at  Bradford  48°, 
and  the  lowest  42",  at  Hull.  The  average  daily  range 
of  temperature  was  105°.  The  mean  temperature  for 
the  week  was  about  39^°,  varying  between  42°  at  Brad- 
ford and  374*  ^'^  Manchester.  Rain  fell  on  six  days  in 
the  week  at  Birmingham,  on  five  at  Portsmouth,  and 
on  four  days  at  other  places  generally  ;  at  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  however,  it  is  only  recorded  as  having  fallen 
on  one  day.  The  fall  of  rain  exceeded  an  inch  at 
Portsmouth,  and  was  greater  than  seven-tenths  at  Bir- 
mingham, Norwich,  Manchester,  and  Eccles.  At 
Newcastle-on-Tyne  only  two-hundredths  of  an  inch 
fell.  The  average  fall  for  the  whole  country  was  a 
little  in  excess  of  half  an  inch. 

In  Scotland,  the  extreme  high  temperatures  varied 
between  52"  at  Glasgow,  and  471"  at  Aberdeen,  with 
a  general  average  of  about  50°.  The  extreme  low 
temperatures  varied  between  35^''  at  Greenock  and 
Perth,  and  30°  at  Paisley,  the  general  average  was 
i3*.  The  mean  temperature  for  the  week  was  41°, 
ranging  from  42^°  at  Perth  to  39^°  at  Aberdeen. 
Heavy  falls  of  rain  occurred  ;  at  Paisley  3v  inches 
vvas  measured,  and  at  Greenock  and  Glasgo^\-  3  inches 
and  I i  inch  respectively  fell.  The  average  fall  over 
the  country  was  I  ^  inch. 


New  Garden   Plants. 

Dendrohium  (Pedilonum)  amf.thystoglossum, 

H.   Sp. 
Cairle    ctongato    fusiiformi-cylindrato    prupe    Detidrobii    taiirini  ; 

foliis  ;    laccmis  latcralibus  dcnsifloris  ;    Horibus  ebunieis  ; 

sep.-iIo  dorsali  imparl  iriangulo,  tepah's  oblongis  acutls,  sepalts 
lateralibus  subsequ.itibus,  sed  m  mentiim  dorso  gibbiim  scmi- 
cytindratiim  cxtensis ;  labetlo  linear!  oblongn  obspatulato 
aciito,  lateribiis  obtusatis  involuto,  callo  triangulo  retrurso 
altiiiscida  carno^o  ante  basin,  coluinnae  auriculis  late  triangulis 
bidcntatis,  scu  iinidentatis. 

A  very  interesting  species,  bearing  flowers  nearly  as 
large  as  those  of  D.  sanguinolentum,  on  a  close,  long 
spike,  compared  by  Messrs.  Veitch  with  that  of 
D.  cumalatum.  The  dowers  are  white,  very  shining, 
almost  as  if  cut  out  of  ivory.  The  lip  is  of  a  most 
beautiful  amethyst  colour  at  its  apex,  and  has  two 
similar  coloured  lines  running  over  ils  disc  to  the 
triangular  very  curious  sessile  callosity  of  the  ante- 
basilar  region,  corresponding  to  the  triangular,  supine, 
depressed  horn  found  in  various  Dendrobia.  This 
beauty  was  introduced  from  the  Philippine  Islands  by 
Messrs.  Veitch  &  Sons.  It  may  perhaps  have  to  do 
with  the  totally  different  D.  taurinum,  whose  external 
habit  it  has.  //.  G.  RcJib.  fil. 


HYBRID  BEGONIAS. 

THK  illustration  which  we  give  opposite  (fig.  54) 
has  been  furnished  to  us  by  the  eminent  French 
geologist,  Count  Saporta,  through  the  intervention  of 
Dr.  Hooker.  It- represents  a  hybrid  obtained  by  M. 
M a zel,  nurseryman  of  Monsauve,  near  Anduze,  France, 
from  Begonia  Pearcei  (ng.  55),  fertilised  by  the  pollen 
of^.  boliviensis  {fig.  56),  and  presents  some  of  the 
chfiracteristics  of  both  species,  with  some  features 
proper  to  itself.  We  are  glad  to  have  the  oppor- 
tunity of  figuring  both  parents  as  well  as  the 
offspring,  our  illustrations  of  the  parents  being 
taken  irom  the  catalogue  of  Messrs.  Hooper,  of 
Covent  Garden,  who  placed  them  at  our  disposal 
for  the  purpose.  The  hybrid  plant  is  hardy  in  the 
South  of  France,  and  might  also  be  used  for 
borders  or  summer  bedding  in  this  country.  The 
plant  is  branched  from  the  base,  the  branches  being 
of  a  deep  green  tinted  with  rose.  The  leaves  are 
obliquely  cordate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  and 
irregularly  toothed,  narrower  than  those  of  B.  Pearcei, 
and  resembling  those  of  B.  boliviensis.  They  are  of  a 
deep  green  colour,  with  "  marbled ''  spots  on  the 
upper  surface  like  those  of  B.  Pearcei,  while  on  the 
under  surface  they  are  of  a  silvery  green  flushed  with 
red.  The  plant  is  a  more  free  flowerer  than  either  of 
its  parents.  The  flowers  vary  a  little  in  tint  in 
different  specimens,  but  are  usually  of  a  vermilion 
colour  tinted  with  carmine  and  with  a  dash  of  yellow. 
The  flowers  are  in  cymes.  The  male  flower  is  usually 
central  or  terminal,  flanked  on  either  side  by  a  female 
flower.  The  two  outer  segments  of  the  male  flower  are 
broadly  oblong  acuminate,  the  two  inner  ones  narrower. 
The  segments  of  the  female  flower  are  of  a  similar  form. 
In  both  sexes  the  segments  are  less  widely  spreading 
than  those  of  B.  Pearcei,  but  much  more  so  than  those 
of  B.  boliviensis.  The  perianth  segments  are  more 
sharply  pointed  than  those  of  the  seed  parent,  and 
wider  than  those  of  the  pollen  parent.  On  the  whole, 
the  characteristics  of  B.  Pearcei  show  themselves  in 
the  organs  of  vegetation  ;  while  those  of  B.  boliviensis 
are  more  apparent  in  the  flower. 

The  stamens  are  well  formed,  and  the  pollen  is  also 
normal,  as  also  the  ovary  and  the  ovules.  The  capsule 
is  three-winged,  one  of  the  wings  exceeding  the  others 
in  size,  and  lightly  tinted  with  rose. 

It  is  worthy  of  special  note  that  occasionally  herma- 
phrodite flowers  are  formed  in  this  hybrid,  the  stamens 
being  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  segments  of  the 
perianth,  above  the  ovary  (epigynous).  The  pollen, 
however,  in  these  pseudo-hermaphrodite  flowers  was  not 
perfect.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  hermaphroditism 
of  this  Begonia  is  of  a  different  character  from  that  of 
the  B.  frigida,  which  provoked  so  much  discussion  in 
our  columns  in  1S60-61.  Our  woodcut  was  taken  from 
a  photograph  and  water-colour  sketch,  the  latter  exe- 
cuted by  Dr.  Marion.  Numerous  similar  Begonias  of 
the  same  parentage  have  been  raised  in  this  country. 


KEELE  HALL  GARDENS. 

[Second  Notice.] 

Not  less  crowded  wilh  detail  than  the  beautiful 
grounds  about  Keele  Hall,  are  the  manifold  glass  struc- 
tures that  abound  in  the  kitchen  gardens.  A  some- 
what hasty  notice  of  the  leading  features  of  these — 
for  the  details  in  full  would  fill  a  considerable  space 
— will  now  he  given,  to  supplement  the  notice  of  the 
grounds  which  appeared  on  p.  1452,  1871 

Near  to  the  gardener's  residence  is  a  fine  range  of 
lean-to  houses,  containing  a  Peach-house  and  vineries. 
There  is  a  mavellous  solidity  about  the  structure  of 
these  houses  ;  they  were  erected  under  the  supervision 
of  Mr.  Skirving,  of  Liverpool,  some  30  years  ago,  and 
there  does  not  appear  to  be  a  bit  of  decayed  wood 
about  them  after  so  many  years  of  service.  The 
Peach-house,  into  which  the  visitor  enters  first,  is 
84  feet  in  length  by  16  feet  in  width  ;  it  contains  two 
fine  trees  of  Peaches  and  two  of  Nectarines  planted  in 
front  and  trgined  up  the  roof,  and  with  five  standard 


trees  at  the  back,  trained  to  horizontal  wires  that  are 
bent  over  towards  the  front.  Three  of  these  trees  are 
to  years  of  age,  and  in  common  with  all  the  rest  bear 
very  fine  crops  of  fruit.  They  have  been  lifted  occa- 
sionally ;  and  the  first  gathering  of  fruit  is  generally 
taken  about  the  last  week  in  May.  The  condition 
of  the  trees  is  one  in  every  respect  satisfactory.  No.  2 
house  is  an  intermediate  vinery  56  feet  in  length,  and 
contains  chielly  Black  Hamburgh  and  Lady  Downe's 
Grapes,  all  the  Vines  about  nine  years  of  age,  and  in 
splendid  bearing  condition,  with  such  a  development 
of  wood,  foliage,  and  fruit  as  befits  the  cultural  skill  of 
one  of  the  champion  Grape  growers  of  England — a 
designation  no  one  will  begrudge  Mr.  Hill,  as  in  the 
course  of  10  years,  viz.,  from  1853  to  1863,  he  took  at 
the  metropolitan  exhibitions,  61  first,  26  second,  and 
21  third  prizes  :  achievements  of  no  mean  order.  Some 
of  the  canes  of  the  Black  Hamburghs  had  been  brought 
down  the  roof  again,  and  Mr.  Hill  stated  that  he  always 
takes  the  finest  bunches  from  the  descending  rods. 
The  Grapes  here  are  ready  about  the  end  of  ,Utgust. 
One  Vineof  Lady  Downe's  in  this  house,  or  practically 
two  Vines,  as  one  of  the  rods  had  layered  itself  and 
given  forth  two  others,  had  seven  rods  in  all.  which 
bore  capital  bunches  of  fruit.  In  No.  3  house  the 
Vines  occupying  it  were  here  21  years  ago,  when 
Mr.  Hill  came  to  Keele.  This  house  is  40  feet  in 
length,  and  was  used  as  an  early  vinery  in  1870  ;  the  old 
Vines  had  been  cut  back,  the  inside  border  renewed,  and 
it  will  this  autumn  be  planted  with  young  Vines.  No.  4 
is  an  early  vinery  altogether  planted  with  the  Black  Ham- 
burgh, with  the  exception  of  e.\amples  of  the  following  : 
Chasselas  Musque,  the  fruit  of  which  was  much  freer 
from  the  defect  of  cracking  than  is  usually  seen,  as  it 
seems  to  be  a  difficult  Grape  to  grow  without  being  so 
affected  ;  Chaptal,  an  excellent  forcing  white  Grape, 
large  and  handsome  in  bunch  ;  Foster's  Seedling,  said 
by  Mr.  Hill  to  be  the  best  of  all  the  early  white  Grapes — 
on  one  Vine  could  be  seen  15  bunches,  averaging  2  lb. 
each,  growing  on  a  rod  five  years  in  bearing,  all  well- 
developed  and  symmetrical  in  appearance  ;  and  Buck- 
land  Sweetwater,  considered  by  Mr.  Hill  to  be  neither 
so  useful  nor  so  showy  as  Chaptal.  Mr.  Hill  has  Foster's 
White  Seedling  worked  on  the  Black  Hamburgh, 
which  he  considers  the  best  stock  for  it. 

The  new  range  of  vineries  occupies  a  position  behind 
the  one  just  noticed,  and  is  not  so  large  in  proportion 
as  the  preceding,  but  stands  at  a  higher  elevation  by 
nearly  6  feet.  It  is  135  feet  in  length,  divided  into 
four  houses  of  equal  size,  and  very  useful  houses  they 
are.  No.  I  is  a  late  vinery,  and,  with  the  exception  of 
two  plants  of  Alicante,  wholly  occupied  by  Lady 
Downe's.  This  Mr.  Hill  considers  to  be  the  best  late 
Grape  we  have,  always  good,  and  cropping  \vell. 
No.  2  is  an  enrly  vinery,  but  the  \^ines,  which  comprise 
both  Black  Hamburgh  and  Black  Prince,  were  cut  back 
in  1869.  The  young  growth  was  extremely  fine — 
wood  and  leaves  being  of  great  size  ;  no  doubt  splendid 
crops  will  be  cut  here  in  a  year  or  two.  From  this 
vinery  came  the  enormous  bunches  of  Black  Prince 
Grapes  that  caused  such  a  sensation  at  the  exhibitions 
of  the  Royal  Botanic  Society  and  at  the  Alexandra 
Palace  Show  a  few  years  ago  ;  on  one  occasion  three 
bunches  weighed  13  lb.  10  oz.  Last  year  the  outside 
border  of  this  house  was  entirely  renewed.  No.  3  is  a 
very  promising  house  of  young  Vines,  planted  in  1870, 
and  at  present  entirely  confined  to  the  inside  border. 
They  consist  of  Black  Hamburgh,  Foster's  White 
Seedling,  a  promising  grafted  Vine  of  .Snow's  Muscat 
Hamburgh,  Madresfield  Court,  and  the  Golden 
Champion.  The  Madresfield  Court  carried  three  very 
fine  bunches,  and  Mr.  Hill  considers  it  the  best  of  the 
new  Grapes.  Snow's  Muscat  Hamburgh  was  very  fine, 
perfect  in  colour  and  flavour.  Mr.  Hill,  however, 
states  that  it  is  difficult  to  get  large  bunches  of  this 
variety  to  colour  well.  The  Golden  Champion  {on  its 
own  roots)  was  simply  grand  in  appearance  in  a  green 
state,  with  noble  berries  like  Canon  Hall  Muscat  ; 
how  they  fared  has  been  recorded  in  these  columns. 
No.  4  vinery  contained  White  Muscats,  Royal  Vine- 
yard, and  Mrs.  Pmce's  Muscat;  and  a  grafted  rod 
of  Royal  Ascot.  In  regard  to  Mrs.  Pince's  Grape, 
Mr.  Hill  thinks  highly  of  it,  notwithstanding  it  has 
been  denounced  ;  he  finds  it  to  set  freely  and  colour 
well.     The  vinery  has  a  4-foot  border  outside. 

At  each  end  of  this  range  stands  a  pair  of  span- 
roofed  pits,  each  32  feet  in  length  by  1 1  feet  5  inches 
in  width,  the  height  at  the  centre  8  feet,  along  which  a 
path  runs.  These  are  extremely  useful  forcing  houses  ; 
in  thetn  were  fruiting  Pines,  Cucumbers,  Melons,  &c. 
These  houses  were  erected  by  Mr.  P.  J.  Perry,  of 
Banbury ;  the  arrangements  are  very  complete,  and 
the  houses  in  every  respect  under  the  perfect  control  of 
the  cultivator.  The  flow  and  return  mains  for  heating 
these. pits  at  each  end  of  the  vineries,  are  covered  with 
small  glass  frames,  and  these  are  found  very  useful  for 
raising  early  Carrots,  annuals,  &c.,  and  for  pricking 
out  many  things  ;  these  frames  are  4  feet  in  width,  and 
extend  the  whole  length  of  the  range  of  houses.  Four 
saddle-boilers  placed  in  one  stokehole  work  both 
ranges  of  vineries  and  the  pits.  This  line  of  frames  is 
some  3  feet  lower  that  the  ground  level  of  the  houses, 
and  being  rather  removed  from  them  also,  allows  of  space 
for  a  border  level  with  the  back  of  the  frames,  and 
about  S  feet  in  width.  The  roots  of  the  Vines  in  the 
two  central  houses  are  carried  out  into  the  border,  which 
is  chambered,  and  heated  by  means  of  4.inch  pipes. 
There  are  also  in  this  garden  two  lines  of  what  were 


no 


The   Gardeners*   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  27,   1872. 


formerly  cold  pits,  but  which  are  now  heated  by  means  j 
of  4-inch  pipes,  and  very  useful  indeed  for  raising  early 
Potatos,  Kidney  Beans,  Carrots,  &c.,  and  later  for 
succession  Pines  and  Melons.  This  garden  is  walled 
in  on  three  sides ;  on  the  fourth,  or  west  side,  is  the 
gardener's  house  and  the  stables.  On  the  south  wall 
are  some  of  the  best  varieties  of  Pears  ;  on  the  south- 
east, Peaches  and  Nectarines  ;  on  the  north.  Currants 
and  Morello  Cherries.  From  the  entrance  to  Mr. 
Hiirs  residence  a  broad  gravel  walk  runs  straight  away 
to  a  further  walled-in  garden  beyond.  I 

On  the  left  hand  of  the  second  garden  is  the  coke  j 
yard,  &c.,  shut  in  by  means  of  fences,  the  garden 
proper  being  on  the  right.  As  the  former  was  termed  ; 
the  lower  kitchen  garden,  so  this  is  known  as  the  upper.  I 
The  walk  is  continued  through  it  from  west  to  east,  as  | 
in  the  former  case,  the  glass  structures  being  on  the  j 
south  side  of  it.  There  is,  first,  a  Peach  case  against  , 
the  wall,  112  feet  in  length  by  4  feet  in  width,  and 
II  in  height.  This  covers  six  fine  trees.  It  was  1 
formerly  an  open  wall,  but  the  fruit  was  seldom  worth 
eating  till  it  was  covered  with  glass  ;  now  very  fine  | 
highly-flavoured  fruit  is  taken  from  it.  Next  , 
comes  a  range  of  three  houses,  in  the  centre  of  I 
which  is  a  large,  lofty  conservatory,  and  on  either  side  ; 


staging,  and  supported  by  common  9-inch  drainpipes 
placed  on  their  ends,  and  excellent  pillars  they  make. 
This  house  contains  Oranges  and  Camellias  in  tubs  and 
pots,  large  specimen  Azaleas,  ^c,  and  is  made  gay  all 
the  year  round  with  flowering  and  foliaged  plants. 
There  is  no  doubt  a  great  advantage  in  having  a  show- 
house  on  a  north  aspect  like  this  one  at  Keele  Hall,  as 
the  plants  keep  much  longer  in  bloom  in  consequence. 
From  the  show-house  there  is  a  doorway  leading  into 
the  conservatory  at  the  back. 

The  south  wall  of  this  garden  is  entirely  covered 
with  glass,  in  the  form  of  a  long  improved  Peach-house, 
after  a  design  by  Mr.  P.  J.  Perry,  of  Banbury,  having 
somewhat  of  the  curvilinear  shape  in  its  outline,  in 
length  107  yards  by  3  in  width,  and  ii^  feet  in  height. 
This  house  deserves  something  more  than  a  passing 
notice,  as  besides  being  light  and  elegant  in  appearance, 
it  is  very  durable,  and  the  mode  of  glazing,  which  is 
novel,  renders  the  house  perfectly  water-tight,  while  the 
exterior  of  the  roof  has  the  great  advantage  of  never 
requiring  paint.  The  absence  of  any  laps  in  the  glazing 
prevents  drip  and  cold  draughts.  The  panes  of  glass  are 
each  2  feet  2  inches  in  length,  by  i  foot  in  width  ;  the 
rafters  are  formed  of  several  pieces  bolted  together,  five 
pieces  forming  each  curve,  and  the  leads  into  which  the 


in  the  kitchen  garden.  In  the  process  of  thinning  his 
plants,  Mr.  Hill  never  cuts  off  the  tips  of  the  canes  left 
for  fruit,  as  he  holds  that  in  doing  this  much  of  the  best 
bearing  wood  is  destroyed.  Galvanised  iron  wire  fences 
are  used  for  the  purpose  of  supporting  the  rods,  and  they 
are  bent  down  bow  fashion.  As  soon  as  the  crop  of 
fruit  is  taken,  the  fruiting  canes  are  removed  at  once, 
so  that  the  young  growth  can  be  properly  matured  and 
ripened.  The  canes  cut  away  come  in  very  handy  for 
tying  up  Chrysanthemums  and  otJier  plants  in  the 
autumn.  In  the  upper  kitchen  garden  there  is  a 
remarkable  Apple  trellis,  about  54  feet  in  height  by 
24  in  width  ;  the  trees  are  trained  to  slight  iron  rods, 
and  being  bent  down  towards  the  ground  form  quite 
a  leafy  tunnel,  extending  for  a  considerable  distance. 
The  sorts  of  Apples  are  principally  Codlins,  Fearn's 
Pippin,  Blenheim  Orange,  and  Kerry  Pippin,  which 
is  one  of  the  best  Apples  for  this  district  of  Stafford- 
I  shire.  Of  dessert  Apples  that  succeed  well  here,  the 
j  following  may  be  mentioned  : — Collins'  Pippin,  Old 
Nonpareil,  Margil,  Blenheim  Orange,  and  King  of  Pip- 
I  pins  ;  and  they  were  finer  on  standard  trees  than  on  a 
!  wall.  Fearn's  Pippin  crops  very  well  indeed,  the 
;  wood  very  healthy.  Manx  Codlin  is  a  very  fine  cropper ; 
the    Northern    Crreening   always   does    well,    and    is 


Fir,.    57. — EXTERIOR  VIEW  OF   PEACH   HOUSE  AT    ICEELE    HALL. 


spacious  vineries  with  ridge-and-furrow  roofs.  The  roofs 
are  very  flat,  the  houses  12  feet  high  at  back,   and 
21  feet  in  width.     The  first  of  these  houses  had  been 
planted    with    Muscats   and    Madresfield   Court  alter- 
nately during  the  spring.     At  the  back  Citrons  were  ! 
trained  against  the  wall.     The  corresponding  vinery 
was  of  the  same  dimensions,  and  had  all  Black  Ham-  ; 
burghs,  which  were  planted  21  years  ago,  and  it  is  now  \ 
used  as  a  late  Mamburgh  house.     The  conservatory  is  ^ 
approached   from    the    kitchen  garden  by  a   flight  of 
steps,  and  is  in  length  52  feet,  by  26  in  width,  wilh  a  | 
ridge-and-furrow  roof,  the  interior  of  which'is  covered  ' 
with  Passifloras  and  other  creeping  plants.      Lonicera  | 
aureo-reticulata   was   in   bloom,    and   was   exquisitely  j 
fragrant.    During  the  dry  summer  of  1S70,  this  creeper  1 
flowered  freely  against  the  front  of  the  National  School  j 
in  the  village  of  Keele.     During  winter  this  house  is  i 
used  to  keep  specimen  Azaleas  and  other  plants  in  ;  I 
during    summei     large- flowering    specimen    plants    of 
various  kinds  find  a  home  there.     At  the  end  of  the  j 
garden,    corresponding   to  the  Peach    wall,   is    a  Fig 
wall,  covered  with  glass,  40  feet  in  length  by  4  feet  in  ' 
width,  and  built  in  the  same  fashion  as  the  Peach  case.  ' 
Figs   can   only  be   got   out-of-doors  at   Keele  in  this 
manner.     At  the  back  of  the  conservatory  and  vineries 
is  a  long,   narrow  north,    or  show-house,  1 10  feet  in 
length,  by  1 1 4  feet  in  width,  with  a  broad  slate  stage 
2     feet     in     height      at      the    back,      and     a    slate 
shelf  in  the  front  also,  giving  about  7^  feet  width  of 


glass  is  thrust  on  either  side  are  extra  strong,  and  over 
half  an  inch  in  width.  There  are  eight  horizontal  bars, 
running  along  the  glass-case,  each  intermediate  one 
stronger  than  its  fellow  ;  and  the  ventilating  apparatus 
is  as  effectual  as  it  is  simple  and  easily  worked.  The 
style  of  the  house  was  copied  from  one  in  use  at  Bowood, 
"Wilts,  but  somewhat  elaborated  and  better  finished. 
To  a  great  extent  this  is  an  Apricot-house,  fully  two- 
thirds  being  planted  with  Apricots,  chiefly  Moor  Park, 
and  the  trees  carry  great  crops.  Peaches  do  well  here 
also.  The  trees  are  both  trained  to  the  wall,  and 
grown  on  a  trellis  along  the  front  of  the  house.  At  the 
east  end  of  the  show-house  are  the  bothies,  potting 
sheds,  and  other  offices.  The  whole  of  the  glass  at 
Keele  is  in  an  excellent  state  of  preservation,  due  to  the 
fact  that  one  coat  of  paint,  of  a  light  stone  colour,  at 
least  is  given  annually.  Probably  if  gentlemen  would, 
as  a  general  rule,  pay  strict  regard  to  the  annual 
painting  of  the  glass  structures  on  their  estates,  there 
would  be  much  less  cause  for  complaints  as  to  their 
defective  construction. 

On  the  south-east  wall  of  the  lower  kitchen  garden 
there  is  a  Ne  Plus  Meuris  Pear.  On  the  opposite  side 
of  the  wall  a  mess-house  for  the  workmen  was  con- 
structed some  time  ago,  and  the  flue  from  the  fireplace 
passes  up  the  wall  at  the  back  of  the  tree.  Previously 
the  fruit  from  the  tree  was  not  worth  eating  ;  since 
then  it  has  been  of  very  fine  quality. 

Cutbush's  Prince  of  Wales  Raspberry  was  very  fine 


a  very  serviceable  Apple  for  the  Keele  district  ;  Lord 
Suffield  and  Wellington  both  do  well  at  Keele  also. 
Mr.  Hill  says  if  he  was  again  to  attempt  planting 
Apples,  he  should  be  content  with  half-a-do/en  good 
sorts  well  suited  to  the  climate  and  district. 

The  foregoing  notes  will  serve  to  show  that  the  fruit 
gardens  at  Keele  are  not  less  efficiently  maintained  and 
managed  than  the  delightful  pleasure-grounds.  Z>. 


Z)A\  MUELLER  ON  FOREST  CULTURE. 

(Concluded  from  /.  44. > 

For  belts  of  shelter-plantations,  again,  no  country  in 
the  warm,  temperate,  or  subtropic  zone  could  choose 
trees  of  easier  growth,  greater  resistance,  rapidity  of 
increment,  early  and  copious  seeding,  contentedness 
with  poor  soil,  and  yet  valuable  wood  for  various  pur- 
poses, than  some  of  the  Australian  Acacia-  and 
Casuarinx.  They  exceed  much  in  quickness  of  growth 
the  coast  shelter-Pines  of  South  I^urope — Pinus  hale- 
pensis  and  Pinus  Pinaster,  but  are  not  all  equally  last- 
ing. The  trade  in  seeds  of  this  kind  is  also  not  unim- 
portant, and  the  sources  of  it  are  at  least  partly  in  our 
sylvan  lands. 

Still  another  forest  industry  might  be  viewed  as 
especially  Australian  ;  namely,  the  supply  of  Fern 
trees  for  commercial  exportation.  Though  about  150 
different  kinds  of  Fern  trees  are  now  known,  they  are 


January  27,   1S72.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


Ill 


mostly  children  of  tropical  or  subtropical  countries, 
and  these  again  nearly  all  restricted  to  the  humid 
jungles  or  the  shady  valleys  meandered  by  forest 
brooks.  Very  few  species  of  these  noble  plants  extend 
to  a  zone  so  cool  as  that  of  Victoria,  Tasmania,  and 
New  Zealand.  Again,  among  this  very  limited 
number  the  stout  and  large  Dicksonia  antarctica  is  not 
only  one  of  the  tallest  of  all  the  Fern  trees  of  the  globe, 
but  certainly  also  the  most  hardy,  and  the  one  which 
best  of  all  endures  a  transit  through  great  distances. 
Indeed,  a  fresh  frondless  stem,  even  if  weighing  nearly 
half  a  ton,  requires  only  to  be  placed  without  any 
packing  in  the  hold  of  a  vessel  as  ordinary  goods,  to 
secure  the  safe  arrival  in  England,*  the  vitality  being 
fully  tlius  retained  for  several  months,  particularly  if 
the  stem  is  occasionally  moistened,  and  kept  free  from 
the  attacks  of  any  animals.  Through  my  unaided  exer- 
tions these  hardy  Fern  trees  became,  like  many  other 
of  our  resources,  fully  known  in  many  countries  ;  and 
while  their  value  became  established,  a  market  for  them 
has  now  been  gained.  I  would,  however,  not  coun* 
tenance  the  vandalism  of  denuding  every  one  of  our 
Fern  glens  ol  their  pride,  as,  even  with  all  care,  in  half 
a  century  the  pristine  grandeur  of  the  scenery  could  not 
be  restored ;  yet  when  we  consider  that  hundreds  of 


Assam  stands,  perhaps,  foremost.  It  is  a  singular 
fact,  that  even  in  the  genial  clime  of  Southern  Europe, 
and  under  the  advantages  of  inexpensive  labour,  the 
important  and  lucrative  branch  of  tea  culture  has 
received  as  yet  no  attention  whatever.  This  is  probably 
owing  to  the  circumstance,  that  hitherto  the  laborious 
manual  process  of  curling  the  fresh  tea  leaves  under 
moderate  heat  has  never  yet  been  superseded  by  adopt- 
ing for  the  purpose  rollers,  worked  and  heated  by 
steam,  though  such  contrivance  was  suggested  here  by 
me  many  years  ago. 

The  tea  thus  obtained  could  always  be  brought  to  its 
best  aroma  by  such  a  mode  of  exact  control  ever  the 
degree  and  duration  of  the  heat.  Tea  culture  in  the 
ranges  would  show  us  which  soil,  or  which  geologic 
formation,  produced  here  the  best  leaves.  The  yield  of 
the  latter  would,  in  the  equable  air  of  the  humid  forest 
glens,  be  far  more  copious  than  the  harvests  which  we 
obtain  from  the  tea  bushes  planted  in  poor  soil,  or 
exposed  localities  near  the  metropolis,  wliile  localities 
in  the  ranges  are  often  not  accessible  to  ordinary  cereal 
culture.  But  I  do  not  speak  of  tea  cultivation  as  an 
ordinary  field  industry,  but  rather  as  a  collateral  occu- 
pation in  forest  culture  of  the  lower  ranges. 

The  tea,  in  its  commercial  form,  will,  liowever,  here 


In  the  foregoing  pages  I  alluded  cursorily  to  the 
Cork  Oak  ;  let  me  add  my  opinion,  that  in  any  locality 
with  natural  boundaries,  such  as  abrupt  sides  of  ranges, 
deep  watercourses,  where  fences  could  be  largely 
obviated,  the  Cork  tree  might  well  be  planted  as  a 
forest  tree,  and  thus  estates  be  established  at  little  cost, 
with  hardly  any  expense  of  maintenance,  from  which  a 
periodic  yield  of  cork  might  be  obtained  for  several 
successive  generations.  The  investment  of  a  limited 
capital  for  raising  a  cork  forest  in  any  naturally  defined 
locality,  would,  as  I  said,  create  a  rich  possession  for 
bequest. 

Many  other  cultural  resources  of  forests  are  as  yet 
very  inadequately  recognised.  The  Dye  Saffron  might 
be  grown  as  much  for  anmsement  as  for  the  sake  of  its 
prett)^  flowers  {just  as  an  ordinary  bulb),  wherever 
juvenile  gatherers  are  to  be  had.  Equally  lucrative 
might  be  made  the  culture  of  another  plant,  the 
medicinal  Colchicum,  a  gay  autumnal  flowering  bulb, 
worthy  of  a  place  in  any  garden.  In  suitable  forest  spots 
both  would  become  naturalised.  Amidst  the  forests, 
in  glens  which  skirt  the  very  base  of  alpine  mountains, 
on  the  M'AUister  River,  opium  was  produced  without 
any  toil,  almost  as  a  play-work,  to  the  value  of  /'30 
from  an   acre.     Mr.  Bosisto,   who  on  that  particular 


Fig.    58.  —  INTERIOR    VIEW    UF    lEACH-HOUSE   AT    KEELE    HALL. 


gullies  are  teeming  with  these  magnificent  plants,  we 
can  well  afford  to  render  them  accessible  also  to  all  the 
conservatories  of  the  winterly  north,  in  order  that  the 
inhabitants  there  may  indulge  in  admiration  of  such 
super!)  forms  of  vegetalile  life — even  though  a  Fern- 
tree  group  in  a  glasshouse  can  convey  but  a  very  inade- 
quate idea  of  the  wild  splendour  of  our  Fern  ravines. 
Not  without  pain  I  have  seen  the  base  of  whole  tram- 
way lines  for  the  conveyance  of  timber,  in  some  of 
our  forest  gullies,  constructed  almost  exclusively  of 
Fern  trees.  A  watchful  Forest  Board  would  prevent  , 
such  sacrifice,  and  would  save  also  the  tall  Palm  trees  i 
of  East  Gipps  Land  from  sharing  the  fate  of  those  ; 
princely  trees  at  Illawarra  and  elsewhere.  [Since 
writing  this,  our  Livistonas  or  Fan-Palms  have  been 
protected  by  Government  interdiction  ;  the  law  forbids 
also  the  indiscriminate  removal  of  red-gum  trees  from 
the  banks  of  the  Murray  River.  In  Queensland,  every 
Bunya-bunya  tree  and  native  nut  tree  is  secured  against 
being  felled.  The  very  local  and  circumscribed  Kauri 
forests,  known  only  in  two  limited  spots,  also  need 
some  protection.]  To  the  facilities  of  exporting  the 
huge,  square  Todea  Ferns — a  commerce  initiated  by 
myself — I  alluded  on  a  former  occsion. 

Among  new  industries,  which  by  introduction  from  ' 
abroad  are  hkely  to  be  pursued  in  sylvan  localities,  that 
of  the  cultivation  of  the  Tea  shrub  of  China  and  of 

^  No  Fern  tree  is  indigenous  to  Europe.  ' 


not  likely  be  manufactured  by  the  grower.     It  is  more 
probable  that  whenever  plantations  are  formed  in  any 
forest  region,  an  enterprising  man  will  establish,  amidst 
the  tea  farms,  a  factory  for  preparing  the  tea  leaves, 
and  purchase  the  latter  from  the  producers.     Tins  is 
the  system    by  wliich  in  many  parts  of  South  Europe 
the  multitude  of  small  lots  of  silk  cocoons  pass  into  the 
central  reeling  establishments  ;  and  this  is  the  manner 
in   which,    from   numerous   peasants,    the  Beetroot  is 
obtained  for  the  supply  of  sugar  factories.     In  the  same 
way  the  branches  of  the  Sumach,  a  shrub  which  with 
care  could  be  reared  in  our  ranges,  would  be  rendered 
saleable  at  a  central  Sumach  mill.*     The  demand  for 
tea  being  so  enormous,  and  geographical  latitudes  like  \ 
ours  being  those  which  allow  of  its  growth,  it  will  be  | 
fully  apparent  that  it  must  assume  a  prominent  part  in  ■ 
our  future  rural  economy,  particularly  as  the  return  for  1 
capital  and  labour  thus  invested  and  expended  will  be 
quite  as  early  as  that  from  the  Vine.      The  importation  1 
of  tea  into  Victoria  during  1S70  has  been  valued  in  the  ! 
Customs  returns  at  ^^496,623  ;  whereas  Victoria  might  ' 
largely  export  this  highly-important  and  remunerative 
commodity.  > 

The  simple  process  of  gathering  the  leaves  might  be 
performed  by  children.  1 

*  An  essay  by  Professor  Inzenga,  on  Sumach  cnlture  in  Sicily, 
translated  by  Colonel  H.  Vnle,  C.B.,  is  pubbshed  in  the  Trmisac-  \ 
tioris  of  the  Botanic  Society  of  Edinburgh,  vol.  ix.,  341-355,  and  '■ 
was,  on  my  suggestion,  transferred  to  a  local  joiirnaL  ! 


locality  called  forth  this  industry,  found  on  analysis 
that  the  Gipps  Land  opium  proved  one  of  the  most 
powerful  on  record,  -^p^-^  of  morphia  being  its  yield. 
Small  samples  of  opium,  prepared  in  the  Melbourne 
Botanic  Garden,  were  exhibited  some  years  ago  at  the 
International  P^xhibition.  The  Hon.  John  Hood,  of 
this  city,  promoted  much  the  opium  industry  in  this 
country  by  the  extensive  distribution  of  seeds  of  the 
Smyrna  Poppy  ;  he  found  the  yield  here,  in  favourable 
seasons  and  by  careful  operation,  to  be  from  40  to 
50  lb.  on  zfv  acre,  worth  at  present  30^-.  to  351.  per  lb. 
The  value  of  the  opium  imported  into  Victoria  during 
1S70,  according  to  customs  returns,  was  ;^i50,6Si. 
The  banks  of  many  a  forest  brook,  and  the  slopes 
within  reach  of  irrigation  from  springs,  might  doubtless 
in  numerous  instances  be  converted  into  profitable 
Hop-fields,  the  yield  of  Hop  in  Gipps  Land  having 
proved  very  rich.  Mr.  A.  M.  M'Leod  obtained,  in  one 
instance,  1500  lb.  of  Hops  from  an  acre  of  ground  at 
Bairnsdale.  Messrs.  A.  W.  Howitt,  F.  Webb  and 
D.  Ballentine  had  there  also  large  returns  from  their 
Hop-fields.  As  an  instance  how  large  a  revenue 
might  be  realised  from  forest  land  in  a  variety  of  ways, 
quite  irrespectively  of  wood  supply,  I  adduce  the  fact, 
that  the  income  obtained  by  the  Forest  Department  of 
Hanover  from  the  mere  gathering  of  fruit — chiefly 
Bleeberries — amounted  to  ;^2i, 750  during  one  of  the 
late  years.  The  Hanoverian  forests  comprise  an  area 
equal  to  the  county  of  Bourke,  our  metropolitan  county. 


112 


The   Gardeners*   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


(Januar)'  27,   1S72. 


and  occupy  one-seventh  of  the  territory.  Speaking  of 
Hanover,  let  me  add,  that  the  laws  promulgated  this 
year  in  that  country  render  it  compulsory  on  each 
district  to  line  its  roads  with  trees,  the  widest  distance 
allowed  from  tree  to  tree  being  30  feet ;  similar  laws 
were  in  force  long  since  in  other  parts  of  Germany  ; 
fruit-trees  are  among  the  trees  chosen  for  these  lines. 
Would  it  not,  therefore,  be  advisable  to  naturalise 
along  our  forest-brooks  and  in  our  shady  vales  such 
plants  as  the  Raspberry  bush,  the  Strawberry  plant, 
and  others,  which  readily  establish  themselves?  In 
one  of  my  exploring  tours,  when  it  fell  to  my  lot  to 
discover  the  remotest  sources  and  tributaries  of  the 
River  Yarra,  and  to  ascend  first  of  all  Mount  Baw 
Baw,  I  scattered  the  seeds  of  the  large-fruited  Canada 
Blackberry  along  the  alpine  springs  ;  and  I  have  since 
learnt  that  this  delicious  fruit  is  now  established  on  the 
rivulets  of  that  mountain.  We  may  hear  of  equal 
successes  of  experiments  which  I  elsewhere  instituted. 
The  Truffle,  though  not  an  article  of  necessity,  might 
be  naturalised  in  many  of  our  forests,  especially  in  soil 
somewhat  calcareous.  Would  any  one  imagine,  that 
during  one  recent  year  (1867)  the  quantity  collected  in 
France  was  valued  at  j{;"r, 400,000  (35,000,000  francs)  ? 

I  might  allude  on  this  occasion  also  to  the  great 
productiveness  of  bees  in  our  forests,  the  flowers  of  so 
many  of  our  native  plants,  and  among  them  those  of 
the  Eucalypts,  being  mellaginous,  blossoms  of  some 
kind  or  the  other  being  available  all  the  year  round. 
Cuba,  with  an  area  less  than  half  that  of  Victoria, 
exported  in  the  year  1849  so  large  a  quantity  of  hotiey 
as  2,800.000 lb.,  and  about  1,000,000  lb.  of  wax.  I 
believe  the  export  has  since  increased.  A  forest 
inhabitant  might  devote  a  plot  of  ground  near  his 
dwelling  to  the  Earth-nut  or  Pea-nut,  an  originally 
Brazilian  plant,  of  which  latterly  about  900,000  bushels 
were  produced  annually  in  the  United  States  for  the 
sake  of  its  excellent  table  oil.  In  Harper  s  Magazine 
of  1870  it  is  stated  that  of  the  Earth-nut  in  1869  not 
less  than  235.000  bushels  were  brought  to  New  York. 
It  is  estimated  that  Virginia,  Tennessee,  Ceorgia,  and 
Carolina  have  conjointly  sent  over  1,000,000  bushels  to 
market  in  1870.  The  yield,  it  is  said,  is  from  So  to 
120  bushels  on  an  acre.  The  seeds  are  slightly  roasted 
for  the  table,  or  pressed  for  a  palatable  oil.  As  much 
as  loj.  to  I2,f.  is  paid  for  the  bushel  in  New  York. 
The  plant  seems  well  eligible  for  forest  farms,  par- 
ticularly in  a  somewhat  calcareous  soil.  In  the  garden 
under  my  control  I  have  reared  it  with  ease. 

I  intended  to  have  spoken  of  the  various  implements 
especially  designed  for  wood-culture,  but  time  will  not 
admit  of  it.  Thus,  merely  by  way  of  example,  I  place  | 
before  you  one  of  those  utensils — the  hohlborer,  or,  as  : 
it  might  be  called,  the  "bore  spade,"  brought  into  use 
nearly  50  years  ago  by  a  scientific  forester,  Dr.  Heyer, 
of  Giessen.  Several  thousand  plants  of  the  Scotch  Fir 
and  of  other  Pines  can  be  lifted  with  this  bore-spade  in 
a  day  by  one  forest  labourer,  the  object  being  that  each 
seedling  should  retain  a  small  earth-ball,  to  facilitate 
the  success  of  the  moving  process.  About  10,000 
such  seedlings  are  conveyed  at  a  time  in  a  forest 
waggon. 

Tn  a  special  work  {Die  Bc/>Jfanzi(>i_i^  der  Eisenhahn 
Damme,  &:c.,  by  E.  Lucas,  second  edition,  1S70),  the 
methods  adopted  in  Germany  for  utilising  the  railway 
dams,  and  the  free  space  within  railway  fences,  for 
wood  and  fruit  culture,  is  amply  discussed.  With  the 
increasing  value  of  culture-land,  this  question  of 
utilising  the  spare  ground  along  railways  becomes 
more  and  more  important.  Where  the  space  proves 
too  narrow  for  rearing  timber  trees,  Hazel,  Olives, 
Figs,  Mulberries,  Almonds,  Osiers,  Sumach,  Myall, 
Ricinus,  Blackberries,  and  such  other  lowei:  trees  or 
bushes  as  require  no  great  attention,  could  doubtless 
be  grown  with  profit.  It  might  also  be  possible  to 
establish  advantageously  permanent  hedges  of  Haw- 
thorn, Opuntias,  Osage  Orange,  and  other  not  readily 
inflammable  and  easily  managed  bushes.  Lucerne  and 
Sainfoin  are  much  cultivated  along  Continental  railway 
lines  as  fodder  herbs. 

In  North  America  650  Walnuts  or  Hickories  are 
]>lanted  on  an  acre  ;  though  standing  so  close,  they 
are  worth  I7.s.  in  20  years  for  a  variety  of  purposes. 
If  wanted  for  heavy  limber  or  nuts,  they  are  thinned 
out  so  as  to  keep  them  20  feet  apart.  This  may  serve 
as  an  indication  how  spare  places  on  railways  might  be 
utilised.  Our  regular  and  quick  communication  with 
California  is  giving  now  easy  opportunity  for  importing 
nuts  of  the  various  American  Hickories  apd  Walnut 
trees  in  quantity  :  while  of  the  ordinary  Persian  Walnut 
tree  seeds  can  already  be  obtained  both  here  and  in 
Tasmania.  Resinous  Pine  trees  may  possibly  increase 
any  danger  of  conflagration  on  railway  lines.  Nurseries 
for  sowing  seeds  of  hardy  utilitarian  trees  might  at 
once  be  established  on  all  the  railway  stations  at  com- 
paratively little  cost. 


gouie  Comsjianknce. 

Abies  cilicica  and  Quercus  pyramidalis. — 
Years  ago  a  dear  friend,  now  deceased,  who  was 
considered  one  of  the  best  authorities  on  forest  trees  in 
France — in  fact,  head  of  a  great  college — and  who  was 
selected  by  the  French  Government  to  report  on  the 
newly  acquired  forests  of  Savoy,  sent  me  several  of 
the  above  two  kinds  of  trees,  which  he  highly  valued. 


As  our  grounds  dre  much  exposed  to  the  stormy  sea 
blasts,  they  have  not  grown  so  much  as  might  have 
been  expected  ;  but  Abies  cilicica — we  might  call 
it  Picea — is  very  beautiful  at  present,  being  of  a  very 
regular  habit  ;  and  as  it  attracted  the  notice  of 
M.  Andre  when  he  lately  visited  me  here,  I  should 
like  much  to  know  if  it  be  common  in  England, 
M.  Andre  assured  me  that  it  was  rare  in  France,  nor 
would  so  good  a  judge  as  my  late  friend  have  sent  me 
anything  ordinary.  It  stands  near  Taxodiuni  semper- 
virens,  which  makes  but  a  poor  figure  in  our  fierce 
gales,  and  is  far  inferior  in  hardiness  to  Cryptomeria 
iaponica.  Abies  cilicica  is  described  in  M.  Andre 
Leroy's  catalogue  as  being  "very  handsome,  and 
remarkable  in  regularity  of  form."  Quercus  pyramidalis 
grows  like  a  Poplar,  but  has  nothing  else  remarkable 
about  it.  I  have  not  seen  it  on  any  catalogue.  Thos. 
C.  Brchaul,  Richmond  Home,  Gnernsev.  .  [Picea 
cilicica  is  allied  to  the  Siberian  P.  Pichta.   Eds.] 

Ward's  Netted  Scarlet-fleshed  Melon. — This 
is  one  of  the  best  scarlet-fleshed  Melons.  It  is  a  very 
early  sort,  a  free  setter,  of  medium-size,  and  handsomely 
netted  ;  rind  very  thin ;  flesh  thick,  liighly  coloured ;  and 
most  delicious  flavour  ;  apparently  an  improvement  on 
Scarlet  Gem.  PVm.  A7-mstro7igj  Woodstock  House, 
Hendon,  N.  PV. 

Nemophila  insignis. — I  beg  to  inform  your  coitc- 
spondent,  "  S."  (see  p.  77),  that  if  he  has  a  deep  rich 
soil,  thins  out  his  seedlings  early,  and  at  the  approach 
of  dry,  hot  weather  mulches  with  about  an  inch  of 
thoroughly  decayed  manure,  well  broken  up,  and  passed 
through  a  coarse  sieve,  working  it  in  carefully  among 
the  foliage  with  the  hand  ;  attends  to  it  well  with 
water,  and  keeps  the  seeds  picked  off  as  much  as 
possible — there  is  a  chance  of  its  continuing  to  bloom 
well  into  the  autumn.  Its  beautiful  colour,  so  scarce 
among  bedding  plants,  has  often  tempted  me 
to  use  it  for  massing  ;  but,  like  most  annuals, 
it  is  somewhat  uncertain.  I  never  feel  safe  with 
it,  without  I  have  a  good  bed  of  purple  or  blue 
Chrysanthemum  Asters  in  the  kitchen  garden,  waiting 
to  take  its  place.  And  I  would  strongly  advise  "S.," 
if  he  uses  it  largely,  to  provide  a  bed  of  Asters  in  the 
reserve  ground,  in  case  it  should  become  patchy  or  die 
off  in  September.  They  are  capital  things  to  have  in 
reserve  if  a  bed  fails.  I  have  moved  them  in  dry 
weather  without  their  losing  a  leaf.  A  change  of  this 
kind,  too,  enhances  the  interest  felt  in  the  garden  by 
causing  a  little  more  variety.  It  is  a  standing  reproach 
with  persons  of  taste,  that  when  a  garden  is  once 
planted  with  its  costly  tenants  there  is  so  little  change 
afterwards  that  it  becomes  wearisome  from  its  same- 
ness—no matter  how  tastefully  arranged  in  the  first 
instance,  nor  how  carefully  attended  to  afterwards.  It 
is  not  always  true  that  "a  thing  of  beauty  is  a  joy  for 
ever,"  and  no  doubt  this  feeling  has  caused  the  free  use 
that  i^  how  being  made  in  the  flower  garden  of  Palms, 
Dracrenas,  Musas,  Ficus,  &c.,  to  break  up  and  tone 
down  the  masses  of  bright  colours  in  AiigUst  and  Sep- 
tember, and  to  impart  freshness  and  variety  to  the 
scene.   E.  Hobday,  Ramsey  Ald'ey. 

Prolongation  of  the  Season  of  the  Matie 
Louise  Pear. — I  herewith  send  you  two  Pears  of  the 
above  excellent  kind,  fair  specimens  of  a  crop  which 
was  gathered  here  on  November  28,  after  being  ex- 
posed to  many  frosty  nights,  varying  from  4°  to  17°. 
/f ';;/.  Umplehv,  N'ydd  Hall,  Leeds.  [Perfectly  sound, 
and  the  flavour  excellent.  Eos.] 

Leaves  for  Dishing-uf)  Fruit. — Cobaea  scan- 
dens  and  Abutllon  striatum  are  no  doubt  very  good 
for  this  purpose,  but  except  in  large  establishments, 
where  they  can  be  grown  in  great  quantity,  it  is  useless 
to  recommend  them,  as  no  one  with  but  a  plant  or  two 
of  each  would  care  to  strip  them  of  their  leaves  at  this 
or  at  any  other  time  of  year,  especially  the  Abutilon, 
which  is  just  now  in  full  flower.  I  have  for  years 
used  the  leaves  of  the  Portugal  Laurel  ;  they  give  oft 
no  odour,  which  is  the  only  objection  to  Ivy  leaves, 
and  are  quite  as  decorative.  IVm.  Armstrong,  Woodstock 
House,  Hendon,  N.  PV. 

Verbascum. — In  the  many  species  of  Verbascum, 
we  have  border  plants  of  no  mean  order — in  my 
opinion  quite  equal,  if  not  superior  to  the  Foxglove. 
Hardy,  showy,  and  not  at  all  particular  as  to  soil  or 
situation,  these  are  good  properties  for  any  class  of 
plants  to  possess.  In  cultivating  V.  nigrum  I  have 
found  it  varies  greatly  in  different  soils  and  positions  ; 
in  light  sandy  soil  it  will  not  continue  long  in  flower, 
but  in  stiff,  stony  soils  it  will  continue  flowering  all  the 
summer.  Let  any  one  try  a  few  hundreds  in  mixed 
flower  borders  along  with  Foxgloves,  Phloxes,  Pent- 
stemons,  and  such-like,  and  I  am  convinced  they  will 
never  be  without  them  in  such  positions.  Most  of  the 
Verbascums  are  biennials,  but  tliey  may  be  propagated 
by  cuttings,  which  strike  root  readily  in  any  light 
sandy  soil,  and  they  will  flower  early  the  following 
summer.  In  .Siberia  V.  ]5ho?niceum  is  said  to  be  used 
as  a  substitute  for  Tea.  I  can  see  no  reason  why  our 
florists  should  not  try  to  improve  the  Verbascums,  for 
they  certainly  are  capable  of  great  improvement.  James 
Sfnit/iy  Exton  Parl\  Rutland, 

Primula  japonica. — Thinking  that  it  will  interest 
your  readers  to  learn  something  of  the  habit  and  growth 


of  this  magnificent  Primula,  we  beg  leave  to  forward 
you  a  few  extracts  from  letters  received  from  Mr, 
Kramer,  of  Yokohama,  Japan,  who  has  at  various 
times  forwarded  to  us  seeds  and  plants  of  the  same  : — 

"  If  the  drawing  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  is  a  true 
one,  Primula  japonica  must  be  very  much  finer  than  it 
ever  is  seen  here.  A  cold  climate  and  good  cultivation 
have  no  doubt  great  influence,  for  its  native  country  is 
said  to  be  the  Island  of  Yeza.  {November,  1S71.)  It  is 
generally  found  growing  on  the  banks  of  streams  and 
watercourses,  in  yellow  loam.  I  have  seen  it  growing 
from  2.\  to  3  feet  high,  with  six  or  seven  tiers  of  flowers — a 
magnificent  sight.  In  sowing  the  seed  it  is  very  import- 
ant to  know  that,  as  this  Primula  is  not  a  native  of  a  warm 
country,  it  requires  no  artificial  heat  for  germinating,  and 
that  frequently  the  seed  does  not  germinate  until  the  next 
spring  ;  in  fact,  the  latter  is  the  rule.  I  would,  therefore, 
advise  tliat  the  seed  should  be  sown  immediately,  and  left 
for  at  least  six  months  undisturbed.  (June,  1870.)  I  have 
now  some  boxes  which  have  stood  for  two  years,  and 
tfcis  year  there  are  more  plants  coming  up  than  even  the 
first  year.     (May,  1871.)" 

From  this  it  appears  that  the  seed  takes  a  long  time  to 
germinate,  that  a  cool,  moist,  yellow  loam  is  best 
suited  to  the  plant,  and  that  it  is  likely  to  improve  much 
under  cultivation.  It  will  also  prove  especially  valuable 
(on  account  of  its  tendency  to  vary)  for  hybridisation. 
Tmtschel  C,-^  Co.,  Colchester. 

Winter  Asparagus.— I  grow  my  winter  Asparagus 
as  follows  :  Shallow  pans,  12  to  13  inches  in  diameter, 
and  9  inches  deep,  are  provided  with  slight  drainage  at 
bottom.  In  these  pans  are  placed  Asparagus  roots, 
three  to  four  years  old,  with  the  earth  attached  to  them. 
They  are  pressed  firmly  into  ttie  empty  pot  or  pan,  and 
then  some  sifted  dry  earth  is  filled  in,  the  pot  well 
shaken,  and  the  mould  pounded  with  a  light  pestle  or 
stout  stick  ;  water  should  be  given  gradually  till  the 
earth  is  saturated.  The  pans  are  placed  in  front  of  a 
Peach-house,  with  gentle  heat ;  they  have  had  two 
crops  cut  from  them,  and  now  promise  a  third.  This 
is  not  new,  but  it  is  a  most  siniple  method  of  producing 
a  cheap  luxury.  All  lovers  of  "sparrowgrass"  should 
sow  the  seed  in  drills  every  year,  and  thus  have  plants 
ready  for  planting  in  pots  in  winter.    T.  R. 

Currant  Bud  Disease. — I  send  you  a  sample  of 
Black  Currant  wood  attacked  by  a  disease  or  insect 
which  is  very  prevalent  in  the  West  of  Scotland  ;  will 
you  kindly  say  what  it  is?  what  is  the  cause?  and 
what  is  the  cure  for  it,  or  any  information  regarding 
the  same  ?  Wherever  the  plant  is  attacked  fruit  is 
seldom  ever  afterwards  got,  and  one  plant  will  affect 
the  whole,  although  acres  in  breadth.  It  gets  yearly 
worse,  until  there  is  not  a  sound  bud  on  the  plants. 
Co7istant  Reader,  Paisley.  [A  full  description  of  the 
insect  which  causes  this  disease,  by  Professor  Westwood, 
was  given  in  our  columns  for  1S69,  p.  S41,  with  an 
illustration,  which  will  assist  our  correspondent  in 
determining  the  nature  of  the  pest.  "  M.  J.  B." 
is  of  opinion  that  badly  infested  trees  ought  evidently 
to  be  very  close  pruned  in  autumn,  but  Professor  West- 
wood  recommends  the  picking  of  the  old  dried  buds 
in  August  or  September.   Eds.] 

Desfontainea  spinos^. — This  is  one  of  thechoicest 
shrubs,  and  one  of  the  most  effective  plants  when  in 
flower,  that  can  adorn  a  garden.  How  is  it  that  so 
little  notice  is  taken  of  it  ?  Out  of  four  catalogues  just 
looked  irtto,  only  one  has  its  name.  It  is  of  easy 
culture,  and  if  not  planted  in  too  wet  or  too  exposed  a 
situation,  it  will  stand  intense  cold.  It  is  also  easy  to 
propagate.  A  whole  handglassful  of  cuttings,  put  in 
in  the  mohth  of  September,  1869,  struck,  and  are  now 
nice  plants.  They  strike  freely  in  leaf-mould  and 
sand,  raised  above  the  level  of  the  ground,  with  a 
handglass  over  them.   //.  M. 

The  "Sidney"  Seed  Sower.  —  In  the  spring 
of  last  year  you  gave  a  favourable  notice  in  your 
journal  of  my  seed-sower  ;  a  large  number  of  them 
were  sold,  but  it  was  evident  something  more  was 
wanted, — it  did  not  succeed  with  Peas.  I  there- 
fore turned  my  attention  to  devise  some  plan  to  prevent 
these  large  square-sided  seeds  forming  an  arch,  which 
often  became  quite  solid.  After  many  trials  I  arrived 
at  a  successful  issue  by  considerably  enlarging  the 
size,  and  placing  inside  an  inverted  cone,  so  that, 
with  the  base  of  the  tube  being  larger  than  the  top, 
there  is  no  buttress  against  which  an  arch  can  be 
formed,  and,  consequently,  the  Peas  are  free,  and  flow 
regularly.  There  are  these  advantages  also  :  the 
larger  size  makes  it  more  useful  for  all  size  seeds  in 
large  gardens,  for  market  gardens,  and  for  farmers  for 
filling  up  blank  places  in  fields.  C.  y.  Cox^  Im-entor 
and  Patentee  of  the  ''Sidney''  Seed  Soiver.  [The 
addition  made  to  this  handy  implement,  greatly  in- 
crease its  utility  for  large  seeds.  Ens.] 

Cabbage  Cultivation  in  Cornwall.— To  give 
the  above  as  the  heading  in  your  weekly  index  of  what 
Mr.  Baker  saw  in  the  fields  in  Cornwall  is  hardly  fair 
to  your  Cornish  readers  ;  they  would  understand  whnt 
he  meant  better  if  it  was  headed,  "The  Cornish  way 
to  keep  a  heap  of  filth  clean."  The  Cabbages  are 
not  grown  for  the  profit  they  yield,  so  much  as  the 
attention  they  require  in  the  matter  of  hoeing,  &c., 
this  being  a  sure  way  to  keep  the  surface  of  the  heap 
clean.  The  heap  is  collected  from  the  ditches  and 
fields  in  the  winter  season,  and  left  until   the  next 


January  27,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


"3 


^\^nter  or  spring  to  rot,  when  it  is  spread  over  the 
field,  of  course  mixed  with  manure.  The  kind  of 
Cabbage  grown  in  the  way  described  is  the  Drumhead, 
or  what  is  locally  called  "flat-pole."  Henry  Mills^ 
Envs.  \ 

The  *'Pale  Blue  English  Cowslip"  is,  I  should  | 
think,  the  blue  Polyanthus  I  wrote  you  about  last  year, 
and  which  is  to  be  obtained  (according  to  Mr.  Crewe) 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Edinburgh.   Jas.  MacPherson. 

■ — ' —  Mention  is  made  in  your  last  number  of  Mr. 
Henry  Kingsley's  "  pale  blue  English  Cowslip"  (p,  73), 
and  I  remember  some  time  ago  a  discussion  in  your 
pages  on  the  subject  of  the  bUte  Polyanthus,  a  horti- 
cultural rarity  which  I  have  seen  more  than  once  in  my 
younger  days.  Tliose  of  your  readers  who  are  inte- 
rested in  the  blue  varieties  of  different  species  of 
Primul^i  may  be  glad  to  have  tlieir  attention  called  to 
the  large  blue  Auricula  in  Mr.  Thomas  Baring's  fine 
Van  Huysum,  now  being  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  (No.  44).  Van  Huysum  generally  groups 
together  plants  whicli  do  not  all  flower  at  the  same 
time,  but  no  master  has  surpassed  him  in  the  accuracy 
with  which  each  individual  plant  is  represented.  His 
materials,  too,  were  so  good,  that  his  pictures  show  no 


or  racing,  and  certainly  Messrs.  Carter  &  Co.  dc-  ' 
serve  the  thanks  of  all  gardeners  for  bringing 
vegetables  to  the  front  in  such  a  handsome  manner. 
Therefore,  brother  gardeners,  do  not  let  it  be  said  that 
we  are  a  class  of  grumblers,  but  let  us  put  our  shoulders 
to  the  wheel,  and  by  entering  keenly  into  the  competi- 
tion show  the  visitors  to  Birmingham  that  vegetable 
growing  is  anything  but  a  lost  art  amongst  us. 
R,  Gilbert,  Burgkley.   [Hear!  Hear!  Kns.] 


Foreign    Correspondence. 

Lord  Howe's  Island. — Dr.  Bennett  informs  us 
tliat  a  short  time  since  Mr.  W.  Carron  was  sent  by 
Mr.  Charles  Moore  (Director  of  the  Botanic  Garden, 
Sydney),  in  H.M.S.  Rosario,  to  J^ord  Howe's  Island, 
for  the  purpose  of  collecting  plants;  the  result  was,  he 
succeeded  in  obtaining  a  large  and  valuable  collection  of 
Palms,  Ferns,  and  other  plants,  several  of  which  are  sup- 
posed to  be  undcscribed,  ''but  as  it  is  the  intention  of 
Mr.  Moore  to  send  a  detailed  account  to  Dr.  Hooker, 
accompanied  by  both  living  and  dried  specimens,  it 
will  be  unnecessary  to  enter  into  more  particulars." 

"  My  object  in  this  communication,"  says  our  corre- 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Messrs.  Carter,  Dunnett  &  Beale's  Seed 
Farms. — As  every  gardener  cannot  save  his  own  seed 
— nor  indeed  do  we  think  it  would  be  altogether  a 
wise  practice  to  do  so— it  must  be  of  considerable 
importance  to  him  to  know  something  of  the  growing 
and  harvesting  of  seeds  as  carried  out  by  the  large 
firms  from  wliom  he  draws  his  supplies.  Messrs. 
Carter's  seed  farms  should  be  seen  by  those  interested 
in  the  matter  about  the  beginning  or  middle  of 
July,  for  at  that  time  most  of  tlie  annuals  are  in 
l^erifection,  and  the  sight  of  these  broad  acres  of 
glowing  masses  of  colours — and  nearly  every  shade 
of  the  rainbow  is  represented— is  indeed  a  striking 
picture  to  behold.  Thougli  from  the  Great  Eastern 
railway,  for  some  distance  before  you  reach  Maiming- 
tree,  you  catch  frequent  glimpses  of  masses  of  glittering 
Tropteolums,  and  get  a  foretaste  of  the  fragrancy  ol 
the  Mignonette  which  at  certain  times  pervades  ihe  air 
from  afar,  it  is  nut  until  near  the  end  of  your  three 
miles  walk  from  the  place  above  mentioned  that  you 
can  gain  any  definite  idea  of  the  magnitude  and 
beauty  of  this  flower  garden  of  Essex, 


'.^ff^-^i 


Fig.-  59. — hranched  alsophila,  i-rom  lord  huwe's  island. 


Fig.  60. — alsophila  sr'.,  h^rd  iiowe's  island. 


sign  of  a  fading,  changing,  or  even  deepening  of 
colour.  William  Wickkam,  Alkemnaii  Club.  [Query, 
did  not  Jean  Baptiste  run  him  very  close?  Eds.] 

The  Carrot  Grub. — Any  hints  thrown  out  for  the 
prevention  or  cure  of  this  destructive  pest,  cannot,  I 
think,  fail  to  be  welcomed  by  all.  I  agree  with 
"  D.  L.  B,"  in  the  matter  of  applying  both  salt  and 
sea-sand,  but  I  think  it  would  be  far  cheaper  for  the 
majority  of  gardeners  to  buy  Carrots  and  Onions  tlian 
the  latter.  Allow  me  also  to  ask  how  many  of  your 
practical  readers  would  allow  their  ground  to  remain 
undug  or  untouched  all  through  winter  till  a  week 
before  it  was  wanted  for  sowing,  as  recommended  by 
'*  D.  L.  B.  ?" — as  in  that  case  I  am  of  opinion  that  the 
cure  would  be  worse  than  the  disease.  E,  Morgan, 
Harrffw-on-the-Hill. 

The  Carter  Challenge  Cup. — At  p.  44  a  coire- 
spondent  states  his  belief  that  this  cup  is  to  be  the  pro- 
perty of  the  employer,  which  turns  out  to  be  perfectly 
true,  and  I  think  justly.  The  gardener,  however, 
receives  the  money,  and  I  think  my  brother  gardeners 
generally  will  agree  with  me  that  this  time  we  have 
the  best  of  it.  It  is  certainly  a  great  prize  to  win, 
if  only  once.  I  think  the  employer  has  a  perfect 
right  to  the  cup,  as  he  has  to  those  won  by  yachting 


spondent,  "is  to  direct  your  attention  to  the  discovery  of 
two  remarkable  Tree  Ferns,  of  the  genus  Alsophila,  and 
supposed  to  be  new.  One  has  adventitious  buds  or  lateral 
slioots,  simitar  to  those  observed  in  Dicksonia  Youngice, 
described  by  Mr.  C.  Moore,  obtained  at  the  Richmond 
River,  New  South  Wales,  and  in  D.  squarrosa,  of  New 
Zealand.  I  have  enclosed  a  sketch  of  it  (fig.  59)  from  a 
living  plant,  brought  by  Mr.  Carron,  and  growing  in 
the  collection  of  the  botanical  gardens.  The  other  species 
of  Alsophila  is  peculiar,  from  having  a  very  smooth  stem, 
marked  by  indentations,  more  or  less  deep,  on  the  trunk, 
from  the  scars  of  the  fallen  fronds,  as  seen  in  the  enclosed 
sketch  {fig.  60),  also  drawn  from  a  living  plant  in  the 
garden  collection,  differing  from  any  Tree  Fern  at  present 
known.  Mr.  Carron  also  mentions  having  seen  trees  of 
the  Dracophyllum  Fitzgeraldii  from  50  to  60  feet  high, 
and  with  stems  of  from  2  to  3  feet  in  diameter. 

"Among  the  plants  was  also  a  new  Lomaria,  and 
another  resembling  Achras  austrahs  in  the  foliage.  Most 
of  the  plants  obtained  were  found  growing  at  an  altitude 
of  from  1800  to  2000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

"  Mr.  Carron  was  only  four  days  on  the  island,  and  the 
fatigue  of  collecting  and  bringing  down  plants  from  a  great 
elevation,  without  the  advantage  of  roads  or  even  path- 
ways, was  very  great.  Coifld  he  have  been  able  to  pro- 
long his  stay  on  the  island,  the  novelties  found  would,  no 
doubt,  have  been  more  numerous  ;  as  it  is,  the  collection 
made  of  living  and  dried  plants  will  no  doubt  prove  of 
great  interest  to  botanists." 


It  is  a  remarkable  feature  of  these  farms,  and,  we 
believe,  of  all  others  in  these  enlightened  days,  that 
bad  samples — that  is,  samples  freely  intermixed  with 
"  rogues  " — are  the  exception,  and  not  the  rule.  This 
is  brought  about  only  by  incessant  care  and  attention  in 
weeding  out  the  "  rogues"  before  the  plants  come  into 
flower.  This  work  has  to  be  done  by  intelligent  hands, 
and  that  it  is  done  here  thoroughly  well  is  abundantly 
testified  by  the  purity  of  the  samples  growing  all 
around.  Again,  another  evidence  of  the  great  care 
which  is  required  in  keeping  seeds  true  to  their  cha- 
racter consists  in  sowing  them  in  breadths — apparently 
in  the  most  indiscriminate  manner,  but  in  reality  by 
separating  nearly  allied  plants  by  others  of  different 
and  very  distinct  genera.  The  soil  here,  a  good  sandy 
loam,  seems  eminently  favourable  to  tlie  realisation  of 
a  floriferous  habit,  the  only  manure  applied  being 
lime,  which  produces  a  tendency  in  the  same  direction. 

To  mention  all  the  good  things  to  be  seen  on  these 
farms  would  occupy  more  space  than  we  can  spare, 
but  we  may  mention  a  i^w  of  those  we  saw  on 
the  East  House  and  Jupes  Hill  Farms.  The  varieties 
of  Calliopsis  were  very  showy,  some  having  fine  bright 
yellow  flowers  with  a  deep  velvety  crimson  eye  ; 
these  keep  in  flower  for  a  considerable  time,  but  much 
longer  if  the  seed-pods  are  picked  off"  as  soon  as 
they    are    seen.       Cenia    flava   and     C.     turbinata — 


114 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  27,   1872. 


the  former  yellow,  the  latter  white — are  pretty 
hardy  annuals  from  the  Cape,  dwarf  in  habit. 
Mesembryanthemum  glabrura  is  very  dwarf,  flowers 
large,  deep  yellow  ;  M.  tricolor  album,  about 
3  inches  in  height,  compact  in  growth,  white,  appa- 
rently well  adapted  for  growing  in  rows  ;  the  latter  is 
a  half-hardy  annual,  the  former  a  half-hardy  perennial ; 
both  are  useful  for  covering  sloping  banks  and  rock- 
work.  The  Indian  Pinks  were  exceedingly  attractive 
in  masses,  and  amongst  them  were  several  fine  strains, 
notably  of  Dianthus  Heddewigii  and  its  variety  lilacina. 
The  first  named  has  been  much  improved  within  the 
last  few  years  by  careful  selection,  and  well  it 
deserves  all  the  attention  paid  to  it,  for  there  are 
few  beds  to  equal  one  of  it  in  quiet  beauty. 
Petunias,  too,  are  coming  much  into  favour,  and  we 
saw  several  very  fine  varieties.  They  are  very  effective 
bedding  plants,  on  account  of  their  richness  of 
colour,  fragrance,  and  continuity  of  blooming  ;  the  only 
objection  to  their  use  in  the  flower  garden  has  been 
the  straggling  character  of  their  habit,  but  this  is 
gradually  becoming  obviated  by  the  production  of  a 
dwarfer  and  more  wiry  race  of  plants.  A  variety, 
named  Satin  Rose,  was  exceedingly  showy  ;  it  is  a 
large  flower,  of  much  substance.  P.  grandiflora  La 
Superbe,  a  strong  grower,  is  of  a  beautiful  magenta, 
with  a  white  eye.  The  white  forms  were  particularly 
])ure  and  good,  and  amongst  the  striped  and  blotched 
varieties  are  some  particularly  striking  flowers. 
Among  African  and  French  Marigolds  were  some  of  the 
finest  shaped  flowers  that  have  come  under  our 
notice,  the  yellow  flowers  of  the  African  kinds  being  also 
of  great  size  and  substance.  The  miniature  French 
forms  are  very  pleasing  flowers,  remarkably  double, 
rich  in  colours,  and  a  great  improvement  in  habit, 
being  very  dwarf  and  compact.  For  the  production  of 
new  varieties  of  that  undoubtedly  useful  bedding  plant, 
the  TropLvoIum,  it  is  well  known  that  Messrs.  Carter 
&  Co.  enjoy  celebrity,  most  of  our  best  improvements 
emanating  from  these  farms.  The  flower  is  rapidly 
gaining  in  popular  estimation,  and  to  meet  the  demand 
an  immense  quantity  has  to  be  grown.  In  the  Lob- 
bianum  section  some  welcome  additions  have  been 
made  during  the  last  few  years,  and  amongst  the  newest 
of  these  are  T.  Lillie  Schmidt,  bright  crimson,  a  first- 
rate  acquisition ;  Pearl,  a  very  near  approach  to 
white  ;  and  Beauty,  a  chaste  flower  of  a  new  shade 
of  colour,  between  scarlet  and  crimson  ;  the  yellow 
Tom  Thumb  will,  we  doubt  not,  make  a  fine 
bedding  plant  ;  and  the  yellows,  spotted  with  crim- 
son, are  very  showy.  Perhaps  the  most  striking 
are  those  having  veiy  dark  foliage,  as  T.  King  of  Tom 
Thumbs  and  others,  their  rich  scarlet  flowers  contrast- 
ing admirably  ;  whilst  another  remarkable  variety  is 
T.  Imperatrice  Eugenie,  which  has  nicely-shaped  red 
flowers,  spotted  and  striped  with  yellow.  The  Swan 
River  Daisy,  Brachycome  iberidifolia,  is  a  very  neat 
blue  bedding  plant,  and  like  its  variety  albiflora,  both 
of  which  grow  to  the  height  of  12  inches,  it  is  a  very 
free  flowering  plant  if  it  be  only  thinned  out  well. 
Antirrhinum  Crescia,  a  variety  with  scarlet  flowers, 
is  a  fine  acquisition,  and  one  which  is  thought  very 
highly  of  by  Mr.  Dunnett.  The  pretty  and  grace- 
ful Saponarias,  the  longest  blooming  of  all  dwarf 
annuals,  and  in  the  case  of  S.  calabrica  fur- 
nishing one  of  the  brightest  ornaments  of  the 
spring  garden,  are  very  largely  grown  liere — one  of  the 
grandest  beds  of  the  season  being  one  of  the  last 
named,  covering  4  acres  ;  S.  ocymoides — amongst  the 
showiest  of  rock  plants,  also  comes  in  for  a  large 
measure  of  attention.  Passing  over  a  large  patch  of 
the  pretty  double  magenta  Senecio  Jacobii^a,  a  new 
flesh-coloured  Scabious,  in  which  the  habit  of  growth 
is  dwarfer  than  usual,  and  Chrysanthemum  bicolor,  an 
annual  with  white  quilled  flowers  with  a  golden  eye, 
we  come  to  the  Godetias,  which  have  had  considerable 
attention  drawn  to  them  since  the  introduction  of  that 
splendid  novelty,  G.  Whitneyi  ;  G.  reptans  alba  has  an 
erect  sturdy  habit  of  growth,  is  very  free  flowering,  and 
altogether  the  best  white  ;  G.  roseo-alba  is  exceedingly 
pretty,  having  a  bright  crimson  spot  on  each  of  the 
petals  of  its  rose  and  white  flowers  ;  and  in  G.  Lind- 
leyana  we  have  a  good  purple.  There  are  several 
other  varieties  of  more  or  less  merit,  and  all  grown 
particularly  true  to  their  colours.  We  noticed  also  a 
large  batch  of  seedling  Gladiolus,  containing  several 
good  forms  ;  and  another  of  the  remarkably  attractive 
white  Datura  ceratocaulon,  the  flowers  of  which  bear 
the  nearest  resemblance  to  satin  of  any  flower  we  have 
seen. 

Of  vegetable  seeds,  the  greater  portion,  and  espe- 
cially the  Peas,  was  harvested  at  the  time  of  our 
visit,  so  that  little  can  be  said  respecting  them,  with 
the  exception  that  the  threshed  samples  appeared  to  be 
of  excellent  quality.  Gf  M  'Lean's  Little  Gem,  and  Tom 
Thumb,  two  varieties  too  well  known  to  need  any 
comment,  we  saw  about  10  acres  of  each  under  culti- 
vation, and  large  tracts  of  Beck's  Dwarf  Green  Gem 
Beans,  and  the  new  Carter's  Champion  Runner  Beans, 
which  are  acknowledged  to  be  first-rate. 

From  Dedham  to  St.  Osyth,  where  Messrs.  Carter 
&  Co.  have  another  large  farm,  is  a  drive  of  some 
14  miles.  Here  are  grown  a  number  of  vegetables,  as 
well  as  the  principal  stock  of  bulbs,  such  as  Gladiolus, 
of  which  there  were  of  G.  brenchleyensis  alone  a  bed 
containing  about  200,000  bulbs,  which  were  all  in  full 
bloom  at  the  time  of  our  visit,  the  spikes  being 
uniformly  strong  and  good.     Next   to   these  came  a 


large  breadth  of  Parsons'  new  Mignonette,  very 
strong  in  growth,  flowering  freely  and  true  ;  then 
a  similar  patch  of  the  Crystal  Palace  variety  of 
Tagetes  pumila,  a  very  compact  form,  growing 
to  the  height  of  about  6  inches,  and  producing  a  good 
show  of  orange-yellow  flowers  ;  and  then  we  have  about 
2  acres  in  all  of  Sweet  Peas.  TropKolum  Lillie 
Schmidt  and  T.  Lobbianum  Napoleon  IIL,  the  latter 
having  showy  vermilion-striped  flowers,  were  very  full 
of  bloom  ;  T.  Queen  Victoria  was  much  like  Pearl,  only 
spotted.  The  Helichrysums  were  exceedingly  fine  in 
size,  especially  the  variety  monstrosum,  and  a  very  good 
white  form.  Of  Hollyhocks  there  was  a  mixed  collec- 
tion of  seedlings,  covering  from  4  to  5  acres,  and  con- 
taining a  large  percentage  of  very  good  flowers  and  a 
great  number  of  named  varieties,  as  Mrs.  McKenzie, 
Narcissus,  Golden  Fleece,  Beauty  of  Broxbonrne,  t\:c. 

Passing  over  some  good  strains  of  the  Cliveden 
yellow  and  blue  Pansies,  also  some  beds  of  very  fine 
Show  and  Fancy  Tansies,  we  noticed  a  nice  lot  of  Con- 
volvulus minor  unicaulis,  a  very  bright  amiual,  pro- 
ducing an  abundance  of  flowers  on  single  stems  ;  a 
nice  compact  spring  bedding  annual — Asperula  azurea 
setosa,  light  blue  ;  a  good  sample  of  Viscaria  cardi- 
nalis,  a  pretty  magenta- flowered  annual,  which  keeps  in 
bloom  for  about  three  months  ;  a  very  true  stock  of 
the  brownish-white  Nigella  hispanica  ;  and  a  new 
variety  of  Salpiglossis,  well  named  nigra,  almost  a  jet 
black,  and  a  free  bloomer. 

Of  Larkspurs  there  were  about  60  beds  in  all,  the 
most  attractive,  on  account  of  its  size,  being  Delphi 
nium  Consolida  candelabrum,  light  blue.  There  are 
five  or  six  varieties  of  this  flower,  the  best  of  which 
is  one  of  a  very  deep  blue  colour.  Taken  as 
a  whole,  the  Larkspurs  were  the  best  batch 
we  remember  to  have  seen,  especially  as  regards 
the  size,  substance,  and  doubleness  of  the  flowers.  A 
single  flower  is  on  no  account  allowed  to  remain  in  the 
grounds.  The  Ranunculus-flowered  varieties  are  very 
neat.  Lobelia  Paxtoniana,  blue  and  white,  was  as  pure 
a  stock  as  any  one  could  wish  to  see,  and  of  this  and 
L.  speciosa  an  immense  quantity  is  grown,  the  beds 
attracting  notice,  on  account  of  the  purity  and  distinct- 
ness of  their  colours,  a  long  way  off.  The  largest- 
flowered  of  all  the  Lobelias  is  ramosa,  of  which  there 
are  white  and  blue  varieties.  Godetia  Whitneyi  was 
doing  remarkably  well,  and  well  maintains  the  high 
character  given  to  it  on  its  introduction  ;  so  also  was 
Leptosiphon  roseus,  which  is,  if  possible,  a  greater 
acquisition  than  the  former.  That  good  old  annual, 
Nemophila  insignis,  was  over,  but,  to  show  the  immense 
quantity  of  seed  required,  we  may  state  that  it  is  grown 
in  rows  extending  right  across  the  farm,  the  united 
length  of  which  was  14  miles  ! 

Amongst  vegetables,  many  of  which  have  been  com- 
mented on  before,  we  noticed  a  new  Kidney  Bean, 
which  grows  to  the  height  of  about  15  inches,  and 
produces  freely  large  pods  of  deep  red  speckled  Beans, 
and  which  is  likely  to  be  very  acceptable  ;  also  a  new 
blue  Pea,  unnamed,  recommended  for  frame  work,  on 
account  of  its  dwarfness  and  productiveness.  Under 
cultivation  in  the  open  ground,  it  produced  about 
12  sacks  of  fine  seed  per  acre.  It  may  be  remarked 
here  that  Peas  were  all  unusually  good  last  season,  and 
some  fine  crops  were  harvested. 


THE  WEATHER. 

STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  BLACKHEATH,   LONDON, 
For  the  Week  ending  Wednesday,  Jan.  17,  1872. 


Hygrome- 

trical   De- 

BAROMIiTER. 

TtMPliRATUBl-:  OF 

THi£  Air. 

ductions 

from 
GUisIier's 
Tables  5th 

Wind. 

1873. 

Edition. 

i 

Month 

AND 

Day. 

lean   Reading 

Reduced  to 

32°  Fahr. 

eparture  from 

Average 
of  18  Years. 

1 

I 

1 

.2.. 

SQ 
S 

S  0 

c 
'5 

Q 

II 

<a 

< 

! 

a- 

1872. 

In.    !    In. 

, 

e 

. 

In. 

Jan.    1 3 

Z9.01 

— 0.73  48-Ii38.4!  9.7 

42.6 

f  5.9 

35  3 

n{ 

wsw 

0.09 

»      19 

29.27 

— 0.4845.5  3S-"°-4 

39.9'+  3-I1 

37-8 

92 

variable 

0.02 

»      20 

2942 '—0.33'41.7  37-2    4-5 

39.o|4-  z.o 

37-2 

'^ 

N,NE. 

0.13 

„      21I  29.54   —0.21  4i-734'5,   7' 

37-8 

+  0.6 

37  0 

97  j 

S.E. 

0.03 

„      22   29.29  — o.46  44o'36.6,   7.4 

40. 2 

+  2.8 

395 

97l 

E..S.E.  : 

o.n 

„      231  28.72  —1.03  48.7  41.0    7-7 

43.4 

-F  5  ■7,41  0     9' 

SS.W. 

0.29 

„     24'  28.64  ,— i.ii  50.539.211.344.0+  6.138.8     82] 

1            1            1         1         '        1         1            '         \         ^ 

S.W. 

0.49 

Jan.  18. — Rain  fell  in  the  early  morping,  and  occasionally  during 
the  day.  Cloudy  in  morning.  Very  fine  and  cloudless 
at  night.     Strong  wind. 

—  19. — Hoar-frost    in     mominer.      Solar  halo    at    noon.       J-is,'ht 

clouds  prevalent  till  night ;  then  cloudy. 

—  2a — Rain  fell  in  early  morning,  and  thinly  at  timfis  during  the 

day.     Overcast  throughout. 

—  21. — Generally  cloudy  throughout  the  day.     Rain  fell  occa- 

sionally at  noon. 

—  22.— Overcast  throughout.     Rain  fell    frequently  in  the  after- 

noon and  evening. 

—  23. — Generally  cloudy   till    night.     Very  heavy  gusts  of  wind 

and  rain  prevailed  througliout  the  day.  Very  variable 
at  night.     Frequent  heavy  showers  of  rain. 

—  24. — /V  violent  gale  prevalent  during  the  morning.     The  lowest 

reading  of  the  barometer  28,2  inches,  being  a  point 
lower  than  any  experienced  since  Janu.iry  13,  1843. 
ilcavy  rain  fell  in  c.irly  morning,  nnd  uccasion.illy 
during  the  day.  The  amount  of  cloud  varied  rapidly 
from  lime  to  lime.     A  vcrj'  Hne  night, 

JAMES  GLAISHER. 


(FOR   THE    ENSUING    FORTNIGHT.) 

PLANT  HOUSES. 

Greenhouse  Hard-wooded  Plants. — At  all  times 
during  the  winter  season,  but  more  especially  so  during 
such  damp  weather  as  we  have  had  for  some  weeks, 
especial  care  must  be  taken,  that  in  watering  no  more  is 
spilt  about  the  house  than  can  be  avoided.  The  whole 
of  the  stock,  large  and  small,  ought  even  at  this  season 
to  be  looked  carefully  over  every  other  day,  and  that 
in  the  morning,  so  as  to  allow  as  much  time  as  possible 
for  drying  up,  to  assist  which  a  little  fire-heat  for  a 
couple  of  hours  early  in  the  day  once  or  twice  a  week 
will  be  an  advantage.  The  operation  of  watering  the 
hard-wooded  stock  ought,  as  far  as  possible,  always  to 
be  performed  by  the  same  person,  as  in  this  case  it  is 
much  more  likely  to  be  properly  done  than  if  left  to 
different  individuals.  On  this  subject  of  watering 
it  is  necessaiy  to  be  more  than  ordinarily  ex- 
plicit, as  upon  the  way  in  which  it  is  performed 
depends  success  on  the  one  hand,  or  failure 
on  the  other,  more  probably  than  upon  all  other  cul- 
tural operations  put  together.  Hence  the  necessity  for 
the  most  diligent  attention,  and  careful  observation  as 
to  the  requirements  of  the  different  plants  under  con- 
sideration. Where  there  is  convenience  it  is  better  to 
keep  the  young  stock  in  a  separate  house  from  the 
larger  portion,  as  the  small  plants  can  then  be  kept  a 
few  degrees  warmer  than  it  is  advisable  to  keep  the 
larger  ones.  This  will  encourage  root  action,  and  will 
give  the  plants  a  longer  season  of  growth,  and  still 
enable  them  to  mature  such  growth  before  the  autumn, 
for  it  is  necessary  to  bear  in  mind  that  most  of  these 
plants  in  their  native  countries  have  a  much  longer 
summer  than  we  have.  It  is  also  desirable  to  get  them 
up  to  the  required  size  as  quickly  as  is  consistent  with 
thoroughly  ripened  wood.  Plants  so  treated  will  gene- 
rally be  found  longer  lived  than  such  as  are  slowly 
grown  in  the  early  stages  of  their  existence.  Where 
there  is  not  the  convenience  of  separate  structures  for 
large  and  small,  place  all  the  small  stock  at  the 
warmest  end  of  the  house,  and  keep  that  end  a  little 
closer.  Do  not  allow  the  pots  to  get  covered  with 
green  mould  ;  it  is  not  only  unsightly,  but  detrimental 
to  the  plants,  for  if  allowed  to  grow  unchecked  at  this 
season  it  gradually  spreads  to  the  surface  of  the  soil,  to 
the  certam  injury  of  the  plants.  Keep  everything 
scrupulously  clean,  which  will  in  some  measure  com- 
pensate for  the  paucity  of  bloom  in  this  department  for 
some  time.  Push  on  whatever  tying  yet  remains 
undone,  and  in  removing  the  old  sticks  care  should  be 
taken  to  extract  the  whole  of  that  portion  which  has 
entered  the  soil,  for  if  any  is  left  it  is  almost  certain  to 
produce  a  crop  of  Fungus,  which  frequently  afterwards 
attacks  the  roots,  causing  certain  death.  See  that  the 
stock  of  pots  of  different  sizes  is  washed  clean,  crocks 
of  different  sizes  broken,  and  all  preparations  made 
that  will  facilitate  the  work  of  potting  during  the 
coming  month.  A  sufficient  stock  of  sticks  ought  to 
be  made  and  painted  on  wet  days  and  other  favourable 
opportunities.  The  heart  of  best  Baltic  deal  should 
be  used  ;  it  will  last  twice  as  long  as  the  yellow  Pine 
commonly  employed.    T.  Baiiics,  Sotithgate. 

Azaleas. — Little  more  can  be  done  here  for  the 
ensuing  fortnight  beyond  carrying  out  any  work  recom- 
mended in  the  last  Calendar  and  not  yet  completed.  A 
few  plants  ought  now  to  be  put  in  moderate  heat  for 
early  flowering ;  these  will  come  in  at  a  time  when 
they  will  be  found  very  useful,  and  if  any  of  the  plants 
have  in  previous  years  been  started  by  this  time  or 
earlier,  those  are  the  subjects  that  ought  now  to  be 
used  for  such  a  purpose.  Every  one  wlio  is  interested 
in  a  continuous  blooming  plant,  which  will  go  on  pro- 
ducing a  succession  of  flowers  for  a  couple  of  months, 
some  pure  white,  others  slightly  splashed  with  violet, 
requiring  a  temperature  of  not  more  than  45°,  ought  to 
procure  Azalea  vittata  striata.  It  is  a  plant  not  nearly 
so  often  met  with  as  it  deserves.  The  low  temperature 
with  which  it  will  produce  its  flowers  causes  it  to  stand 
well  when  cut,  and  in  that  respect  renders  it  invalu- 
able. I  have  had  a  small  plant  of  this  variety  which 
began  flowering  in  a  cool-house  in  October  and  con- 
tinued blooming  up  to  the  middle  of  January,  produc- 
ing each  succeeding  week  a  most  useful  lot  of  flowers. 
T.  Baincs^  Southgate. 

Camellias. — When  it  is  requisite  to  retard  the 
blooming  season  to  the  longest  possible  period,  give 
no  more  fire-heat  than  is  absolutely  necessary  to  expel 
frost,  and  the  plant  must  have  no  more  water,  either  at 
the  root  or  in  the  atmosphere,  than  is  required  to  main- 
tain a  healthy  medium.  Many  may  exclaim,  "Oh!  I 
see  in  this  dictum  tlie  certain  loss  of  the  flower- 
buds."  No  such  thing.  I  venture  to  predict  that  keeping 
the  house  as  cool  as  possible,  by  admitting,  day  and 
night,  as  much  air  as  possible,  in  conformity  with  the 
state  of  the  weather,  is  the  safest  means  to  attain  success. 
Plants  that  bloomed  early  must  now  be  pruned  prepara- 
tory to  potting,  such  as  may  require  it.  There  is  no 
plant  that  stands  better,  or  is  more  benefited  by  pruning 
than  the  Camellia.  They  are  for  the  most  part 
plants  of  a  desirable  habit  of  growth,  and  when  grown 
under  a  judicious  use  of  the  knife,  they  are  seldom 
benefited  by  tying.  The  forms  of  training  best 
adapted  to  eflective  display  are  the  pyramidal 
or  bush,  and    on    clear    stems    they   form  charming 


January  27,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


115 


heads,  not  surpassed  by  any  other  class  of  plant. 
Those  wayward  straggling  sorts,  such  as  Lady 
Hume's  Blush,  &c.,  are  best  trained  column-fashion 
to  a  single  stake,  with  the  shoots  trained  downwards. 
Plants  that  are  being  brought  forward  to  bloom,  and 
are  at  all  pot-bound,  will  be  benefited  by  applications 
of  manure-water :  tliat  from  deer  or  sheep  dung 
mixed  with  soot  is  the  best,  with  soft  water,  taking 
care  that  it  is  used  fresh,  as  much  injury  is  done  by 
using  liquids  in  a  putrid  state.  Guano-water  mixed  as 
used  is  also  very  good  ;  but  bear  in  mind  that  it  is 
better  never  to  give  stimulants  of  any  kind  excepting  to 
plants  that  are  thoroughly  established,  and  the  food 
within  their  grasp  is  impoverished.  Syringe  and  afford 
to  plants  that  are  swelling  their  buds  a  healthy  state  of 
moisture.    G.  IVeitlanJ,   IVitley  Court. 

Palms. — Take  advantage  of  bright  days  to  occa- 
sionally syringe  the  foliage,  to  keep  it  free  from  dust 
and  thrip.  These  latter  pests  are  very  apt  to  get  on 
the  foliage  of  Sea/orthia  elegatis,  and  being  so  much 
like  the  natural  scale  of  the  plants  they  are  often  over- 
looked, and  do  much  damage.  Wherever  ants  are  to 
be  seen  running  about  the  plants,  there  you  may  expect 
to  find  a  stock  of  scale,  which  they  are  in  the  habit  of 
bringing  there,  often  to  the  injury  of  the  centre  of  the 
plant.  Any  young  plants  requiring  a  shift  may  now 
have  it,  using  strong  loam  with  a  slight  dash  of  sand. 
One  piece  of  crock  at  the  bottom  is  enough.  Young 
plants  of  Araa  hitescciis  will  be  found  very  useful  for 
table  purposes  at  this  season.  Avoid  currents  of  cold 
air.  Any  large  plants  of  Chaitucrops  Fortuiiei  or 
C.  hiimilis  that  may  be  in  the  way,  will  keep  very  well 
tied  up  in  a  mat,  and  kept  in  a  cold  shed.  J.  Crouclier, 
Hamunrsmith, 

Orchids. — Raise  the  temperature  in  the  Cattleya- 
house  to  58°  night,  and  63°  day,  by  fire-heat,  and 
allow  an  advance  to  70°  by  sunshine.  Be  careful  to 
ventilate  as  much  as  the  weather  will  permit,  espe- 
cially by  the  front  openings.  Water  as  before  directed. 
Commence  to  pot  or  top-dress  Callleyas  as  each  indi- 
vidual plant  may  require  it.  In  potting,  fill  the  pots 
fully  two-thirds  with  crocks,  and  finish  off  with  the 
best  fibry  peat  and  small  potsherds.  Get  shading  put 
into  repair  against  it  is  wanted.  See  that  all  your 
plants  are  clear  of  insects.  Keep  all  cool  surfaces 
moist,  so  that  the  plants  may  feed  more  from  the 
atmosphere  than  by  root  application.    IV.  D. 

FLOWER  GARDEN,  ETC. 
The  Parterre  and  Mixed  Garden. — Neatness  and 
cleanliness  in  the  flower  garden  is  always  agreeable, 
and  at  no  season  more  so  than  the  present,  when  the 
.Aconite^  Squill,  Sjicnvdrop,  Crocus,  tic,  will  be  begin- 
ning to  appear.  The  surface  of  beds  and  borders 
should  be  carefully  stirred  with  a  hoe,  and  neatly 
raked,  which  will  give  it  a  fresh  even  surface,  and 
make  the  whole  appear  pleasing  to  the  eye.  Should 
the  weather  continue  open.  Herbaceous  Planls  of  all 
kinds  may  be  planted  in  borders,  or  collections  of 
these  much  neglected  plants  may  also  be  remodelled 
by  taking  them  up  and  reducing  the  more  luxuriant 
and  replanting  the  whole,  making  up  what  deficiencies 
may  have  occurred,  and  adding  such  new  ones  as 
may  be  desirable.  In  planting,  some  little  judg- 
ment is  necessary,  to  dispose  of  the  whole  so 
as  to  produce  a  striking  effect  when  in  flower, 
and  an  uninterrupted  succession  of  flowers  during  the 
season.  The  beauty  of  a  border  of  gay  flowers  does 
not  consist  so  much  in  the  quantity  of  bloom  as  in  the 
manner  in  which  that  bloom  is  disposed,  so  that  har- 
mony of  colouring  may  prevail  throughout  the  whole. 
Various  kinds  of  Hardy  Shrubs  which  require  to  be 
propagated  by  layers  may  be  done  any  time  this  month 
when  the  weather  is  open.  Box  Edgiugs,  Thrift,  &c., 
may  also  be  planted.  Proceed  with  all  possible  despatch 
with  Turf  Laying,  for  the  sooner  this  is  completed 
the  better.  It  is  seldom  necessary  to  give  manure  to 
shrubs ;  but,  when  the  roots  of  them  become  so  matted 
and  entangled  as  to  render  digging  amongst  them  im- 
practicable, it  may  be  necessary  to  top-dress  them 
with  any  light  mould  free  from  weeds.  This  will 
greatly  encourage  their  growth,  as  well  as  give  the 
borders  a  neat  appearance. .  It  is  a  bad  practice  to 
lake  the  leaves  away  from  the  shrubs,  thus  depriving 
them  of  their  food.  This  should  never  be  done,  butthey 
should  be  turned  in  for  manure.  Look  over  the  Bedding 
Plants,  and  propagate  at  once  any  varieties  that  are 
wanted.  Place  in  heat  stock  plants  of  Heliotropes, 
Lobelias,  Verbenas,  Jresines,  Dahlias,  &c.,  and  prepare 
a  hot-bed  ready  for  the  cuttings,  unless  propagating 
houses  are  at  command.  Edward  Bennett,  EnviUe. 


FRUIT  HOUSES. 
Pines.  —  In  my  remarks  on  Pine  culture  I  shall 
strive  to  show  as  briefly  and  clearly  as  possible  the 
system  I  have  pursued  with  success,  especially  relative 
to  the  fruiting  of  young  plants,  when  the  pinery  is 
divided  (a  way  I  much  prefer),  and  the  heating  arrange- 
ments, top  and  bottom,  are  severally  under  control. 
Under  these  conditions  there  is,  then,  generally  little 
trouble  in  getting  the  greater  part;  of  the  plants  up 
when  required,  at  this  season  especially.  The  earliest 
batch  of  suckers,  potted  last  March,  will  now  shovv 
signs  of  fruiting  ;  encourage  them  to  do  so  by  a  brisk 
bottom-heat,  and  a  nice  temperature  of  60°  to  65"  by 
night,  with  a  rise  of  5°  or  10°  by  day,  according  to  the 
state  of  the  weather ;  but,  if  sunny,  the  temperature 


may  rise  10°  to  15°  higher,  admitting  air  freely.  Keep 
successional  plants,  which  are  not  required  to  fruit  at 
once,  about  57*  to  65"*,  with  a  proportionate  rise  as 
above.  Plants  with  fruit  approaching  maturity  will  do 
well  in  this  pit.  Suckers  in  tan-beds  should  be  kept 
dry,  in  a  temperature  of  about  55"*  ^'  ^*  Miles, 
Wycombe  Abbev  Gardens. 

Peaches  and  Nectarines. — The  more  forward  of 
these  will  now  be  ready  for  disbudding— ■^^m-n^y , 
however,  at  first,  especially  so  in  the  case  of  old  or 
weakly  trees,  or  such  as  have  suffered  from  the  effects 
of  over-cropping.  At  the  first  appearance  of  Aphides, 
fumigate  with  tobacco  or  tobacco-paper,  otherwise 
dust  the  affected  shoots  with  Pooley's  Tobacco- powder 
by  means  of  a  sulphur  puff',  or  the  india-rubber  puff' 
sold  with  the  powder.  'This  remedy  I  have  found  very 
effectual  and  handy  —  especially  where  there  was 
only  an  occasional  presence  of  the  pest,  and  notably 
so  for  trees  in  pots.  Pay  unremitting  attention  to 
the  inside  borders ;  do  not  let  them  become  dry 
on  the  one  hand,  nor  unhealthily  damp  on  the 
other.  If  required,  give  a  thorough  soaking  of 
tepid  clarified  dung-water  or  of  Peruvian  guano, 
at  the  rate  of  3  to  4  oz.  to  a  gallon  of  water.  This  will 
make  an  excellent  stimulant,  especially  for  old-estab- 
lished trees  or  for  such  as  have  not  recently  received  a 
rich  top-dressing.  When  the  embryo  fruits  begin  to 
protrude  their  noses  through  the  decaying  corollas,  both 
the  day  and  night  temperature  may  be  slightly  increased, 
also  more  atmospheric  moisture  afforded.   W.  Gardiner. 

Figs. — Continue  to  treat  them  as  directed  for  last 
fortnight.  Those  just  breaking  should  enjoy  a  moist 
and  genial  temperature  of  from  55°  to  65°.  Keep 
them  plentifully  supplied  with  water  as  soon  as  the 
roots  are  fairly  in  action.  In  order  to  keep  them  short 
and  fruitful,  especially  in  the  case  of  pot  plants,  pinch 
out  the  points  of  the  young  shoots  when  they  are 
2  inches  in  length.  Now  is  a  good  time  to  propagate 
Figs  ;  they  strike  freely  by  eyes,  treated  in  much  the 
same  manner  as  Vines.  Portions  of  well-ripened 
shoots,  cut  up  into  pieces  I  or  2  inches  in  length,  and 
placed  in  small  pots  in  a  strong  bottom-heat,  will 
strike  root  freely  in  10  or  12  days.  B. 

Forcing  Frames. — Sow  seeds  of  Cucumbers  and 
Melons  in  nice  friable  loam  and  leaf-mould.  Do  not 
water  them  until  germination  has  taken  place,  and  then 
only  in  the  early  part  of  the  day  ;  and  if  the  sun  shines, 
do  so  during  such  a  period  in  particular  that  all  excess 
of  moisture  be  dried  up  quickly.  Place  a  batch  of  such 
Strawberry  plants  as  have  been  placed  for  a  week  or 
two  in  ari  intermediate  house  into  the  frames,  giving 
them  liberal  root  waterings.  One  fact  I  would 
urge  as  being  of  very  great  importance,  and  that 
is,  always  to  use  tepid  water  when  giving  superficial 
sprinklings  in  connection  with  all  kinds  of  plants  grown 
by  these  means.  Economise  the  internal  heat  to  the 
utmost  by  using  mat  coverings  by  night,  which  soon 
exhibits  its  own  importance  by  aiding  to  maintain  the 
warmth  within  the  beds  to  the  utmost  time  possible, 
and  with  less  fluctuation.    IVilliam  Farley,  Valentines. 

Orchard-house. — The  most  important  duty  to  be 
attended  to  now  is  that  of  pruning,  this  especially  in 
the  case  of  trees  in  pots,  which  are  generally  not  over 
robust.  These  should  be  finished  at  once,  for  the 
sooner  a  shoot  is  pruned  the  stronger  will  it  break. 
The  pruning  of  those  which  have  been  making  gross 
shoots  may  be  delayed  a  little  longer,  as  it  will  thereby 
impose  upon  them  a  slight  check.  As  a  rule,  too  much 
wood  is  left  in  orchard-house  trees,  and  they  produce 
too  many  flowers.  Cultivators  are  far  too  anxious  to 
secure  a  fine  and  plentiful  show  of  bloom,  forgetting 
that  the  greater  the  quantity  of  bloom  the  more  trying 
it  is  for  the  plant,  and  the  less  likely  are  the  flowers  to 
set.  A  Peach  tree  in  a  12-inch  pot,  for  instance,  with 
50  or  100  flowers  upon  it,  is  just  as  good  (if  not  better), 
and  will  produce  as  good  a  crop  as  one  with  ten  times  the 
amount.  In  pruning,  therefore,  it  is  well  to  bear  this 
in  mind — that  every  flower-bud,  if  properly  developed, 
will  produce  a  fmit,  and  that  only  a  few  (of  Peaches, 
one  on  each  shoot)  are  required.  Excepting  where  it 
is  required  for  the  formation  of  the  tree,  the  shoots  of 
Peaches,  cS:c. ,  in  pots,  or  all  bush  and  pyramid  speci- 
mens, should  not  be  left  more  than  2  or  3  inches  in 
length.  Where  the  trees  have  been  closely  pinched 
during  the  past  year,  the  twiggy  ends  only  require  to  be 
cut  off.  Care  must  be  taken  at  all  times  to  prune 
direct  to  a  wood-bud,  which  may  be  known  by  being 
much  more  slender  and  pointed  than  the  flower-buds. 
Where  no  wood-buds  are  to  be  found  the  shoots  must 
be  left  a  full  length,  if  they  cannot  be  dispensed  with. 
Keep  the  houses  open  night  and  day,  so  as  to  retard 
the  trees  as  much  as  possible,  this  continued  mild 
weather  bringing  the  buds  forward  too  fast.  Paint  the 
trees,  where  any  fear  of  insects  exists,  with  Gishurst 
Compound,  or  some  mixture  of  that  sort.  Give  the 
borders  everywliere  a  thorough  soaking  of  water.  If 
well  drained  they  cannot  have  too  much,  but  they  may 
have  too  little.  B.    

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Forcing  Department. — Keep  up  a  succession  of 
Asparagus  in  pits  or  ordinary  dung  frames,  as  required : 
temperature,  60°  by  day,  and  55°  at  night.  Continue 
sowing  succession  crops  of  Kidney  Beans,  as  previously 
directed.  Advancing  crops  should  be  watered  with 
clear  liquid  manure  about  twice  a  week.  Manure-water 
from  the  farmyard,  diluted  with  clear  water,  is  excellent 
for   Kidney   Beans.      Plant   out  Potatos  into   pits  or 


ordinary  dung  frames,  12  inches  between  the  rows  and 
9  inches  apart  in  the  row.  One  stem  only  should  be 
suff"ered  to  grow  on  each  tuber,  for  where  more  are 
allowed  to  remain  the  young  tubers  are  smaller,  and  the 
crop  is  not  increased  in  weight.  Give  air  daily  when  it 
can  be  done  with  safety  :  temperature,  55*  to  60°.  A 
succession  crop  of  Seahale  can  be  covered  in  the  open 
ground,  or  where  convenient  a  number  of  roots  can  be 
taken  up  and  planted  in  pits  or  frames,  well  covered 
down  to  exclude  the  light  and  air  :  temperature,  50° 
to  55".  A  succession  of  Rhubarb  roots  can  be  taken  to 
the  Mushroom-house,  or  the  crowns  may  be  covered  in 
the  open  ground,  as  advised  for  Seakale.  Carrots 
and  Radishes  may  yet  be  sown  on  a  slight  hot-bed,  as 
before  advised.  Attend  to  the  production  of  herbs, 
such  as  Mint,  Sorrel,  Tarragon,  &c. ,  as  before  directed. 
Chicory  is  an  excellent  winter  salad  herb.  Put  several 
roots  in  lo-inch  pots,  take  them  to  the  Mushroom- 
house  at  work,  and  keep  them  from  light.  Of  the 
broad-leaved  varieties  of  Endive  40  or  50  planls  may  be 
taken  to  the  Mushroom-house  as  required,  and  covered 
over  with  a  mat.  They  will  come  in  fit  for  use  in  a 
week,  and  will  be  an  excellent  addition  to  winter 
salads.  D.  Lufusden,  Bloxholm  Hall. 


FORESTRY. 
Continue  planting  in  all  favourable  weather,  and 
drain  wherever  necessary.  Study  well  the  situation, 
texture,  quality,  and  depth  of  the  soil.  Select  the 
sorts  of  trees  suited  for  these  different  conditions,  and 
plant  accordingly.  Plant  also  by  the  sides  of  drives, 
and  along  the  margins  of  large  blocks  or  masses  of 
plantations,  for  single  specimens  a  few  of  the  new  and 
finer  sorts  of  Conijers.  These  will  in  such  places 
frequently  thrive  better,  and  prove  equally  attractive, 
as  those  growing  under  more  exposure,  and  seemingly 
under  more  favourable  circumstances,  in  the  arboretum. 
Continue  to  fell  timber.  Select  lopwood  of  si/es 
suited  for  making  charcoal,  the  process  of  which  will 
be  afterwards  explained.  Cut  down  Coppices,  pnmc 
Hedges,  and  see  that  all  Fences  are  in  proper  order. 
y.  ll'ebster.  Cordon  Castle. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Boiler  :  Camjce.  Without  further  particulars  as  to  the 
size  and  situation  of  your  consenatory,  we  cannot 
answer  your  question.  Besides,  there  are  so  many 
boilers  of  merit  in  the  market,  that  we  cannot  undertake 

"■  to  recommend  anv  particular  one. 

Books  :  C.  H.  C.  'We  do  not  know  of  any  such  book  as 
you  ask  for.  You  mention  that  which  comes  nearest 
to  your  description  ;  it  surely  is  practical,  and 
contains  as  much  cultural  information  as  could  be 
looked  for  at  the  price.  You  might  supplement  it  by 
Glenny's  Handbook  to  the  Flmver  Garden. 

Caladiums  :  E.  E.  It  is  usual,  though  not  absolutely 
necessary,  to  start  both  Gloxinias  and  Caladiums  in 
bottom-heat,  especially  the  former.  They  must,  in  any 
case,  be  started  in  a  warm  house  or  pit,  and  grown  on 
while  young  in  a  genial,  warm  atmosphere — the  amount 
of  heat  and  the  time  of  starting  being  regulated  by  the 
time  the  plants  are  required  in  perfection. 

Dressing  Vine  Borders  :  W.  C.  S.,  Droon.  First, 
slightly  fork  the  surface  of  the  border,  then  spread  the 
manure  thereon,  and  leave  the  rest  to  the  natural 
elements.  The  loss  of  ammonia  by  exposure  to  the  air 
is  quite  infinitesimal.  We  not  advise  the  forking  of  the 
manure  into  the  border  at  all.  Being  placed  on  the 
surface  it  encourages  the  roots  to  come  there  in  search 
of  it. 

Names  of  Plants  :  J.  Bell,  i,  Bletia  hyacinthma  ; 
2,  is  a  miserable  Maxillaria,  which  is,  however,  quite 
new  to  us.  You  should  have  told  us  from  what 
country  it  came.— H'.  M.  We  have  made  inquiries. 
Probably  it  is  a  waif  or  stray. 

Pandanus  utilis. — A  correspondent  asks:  "What  is 
the  lowest  temperature  this  plant  will  stand  in  the 
autumn  and  winter  months  without  injury  ?  " 

Primula:  Windebant:  and  Kingsbury.  Your  Fern- 
leaved  Chinese  Primula  is  one  of  the  finest  we  have 
seen.  The  flowers  measure  2  inches  across,  are  <|uite 
double  and  convex,  the  centre  being  densely  filled  with 
petaloid  bodies  resembling  small  corollas,  and  the 
colour  a  delicate  and  charming  tint  of  blush. 

Selection  of  Fruits  :  A  Subscriber.  Best  12  Winter 
Kitchen  Apples  :  Dumelows  Seedling,  Winter  Haw- 
thornden.  Rymer,  Alfriston,  Brabant  Bellefleur,  Golden 
Noble,  Northern  Greening,  Yorkshire  Greening,  Royal 
Russet,  Gloria  Mundi,  Minchull  Crab,  Blenheim 
Orange.  Six  Dessert  Winter  Apples :  Cox's  Orange 
Pippin,  Braddick's  Nonpareil,  Court-Pendu  Plat,  Cockle 
Pippin,  Adams'  Pearmain,  Dutch  Mignonne.  Six  Early 
Apples  for  Dessert  or  Kitchen  :  Early  Harvest,  Kes- 
wick Codlin,  Sugar-loaf  Pippin,  Wormsley  Pippin, 
Cox's  Pomona,  Gravenstein.  Six  Dessert  Pears  : 
WilUams'  Bon  Chr(!tien,  Beurre  Bosc,  Louise  Bonne  of 
Jersej-,  Marie  Louise,  Beurre  Did,  Beurre  Superfin. 
Four  Kitchen  Pears  :  Catillac,  Uvedale's  St.  Germain. 
Gilogil,  Verulam.  Eight  Plums  :  Early  Prolific,  July 
Green  Gage,  Denyer's  Victoria,  Jefli'erson,  Prince  Engle- 
bert,  Prince  of  Wales,  Belle  de  Septembre,  Autumn 
Compote.  What  is  the  necessity  for  having  so  long  a 
list,  especially  of  kitchen  .\pples  ? 

Catalogues  Received.— James  Cocker  (Aberdeen), 
Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Flower,  Vegetable,  and  Agri- 
cultural Seeds,  Garden  Implements,  &c.— Hooper  & 
Co.  (Covent  Garden,  W.C),  Gardening  Guide  and 
General  Catalogue  of  Vegetable  and  Flower  Seeds,  &c. 
—William  Rumsey  (Waltham  Cross,  N.),  Select  List 
of  Garden,  Flower,  and  Farm  Seeds,  &c.— Edwin 
Cooling  (Derby),  Select  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  &-c.— 
Smith  &  Simons  (Glasgow),  Cultural  Guide  and  De- 


ii6 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


(January  27,   (872. 


scriptive  Seed  Catalogue. — Henry  Richardson  &  Co. 
(York),  Catalogue  of  Artificial  Manures,  &c. — Peter 
Lawson  &  Sons  (Budge  Row,  Cannon  Street,  E.C.), 
List  of  Garden  and  Flow'er  Seeds.  &c.— Evving  &  Co. 
(Nor%vich),  Descriptive  (Catalogue  of  Seeds. 


COiM]\iuNicAT!ONs  Received. — T.  S.,  Broomfield  (your  notice, 
or  a  similar  one,  will  appear  in  due  time). — R.  C.  K.  (with 
ihaliks).-].  U.-F.  "W.  B.— J.  T.  'New  Jersey!.— M.  S. — 
G.  J.— W.  M.-E.  M.— G.  B.—A.  H.—ll.  L.—tt.  C— 
W.  J.  M.  lin  our  next).  — I.  M.-G.  D.^H.  L.— G.  T.  M.— 
W.  D.— J.  C— n.  K-G.  Rotlinle.-J.  R.  P.— J,  K.— A.  G. 


COVENT   GARDEN.— Jan.  26. 

There  has  been  rather  more  business  done  here  during 
the  past  week,  but  the  trade  is  much  influenced  by  the 
weather.  We  have  had,  a  fair  attendance  of  buyers 
■during  the  week,  but  no  advance  in  prices  is  to  be 
noticed  ;  a  few  transactions  in  best  goods  are  the  only 
fejiture  in  which  improvement  may  have  occurred. 


Flow 
s.  d.     s.  ci. 

Azaleas.p.doz. sprays    . .  to  i  6 

Camellias,  per   doz. 

blooms      . .  ..30  —  60 

Heliotropes,  p.  doz. 
sprays       . .  . .      . .  —  10 

Hyacinths,  each    . .  06  —  09 

Lily   of  the  Valley, 

p.  doz.  sprays    . .      . .  —  30 

Pelargoniums, 

French, p.iasprays    ..  —  20 

Pelargoniums,  Scar- 
let, p.  12  sprays..      ..  —  20 


EKS. 

^.  d.     s.  d. 
Poiiisettias,  each   . .      . .  —  . . 
Roses,  per  doz.       . .   4  o  to  9  o 
TropJEolums,  p.  bun.     ..  —  04 
Trumpet  Lilies,each  06  —  09 

Tulips,  per  doz —  16 

White  Lilac,  p.  doz. 

sprays       . .  -        . . — 12  o 

Cyclailien,p.i2spks.  04 —  06 
Vio!ets,p, 12  bunches  ..  —  20 
Do.,  Neapolitan,  p. 

bunch       —  06 


s.  d.  s.  d. 
Apples,  per  \  sieve  2  o  to  5  o 
Cods,  per  100  lb.  .  .60  o  — 65  o 
Filberts,  per  lb.  ..08 —  10 
Grapes,  per  lb.  ..40  —  80 
Lennins,  per  loo    ..    7  o — 10  o 


s.  d.  s.  d. 
Artichokes, green,  ea.  0  6  to  o  8 
Asparagus,  per  100  6  o —  8  o 
Beet,  per  doz.  • .    i  o —  2  o 

Broccoli,  purple,  per 

bundle       , .  , .      10 —  1  3 

Brussels  Sprouts,  p. 

half  sieve..  ..  1  6 —  2  6 
Cabbages,  per  doz. ,.  16 —  1  3 
Cap-sicums,  p.  100..  r  6 —  2  o 
Carrots,  p.  bunch    . .   o  5—  o  7 

—  French,  do...  i  o — •  i  6 
Cauliflowers,  p.  doz.  ^  o —  6  o 
Celery,  per  bundle  .  i  o—  2  o 
Chilies,  per  100  ..  i  6 —  2  o 
Cucumbers,  each  . .  2  6 —  3  o 
French  Beans,  new, 

per  100 


J.  d.  s.  d. 
Melons,  each  . .  2  o  to  5  o 
Oranges,  per  100  ..60  — lo  o 
Pears,  per  dozeu  . .  40  —  80 
Pine-apples,  per  lb.  40  —  80 
Pomegranates,  each  04  —  08 


j:.  d. 
rierbs,  per  bunch  ..02 
Horse  Radish,  p.  bun,  3  o- 
Leeks,  per  bunch  ..02- 
Lettuces,  perscore. .   1  6- 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.  1  o- 
Onions,  per  bunch  ..04- 
Parsley,  p.  bunch    ..02- 
Peas,  new,  per  pun.    . .     - 
Radishes,  per  bunch  o  2- 
—     French,  do.  ..04- 
Rhubarb,  p.  bund.  .    i  6 
Salsafy,  per  bun.    ..09 
Scorzonera,  per  bun.  o  9- 
Seakale,  per  punnet  i  o- 
Shallots,  per  lb.      . .  o  8- 
Spinach,  per  bushel  3  o 
3  o —  4  o    Turnips,  p.  bunch.,  o  2- 
Potatos,  Regents,  loos.  to  130?.  ;  Flukes,  120^.  to  isoj' 
French  Shaws,  60s.  to  70s'. 


d. 

to  o  4 

5  o 

o  4 

■  2  o 

2    O 

o  9 
o  4 

■  3  o 

0*6 

■  2    O 


—  40 
o  4 


BOROUGH  MARKET. 
Wholesale  Prices. 


1872- 


Jan.     20. 

—  23. 

—  25- 


Savoys. 


Per  doz. 
,    d.      s.  d. 
6  to  o  10 

..—09 

9  —  o  10 


Greens. 


Per  doz.  bun. 
J,  d.  s.  d. 
2    o  to  3     o 

2"    o  —  3     6 

20  —  30 


Parsnips. 


Per  score, 
.    d.      s.  d. 
I     7  to  o  10 


Broccoli. 


Per  sieve. 
.  d.  s.  a 
.9—1 

'    9  to  1 


POTATOS,— Son f/noark,  Jan.  22. 

During  the  past  week  the  arrivals  have  been  light, 
but,  from  the  quantity  left  over  from  former  anivals,  quite 
sufficient  for  the  demand,  at  the  following  quotations  :— 
Yorkshire  Flukes,  per  ton,  100s.  to  130J.  ;  Yorkshire 
Regents,  6oj.  to  tooj,  ;  Dunbar  and  East  Lothian  do., 
1 105.  to  130J.  ;  Perth,  Forfar,  and  Fifeshire  do.,  85J-.  to 
I10J-.  ;  do.  Rocks,  85.^.  to  gos.  ;  Kent  and  Essex 
Regents,  6oj.  to  loos.;  do.  Rocks,  60s.  to  Bos.  ;  French 
Whiles,  50J-.  to  70J. 


For  Want  Places,  &c.,  see  page  131. 


Planting  Season. 

PICKSONS  ANu  CO.,  Nurserymen  and 
Seedsmen,  1.  Waterloo  Plate,  Edinburgh,  beg  to  call  llic 
attention  of  those  about  to  plant  to  their  very  large  and  healthv 
Stock  of  FOREST  TREES,  FRUIT  TREES,  ORNAMENTAL 
TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  are  now  in  fine  condition  for  trans- 
planting. They  arc  arrowing  on  very  exposed  ground,  are  finely 
rooted,  and  their  wood  is  thoroughly  ripened.  Samples  and  Cata- 
logues On  application.  Special  prices  will  be  quoted  where  large 
quantities  arc  taken.     (Eslablishea  1770.) 

Experienced        FORESTERS,       GARDENERS,      and        LAND 
STEWARDS  recommended. 


Northampton  Nurseries. 

To  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  and  OTHERS,  ENGAGED 

in  PLANTING. 

JOHN     PERKINS,     Sen.,    begs    to    call    particular 
attention   to  his   large  STOCK   of  the  following,  the   whole  of 
which  have  been  transplanied,  are  stout,  and  well  rooted  ■— 
FTNU.S  AUSTKIACA,  i'^  to  2  fret,  751.  per  looo;  2  to  s'^  feci,  i23S. 

per  1000;  2?;  to  3  feet,  zoj.  per  100.     All  tine  fibrous  roots. 
BIRCII.  2(03  leet,  20J.  per  Jooo  ;  3  tti  4/2  feet,  30s.  per  1000 
f;ViJb   .■^'*'^,:  V°  ^  ^'"'\'  ^^^P'^''  '«>o:  3  10  4  feet,  35s.  per  1000 
OAKS,  English,  3  to  4  feet,  6oj.  per  1000,  fine  transplanted  :  ,i  to  ^  feet. 

looj.  per  1000 
FIR,  Spruce,  2  to  -z^A  feet,  <,os.  per  1000 
BERBERIS  AQUirOLIA,  1  to  t',J  foot,  30,*.  per  iooo 
BL.^CKTHORN,  i',;  to  3  feet,  151.  per  1000;  J  to  3  feet,  soi.  per  1000 
BOX,  Green  1;^  lo  2  I'cet,  iiox.  per  1000 
HAZEL,  fine,  i  to  7  feet,  15.^  per  1000 
HORNBEAM,  2  to  3  feet,  30^.  per  1000 
LAUREL,  Common,  rj^  to  2  feet,  100s.  per  1000 
PRIVE'rj  Evergreen,  2  to  2!,'  feet,  20s,  per  1000 
YEWS,  English,  I'i  to  3  fer-t.  ^oj.  per  100 ;  2  to  3  feet,  70s.  ncr  100 

CATALOGUES  of  GENERaI  NURSElfV  sVoCk  fr«  by 
post  on  application  to  53,  Market  Square,  Northampton,  where  .ill 
communications  are  to  be  addressed. 


Pelargoniums  for  the  Mililon. 

TAMES    HOLDER'S    unrivalled    COLLECTION    of 


O      FRENCH,  FANCY,  and  SHOW  VARIETIES,  now  ready, 
rong  Plants.     CATALOGUES  gratis  on  app'ication. 
HUNT'S   superb   SWEET    WILLIAM,    in   24   varieties,   bced   i 


plants,  as  per  former  Advertisement. 

Crown  Nursery,  Reading. 


c 


HOICE    TRICOLOR 

Prince  of  Wales         Ictty  Lacy 
Mrs,  Dunnett  Sir  Robert  Napier 

Sunbeam  Pre-eminent 

Wonderful  Phu-bus 

The  12  for  i\s  ,  cash;  package  free. 

Remittances  requested  from  unknown  correspondents. 

ALFRED  FRYER,  The  Nurseries,  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire. 


GERANIUMS. 

Miss  Burbett  Coutts 
Mrs.  John  Glutton 
Italian  Beauty 
Mabel  Morris 


ESSRS.     R.    AND    F.    ALLUM,    The     Nurseries, 

Tamworth,  offer    the   following  :—PEL.'VRGONIUMS,   very 
n  all   ilie  leading  sorts,  in  3-inch  pots,  45.  per  dozen;  in  5-incn 
"'        '      '   "•■■""■"     ■"  "     per  dozen 


M 

line,  in  all   ilie  leadiii„     ...        ^   ^        .        , 

pots,  6.(,  per  dozen.     Standard  ROSES,  fine. 

Dwarf  ROSES.  9s,  to  125   per  dozen;  POLYANTHUS,  choice,  8s.  pel 

100  landSWEET  WILLIAMS  at  IS.  W.  per  dozen;  WALLFLOWERS, 

best  dark,  strong,  is.  per  dozen,  5s.  per  100  1  R,\Sl'l)ERRIES,  strong, 

15s,  per  too;  STRAWBERRY,  Dr.  Hogg,  4s.  per  100;  CURRANTS 

and  GOOSEBERRIES,  3s.  to  4s.  per  dozen. 

CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS  and  GENERAL  NURSERY  STOCK 
free  on  application. 


New  Japanese  Lilies,  Orcliids,  Maples,  Conifer  Seed,  &c. 

MESSRS.     TEUTSCHEL     AND     CO.,      Colchester, 
Agents    for    Messrs.  Kkamer  &   Co.,  Seedsmen  an<l    Nurscrj- 
men,  Yokohama,  Japan. 

CATALOGUES  of  Importations  in  preparation,  will  include  three 
New  Lilies  and  L.  Leichtlinii,  several  New  Orchids,  Seeds  of  Abies 
Firm  a,  &c. 


ROSES, 


Japan. 

QUEEN       of       PRIM 
PRIMULA  JAPONICA. 
Mixed  Seed,  from  Japan  direct,  18  stamps  per  packet,  post  free 
Flowering  Bulbs  oT LILIUM  AURATUM,  imported,  11  stamps. 

TANTON'S  Seed  Warehouse,  Borough  End,  London  Bridge,  S.E. 

Nurseries,  Epsom,  Surrey. 

URP",    TURF. — 40,000  pure  silky  downs  Turf,   for 

tirst-class    Cricket    or    Croquet    Grounds, 
Mr   TANTON,TheNu        '       " 


T 


To  tlie  Trade. 

FINEST    STRIPED      FRENCH      MARIGOLD 
Finest  LEMON  AFRICAN  MARIGOLDS 
Finest  ORANGE  AFRICAN  MARIGOLDS 
LOBELIA  SPECIOSA 
TROP.-EOLUM  CANARIENSE 

ASTERS,  gUILLED  GLOBE,  finest  colours,  separate  and  mi.ted 
ANTIRRHINUM,  finest  mi.xed 
PANSY,  Show,  from  named  flowers 

Prices  on  application. 
DOWNIE,  LAIRD,  and  LAING,  Edinburgh.     


Gladioli  Seedlings,  1}y  Name,  from  Paris. 

LEVE')UE  AND  SON,  Nurserymen,  Ivry-sur-Seine, 
ncai  Paris  (late  IJoulcvard  dc  THopital),  offer  the  following:  — 
GLADIOLI    SEEDLINGS,  first-class,  per  100,  is.  ;  per  1000  ;£3    o    o 

100  GLADIOLI,  by  name,    10  sorts  o    S    o 

100  ,,  ,,  =5    »  o  14    b 

100  „  ,,  50    ti  jCi  to    2    o    o 

100  ,,  „  100    ,,  ;i2  to    6    o    o 

And   upwards,  according   lo  the  novelty  of  the  sorts:  all  in  good 
flowering  bulbs.     Cheque  on  Bankers  accepted  for  payment. 


Standard  Tea  Roser:  and  Dwarfs  from  Paris. 

LEVEQUE  AND  SON,  Nurserymen,  Ivry-sur 
Seine,  near  Paris,  have  a  large  stock  of  Standard  and  Dwarf 
TEAS,  comprising  the  best  sons  : — Souvenir  d'un  Ami,  Madame 
I'alcot,  Sombreuil,  Triomphe  de  Rcnnes,  &c.  Standards,  ^6 ; 
Dwarfs,  and  on  their  own  roots,  ^£3 ;  Souvenir  de  la  ^lalmaison, 
their  own  roots,  £,■£  6s.     Their  slock  of  Pei-petuals  is  also  good. 


Three  First-class  Certificates  for  tlie  Magnificent  new 

HYBRID    PERPETUAL    CLIMBING    ROSE,    PRINCESS 
LOUISE  VICTORIA. 

WM.  KNIGHT  has  still  a  limited  number  of  strong 
rianls  of  the  above,  and  will  continue  to  supp!y  it  at  7s.  dd.,  or 
three  for  21s.  Usual  Trade  discount.  Also,  a  large  and  varied 
GENERAL  NURSERY  STOCK,  which  cannot  be  surpassed. 
CATALOGUES  free  on  application. 

Floral  Nurseries.  Hailsham,  Sussex. 


Special  Notice. 

ROSES      and      VINES      at    Wholesale     Prices. 
Fine  Standard  ROSES,  best  sorts,  10s.  per  dozen. 
Fine  Dwarf  ROSES,  best  sorts,  7s.  per  dozen. 
Fine  fruiting  VINES,  of  sorts,  55.  each  ;  54^.  per  dozen. 
Fine  planting  VINES,  of  sorts,  2s.  bd.  each  ;  24s.  per  doz. 
LISTS  free.    Terms  cash.     Post  Office  orders  payable  at  Huntingdon 
KIRK  ALLEN,  The  Nurseries,  Brampton,  Huntingdon. 


, Fruiting  and  Planting  Vines. 

T^  DWARD    MORSE   has   a   quantity   of  the  above. 

-i-J  They  are  verj'  strong  and  short-jointed  this  season,  and  consist 
of  BLACK  HAMBURGH,  SWEETWATER,  ROYAL  VINE- 
YARD. ROY'AL  MUSCADINE,  BLACK  ALICANTE,  MRS. 
PINCE'S  MUSCAT,  and  DUCHESS  of  BUCCI.EUCH.  Fruiting 
Canes,  55.  each  ;  planting  do.,  3s.  (td. 
Oiiginal  Nurseries,  Epsom, 


FRUIT  TREES. 

1,000  VICTORIA,  and  true  GREEN   GAGE   PLUM    TREES, 

Standards  and  Pyramids,  wcll-t;iu-.\n. 
10,000  APPLE  and  PEAR  TREES,  Standards  and  Pyramids,  strong. 
S,ooo  GOOSEBERRY  and  CURRANT  TREES,  dressed  Standards. 
All  offered  very  cheap. 
Splendid  FOREST  and  ORNAMENTAL  TREES:  see  advertise- 
ment in  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  January  20,  p,  82.     Apply  early  to 
W,  JACKSON  AND  CO,,  Nurseries,  Bedale,  Yorkshire. 


British  Fern  Catalogue. 

ROBERT   SIM    will   send   post   free  for  si.x  postage 
stamps.   Part  I.   (British    Ferns  and   their  varieties,   36  pages, 
including   prices   of   Hardy   Exotic  Ferns)  of  his  Priced  Descriptive 
CATALOGUE  of  BRITISH  and  EXOTIC  FERNS,  No.  7. 
17^.%.',.,  / M.. ^■..    c:j u;ii     I." . 


Foot's  Cray  Nursery,  SJdcup  Hill,  Kent. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  FRUIT  LIST  contains  a 
sketch  of  the  various  forms  of  Trees,  with  Directions  for 
Cultivation,  Soil,  Drainage,  Manure,  Pruning,  Lifting,  Cropping, 
Treatment  under  Glass,  also  their  synonyms,  quality,  size,  lorm, 
skin,  colour,  flesh,  flavour,  use,  growth,  duration,  season,  price,  &c. 
Free  by  post  for  one  stamp. 
RICHARD  SMITH.  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 

~    ~  To  the  Trade. 

BETA    CHILENSIS    (True),    the   variety  grown   so 
extensively   in   all   the   London    Parks  and   Public   Gardens. — 
The   Undersigncti   have   a  small  quantity  to  offer.     Price  per  ounce 
on  application. 
BUTLER,  McCULLOCH,  and  CO.,  Covent  Garden  Market,  W.C. 

BETA  CHILENSIS  (True,  selected).— Thi7"choi^e 
variety  is  superlatively  beautiful,  and  cannot  be  surpassed  ;  it  is 
well  suited  for  all  ornamental  purposes.  No  Garden  should  be  with- 
out it,  A  small  quantity  only  can  be  supplied.  Price  on  application 
lo  ihc  Grower, 

H.  J.  HARDY,  Stour  Valley  Seed  Grounds,  Burcs,  Essex. 

POTATOS,  choice  sorts  forSeed,  all  of  H.  .f.   H.'s  own  growing. 

Prices  given  on  application. 

O  BE  SOLD,  very  cheap,  ten  remarkably  handsome 

WELLINGTOMA  GIGANTEA  12  to  !.(  feet  high,  moved  in 
he  spring  of  '869,  and  dug  I'ound  3  feet  aeej)  last  autumn.  They  are 
growing  m  a  stiff  loam,  and  will  move  with  large  balls.  No  reasonable 
ofter  refused  for  these  plants  on  the  sjjol,  or  would  EXCHANGE  for 
small  Portugal  Laurels,  Yews,  Hollies,  Aucubas,  or  Laurustinus,  or 
Thujaaurea. 

To  be  seen  at  HENRY  DAVIES',  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  anfi 
Florist,  Great  Staiimore,  N.W. 


T 


FINE  LARGE  LIMES.— Twenty  splendid  Trees, 
17  to  j8  feet  high,  with  stems  14  to  16  inches  round,  and  fanned 
heads  6  to  8  feet  wide.  They  were  root-pruned  last  season,  and  have, 
consequently,  compact  masses  of  fibres,  making  them  perfectly  safe  to 
rtoiuve.     Price  jQj  los.  ihe  lot. 

WOOD  AND  INGRAM.  The  Nurseries,  Huntingdon. 


Evergreen  Hedge  or  Screen. 

THHUJOPSIS     BOREALIS.  —  This    beautiful    silvery 

J_  Conifer,  in  appearance  between  the  Cypress  and  Siberian  Arbor- 
vita:,  is  fast-growing,  compact,  and  bears  clipping  well ;  it  is  so  b^j'ijv 
ihal  no  frost  can  hurt  it  in  Britain, 

Ifpright,    well-grown    shrubs,   7    feet    high    and   upwards,    at    the 
extremely  low  price  of  30s,  per  dozen. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester 


Forest  Trees,  Ornamental  Trees,  Slirubs,  Fruit  Trees, 

ROSES,  6:c. 

LITTLE  AND  .BALLANTYNE'S  Priced  LIST  of 
the  above  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  sent  free  on  application. 
They  are  prepared  to  supply  well-iooted,  hardy  plants,  and  their  sfock 
is  large  and  varied. 

The  Carlisle  Nurseries,  Knowefield. 
Office  and  Seed  Warehouses,  44,  English  Street,   and  Blackfriars 
Street,  Carlisle. 


TO  BE  SOLD, 

200,000  2-rcct  LARCH, 
200.000  2-fect  SPANISH  CHESTNUT, 
20,000  2-fect  ASH, 
AM  stout,  well  rooted,  and  transplanted. 
Also, 
200,000  Secdhng  SPANISH  CHESTNUT. 
y^r.  G.  CHURLEY,  Midhurst,  Sussex. 

RICHARD  SMITH'S  LIST  of  all  the  EVERGREEN 
FIR  TRIBE,  suitable  for  Britain,  giving  size,  price,  popular 
and  butaiiical  names,  derivations,  description,  tonn,  colour,  toliage, 
growth,  timber,  use  in  arts,  native  country  and  size  there,  situation, 
soil,  and  other  information,  with  copious  index  of  their  synonyms. 
Free  by  post  for  si.v  stamps. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


UTRONG  Transplanted  LARCH,  2  to  4^  feet  ;  OAKS, 

O  SPRUCE  FIR,  SCOTCH  FIR,  HAZELS,  and  other  FoRES'f 
TREES;  strong  and  extri  strong  QUICK.  The  Larches  being 
grown  on  newly  brokcn-up  land,  in  an  exposed  situation,  arcexlragootj 
rooted,  very  stout,  with  line  leaders.  Prices  very  reasonable,  wTiich 
can  be  had  by  applying  to 

C.  WHI  TEHOUSE,  Brereton  Nursery,  Rugeley,  Staffordshire. 


STRONG  FOREST  TREES,  for  planting  in  sheltered 
places,  for  immediate  effect; — Austrian  Fir,  2  to  3  feet;  Scotch 
Fir,  2  to  4  feet ;  Larch,  sjj  to  ^]2  feet ;  Oak,  ?%  fo  3  feel :  Alder,  3  to 
Sleel;  Sycamore,  _5  to  7  feet  ;  Norway  Maple,  5107  feet;  Mountain 
Ash,  5  to  6  feet  ;  Birch,  4  to  5  feet  ;  Ontario  and  Lombardy  Poplars, 
3tos  fect^  Huntingdon  Willow,  4  feet ;  Weymoutti  Pine,  iJ:^  fo2  fcf t ; 
Cemora  Pine,  ij^  lo  2  feet. 

LITTLE      AND      BALLANTYNE,     The     Carlisle     Nurseries, 
Knowefield,  Carlisle. 


IpOREST     TREES,     SHRUBS,     &c. 
ALDER,  transplanted,  12  to  18  inches. 
BEECH  „  i3  lo  24,  and  24  lo  30  inches. 

Bl  RCH  ,,  12  to  10,  18  to  34,  and  24  to  30  inches. 

LARCH  „  Q  lo  12,  12  to  18,  and  15  to  20  inches. 

RHODODENDRONS,    Hybrids,    fine   bushy   planls,  9  to 
12,  and  12  to  18  inches. 
Priced  LIST  now  ready,  post  free.     Special  offers  on  application  to 
JAMES   COCKER,  Sunnypark   apd    Froghall  Nurseries,  Aberdeen. 


Forest  Trees. 

MITCHELL  AND  YOUNG,  Brechin,  N.B.,  offer  the 
following,  which   arc   all  well   grown   and  hcalthj-,  at   special 
low  prices  : — 
LARCH,  transplanted,  i  to  ij^  foot^  and  1%  to  2  feel- 
SCOTCH  FTR,  do,,  native,  Q  to  10  ms.,  12  to  15  ins,,  and  i!<  to  2  iX- 
PINUS  CEMBRA,  I'i  to  3^  feet. 
CUPRESSUS  LAWSONIANA,  i  foot  to  3  feel. 
LARCH,  2-yr.  Seedling. 
BEECH,  2-yr.  Seedling. 
RASPBERRIES  and  CURRANTS. 

Samples  sent  on  application. 


A  Coloured  Plate  of 

CLEMATIS     LORD    LONDESBOROUGH    for    la 
Stamps;  and  fine  plants  of  this  magnificent  Seedling  can  now  be 
had  as  under  : — 

CLEMATIS  LORD  LONDESBOROUGH,  now  offered  for  the 
first  time.  (First-Class  Certificate.  Royal  Horticultural  Society, 
May,  1870,) — Deep  rich  mauve,  witn  delicate  maroon  stripe  down 
the  centre  of  each  petal,  sometimes  blotched  at  the  base  of  the 
petal  instead  of  the  stripe,  large  and  very  tine,  chocolate-coloured 
stamens.  los.  6d.  each,  strong  plants. 
The  three  Seedlings  sent  out    last  year  maintain  their  enviable 

rOSITION. 

ALBERT   VICTOR  1 

LADY  LONDESBOROUGH    ^  3J.  (W,  and  51.  each. 

RJISS    BATEMAN                        J 
CHARLES  NOBLE,  Bagshot^ 


ROBERT  NEAL,  Nurseryman,  Wandsworth 
Common,  Surrey,  S.W,,  begs  to  offer  to  Gentlemen  who  intend 
planting  this  season  his  large  and  varied  stock  of  FRUIT,  FOREST, 
and  ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES, 
RHODODENDRONS,  CONIFER.E  SHRUnS,  &c.,  which  are 
now  in  fine  condition  for  removal,  CATALOGUES  may  be  had  free 
on  application. 

The   Nurseries  are   within   a  few  minutes'  walk  of  the   Clapham 
Junction,  and  Wandsworth  Common  Railway  Stations. 


Forest  and  Ornamental  Plantliig. 

PETER    LAWSON    and    SON    respectfully    solicit 
early    orders    for    FOREST     TREES     and     ORNAMENTAL 
TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  they  can  supply  tu  great  extent. 

The  large  breadths  of  LARCHES,  from  i  103}^'  feel,  SCOTCH 
FIR,  NORWAY  SPRUCE,  AUSTRIAN  PINES,  and  other  leading 
sons  of  FOREST  TREES,  are  unusualk'  fine,  and  worthy  of  inspec- 
tion,     CATALOGUES   and    snecial  oflers   will   be   turhished   upon 


application. 


Edinburgh  and  London. — December,  1871. 


J  SCOTT,  The  Nurseries,  Merriott,  Somerset,  has  to 
•  offer  300,000  line  HAZEh,  3  to  3i  feet,  and  3!  to  .(J  feet,  at  low 
prices  ;  also  500,000  tine  transplanted  THORNS,  24,  3,  and  4  lect ;  with 
equal  proportions  of  ALDER,  ASH,  BEECH,  OAK,  and  other 
FOREST  TREES- 

The  FRUIT  TREES  are  healthy  and  in  large  breadth  ;  the  collec- 
tion is  unrivalled,  nearly  1500  sorts  of  Pear,  1000  of  .A.pple,  140  of 
Cherry,  184  of  Nectarine  and  Peach,  and  200  of  Plum,  with  other  fruits 
in  proportion,  the  names  of  which  will  be  found  in  J.S  's  new  ennmera- 
tivc  CATALOGUE  of  FRUITS,  36  pages,  just  published,  gratis, 
and  is  the  most  complete  list  of  Fruit  trees  in  the  English  lan(;uaKe- 
I.  S.'s  NEW  SEED  LISP  is  ready,  and  can  be  had  free  by  post. 
The  ORCHAKDIST  and  COMPANION,  2i,,  m  stamps,  can  still 
be  had. 


F 


|.aVE  HUNDRED  THOUS.\ND   LARCH,  li  to  2, 

L  2  to  2?!,  2^3  to  3,  and  3  lo  .1  feet. 

200,000  SCOTCH  Fik,  15  to  24  inches,  ihiicc  transplanted. 
200,000  SI'RUCE  I'TK,  2  to  3}^,  2j^  to  3,  and  3  to  3^1  feet. 
300,000  OAK,  English,  i]-i  lo  2j-;,3  to  4,  and  4  lo  0  feel. 
100,000  IIA'/.EL,  15  to  24  inches,  and  2  to  3  feet. 
200,000  SYCAMORE,  2'A  to  3,  3  lo  4,  4  to  6,  and  6  to  8  feel. 
200,000  Till  »RNS,  3,  4,  and  5-yr.  transplanted. 
100,000  ELM,  Wych,  2  to  3,  j  to  4, .]  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feci. 
20,000  ASH,  Mountain,  4  to  5,  5  to  6,  b  to  7,  and  7  to  8  feci. 
20,000  OAK,  Turkey,  2  lo  3,  3  (o  4,  |  to  5,  and  5  to  7  feet, 
50,000  BIRCH,  i'<  102,  2  lo  3,  4'^.  to  6,  jind  6  to  8  feet. 
30,000  AUSTRIAN   PINK,  i  lo  S,  2  to  3.  3  lo  4,  and  4  lo  5  feci. 
10,000  YEW,  English,  i  to  ilj,  ijj  to  3,  and  4  lo  7  feci. 
We  also  hold   a   large    general   Stock   of  all   other  FOREST    and 
ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  &c,,  which  will  be  offered  at  very  moderate 
prices.     CATALOGUES  on  aiiplication. 

H.  AND  R.  STIK/.AKER,  Skcrton  Nurseries,  Lancastcrf 


January  27,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   AsfHcultural    Gazette. 


117 


A-3  supplied  lo  the 


s 


SUTTONS' 

PASTURES. 
SUTTONS' 


UPTONS' 
i;rass  seeds 

for    ALL     SOILS. 
CiuriaKa  l*'rce. 


Ab  supplied  to  the 


PERMANENT     MIXTURES    for 

3  busli.  Grass  Seeds  and  12  lb.  Clovers  per  acre. 
PERMANENT     MIXTURES     for 

CROQUET  GROUNDS,  Kinc  LAWNS,   nnd  other  ornaoieiUaJ 
purposes.     Sow  3  bush,  per  acre. 

SUTTONS'     PERMANENT     MIXTURES    for 

PARK    GROUNDS,  CKICKET  GROUNDS,  and   BOWLING 
GKEENS.     Sow  2'4  bush,  per  aere. 

For  prices  and  complete  inlormatioii  on  the  formation  and  Improve 
mem  of  PASTURES,  CRICKET  CROUNDS,  CROi^UET 
GROUNDS,  and  LAWNS,  apply  to 

SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Seedsmen  by  special  appointment  to  H.M. 
the  Queen,  and  H.R.H.  the  Prince  ol"  Wales,  Reading. 

RAYNBmO,       CALDECOTT,'      BAWTREE; 
DOWLING  AND  COMPANY  (Limited), 
Coic.',  Seed,  Manure,  and  Oilcake  Merchants. 
Address,  ?6,  Seed  Market,  Nlark  Lane,  EC.  ;  or  Basingstoke. 
Samples  aiid  prices  post  free  on  application.      Prize  Medals,  185^, 
for  Wheat;  1863,  for  "  Excellent  Seed  Corn  and  Seeds." 

Agricultural  and  Garden  Seeds^      ^^ 

^AND   F.    SHAKPES    Trade  CATALOGUE    of 
•    HOME-GROWN  SEEDS  is  now  ready.      It  contains  all  the 


verj'  best  varieties,  cultivated  under  their  own  superintendence, 
quality  is  very  fine,  and  the  prices  low. 

Seed  Growing  Establishment,  Wisbecli. 


The 


WILLIAM  POTTEN'S  CATALOGUE  of  choice 
VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  all  selected  from  the 
best  stocks,  is  now  ready;  also  his  CATALOGUE  of  BEDDING 
PLANTS,  containing  over  300  sorts  of  the  best  GERANIUMS  in 
cultivation.     To  be  had  post  Tree  on  application  to 

W^L  POTTEN,  Seedsman  and   Florist,  Sissinghurst,  Staplehurst, 
Kent. 


Seed  Season. 

"VTEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  of  the  best 

▼  quality,  may  be  obtained  from  the  old-established  Warehouse  of 
W,  H.  ROGERS,  133,  High  Street,  Southampton. 

The  Seeds  from  this  Establishment  will  be  found  quite  as  fine  in 
every  respect  as  those  offered  by  great  advertising  houses. 

An  orders  for  and  above  the  value  of  20J.  delivered  free  to  any 
Railway  Station  in  the  Kingdom. 

SE'LECT  " VEGETA BLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS.— 
Amateurs  and  others  who  may  be  at  a  loss  in  making  a  suitable 
selection  of  SEEDS  for  the  GARDEN  will  be  greatly  aided  by 
referring  to  our  Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  VEGETABLE  and 
FLOWER  SEEDS  (or  1672. 

THOMAS  KENNEDY  and  CO.,  Se.cd  and  Nursery  EsJ^Jjlish- 
nient,   Dumfries. 

QEfeDS  "NOT"  to  be  SURP.^SSED   for   QUALFtY 

'■^  and  Cheapness  combined. — All  Orders  amounting  to  5s,  sent 
carriage  free  10  any  Railway  Station  in  England,  Scotland,  or  Wale(i, 
or  to  any  seaport  town  in  Ireland.  No  charge  is  made  for  packing  or 
packages.     Your  early  Orders  will  tjreatly  obllfje. 

CATALOGUE  free  on  application, 
li.    AJ.    KEMP- WELCH,     Nurseryman,     Seedsman    and    Florist, 
Cotham,  Bristol. 


Carter's  Vade  Blecum  for  1872. 

JAMES  CARTER  and  CO.  have  the  pleasure  to 
announce  the  publication  of  their  ILLUSTRATED  GAR- 
DENER'S and  FARMER'S  VADE  MECUM  for  1872  (37th  Annual 
Edition),  containing  much  useful  information  on  matters  connected 
with  tlic  Garden  and  Farm,  and  Illustrated  with  over  200  EngraWngs 
b}'  the  best  Artists.     Free  by  post  for  is.  ;  gratis  to  Customers. 

JAMES  CARTER  and  CO  ,  Seed-imen  to  the  Queen  and  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  237  and  238,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 

New  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  Plants,  Fruits,  fine. 

ROBERT  PARKER  begs  to  announce  that  his  NEW 
CATALOGUE,  containing  select  Descriptive  and  Priced  Lists 
of  Agricultural,  Flower,  and  Vegetable  Seeds,  Fruit  Trees,  Miscel- 
laneous Plants,  Sweet  Violets,  &c.,  is  now  published,  and  will  be 
forwarded  lo  applicants. 

The  stocks  of  seeds  have  all  been  procured  Irom  the  best  possible 
sources ;  all  are  warranted  genuine,  and  are  offered  at  the  lowest  pos- 
sible prices.  Intending  purchasers  are  requested  to  compare  the 
prices  with  those  of  other  houses. 

T-xotic  Nursery,  Tooting,  Siirrey,  S.W, 

^he  Largest  and  Best  Early  PeaTfor  Blarket 

GARI'EMNG  TURTOSES  is 

QUTTOXS'     IMPROVED     EARLY     CHAMPION, 

KJ  only  four  days  later  than  Ringleader  tthe  earliest  known),  and  a 
week  earlier  than  Daniel  O'Rourke. 

Lowest  prices  per  bushel  and  per  quarter  on  application. 
SUTTON  AND  SON.  Seed  Growers.  Reading- 


JOHNSTONES    ST.     MARTIN'S      RHUBARB.- 
Strong  roots,  is.  6J.  each.     Price  to  the  Trade  on  application. 
The  above  is  undoubtedly  the   best  variety  of  RHUB.'\RB  in  culti- 
vation, wliether    for    I'orcmg    or     Out -door    culture.      The    leading 
Nurserj-men  in  Britain,- and  also  most  of  the  London  Trade,  have  had 
sum>iieb  direct  from  us. 

W.   P.   LAIRD  AND  SINCLAIR,  Nurserymen,  Dundee,  N.B. 


For  Seed. 


U 


TRADE 

PEDIGREE 

MARK. 


CHEVALIER 

,  BARLEY, 

which  was  awarded 

The  FIRST  PRIZE  THREE  YEARS  in  SUCCESSION 

{1867,  1868.  1869,  and  again  in  1871), 

at  the  Birtningham  and  Midland  Counties'  Show, 

Yielded,  at  Brighton,  in  1869,  TEN  QUARTERS  PER 
ACRE,  weighing  57  lb.  per  bushel. 

ALSO 

PEDIGREE     BLACK     TARTARIAN, 

ANU 

PEDIGREE  WHITE  CANADIAN 

OATS. 

For  pnce  and  full  particulars  of  above,  and  of 
PEDIGREE  SEED  WHEATS,  apply  to  the  Originator 
of  the  System, 

Captain  HALLETT,  F.L.S.,  Brighton. 


rHE     LONDON     MANURE     COMPANY. 
(Established  i84o)( 
Have  now  ready  for  deliverj',  in  hne  dry  condition — 
PURE  DISSOLVED    BONES. 

CONCENTRATED  AMMONIACAL  MANURE, forTop-Dressing 
PURSER'S  HONE  TURNIP  MANURE. 
SUl'ERPMOSI'irATE  of  LIME. 
NITROI'lIOsl'HATE 

MANGEL,   llnf.  and  POTATO  MANURES.     Also 
I'ERU\'IA.\'     GUANO   (as  imported   by   Messrs.  Thomson.   Bonar, 
&  Co.),  NJTKATEof  SODA,  SULPHATE  of  AMMONIA,  &c 
Ufa.  Fenchurch  Street.  EDWARD   PURSER,  Secretary. 


FOWJ.ER'S     PATENT    STEAM     PLOUGH 
and    CULTIVATOR    may    be    SEEN    at    WORK    in     every 
Agricultural  County  in  England. 

For  particulars  apply  lo  JOHN  FOWLEK  AND  CO.,  71,  Cornhill, 
London,  E.C.  ;  and  Steam  Plough  Works,  Leeds. 

'^PHE  "C  E  L  E  p.  R  A  T  E  D^  G  RA  N I T I C     P  A  IN  T  ^ 

-L      Manufactured     Solely    and     Only     by    the    Silicate    Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Compaiiy. 

For    Price  Lists,  Testimonials,  and   Patterns  of  Colours,  apply  to 
THOMAS  CHILD.  Manager.  ,^qA,  King  William  Street,  London,  E.C. 


THE  SILICATE  ZOPISSA  COMPOSITION. 
To  CURE  DAMP  in  WALLS,  and  Preserve  Stone,  &c.,  from 
Decay.  Manulactured  Solely  and  Only  by  the  Silicate  Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Company. 

For    Particulars  and   Testimonials  apply   to   THOMAS   CHILD, 
Majiager,  39A,  King  William  Street,  London,  E.C. 


OSEPH  NEWTO 

Landscapi;  Architect, 

Oftice  ;  42,  Bishopsgate  Street  Without,  E,C. 

Private  Address:  74,  Oxford  Terrace,  Hyde  Park,  W. 


N, 


MR.    JAMES    ERASER,    Horticultural    and 
Aghicultural  Valuer  and   Auctioneer,  Mayland's  Farm, 
Romford,  Essex ;  late  of  the  lijro  ol  J.  &  J.  Eraser,  Lea  Bridge  Road. 

Wood  Engravong. 

MR.  W.   G.   SMITH.    Artist  and   Engraver   on 
Woon,  12,  North  Grove  West,  Miidmay  Park,  London,  N. 

Large  Garden  (Gentleman's)  Wanted. 

WAN'lED.  a  GENTLEMAN'S  GARDEiV,  within 
20  miles  of  London,  by  the  FRUIT  FARMING  COMPANY. 
An  arrangement  could  be  made  for  supplying  the  family  with  their 
daily  requirements,  and  thus  save  all  the  expense  of  the  garden. 

Application  to  be  made  to  Mr.  W.  E,  RENDLE,  3,  Westminster 
Chambers,  Victoria  Street,  London,  S.W. 

ITiOR    SALE,    an     Old-established     FLORIsY"and 

-L  NURSERY  BUSIjNESS,  well-known,  and  where  a  successful 
Tr^de  has  been  carried  on  for  25  years.  Several  thousand  feet  of  Glass, 
about  Two  Statute  .\cres  of  Land,  and  Lease  of  Land.  Three  minutes' 
waUc  from  an  important  railway  station  and  post  oflice. 

Market  business  could  be  done  with  Manchester  (distant  five  miles), 
and  three  other  large  towns.  Rare  opportunity,  tlie  present  owner 
wishmg  to  retire. 

T.  N.  Z.,  2,  Whright  Street,  Oldham, 


SALES     BY    AUCTION. 


Cg^Uforian  Tree  Seeds. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,    WC  ,  oh 
TUESDAY,  January  30,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely,  an  impor- 
tation ofT'REE  SEEDS,  consistmg  of  Wellinglonia  gigajitcar 
s  Hexilis  i"  Cupressus  macrocarpa 

Macnabiana 


monticola 
„      Jeffreyii 
,,      ponderosa 
,,      coniorta 
,,      insignis 
On  view  the  moj 


1  ,,  Lawsoniana 

Picea  amabilis 
]  Libocedrus  decurrens 

I  &c.,  &c. 

ling  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Ciioice  Lilies. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  that  he  wiU 
include  in  his  SALE,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street, 
Covent  Garden,  W.C.,  on  TUESDAY,  January  30,  2000  LII.IUM 
AURATUM,  just  arrived  from  Japan,  in  line  condition  ;  also  a  quantity 
of  new  and  rare  LiLlES,  from  Japan  and  other  parts. 

On  view  the  morning  ol  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Hardy  Plants  and  Bulbs. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  January  31,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely. 
Standard,  Dwarf,  and  Climoing  ROSES ;  Standard,  Trained,  and 
Pyramidal  FRUIT  TREES,  LAURELS,  HOLLIES,  Specimen 
CONIFERS,  DECIDUOUS  TREES  and  SHRUBS,  CLIMBING 
PLANTS,  STRAWBERRY  PL.ANTS,  choice  GLADIOLI  and 
LILIUJIS,  Rustic  Seats,  Stools,  Vases,  &:c. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


M 


orclilds. 

R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 

his  Great  Rooms,  38.  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  on 
FRIDAY,  February  2,  at  half  past  i3  o'Clock  precisely,  several  impor- 
tations of  ORCHIDS,  consisting  of  Ci-pripedium  Lowii,  Stonei,  and 
Hookeri,  Angra;cum  funale,  Oncidium  luridum,  Ucndrobiums,  and 
others;  CONIFEROUS  SEEDS,  PALM  SEEDS,  LII.IUM 
AURATUM,  &c. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 

TUESDAY,  JANUARY  30,  and   FRIDAY,  FEBRUARV^a^ 

Important  to  Noblemen,  Gentlemen,  Nurserymen.  &c. 

SALES  of  LILIU.M    AURATUM,  STANDARD    ROSES,  &c. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  AND  MORRIS  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  the  City  Auction  Rooms,  38,  Grace- 
church  Street,  E.C,  on  TUESDAY,  January  30,  at  nalf-pasl 
12  o'clock  precisely,  2000  LILIUM  AURATUM,  hne  bulbs,  in 
splendid  condition,  trom  Japan  ;  ULIUMS,  of  sorts;  GLADIOLUS, 
ike;  300  line  Standard  and  Dwarl  ROSES,  of  the  best  varieties; 
selected  FRUIT  TREES,  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  choice  CONI- 
FER.F:  and  EVERGREEN  SHRUBS,  &c-,  together  with  a  bmall 
consignment  of  choice  Manufactures  from  Japan. 

Also  1200  c\.  fine  LILIUM  AURATUM,  300  Standard  and  Dwarf 
ROSES,  selected  FRUIT  TREES,  SHRUBS,  &c  ,  on  FRIDAY, 
February  2,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale.  Catalogues  may  Jje  had  at  the  Rooms, 
and  of  the  Auctioneers,  Lcytonstone,  E. 


'PHE      LANDS      IMPROVEMENT      COMPANY. 

-■-  (Incorporated  by  Special  Acis  of  P.vrliamesi.) 

T  aE'J,'^1.^'^9.^/.^^'^^"^^>--^'>I'^N,  farm  BUILDINGS, 
LABOURERS-  COTTAGES.  TRAMWAYS,  RAILWAYS,  &o. 
Directors. 
John  Ctutlon,  Esq. 
Frederick  L.  Dashwood,  Esq, 
Henry  Farquhar,  Esq. 


Lord  Garlies,  M.P, 
John  Horatio  Lloyd,  Esq. 


Granville  R.  Ryder,  Esq. 
CranvillcR  II, Somerset, Esq  ,Q.C. 
Henry  W.  UVst.  Esq.,  M.P. 
Charfcs  Watkm  Williams  Wynn, 
Esq.,  M.P,  (Chairman). 

nt,for  all  purposes 


1  he  Company  advances  money,  unlimited  in  a>,-ju,u,  .u.  ^„  purpi^^w 
of  Agncutura!  Improvement,  including  the  Erection  of  Cottages  and 
L  '^'^i  Ss.  to  the  Owners  of  settled  and  other  Estates,  and  to 

the  Clergy  in  respect  of  their  Glebe  Lands. 

Tenants  may,  with  the  consent  of  their  Landlords,  execute  the 
necessary  Improvements  upon  the  Farms  which  they  occupy,  charging 
them  with  the  cost.  *"    *" 

UTILISATION  of  SEWAGE,-Thc  Company  also  advances 
money  for  the  purpose  of  Works  of  Sewage  Irrigation. 

The  whole  outlay  and  expenses  are  liquidated  by  a  rent-charge  upon 
the  land,  redeeming  principle  and  interest,  over  25  years. 

No  investigation  of  title  is  required. 

For  Forms  and  further  information,  apply  to  GRANVILLE -R. 
RYDER,  Esq.,  Managing  Director,  No,  i,  Great  George  Street, 
Storey  s  Gate,  Westminster,  S.W. 

/  1ENTRAL  CHAMBER  of  AG  RIC  U  LT  U  RE. 

V^     —MEETINGS    will   be   held   at   the  SALISBURY   HOTEL, 

Fleet  Street,  as  follows  :—  '  ' 

MONDAY,  February  5,  at  3  o'Clock— I-ocal  Taxation  Commiilcc. 

,,  at  8  o'clock — General  Business  Committee. 

TUESDAY,  February  6,  al  10  o'Clock  in  the  forenoon— Bye  Laws 
Committee. 
,,  at  11  o'clock— Council  Meeting. 

AGENDA. 
To  transact  General  Business. 

To  receive  the  Report  of  the  Local  Ta.xation  Committee. 
1  o  consider  and  resolve  upon  the  following  Subjects  :— 

1.  Local  Taxation. 

2.  Prevention  of  Contagious  Diseases  of  Animals. 

3.  The  Malt  Tax  and  the  Licensing  System. 

Members  of  the  Legislature  (not  Deputed  or  Elected  on  the 
Council),  who  may  be  interested  in  the  subjects  for  consideration, 
are  also  invited  to  be  present,  though  not  privileged  to  vole. 

WEDNESDAY,  February  7,  at  ir  o'Clock— General  Meeting  of 
Members  of  the  Central  Chamber. 

AGENDA. 

To  transact  General  Business, 

To  appoint  an  Auditor. 

S.\ME  DAY,  after  the  General  Meeting,  will  be  held  a  Council 
Meeting. 

^      ,  AGENDA. 

To  elect  a  Chairman  and  Vice-Chairman  for  187?. 

To  appoint  a  Treasurer  and  paid  Secretary  for  1872. 

To  lill  up  a  \acancy  in  the  Elected  portion  of  the  Council. 

To  appoint  a  Standing  Commillce  for  General  Business,— consisting 
of  the  Chairman,  A^ice-Chairman,  and  not  more  than  seven  other 
Members  of  the  Council,  four  of  whom  at  least  must  be  Annual 
Deputies ;  such  Committee  to  be  chosen  from  the  list  of  Membcni 
nominated  in  manner  provided  by  Law  38. 

To  frame  Bye-Laws  In  accordance  with  Law  25. 

To  appoint  a  Parliamentary  Committee. 

To  select  Subjects  for  consideration  al  the  March  Meeting  ol  ihc 
Council, — from  the  following,  or  other  questions  proposed. — namely, 
"Turnpike  Tolls  and  Highways,"  "  Game  Legislation,"  "  Compenaa- 
tion  for  Unexhausted  Improvements."  "  Poor  Law  Relief,"  "The  pro- 
posed Appropriation  of  Educational  Endowments  for  Secondarv  or 
Middle-class  Education,"  -'The  Stale  and  Means  of  Education  fur 
Farmers'  Sons,  with  reference  to  Educational  Endowments." 

To  transact  General  Business. 

JOHN    ALGERNON   CLARKE,  Secretary 

The  Salisbury  Hotel,  Ftcat  Street,  E.C. 


Notice. 

GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     and     AGRICUL- 
TURAL  GAZETTE.--The  VOLUME  for  1S71  is  now  ready; 
price,  in  cloth,  £1  6s.  6J. 

W.  RICHARDS,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C 


Preliminary  Notice— Windlesbam,  near  Bagshot. 

EXTENSIVE  UKRESERVED  SALE  of  VALUABLE 
NUK.SERY  STOCK, 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
instructed  by  Messrs.  G.  Baker  &  Son  lu  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  without  reserve,  on  the  Premises,  the  American 
Nurseries,  Windlcsham,  near  Bagshot,  Surrey,  lifteen  minutes' walk 
from  the  Sunningdale  station,  on  the  South-Wcstern  Railway,  on 
MoND.VY,  February  19,  and  two  following  days,  at  12  o'Clock 
precisely  each  day,  many  thousands  of  FIRS  P-CLASS  NURSERY 
STOCK,  in  capital  condition  for  removal. 

Full  particulars  will  appear  next  week. 


Hassock's  Gate  Nurseries,  Sussex. 

IMPORTANT     SALE    of    SURPLUS     STOCK. 

MR.  W.  KENSETT  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  on 
THURSDAY,  February  15,  by  order  of  Mr.  G.  Parsons, 
SURPLUS  STOCK,  consisting  of  choice  CONIFERS  and  other 
EVERGREENS,  ROSES,  FRl/'iT  TREES,  &c.,  Including  many 
fine  specimen  SHRUBS. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  a  week  previous  to  Sale,  from  the  Nurseries, 
and  27  and  28,  WcsLetn  Road,  Brighton;  or  the  Auctioneer,  Mr,  W. 
KENSETT,  Ditchling,  Sussex.  The  Lots  will  be  on  view  on 
February  12. 

N.B.  The  Nurseries  are  within  five  minutes'  walk  of  the  Hassock's 
Gate  Station  on  the  London  and  Brighton  Railway. 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  it,  1S72. 

"  T  T  is  really  a  wondrous  tale  that  is  told  of  our 
i-  foreign  trade  in  the  year  1S71  by  the  Board 
of  Trade  in  its  Accounts  relating  to  the  Trade 
and  Na'iiigatioii  of  the  United  Kiiigdom.  The 
imports  of  merchandise  into  this  country  in  the 
year  have  been  of  the  unprecedented  value  of 
jf  326,834,647,  leaving  an  amount  that  is  really 
immense  even  when  we  have  allowed  a  sixth  or 
a  fifth  for  re-exports  of  articles  not  consumed 
here.  .  .  .  Corn  and  breadstuffs  represent 
the  large  value  of  more  than  42  millions  sterling. 
The  import  of  oxen,  sheep,  and  other  animals  in 
the  year  reached  a  value  of  ^5,662,000  ;  of  bacon, 
^2,500,000  ;  of  pork,  ^700,000  ;  of  cheese, 
.£3>343i°°o ;  of  butter,  nearly  seven  millions ; 
eggs,  2i,25o,ooo  ;  lard,  ^1,300,000." 

We  quote  from  a  statement  in  the  Times.  AH 
these  articles  have  been  selling  at  highly 
remunerative  prices  at  home,  and  yet  wc  had  to 
pay  nearly  ^64,000,000  for  them  last  year  to  the 
farmers  of  the  United  States  and  of  various 
Continental  countries,  and  all  this,  while  our  own 
land  is  much  of  it  not  half  cultivated.  This  sum 
amounts  upon  the  whole  to  about  27j'.  dd.  an  acre 
over  46,177,370  acres — the  extent  of  land  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  which  in  1870  was  under 
'■  all  kinds  of  crops,  bare  fallow  and  grass."  It 
is  a  very  fair  average  rent  for  the  whole  of  the 
farmed  land  of  the  United  Kingdom.  It  amounts 
to  more  than  £1  an  acre  over  all  the  land 
(30,407,579  acres)  excepting  unenclosed  moor- 
lands, in  the  hands  of  English  and  Scottish 
farmers.  And  if  it  be  true  that  some  of  the 
smaller  items  imported,  as  eggs  and  hard,  together 
worth  2i  millions  sterling,  arc  not  produceablc 
in  sufficient  quantity  at  home,  yet  there  arc 
other  productions,  as  Flax  and  hemp,  quite 
within  the  scope  of  English  agriculture,  of  which 
we  imported  last  year  more  than  /^8,ooo,ooo 
worth — uncounted  in  the  above  enumeration  ;  so 
that  we  may  fairly  assert  that  as  much  is  paid  to 
foreigners  for  things  wc  well  might  grow  at  home 


ii8 


The    Gardenefs'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


LjMUary  27,   1872. 


as  the  whole  agricultural  rental  of  the  United 
Kingdom  amounts  to. 

A  fact  like  this  ought  to  strike  the  landowners 
of  the  country — Why  is  their  property  not  made 
more  productive  ?  Is  it  because  they  don't  take 
a.  sufficient  personal  interest  in  their  estates,  and 
in  those  who  dwell  upon  them  and  cultivate 
them  ?  On  the  contrary,  they  display  an  inte- 
rest most  anxious  and  particular.  They  regulate, 
administer,  direct,  and  superintend — know,  and 
praise  or  blame — every  person,  process,  thing. 
Prizes  are  offered  for  the  best  farms,  for  the  best 
gardens,  for  the  best  cottages,  for  the  best 
servants,  for  the  best  families.  No  one  can  say 
that  there  is  not  the  most  earnest  interest  taken 
by  the  landowner  in  the  welfare  of  his  neigh- 
bourhood. At  every  agricultural  meeting  there 
is  ample  evidence  that  the  condition  of  the 
farmer  and  his  labourers  occupies  his  earnest  and 
most  anxious  thought.  Even  their  opinions  are 
cared  for  and  directed,  and  we  see  it  announced 
that  the  noble  owner  of  large  estates  in  one 
of  the  midland  counties  has  thought  it  neces- 
sary to  inform  his  tenantry,  in  reference  to  a 
forthcoming  political  contest,  that  they  may 
vote  for  whichever  candidate  they  please  ! 

But  what  is  the  upshot  of  this  system?  Has 
the  condition  of  the  agricultural  labourer  been 
satisfactory  under  it.'  Is  it  satisfactory  now? 
Are  the  tenants  of  the  land  all  as  prosperous  and 
as  energetic  as  we  see  those  engaged  in  other 
manufactures,  or  in  trade,  to  be?  Is  the  land  as 
productive  as  it  ought  to  be?  It  was  stated, 
indeed,  by  Mr.  M'Neel-Caird  in  his  exceed- 
ingly able  lecture  before  the  Scottish  Chamber 
of  Agriculture,  that  in  the  past  20  years  an 
advance  to  the  extent  of  ;£  1 6,000,000  has  been 
made  in  the  annual  productiveness  of  the 
country,  by  "merely  exhorting  the  farmer  to 
effort ;"  but  that  is  not  more  than  6s.  an  acre 
over  its  cultivated  area.  And,  in  that  time, 
the  money  paid  for  imported  corn  alone  has 
increased  ;^2o,ooo,ooo  annually,  or  nearly  loj-. 
an  acre. 

It  is  plain  that  the  system,  of  personal  inter- 
ference, exhortation,  guidance,  has  been  a  failure. 
Is  it  not  worth  while  to  try  the  other  plan? 
What,  indeed,  is  the  feeling  on  this  subject 
uppermost  at  every  agricultural  meeting  where 
there  is  any  out-spoken  independent  thought  ? 
If  Mr.  Mechi  addresses  an  agricultural  meeting 
in  Essex  on  deep  cultivation  and  steam  plough- 
ing, he  is  immediately  followed  by  a  speaker  on 
the  need  of  security  for  the  tenant's  capital,  if 
additional  outlay  be  required  from  him.  If  Sir 
Michael  Hicks-Beach  delivers  a  thoughtful, 
kind,  and  considerate  address  (p.  92),  as  Presi- 
dent of  a  Chamber  of  Agriculture  in  Gloucester- 
shire, up  gets  Mr.  Snowsdell  to  say,  "  There  is 
one  point  omitted  in  Sir  Michael's  excellent 
address,  which  is  of  the  most  vital  importance 
to  us  as  tenant-farmers,  and  that  is  the  repay- 
ment for  all  unexhausted  improvements."  If  a 
good,  practical  farmer,  like  Mr.  Burnett,  of 
Kingscote,  discusses  before  the  Club  of  which 
he  is  the  secretary,  the  question — Is  it  advisable 
to  increase  the  working  capital  of  the  agri- 
culturist ? — after  pointing  out  the  immense  scope 
for  such  an  increase  which  exists,  he  gives  this 
answer  to  the  question  :  "  Under  the  present 
system  of  holding — No  ! "  And  yet  it  is  only  by 
increasing  the  capital  of  the  farm  that  its  pro- 
ductiveness can  be  increased.  Thus  only  can 
more  labour  be  profitably  employed,  more  food 
be  produced,  and  more  rent  be  paid. 

We  venture,  therefore,  to  submit  to  the  land- 
owners of  the  country  that,  instead  of  trusting 
as  heretofore  so  much  to  their  own  superintend- 
ence and  direction  of  affairs — instead  of  insist- 
ing that  this,  that,  and  the  other  shall  be  the 
rule  of  cultivation  and  of  management  on  their 
estates— instead  of  standing  //i  loco  parentis 
to  all  upon  their  land,  and  determining  what  is 
right  for  all,  and  seeing  that  it  is  carried  out — 
they  had  better  stand  aside  a  little,  and  trust 
rather  to  the  efficiency  of  those  motives,  common 
to  all  men,  which  are  found  satisfactorily  to 
guide  human  conduct  in  other  departments 
of  hfe.  They  have  land  to  let,  and,  naturally 
desiring  good  neighbours,  they  may  well  insist 
on  care  in  the  selection  of  the  tenant.  But 
having  accepted  him,  let  them  give  him  the  land 
for  a  term  of  years  at  the  accepted  rent,  follow- 
ing Lord  Leicester's  example,  and  leaving  him 
to  cultivate  and  manage  the  farm  as  he  pleases, 
buying  and  selling  and  dealing  with  its  produce 
as  he  chooses.  Require  him,  if  you  will,  to 
revert  to  the  four-course  rotation  of  cropping 
during  the  four  last  years  of  his  lease,  or  agree 


upon  a  scale  by  which  the  value  of  whatever  is 
unexhausted  of  his  outlay  on  manures  and  foods 
shall  be  repaid  him  when  he  leaves.  Do  not, 
however,  follow  the  example  of  the  Holkham  lease 
in  respect  of  all  the  petty  gifts  and  services  it 
requires  from  the  tenantry  ;*  but  having  chosen 
a  good  man,  with  capital  enough,  leave  him  free 
to  make  what  profit  he  can  out  of  a  21  years' 
holding,  certain  that  the  landlord,  if  any  one, 
will  in  the  long  run  have  reason  enough  to  join 
in  the  chorus  of  praise  which,  we  are  told,  on  the 
best  authority,  will  greet  him  if  he  does  well  unto 
himself. 

It  is  the  intrinsic  difficulty  of  Sewage  Defe- 
cation and  Utilisation,  not  that  which  arises 
from  personal  or  financial  considerations,  in 
which  we  are  especially  interested.  The  conduct 
of  affairs  by  persons  and  by  companies  is  there- 
fore, if  not  altogether,  very  nearly  beyond  our 
province.  Unfortunately,  however,  the  personal 
details  of  controversy,  if  ever  they  are  allowed  a 
place,  at  once  absorb  attention  :  and  that  which 
might  have  been  a  serviceable  exposition  or  a 
useful  discussion  becomes  an  angry  wrangle. 

No  one  acquainted  with  the  history  of  this 
subject  will  deny  to  Mr.  William  Hope,  V.C, 
the  great  merit  of  having  been  one  of  the  earliest 
properly  to  appreciate  the  loss  and  injury,  both 
agricultural  and  financial,  inflicted  on  the  com- 
munity by — in  short,  the  watercloset  and  the 
sewer.  He  was  the  very  earliest,  we  believe,  to 
devise,  and  certainly  the  earliest  to  prosecute 
into  actual  operation,  an  adequate  and 
reasonable  scheme  for  recovering  the  loss  and 
abating  the  nuisance — meeting  thus  the  loss  and 
injury — occasioned  by  the  sewage  of  the  2,000,000 
people  on  the  north  side  of  the  Thames.  In 
the  midst  of  growing  doubts  and  disappoint- 
ments he  has  been  the  one  to  hold  on  vigorously, 
with  as  robust  a  faith  as  ever,  to  the  original 
calculations  and  assertions.  And  when  public 
opinion  shall  have  turned,  as  it  no  doubt  ulti- 
mately will,  to  the  adoption  of  sewage  irrigation 
as  the  only  proper,  profitable,  or  even,  speaking 
generally,  practicable  remedy  for  all  the  loss  and 
mischief  which  it  now  admits,  it  will  be  to  him, 
more  than  any  other  man,  that  the  result  will 
have  been  properly  attributable.  No  one,  there- 
fore, has  a  clearer  right  to  speak  with  authority 
upon  the  sewage  question  than  Mr.  HOPE. 
For  that  very  reason,  however,  it  seems  to 
us  desirable  that  the  opinions  he  at  any  time 
expresses  should  receive  the  frankest  criticism. 
On  points  involving  large  outlay,  considerable 
risk,  possible  loss,  nothing  should  be  permitted 
on  mere  authoritative  statement,  and  no  personal 
considerations  ought  to  interfere  with  the  appli- 
cation of  the  sheerest  logic.  The  argumentnm 
ad  homincm  will  lead  most  people  in  the  case  of 
Mr.  Hope  to  a  strong  prejudice  in  favour  of  any 
opinions  he  may  express — but  it  ought  not  to  be 
forbidden,  in  the  case  of  one  on  whose  judgment 
so  much  depends,  even  in  the  hands  of  an  un- 
friendly critic  who  should  think  that,  properly 
directed,  it  would  lead  to  an  entirely  difl'erent 
conclusion.  Some  such  considerations  as  these, 
no  doubt,  led  to  Mr.  Morgan's  criticisms  (p.  50) 
of  the  discussion  before  the  Society  of  Arts,  and 
of  the  part  in  it  taken  by  Mr.  Hope.  The  reply 
which  has  been  elicited  was,  we  suppose,  in- 
evitable, and  we  reluctantly  allow  it  to  appear. 
We  must,  however,  preserve  our  columns  for  the 
future  more  strictly  for  the  discussion  of  the  end 
which  both  of  these  gentlemen  have  in  view, 
notwithstanding  the  personal  difference  which 
appears  to  exist  between  them. 

One  further  remark  on  a  personal  matter  con- 
nected with  sewage  defecation  may  be  permitted 
to  us.  We  are  constantly  amused  by  the  fluency 
with  which  writers  on  this  subject  cjuote  now  the 
process  known  as  "  intermittent  filtration."  These 
words,  and  the  idea  which  they  convey,  already 
sound  like  ancient  and  familiar  acquaintance, 
whereas  the  first  introduction  to  them  which  any 
of  these  authorities  received  is  hardly  two  years 
old.  In  the  writings  of  drainage  engineers, 
Government  inspectors,  and  sewage  experts  of 
all  classes,  "  intermittent  filtration  "has  for  many 
months  got  past  the  stage  when  novelties 
admitted  true  are  at  length  pronounced  no  longer 
new.  The  Rivers  Pollution  Commissioners  are 
indeed  praised  for  their  scientific  exposition  of 
the  principles  on  which  intermittent  filtration 
depends  for  its  results,  "  the  effects  of  the  process 


"  The  Mark  Lane  Express  well  s.^yfi  of  the  Holkham  lease, 
"  Lord  Leicester  has  been  able  to  preserve  the  main  idea  with 
which  he  started,  although  this  is  fettered  and  clogged  with  con- 
ditions, or  perh.-ips  more  properly  '  set '  in  the  mere  verbiage  of 
a  solicitor's  office." 


have  been  admirably  explained  by  them"  — 
and  so  on.  But  the  device  itself,  as  true  an 
invention,  due  to  Dr.  Franki,AND,  and  as 
logically  worked  out  by.him  to  a  successful  issue, 
as  ever  was  the  safety-lamp  by  HUMPHREY 
Davv,  is  spoken  of  as  a  pre-existent  fact,  long 
known  to  writers  upon  subsoil  drainage.  Mr. 
Bailey  Denton,  and  many  others,  pointed  out 
long  since  that  the  soil  is  altered  in  character, 
oxidised,  and  benefited  by  the  aeration  conse- 
quent on  land  drainage  and-the  descent  of  rain- 
water through  it  ;  but  this  gives  none  of  these 
writers  the  smallest  share  in  an  invention,  the 
object  of  which  is,  not  the  oxidation  of  the  filter, 
but  the  oxidation  of  the  filthy  organic  matter  in 
the  fluid  passing  through  it. 

Let  us  not  for  an  instant  dispute  to  Mr. 
Bailey  Denton  the  very  great  credit  which  is 
no  doubt  due  to  him  for  his  courageous  adoption 
of  Dr.  Frankland's  invention  on  the  great 
scale  of  Methyr,  with  a  population  of  nearly 
20,000  creating  the  nuisance  which  had  to 
be  abated.  But  we  see  so  constantly  that  the 
man  who  does  a  thing  gets  all  the  credit  (as  well 
as  all  the  profit),  while  the  man  who  conceived, 
invented,  and  had  established  the  very  thing 
which  he  has  done  is  forgotten,  that  we  must 
do  what  we  can  to  keep  things  straight. 

■  The   fine  dry  samples  of  Wheat  offered  on 

Monday  at  Mark  Lane  sold  readily  at  last  week's 
full  prices,  but  inferior  samples  were  very  unsaleable. 

On    Wednesday   quotations   were   unchanged. In 

the  Metropolitan  Cattle  Market  on  Monday  fat 
beasts  were  rather  cheaper  than  last  week.  Sheep 
maintained  their  price.  On  Thursday  Monday's 
quotations  were  hardly  maintained. 

We  have  received  from  the  Secretary  of  the 

Dutch  Agricultural  Society  the  Prize  Sheet 
for  the  International  Exhibition  of  Agricul- 
tural Implements,  to  be  held  at  the  Hague, 
Holland,  on  September  21 — 30,  1S72,  in  celebration  of 
the  25th  anniversary  of  the  institution  of  the  Dutch 
Agricultural  Society.  Exhibitors  are  requested  (l)  to 
state  how  much  space  they  require  ;  (2)  to  send,  on 
or  before  August  15,  a  list  of  the  articles  they 
wish  to  exhibit  ;  and  (3)  to  say  what  numbers  on  the 
list  of  the  programme  they  wish  to  compete  for,  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Dutch  Agricultural  Society,  P.  F.  L. 
Waldeck,  Esq.,  at  Loosduinen,  near  the  Hague.  AU 
the  machinery  and  implements  must  be  brought, 
carriage  paid,  to  the  showyard,  and  be  arranged  in 
complete  order  before  September  18.  All  goods 
are  sent  at  owners'  risk  and  expense.  No  charge  will 
be  made  for  the  space  required  by  the  exhibitor.  The 
different  juries  will  commence  their  labours  on  Thurs- 
day, September  19,  and  on  October  i,  the  implements 
must  be  taken  away  by  the  exhibitors.  Then  follows  a 
list  of  implements  for  which  prizes  are  offered. 

. ■  Mr.  James  Howard,  M.P.,  writes  thus  in  the 

Times  on  the  maintenance  of  the  existing  system  of 
Weights  and  Measures  in  preference  to  what  is 
called  the  Metric  system  : — 

' '  After  some  experience,  I  venture  to  maintain  that  our 
Imperial  system  of  weights  and  measures  is  far  simpler 
than  the  metric  one ;  that  its  abolition  would  lead  to 
itiextricable  conftision  in  every  trade,  in  every  workshop, 
and  in  every  counting-house  in  the  kingdom,  no  man  of 
business  can  for  a  moment  doubt.  There  is  one  view  of 
the  question  which  Mr.  Ste\'EN50n  has  not  touched 
upon — the  English  language  is  fast  spreading  over  the 
world,  and  this  is  not  the  case  with  any  other  language. 
English  is  the  language  of  the  great  continent  across  the 
.'\tlantic  and  of  Australasia  ;  it  is  planted  in  South  Africa, 
in  India,  China,  and  will  assuredly  grow.  Be  it  remem- 
bered, also,  that  wherever  the  English  language  is 
carried,  along  with  it  goes  our  Imperial  system  of  weights 
and  measures.  Is  it  not,  therefore,  far  more  probable  that 
the  countries  which  have  adopted  the  metric  system  will 
have  to  change  it  for  the  Imperial,  than  that  England 
will  have  adopted  the  metric  system — will  have  to  make 
the  change,  particularly  when  it  is  remembered  that 
England  and  America  are  the  two  great  manufacturing 
nations  of  the  earth,  and  whose  varied  productions  must 
necessarily,  in  most  cases,  be  described  and  sold  to 
other  nations  under  the  Imperial  nomenclature  ?  .  .  . 
I  never  yet  met  with  a  practical  man  of  business  who 
desired  a  total  change  of  our  system  of  weights  and  mea- 
sures. There  is,  untjuestionably,  great  necessity  with 
respect  to  agricultural  produce  to  make  weights  and 
measures  uniform  throughout  the  kingdom,  and  our 
system  is  doubtless  susceptible  of  some  improvement ;  but 
any  organic  change  would  meet  with  a  resistance  too 
strong  even  for  the  law  to  enforce." 

. Mr.  Charles  Lawrence,  of  Cirencester,  for 

many  years  an  active  member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England,  writes  in 
the  Wilts  and  Ghuccsier  Standard,  on  the  Advan- 
tages of  the  MEMiiERsmr  of  that  Society  : — 

"  Allow  me  to  state  that  which  is  quite  unaccountable 
tome  in  this  age  of  progress  ;  namely,  that  out  of  the 
great  number  of  farmers  in  this  neighbourhood,  I  believe 
I  may  safely  say  there  are  not  more  than  half  a  dozen 
who  are  members  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of 
England.  I  can  only  attribute  this  to  the  want  of  know- 
ledge of  the  annual  cost  of  membership  on  the  one  hand, 
and  of  the  privileges  resulting  on  the  other.     The  cost  is 


January  27,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle  and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


119 


;^i  per  annum— the  privileges  are,  first,  the  receipt  of  two 
numbers  annually  of  ihcjounm/oi  ttie  Society,  every  one 
of  which  contains  many  analyses  cf  foods  and  manures, 
accompanied  by  very  instructive  notices  by  Dr.  Voelcker, 
and  many  other  reports  often  worth  many  pounds  to  the 
farmer.  Second,  the  members  have  the  privilege  of  ob- 
taining analyses  from  the  Chemical  Professor  of  the  Society 
for  the  time  being.  Third,  certain  privileges  of  obtain- 
ing information  and  advice  from  the  Professors  of  the 
Veterinary  College  ;  and  lastly,  free  admission  to  the 
annual  exhibition  of  the  Society  during  its  continuance." 

The  following  figures,  which  give  the  Statis- 
tics of  the  Home  Wool  Trade  for  1S71,  are 
extracted  by  the  Economist  from  the  Bradford  Odser7-t'r . 

According  to  the  best  information  at  our  command,  the 
fleeces  grown  in  some  divisions  of  the  United  Kingdom 
are  equal  in  weight  to  those  of  last  year  ;  but  over  a  far 
larger  extent  of  country  they  average  \  lb.,  whilst  in 
Lincolnshire  and  some  minor  counties  we  calculate  them 
§  lb.  a  fleece  in  defect  of  last  year,  which  gives  the  follow- 
ing result : — 

Bedford.   Berks,  Bucks,    Cambridge,    North imi- 
berland,  and  Northampton 

Chester,  Essex,  Monmouth,  and  Suffolk 

Cornwall,  Glo'ster,   Devon,  Huntingdon,  Kent, 
Somerset,  and  Leicester 

Cumberland,    Derby,   Dorset.  Rutland,    Salop, 
And  Westmoreland 

Durham,    Middlesex,   Norfolk,  and  Isle  of  Man 

Hants,  Hereford.  Hertford,  Oxford,  and  Stafford 

Lancaster,  Warwick,  and  Worcester      . . 

Lincolnshire  and  East  Riding,  York 

Notts  and  North  and  West  Riding,  York 

Wilts,  Surrey,  Sussex,  and  Channel  Islands     . . 


lb. 
14,641,041 
5,477.539 

26,345.6(^3 


Wales 

Scotland  (Laid  estimated  < 

Ireland 


:lean) 


Produce  of  the  United  Kingdom 

Deduct  for  sheep  slaughtered,'  their 

rteeces  not  having  been  allowed   to 

grow  to  full  weight,  but  calculated 

111  the  above  figures  as  if  they  had 

done  so. 

T.ambs  relumed  Midsummer,  1871 

Add  decrease  of  sheep  and  lambs 

Total  sheep  slaughtered 
■ — estimated  at  2%  lb.  each  fleece 


4,880,693 
9.971.885 
4,802,316 
15.705.082 
10,278,510 
5,723,664 
12,179,15s 
32,066,556 
26,003,904 

179.003.363 


11,050,155 
1.319,901 


12,370,056 


34,017,654 


Nett  weight  of  clip, 


1871 
870 


..  144,985,709 

..  149,516,679 

—  iat.9    155.591.096 

—  1868    165,549,735 

— or  a  decrease  in  three  years  of  about  14  per  cent.,  and 
this,  too,  with  machinery  steadily  increasing  both  in 
quantity  and  capability  for  production  ;  so  that,  keeping 
this  fact  in  view,  we  may  safely  estimate  that  the  supply 
of  home  wool  is  to  the  machinery  at  least  20  per  cent,  less 
than  it  was  three  years  ago.  The  following  Table  shows 
the  prices  current  at  the  dales  named  :— 

Parcel  Lots,  consisting  of  Hoggs  and  Wethers  in  equal 
Proportion. 


Dublin,  and  the  institute  opened,  that  the  sum  should  lapse 
to  the  University  of  Dublin,  to  be  employed  by  them  in 
founding  and  maintaining  professorships  in  most  of  the 
Eastern  languages.  After  surmounting  many  legal  and 
other  difficulties,  the  Senate  of  the  University  of  London 
were  enabled  to  obtain  a  suitable  piece  of  ground,  near  the 
Vau.vhall  Station,  Wandsworth  Road,  London,  and  there 
the  Institute  was  finally  erected,  The  superintendent 
Professorship  of  the  Brown  Animal  Sanatory  Institute  has 
been  accepted  by  Dr.  Durden  Sanderson,  so  well  known 
by  his  researches  into  the  ultimate  pathology  of  conta- 
gion, and  the  cattle  plagues.  His  assistant  is  Dr.  Klein, 
formerly  in  Vienna,  and  well  known  as  a  most  painstaking 
observer.  The  veterinary  surgeonship  has  been  given  to 
Mr.  William  Duguid,  whose  excellent  education  and 
great  experience  will  also  be  of  great  value  in  carrying  out 
the  objects  of  the  institution.  United  to  the  residentiary 
part  of  the  institute  are  five  stall  and  four  loose 
boxes,  the  fittings  of  which  are  so  arranged  that 
they  can  be  made  suitable  for  the  reception  of  animals  of 
the  equine  or  bovine  race  at  the  shortest  notice.  Foe  this 
purpose  the  mangers  are  made  to  move  higher  or  lower, 
as  may  be  required.  A  room  in  the  hospital  is  also 
appropriated  for  the  reception  of  the  smaller  animals, 
besides  a  special  house  fitted  up  exclusively  for  dogs,  and 
an  aviary  for  fowls.  An  experimental  stable  has  also 
been  built  in  connection  with  the  laboratory,  and  a 
galvanometer  in  one  of  the  rooms  leads  into  it  through 
the  walls.  There  is  also  an  extra  stable  where 
the  more  infectious  cases  can  be  isolated,  and  should 
an  epidemic  appear,  and  a  strain  be  put  on  the  resources 
of  the  institution,  ample  vaults  have  been  constructed 
under  the  rooms  appropriated  to  chemistry,  where  the 
sufferers  can  be  placed.  There  is,  moreover,  plenty  of 
room  to  erect,  either  extra  temporary,  or  permanent 
shedding,  should  such  unhappily  be  required.  The 
laboratory  consists  of  two  large  rooms,  fitted  up  with 
every  appliance  of  modern  erudition,  and  connected  with 
these  are  the  more  private  laboratories  of  the  professor 
superintendent,  and  his  assistants. 

"  The  whole  of  the  work-rooms  and  hospitals  are 
heated  by  hot-water  pipes,  each  room  working  inde- 
pendently of  the  other.  The  ventilation  of  the  loose 
boxes  is  constrticted  according  to  Musgrave's  patent  ; 
and  elsewhere  it  is  carried  on  by  louvres  and  other  con- 
trivances. Altogether  the  Brown  Animal  Sanatory  Insti- 
tute, though  possessing  not  the  slightest  pretensions  to 
architectural  appearance,  is  admirably  adapted  to  carry 
out  the  views  of  its  endower." 


was  done  by  high-class  farming,  and  different  farmers 
might  drop  the  amount  from  40  to  35,  but  they  could 
not  reduce  it  below  what  might  be  termed  its  natural 
yield  or  its  natural  aptitude.  The  next  field  might 
grow  25  bush.,  and  they  could  not  reduce  it  below 
that  amount.  They  might  improve  it  and  they  might 
reduce  it,  but  they  could  not  exhaust  the  soil  below 
a  certain  yieldinjj  power,  and  between  the  highest  and 
lowest  limit  was  the  scope  for  good  farming. 

Now  he  presumed  what  a  young  farmer  ought  to  do, 
and  what  he  would  do  if  he  were  beginning  farming, 
was  to  find  out  on  taking  a  farm  from  those  who  had 
lived  on  it  what  special  aptitudes  the  land  possessed  ; 
and  having  ascertained  that,  he  should  next  consider 
whether  he  had  sufficient  capital  to  work  it  properly. 
The  rule  of  a  certain  landlord  was,  "Show  me  your 
capital,  and  I  will  let  you  a  farm."  For  himself,  he 
thought  a  capital  of  £\o  per  acre  was  not  too  much. 
But  he  wished  to  impress  upon  them  the  extraordinary 
fact  of  the  aptitude  of  soils,  and  said  that  if  a  man 
wished  to  succeed  he  had  better  ascertain  the  aptitude 
of  the  land  he  was  about  going  to. 


4>00 


Vorkbhire    and   Lincoln- 

^hire       . .         . .         ,.\ 

Nottingham     and      Lei-! 

Lester     . . 
Northumberland  . . ' 

^tidlalld  counties  . . ! 

Southern i 

Kent  wethers      , .  ,  .\ 

Irish  hoggb  and  wetliers 
■Scotch  white 
Laid  Cheviot  wethers    . . , 
Laid  Cheviot  hoggs 
MTiitc  Cheviot  parcels  . . 
Laid  Highland    ..         ..1 


173        i6J        25 


i7i 
153 

15S ; 

'54 

i6i  I 


12^ 

4i  , 


i6V 
i65 
>4i 

■4t  ' 

■  5l  ; 

74  I 
81 


=4j 
=4i 
=4 

n\ 

=4l 
24l 
■3i 
144 
i6i 
sij 
94 


28 

•■ 

20     I 
26} 

Wk 

»7i 

?4 


Per  cent. 


70 
70 
79 


7'i 
150 


■ What  could  be  a  pleasanter  expression  of  the 

general  joy  than  that  which  has  been  adopted  by  the 
agriculturists  of  West  Norfolk  : — 

"  While  all  England  is  rejoicing  at  the  recovery  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  the  agriculturists  of  West  Norfolk,  who 
have  been  permitted  to  blend  with  their  deep  respect  for 
the  Heir  to  the  Throne  something  of  the  attachment  to  a 
neighbour  and  friend,  join  with  all  in  thanking  GOD  that 
the  beacon  of  the  nation  has  been  rekindled  from  the  last 
spark,  and  at  the  same  time  congratulate  themselves  that 
the  hospitable  hearth  of  Sandringham  is  burning  bright 
in  the  midst  of  their  own  firesides.  The  Council  trust 
that  the  members  will  authorise  them  to  express  to 
General  Knollys  their  delight  at  the  Prince's  recovery. 
One  of  the  many  cheerful  prospects  which  that  recovery 
has  opened,  is  the  hope  that  the  Prince  will  be  able  to 
preside  at  the  meeting  of  the  Norfolk  Agricultural  Society, 
to  be  held  at  Lynn  next  June." 

•  The  Milk  Jouriial  gives  the  follomng  descrip- 
tion of  the  Brown  Animal  Sanatory  Institute  : — 

"  About  20  yearsago  the  late  Mr.  Thos.  Brown,  of  Dub- 
lin, bequeathed  in  his  will  the  residue  of  his  estate  to  the 
Senate  of  the  University  of  London  for  '  founding,  estab- 
lishing, and  upholding  an  institution  for  investigating, 
studying,  and  without  charge,  beyond  iminediate  expenses, 
endeavouring  to  cure  maladies,  distempers  and  injuries 
any  quadrupeds  or  birds  useful  to  man  may  be  found 
subject  to. '  It  was  directed  by  the  testator  that  the  interest 
of  the  sum  left  should  accumulate,  and  be  added  to  the 
principal  during  15  years,  and  we  believe  that  the  sum 
now  under  the  control  of  the  Senate  has  reached  the  sum 
of  j^  30, 000. 


William   Platt,   farmer,  of  Bradshaw,  was 

lately  summoned  before  the  county  magistrates  at 
Bolton,  at  the  instance  of  the  surveyor  of  the  Eden- 
field  and  Little  Bolton  turnpike  road,  for  having 
neglected,  after  due  notice,  *' to  cut,  prune,  and  trim 
to  the  height  of  6  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  ground  " 
all  the  hedges  belonging  to  him  as  the  occupier  of 
certain  lands  in  the  township  of  Bradshaw,  adjoining 
the  said  road.  The  order  requiring  the  defendant  to 
trim  his  hedges  was  in  accordance  with  a  statute  of 
the  third  year  of  the  reign  of  King  George  the 
Fourth,  for  regulating  turnpike  roads.  Mr.  Lomax 
complained  that  Mr.  Plait's  fences  were  in  very 
bad  order  ;  he  would  do  nothing  to  them — in  fact,  he 
seemed  to  set  the  turnpike  authorities  in  this  respect 
completely  at  defiance.  The  Bench  made  an  order 
upon  the  defendant  to  trim  and  prune  his  hedges 
within  ten  days,  and  to  pay  the  costs  of  the  case  ;  in 
default  of  obeying  the  order  within  the  time  specified 
he  would  be  fined. 


_^  .  It  was  also  stipulated  that  unless  within  19, 

years  after  Mr.  Brown's  death,  a  suitable  place  should    '5  hush,  and  not  less, 
be  found  within  a  mile  of  Westminster,  Southwark,  or  '  produce  might   be  increased  to  35  and  40 


OUR  LIVE  STOCK. 

The  following  are  notes  of  a  recent  address  by  the 
Rev.  Canon  Beever  before  the  Brecnockshire  Chamber 
of  Agriculture  : — 

In  the  first  instance  he  had  thought  of  speaking  on 
the  general  management  of  a  farm,  but  that  seemed 
such  a  wide  subject  that  he  could  not  do  justice  to  it  in 
a  single  address.  Moreover,  during  the  past  few  hours 
he  had  seen  farms  as  well  managed,  and  with  as  good 
stock,  as  he  had  seen  in  any  part  of  England.  There 
was,  therefore,  little  or  nothing  to  be  taught  on  that 
point.  He  had  no  doubt  there  were  farmers  amongst 
them  who  took  advantage  of  those  things  which  gave 
increased  production.  Of  course  success  depended  in 
the  first  place  upon  sufficient  capital  at  command  and 
placed  in  the  soil ;  and  that,  backed  up  by  energy, 
which  ensured  the  land  being  well  ploughed  in  good 
time,  sown  with  the  best  seed,  and  having  the  best 
management,  would,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  be 
followed  with  success.  But  there  was  also  one  other 
matter  he  wished  to  put  before  them,  though  most  of 
them  might  know  it,  and  it  was  in  reference  to  Mr. 
Lawes'  theory  about  soils.  His  theory  was  this  :  that 
soils,  like  men,  possessed  certain  specialties — idiosyn- 
cracies  so  to  speak — that  is,  special  aptitudes  for 
growing  different  kinds  of  crops.  For  instance, 
he  found  when  speaking  to  old  farmers,  who  could 
scarcely  read  a  book,  they  had  learned  from 
practical  experience  that  different  soils  possessed 
distinct  specialities.  On  his  own  land,  for  example,  one 
field  would  grow  better  Wheat  than  another  ;  a  second 
would  grow  better  Barley,  a  third  better  Oats,  and  a 
fourth  better  root  crops.  Mr.  Lawes  recognised  what 
experience  had  shown,  and  he  also  went  still  further 
and  said  : — Supposing  a  field  grew  15  bush,  of  Wheat 
per  acre  without  manure,  it  was  possible  to  make  it 
produce  more  by  the  aid  of  manure  ;  but  without 
manure,  and  if  cultivated,  it  would  always  grow 
It  was  quite  possible  that  the 
bush.,  as 


Breeding  and  Rearing  of  Live  Stock. — This  was 
another  important  matter.  Mr.  Frank  Buckland 
and  others  had  tried  to  introduce  all  sorts  of  birds 
and  cattle  into  this  country  from  those  in  which  they 
were  climatised,  but  Mr.  Buckland  himself  had  told 
him  that  the  experiment  had  proved  a  failure  ;  and 
therefore  his  advice  to  those  commencing  farming, 
and  what  he  himself  would  follow  if  he  were  beginning, 
was  to  get  the  best  stock  of  the  neighbourhood  in 
which  the  farm  was  situate,  and  in  that  respect  Mr. 
Buckland  said  the  farmers  of  this  country  had  a  grand 
field  for  improvement.  Now,  supposing  he  took  a 
farm  in  that  county,  he  should  endeavour  to  become 
acquainted  with  the  stock  kept  by  the  leading  farmers, 
and  also  the  special  aptitude  of  the  soil  from  those 
who  lived  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  farm  he  pro- 
posed to  take,  who  necessarily  were  better  acquainted 
with  it,  and  in  that  way  he  should  derive  very  valuable 
information.  He  should  probably  find  that  the  flocks 
of  the  county  were  a  special  feature,  because  Brecon- 
shire  was  somewhat  noted  for  its  sheep  ;  and  certainly, 
from  what  he  bad  seen,  justly  so.  His  object,  there- 
fore, would  be,  whether  on  a  hill  or  a  lowland  farm, 
to  improve  the  breed  of  his  sheep,  so  as  to  make  them 
give  them  better  fleeces,  more  flesh,  and  possess 
hardier  constitutions.  With  regard  to  pigs,  they  were 
not  a  local  breed,  the  different  kinds  being  found 
everywhere  ;  but  he  would  not  go  in  much  for  any  of 
them.  Homed  stock,  he  observed,  appeared  to  be 
closely  related  to  the  soil,  inasmuch  as  the  different 
breeds  were  peculiar  to  their  own  distinct  part  of 
country.  He  might  be  wrong,  but  he  believed  that  if 
they  took  pure-bred  Herefords,  and  turned  them  out  in 
the  black  cattle  country,  without  allowing  them  to  be 
crossed,  they  would,  after  a  long  term  of  years — say 
100 — be  found  to  have  grown  into  and  have  assumed 
the  type  of  black  cattle. 

Here   was  an   instance  :    An   old   friend   of  his  in 
Carmarthenshire  commenced  breeding  Shorthorns,  and 
for  that  purpose  bought  the  very  best  representatives  of 
that   type ;    but   the   result   had   been   that    they  had 
assumed  the  exact  shape  and  appearance  of  the  black 
cattle,  though   certainly   they  were   not   of  the  same 
colour.     He  asked  him  how  he  accounted  for  it,  and  in 
reply  he  attributed  it  simply  to  the  soil,  and  said  he 
had   watched  them  change  gradually  until  they  had 
assum.ed  the  type  of  the  cattle  of  that  county.     And, 
again,  if  they  took  Devonshire  cattle  into  the  Shorthorn 
country,  and  turned  them  loose  for  a  hundred  years, 
their    characteristics  would  be   those  of    Shorthomed 
stock.   However,  as  he  had  said,  he  had  nothing  to  teach 
them  ;  he  should  say  to  a  young  farmer  coming  into 
a  fresh,  country,  **  Choose  the  best  slock  around  you." 
For    example,    he    saw    a    flock   of   sheep    the    day 
before   from  which   he  might   choose  20  animals,  all 
of    them   of  the    most    beautiful    type  ;    and    having 
done  that,  he  should   endeavour  to  make  his  whole 
flock,  by  judicious  cross-breeding,  as  perfect  as  possible. 
That  is,  he  should  fix  a  certain  type  for  himself,  and  try 
to  reach  it  with  his  entire  flock.     He  instanced  that 
an  eminent  breeder  came  to  the  conclusion  that  South- 
down sheep  were  not  the  most  profitable,  and  to  make 
them  more  so  he  crossed  and  re-crossed,  always  keeping 
before  him  a  distinct  type  to  attain  to.     And  so  again 
with  horses.     If  they  wanted  a  good  breed  they  must 
begin  by  getting  a  mare  of  character,  as  fine  as  possible 
in  every  point,  and  perfectly  sound.     He  was  glad  to 
say  they  had  an  excellent  breed  of  horses  in  that  county. 
But  he  had  seen  horses  that  were  not  of  such  an  excel- 
lent type,  and  instanced  that  one  to  which  a  prize  was 
awarded  at  an  agricultural  meeting  he  attended  had 
not  a  single  good  point  about  it — at  least  what  he  had 
been  taught  to  consider  good  points  in  an  animal.     It 
would  be  useless  to  try  and  get  a  good  breed  except 
the  animals  were  good  on  both  sides,   and  even  when 
they  had  a  good  male  and  good  female  they  might  be 
disappointed.  At  first  they  might  be  exceedingly  lucky, 
as  several  notable  breeders  had  been  in  producing  such 
animals  as  the  Bloomer  mare,   Stockwell,   and  King 
Tom  ;  but  he  had  a  friend  who  had  bred  a  hundred 
mares  who  had  never  managed  to  breed  a  good  one, 
yet  he  was  a  first-rate  judge  and  went  in  for  horses,  but 
he  was  not  fortunate,   and  gave  it   up.     Then  again 
there  were  small  breeders,  who  perhaps  with  two  or 
three  animals  made  a  really  good  thing  out  of  breeding. 


I20 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  27,   1872. 


Now,  what  he  should  recommeud  the  young  farmer 
to  do  would  be  to  endeavour  to  purchase  from  his 
neighbouring  farmers  some  old  female  animals  of  known 
character  ;  and  for  sires  he  should  recommend  him  to 
go  to  an  eminent  breeder  and  see  if  he  could  get  hold 
of  something,  witliin  his  means,  known  lo  be  the  sire 
of  something  first-class  ;  and  having  done  that  and 
fortune  favoured  him,  it  was  more  than  likely  he  ^vouId 
be  successful.  But  if  were  not  successful  he  could  only 
say  that  his  experience  had  shown  him  that  there  was 
no  certainty  whatever  in  breerling  horses.  A  breeder 
might  have  a  splendid  carriage  mare,  beautiful  to  look 
at,  fine  in  action,  and  possessed  of  great  inherited 
qualities,  yet  the  foal  she  brought  should  not  be  fit  to 
be  looked  at  ;  whereas,  at  the  same  time,  a  man  occu- 
pying the  next  farm  might  have  a  famous  trotting 
thing  which  would  produce  a  foal  which  at  three  years 
old  would  sell  for  50  or  60  gs.  For  sires,  however, 
never  let  them  try  to  use  cross-bred  animals.  They 
should  go  in  for  purity  of  biood.  The  Arab,  who  got  rid 
of  everything  that  was  not  perfect  to  hisskilled  and  trained 
eye,  taught  them  that  lesson.  The  first  cross  of  any 
animal  he  knew  was  always  beautiful.  For  example, 
the  crossing  of  a  Southdown  with  a  Cotswold  would  pro- 
duce in  the  first  instance  a  beautiful  animal,  but  if  it  was 
repeated  they  would  agree  with  him  that  the  result 
would  be  disappointing  ;  and  he  could  not  do  better 
than  repeat  that  whatever  sire  they  employed  it 
should  be  a  pure-bred  one.  He  next  came  to  the 
question  of  how  to  introduce  pure  blood.  Eminent 
breeders  went  to  other  breeders,  sparing  neither  time 
nor  expense,  until  they  secured  a  cow  to  their  own 
liking,  and  after  four  generations  breeding  in-and-in 
they  managed  to  introduce  and  gain  her  constitution, 
at  the  same  time  investing  her  progeny  with  their  own 
desired  type  and  outward  appearance.  He  had  paid  a  visit 
a  month  ago  to  an  eminent  breeder's,  where  the  process 
of  improving  stock  and  obtaining  a  higher  and  better 
type  of  animal  was  being  carried  on,  and  he  advised 
that  during  the  period  of  gestation  all  kinds  of  stock 
should  be  well  housed.  He  did  not  mean  that  it  was 
necessary  they  should  be  kept  in  confined  buildings, 
but  certainly  they  ought  to  be  sheltered  from  the  rain, 
and  also  to  be  well  fed.  One  of  his  neighbours,  who 
was  really  one  of  the  best  sheep  farmers  he  knew,  and 
who  loved  it,  had  had  a  great  mortality  among  his 
lambs  this  last  season  ;  he  believed  he  had  lost  160, 
vi-hilst  he  (the  speaker)  had  not  lost  one.  It  was  not 
that  he  paid  more  attention  to  his  sheep,  but  the  real 
secret  was  in  what  the  surgeon  said  to  him,  that  he 
had  kept  his  ewes  too  low.  Now  that  exactly  agreed 
with  his  own  experience,  and  if  they  allowed  their 
ewes  at  a  certain  season  to  run  on  stubble  to  pick  up 
what  they  could  get,  the  probabilities  would  be  that 
they  would  have  a  great  mortality  amongst  their  lambs ; 
whereas,  if  they  fed  them  well,  the  result  would  be  far 
more  satisfactory. 

His  next  point  was  as  to  rearing  the  young.  With 
regard  to  horses,  they  could  not  treat  them  too  well  ; 
young  horses  especially  required  to  be  fed  well,  and 
being  so  they  would  repay  their  owners.  If  people 
would  only  eat  horse-flesh  it  would  be,  he  thought,  a 
great  blessing  to  the  country,  for  the  reason  that  we 
should  not  have  such  prices  in  the  market  for  butcher's 
nreat  if,  when  they  had  a  spindle-shanked  good-for- 
nothing  2-year-old  coll,  it  was  sent  to  be  slaughtered. 
]'>erybody  had  a  nat-ural  love  for  horses,  and  if  the 
antipathy  to  eating  them  could  be  got  over,  the  conse- 
(|uences  would  be  that,  if  all  the  bad  ones  were  sent  to 
the  market,  we  should  have  t)ie  finest  accumulalion  of 
horses — because  we  had  the  finest  breed  in  the  world, 
that  was,  he  repeated,  provided  all  the  screws  were 
killed  and  eaten.  Calves,  also,  required  to  be  treated 
well.  A  friend  of  his  had  a  splendid  lot  of  Shorthorns, 
but  he  had  managed  to  get  a  miserly  bailiff,  and  the 
result  had  been  that  he  had  got  a  lot  of  pot-bellied 
calves,  not  worth  17j-.  6c/.  each;  but,  if  mother  and 
calf  had  been  treated  well  in  all  probability  they  would 
have  been  a  fine  lot  of  healthy  calves,  which,  when 
they  came  to  two  years  old,  would  well  repay  the  little 
extra  cost  incurred  by  a  more  liberal  management. 
The  late  Mr.  R.  Booth,  one  of  the  finest  judges  of 
stock,  said  to  him,  ' '  What  would  you  have  the  mother's 
milk  for,  but  for  the  calf?"  and  advocated  that  the 
various  foods  suggested  to  be  given,  should  be  given 
through  the  mother,  as,  if  so,  the  calf  would  possess  an 
increased  richness  of  blood.  Regarding  pigs,  he  might 
make  them  acquainted  with  a  dodge  worth  remember- 
ing. Most  of  them  knew  that  if  they  had  a  sow  which 
had  not  enough  milk  for  her  litter,  and  they  gave 
skimmed  milk  to  the  Jittle  pigs,  the  chances  were  a 
thousand  to  one  that  a  lot  of  them  would  die,  Bui,  by 
mixing  Epsom  salts  in  a  proper  proportion,  its  pre- 
judicial effects  would  be  prevented.  Skim-milk  made 
them  costive,  while  the  mixing  of  Epsom  salts  with  it 
gave  it  an  opposite  tendency. 

He  had  only  one  other  suggestion  to  make,  and  it 
was  that  they  should  go  In  for  a  distinct  stamp  of  stock 
— say  like  the  Suffolk  farmers  and  breeders  had  done. 
One  eminent  breeder  of  that  county  got  600  guineas 
for  two  carl  mares,  and  why  should  they  not  do  the 
same  ?  Then  with  regard  to  their  sheep  they  had  a 
distinct  type,  and  it  should  be  their  endeavour  to 
improve  it  in  the  same  way  as  other  breeders  had  im- 
proved their  flocks,  and  who  now  realised  high  prices 
for  them.  He  mentioned  one  farmer  who  began  life 
as  a  labourer's  son,  but  who  had  applied  himself  to  the 
improvement  of  stock,  commencing  in  an  humble  way, 


until  he  had  derived  great  profit  from  it,  and  was 
known  as  one  of  the  must  eminent  breeders  in  the 
country.  The  Suffolk  horses  and  cattle  had  become 
famous  because  the  breeders  and  farmers  in  that  county 
had  set  before  themselves  a  distinct  type  to  attain  to, 
and  now  their  horses  and  cattle  were  as  much  like  one 
another  as  they  could  possibly  be.  They,  in  Brecon- 
shire,  were  celebrated  for  their  cart  mares  as  well  as 
their  ponies,  out  of  both  of  which  they  might  make  a 
firsl-rate  thing,  and  he  instanced  that  he  remembered 
;!^S4  being  given  for  an  unbroken  3-year-old  colt  from 
that  county.  He  advised  that  in  order  to  the  improve- 
ment of  their  cart  mares  and  ponies  they  should  agree 
upon  a  distinct  type,  towards  which  they  should  get 
rid  of  all  the  bad  three-cornered  animals,  and  only 
breed  from  those  that  were  the  best  of  their  kind. 
From  what  he  had  seen  since  he  had  been  in  that 
district,  if  he  had  only  100  of  their  ewes,  such  as  he 
could  pick  from  farms  of  the  neighbourhood,  and  if  he 
haci  two  or  three  of  their  cart  mares,  as  well  as  other 
stock,  he  should  be  as  happy  as  a  prince,  and  he 
thought  he  should  hardly  ever  go  to  bed  for  looking  at 
them. 


SE  JVA  GE    UTILISA  TION. 

In  the  year  1861,  in  conjunction  with  my  cousin, 
Mr.  W.  Napier,  of  the  Lands  Improvement  Company, 
I  submitted  a  proposal  to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Works  for  the  utilisation  of  the  sewage  of  London 
north  of  the  Thames.  That  proposal  was  selected  by 
the  Board  as  the  best  of  the  many  that  had  been  sub- 
mitted to  them,  and  we  were  encouraged  by  the  almost 
unanimous  vote  of  the  "  Main  Drainage  Committee" — 
being  what  is  called  a  committee  of  the  whole  Board — 
to  go  to  the  expense  of  preparing  and  depositing  parlia- 
mentary plans,  together  with  a  Bill  for  the  session  of 
1S62.  This  cost  us  about  ;i^40oo.  Early  in  1S62, 
however,  the  Boai"d  decided,  as  a  half  measure,  not  to 
do  anything  until  after  the  report  of  "Dr.  Brady's 
Committee,"  for  the  appointment  of  which  he  had 
given  notice  in  the  House  of  Commons  on  the  day  pre- 
vious to  the  final  discussion  of  the  Metropolitan  Board. 
After  this  sharp  lesson  we  were  more  cautious,  and 
waited  until  after  "Lord  Robert  Montagu's  Com- 
mittee "  made  their  report  in  1S64  before  again  moving. 
Finding  then  that  opinions  in  the  Board  were  much 
riper,  we  again  came  forward  in  the  autumn  of  1S64 
with  our  old  proposal  :  it  was  definitively  accepted  ; 
we  again  deposited  our  parliamentary  plans  and  Bill, 
and  in  the  session  of  1865,  after  a  prolonged  struggle 
in  both  Houses  of  Parliament,  our  Bill  became  law  by 
receiving  the  Royal  assent  on  June  ig. 

But  I  must  ask  space  for  a  few  words  on  this  parlia- 
mentary contest.  We  were  violently  and  persistently 
opposed  by  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of  London, 
wjth  their  unlimited  purse  and  parHamentary  influence, 
and  our  competitors  contrived  to  secure  the  sup- 
port of  Baron  Liebig  for  the  Corporation.  He  wrote 
his  celebrated  Ldlcrs  (0  tJic  Lord  Mayor,  in  the 
third  of  which  he  said  that  our  scheme  appeared  to 
him  "like  a  soap-bubble,  glistening  with  bright  colours, 
but  inside  hollow  and  empty."  Against  such  an  anta- 
gonist I  was  sadly  overweighted.  However,  I  knew 
that  my  views  were  sound  on  the  whole,  and  I  knew 
that  the  Baron  was  writing  upon  false  data;  therefore  I 
boldly  accepted  the  challenge,  and  in  a  Letter  to  yohn 
T/iwaites,  Esq.^  Chairman  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Works^  being  a  Comparative  Analysis  of  Baron  Liebig's 
three  Letters,  I  achieved  the  feat  of  discomfiting  and 
silencing  the  father  of  agricultural  chemistry  on  his 
own  ground,  and  he  did  not  eventually  appear  as 
a  witness  for  the  Corporation.  When  the  Bill  was 
read  a  second  time  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  committed,  some  one  moved  that  it  be 
referred,  not  to  a  private  Bill  committee  of  five 
members,  but  to  a  "  Select  Committee  "  of  10  members, 
as  if  it  had  been  a  public  Bill  ;  and,  further,  that  it  be 
an  instruction  to  the  committee  not  to  confine  their 
inquiries  lo  our  particular  scheme — as  in  the  case  of  all 
private  Bills— but  generally  to  "inquire  into  the  most 
useful  and  profitable  means  of  disposing  of  the  metro- 
politan sewage  on  tlie  north  side  of  the  Thames." 
This  "instruction"  had  no  precedent  in  private  Bill 
legislation,  and  was  so  wide  in  its  scope,  throwing  such 
indefinite  expense  upon  the  promoters,  that,  had  I 
opposed  it,  the  House  would  have  rejected  it  as  a 
matter  of  course.  Accordingly,  Sir  John  Thwaites, 
who  was  not  a  little  alarmed  at  it,  urged  me  to  oppose 
it ;  but  I  replied,  "No  ;  if  the  scheme  is  a  bad  one, 
the  sooner  we  all  find  it  out  tlie  better.  My  counsel 
(Denison,  Burke,  Vernon  Harcourt,  and  Horace 
Lloyd)  will  take  very  good  care  that  the  scheme  is  not 
condemned  on  insufficient  grounds  ;  and  if  the  scheme 
is  really  the  best,  the  committee  will  report  that  it  is 
so  with  judicial  authority,  as  they  will  be  in  possession 
of  complete  information."  The  committee,  after  an 
exhaustive  inquiry,  summed  up  their  report  in  these 
words  : — "  Upon  this  evidence,  your  committee  are  of 
opinion  that  the  scheme  which  has  been  submitted  to 
them  is  a  useful  and  profitable  mode  of  applying  the 
sewage  of  the  northern  portion  of  the  metropolis,  and 
they  have  no  reason  to  suppose  that  any  more  useful 
or  profitable  schenie  could  be  devised,"  Strong 
language  for  a  Select  Committee  uf  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, presided  over  by  the  Judge- Advocate.  The 
Bill  was  again  opposed  in  the  House  of  Lords  down  to 
the  third  reading,  when,   however,   it  was  carried  by  a 


triumphant  majority,  the  numbers  being — content,  49  ; 
non-content,  4  ;  and  somewhat  curiously,  .in  view  of 
his  recent  illness,  the  Prmce  of  Wales  took  part  in  the 
proceedings  of  the  House  of  Lords  for  the  fy'st  time, 
by  voting  with  the  majority  on  this  occasion. 

I  then  proceeded  to  form  the  company,  which  was 
technically  "  incorporated  "  by  the  Act.  1  got  together 
12  first-rate  men  as  directors,  including  Lord  De 
Tabley,  as  chairman.  Lord  Gort,  and  Lord  Richard 
Browne.  I  also  got  the  capital  "guaranteed  "  by  the 
International  Financial  Society  on  behalf  of  them- 
selves and  of  certain  other  parties  fur  whom  they  were 
authorised  to  act. 

I  then,  in  the  belief  that  he  was  competent  to  dis- 
charge the  office  duties  in  London,  offered  the  post  of 
secretary  to  Mr.  Henry  J.  Morgan,  \\ho  was  at  that 
time  looking  about  fur  something  to  do,  and  I  pro- 
cured for  him  the  appointment  at  a  salary  of  ^500 
a-year.  This  is  the  gentleman  who  so  often  attacks 
me  in  your  columns,  and  who  has  made  the  extra- 
ordinary personal  attack  upon  me  in  your  impres- 
sion of  yesterday.  A  more  absolutely  unprovoked  attack 
was  perhaps  never  made  by  one  man  upon  another 
than  this  latest  attack  of  the  secretary  of  the  Metropolis 
Sewage  Company  upon  me.  Your  readers  will  recol- 
lect that  when  he  thought  fit,  some  months  ago,  to 
attack  me  on  two  purely  engineering  questions,  I 
pointed  out  that  it  was  impossible  to  argue  with  a  man 
who  maintained  such  propositions  as  those  of  the  secre- 
tary of  the  Sewage  Company,  but  I  offered  to  refer  our 
differences — which  were  engineering,  not  agricultural — 
to  the  arbitration  of  the  implement  judges  of  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society,  or  to  that  of  any  professor  of 
mathematics,  or  engineering,  or  natural  philosophy,  in 
any  first-class  college  ;  and  I  also  undertook  to  procure 
for  Mr.  Morgan,  if  he  could  prove  his  statements  to  be 
correct,  the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal  Society,  as  the 
greatest  mathematician  of  this  or  of  any  other  age. 
This  challenge  I  repeated  four  times  in  your  columns, 
namely,  on  June  17  last,  on  July  8,  August  26,  and 
September  j6,  and  the  secretary  shirked  it.  He 
knew  he  could  not  stand  such  an  ordeal.  Therefore 
from  that  time  to  the  present  I  have  never  again 
alluded  to  him  in  any  way  whatever,  and  he  has  no 
shadow  of  an  excuse  for  his  present  attack. 

He  professes  to  write  about  Mr.  Bailey  Denton's 
paper  read  six  weeks  ago  at  the  Society  of  Arts,  and 
makes  this  the  peg  on  which  to  hang  his  personal 
attack  upon  me.  But  even  the  reason  which  he  gives 
for  asking  "space  in  your  columns"  is  not  correct. 
He  states  that  he  "was  prevented  from  taking  part  in 
the  discussion  which  followed "  Mr.  Denton's  paper. 
I  am  authorised  to  state  that  he  was  not  prevented. 

The  statements  of  the  secretary  of  the  Sewage 
Company  regarding  myself  will  not,  after  this,  carry 
much  weight,  but  still  I  must  briefly  notice  them. 

1.  I  did  not  say  that  I  agree  "completely"  with 
Mr.  Bailey  Denton. 

2.  I  did  nnt  say  that  "the  metropolis  is  already 
fully  supplied  with  everything  which  it  is  in  the  power 
of  sewage  to  grow  excepting  corn,"  nor  did  I  make  use 
of  any  expression  tending  in  the  slightest  degree  to 
convey  this  impression. 

3.  I  did  7iiit  say  that  12,000  tons  of  sewage  could 
not  be  passed  through  an  acre  of  land  within 
12  months. 

4.  I  did  nol  say  that  I  had  passed  31,000  tons  of 
sewage  through  an  acre  of  my  own  land  in  a  year. 

5.  I  did  not  say  that  "the  be^t  use  of  sewage  would 
be  found  in  the  application  of  that  of  20  to  25  persons 
to  an  acre  in  the  production  of  cereals." 

After  the  elaborate  misrepresentations  of  the  Sewage 
Company's  secretary  I  must  ask  to  be  allowed  to  say 
that  my  confidence  in  the  possibility  of  the  intrinsic 
value  of  the  manure  in  sewage  being  realised  by  the 
farmer  is  as  great  as  ever.  The  onus  prohandt  lies 
altogether  on  those  who  assert  that  manure  in  solution 
— in  which  form  alone  it  is  available  for  vegetation — 
is  not  as  valuable  as  the  same  substances  undissolved, 
in  which  form  they  ai'e  not  available  for  vegetation. 
The  only  difficulty  is  as  to  the  disposal  of  the  winter 
sewage,  when  vegetation  is  dormant,  but  nothing  is 
simpler  than  to  apply  this  to  fallow  land  as  a  prepara- 
tion for  spring  Wheat,  Oats,  Beans,  &c.  In  this  way 
I  believe  that  the  proportion  of  persons  per  acre  over  a 
whole  farm  (including  Rye-grass  and  Mangel  Wur/^el 
land,  receiving,  say,  from  30  to  60  or  80  persons  per  acre) 
may  be  reduced  with  profit  to  an  average  of  from 
20  to  25  persons  per  acre.  But  the  cereal  crops  should 
not  receive  half  of  that  average.  The  scheme  that  I 
have  recommended  to  the  Corporation  of  Birmingham, 
and  in  which  they  have  adopted  my  London  scheme 
over  again,  applied  to  an  inland  town,  namely,  a  long 
culvert  running  straight  away  into  the  country,  capable 
of  supplying  the  farmers  on  the  road,  and  a  reserve 
filter  of  land  {to  be  purchased)  at  the  end  of  the  cul- 
vert, capable,  if  necessary,  of  taking  the  whole  of  the 
sewage  and  purifying  it, — that  is  of  converting  its 
organic  and  putrescent  constituents  into  inorganic  and 
non-putrescent  forms,  except  such  portion  as  the  area 
of  the  surface  will  permit  of  being  turned  into  plant 
life.  Schemes  must  however  be  made  to  vary  with  the 
circumstances  of  each  town.  Birmingham,  like  Lon- 
don, is  a  great  city  ;  it  has  nearly  half  a  million  of  in- 
habitants, and  is  surroLUided  by  very  valuable  land. 
In  the  case  of  a  little  coimtry  town  of  6000  inhabitants, 
and  surrounded  by  land  that  can  be  bought  even  by 
compulsory  purchase  for  ^50  an  acre,   I  have  recom- 


Janitciry  27,    1S72. 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle    and 


Ac^ricultural 


Gazette. 


121 


mended  254  acies  to  be  purchased,   or  one  acre  for 
every  23,'.  persons. 

I  could,  if  permitted,  throw  considerable  light  on 
the  question  of  national  importance,  namely,  why  does 
the  sewage  of  London  still  run  into  the  Thames  at 
BavkintT  ?  but  the  real  battle  of  tlie  London  sewage 
will  eventually  be  fought  in  a  court  of  law.  Mean- 
while, I  would  ask  your  readers  to  remember  that 
I  have  spent  more  time  and  anxious  thought  over 
the  sewage  question  than  any  other  human  being. 
I  claim  from  them  that  credit  for  sincerity  to  which 
a  man  has  a  right  when  he  backs  his  opinions  with 
his  money,  and  devotes  the  best  years  of  his  life 
to  putting  them  in  practice  ;  and,  lastly,  I  would 
caution  your  readers  that  whenever  they  see  any 
statement  about  sewage,  signed  '*  Henry  J.  Morgan," 
and  dated  "  Lodge  Farm,  Barking,"  they  should 
remember  that  it  is  really  written  in  the  office  of  the 
Metropolis  Sewage  Company,  London,  and  by  the 
secretary.    IK  //ofe,  Pars/ocs,  Jamiary  14. 


AGRICULTURAL  NOTES. 
By  Mr.  W.  Smith,  Woolston. 
Sfeam  Cultivation.  • —  I  continue  to  receive  letters 
of  inquiry  upon  the  question  of  steam  cultivation. 
Amongst  those  received  this  morning  is  the  following, 
the  answer  to  which  is  of  such  general  interest,  that  I 
must  ask  you  to  publish  it  ;  besifles,  I  cannot  afford  the 
time  to  write  private  answers,  needing  so  much  labour, 
to  each  letter  of  such  general  interest : — 

"  sii-^  —  1  have  read,  with  much  interest,  your  letter  in 
last  week's  As^ricitifiiral  Gazcftc,  more  particularly  as 
before  I  had  no  conception  that  rt  was  possible  to  work 
.•steam  cultivation  so  cheaply. 

"The  interest  which  you  have  always  taken  in  steam 
cultivation  emboldens  me  to  venture  to  ask  you  a  few 
questions  on  the  subject. 

"When  the  land  is  cultivated  by  steam,  I  conclude  that 
fewer  horses  are  kept  on  a  farm.  How  do  you  manage 
at  certain  times  when  there  is  a  great  deal  of  horse-work 
to  be  done  at  once?— at  harvest  time,  for  instance,  when 
some  of  your  corn  is  fit  to  carry,  and  you  wish  to  have  a 
reaping  machine  going  at  the  same  time. 

"  In  your  system,  I  understand  that  you  only  use  culti- 
vators, and[  never  plough  the  land.  How  do  you  bury 
your  manure,  and  how  do  you  prepare  your  Clover  lea  for 
Wheat?  Is  your  engine  a  locomotive,  or  if  not,  how 
many  horses  does  it  require  to  move  it  ? 

"  Do  you  not  think  it  would  be  a  good  plan  on  a  farm 
of  say  300  acres  of  arable  land,  to  have  a  small  fixed 
engine  of  say  2-horse  power  for  chaff-cutting,  and  other 
ligM  work,  using  the  larger  engine  for  threshing,  grinding, 
&c.,  and  steam  cultivation? 

"  If  I  might  venture  to  offer  a  suggestion,  I  think  that 
an  account  of  the  general  year's  work  on  your  farm  would 
meet  with  a  re^tdy  sale,  and  would  be  a  great  boon  to 
agriculturists  who.  like  myself,  would  be  glad  to  become 
better  acquainted  with  a  system  of  steam  cultivation 
which,  while  successful  and  profitable,  would  not  require 
a  targe  outlay  of  tenant's  capital. 

"  Apologising  for  troubling  you  so  much, 

"  Yours,  &c." 


Here  is  my  answer  ; — It  is  not  my  fault  that  it  is  not 
generally  known  that  it  is  possible  to  v/ork  land 
cheaply  by  steam-power,  for  I  have  published  yearly 
all  the  operations  (both  steam  and  horse  power),  with 
the  costs,  on  every  field  on  my  farm  separately,  since 
1S56.  As  a  sample,  see  my  diary  published  November  3 
last,  with  all  the  particulars  given  therewith.  I  have 
repeatedly  shown  that  fewer  horses  are  kept  on  my 
farm  than  it  would  be  possible  to  farm  it  with  horses. 
Four  with  my  nag  is  all  that  I  have  upon  it  now,  yet 
my  heavy  clay  land  is  worked  10  inches  deep.  Double 
that  number  would  be  needed  to  work  it  6  inches  deep 
under  the  dead-fallow  system,  or  under  the  best  known 
horse  culture.  In  1865  I  published  a  Table  showing 
my  horse-work  throughout  the  year.  I  had  three 
horses  then,  and  tiieir  work  throughout  the  year  was  as 
follows  : — Carting  corn,  75  days  ;  carting  dung,  59 
days;  job  work,  117  days;  cultivating,  34  days; 
drilling  corn,  15  days  ;  ploughing,  36  days  ; 
total,  356  days  for  one  horse,  or  an  average  of 
iiS|  days'  work  for  my  three  horses.  I  have  pulled 
down  old  buildings  and  built  up  new  ones,  placing 
them  at  the  most  convenient  spot  possible  for  saving 
distance  in  carting  corn,  &c.  At  some  of  my  fields  I 
do  not  cart  the  corn  home  at  harvest,  but  rick  it  about 
half-way  home,  and  bring  it  home  for  threshing  at  a 
second  move,  or  thresh  it  in  the  field,  bringing  the  straw 
home  when  needed.  Here  is  how  I  did  last  harvest. 
My  machine  cut  14  acres  of  Barley,  while  my  men 
mowed  12  acres.  The  14  acres  was  then  carted. 
Then  my  machine  was  set  to  work,  cutting  13  acres  of 
AVheat  in  the  morning,  carting  the  12  acres  of  Barley 
in  the  afternoon.  This  done,  the  machine  went 
straight  a-head,  finishing  my  Wheat,  78  acres  in  all  ; 
then  the  Wheat  was  carted.  Then  the  machine  was 
set  to  work  on  my  39  acres  of  Beans,  which  were  then 
carted,  finishing  my  harvest  on  September  18.  By 
this  it  may  be  seen  that  my  horses  cut  131  acres 
of  Wheat,  Beans,  and  Barley,  the  men  cutting  only 
12  acres.  It  may  be  seen  that  I  cannot  cut  com  by 
machinery  and  cart  com  at  the  same  time,  but  by  con- 
triving I  can  do  both,  and  finish  harvest  in  a  late 
season  within  a  reasonable  time.  My  neighbours, 
under  horse  farming,  did  not  outstrip  me  last  season, 
although  tlieir  corn  acreage  was  nothing  like  so  great 
AS  mine,  in  proportion  to  the  acres  we  farm,     I  use  a 


cultivator  to  smash  up  my  Bean  stubbles  for  Wheat, 
and  I  use  a  combined  ridging  and  subsoiling  plough  for 
Beans,  roots,  and  Barley,  the  latter  after  a  white  straw 
crop.  The  plough  has  not  been  worked  either  by 
steam  or  horse  power  on  my  heavy  land  for  17  years, 
yet  my  land  is  clean,  although  it  has  never  had  a 
fallow  during  the  whole  of  that  period.  It  was  not 
clean  when  I  started  17  years  ago.  The  manure  is 
carted  upon  my  Wheat  stubbles,  and  spread  in  the 
usual  way.  Then  the  land  is  ridge-ploughed  and  sub- 
soiled  at  one  operation.  The  ridger  covers  up  the 
manure,  and  Beans  are  planted  without  any  more 
being  done  to  the  land.  For  Barley,  after  Wheat,  on  my 
heavy  land,  the  ridges  get  split  in  the  winter  by  horse- 
power, and  that  is  all  that  gets  done  to  it.  I  grow  a 
bit  of  Clover  yearly  on  my  light  land,  and  that  gets 
ploughed  over  by  my  horses  for  Wheat.  My  engine  is 
not  locomotive.  It  is  an  S-horse  boiler,  made  of  the 
very  best  iron,  with  a  lo-horse  cylinder  upon  it  :  thus 
I  get  all  the  power  I  want  at  the  least  possible  weight. 
Three  horses  can  draw  it  easily  on  a  road,  four 
can  shift  it  over  my  land  from  field  to  field,  &c, 
I  cannot  see  that  a  2-horse  power  fixed  engine  can  be 
of  any  possible  use  on  a  300-acre  farm,  all  arable,  for, 
as  I  showed  in  my  letter  that  such  a  farm  would  need 
42  days'  work  a  year  from  a  little  engine  of  the  power 
of  mine,  a  fixed  engine  could  not  be  of  any  use  ;  for 
threshing,  chaft'-cutting,  isic,  throughout  the  year,  are 
just  the  kind  of  work  to  keep  a  ploughing-engine  like 
mine  in  good  order.  Engines  damage  more  when  idle 
than  they  do  at  work,  therefore  a  fixed  engine  would 
be  worse  than  waste  of  tenant's  capital,  for  it  is  waste- 
ful in  causing  unnecessary  repair  to  an  idle  plough- 
engine.  If  people  will  read  my  letters  and  the  reports 
on  my  farm  attentively,  they  will  not  need  a  book  of 
particulars,  for  all  useful  particulars  are  published 
yearly  ;  in  that  way  I  give  all  the  information  that  can 
be  got  from  my  farm  for  nothing  :  T  have  had  no  pay, 
neither  do  I  want  any.  The  evidence  that  I  have 
published  proves  that  I  can  farm  heavy  clay  land  for 
6j.  2>k^'  ^  y^^^  o^  ^^  average,  the  land  always  in  crop 
and  always  clean. 

"  The  Dog- in-ihe- Manger  Principle.''  —  \lx.  Mechi 
tells  that  "the  dog-in-the-manger  principle  is  not 
to  be  commended,"  which  he  illustrates  by  telling 
us  that  tenants  should  not  mind  spending  20J-.  in  im- 
provements, &:c. ,  if  the  landlords  do  get  ^s.  of  it  ;  but 
then  he  becomes  "dog-in-the-manger"  himself,  when 
he  says  :  "  I  certainly  should  not  do  it  on  annual 
tenure,  except,  &c."  That  is  just  it.  That  is  the 
reasoning  of  Mr.  Thomas  Bell.  I  know  of  very  many 
cases  where  "the  dog-in-the-manger  principle"'  has 
not  been  carried  out,  and  where  the  landlords  have 
become  bulldogs,  ea;tlng-up  tenant's  unsecured  capi- 
tal. Here  is  one  : — A  tenant  five  years  back  took  a 
lot  of  very  poor  land — that  is,  poor  in  its  then 
state ;  it  was  taken  by  him  at  a  higher  rent 
than  anybody  else  would  give.  This  tenant  set 
to  work  at  draining,  stacking,  and  clearing,  as  well 
as  improving  in  many  ways,  to  the  tune  of  many  hun- 
dreds of  pounds  ;  and  this  he  did  under  one  of  Mr. 
Mechi's  "  excepted"  landlords,  who  had  always  been 
found  a  just  and  fair  man,  but  then  death  stepped  in, 
and  took  this  just  and  fair  landlord  away.  After  this 
a  new  landlord  stepped  in,  and  his  first  doing  was  to 
send  "John  Land  Agent"  (a  very  busy  man  now-a-day 
in  gleaning  up  tenants'  improvements  for  bulldog  land- 
lords) over  the  whole  of  the  estate,  several  parishes  in 
extent,  to  pick  up  all  the  gleanings.  Gleanings  were 
found  on  most  of  the  farms,  on  the  one  pointed  at 
above  to  the  tune  of  an  increased  rent  of  ioj-.  an 
acre  a-year,  without  allowing  a  penny  for  the  large 
sum  of  money  spent  by  the  tenant.  The  "dog-in-the- 
manger  principle''  may  not  be  "  commendable,"  but 
who  are  Mr.  Mechi's  exceptional  landlords  who  are 
worthy  of  trust  ?  There  may  have  been  "  landlords  on 
certain  estates  where  generations  of  farmers  are  retained 
on  the  same  occupation  as  a  point  of  lionour,"  but  they 
are  now  become  few  and  far  between.  Death  knocks 
this  and  that  man  down,  in  whose  place  Bulldog  Land- 
lord steps  in  with  John  Land  Agent  at  his  elbow.  Can 
we  call  that  "commendable?"  No  ;  tenants  must  be 
defended  against  the  now-a-day  bulldogs, — our  big  ones 
are  not  to  be  trusted  upon  a  point  of  "  honour"  any 
more  than  our  little  ones  are.  Mr.  Mechi  tells  us  that 
when  he  bought  his  lease  upon  his  premises  in  Regent 
Street  "he  laid  out  ^^5000  in  alterations,  fittings,  and 
fixings  suitable  for  his  trade,  knowing  that  when  the 
ease  expired  (21  years)  his  rent  would  be  increased." 
This  is  all  right,  for  we  know  that  Mr.  Mechi  was  a 
fancy  man  who  needed  a  fancy  shop  in  a  fancy  place. 
According  to  his  own  showing  he  found  one,  bought 
the  lease,  ami  then  spent  ^"5000  in  making  it  suilahle 
to  his  own  fancy,  wherein  he  has  since  attracted  many 
fancy  customers  to  see  and  undergo  the  shaving  process, 
strop  and  razor  always  in  hand  ready  ;  therefore  shav- 
ing has  gone  on  by  "  magic," — shaving  a  pocket  here 
and  a  pocket  there  to  the  tune  of  a  very  large  sum 
yearly:  and  as  fancy  shavings  were  by  "magic"  shaved, 
and  from  Mr.  Mechi's  fancy  wares,  it  is  pretty  clear  that 
his  ;^5ooo  was  well  spent  in  his  fancy  arrangements. 
But  then  this  does  not  prove  that  at  the  end  of  his 
21  years'  lease  those  premises  will  be  worth  (less  a  per- 
centage for  repairs,  »!i:c. )  ;^5000  more  than  when  he 
bought  the  lease,  for  we  must  remendier  that  this 
fancy  shop  has  been  made  suitable  to  his  fancy  and 
*' taste";   therefore   it   is   not  at  all  unlikely  that  if 


Mr.  Mechi  leaves  at  the  end  of  his  lease,  by  being  out- 
bid by  another  fancy  man,  these  premises  might  need 
another  ^5000  spent  in  making  them  suitable 
for  him.  Therefore  we  must  not  look  at  Mr.  Mechi's 
;^50oo  spent  as  improvements  to  the  property, 
but,  as  he  says,  "in  alterations,  fittings,  and  fixings 
suitable  for  his  trade;"  for  if  Mr.  Mechi  was 
to  leave  the  premises,  they  might  not  be  worth  a  penny 
more  than  they  were  when  he  bought  the  lease, 
yet  for  all  that  he  may  be  willing  to  pay  an 
increased  rent  at  the  end  of  his  lease,  rather  than 
leave  his  "alterations,  fixings,  and  fittings,"  that  arc 
of  value  to  himself  only.  That  is  a  matter  of  bargain 
between  himself  and  his  landlord,  which  is  well  under- 
stood on  both  sides.  Improvements  on  land  by  tenants 
will  not  compare,  for  they  are  made  yearly  little  by 
little,  thereby  becoming  permanent  improvements  that 
can  be  used  by  any  man,— not  alterations,  fixings,  and 
fittings  suitable  only  to  a  fancy  man.  Mr.  Mechi 
goes  on  thus: — "On  the  45  acres  of  Chapel  land, 
which  I  hold  adjoining  my  own  on  a  21  years'  lease,  I 
immediately  drained  it  thoroughly,  although  I  knew 
that  the  rent  would  be  ultimately  raised."  Then, 
according  to  Mr.  Mechi's  own  evidence,  the  '* £24$  rent 
of  Chapel  land,  45  acres,"  as  shown  in  his  balance-sheet 
for  186S,  at  p.  90,  1S69,  is  not  a  fair  one,  for  the  total 
cost  of  the  draining,  with  the  interest  of  money  thereon, 
would  add  many  shillings  an  acre  to  the  rent  ;  there- 
fore he  has  paid  his  increased  rent  forward  all  in  a 
lump  in  drainage,  and  that  according  to  agreement. 
Vou  see  Mr.  Mechi's  balance-sheet,  when  we  get 
evidence  to  sift  it,  will  not  hgld  good.  I  do  not  forget 
his  high-priced  Wheat  in  1868. 

TAc  Steam  P'.ngine  on  the  Farm.  —  Mr.  Mechi 
sticks  to  his  fixed  engine  and  extravagant  application 
of  tenant's  capital.  He  say.s,  "  about  £\10^^'  and  then 
he  goes  on  thus  —  "  There  it  is  if  you  want  it,  and  there 
it  is  if  you  don't  want  it  ;  in  the  latter  case  it  eats  and 
drinks  nothing,  and  you  have  only  a  loss  on  interest  of 
capital  at  5  per  cent."  And  then  he  goes  on  to  com- 
pare it  with  idle  horses,  whxh  is  altogether  beside  the 
question,  for  we  are  now  considering  the  question  as  to 
the  use  of  engines  on  a  farm  irrespective  of  horses. 
Now,  let  us  look  at  the  case  fairly.  He  says,  "  There 
it  is  if  you  want  it,"  and  he  brings  his  300-acre 
farm  to  support  him,  which  he  assures  us  will 
need  the  use  of  the  engine  "during  the  six  winter 
months"  for  chafif. cutting,  &c.  When  are  we  to 
begin  these  six  winter  months?  September  cannot 
be  one  of  them,  neither  can  October.  November, 
December,  January,  February,  March,  and  April 
are  the  six  cattle  feeding  months  throughout 
England,  therefore  I  shall  call  them  Mr.  Mechi's 
"six  winter  months."  According  to  the  evidence 
worked  out  by  luyself,  the  ploughing  engine  is  needed 
in  the  months  of  September  and  October  42  d.ays,  to 
work  a  300-acre  farm.  In  those  months  there  are  61 
days,  from  which  we  must  deduct  eight  Sundays, 
which  leaves  53  working  days — 11  days  more  than  is 
needed  to  do  the  ploughing.  Mr.  Mechi  may  have  the 
use  of  the  engine  these  11  days  to  start  his  cattle  on 
feeding  in  August  if  he  likes.  Therefore  the  evidence 
before  lis  is  clear,  that  the  ploughing  engine  can  do 
Mr.  Mechi's  grinding,  &f.,  on  a  300-acre  farm,  as  well 
as  do  the  ploughing  all  in  season  and  in  order.  Now 
let  us  consider  Mr.  Mechi's  words.  "There  it  is 
if  you  do  not  want  it  .  .  .  it  eats  and  drinks 
ilothing,  and  you  have  only  a  loss  on  interest 
of  capital  at  5  per  cent."  I  must  give  Mr. 
Mechi  a  lesson  upon  this  point,  for  if  it  will  not 
eat  or  drink  anything,  it  will  need  looking  after,  and 
looking  after  will  cost  quite  \s.  a  week  throughout 
the  year  ;  and,  in  the  face  of  all  the  looking  after  he  can 
give  it,  will  in  time  rust  out  at  points  where  luoking 
after  cannot  get  at — ^yes,  much  quicker  than  an  engine 
in  regular  work  will  ;  therefore  I  must  allow  5  per 
cent,  on  the  cost  price  of  this  engine  that  is  to  stand 
by  and  rust  out,  for  renewals.  The  case  will  stand 
thus  :  — 

Interest  at  5  pel"  cent,  on  ;6i7o    ..  ..  . .  iJS  10    o 

Cost  of  looking  after  the  engine 2  12     o 

Allow.ince  for  renewal       . .  . .  . .  . .     8  10     o 


Total 

£\(^  I2J.  a-year  is  Mr. 
tenant.  Mr.  Mechi's 
the  face  of  it,  very 
must     be     there     the 


f,^< 


Mechi's  "only  a  lo.ss  "  to  the 
fi.xing  it  at  £4  5.r.  is,  upon 
unjust,  for  his  fixed  engine 
next  or  summer  half-year, 
if  not  used;  therefore  a  year's  interest  ought  to  have 
been  charged  by  him,  and  he  knew  it.  Mr.  Mechi 
appears  to  think  that  it  is  a  capital  thing  for  a  tenant  to 
use  a  large  capital,  whether  it  be  used  usefully  or  not  ; 
indeed,  f  might  say  wastefuUy  or  not,  for  in  the  case 
above  he  is  recommending  an  exjienditure  of  tenant's 
capital  that  would  waste  fully  ^19  I2.r.  of  tenant's 
income  a-year;  and  he  looks  at  "only  a  loss  "as  a 
mere  trifle.  Such  wastefulness  would  soon  waste  a 
tenant's  .substance  as  well  as  his  living,  therefore  is  nnt 
the  road  to  the  big  loaf.  There  is  a  vast  difierence 
between  positive  waste  and  "cheese-paring."  Mr. 
Mechi  tells  us  that  his  profit  for  1S71,  "for  rent, 
interest,  and  profit,  after  paying  every  expense,  is  nearly 
_^7oo — in  1S70  it  was  more  than  that;"  and  he 
finishes  thus  :  "  "^ou  shall  have  details  shortly."  Does 
he  mean  to  give  us  the  details  for  lS6y,  1870,  and 
1S71?  His  details  for  1S6S,  that  I  punched  a  large 
hole  in,   are  given  at   p.    90,  1869.      He    promised 


122 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  27,  1872. 


those  for  1869  a  very  long  time  since  ;  surely  he  does 
not  mean  to  jump  that  year,  and  leave  us  in  the  dark 
for  a  whole  year,  getting  a  fresh  start  for  1870. 


THE  BEET-SUGAR  MANUFACTURE. 

[The  following  is  condensed  from  a  lecture  on  this  subject  by 
C.  H.  Gill,  Esq,,  lately  deli%-ered  before  the  Society  of  Arts  ; 
and  reported  in  their  Journal.] 

The  first  operation  performed  in  a  Beet-sugar  manu- 
factory is  to  wash  the  roots,  which  is  done  by  a 
machine  made  for  the  purpose.  The  washing  being 
over,  the  roots  are  passed  onwards,  and  are  freed  from 
the  upper  part,  or  crown  from  which  the  leaves  spring, 
and  also  from  any  worthless  or  decayed  portions  which 
may  be  noticed  upon  them.  They  then  go  to  a 
machine,  in  which  they  are  rasped  up  into  a  fine  pulp. 
It  practically  consists  of  a  drum,  from  18  inches  to 
2  feet  in  diameter,  and  2  feet  long,  the  whole  circum- 
ference of  which  is  set  with  a  number  of  saw-blades, 
with  teeth  just  sticking  out  of  the  circumference.  This 
drum  is  caused  to  rotate  with  great  rapidity,  performing 
between  700  and  1000  revolutions  in  one  minute.  Near 
to  it  is  a  straight  steel-edge,  and  as  the  roots  are  passed 
into  the  hopper  of  the  macliine  they  fall  down,  and  are 
rasped  against  these  rotating  saw-teeth,  and,  of  course, 
as  the  teeth  come  round,  they  scrape  out  from  the  root 
a  number  of  small  strips,  and  gradually  the  roots  are 
rasped  up  into  a  soi*t  of  pulp.  This  pulp  is  next  folded 
up  in  a  number  of  cloths  made  of  coarse  flannel  ;  the 
pulp  is  put  into  the  centre  of  the  cloth,  the  edges  of 
which  are  folded  over,  so  that  it  is  made  into  a  kind  of 
square  cake.  It  is  then  put  upon  an  iron  plate,  another 
plate  upon  the  top,  then  another  cake  of  pulp,  and  so 
on,  till  there  ai-e  50,  60,  or  70  cakes  piled  one  above 
the  other.  These  packets  are  all  put  into  a  powerful 
hydraulic  press,  which  is  caused  to  exert  a  gradually 
increasing,  but  finally  very  great  pressure  on  the  mass. 
Of  the  95  or  96  per  cent,  of  juice  which  the  roots  con- 
tained, So  to  $5  are  obtained  by  this  method.  Where 
the  process  of  diffusion  is  adopted,  94  to  95  per  cent,  is 
the  pratical  yield  of  juice.  The  juice,  as  it  is  pressed 
out,  runs  into  a  vessel  prepared  to  receive  it,  somewhat 
dark-coloured,  as  it  contains  all  the  impurities  that  I 
mentioned  before,  and  has  now  to  be  clarified.  If  we 
boil  it,  as  I  have  boiled  some  similar  juice  here,  we  do 
get  a  partial  clarification,  for  the  albuminous  consti- 
tuents coagulate  in  the  same  way  as  the  white  of  an  egg 
sets  when  it  is  heated,  and  form  a  kind  of  scum  on  the 
surface.  The  coagulation  is  by  no  means  very  perfect. 
But  it  is  found  that,  by  the  addition  of  some  lime,  tlie 
process  of  coagulation,  and  consequent  running  together 
of  many  of  the  other  constituents,  is  very  much  facili- 
tated, owing  to  the  formation  of  insoluble  lime  com- 
pounds. But  this  addition  of  lime  prevents  the  coagu- 
lation of  the  albumen  itself,  which  therefore  remains  in 
solution  till  it  is  partially  destroyed  by  being  boiled  in 
the  alkaline  solution. 

The  juice  running  from  the  presses  is  allowed  to  go 
into  some  large  copper  heaters,  holding  about  500  galls, 
each,  and  to  each  of  these  a  quantity  of  lime  is 
added,  which  is  equal  to  about  i  per  cent,  of  the  weight 
of  the  roots  from  which  the  juice  has  been  obtained. 
Before  the  lime  is  added,  however,  the  juice  is  heated 
to  a  temperature  of  about  180°  Fahr.  The  lime  being 
added,  the  coagulation  commences,  and  then  the  heat 
is  raised  slowly  by  turning  steam  into  the  pocket  of  the 
pan.  As  the  liquid  approaches  boiling  point,  a  scum 
arises  in  the  way  I  have  described.  The  juice  defecated 
by  the  action  of  the  lime  contains  still  a  considerable 
quantity  of  lime  in  solution,  for  though  much  of  the 
lime  which  has  been  added  has  combined  with  the 
organic  acids  and  other  matters,  which  were  present  in 
the  juice,  and  has  separated  in  the  form  of  scum,  still  a 
great  portion  remains  behind,  and  gives  to  the  juice  a 
distinct  alkaline  character.  Before  the  manufacturer 
can  advantageously  treat  the  solution  so  as  to  obtain 
sugar  ci7stals,  he  is  compelled  to  remove  a  great  part 
of  this  lime  by  some  process  or  another  ;  and  that 
which  on  the  whole  is  most  economical  and  most 
usually  applied  is  by  causing  the  lime  present  in  such  a 
solution  to  unite  with  carbonic  acid  gas,  which  forms  a 
compound  which  is  very  slightly  soluble,  in  a  sugar 
solution,  and  thus  separates  in  the  shape  of  a  white 
powder. 

When  this  portion  is  performed  on  a  large  scale,  the 
workman  continues  to  pass  gas  into  the  hot  solution 
until  he  finds  that  the  precipitate  which  forms  clots 
together  pretty  readily,  and  sinks  rapidly  to  the  bottom 
of  the  vessel.  He  takes  this  as  an  indication  that  the 
operation  is  practically  complete,  the  settling  of  the 
precipitate  marking  the  termination  of  the  action,  and 
showmg  that  nearly  all  the  lime  has  combined  with 
carbonic  acid,  so  as  to  beeome  insoluble. 

Supposing  that  this  operation  has  actually  been  per- 
formed in  the  factory,  that  the  juice  has  been  first  defe- 
cated, then  saturated,  or  carbonated  with  carbonic  acid, 
that  the  excess  of  lime  in  the  juice  has  been  removed 
by  cai'bonation,  we  get  such  a  product  as  is  contained 
in  this  bottle,  which  comes  from  Mr.  Duncan's  factory. 
There  is,  however,  still  some  lime  to  be  removed  from 
the  juice,  and  there  are  also  contained  a  considerable 
number  of  gummy  and  albuminous  bodies.  Tliese  are 
partially  removed,  and  at  the  same  time  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  colouring  matter,  which  gives  this  brown 
tint  to  the  liquid,  by  passing  the  juice  through  animal 
charcoal.  This  is  done  by  taking  the  juice  coming 
from  the  carbonating  pan  into  an  iron  cistern,  and  there 


heating  it  nearly  to  boiling  point,  and  from  there 
passing  it  into  the  top  of  tall  vessels,  15  or  16  feet  in 
height,  and  i\  to  3  feet  in  diameter,  and  filled  with 
granulated  animal  charcoal.  The  juice  finds  its  way 
through  this  charcoal  gradually  to  the  bottom,  and  runs 
out  while  a  fresh  supply  is  poured  in  at  the  top.  The 
animal  charcoal  has  a  considerable  power  of  absorbing 
bodies,  such  as  dextrine,  and  if  you  give  it  a  longer 
time,  and  the  liquid  be  hot,  as  in  the  case  under  con- 
sideration, the  action  is  considerably  increased,  and 
the  liquid  undergoes'a  very  material  purification. 

The  juice,  therefore,  has  now  been  defecated, 
carbonated,  heated  to  boiling,  so  as  to  decompose 
any  remaining  bicarbonate  of  lime  in  the  solution, 
and  to  raise  its  temperature,  so  that  the  charcoal 
may  have  a  greater  action  upon  it,  and  it  has 
then  been  allowed  to  run  down  through  a  column 
of  animal  charcoal,  15  or  1 8  feet  deep.  The 
thin  juice,  as  it  is  now  called,  issuing  from  the  bottom 
of  the  charcoal,  has  become  decolorised,  somewhat 
freed  from  the  lime  and  from  the  gummy  and  albuminous 
bodies  which  the  lime  had  failed  to  remove.  The  next 
process  is  to  concentrate  it,  or  to  remove  from  this  thin 
juice — and  as  a  rule  it  is  very  thin — a  great  portion  of 
the  water  which  it  contains.  This  is  effected  in  the 
ordinary  way  by  boiling.  In  the  older  processes  this 
was  done  by  simply  putting  the  juice  into  open  pans, 
and  putting  a  fire  under  them,  in  the  same  way  as  cane 
sugar  is  treated,  but  this  method  is  no  lodger  adopted. 
It  is  now  done  in  an  apparatus  which  I  may  call  a 
double  effect  apparatus,  because  the  heat  is  used  twice 
over,  for  the  purpose  of  evaporating  the  liquid.  The 
juice  is  put  into  a  vessel  somewhat  resembling  a  loco- 
motive boiler,  being  heated  by  steam,  which  passes  into 
a  number  of  pipes  which  run  through  the  boiler,  while 
a  very  partial  vacuum  is  created  above.  When  the 
steam  is  hot  enough  to  make  the  liquid  in  the  vessel  to 
boil  rapidly  it  goes  off  in  steam,  but  instead  of  sending 
it  out  into  the  air,  and  wasting  the  heat  contained  in 
this  vapour  from  the  boiling  juice,  it  is  made  to  pass  by 
a  tube  into  the  tubes  of  the  second  vessel  similar  to  the 
first,  and  though  the  temperature  of  the  vapour  thus 
obtained  from  the  first  pan  is  not  high  enough  to  make 
the  liquid  in  the  second  vessel  boil  with  any  degree  of 
rapidity  at  the  ordinary  atmospheric  pressure,  by  con- 
necting the  top  of  No.  2  vessel  with  an  air-pump,  and 
a  condensing  apparatus,  so  that  the  contents  of  the 
second  vessel  boil  much  below  the  usual  temperature, 
this  slight  difficulty  is  entirely  got  over,  and  thus  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  heat  given  off  by  the  steam  is  utilised. 
In  some  factories  three  such  evaporating  vessels  are 
connected  together,  but  I  believe  the  saving  effected  by 
using  a  third  is  very  small,  because  the  practical  loss  of 
heat  is  very  considerable. 

In  this  double  effect  apparatus  the  juice  is  brought  to 
what  is  technically  termed  25**  Beaume,  which  I  may 
explain  thus.  When  the  juice  is  so  far  concentrated 
that  this  little  float  (Beaume's  cerometer)  only  sinks  in 
it  so  far  as  the  mark  25,  it  contains  about  45  per  cent, 
of  its  weight  of  total  solids,  including  sugar,  in  solution. 
From  this  preliminary  concentration,  the  juice,  now 
technically  **  thick  juice,"  goes  to  a  cistern  in  which  it 
is  heated  to  boiling,  and  is  then  again  filtered  through 
fresh  animal  charcoal,  to  remove  more  of  the  colouring 
matters  still  present,  and  some  of  the  albuminous  bodies 
which  are  more  readily  absorbable  from  dense  than 
from  thin  liquids.  After  this  second  charcoaling,  the 
juice  is  almost  colourless,  and  veiy  brilliant  and  trans- 
parent, but  is  still  not  a  pure  or  by  any  means  a  saturated 
solution  of  sugar,  and  accordingly,  before  the  maker 
can  obtain  any  sugar  from  it  in  the  solid  form,  he  is 
obliged  to  reduce  the  quantity  of  water  still  further. 
This  he  does  by  the  use  of  the  vacuum  pan,  the  name 
of  which,  I  have  no  doubt,  suggests  the  nature  of  its 
construction.  It  is  simply  a  pan,  into  which  the  liquid 
can  be  introduced  and  heated,  while  a  comparatively 
perfect  vacuum  is  formed  above  the  surface,  and  in 
which,  consequently,  the  liquid  is  capable  of  boiling  at 
a  very  low  temperature.  [The  lecturer  then  described, 
by  means  of  a  large  diagram,  the  construction  of  the 
vacuum  pan.]  The  liquid  introduced  into  this  vacuum 
pan  of  course  loses  water,  and  shrinks,  and  from  time 
to  time  more  is  added,  until  the  pan  is  filled  to  a  con- 
venient height  with  the  new  and  more  concentrated 
liquor.  At  this  point  this  admission  of  liquid  is  stopped 
for  a  short  time,  and  the  boiling  is  continued,  until  a 
sample,  taken  out  by  means  of  what  is  called  a  proof 
stick,  is  found  to  be  of  a  certain  degree  of  stickiness. 
At  this  time  the  liquid  contained  in  the  pan  is  a  super- 
saturated solution  of  sugar,  that  is,  a  solution  containing 
more  sugar  than  the  water  present  really  ought  to  con- 
tain at  that  temperature.  The  problem  which  the  man 
has  to  solve  is,  how  to  disturb  that  liquid  in  such  away 
as  to  bring  about  crystallisation.  The  right  kind  of 
disturbance  in  this  case  is,  as  a  rule,  to  admit  by  little 
jerks  small  quantities  of  the  liquor  from  which  the  boiled 
mass  was  made.  The  man,  therefore,  opens  the  cock, 
and  lets  in  a  small  quantity  of  the  thickened  juice  into 
the  pan,  and  after  a  little  time— the  duration  of  which 
appears  to  me  very  uncertain,  depending  very  much  on 
the  purity  of  the  juice  operated  upon — the  boiler,  when 
he  takes  out  the  proof,  and  examines  it  between  his  eye 
and  the  light,  sees  small  grains  of  sugar  beginning  to 
appear.  At  this  point  he  knows  that  crystallisation  has 
begun,  and  when  it  has  once  started  it  proceeds  very 
rapidly,  and  in  a  few  minutes  after  they  have  once  made 
their  appearance,  the  whole  mass  of  liquid  in  that  pan 
is  filled  with  a  mass  of  very  minute  crystals  of  sugar 


floating  in  a  syrup,  which  is  a  normal  saturated  solu- 
tion for  the  temperature  at  which  the  crystallisation 
takes  place.  The  excess  of  sugar  forming  the  super- 
saturated solution  is  deposited,  and  we  have  now 
crystals  floating  in  a  solution  only  properly  saturated 
for  the  temperature  at  which  we  have  been  operating. 
After  the  crystals  have  once  formed,  and  we  liuve  this 
mass  of  crystals  in  the  pan,  little  by  little,  more  of  the 
original  solution  is  admitted,  and  so  it  is  continually 
added,  and  the  water  is  evaporated  until  the  pan  be- 
comes nearly  full.  The  crystals  which  are  first  formed 
now  continue  to  grow  by  a  continuous  addition  of  sugar 
to  their  surfaces,  and  if  this  operation  of  adding  to  the 
solution  of  sugar,  and  evaporating  off  the  water,  be 
allowed  to  take  place  a  sufficient  number  of  times,  and 
in  a  sufficiently  gentle  manner,  the  crystals  will  become 
a  very  considerable  size.  I  have  here  some  samples  of 
sugar  made  by  this  process,  some  of  which  are  very 
fine  specimens.  Here  is  some  of  very  nearly  the  first 
quality  beet-root  sugar,  which  is  made  in  France  in  the 
way  I  have  described.  It  has  been  boiled  for  12  hours 
in  this  way.  After  they  once  get  "gi'ain,"  as  it  is 
technically  termed,  in  the  pan,  they  add  fresh  liquor  in 
very  small  quantities,'and'evaporate  off  the  water,  so  that 
there  is  a  slow  deposit  of  sugar  on  the  grains  already 
formed,  so  slow  that  it  deposits  in  a  comparatively 
regular  manner,  and  when  that  occurs  we  get  large- 
sized  crystals.  Here  are  some  still  finer,  for  which  I 
am  indebted  to  Mr.  Duncan  ;  indeed,  it  is  the  finest 
I  have  ever  seen,  though  it  is  called  raw  beet-sugar.  It 
is  made  in  England  from  English-grown  roots. 

The  crystals  formed  in  this  case  are  practically  pure 
sugar,  and,  therefore,  what  is  left  behind  when  the 
crystals  are  separated  out  must  contain  all  the  impuri- 
ties originally  present,  plus  so  much  of  the  sugar  as  has 
not  been  crystallised  on.account  of  the  water  still  present . 
The  mass  in  that  state,  when  the  boiling  is  finished,  is 
let  out  by  opening  a  plug,  or  slide  valve,  in  the  bottom  of 
the  apparatus.  The  sugar  now  has  to  be  recovered  from 
this,  and  the  mode  usually  adopted  is  to  make  use  of  a 
so-called  centrifugal  machine.  You  know  that  when 
anything  is  set  rotating  very  violently  on  its  axis,  the 
outer  particles  of  it  at  any  portion  of  their  course  tend 
to  continue  their  motion  in  the  direction  of  a  tangent 
to  the  circle  at  that  point,  and  if  you  make  the  motion 
very  rapid,  the  force  which  makes  them  tend  to  fly  off 
becomes  very  considerable. 

In  this  way,  and  in  this  first  operation,  about  three- 
fourths  of  all  the  sugar  that  can  be  obtained,  is  obtained, 
if  the  process  is  conducted  successfully.  The  syrup 
that  has  drained  away  is  obviously  worth  keeping.  It 
is  a  saturated  solution  of  sugar,  and  for  every  pound  of 
water  we  have  there,  we  have  at  least  two  pounds  of 
sugar,  for  one  pound  of  water  will  dissolve  that  quantity 
of  sugar,  it  is  obviously  necessary  to  recover  as  great  a 
quantity  of  that  sugar  as  possible.  This-  syrup  that  has 
been  drained  away  is  far  more  impure  than  the  original 
thickened  juice  which  we  evaporated,  and  accordingly 
it  is  not  possible  to  get  crystals  of  sugar  formed  in  the 
pan  during  this  second  concentration.  But  the  liquid 
having  been  thickened  to  the  degree  which  experience 
has  found  necessary,  is  run  into  large  iron  tanks,  where 
it  is  allowed  to  stand  for  a  fortnight  or  three  weeks, 
and  kept  at  a  moderately  high  temperature.  Crystal- 
lisation then  slowly  takes  place,  and  the  mass  is  then 
stirred  up  with  some  fresh  syrup,  and  put  through  the 
centrifugal  machine  again.  This  constitutes  the  second 
product  of  factories,  of  which  I  have  two  samples  here. 
The  result  is,  of  course,  less  pure,  both  in  appearance 
and  in  reality,  than  the  first  product,  owing  to  the 
ciystals  retaining  on  their  surfaces  a  large  proportion  of 
the  still  more  sticky  mother  liquid  than  the  first  did, 
and  not  only  a  larger  proportion  of  that,  but  this  mother 
liquid  itself  is  more  impure,  consequently  the  whole 
mass  contains  a  much  greater  proportion  of  impurities 
than  the  first  crop.  The  syrup  from  this  second  pro- 
duct is  again  concentrated,  but  by  this  time  it  is  so 
impure  that  before  crystallisation  can  be  brought  about 
after  it  is  concentrated,  it  has  to  be  kept  for  six  months 
in  tanks  at  a  comparatively  high  temperature. 

The  syrup  which  drains  away  from  the  third  product 
has  no  longer  any  value  to  the  sugar-maker,  but  is  sold 
for  the  purpose  of  making  spirits  from.  It  is  diluted, 
fermented,  distilled,  and  thus  is  obtained  a  crude  Beet- 
root spirit,  which  is  afterwards  rectified,  duly  flavoured, 
and  sold  as  French  brandy. 


^omc  Comsponbence. 

The  Condition  of  the   Farm  Labourer. — Your 

interesting  report  of  the  labourers'  meeting  at  Brampton 
Bryan  will,  no  doubt,  astonish  many  of  your  readers, 
not  only  by  the  calm  and  dispassionate  statements  of 
the  speakers,  but  by  the  report  that  the  wages  in 
Hereford  are  still  so  small,  without  any  perquisites  to 
account  for  their  remaining  so.  It  is  difficult,  however, 
to  conceive  how,  in  this  small  island,  one  county  can 
procure  labour  at  one-third  less  than  another,  the 
two  being  only  a  day's  journey  apart.  The  mining 
operations  and  the  iron  works  have  so  drained  off  the 
agricultural  labourers  in  the  North  of  England,  that  it 
is  the  cry  of  every  farmer  that  labourers  are  not 
to  be  found,  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  in  this 
county  (Cumberland)  there  are  hundreds  like  myself, 
who  would  be  glad  to  find  accommodation  and 
work  for  one,  two,  or  three  families ;  and  the 
more    workers    amongst    them    the    better,    for    the 


January  27,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


123 


most  knotty  question  now  is,  how  to  crop  the  land 
to  take  the  least  labour,  instead  of  how  to  produce  the 
most,  and  how  to  afford  the  greatest  amount  of  profit- 
able labour.  I  confess  I  see  little  prospect  of  labourers 
keeping  a  cow  each  ;  it  would  entail  considerable  out- 
lay on  the  landlord,  be  a  source  of  inconvenience  to 
the  tenant,  and  the  labourer  would  find  considerable 
difficulty  in  keeping  up  his  supply  of  milk  besides  the 
risk  incurred.  Some  advocate  "allotments'*  for  the 
labourer,  but  I  think  the  advantage  doubtful,  as  after 
his  day's  work  a  labourer  has  as  little  inclination  for, 
as  he  has  need  of,  more  exercise  ;  but  with  his  cottage 
{of  not  less  than  four  rooms)  provide  him  with  a  small 
garden,  and,  instead  of  the  allotment,  if  the  farmer 
will  permit  him  to  plant  Potatos  in  the  field  along  with 
his  own  (charging  a  trifle  per  lOO  yards  of  furrow  for 
liorse-worU,  &c.),  it  will  enable  the  labourer  to  keep  a 
pig,  one  half  of  which  I  find  is  generally  sold,  the 
other  making  a  very  suitable  picture  for  the  cottage. 
IJut  even  this  system  requires  some  restriction,  for  I 
have  known  the  one  pig  get  to  four  or  five,  and  conse- 
quently the  thousand  yards  of  Potato  furrow  increased 
to  three  or  four  times  as  much.  On  or  near  every  farm 
there  undoubtedly  ought  to  be  sufficient  cottage  ac- 
commodation for  the  labour  required,  and  even  then  a 
difficulty  may  arise,  for  in  the  course  of  40  years  I  have 
seen  families  reared  and  dispersed,  and  the  cottage 
remain  tenanted  by  the  aged,  being  no  longer  able  to 
do  a  fair  day's  work  ;  then  comes  the  difficult  question, 
how  are  they  to  be  dealt  with,  without  doing  violence 
to  one's  better  feelings  ?  Cumbrian. 

Sewage      Utilisation  :     The      Lodge      Farm, 
Barking. — Those  who  remember  the  outcry  that  met 
me  when  I  insisted  upon  the  passage  of  sewage  through 
soil  as  well  as  over  the  surface  of  vegetation,  will  not 
be  surprised  to  find  that  the  advocates  of  wide  irriga- 
tion should  join  in  opposing  the  modification  I  have 
proposed,  by  the  introduction  of  intermittent  filtration 
when,  and  only  when,  circumstances  prevent  the  attain- 
ment of  profitable  results  from  irrigation  as  it  is  now 
practised.     But  as  all  persons,  without  exception,  now 
admit   that   irrigated   land   should   be  drained   if  not 
naturally  percolative,  I  do  not  despair  of  an  equally 
general  admission  at  no  very  distant  date  that  by  the 
adoption  of  intermittent  filtration  (in  the  way  pointed 
out  in  my  letter  to  the   Times  of  the  4th  inst. )  both  the 
ratepayers  of  towns  and  the  farmers  of  the  country  will 
be  best  served.  As  the  matter  is  one  of  vast  importance, 
and  facts  and  figures  will  go  much  further  to  decide  the 
question    in   difference    than    any   number    of  words, 
Mr.  Morgan  would  do  real  service  if  he,  as  manager 
of    the    Lodge    Farai,    Barking,    and    representative 
of  the   Metropolis  Sewage  Company,   would  supply  a 
little  additional  information  to  that  given  in  his  report 
and    statement    of    accounts   of  September   last.     By 
that    statement   Mr.    Morgan    shows    a    *'  profit"    of 
/1324    ii-f.    6//.  from    207    acres    of  land,    or  nearly 
^6  Sj-.  an  acre.     On  examining  the  details  given,  how- 
ever, I  find  nothing  charged  for  sewage,  although  the 
total   quantity   absorbed  was    150,000,000  galls.,   and 
this,  at  a  halfpenny  a  ton,  would  amount  to  close  upon 
^1300,  and  swallow  up  the  whole  of  the  profit.      I  find 
all  charge  for  interest  on  money  expended  in  preparing 
the  land  for   irrigation,    and  on   capital   employed  in 
carrying    on    the  farm,    omitted  from    the  accounts, 
although  if  5  per  cent,    were   charged   upon   the  total 
amount  of  money  spent  and  required — and  upon  which 
a  farmer  would  look  for  at  least  5  per  cent,  before  he 
calculated  his  profits — it  would   reduce  Mr.  Morgan's 
/'1324  iiJ-.  6(/.  one-half,  and  the  remainder  would  be 
swallowed  up  if  only  a  farthing  a  ton  was  put  on  the 
sewage.    I  observe  also  that  there  is  no  entry  for  interest 
on  money  expended  in   delivering  the  sewage  to  the 
land,    though   pumping  is   resorted    to.      It   may  be 
quite  right  to  disregard  this  item  as  one  that  should 
not  be  charged  against  the  farm  ;  but  when  consider- 
ing the  relative  advantages  of  large  and  small  works, 
it   is   the   duty   of    those    who    would     unreservedly 
recommend   the   former  to    show  that  a   large  profit 
attends  it,  after  every  item  of  outlay,  original  and  cur- 
rent, has  been  fairly  dealt  with.      Mr.  Morgan  shows 
that  the  sum   of  ^'^\^   \is.    \\d.   covers  the  rent  of 
the  207  acres  as  well  as  rates  and  taxes,  or  rather  less 
than  £,^  per  acre,   which,  if  divided  and  capitalised, 
represents  less  than  ^80  per  acre  as  the  fee  simple  value 
of  the  land.      Perhaps  Mr.    Morgan  will  explain  what 
would  become  of  his  "profit"  if  the  authorities  of  a 
town  had  to  pay  ;i^i50  or  ^^200  an  acre  instead  of  ;!^8o. 
It  is  only  in  instances  where  the  great  cost  of  land  and 
other  implements  preclude  the   probability  of  actual 
profit,  that  I  advocate  intermittent  filtration  as  a  check 
on  extortion,  and  as  a  means  of  enabling  sewer  autho- 
rities "  to  cut  their  coats  according  to  their  cloth."     I 
have  stated  that  the   Lodge  Farm,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Mr.  Morgan,  illustrates  the  assertion  that  ordi- 
nary irrigation  carried  out  on  a  too  free  soil  partakes 
of  the  character  of  bad  filtration  attended  with  immense 
waste ;    and   surely    the    fact    shown   by   the   report 
referred  to,   that    300  tons   of  sewage,    worth,    at    a 
\J,  a  ton,  I2J.  6(/.,  are  used  to  produce  I  ton  of  green 
Rye-grass,    worth   less  than   izs.   a  ton,   must  satisfy 
every  one  that  such  is  the  case.    This  is  no  fault  of  Mr. 
Morgan's  ;  he  uses  every  care  to  make  the  most  of  the 
farm,  but  it  clearly  proves  that  what  he  calls  "irriga- 
tion proper  "  is  very  improper  irrigation.     In  spite  of 
our  present  inability  to  show  profitable  results  from, 
sewage  farming  in  the  hands  of  corporate  bodies,  the 


time  is  not  far  distant  when  that  object  will  be  attained, 
but  it  will  not  be  done  by  the  indiscriminate  adoption 
of  wide  distribution,  but  by  the  provision  of  a  means  of 
extending  the  application  of  sewage  as  the  demand 
arises  ;  and  intermittent  filtration,  while  effecting  this, 
secures  a  more  satisfactory  pmification  than  is  to  be 
gained  by  any  other  treatment.  As  to  the  purification 
effected  at  Merthyr,  the  answer  to  Mr.  Morgan's 
observations  is  the  fact  that  when  double  the  quantity 
of  sewage,  /.  ^.,  double  the  quantity  of  polluting  matter, 
was  applied  to  the  same  surface-space,  there  was  no 
practical  difference  in  the  condition  of  the  effluent  water 
from  the  under-drains.  J,  Bailey  Deiiion,  22,  Whitehall 
Place,  S.W.,  Jan.  21. 


Smti\t%. 


HIGHLAND    AND    AGRICULTURAL. 

General  Meeting,  Jan.  i7.^The  following  oflice- 
bearers  were  elected  for  the  current  year  : — 

President. — Most  Noble  the  Marquis  of  Tweeddale, 
K.T. 

Vice-Presidents. — Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Strath- 
more  ;  Right  Hon.  Lord  Kinnaird,  K.T.  ;  Most  Noble 
the  Marquis  of  Lothian  ;  Right  Hon.  Lord  Dunglass. 

Extraordinary  Directors.  —  Sir  John  Ogilvy,  of 
Inverquharity,  Bart.,  M.P.  ;  Sir  Robert  Anstruther,  of 
Balcaskie,  Bart.,  M.P.  ;  J.  Whyle  Melville,  of  Ben- 
nochy  ;  William  Smythe,  of  Methven  ;  Harry  Young, 
of  Cleish  ;  Sir  Hugh  Hume  Campbell,  of  Marchmont, 
Bart.  ;  Sir  George  H.  Scott  Douglas,  of  Springwood 
Park,  Bart.  ;  SirG.  Graham  Montgomery,  of  Stanhope, 
Bart. ,  M.  P.  ;  Allan  Eliott  Lockhart,  of  Borthwickbrae  ; 
David  Robertson,  of  Ladykirk,  M.P. 

Ordinary  Directors. — ThomasCoults Trotter,  Champ- 
fleurie  ;  John  Wilson,  Edington  Mains,  Chirnside ; 
Sir  George  Warrender,  of  Lochend,  Bart.  ;  Robert 
Binnie,  Seton  Mains,  Longniddry  ;  John  Dickson,  of 
Corstorphine  ;  Thomas  A.  Hog,  of  Newliston  ;  James 
Ewan  Newton,  of  Linnbank,  Lanark  ;  John  "Wilson, 
Professor  of  Agriculture,  University  of  Edinburgh ; 
Alexander  Young,  Keir  Mains,  Dunblane ;  Sir  Archi- 
bald Hope,  of  Pinkie,  Bart.  ;  Adam  Curror,  The  Lee, 
Edinburgh  ;  Capt.  Maitland  Dougall,  of  Scotscraig, 
R.N.  ;  William  Ford,  Hardengreen,  Dalkeith  ; 
Andrew  Mitchell,  Alloa;  Captain  Tod,  of  Howden  ; 
James  Seton  Wightman,  of  Courance  ;  Sir  William 
Forbes,  of  Craigievar,  Bart.  ;  James  Baird,  of  Cambus- 
doon  ;  T.  R.  B.  Leslie  MelvUIe  Cartwright,  Melville 
House  ;  Thomas  Elliot,  Hindhope,  Jedburgh  ;  James 
W.  Hunter,  of  Thurston  ;  Patrick  S.  Keir,  of  Kin- 
drogan  ;  Robert  Scot  Skivving,  Camptoun,  Drem  ;  Sir 
David  Baird,  of  Newbyth,  Bart.  ;  Sir  Henry  J.  Seton 
Steuart,  of  Allanton,  Bart.  ;  William  Aitchison,  Lin- 
hope,  Hawick  ;  George  Harvey,  Whittingham  Mains, 
Prestonkirk ;  David  Milne  Home,  of  Wedderburn  ; 
George  Auldjo  Jamieson,  C.A.  ;  John  Munro,  Fair- 
nington,  Kelso. 

Office  Bearers.— The  Kight  Hon.  Sir  William 
Gibson-Craig,  of  Riccarton,  Bart.,  Treasurer ;  Sir 
William  Stirling-Maxwell,  of  Polloc,  Bart.,  Honorary 
Secretary  ;  Fletcher  Norton  Menzies,  Secretary ;  Rev. 
James  Grant,  D.C.L.,  D.D.,  Chaplain  ;  Thos.  Ander- 
son, M.D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  University  of 
Glasgow,  Chemist ;  Kenneth  Mackenzie,  C.A., 
Auditor;  Murray  &  Falconer,  W.S.,  Law  Agents; 
John  Wilson,  Professor  of  Agriculture,  University  of 
Edinburgh,  Professor  of  Agriculture  ;  W.  J.  Macquorn 
Rankine,  LL.  D. ,  Professor  of  Civil  Engineering, 
University  of  Glasgow,  Consulting  Engineer;  Alexander 
Slight,  Practical  Engineer  ;  Gourlay  Steel,  R.S.A. 
Animal  Portrait  Painter  ;  Wm.  Williams,  M.R.C.V.S. 
F. R.S.E.,  Professor  of  Veterinary  Surgery;  Thomas 
Walley,  M.R.C.V.S.,  Professor  o'f  Cattle  Pathology  ; 
Thomas  Duncan,  Clerk  ;  John  MacDiarmid,  Junior 
Clerk  ;  William  Blackwood  &  Sons,  Publishers  ;  Neill 
&  Company,  Printers;  Mackay,  Cunningham  &  Co., 
Silversmiths  ;  Alexander  Kirkwood  &  Son,  Medalists  ; 
John  Watherston  &  Sons,  Inspectors  of  Works  ;  W. 
Simpson,  Messenger. 

Chairmen  of  Committees. — Agricultural  Reports  : 
William  S.  Walker,  of  Bowland.  Argyll  Naval  Fund  : 
Admiral  Sir  William  J.  Hope  Johnstone,  K.C.B. 
Chemical  Department  :  Professor  Anderson.  Cottages  : 
Harry  Maxwell  IngUs,  of  Loganbank.  District  Shows  : 
A.  Campbell  Swinton,  of  Kimmerghame.  Finance  : 
Anthony  Murray,  of  DoUerie.  Forestry  Department  : 
Professor  Balfour.  General  Shows  :  Andrew  Gillon, 
of  Wallhouse.  Hall  and  Chambers  :  John  Ord 
Mackenzie,  of  Dolphinton.  Law :  Graham  Binny, 
W.S.  Machinery  :  Professor  Macquorn  Rankine. 
Publications  :  Alexander  Forbes  Irvine,  of  Drum. 
Veterinary  Department  :  Captain  Tod,  of  Howden. 

Council  on  Education  —  Under  Supplementary 
Charter,  granted  in  1856  : — Members  of  Council 
named  by  Charter  :  The  President  of  the  Highland 
and  Agricultural  Society,  President  ;  the  Lord  Justice- 
General,  Vice-President  ;  the  Lord  Advocate,  the 
Dean  of  Faculty,  the  Professor  of  Agriculture,  the  Pro- 
fessor of  Anatomy,  the  Professor  of  Botany,  the 
Professor  of  Chemistry,  the  Professor  of  Natural  His- 
tory. Members  of  Council  named  by  Society  :  Lord 
Colonsay,  Sir  Wm.  Gibson-Craig,  Bart.  ;  Sir  A.  C. 
R.  Gibson-Maitland,  Bart.,  M.P.  ;  George  Hope, 
Fentonbarns  ;  Thomas  Mylne,  Niddrie  Mains  ;  Henry 
.  Stephens,  Redbrae  ;  John  Wilson,  Edington  Mains. 


105  new  members  were  unanimously  elected,  the 
list  being  headed  by  Her  Most  Ciracious  Majesty  the 
Queen. 

The  Perth  Shmu. — Mr.  GiLLON,  of  Wallhouse, 
reported  upon  the  last  general  show  which  was  held  at 
Perth  in  July,  1S71.  The  Perth  Show  might  be 
characterised  as  a  very  successful  one.  There  was  a 
surplus  of  £()%  and  since  balancing  and  closing  the 
accounts  on  30th  November  last,  there  has  been  a 
further  sum  of  ;^5 1  remitted  from  the  county  of  Fife, 
which  made  the  balance  now  in  the  hands  of  the 
Society  ;^i  50.  The  show,  besides  being  satisfactory, 
was  also,  he  believed,  very  harmonious.  Tliere  was 
only  one  circumstance  which  occurred  and  gave  some 
little  trouble  and  annoyance.  That  was  the  case  of 
Mr.  George  Anderson,  horse-hirer,  in  Linlithgow. 
Mr.  Anderson  entered  for  competition  a  brown  gelding. 
Between  the  time  of  entry  and  the  awarding  of  the 
prizes  by  the  judges,  Mr.  Anderson  thought  fit  to  sell 
his  brown  gelding,  and  in  his  place  substituted  a  grey 
gelding  ;  and  that  grey  gelding  gained  the  first  pre- 
mium of  the  Society.  At  the  meeting  of  the  board  on 
November  i,  that  case  came  before  them,  and  the 
board  at  once  resolved  to  consider  the  grey  horse  to 
have  forfeited  his  prize.  It  was  then  handed  over  to 
the  animal  second  in  merit.  In  the  second  place,  the 
board,  taking  everything  into  consideration,  thought  it 
rather  hard  upon  Mr.  Anderson  that  he  should  be 
forthwith  and  for  ever  disqualified  from  exhibiting,  and 
dealt  with  the  case  in  as  lenient  a  manner  as  they  could. 
They  acquitted  him  of  all  attempt  at  trickery  of  any 
kind,  and  believed  that  he  contravened  nile  No.  22 
from  ignorance  of  the  Society's  rules. 

The  resolutions  of  thanks  in  connection  with  this 
meeting  were  unanimously  adopted. 

The  Kelso  Shaw  0/  1872. — Mr.  GiLLON  further  statetl 
that  it  was  gratifying  to  know  that  the  arrangements 
for  the  general  show  at  Kelso  this  year  are  in  a  highly 
satisfactory  state.  The  show  has  been  fixed  to  take 
place  on  July  31  and  August  I  and  2,  and  arrangements 
are  in  progress  for  holding  it  in  one  of  the  parks  near 
Kelso  Bridge,  belonging  to  Sir  George  Douglas,  of 
Springwood  Park.  The  list  of  premiums  offered 
amounts  to  upwards  oi  £l%?>o,  or  about  ;^26o  in  excess 
of  Perth  last  year.  For  meeting  this  increased  sum  the 
directors  are  trusting  to  a  liberal  voluntary  assessment 
from  the  counties  embraced  in  the  district  of  the  shov/ 
— viz.,  Berwick,  Roxburgh,  Selkirk,  and  Peebles.  In 
accordance  with  the  wishes  of  these  counties,  it  has 
been  resolved  that  the  premium  of  50  sovereigns  for  the 
best  thorough-bred  entire  horse  shall  be  competed  for 
at  the  local  show  of  the  Border  Union  Society  in  spring. 
The  horse  to  serve  in  the  district.  The  other  prizes  for 
hunters  and  roadsters  have  been  increased  from  the 
usual  gold  medals  to  three  first  and  second  premiums 
of;^20  and  ^^lo,  and  two  of  £\o  and  ^"5,  besides  the 
usual  silver  medals.  In  the  sheep  department  it  will  be 
found  that  the  usual  prizes  for  Long-woolled  sheep 
have  been  doubled.  Acting  on  suggestions  made  by 
various  members,  the  directors  have  agreed  to  offer  in 
the  poultry  class  first  and  second  premiums  of  20s.  and 
\os.  in  place  of  the  usual  medals. 

The  ShiKc  0/ iSy ^. — Mr.  Gillon  next  reported  that 
the  directors  had  agreed  to  requisitions  forwarded  to 
them  from  the  counties  of  Stirling,  Dumbarton,  and 
Clackmannan,  and  the  western  division  of  Perthshire, 
that  the  show  for  1873  should  be  held  at  Stirling. — 
This  resolution  was  agreed  to. 

Cottage  Competitions. — In  reference  to  this  subject, 
Mr.  H.  Maxwell  Inolis  referred  to  a  statement  lately 
made  by  Sir  Michael  Beach,  M.P.,  President  of  the 
Central  Chamber  of  Agriculture,  which  shows  that  the 
improvement  of  cottage  accommodation  is  not  being 
lost  sight  of  in  England.  In  appealing  to  the  land- 
lords on  behalf  of  the  agricultural  labourers.  Sir 
Michael  says,  the  labourers  ought  no  longer  to  be  com- 
pelled to  pass  their  time  in  dwellings  quite  unfit  for 
human  habitation,  and  the  landlord  ought  to  refrain 
from  the  cold  calculation  of  the  percentage  which  his 
outlay  in  cottages  would  yield.  In  Scotland  there 
exists  a  strong  feeling  in  favour  of  the  improvement  of 
cottage  accommodation,  and  I  know  that  this  feeling 
has  been  acted  upon  in  many  districts.  Still  much 
remains  to  be  done  before  this  movement  can  be  con- 
sidered as  having  attained  the  object  which  its  pro- 
moters contemplated. 

The  Hon.  Mr.  Waldecrave  Leslie  said  that  at 
page  40  of  the  rules  he  found  the  following  : — "  Parties 
competing  will  forward  to  the  Society  plans,  specifica- 
tions, and  estimates  ;  of  which,  and  all  information 
sent  therewith,  copies  may  be  taken  for  publication,  if 
the  Society  shall  see  fit."  He  should  like  to  ask  if  the 
Society  had  published  any  of  these  plans. 

The  Secretary  said  that  there  were  a  number  of 
plans  published  in  the  Transactions,  but  they  were  now 
antiquated. 

The  Hon.  G.  Waldegrave  Leslie  said  he  believed 
the  plans  were  very  well  suited  for  this  country,  but  the 
Enclosure  Commissioners  thoroughly  disapproved  of 
them,  and  would  not  sanction  the  building  of  cottages 
according  to  the  plans  of  that  society  of  which  he  had 
been  a  member.  Mr.  Geoage  Culley,  assistant  com- 
missioner of  inquiry  into  cottage  accommodation,  was 
in  Scotland  last  year,  and  he  understood  the  subject 
thoroughly.     He  drewupagood  report,  which  hadbein 


124 


The   Gardeners*    Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  27,   1872. 


widely  circulated  ;  but  the  Enclosure  Commissioners 
were  just  as  deaf  to  his  remonstrances  as  to  the  remon- 
strances of  this  Society  and  of  that  society  of  which  Mr. 
Walker  was  the  architect.  There  had  been  a  good  deal 
of  correspondence  in  the  Times  during  the  autumn  on 
the  subject,  and  he  was  astonished  that  not  more  of  it 
appeared  in  the  Scotch  newspapers,  because  the 
correspondence  related  to  the  building  of  cottages  in 
Scotland.  There  was  great  difficulty  in  getting  the 
plans  approved  of.  If  they  put  in  yellow  pine  the 
Commissioners  altered  it  to  red,  and  if  red  was  put 
in  they  altered  it  to  yellow.  He  hoped  that  the 
Society  would  assist  the  landowners  in  order  to  get  this 
matter  put  on  a  proper  footing.  Ife  applied  to  Mr. 
Caird,  one  of  the  Commissioners,  but  he  was  powerless. 
It  was  Mr.  Caird  who  got  inserted  into  the  Act  of 
Parliament  for  the  census  a  clause  stating  the  number 
of  cottages  or  rooms  in  Scotland  which  had  only  one 
window  ;  and  he  thought  that,  seeing  Mr.  Caird  took 
such  a  prominent  part  as  that,  he  ought  to  be  asked 
to  assist  in  this.  He  was  glad  that  thie  Convener  had 
called  attention  to  the  statement  by  Sir  Michael  Beach. 
He  miglit  remind  them  that  the  Irish  Board  of  Works 
issued  plans,  but  people  were  allowed  to  send  to  tlie 
board  plans  of  their  own.  He  appealed  to  the  Society 
whether  there  was  not  a  stagnation  in  cottage  building 
from  the  difficulty  of  getting  the  plans  approved  of  in 
London  ? 

The  Chairman  said  he  had  no  doubt  that  the  meet- 
ing had  listened  with  much  satisfaction  to  Mr.  Leslie's 
statement.  Many  parts  of  it  lie  could  corroborate  from 
his  own  experience  ;  and  those  who  took  an  interest  in 
the  welfare  of  our  labouring  population  could  not  but 
wish  all  success  to  any  well-devised  scheme  for  improv- 
ing the  cottage  accommodation. 

Chemical  Department. — Dr.  ANnERSON  reported  on 
the  state  of  the  chemical  department,  which  during 
the  past  year  had  presented  the  usual  features.  The 
work  which,  during  the  first  half  of  the  year  had  been 
above  the  average,  had  been  somewhat  smaller  during 
the  latter  half,  though,  on  the  whole,  it  had  been  con- 
siderable, for  during  the  whole  year  3S0  analyses  had 
been  made  for  members  of  the  Society,  embracing 
nearly  every  kind  of  manure,  many  feeding-stuffs,  soils, 
waters,  and  a  variety  of  materials  of  interest  to  the 
farmer  ;  some  of  these  had  been  of  great  excellence, 
but  too  many  were  of  inferior  quality,  or  adulterated. 
During  the  past  half-year  a  variety  of  matters  of  in- 
terest and  importance  in  relation  to  the  management 
of  the  laboratory  had  been  under  consideration,  and 
especially  a  proposal  which  had  been  made  that  he 
should  publish  the  names  of  dealers  in  inferior  or  adul- 
terated manures.  After  very  careful  consideration  on 
the  part  both  of  the  Chemical  Committee  and  the 
directors,  it  was  resolved  that  when  cases  of  flagrant 
adulteration  occurred  they  should  be  reported  by  him 
to  the  directors,  who  should,  if  they  saw  fit,  authorise  the 
publication  of  the  names  of  the  parties  concerned.  He 
himself  should  have  preferred  a  more  direct  course,  so  as 
to  avoid  the  delay  which,  in  some  cases,  may  occur  from 
this  arrangement  ;  but  the  board,  acting  under  the 
best  advice,  thought  that  it  was  the  safest  course,  and  he 
trusted  that  it  would  meet  the  approval  of  members, 
for  he  was  satisfied  that  it  ought  to  work  well 
ior  the  protection  of  tlie  farmer.  He  had-  already 
reported  one  case  to  the  directors  which  he  thought 
worthy  of  notice,  and  hoped  he  should  receive  per- 
mission to  ymblish  the  details.  Another  case  had 
recently  occurred  of  a  manure  of  very  inferior  quality, 
which  he  thought  should  be  made  public,  but  which 
illustrated  a  difficulty  he  feared  must  sometimes  be 
encountered.  On  completing  the  analysis,  he  wrote 
to  the  member  who  sent  the  sample,  askirig  for  the 
guaranteed  analysis  and  name  of  the  seller,  but  his 
application  hr-d  been  without  effect,  for  he  was  without 
an  answer  to  his  letter,  though  he  still  hoped  he  might 
receive  the  required  information,  which  should  be  at 
once  referred  to  the  directors.  Several  other  interesting 
cases  had  also  occurred,  the  publication  of  which 
seemed  to  him  to  be  undesirable,  though  he  thought 
attention  should  be  called  to  one  of  them  as  indicating 
the  amount  of  caution  required  by  all  persons  engaged 
in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  such  articles.  He  received 
sometime  since  a  sample  of  oilcake  from  a  dealer  of 
the  very  higliest  respectability,  with  a  statement  that 
an  analysis  was  required  for  the  satisfaction  of  their 
customers,  but  that  they  believed  it  quite  unnecessary, 
ior  the  cargo  came  from  merchants  of  the  highest 
character,  altogether  above  suspicion,  and  in  whom  they 
had  the  most  perfect  confidence.  On  examination  It 
proved  to  be  highly  adulterated,  more  than  half  of  it  con- 
.sisting  of  French  nut.  Another  sample  sent  by  the  same 
dealer  was  likewise  found  to  be  adulterated,  but  not  to 
so  large  an  extent.  f)f  course,  these  cakes  were  no 
longer  offered  for  sale  ;  and  I  am  sure  the  Society  will 
agree  with  me  in  thhiking  that  the  name  of  the  dealers 
should  not  be  made  pidilic,  as  the  circumstances  must 
be  considered  as,  on  the  whole,  creditable  to  them. 
They  show,  however,  how  great  is  the  caution  that 
must  be  exerci'^ed,  even  under  the  most  favourable 
conditions.  During  the  past  half-year  some  progress 
has  been  made  in  inve'^ligating  the  subject  of  scab  in 
3'oiatos,  to  which  reference  had  been  made  at  a 
previous  meeting,  but,  a3»he  had  then  anticipated,  it 
was  necessary  to  continue  the  investigations  on  the 
produce  of  the  past  season,  as  the  data  from  the  crop  of 
the  previous  year  was  not  sufficient.      Scab  had  not 


been  abundant  last  Season,  but  he  was  promised  material 
for  prosecuting  the  investigation,  which,  however,  had 
not  yet  reached  him.  During  the  past  year,  also,  the 
field  experiments,  extending  over  a  complete  rotation, 
had  been  completed,  and,  he  trusted,  would  be  ready 
for  publication  in  the  forthcoming  number  of  the  Trans- 
actions. These  results,  though  interesting,  are  not  all 
that  could  be  desired,  for  they  had  bfeen  peculiarly 
unfortunate  in  w^eather,  the  season  having  been  singu- 
larly unsuited  to  bringing  out  the  effects  of  artificial 
manures. 

For  some  time  back  the  Chemical  Committee  had 
been  actively  engaged  in  devising  a  scheme  for  conduct- 
ing lield  experiments  on  a  better  system  than  that 
hitherto  in  use  in  this  country,  and  more  in  accordance 
with  the  present  state  of  scientific  agriculture,  and  they 
were  most  anxious  to  obtain  the  consent  of  the  Society 
to  the  establishment  of  an  experimental  station  some- 
what on  the  principles  of  those  which  had  been  in 
existence  for  some  years  in  Germany.  Mr.  (loodlet,  of 
Bolshan,  who  is  much  interested  in  this  matter,  had 
taken  it  up  with  great  energy,  and  he  and  Mr.  Goodlet 
had  been  engaged  in  a  long  correspondence  in  endea- 
vouring to  get  all  the  necessary  information.  They  had 
now  got  a  great  deal,  part  of  which  had  been  laid 
before  the  Chemical  Committee,  and  they  expected 
soon  to  have  a  definite  plan  ready,  which  they  trusted 
would  meet  with  approval.  They  \vere,  however,  most 
anxious  that  abundant  time  should  be  taken  for  con- 
sideration, so  as  to  make  it  as  complete  as  possible, 
and  avoid  future  difficulties.  They  were  fully  satisfied 
that  it  must  be  taken  up  in  a  purely  scientific  spirit, 
and  that  unless  this  is  done  the  movement  must  prove 
abortive,  and  their  only  fear  is,  that  they  may  not 
receive  full  support  in  this  respect.  Farmers  in 
this  country  are  very  different  from  those  in  Ger- 
many, where  scientific  education  has  made  a  progress 
altogether  unknown  here,  and  our  farmers  prefer 
what  are  called  "  practical  experiments,"  and  are 
slow  to  appreciate  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  the 
establishment  of  the  principles  of  agriculture,  which 
are  still  most  imlperfectly  understood,  and  to  which 
the  attention  of  the  German  experimental  stations  is 
mainly  directed.  It  would  be  unnecessary,  and  in- 
deed premature,  to  enter  into  any  further  details  here, 
but  he  ventured  to  hope  that  it  would  obtain  the  cor- 
dial support  of  practical  farmers.  He  had  no  doubt 
that  it  would  be  supported  by  those  who  took  the 
trouble  to  examine  the  subject.  He  only  regretted 
that  we  had  not  in  this  country  a  body  of  farmers 
familiar  with  science  such  as  was  to  be  found  in  Ger- 
many, fully  capable  of  appreciating  the  value  of  in- 
quiries, some  of  which  must  be  unintelligible,  and 
probabl)'  appear  unimportant,  to  those  who  are  unac- 
quainted with  science.  It  was  impossible  to  predict 
immediate  results  from  such  a  station  as  it  was  pro- 
posed to  found  ;  but  if  our  members  would  only  have 
patience  to  wait  and  give  science  time  and  fair  play, 
he  liad  no  doubt  the  results  would  prove  satisfactory, 
and  highly  beneficial  to  practical  agriculture. 

Mr.  Hara'ev,  Whittingham  Mains,  moved  a  vote 
of  thanks  to  the  directors  for  the  trouble  they  had 
taken  in  the  chemical  department  during  the  past  year. 
He  felt  that  they  had  made  a  step  in  advance  in  this 
matter  ;  and  that  where  adulteration  was  found  they 
should  not  be  frightened  to  make  the  matter  public. 

The  Chairman  said  it  must  be  very  satisfactory  to 
them  all  to  see  the  prospect  of  people  who  were  in  the 
habit  of  selling  adulterated  stuffs  being  more  sharply 
dealt  with  than  they  had  been  in  the  past. 

The  report  was  adopted. 

Essays  and  Reports. — Mr.  Walker,  of  Bowland, 
reported  that  the  following  premiums  had  been  awarded 
for  reports  lodged  in  November,  1S71  : — i,  £y>,  to 
Robert  Scott-Skirving,  Campto\m,  Drem,  for  a 
Report  on  the  Agriculture  of  East  Lothian.  Gold 
medals,  or  /lo,  to  each  of  the  following  :  — i,  George 
Armatage,  M.R.C.V.S.,  The  Bank,  Hertford,  for  a 
Report  on  Abortion  and  Premature  Labour  in  Cows, 
Mares,  and  Ewes;  3,  Hugh  Borthwick,  Old  Caber- 
stone,  Innerleithen,  for  a  Report  on  Lambing,  and  the 
Diseases  incident  thereto  ;  4,  Duncan  Clerk,  Writer, 
Oban,  for  a  Historical  Accotmt  of  Farming  Covenants 
in  Scotland;  5,  the  Rev.  John  Gillespie,  A.M., 
Mouswald  Manse,  I.>umfries,  for  a  Report  on  the  same 
subject.  Medium  gold  medals,  or  ^^5,  to  each  of  the 
following  : — 6,  Laurence  Anderson,  Norlhfield  Cottage, 
Liberton,  for  a  Report  on  the  Agriculture  of  I'eebles- 
shire  ;  7,  Robert  Laidlaw,  Summerhopeburn,  Selkirk, 
for  a  Report  on  the  Natural  History  ot  the  Sheep 
Tick.  Mr.  Walker  also  announced  the  following 
premiums  for  competition  in  1S72  : — Subjects  connected 
witli  the  Science  and  Practice  of  Agriculture. — On 
what  has  chemistry  done  for  agriculture  by  improving 
or  increasing  the  produce  of  the  soil,  £.^0  ;  on  the 
agriculture  of  the  stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright  and  Wig- 
tonshire,  £'}p\  on  the  agriculture  of  Orkney,  £y>l 
on  the  agriculture  of  Shetland,  /"30  ;  on  ancient  farm- 
ing customs  in  Scotland,  £\o  \  on  the  advan- 
tage of  ploughing  in  manure  al  once  on  being 
spread,  ;^5  ;  on  autumn  manuring,  ;i^20 ;  on  manures 
produced  by  different  kinds  of  feeding,  ;!^20 ;  on 
manure  made  with  and  without  Clover,  ;!^20  ;  on  waste 
cliemical  products,  ^20  ;  on  securing  grain  crops, 
;,^I0  ;  on  improved  varieties  of  agricultural  plants, 
^"50;  on  failures  of  Wheat,  ;^'5  ;  on  comparative  pro- 
ductiveness  of   Turnips,  ^lo  ;  on   experiments   with 


Potatos,  /■20  ;  on  cultivation  of  Cabbage  as  a  field 
crop,  £\o;  on  insects  which  prey  upon  agricultural 
plants,  £2(:> ;  on  vegetable  productions  of  India,  China, 
and  America,  ;^io ;  on  the  best  modes  of  housing 
fattening  cattle,  ;^2o  ;  on  different  descriptions  of  food 
for  stock,  ;i^2o  ;  on  disinfecting  agents  for  stock,  ;,^io  ; 
on  the  Contagious  Diseases  (Animals)  Act,  1S69,  £10  ; 
on  the  influence  of  geological  formation  on  the  health 
and  development  of  sheep,  ;!^Io  ;  on  the  use  of  artificial 
or  foreign  feeding  substances,  with  reference  to  whether 
they  induce  a  predisposition  to  disease  in  the  stock  con- 
suming  them,  ^^lo  ;  on  rural  economy  abroad  sus- 
ceptible of  being  introduced  into  Scotland,  ;^io. 
Estate  Improvements. — On  the  general  improvement 
of  estates  by  proprietors,  ^10  ;  on  most  approved  farm 
buildings  by  proprietors,  ;i^lo  ;  on  reclamation  of  waste 
land  by  tillage  by  proprietor  or  tenant,  ;^io,  ^^5,  and 
silver  medal  ;  on  improvement  of  natural  pasture 
without  tillage,  ;£'io  and  silver  medal.  Machinery. — 
On  the  invention  or  improvement  of  implements  of 
husbandry,  ;^5o.— The  reports  were  adopted. 

Forestry  Department. — Professor  Balfour  reported 
that  the  following  premiums  had  been  awarded  : — The 
gold  medal,  or  £\o.,  to — I.  J.  Sykes  Gamble,  B.A. 
Oxford,  Assistant-Conservator  of  Forests  in  India,  for 
a  Repoi-t  on  the  State  Forests  and  Forest  Schools  in 
France  ;  the  medium  gold  medal,  or  £<„  to — 2.  Robert 
Hutchison,  of  Carlowrie,  Kirkliston,  for  a  Report  on 
the  Effects  of  Dry  Season,  1 870,  on  Trees  and  Shrub.s. 
3.  Robert  Hutchison,  of  Carlowrie,  Kirkliston,  for  a 
Report  on  the  W'ellingtonia  gigantea.  Minor  gold 
medal,  or  ,^^3,  to — 4.  John  Blaikie  Webster,  wood 
forester,  Churchhill,  Verner's  Bridge,  Moy,  Ireland,  for 
a  Report  on  the  Planting  of  Peat  Bog.  5.  Silver  Medal 
to  Andrew  Gilchrist,  forester,  Ury  Castle,  Stonehaven, 
for  a  Report  on  Plaiiting  and  Rearing  of  Shmbs,  &c., 
in  Plantations  for  Ornament,  or  as  under-cover  for 
game.  Silver  medals  to  the  authors  of  papers  on  the 
following  subjects  : — 6.  On  the  Stem  and  Branch 
Priming  of  Conifers.  Motto.  "  Non  amputatum." 
7.  On  the  Soils  suited  for  the  different  kinds  of  Forest 
Trees,  as  indicated  by  the  plants  that  grow  naturally 
upon  them.  Motto,  "Pro  Grege."  Professor  Bal- 
four also  stated  that  premiums  on  the  following  subjects 
will  be  offered  in  1872: — On  Extensive  Planting  by 
Proprietors,  ^^lo  ;  on  General  Management  of  Planta- 
tions, £\o ;  on  Planting  on  Exposed  or  on  Barren 
Tracts,  £\o  ;  on  Planting  on  Peat  Bog,  £^  ;  on 
Forest  Trees  of  Recent  Introduction,  £^',  on  the 
Value  for  lilconomical  Purposes  of  Corsican  Fir,  ;^5  ; 
on  the  Abies  Douglasii,  ^5  ;  on  Stem  and  Branch 
Pruning  of  Conifers,  £^  ;  on  the  Treatment  and 
Management  of  Oak  Coppice  in  Scotland,  £<,  ;  on 
Charcoal-producing  Plants,  £<^  ;  on  Perthshire  Woods, 
Forests,  and  Forestry,  £\o  \  on  Aberdeenshire 
Woods,  Forests,  and  Forestry,  ;^io  ;  on  State  Forests 
and  Forest  Schools  in  Germany,  ;^io;  on  Sawing 
Machinery  {Water  or  Steam)  Employed  in  Converting 
Timber  in  the  Highlands,  ;^5. 


INSTITUTE  OF  SURVEYORS. 
Agricultural   Pipe   Drainage. — [We   conclude   Mr. 
(Jrantham's  paper,  commenced  on  p.  90]. 

Cost. — The  most  material  consideration  resulting 
from  all  the  experience  of  soils,  depths,  widths  apart, 
inclinations,  directions  of  drains  and  sizes  of  pipes,  is 
the  minimum  cost  at  which  the  work  can  be  done,  so 
as  to  obtain  the  best  result  in  permanently  improving 
the  land. 

This  must  vary  in  different  parts  of  the  kingdom, 
according  to  the  soil,  tlie  rate  and  quality  of  the  labour  for 
this  kind  of  work,  the  seasons,  and  the  price,  quality,  and 
cost  of  carriage  of  the  pipes.  Sometimes  the  cheapness  of 
one  or  two  Of  these  items  will  counteract  the  dearness  of 
the  others,  so  that  something  like  an  average  may  be 
arrived  at. 

I  have  kept  a  register  for  some  years  past,  which 
shows  tlie  rate  of  cost  per  acre  and  per  rod  of  drainage 
works,  executed  under  my  supervision,  m  localities  dis- 
tributed over  a  large  part  of  the  kingdom.  This  sum- 
mary includes  about  120  distinct  works,  representing 
every  variety  of  soil,  every  degree  of  difficulty,  and 
ranging  in  cjuantily  from  10  to  i^oo  acres.  Tlie  rates  of 
cost  extend  from  ^"3  6.v.  %d.  to  £^  5^.  4^.  per  acre,  and 
from  ii,d.  to  'i.^d.  per  rod,  wliilst  tlie  number  of  rods  of 
drains  to  the  acre  varies  from  39  to  115.  The  following 
are  the  results  shown  by  this  retord  up  to  the  end  of  last 
season  : — 


Total 
Cul. 


Tot:il 


Drainecl. 


15,006     2    i6 


No. 
,136,219 


Rods 

Dr"i„s  ;  Tobl  Cos,, 
per  Acre 


No. 
75-7 


£,        S.   d. 
90,284  12   10 


Cost  per 
Acre. 


per 
Rod. 


19-07 


It  should  be  stated  that  these  figures  include  the  large; 
and  exceptional  work  of  drainage  of  disafforested  land  at 
Hainault,  the  1900  acres  of  which  cost  upwards  of  £8  per 
acre,  and  averaged  about  105  rods  of  ih'ains  to  the  acre, 
tlie  widths  apart  varying  from  18  feet  to  60  feet,  according 
to  soil. 

Where  the  rate  per  rod  is  high  the  rate  per  aero  may  be 
low,  and  t'/V<-  z-ersu.  This  necessarily  arises  from  the 
nature  of  the  soils,  the  prices  of  the  pipes,  and  the  widtha 
of  the  drains  apart,  with  other  varying  drcumstancea 
before  referred  to, 


January  27,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Ac^ricultural    Gazette. 


I  have  arranged  the  following  Table,  which  gives  the 
general  prices  of  work  under  the  various  conditions  : — 

Ordinary  Cost  of  Cnitiitg  and  Filling  Minor  Drains,  using 
^•itich pipes,  at — sayi^s.  per  looo. 


Depth. 


4  feet 

5  feet  , 

6  feet  . 


Rate  per  Rod 
for  Cutting 

and  Filling. 


O.V.  %d. 

o  10 


Rate  per  Rod 

for  Pipes. 


OS.  sd. 
o    5 
o    5 


Cosi  of  Main  Pipes  fier  Rod, 


Size. 

Price  per 
1000. 

Rate  per 
Ro<f 

Size. 

Price  per 
1000. 

Rate  per 
Rod. 

3  in. 

£.   s. 
I  IS 

s.  d. 
0    7 

6  in. 

I  s. 
6    0 

1.   d. 
2    0 

4  m. 

3    ° 

1    0 

7  in. 

8    0 

2    8 

5  m. 

4  10 

I    6      1 

Sin. 

10    0 

3     4 

Cost  per  Acre  ofCuUins  and  Filling,  iiicludins  Pipes,  at 
various  Depths  and  Distances  apart. 


Depths 

of 
Drains 


Feet. 
4 


Distances 
Apart. 


Feet. 
16 


32 
36 
40 
44 
48 
30 
35 


Cost 
Acre. 


t,  s. 
8  18 
7     3 


■9 


5 
5 

4  9 
3  '9 
3  II 

3  S 
2  19 

5  10 

4  14 


Depths 

of 
Drains. 


Feet. 
5 


Distances 
Apart. 


50 
60 
6s 


54 
60 
66 
72 
78 


Cost 
per 
Acre. 


{.  s. 
3  13 

3  6 
2  IS 

2  II 

4  14 
4     2 

3  13 
3  6 
3  o 
2  14 
2  II 


To  these  rates  should  be  addetl  from  12s.  to  iv.  per 
acre  for  turfing,  building  up  outlet  heads,  deepening  and 
widening  outfall  drains,  foreman's  wages,  superintend- 
ence, &c. 

The  cost  of  cutting  through  rock  must  always  be  excep- 
tional, and  no  rule  can  be  given  for  that  kind  of  work. 

pumlion  of  Pipe  Drainage.  —  Another  question 
which  deserves  much  consideration  and  attention  is 
that  of  the  duration  of  pipe  drainage,  and  its  continu- 
ously effective  working. 

These  properties  depend  almost  entirely  on  the  manu- 
facture of  the  pipes,  which  are  buried  deep  and  cannot 
be  got  at  to  be  repaired  without  some  e.\pense,  and 
which,  when  out  of  order,  are  always  Uable  to  be  neglected 
or  repaired  in  an  inefficient  manner. 

Where  all  the  work  has  been  well  done,  drainage 
executed  30  years  ago  is  known  to  be  in  an  efficient  con- 
dition, although  pipes  were  not  then  so  deeply  laid  as  they 
are  now,  and  it  may  be  fully  expected  that  the  deeper  they 
are  laid  the  less  liable  they  will  be  to  be  injured  or  dis- 
turbed ;  a  strong  argument  in  favour  of  deep  drainino-. 

In  conclusion,  I  have  to  make  a  few  general  observa- 
tions on  points  which  ought  to  be  attended  to  in  laying 
out  and  e.\ecuting  this  kind  of  drainage,  whether  on  a 
large  or  small  scale.  Like  many  other  matters,  drainage 
when  dealt  with  wholesale,  can  be  done  at  less  cost  and 
more  efficiently.  When  an  estate  is  to  be  drained  a 
comprehensive  scheme  should  be  at  first  determined  upon 
and  taken  in  hand  as  a  whole,  whether  the  work  is  to  be 
earned  out  all  at  once,  or  to  be  e-vtended  over  two  or  more 
seasons. 

As  to  the  manufacture  of  pipes— great  variety  exists  in 
the  cost,  the  localities  in  which  they  are  manufactured 
and  in  the  quality.  There  is  of  late  years  a  great  improve- 
ment in  the  make  of  them.  The  cost  in  the  yard  in 
diiferent  parts  of  the  country,  varies  from  14J.  to  2^s  'per 
1000  for  2-inch  pipes,  the  78  per  cent,  of  difference 
partly  ansing  from  the  quantity  a  manufacturer  can 
make,  owing  to  the  facilities  he  has  and  the  nature  of  the 
clay,  and  partly  from  the  price  of  fuel,  or  the  amount  of 
capitalhecancommand.  The  carriage  frequently  very  much 
increases  the  expense— adding,  in  some  cases,  50  per  cent 
to  the  first  cost.  The  larger  sized  pipes  increase  in  cost 
m  greater  ratio  than  the  difference  of  the  sizes,  and  the 
carnage  also  is  greater  in  proportion,  owing  to  increased 
thickness. 

When  a  large  work  is  to  be  carried  out,  and  where 
probably,  bricks  are  required  for  farm  buildings  and  cot- 
tages. It  IS  much  more  convenient  to  establish  a  pipe  and 
brick-yard  upon  the  estate,  provided  proper  clay  can  be 
procured,  and  a  navigation  or  a  railway  affords  the  means 
of  bringing  coals. 

Another  important  matter,  upon  which  the  successful 
result  of  pipe  drainage  mainly  depends,  is  the  super- 
intendence. You  want  a  man  who  can  not  only  lay  the 
pipes  in  a  trench,  but  who  must  be  of  strict  integrity 
and  see  that  the  trench  is  cut  to  fit  the  size  of  the  pipe 
with  a  proper  fall,  so  that  the  water  shall  always  run  clSar 
away,  and  that  every  pipe  is  laid  perfectly  true  in  hne 
and  so  joined  to  its  neighbour  that  neither  loses  any  of 
Its  area  by  the  ends  not  fitting  truly  and  closely  to  each 
other.  The  foreman  should  watch  closely  that  no  bad 
(that  IS,  unbumt)  pipes  are  laid,  as  they  will  inevitably 
pensh  in  time,  and  destroy  the  whole  work.  Men  who 
are  trained  to  the  work  become  so  skilled  in  laying  out 
the  direction  of  the  drains,  that  thev  can  judge  with 
tolerable  accuracy  the  amount  of  fall  in  any  distance  and 
the  inchnation  at  which  the  pipes  should  be  laid  Of 
course,  in  very  flat  countries,  the  spirit  level  must  be 
brought  to  their  assistance.  The  men  who  become  the 
best  skilled  in  digging  the  trenches  make  good  wages  ■ 
and  I  have  always  found  that  the  workman  who  makes 
the  best  work  earns  the  most  money,  and  does  the  work 
most  quickly.     I  would  rather  employ  men  who  earn  from 


2o.t.  to  23J.  per  week  than  those  who  can  earn  only  155.  to 
i6j.  ;  but,  of  course,  in  a  gang  all  the  men  are  not  re- 
quired for  the  most  difficult  and  skilful  part  of  the  work. 
Farm-bailifts,  who  have  other  work  to  attend  to,  ought 
never  to  be  employed  to  superintend  drainage,  as  it 
requires  the  whole  attention  of  the  foreman  to  conduct  a 
work  cheaply  and  securely,  and  it  is  only  men  who  are 
specially  trained  who  can  properly  superintend  it.  There 
should  not  be  larger  bodies  of  men  than  from  30  to  40 
under  one  man's  charge. 

Another  practice,  which  should  be  condemned  by  all 
who  are  interested  in  the  success  of  these  works,  is  that  of 
giving  pipes  to  tenants  to  lay  themselves.  Such  work  is 
never  well  done,  and  is  just  so  much  money  thrown  away. 

All  the  drains  ought  to  be  laid  down  on  the  estate  or 
other  map,  so  as  to  be  referred  to  afterwards  to  find  the 
outlets,  and,  in  case  of  e.\tension,  to  be  able  to  add  to  the 
original  work. 

'fhere  is  another  matter  connected  with  land  drainage 
which  must  claim  serious  attention,  and  requires  more 
than  ordinary  skill  and  judgment,  ;'.  c,  under-draining 
land  to  be  made  into  sewage  farms.  I  drained  Breton's 
Farm  at  Romford,  and,  after  two  years'  working,  it  has 
answered  well— that  is,  the  effluent  water  is,  I  believe, 
superior  to  that  coming  from  any  other  sewage  farm.  It 
is  in  a  porous  soil,  and  so  is  that  near  Merthyr  Tydvil, 
which  was  drained  by  Mr.  Bailey  Denlon.  We  have  not 
yet  had  sufficient  experience  of  the  best  mode  of  treating 
such  cases,  especially  in  clay,  loamy,  or  rocky  lands. 


125 


Farmers'   Clubs. 

KINCARDINESHIRE. 
Black  PoUeii  Abei-deen  and  Angus  Caille. — At  a  late 
meeting  of  the  Kincardineshire  Farmers'  Club,  Mr. 
George  J.  Walker,  Portlethen,  read  a  paper  on  the 
above  subject.  Cattle,  always  an  important  com- 
modity in  farming,  have  of  late  years  become  to  the 
farmer  in  this  country  an  object  of  even  greater  concern 
than  formerly,  inasmuch  as  from  the  high  prices  of 
butcher  meat  it  is  more  desirable  than  ever  to  put  fat 
on  them,  and  that  as  quickly  and  cheaply  as  possible. 
To  attain  this  end  I  am  sure  you  will  all  agree  with  me 
that  there  is  more  required  than  the  mere  food  con- 
sumed, however  nutritious.  There  is,  I  venture  to  say, 
a  foundation  required  in  the  shape  of  an  animal  of  good 
points,  quality,  and  constitution.  Without  these,  how 
often  is  the  feeder  disappointed,  and  sees  his  money 
swallowed  without  any  adequate  return.  I  have  not 
referred  to  breeding  or  blood,  as  I  hold  that  good 
quality  and  eisy  feeding  are  unmistakable  evidences  of 
high  breeding.  It  therefore  comes  to  this,  that  we 
should  always  endeavour  to  feed  well-bred  animals, 
and  to  get  a  larger  supply  of  these  I  think  the  farmers 
of  this  country  ought  to  breed  more  cattle  than  they  do. 
They  would  be  more  independent  in  such  times  as  the 
present,  with  pleuro  and  murrain  raging  over  the 
country. 

The  Best  Breed  of  C(7///i-.— Supposing  you  make  up 
your  minds  to  do  so,  the  significant  question  is  asked. 
What  breeds  should  we  start  with  ?    You  will  naturally 
suppose  I  will  at  once  recommend  the  Polled  Aberdeen 
and  Angus  breed.     And  so  I  do,  if  your  tastes  induce 
you  to  breed  a  pure  breed  ;  because,  for  this  part  of  the 
country,  I  know  of  no   breed  their  equal,  all  things 
considered.     But  if  you  are  not  so  disposed,  and  want 
to  keep  a  cross  or  mixed  stock  to  rear  bullocks  for  the 
butcher  alone,  then  let  it  be  of  black  Polled  cows,  well 
selected,  and  a  Shorthorned  bull ;  the  produce  is  as 
good  a  butcher's  beast  as   exists.     Or,  what  may  be 
worthy  of  a  trial,  the  opposite  cross— Shorthorned  or 
cross  cows,  and  a  black  Polled  bull.     This  is  now  being 
tried,  I  understand,  by  a  gentleman  in  Aberdeenshire. 
The  success  of  this  experiment  may  be  watched  ;  I  am 
not  so  hopeful  of  it  ;  but  in  all  these  crossings  with 
different  breeds  you  should  not  go  much  further  than 
the  first  cross,  or  else  you  will  be  disappointed.    There 
is  afterwards  a  tendency  to  long  legs,  and  coarse  bone, 
and  loss  of  good  feeding  properties.  '  It  is  a  remark- 
able fact,  in  breeding  high-bred  cattle  of  the  Polled 
Aberdeen  and  Angus  breed,  and,  I  doubt  not,  the  same 
may  be  said  of  all  pure  breeds,  that  the  breeder  can 
almost   invariably  identify  the   offspring  of  any  well- 
known  bull  or  cow  from  the  general  outline  and  gait, 
and  especially  from  the  likeness  of  the  head  and  ear  to 
those  of  the  sire  or  dam.     I  find  that  the  females  take 
generally  after  the  dam,  and  the  males  generally  after 
the  sire,  unless  there  e.xists  any  very  striking  feature 
peculiar  to  one  or  other,  which  will  show  in  a  more  or 
less  marked  degree.     But,  as  a  general  rule,  my  belief 
is,  that  of  the  two— the  male  and  female— the  animal 
of  the  purest  blood  always  has  the  greatest  effect  on  the 
form  and  character  of  the  progeny.     I  don't  believe  in 
farmers  keeping  and  breeding  two  pure  breeds  of  cattle 
at  one  homestead,  however  careful  they  may  be. 


father  is  now  the  oldest  breeder  of  Polled  Aberdeen 
and  Angus  cattle  alive.  The  first  notable  bull  I  find 
he  had  was  Portz  by  Colonel,  from  the  tribe  of 
Kosie  a  dowry  cow.  Portz,  before  the  days  of  the 
Aberdeen  show,  won  the  1st  prize  at  Inverurie  as  an 
aged  bull  in  a  class  open  to  Scotland,  and  his  sire, 
Colonel  ^vas  born  m  i8i8.  Since  that  time,  54  years 
ago,  he  Polled  Aberdeen  and  Angus  have  been  the 
only  breed  bred  or  kept  at  Portlethen,  and  the  aim 
has  always  been,  so  far  as  human  forethought  could  to 
improve  the  breed,  and  by  all  means  to  keep  it  pure. 
Of  the  leading  breeders  and  most  successful  exhibitors 
of  the  present  day,  I  would  name  Sir  George  M'Pher- 
son  Grant  ;  Mr.  M'Combie,  M.P.  ;  Mr.  Taylor  of 
Glenbarry;  Mr.  Morison,  of  Bognie  ;  Mr.  M'Combie, 
of  Easter  Skene;  Mr.  Fordyce,  M.P.  ;  Mr.  Bowie 
Mains  of  Kelly  ;  the  Earl  of  Fife  ;  the  Earl  of  Airlie  '; 
Mr.  Brown,  Westertown  ;  Mr.  Paterson,  Mulben ;  Mr. 
Walker,  Montbletton  ;  Sir  Thomas  Gladstone  ;  Mr. 
Scott,  of  Tulloch  ;  Mr.  Skinner,  Drumin  ;  Mr.  Barclay, 
Auchlossan  ;  Dr.  Robertson,  of  Hopewell ;  Mr.  Leslie, 
The  Thorn  ;  Mr.  Fergusson,  Kinochtry,  &c.,  not  to 
forget  the  respected  convener  of  the  company,  who  all 
take  a  deep  interest  in  the  breed. 


The  Leading  Breeders  of  Polled  Stock.  —Of  late  years 
the  breeders  of  improved  Polled  stock  have  largely 
increased  in  number.  Several,  no  doubt,  have  given 
up  the  breed,  but  others  have  taken  their  places.  I 
regret  the  withdrawal  of  Lord  Southesk's  name  from 
amongst  the  list  of  breeders  of  Polled  cattle,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  cattle  plague  unfortunately  carrying  off 
his  lordship's  fine  and  valuable  herds.  It  made  sad 
havoc  of  several  others  at  the  same  time.  Notwith- 
standing all  this,  the  breed  is  gaining  ground.  His 
lordship  did  a  great  deal  for  it,  and  not  the  least  in  my 
opinion  was  the  support  and  encouragement  given  by 
him  in  starting  the  Polled  Herd  Book.     I  suppose  my 


Points  of  a  good  Angus  Bull  and  Coto.— The  points 
of  a  good  Polled  Aberdeen  and  Angus  bull  may  be 
described  as  follows  :— Colour  black  ;  head  neatly  put 
on ;    clean  throat  and  smart  muzzle ;    not  over  long 
twixt  eye  and  nose ;  eye  bright  and  prominent ;  ear 
moderately  sized  ;  good  breadth  'twixt  eyes,  and  poll 
high  ;  neck  good  length  and  clean,   a  little,  but  not 
over  full,  on  top  ;  chest  full  and  deep  ;  legs  short,  but 
not   so  as  to  give   the  animal  a  dumpy  appearance  ; 
bone  clean  and  free  from  coarseness  ;  shoulders  not  too 
full,  and  top  free  of  sharpness,  but  not  over  broad ; 
back  level  and  straight ;  ribs  well  sprung  ;  deep  barrel, 
well  ribbed  bone  towards  hooks  ;  full  behind  shoulder  ; 
hooks  level,  but  not  too  broad  for  other  proportions, 
and  well  and   evenly  fleshed  to  tail;    twist   full  and 
long,  and  well  fleshed  down,  but  not  protruding  be- 
hind ;  tail  of  moderate  thickness,  and  hanging  straight ; 
hair  soft  and  plentiful;    skin  of  moderate   thickness 
and  mellow  to  the  touch  ;  body  fully  developed,   and 
the  animal  when  in  motion  to  have  a  blood-like  look 
and  style  about  him.    A  cow  should  differ  from  a  bull  in 
the   head,    in  having,  instead  of  a  broad   masculine- 
looking  head,   a  neat  feminine-looking  one  ;   the  ear 
should  also  be  of  good  size,  with  plenty  of  hair  in  it, 
the  neck  well  put  on,  clean  and  straight,  and  without 
any  prominence  on  top  or  abrupt  hollow  where  it  joins 
the  shoulder,   the  top    of  shoulder   sharper    than  the 
bull's,  and  the  shoulders  themselves  thinner.     In  both 
scurs  are  objectionable.     It  is  the  breeder's  study  to 
get  his  stock  to  flesh  evenly,  and  in  feeding  to  fill  up 
in  the  most  valuable  parts.     Freeness  from  any  ten- 
dency to  be  bumpy  or  patchy  is  also  desirable  ;  but  I 
do   not  believe,  as  some  evidently  themselves  think, 
judging  from  the  criticisms  one  hears  in  showyards,  that 
such  a   tendency  is   a  sure  sign   of  impurity   in   the 
Polled  breed  ;  in  fact,    I  know  from  experience  and 
observation  that  such  is  far  from  the  case,  and  is  often 
the  effect  of  in-and-in  breeding  and  want  of  attention 
in   the  proper  selection  of  the  sires  and   dams,    and 
should  not  therefore  be  recognised  as  any  rule  or  guide 
in  this  matter. 

Considerations  for  the  Breeder.— The  Polled  breed, 
for  their  bulk,  weigh  heavier  than  Shorthorns  or 
crosses,  and  command  the  top  prices  in  the  leading 
markets.  They  are  hardier,  and  thrive  in  our  open 
and  exposed  country,  and  where  Shorthorns  could  not. 
[  We  should  consider  these  questions— What  class  of 
animals  breeds  most  surely— suits  the  climate  best— is 
hardiest — least  liable  to  disease — most  easily  kept — 
gives  the  best  milk  and  the  greatest  quantity— grows 
and  fattens  soonest  for  the  amount  of  food  consumed — 
weighs  heaviest  for  bulk — and  when  ripe  realises  most 
per  cent  ?  My  answer  is,  that  the  Aberdeen  and  Angus 
Polled  breed  come  nearer  to  these  standards  than  any 
other  breed.  Of  course,  it  will  be  admitted  that  to 
ensure  success  care  and  judicious  management  is  neces- 
sary, but  such  is  requisite  in  all  undertakings.  There 
is  a  great  mistake  made,  I  am  convinced,  by  farmers 
and  graziers  paying  so  little  attention  generally  to 
shelter  their  stock  over  night  in  the  fields.  One  bad 
cold,  wet  night  will  take  more  flesh  off  an  animal's 
bones  than  two  good  dry  warm  ones  will  put  on, 
besides  the  injury  to  the  constitution. 

Comparison    of    the  Black    Polled   and    Shorthorn 
jSra-A- Comparing   a    black     Polled   animal   with  a 
Shorthorn  or   cross,    the   Shorthorn   and   cross  grow 
faster,  but  eat  about  one-fourth  more  food.     This  was 
tested  by  my  father  and  the  late  Deacon  Williamson, 
then  the  principal  butcher  in  Aberdeen,  at  an  out-farm 
of  my  father's,  by  a  careful  selection   of  four  Polled 
and     four     Shorthorned     cross    heifers.       Each    was 
weighed  and  valued,  put   on  the  same  kind  of  keep, 
and  all  got  as  much  Turnips  and  straw  as  they  could 
eat.     The  result  showed  what   I  say,  that  the  Short- 
horn crosses  required  one-fourth  more  food,  and  when 
all   were  sold   off  together  at  the   end  of  April,  the 
Polled  brought  a  couple  of  pounds  a-head  more  money. 
These  animals  were  visited  by  the  deacon  every  month. 
The  first  three  months  the  Shorthorn  crosses  appeared 
to  gain  considerably  on  the  Polled  ;  but  when  spring 
set  in  the  Polled  went  fast  ahead,  with  the  result  before 
mentioned. 


126 


The   Gardeners*   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[January  27,   1S72. 


Improvement  of  Pedigreed  Stock. — Pedigreed   stock  ' 
should  be  paid   more  attention  to  by  us.     What  are 
pedigrees  doing  in  England,  America,  and  elsewhere  1 
for   the    breeders    and    owners   of  Shorthorn  stock  ?  I 
Why,    giving    them    in    some    cases    from    1000    to  I 
2000  gs.  for  animals  worth  to  the  butcher  only  from  j 
30  to  40,   or  even  less.      I   think  that  the  Highland  ; 
Society  and  all  the  local  agricultural  societies  in  the  j 
country  should  make  a  distinct  rule  that  the  test  of  an 
animal  being  a  pure-bred  Shorthorn  or  Poll  shall  be  | 
the  Herd  Book  of  these  breeds,  and  make  it  impossible  , 
for  any  animal  to  be  exhibited  in  these  classes  at  any  , 
show  whose  pedigree   cannot   be   traced  through  the  . 
Herd  Books.     I  hope  this  will  be  taken  up  and  brought 
to  a  successful  issue. 

Pedigrees  of  Polled  Cattle. — In  reference  to  the  pedi- 
grees of  the  Polled  cattle,  I  am  very  glad  to  say  that 


As  an  example  of  the  great   care    required  in  breed-  j 
ing    pure-bred    animals    of    one    colour,     I    beg    to 
state     a    circumstance     that    came    under     my    own  ' 
notice  a   few  years   ago.     My  father  had  two  heifers 
two    years   old,  at  which  age  they  are    first  served  ; 
they  were  great  favourites,  and  had  been  picked  out  to 
go  together.     They  came  in  season,   and  were  bulled 
both  in  one  day.     Shortly  after  a  strange  black  and  \ 
white  dog  passing  got  amongst  and  frightened  them,  I 
and  the  consequence  was,   they  produced  at  the  proper  j 
time  a   calf  each,    marked   as   like   as   possible,    and  1 
almost  spot  for  spot  with  the  dog.     They  happened  to  ' 
be  both  bulls,  and  were  very  soon  castrated.   Although 
the  fashionable  and  proper  colour  of  Polled  cattle  is 
black,   yet  it  sometimes  happens  that  one  appears  with  , 
a  brownish  tinge,  and  I  have  seen  others  quite  red.     I 
think  some  of  the  very  old  Buchan  Doddies  were  red 
and  a  good   many  brindled.     These  are  generally  of, 


much.  The  great  bulk  arfe  tied  up,  but  I  think  they 
will  grow  and  thrive  better  at  all  times  if  kept  in 
loose  boxes  or  warm  strawyards  with  plenty  of  room 
and  good  ventilation,  especially  will  this  be  apparent 
after  they  are  put  to  the  grass ;  and  I  think  landlords 
should  in  building  new  steadings  look  that  some  part 
of  the  cattle  accommodation  is  devoted  to  loose  boxes, 
capable  of  holding  a  limited  number  of  animals  in  each. 
I  shall  now  make  a  few  remarks  on  the  treatment  of 
breeding  stock.  The  bull  should  not  be  kept  fat,  but 
in  good  fresh  condition — cows  the  same.  The  rule  in 
my  father's  herd  is  to  pay  particular  attention  to  keep- 
ing the  blood  of  the  cow  in  good  order,  and  with  this 
object,  for  a  week  before  calving  she  gets  a  dose  of  nitre 
each  day,  say  about  2  oz.,  dissolved  in  a  bottle  of  cold 
water  ;  the  third  day  after  calving  a  purge  is  given 
composed  of  12  oz.  of  glauber  salts,  4  oz.  cream  of 
tarter,    2  oz.  nitre,  and   2  drachms  ginger   in  powder 


K^ 


Fig.  61 — "old  system"  self-raker. 


Fig.  62— new  self-raker  reaper. 


Fig.  63 — "  NEW   SYSTEM.' 


Fig.  64 — "  OLD   SYSTEM.' 


the  second  volume  of  the  Polled  Herd  Book  is  now  in 
the  course  of  preparation  for  publication  by  Mr.  Ram- 
say, o{\\\^  Banffshire  Journal,  and  Mr.  Adamson,  of 
Palquharn,  formerly  a  pupil  of  the  honourable  member 
for  West  Aberdeenshire— gentlemen  who  will,  I  am 
sure,  do  justice  to  the  volume  ;  but  it  is  to  be  regretted 
that  some  of  the  breeders  are  not  taking  that  interest 
the  breed  deserves  in  getting  the  pedigrees  of  their 
stock  completed  and  connected  with  the  first  volume — 
as,  if  the  Herd  Book  is  to  be  of  value  to  the  breed,  such 
must  be  eventually  of  the  utmost  concern—  in  fact,  so 
much  so,  that  I  hope  to  see  the  day  very  soon  when 
breeder;  will  decline  to  purchase  any  animal,  however 
good  looking,  for  breeding  purposes,  that  cannot  trace 
descent  through  the  Herd  Books  in  an  unbroken  line. 
The  breeder  of  pure  Polled  stock  must  also  never 
breed  from  a  cow,  although  herself  pure-bred,  that  has 
at  any  time  been  served  with  a  Shorthorned  or  other 
than  a  Polled  bull,  as  I  am  convinced  from  experiments 
with  dogs  that  such  will  affect  the  purity  of  the  breed. 


good  quality,  and  excel  in  milking  properties.  To 
keep  up  the  strength,  character,  and  quality  of  a 
breeding  stock  a  judicious  blending  of  the  tribes  and 
introduction  of  strange  blood  is  occasionally  necessary, 
but  care  should  always  be  taken  to  get  such  of  un- 
doubted purity,  and  not  to  use  any  bull  in  the  herd  but 
of  good  blood  and  pedigree.  The  question  of  breeding 
in-and-in  has  been  the  subject  of  some  discussion 
lately.  I  think  it  may  be,  and  often  has  been,  done  to 
advantage  ;  indeed,  in  several  instances  quality  and 
neatness  have  been  obtained,  and  an  inclination  to 
coarse  or  rough  bone  prevented  to  my  knowledge  by 
in-and-in  breeding,  but  it  should  only  be  the  exception 
and  not  the  rule,  and  may  as  often  be  attended  with 
bad  as  good  results.  It  is  impossible,  I  think,  to  give 
any  guide  to  go  by  when  it  should  or  should  not  be 
adopted,  as  it  is  purely  experimental. 

■■  How  to  Manage  Young  Stock. — I  think  the  tendency 
amongst  farmers  is  to  confine  young  stock  in  winter  too 


dissolved  in  boiling  water,  and  this  is  administered 
milk-warm  in  the  morning  two  hours  before  food, 
which  should  only  be  up  till  mid-day,  a  little  hay,  but 
W'-^i^x  ad  libitum.  This  dose  is  followed  by  a  similar 
on  the  seventh  day  after  calving.  These  doses  purify 
the  blood  and  greatly  assist  the  cleansing  of  the  cow. 
The  same  dose  can  be  given,  along  with  blooding,  with 
good  effect,  to  cows  or  heifers,  to  induce  them  the  more 
readily  to  conceive  after  copulation.  If  possible  all 
calves  should  be  suckled,  and  when  weaned  care  taken 
not  to  allow  the  calf  beef  to  disappear.  Cake  or  other 
artificial  food  ought  to  be  given  for  some  time  for  this 
purpose. 

Cure  for  Red-water  in  Cattle. — In  conclusion,  I  may 
be  allowed  to  mention  here  what  may  not  be  generally 
known — a  wonderful  cure  for  red-water  in  cattle.  I  got 
the  particulars  of  it  from  the  late  Mr.  Thomson,  of 
Banchory,  and  it  has  been  of  very  great  use  in  our 
district — never   failing  when   properly   applied.      Mr. 


January  27,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


127 


Thomson,  when  travelling  in  Italy,  got  the  particulars 
of  the  cure  from  a  shepherd  of  that  country,  and  on  his 
return  home  he  handed  them  to  Mr.  Charles  Davidson, 
druggist,  Aberdeen,  who  can  now  supply  all  and  sundry 
with  the  cure,  I  believe.  Mr.  Thomson  was  anxious 
to  try  it  on  some  of  his  own  stock  before  offering  it  to 
anyone  else,  and  said  he  was  very  much  delighted  one 
morning  to  be  told  that  a  young  cow  of  his  liad  got 
red-water.  The  animal  was  successfully  treated,  and 
cured  in  a  few  hours. 


Bcrtixts  at  ^aa\\^, 

A     Few     Words     on     Reaping     and     Mowing 
Machines.     By  Messrs.  Burgess  tS:  Key.     Cassell, 
Petter  is:  Galpin. 
Tlie  pamphlet  which  this  celebrated  firm  of  reaping- 
machine  manufacturers  have  just  issued  describes  by 
means  of  diagrams  the  difference  between  the  former 
style  of  reaper  and  that  which  they  now  manufacture, 
and  we  have  requested  the  loan  of  their  sketches  for 
the  purpose  of  reproducing  them  here.       After  some 
introductory   remarks   on    the    labour    question — now 
affecting  farmers  as  much  as  manufacturers — they  say  : — 
"  The  diagram  (fig.  6i).  shows  the  characteristics  of  the 
American   machines,    and   we  repeal   that   most  of  our 
English  makers  still  adopt  them  in  their  self-raker  reapers. 
The  finger-beam  projects  out  behind  the  main  wheel. 
The  gearings  and  crank  are  placed  outside  the  main 

wheel. 
A  long  connecting-rod,  reaching  from  the  outside  and 

some  distance  in  to  the  finger-beam. 
The  crank  is  placed  far  above  the  line  of  the  knife,  so 

that  the  thnist  is  made  at  a  considerable  angle. 
The  small  land  wheel  is  placed  far  behind  the  line  of 

the  main  wheel. 
"This  arrangement,  which  we  call  the  'Old  System,' 
is   in   every  point  mechanically   defective,    and  involves 
complication,    extra    weight,    difficulty     in    turning     or 
backing,  &c. 

The  gearings  being  all  on  the  outer  side  of  the  main 

wheel,    their  weights  beai'  unequally  on   the  main 

spindle,  causing  both  it  and  the  main  wheel  to  wear 

unduly. 

The  finger-beam  behind  is  bad  as  affecting  the  balance, 

stability,  and  simplicity  ;  and  the  arrangement  of  the 

two  canying  wheels,  the  small  one  being  far  behind 

the  other,    causes    side  draught,    and    renders    the 

machine  difficult  to  turn  or  back. 

The  crank  being  above  the  level  of  the  knife  makes  it 

necessary,  in  order  to  reduce,  the  angle  of  thrust,  to 

have  a  much  longer  connecting-rod  than  it   would 

require  if  it  were  level,  as  it  should  be,  with  the  knife. 

"A  long  connecting-rod  (that  is,  longer  than  necessary) 

also  involves  either  weakness  or  excessive  weight  ;  and  as 

strength  is  generally  preferred,  then  the  result  is  that  to 

move  that  excessive  weight  to  and  fro,  say  from  500  to 

1000  times  per  minute,    takes  much  extra  power,    and 

causes  much  extra  wear  on  the  knife-slide  and  crank-shaft 

bearing,  to  say  nothing  of  the  extra  vibration  imparted  to 

the  bearings  and  to  the  whole  machine. 

"Again,  it  has  long  been  admitted  that  the  proper 
position  of  the  cutter-bar  m  relation  to  the  two  wheels  on 
which  the  machine  moves  is  in  a  line  witli  their  axles  ;  but 
the  weights  must  be  so  arranged  that  the  greater  portion 
falls  on  the  larger  wheel — in  fact,  a  small  portion  only  on 
the  smaller.  This  arrangement  was  repeatedly  pointed 
out  as  most  desirable  by  Mr.  Amos,  the  Royal  Agricul- 
tural Society's  engineer  ;  and  the  advantages  held  out 
were  greater  steadiness  of  the  machine  in  work,  easy 
movement  over  uneven  surfaces,  greater  facility  for 
turning  without  cutting  up  the  land,  and  also  in  backing 
■ — in  fact,  to  use  Mr.  Amos'  own  words,  the  machine 
would  be  in  these  respects  'more  cart-like.'  Why  was 
this  desirable  arrangement  not  generally  adopted  ? 
Simply  because,  to  get  the  knife  in  a  line  with  the 
axle,  it  was  necessary  to  have  the  crank  on  the  inner 
side  of  the  main  wheel ;  and  the  long  connecting-rod 
made  the  gearing  and  finger-bar  project  out  so  far, 
and  the  whole  machine  so  wide,  as  to  throw  far  too 
much  weight  on  the  small  land  wheel  :  therefore  the  old 
system  was  generally  continued  of  having  the  gearing  on 
the  outer  side,  and,  in  consequence,  the  knife-bar  either 
before  or  behind  the  main  wheel. 

"  It  was  to  remedy  these  defects  in  mowing-machines 
that  in  1865  we  took  out  a  patent  for  a  new  arrangement 
of  gearing  for  reaping  and  mowing  machines,  the  novelty 
being  that  the  crank  and  connecting-rod  which  gave 
motion  to  the  knife  were  placed  in  a  line  with  the  knife. 
Now,  to  any  one  having  any  knowledge  of  mechanics 
without  special  acquaintance  with  the  general  construc- 
tion of  reaping  and  mowing  machines,  it  would  appear 
absurd  that  such  an  arrangement  as  we  were  then  intro- 
ducing should  be  a  novelty,  for  he  would  say  that  in 
every  steam-engine  it  was  a  principle  about  which  there 
could  be  no  two  opinions,  that  the  best  and  only  correct 
position  for  a  connecting-rod  and  crank  was  in  a  direct 
line  with  their  work  ;  yet  so  little  regard  had  been  paid 
up  to  that  time  to  true  mechanical  principles  that  our 
'  New  System '  took  every  one  by  surprise.  Still,  like 
every  great  truth,  it  only  required  to  be  slated  to  be 
admitted  ;  and  we  are  glad  lo  be  able  to  refer  to  the 
Report  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  signed  by  their 
engineer  and  judges,  in  which  our  success  is  duly  acknow- 
ledged." 

Messrs.  Burgess  Sc  Key  then  quote  the  approval  of 
the  English  Agricultural  Society's  proofs  of  the  altera- 
tion which  they  had  effected. 

"  The  diagrams,  figs.  6^  and  64,  p.  126,  will  illustrate 
the  '  Old  '  and  '  New  Systems  "  as  applied  to  mowers. 

"  It  maybe  thought  that,  even  when  the  knife  and 
crank  are  in  a  line,  it  is  desirable  to  make  the  connectiny,- 
rodsaslong  as  in  the  'Old  System'  machines,  and  th"s 
idea  may  naturally  arise  from  the  practice  in  other  classes 


of  machinery  where  a  crank  and  connecting-rod  are 
used  ;  but  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  knife  of  a 
reaper  or  mower  is  driven  at  a  very  high  speed,  whereas, 
in  most  other  instances,  reciprocating  motions  are  very 
much  slower,  though,  even  then,  as  in  the  portable  and 
locomotive  engines,  engineers  adopt  the  same  proportions 
as  ourselves  between  the  crank  and  connecting-rod. 
Still,  in  a  slow  motion,  the  weight  of  the  connecting-rod 
is  of  comparatively  small  importance  ;  and,  therefore, 
after  securing  the  usual  length,  viz.,  three  times  the 
stroke  of  the  crank,  engineers  have  sometimes  availed 
themselves  of  opportunities  to  give  more  length  to  the 
connecting-rod  for  the  sake  of  reducing  the  angle  of 
thrust,  however  shghtly.  In  a  mower,  where  the  crank  is 
driven,  say  from  800  to  rooo  revolutions 'per  minute,  if  it 
were  possible  to  increase  the  length  of  connecting-rod 
without  adding  to  its  weight,  some  little  might  be  gained; 
but  it  is  found  in  practice  that  the  additional  weight  which 
is  inevitable  more  than  neutralises  the  effect  of  the  slight 
reduction  of  angle  attainable. 

"The  arrangement  of  gearing  above  described  we  first 
applied  to  our  mowers,  with  a  success  sufficiently  attested 
by  the  great  increase  in  our  sales.  We  then  (1867)  turned 
otu'  attention  to  improving  reaping-machines,  and  soon 
found  that  we  had  no  difficulty  in  adapting  our  '  New 
System  '  to  M'Cormick's  single-rake  reaper;  and  as  the 
great  Paris  trial  took  jjlace  that  year,  and  all  best  known 
reapers  from  America  and  England  compcted^ncluding 
one  of  M  'Cormick's  own  make,  from  his  works  in  Chicago 
— there  was  the  best  opportunity  of  judging  between  the 
"Old'  and  the  '  New  Systems.'  A  week's  trial  resulted  in  the 
award  to  our  machine  of  not  only  the  highest  prize,  but 
the  decoration  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 

"  Having  succeeded  with  theM'Cormick  reaper, we  next 
determined  to  improve  the  self-raker  reapers,  now  in  much 
favour  in  England,  having  vertical  rake-shafts,  and 
arranged  to  deliver  the  corn  in  sheaves  or  swath  ;  and  we 
found  that  instead  of  meeting  with  difficulties,  we  were, 
on  the  contrary,  thus  enabled  to  overcome  all  the  serious 
defects  of  the  '  Old  System,' 

"  As  we  have  before  shown,  it  has  long  been  felt  that 
the  cutter-bar  of  reaping-machines  ought  to  be  as  nearly 
as  possible  in  a  line  with  the  axles  of  the  two  wheels  ;  but 
in  machines  constructed  on  tlie  '  Old  System,'  the  cutter- 
bar  must  be  cither  before  or  behind  the  main  wheel,  be- 
cause the  connecting-rod  must  be  free  to  connect  the  knife 
with  the  crank-shaft,  which  is  placed  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  wheel.  Some  of  the  evils  of  this  arrangement  we 
have  already  described,  and  we  will  not  dwell  on  them 
further  ;  we  have  generally  found  one  fault  lead  to  anotlier, 
and  we  have  never  found  the  adoption  of  a  correct  prin- 
ciple in  one  particular  involve  the  sacrifice  of  what  is  right 
in  another. 

"  Our  new  self-raker  reaper  is  constructed  in  strict  con- 
formity to  our  '  New  System  '  above  mentioned,  with  addi- 
tional patented  improvements,  of  which  the  following  are 
the  chief  characteristics,  as  illustrated  (see  fig.  62,  p.  126). 
"  It  is  an  essential  characteristic  of  our  '  New  System  ' 
that  everything  should  be  balanced  about  the  axle   of  the 
main  wheel,  and  we  apply  it  to  this  machine  as  follows: — 
The  gearing  for  giving  motion  to  the  rakes  is  placed 
outside,  and  the  gearing  by  which  the  knife  is  driven 
is  placed  on  the  inner  side  tlie  main  wheel. 
The  rakes  revolve   round  an  axis  situate  in  the  same 
vertical  plane  with  the  axis  of  the  main  wheel,  and  the 
knife-bar  is  also  placed  in  the  same  \'ertical  plane. 
The  main  and  land  wheels  are  also  nearly  in  a  fine. 
"  By  this  simple  arrangement  we  obtain,  among  other 
advantages,  the  following  : — 

The  rake-gearing  counterbalances  the  knife-gearing ; 
and  their  united  weiglit,  falling  perpendicularly  upon 
the  centre  of  the  main  wheel,  gives  a  steadiness  of 
action  and  stability  of  balance. 
The  centre  of  the  rake  being  placed  otitside,  and  im- 
mediately over  the  main  axle  ;  motion  is  communi- 
cated by  a  single  pair  of  gear  wheels,  the  smaller  one 
being  attached  about  the^centre'of  the  main  wheel,  and 
the  larger  to  the  rake-shaft.  This  is  the  simplest  and 
most  direct  mode  known  to  mechanics  by  which  such 
motion  can  be  transmitted,  and,  while  exposing  the 
fewest  parts  to  wear  or  derangement,  involves  the 
least  possible  loss  of  power  by  friction. 
The  position  of  the  knife-bar,  also  in  a  line  with  the 
main  axle,  renders  possible  the  placing  of  the  crank 
on  a  level  with  the  knife,  which,  in  consequence,  is 
driven  by  a  '  direct  thrust.' 
The  position  of  the  main  and  land  wheels  opposite 
each  other  secures  so  perfect  a  balance  that  no  weight 
is  thrown  on  the  horses,  nor  is  the  machine  heavy 
behind.     It  may  be  backed  as  readily  as  a  cart," 


The  pamphlet  concludes  with  remarks  on  the  ma- 
terial used  in  the  finger  cutters,  and  on  the  importance  of 
permanent  oiling  reservoirs. 

'•  Simple  as  this  matter  may  appear  at  first  sight,  it  is 
found  to  add  considerably  to  the  durability  of  the  machine 
as  well  as  effecting  a  considerable  saving  of  time  in  the 
field,  to  cay  nothing  of  the  oil  saved.  In  reference  to 
these  oilers.  Professor  Coleman  (than  whom  there  is  no 
greater  authority)  says,  in  his  report  on  the  implement 
department  at  the  Bath  and  West  of  England  show,  at 
Guildford,  1871  : — '  There  is  great  economy,  inasmuch  as 
the  required  quantity  of  oil  and  no  more  is  used  ;  dust  is 
kept  out,  as  the  attachment  is  air-light ;  and,  best  of  all, 
there  can  be  no  fear  of  neglect.  The  more  we  can  make 
machinery  independent  of  the  man  in  attendance  llie 
better  will  it  work." 


Farm  Memoranda. 


The  Farms  of  Mungos-Wells  and  Camptoun, 
in  the  county  of  East  Lothian,  tenanted  by  R.  Scott- 
Skirving,  Esq.,  extend  to  about  Soo  acres,  or  thereby, 
all  arable,  and  with  a  northern  exposure.  The  one 
half    of    the    farms    is    of   a   light    gravelly    nature,  I  say 

and  the  other  half  partly  stiff  clay  and  partly  black  I  are  being  fed  in   courts,  about  six  being  the  average 
loam.     The  land  is  all  drained  with  li  inch  pipes,  at  a  ^  number   in   each   court.     Thirty-si,x   of  the  cattle  are 


distance  of  6  yards  between  each  drain.  The  fields 
vary  in  size  from  10  to  50  acres,  one-half  of  them 
being  enclosed  with  Thorn  hedges,  and  the  other  half 
with  dry  stone  walls.  The  depth  of  soil  on  the  farms 
varies  very  much,  some  of  the  land  being  on  the  rock 
where  little  more  than  3  or  4  inches  of  soil  is  to  be 
had,  but  the  greater  portion  of  it  may  be  ploughed 
from  6  to  12  inches  deep. 

About  35  or  40  men  and  women  are  employed  on 
the  farm.  They  all  live  upon  the  farm  ;  the  former 
are  paid  with  ^14  in  money,  65  stones  of  Oatmeal, 
12  bush,  of  Barley,  4  bush,  of  Beans,  Soo  yards  of  a 
27-inch  drill  of  Potatos,  one  cow's  grass,  with  perhaps 
two  cartloads  of  Turnips,  free  house,  coals  carted, 
garden,  and  liberty  to  keep  a  pig.  The  women  also 
live  upon  the  farm,  some  of  them  being  the  plough- 
men's daughters,  and  the  others,  being  generally 
Highland  women,  who  live  two  and  three  together, 
being  allowed  a  free  house,  coals,  and  i.r.  per  day. 
Owing  to  the  briskness  of  trade,  the  latter  class  of 
women  are  getting  very  scarce,  so  that  in  a  short  time 
the  farmer  will  find  the  getting  of  women  workers  one 
of  his  greatest  difficulties. 

There  are  1 1  pairs  of  horses  kept  on  the  farm,  mostly 
of  the  Clydesdale  breed.  They  get  about  16  lb.  of 
Oats  per  day,  with  straw  or  Vetches,  as  the  case  may 
be.  When  getting  oat-straw  or  bean-straw  they  are 
generally  allowed  five  or  six  Turnips  per  day,  or  a  few 
small  Potatos.  They  seldom,  if  ever,  get  hay,  as  it  is 
considered  more  economical  to  add  a  little  to  their 
Oats,  instead  of  all  hay  and  less  Oats. 

The  system  of  cropping  followed  is  the  six-course. 
Generally  two  or  three  years  grass,  then  Oats,  then 
Potatos,  Beans  or  Turnips,  then  Wheat  or  Barley,  then 
green  crop  again,  then  Wheat  or  Barley,  sown  down 
with  grass  seeds.  Potatos,  however,  are  often  substi- 
tuted for  Oats  after  grass,  as  it  is  found  they  do  better 
after  grass  than  anything  else,  and  require  no  farmyard 
manure  if  the  field  has  been  well  pastured. 

Of  Wheat  about  130  acres  are  usually  sown  after 
Potatos,  Beans,  or  Turnips  ;  very  little,  however,  is 
sown  after  the  latter  crop,  as  the  Ossinis  seem  to 
attack  it  more  than  the  other  Wheats  grown  after  Beans 
or  Potatos.  When  the  Wheat  is  sown  after  Beans  it  is 
considered  advisable  to  plough  the  land  twice,  first 
with  a  fight  furrow  to  braird  any  weeds,  Beans,  &c., 
and  then  with  a  furrow  about  7  or  S  inches  deep.  The 
Wheat  sown  is  mostly  Fenton,  it  being  a  hardy  sort 
and  quite  as  prolific  as  any  of  the  finer  varieties.  The 
quantity  sown,  when  drilled,  is  generally  from  9  to 
10  pecks  per  acre,  and  the  time  of  sowing  the  months 
of  November  and  December. 

Of  Barley  about  130  acres  are  also  sown,  and 
mostly  after  Turnips.  Nothing  but  Chevalier  is  sown — 
8  pecks  per  acre,  perhaps  a  little  more  if  part  of  the 
Turnips  have  not  been  eaten  on  the  ground. 

Of  Oats  from  60  to  80  acres  are  sown,  the  dif- 
ferent varieties  being  Longfellow,  Sandy,  and  Potato  ; 
the  latter  is  the  most  prolific,  but  is  more  liable  to 
shake,  and  does  not  do  so  well  as  the  Sandy,  except 
when  grown  on  veiy  good  soil.  The  Longfellow 
produces  most  straw,  but  the  Oats  are  not  so  much  run 
after  for  mealing  purposes.  The  quantity  sown  is 
generally  from  8  to  10  pecks  per  acre,  perhaps  a  little 
more  when  sown  broadcast. 

Beans  and  Vetches,  mixed,  only  take  up  about 
30  acres.  Nothing  but  the  Scotch  Bean  is  sown,  the 
land  for  which  is  generally  dunged  with  16  tons  of 
farmyard  manure,  and  ploughed  in  in  the  autumn. 
The  Beans  and  Tares  are  sown  on  the  flat,  with  one  of 
Garrett's  drills,  at  a  distance  of  16  inches  between 
each  drill.  The  mixture  used  for  sowing  is  i  bush,  of 
Tares  to  6  bush,  of  Beans,  and  is  sown  at  the  rate  of 
10  pecks  per  acre ;  time  of  sowing,  the  latter  end  of 
February  or  beginning  of  March. 

Of  Vetches  for  green  food,  only  a  very  little  is 
grown — say,  from  10  to  15  acres,  5  of  which  are 
generally  winter  or  English  Tares,  and  are  cut  for  the 
horses  in  the  month  of  May,  the  spring-sown  ones 
coming  in  when  they  are  done. 

I  come  now  to  Turnips,  of  which  about  130  acres 
are  grown — 60  of  Purple-top  Swedes,  50  of  Green-top 
Yellow  Turnips,  and  20  acres  of  Grey  Stone  and  White 
Globe;  they  generally  get  from  12  to  16  tons  of  farm- 
yard manure  per  acre,  and  5  cwt.  of  artificial.  The 
quantity  of  seed  sown  is  from  2  to  3  lb.  per  acre. 
About  a  third  of  the  Turnips  are  generally  eaten  on 
the  ground  with  sheep.  Only  about  5  acres  of  Mangel 
are  sown,  for  the  ewes  after  lambing  ;  and  one  acre  or 
so  of  Cabbage,  for  ewes  that  lamb  in  December. 

Of  Potatos  the  number  of  acres  planted  varies  a 
good  deal,  but  from  60  to  So  acres  is  about  the  average. 
When  planted  after  pasture  they  generally  get  about 
8  or  10  cwt.  of  bones  and  guano  per  acre,  and  when 
after  Oat  stubble  about  16  tons  or  perhaps  rather  more, 
of  farmyard  manure  per  acre,  along  with  5  cwt.  of 
artificial.  Regents  are  the  only  Potatos  planted,  as  they 
take  the  London  market  better  than  any  other  sort  that 
can  be  grown.  It  is  a  good  thing  to  give  your  Wheat 
after  Potatos  i|  of  bone-dust  and  i^  cwt.  of  rape-dust 
per  acre,  as  without  it,  it  is  never  so  good  as  Wheat 
grown  after  Beans.  About  200  acres  are  yearly  left  in 
pasture,  upon  which  a  flock  of  400  ewes  is  kept, 
besides  fatting  sheep.  But  before  proceeding  to  give 
a  regular  account  of  'the  sheep,  I  would  like  to 
few    words   about    the    cattle,    of   which    70 


128 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


[January  27,   1S72. 


English  cross-breds,  and  34  of  them  are  Danish 
cattle,  all  of  them  being  3-year-olds,  and  bought  in  in 
the  months  of  September  and  October.  When  first 
put  into  the  courts,  being  in  pretty  fair  condition,  they 
got  as  many  Turnips  and  straw  as  they  could  eat  for 
two  months,  and  since  then  they  have  been  getting  4  lb. 
of  good  linseed-cake  per  day.  They  will,  to  judge  from 
present  appearances,  be  all  ready  to  sell  to  the  butcher 
in  another  two  months.  The  Danish  cattle  were 
bought  in  cheaper  than  the  others,  and  have  done  quite 
as  well  as  the  crosses.  They  are  rather  narrow  across 
the  hind-quarters,  being  more  like  the  Alderney  covi's 
in  that  respect ;  but  about  the  Hanks  and  shoulders 
they  handle  as  well  as  any  Shorthorns,  and  I  have  no 
doubt  that  when  killed  they  will  produce  as  much 
tallow,  nearly,  as  a  Highlander.  It  is  the  first  time 
they  have  been  tried  on  the  farm,  and  I  have  no  doubt 
that  it  won't  be  the  last  now. 

I  now  come  to  sheep,  of  which  about  400  breeding 
ewes  are  kept.  They  are  all  half-breds  ;  that  is  to  say 
between  a  Cheviot  and  Leicester,  with  the  exception 
of  50  Down  and  30  Dorset  ewes.  The  half-breds  are 
generally  bought  in  in  the  month  of  September,  being 
then  four  years  of  age  ;  are  put  to  a  Leicester  tup,  so 
as  to  lamb  in  February  and  March.  When  put  to  the 
tup  they  are  given  the  run  of  the  young  grass  fields, 
and  when  there  is  no  young  grass,  which  sometimes 
happens  if  it  has  been  a  dry  summer,  they  get  a  few 
Turnips.  After  they  are  all  tupped  they  are  put  on  to 
the  old  pasture,  and  get  a  few  Turnips  until  the  month 
of  January  j  they  are  then  folded  on  to  a  Turnip  field, 
to  consume  the  Turnips  on  the  ground  for  about  six 
hours  daily. 

After  they  have  lambed  they  get  a  few  cut  Swedes 
for  a  day  or  two,  and  if  the  weather  is  anything  fine 
they  are  then  turned  out  to  grass,  and  get  whole  Tur- 
nips or  Mangels,  along  with  about  ^  lb.  of  cake 
per  day.  The  lambs  are  sent  to  Edinburgh  to  be  sold 
during  the  months  of  May,  June,  and  July.  The  ewes 
are  also  sold  as  soon  as  they  can  be  got  fat,  so  that  by 
the  month  of  August  perhaps  only  about  100  ewes  and 
100  lambs  are  left,  and  they  are  sold  for  store  sheep. 
Mr.  Skirving  has  been  very  successful  as  a  breeder  of 
Downs,  carrying  off  nearly  all  the  honours  at  the  High- 
land and  Agricultural  Society's  shows.  The  Dorset 
ewes  are  put  to  a  Down  tup  in  December  and  January. 
The  largest  of  the  lambs  weigh  about  50  lb.  live  weight 
at  the  present  time.  They  will  very  likely  begin  to 
sell  them  in  another  week,  50^-.  being  the  current  price 
for  them  at  this  time  of  the  year. 

About  800  sheep  have  been,  and  are  still  being  fed 
on  Turnips  this  winter,  one-half  of  them  being  half- 
breds,  and  the  other  half  Cheviots.  The  half-breds 
are  all  sold  at  a  good  profit,  perhaps  better  than  has 
been  realised  for  many  years,  and  tliey  were  considered 
dear  at  the  time  they  were  bought,  having  paid  49J. 
for  them  ;  the  Cheviots  are  still  on  Turnips,  but  are 
getting  no  cake,  owing  to  the  Turnips  being  so  plen- 
tiful ;  they  have  all  had  murrain,  which  has  put  them 
back  a  month, — I  think,  however,  that  in  another  two 
months  they  will  all  be  ready  for  sale  :  800  is  above 
the  average  number  of  feeding  sheep  generally  kept. 
It  is  seldom  that  there  is  such  a  good  crop  of  Turnips 
in  East  Lothian  as  there  has  been  this  year,  so  that 
perhaps  more  sheep  are  being  fatted  this  year  than 
there  has  been  for  a  good  number  of  years  back.  I 
may  add,  in  conclusion,  that  the  farm  buildings  are 
mostly  new,  and  that  on  each  farm  there  is  a  threshing 
mill  and  engine,  the  latter  being  about  6-horse  power. 
//.  B. 


cultivation  it  may  be  made  as  productive  as  any  other 
part  of  the  estate. 

"The  land,  on  being  completed  and  rendered  fit  for 
cultivation,  is  handed  over  to  the  tenants  of  the  adjoining 
farms,  who  hold  it  free  for  the  first  year,  after  which,  for 
the  remainder  of  a  14  years'  lease,  they  pay  an  average 
rent  of  about  23J.  an  acre.  As  the  income  derived  from 
the  woods  hitherto,  after  paying  all  outgoings,  has  been 
only  nominal,  the  improved  annual  value  may  be  consi- 
dered to  be  from  121.  to  t^s.  an  acre. 

"  I  should  add  that  the  timber,  lop  and  top  and  under- 
wood, have  been  sold  by  public  auction  at  various  times, 
the  trees  having  been  first  felled  and  barked  by  our  own 
men,  and  not  by  the  purchasers.  The  roots  have  all  been 
burned,  and  the  aslies  used  on  the  land  by  the  tenants. 

"  The  outlay  per  acre  may  be  divided  as  follows  : — 

Grubbing  and  digging,  £6  lox.  to  ;£io  average  cost. .  ;^8  10  o 

Clearing  and  burning,  and  foreman's  wages    . .          . .  i  10  o 

Open  water-courses  and  new  fences      . .          . .          . .  o  10  o 

Drainage,    4  ft.    to  6ft    in  depth,  and  from  21ft.  to 

33  ft.  in  width  for  the  greater  part  ,          . .          . .  6  10  o 


Total 


.^17 


"As  the  land  is  being  added  to  adjoining  farms,  no 
new  homesteads  are  necessary  ;  but  it  may  be  found 
desirable  to  increase  the  existing  buildings,  in  which  case 
tlie  tenants  will  pay  6  per  cent,  interest  on  the  outlay. 
No  additional  roads  are  required,  but  the  outlay  might  be 
very  profitably  increased  by  the  application  of  lime  or 
chalk,  which,  in  fact,  is  almost  essential  to  the  proper 
cultivation  of  the  land." 


Miscellaneous. 

Disafforesting. — At  the  late  meeting  of  the  Sur- 
veyors' Institute,  the  following  note  was  read  from 
Mr.  G.  North,  a  member  : — 

"  In  the  spring  of  1869  my  firm  was  instructed  by  the 
owner  of  an  estate  of  nearly  15,000  acres,  in  Somerset,  to 
grub,  clear,  and  drain  500  acres  out  of  2300  acres,  com- 
prising the  woodland.  It  was  covered  with  inferior  Oak 
and  Ash  trees,  averaging  nearly  50  to  the  acre  (besides 
numerous  tree  butts),  and  underwood  of  various  growths. 
Both  timber  and  underwood  were  unremunerative,  owing 
partly  to  the  best  timber  having  been  exhausted  by  un- 
usual falls,  to  the  facihty  of  obtaining  coal,  and  to  the 
abundance  of  underwood  in  the  neighbourhood.  The 
average  annual  returns  from  the  sale  of  the  timber,  bark, 
and  underwood,  for  some  years  preceding  the  clearing, 
had  barely  covered  the  annual  parochial  and  other 
charges  when  the  expenses  of  maintenance  and  the  cost 
of  realization  were  added. 

"  We  received  our  instructions  after  the  barking  sea- 
son, in  the  spring  referred  to,  had  commenced  ;  but  we 
had  sufficient  time  to  fell  and  strip  1850  Oak  trees  and 
saplings.  In  the  two  succeeding  springs  further  quan- 
tities of  5525  and  4870  were  taken  down,  making 
together  12,245,  besides  1550  Ash  trees,  saplings,  and 
poles,  and  150  Larch,  Elm,  and  Chestnuts,  leaving  about 
5000  Oak  trees  still  standing  for  next  spring's  operations, 
when  the  whole  of  the  500  acres  will  have  been  dealt 
with.  Up  to  the  present  time  about  325  acres  have  been 
grubbed,  cleared,  drained,  and  fenced,  at  a  cost  of  rather 
more  than  ;^550o,  which  is  only  a  little  in  excess  of  the 
nett  sum  realized  by  the  sale  of  the  timber,  bark,  and 
underwood.  By  the  time  the  500  acres  have  been  wholly 
completed,  there  will  probably  be  a  balance  on  the  wrong 
side  of  nearly  ;^20oo,  including  expenses.  This,  wlien 
charged  on  the  estate  at  6  per  cent,,  will  be  paid  off  in 
31  years  by  a  rent-charge  of  55.  per  acre  per  annum. 

"The  soil  is  principally  a  tenacious  clay,  but  by  proper 


North  Riding,  Yorkshire  :  yaii.  17. — Extent  of 
farm,  600  acres.  One-half  in  grass.  Arable  cropped 
on  a  two  and  four-course  rotation — two-course  being 
com  and  root  crops,  alternately  ;  four-course,  roots, 
grain.  Clover,  Oats — £2  per  acre  of  artificial  manure 
being  used  for  roots  in  addition  to  yard  manure.  A 
flock  of  180  Shropshire  Down  ewes  kept,  and  their 
produce  sold  fat  at  from  12  to  16  months  old.  On  an 
average  150  head  of  cattle  kept,  viz.,  30  cows,  the 
produce  being  fattened  off  under  three  years  of  age. 
About  24  head  bought  in  spring  to  fatten  on  the 
grass.     (Description  to  be  continued.) 

South  Northumberland  :  Jan.  18.  —  Area, 
470  acres ;  under  plough,  320  acres.  Soil ;  dry 
Turnip  soil,  with  south  exposure.  Cropping  :  i,  one 
year's  seeds  ;  2,  two  years'  seeds  ;  3,  Oats  ;  4, 
Potatos,  Peas,  and  Mangels  ;  5,  Wheat  ;  6,  .Swedes 
.and  Turnips  ;  7,  Wheat  and  Barley  (sometimes  Barley 
instead  of  Oats  after  seeds).  Stocking  :  eight  scores 
half-bred  (Leicester-Cheviot)  ewes  and  their  lambs,  by 
Leicester  ram  —  other  sheep  bought,  according  to 
state  of  Turnip  crop  ;  60  Irish  heifers  grazed  and  as 
many  fed  as  the  Turnips  will  admit  of,  generally  from 
60  to  80,  and  40  to  50  wintered  on  steamed  straw  and 
rape-cake  (2  to  3  lb.). 
Jan.  II — Wet  during  night,  fine  day:  threshing  and  carting 
Swedes  from  storeheaps  to  Turnip-houses. 

,,     12 — Raw  frost  and  cold.     Ploughing  stubble. 

„     13— Fine  day.     Ploughing  stubble. 

,,     15 — Frost,  cloudy  and  raw.     Ditto. 

,,     16 — Fine.     Ploughing  stubble   and  delivering  grain   to 
market. 

,,     17- Fine.     Ploughing  stubble. 

General:  feeding  cattle  and  sheep,  cutting  hedges,  &c.; 
prospective  :  completing  stubble  and  lea  ploughing. 
A.   IV.  D. 

Wisbeach  District  :  Jan.  19. — The  Wheat  crop 
in  this  neighbourhood  is  unusually  backward — more  so, 
indeed,  than  has  been  known  for  years  ;  but  there 
appears  to  be  a  full  plant  on  the  land,  which  is  of  a 
healthy  colour,  and  the  mild,  damp  weather  we  are 
now  having  makes  it  grow  rapidly.  There  is  a  great 
abundance  of  roots  of  every  description,  and  the  crop 
of  Mangels  is  almost  entirely  unconsumed.  Beef  and 
mutton  are  making  great  prices,  and  the  numberof  fatting 
stock  is  somewhat  larger  than  usual  at  this  time,  owing 
to  the  abundance  of  roots  and  hay.  Lean  stock  of  all 
kinds  are  remarkably  dear — so  much  so,  indeed,  that 
farmers  have  ploughed  in  good  crops  of  Cole-seed  rather 
than  purchase  sheep  to  eat  it  off,  with  the  certainty  of 
losing  money  by  them.  The  price  of  wool  being  so 
high,  wUl  make  some  men  choose  an  earlier  date  than 
usual  for  clipping.  Breeding  ewes  on  grass  are  doing 
very  well.  Tillage  operations  are  generally  forward. 
Growers  of  Potatos  who  have  held  their  stocks  until 
this  time  are  busy  turning  them  over,  and  many  are 
being  sent  to  market,  tlie  prices  now  being  tolerably 
remunerative  to  those  who  had  a  fair  yield,  and  were 
fortunate  enough  to  escape  the  disease.  The  use  of  the 
threshing-machine  plainly  shows  the  yield  of  the 
Wheat  crop  of  1S71  to  l)e  sadly  deficient,  the  corn 
being  very  thin,  and  invariably  much  out  of  condition. 
Oats  yield  very  well.   N. 

East  Sussex :  Jan.  20. — The  weather  during 
the  last  three  weeks  has  been  unusually  wild,  bois- 
terous, and  wet,  during  which  time  horse  labour  on 
the  farm  has  been  almost  entirely  suspended  ;  con- 
sequently Wheat  sowing  is  not  yet  nearly  completed, 
and  a  great  deal  of  land  remains  unploughed.  Owing 
to  the  same  cause,  a  very  little  folding  on  the  root 
fields  has  been  going  on  ;  sheep,  however,  are  doing 
remarkably  well  (and  the  ewes  promise  a  good  crop 
of  lambs)  on  the  pastures  (where  there  is  still  a  good 
bile),  with  the  aid  of  a  few  Swedes,  and  a  plentiful 
supply  of  straw.  My  Swedes  are  principally  thrown 
up  in  heaps  of  two  cartloads  each,  as  they  were  pulled 
up,  and  covered  with  a  thin  coating  of  earth,  out  of 


which  they  come  perfectly  sound,  dry,  and  almost 
clean.  For  years  previous  to  this  winter  I  have  not 
given  my  stock  under  two  years  of  age  a  root,  and 
during  that  time  I  have  not,  till  this  winter,  lost  an 
animal  from  quarter-ill.  I  have  ordered  the  discontinu- 
ance of  the  use  of  them,  feeling  confident  that  to  this 
particularkindof  food  this  malady  is  attributable.  /K  T. 
Chatteris  :  yan.  20. — Thresh,  dress,  and  deliver 
Wheat ;  riddle  and  put  up  and  forward  Potatos  to  the 
London  market ;  clip  hedges ;  underdraining  with 
some  of  the  spare  hands  part  of  the  week  j  dig  out 
patches  of  Twitch  on  lands  designed  for  early  spring 
crops  ;  remove  manure  from  yard.  Weather  damp  and 
roads  bad  ;  a  little  frost  needed  to  enable  us  to  finish 
putting  manure  on  land  for  Onions,  &c.  A.  S.  R. 

North  Wilts  :  Jan.  22. — Size  of  farm  900  acres, 
half  pasture  and  half  meadow  ;  treated  as  two  farms, 
being  on  two  formations,  one  part  for  sheep,  the  other 
for  dairy  and  grazing ;  400  half-bred  ewes  kept,  130 
culled  every  year,  and  ewe  lambs  drafted  into  their 
place  ;  50  cows  milked,  a  few  being  pure-bred  :  only 
pure-bred  bulls  used.  During  past  week  the  weather 
has  been  unfavourable  for  outdoor  operations.  Horses 
bush-harrowing,  &c.  ;  labourers  engaged  with  thresh- 
ing-machine, chaff-cutting,  &c.  ;  cattle  fed  upon  roots, 
cake,  and  straw  ;  those  grazing  for  butcher  have  hay 
instead  of  straw  ;  fatting  tegs  on  roots  with  hay  and 
cake  ;  pigs  running  in  the  yards  have  wash  and  Mangel, 
— feeding  pigs,  barley  meal  and  roots,  &c.  E.  W.  AI. 

Chalk  Land  Farm,  Berkshire  :  Jan.  22. — The 
weather  during  the  last  week  has  been  so  unsettled 
that  very  little  work  could  be  done  on  the  farm.  The 
large  fall  of  rain  which  it  is  taking  place  will  be  very 
serviceable  in  the  summer  and  autumn,  and  could  not 
happen  at  a  better  time.  Soon,  however,  we  shall  be 
glad  of  a  cessation,  to  enable  us  to  proceed  with  the 
planting  of  Peas  and  Oats.   y.  H. 

The  Vale  of  Gloucester  :  Jan.  20. — Again  a 
very  unsatisfactory  report  of  the  week's  work,  but  by 
taking  advantage  of  the  weather,  ploughing  for  Wheat 
upon  the  Turnip  land  is  finished,  but  sowing  cannot 
be  done  until  we  have  a  few  dry  days  in  succession  ; 
now  ploughing  for  Peas  and  Beans  when  dry  enough 
for  the  teams  to  go  out,  which  is  about  half  time, 
consequently  work  is  getting  backward.  Draining  is 
now  finished,  and  hedge-cutting  nearly  so,  and  it  is 
difficult  to  find  remunerative  work  for  the  labourers  to 
do,  chalf-cuUing  and  grinding  only  requiring  about 
one  day  a-week.  Cattle  in  comfortable  yards,  wilh 
good  sheds,  are  doing  well  upon  straw  and  hay  chafl', 
with  a  few  roots, — better  perhaps  than  if  the  weather 
was  dry  and  cold. 

East  Lothian  ;  Jan.  22. — The  weather  during  the 
past  week  has  been  very  changeable,  high  winds  and 
showers  alternately.  Now,  however,  hard  frost  has 
set  in,  which  bids  fair  to  stop  all  ploughing  if  it 
continues.  The  work  done  on  the  farm  this  past  week 
has  been  mostly  ploughing  stubble  that  has  been 
manured  for  Potatos,  at  the  rate  of  25  tons  per  acre, 
ploughing  grass  land  for  Oats,  picking  Potatos  for 
Newcastle  market,  threshing  Wheat  for  straw  for 
cattle.  Beans  for  straw  for  horses,  ewes,  and  feeding 
sheep  ;  carting  100  qr.  of  grain  to  station,  and  picking 
up  shells  of  Turnips  where  sheep  have  been  folded  on 
the  Turnip  lands.  This  week  the  work  likely  to  be 
done,  is  spreading  manure  on  stubbles  for  Polatos, 
Beans,  and  Tares  ;  carting  same  out  of  cattle  courts, 
storing  Turnips  for  cattle,  if  weather  permits  ;  thresh- 
ing Wheat  and  Beans,  picking  Potatos,  and  carting 
road-scrapings  ;  also  ploughing  stubble,  grass  land,  and 
Potato  land,  if  the  frost  gives  way.  Wheat  (young) 
still  looking  well,  and  no  appearance  of  rot-fly.  H.  B. 
West  Gloucester  :  Jan.  23. — Farm  work  at  a 
standstill ;  all  we  can  do  is  to  attend  well  to  the  live 
stock,  for  they  really  require  extra  attention  this  very 
wet  weather  to  keep  them  in  anything  like  comfort. 
J.  ]V. 

Herefordshire  :  Jan.  23.  —  Heavy  rains,  with  al- 
ternate sunshine  and  slight  frost,  have  again  charac- 
terised the  weather  of  the  past  week.  The  Wheat 
plant  is  generally  looking  well  ;  abund.ance  of  food  for 
stock  with  deficient  stock  is  everywhere  observable. 
The  weather  is  most  unfavourable  for  threshing,  and 
but  little  is  being  done.  Cleansing  water-courses, 
clearing  up  roadways,  clearing  hedge-butts,  laying 
hedges,  straightening  old  hedge-rows,  planting  new; 
pruning  orchards,  turning  manure  and  compost  heaps, 
cleaning  Swedes,  constitute  the  work  of  the  week. 
Although  a  great  abundance  of  rain  has  fallen,  the 
Wye  has  not  overflown  its  banks,  but  its  tributaries 
have  flooded  many  of  the  other  valleys  of  the  county.  D, 
North  Riding  of  Yorkshire  :  "Jan.  23. — Unsettled 
weather  yet  prevails.  Week's  work  has  consisted  of  a 
little  lea  ploughing  and  one  day's  cartage  of  manure 
from  the  folds.  Season  most  adverse  to  sheep  on 
Turnips,  and  we  fear  the  increase  of  weight  will  not  at 
all  prove  in  proportion  to  the  food  consumed.  In 
addition  to  cut  Swedes,  our  hoggets  are  receiving  a 
mixture  of  hay  and  straw  chaff  and  4  lb.  each  of  linseed 
cake. 

West  Sussex  :  Jan.  23. — The  weather  being  very 
wet,  a  good  deal  of  the  work  is  to  get  the  stock  sup- 
plied ;  Turnips  have  to  be  drawn  out  to  the  meadows 
for  the  sheep,  and  as  they  lie  so  much  in  the  yards  or 
on  the  pastures  they  have  a  tendency  to  gel  lame  on 
low  lying  lands.  But  still  lambing  goes  on  all  right. 
There  will  now  be  a  danger  of  working  the  land  too 
I  soon,  for  it  will  take  a  long  time  to  be  fit  for  the  plough. 


January  27,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners*   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


129 


and  it  is  rather  annoying  to  have  to  wait  until  it  is  dry 
enough  to  work  safely.  But  we  have  to  refuse  the 
"stitch  in  time"  and  practise  patience  if  we  do  not 
wish  to  make  extra  and  unsatisfactory  work  for  the 
summer.  There  is  no  chance  of  the  plough  being  at 
work  for  another  week,  and  we  shall  soon  be  rather 
behind.   G.  S. 


Notices  to   Correspondents. 

Common  Bkre.  Though  unable  to  answer  the  particular 
question  put  by  the  Earl  of  Essex  at  p.  94,  regarding 
the  tendency  of  this  variety  to  grow  grass  instead  of 
seed,  wc  quote  from  the  Cyclopaedia  of  Agriculture 
the  following  particulars  as  to  other  points  named : — 
The  average  length  of  the  straw  of  common  Bere  is 
3  feet  3  inches,  and  of  the  ear  ql\  inches.  The  average 
number  of  grains  in  each  car  is  47.  The  grains  are 
smaller  and  more  elongated  than  those  of  two-rowed 
Barley,  and  the  awns  are  long,  tough,  and  persistent, 
adhering  with  great  tenacity  to  the  grains.  Bere  is 
cultivated  principally  in  tlie  Highlands  of  Scotland  as  a 
spring  crop.  When  sown  before  winter,  as  is  generally 
the  case  in  Ireland,  the  crop  is  ready  to  be  cut  about 
the  middle  or  end  of  July.  Sown  in  spring  [late  in 
March]  Bere  ripens  in  ordinary  years  about  the  second 
week  of  August.  When  Bere  is  cultivated  on  good 
land,  situated  in  an  early  chmate,  the  produce  is  often 
greater  than  that  yielded  by  the  two-rowed  Barley  ; 
yet,  notwithstanding  this,  the  price  which  it  fetches  is 
so  much  lower,  that  the  gross  return  per  acre  is  less  ; 
while,  at  the  same  time,  the  labour  of  threshing  and 
cleaning  the  grain  is  greater.  It  is  only  on  high-lying, 
late  districts,  that  the  cultivation  of  Bere  is  profitable. 
The  produce  per  acre  on  land  thus  situated  seldom 
exceeds  :.S  or  30  bush,  per  acre,  or  the  weight  per 
bushel  47  lb. 

Poultry  :  Lindsay.    Next  week. 

Trifoltum:  Lindsay.  There  are  Clover  seed  machines 
for  the  purpose  of  threshing  out  Clover  seed.  But,  if 
you  have  not  got  one,  the  common  threshing-machine 
will,  if  the  Clover  be  passed  more  than  once  through 
it,  take  out  most  of  the  seed. 


Red., 
Red., 


51—69 
38—40 
28—31 
20 — 23 
25-27 
24—26 
22 — 26 
31—33 

34—49 

40—44 
39—41 


Red. 


MARK    LANE. 
Monday,  Jan.  32. 

The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this  morning's  market 
was  limited,  and  the  condition  generally  very  bad  ;  the 
few  dry  samples  on  offer  sold  readily  at  the  extreme  prices 
of  this  day  se'nnight,  but  inferior  ones  were  very  unsale- 
able. There  was  a  good  attendance,  and  a  moderate 
demand  for  Russian  and  American  at  late  rates.  English 
Barley  was  \s.  per  qr.  dearer,  foreign  fully  as  dear.  Beans 
and  Peas  were  unchanged  in  value.  The  Oat  trade  was 
slow,  at  last  week's  prices.  Flour  steady,  without 
change. 

Price  per  imperial  Quarter, 
Wheat,    Essex,  Kent,  Suffolk.  .White  55—60 

—  fine  selected  runs do.  58 — 62 

—  Talavera -  60 — 64 

—  Norfolk    

—  Foreign    

Barlev,  grind&dist.,26j  t0  3i^..Chev. 

—  Foreign.. grinding  and  distilling 
Oats.  Essex  and  Suffolk  ...    

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire.  .Potato 

—  Irish Potato 

—  Foreign  ......  Poland  and  Brew 

Rye 

Rve-meal,   Foreign  

Beans,  Mazagan . . . . 32J'.  to  34^. ..Tick 

—  Pigeon 37^.  to  585.  ..Winds 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  White,  Essex,  and  Kent. .  Boilers 

—  -     Maple,  — s.  to  — s Grey 

Maize 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered,  .per  sack 

—  2d  ditto  ditto  40 — 42  i;ountry  ,.'40 — 42 

—  Foreign per  barrel  24 — 28  Per  sack. .  I38  — 60 

Wednesday,  Jan.  24. 
The  continuance  of  mild  open  weather,  accompanied  by 
frequent  rains,  has  had  a  depressing  effect  upon  the 
grain  trade,  and  there  was  very  little  doing  here  to-day  in 
any  kind  of  produce.  Supplies  of  English  Wheat  were 
short,  and  the  condition  was  much  affected  by  the 
weather,  all  the  samples  having  deteriorated  more  or 
less.  The  market  was  well  supplied  with  foreign  Wheat. 
Trade  ruled  very  quiet  for  all  qualities,  and  the  quotations 
were  unchanged  in  the  absence  of  important  business. 
Grinding  Barley  sold  slowly  at  the  late  decline  ;  malting 
was  not  inquired  after  to  any  great  extent.  Oats  were  in 
fair  supply,  but  somewhat  out  of  condition  ;  prices,  how- 
ever, were  without  change.  Maize  changed  hands  quietly 
on  Monday's  terms.  Beans  and  Peas  were  altogether 
neglected. 

Arrivals  of  Grain,  &c.,  into  London  by  Water  Carriage. 


Malting  .. 
Malting  . , 

Feed  .... 
Feed  .... 
Feed  .... 
Foreign  . , 

Harrow  , , 
Longpod  , 
Egyptian, 
Suffolk  ., 
Foreign  . 
Foreign  . , 


33—38 


20 — 22 
14— 1 9 


34—49 

33—34 
41—44 
36—44 

J32— 35 


English  & 
Scotch.. 
Irish 

Foreign  . . 


Qrs. 
160 


4060 


Barley. 


Qrs. 


Gate. 


Qrs. 
21,960 


2i,6qo 


(     _ 

1    1450  brls. 


Liverpool,  Jan.  23. — There  was  a  fair  attendance, 
but  only  a  limited  business  was  done  in  Wheat,  at  lower 
prices  than  Friday,  or  at  a  decline  of  o.d.  to  -^d.  per 
cental  on  the  week.  Flour  dd.  per  barrel  and  is.  per  sack 
lower.  Beans  rather  dearer,  but  not  in  much  request. 
Peas  firmer.  Indian  Com  in  fair  demand,  at  reduced 
rates  ;  new  mixed  American,  30J.  to  30J.  3^. ;  old,  30J.  30'. 
to  30J.  6i/.  per  480  lb. 


Wheat. 

Barley. 

Oals. 

Dec.  16  .. 

—  30  .. 
Jnn.     6  .. 

—  13   . . 

—  20  . . 

56*  i<l 
55    S 
55     4 

54  II 

55  \ 
55     8 

yis  lit 
36     Q 
36     5 
36     8 

36  II 

37  2 

22JIO(^ 

23     0 

23      0 
22      2 
22      9 
22      6 

Average 

55     6 

36  10 

22      7 

METROPOLITAN  CATTLE  MARKET. 
Monday,  Jan.  22. 
We  have  a  fair    supply  of  Beasts,  both  as  regards 
numbers  and  quality.     Our  trade  is  very  dull,  and  prices 
are  lower,   our  top   quotations  being   only   reached  for 
choicest   descriptions  :    several    lots   of    inferior    remain 
unsold.     The  supply  of  Sheep  is  also  good  ;  there  is  also 
a  fair  demand,  and  prices  are  quite  as  good  as  last  week. 
The  Calf  trade  is  not  quite  so  brisk,  there  being  a  few 
more  on  offer  ;  choice  ones,  however,  are  not  much  lower. 
Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  940  Beasts,   5340  Sheep, 
and    77   Calves ;    from   Scotland  there   are  200   Beasts  ; 
from  Ireland,  200  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  noo  ;   and 
530  from  the  Midland  and  Home  Counties. 

s.  d.    s.  d.  I  !■  d.    s.  d. 

Rest      Long-wools     6    6to6     8 
Do.  Shorn  . .        . .  —  . . 

Ewes  &  2d  quality    4    8—5    4 
Do.  Shorn  . .       . .  —  . . 

Lambs       . .         . .       . .  —   . . 

Calves        ..  ..4     8—6     S 

Piss  . .  .  •     4    o — 5     o 

Beasts,  2970  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  15.930  ;  Calves,  97  ;  Pigs,  90. 
Thursday,  Jan.  25. 
We  have  a  smaller  number  of  Beasts  on  offer  than  on 
last  Thursday,  yet  it  exceeds  the  demand,  and  Monday's 
quotations   are  with  difficulty  realised.     The  supply  of 
Sheep  is  about  an   usual  one ;    the  trade  is  excessively 
dull,  and  a  clearance  cannot  be  effected.     Choice  Calves 
are  scarce,    and  make  high   prices.     There  are  only  30 
Milch  Cows  on  offer  ;  the  trade  for  them  is  rather  better 
than  last   week.      Our  foreign   supply  consists  of  500 
Beasts,  2450  Sheep,  and  60  Calves. 

s.  d,    s,  d.  s.  d.   s.  d. 

Best  Scots,  Here-  Best    Long-wools     6    6to6    8 

fords,  &c.         ..     5    4t05    6    Do.  Shorn  ..       ..  —  .. 

Best  Shorthorns  . .     5     2—5     4     Ewes  &  2d  quality     4     S— 5     4 
2d   quality  Beasts    3    8—4    8    Do.  Shorn  ..       ..  —  .. 

Best    Downs    and  Lambs       —  . . 

Half-breds       ..     6    8—6  10    Calves       ..        ..     48-70 

Do.  Shorn  . .       . .  —  . .       Pigs  . .         . .     4    o— 5    o 

Dcaats,  yso  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  4S20 ;  Calves,  91  ;  Pigs,  12. 


Best  Scots,    Here- 

fords,  &c.          . .     5 

4'05 

Best  Shorthorns  . .     5 

2—5 

2d  quality  Beasts       3 

8-4 

Best    Downs    and 

Half-brcds        . .     6 

8-7 

Do.  Shorn 

HA  y. — Per  Load  0/^6  Trusses. 

Smithfield,  Thursday,  Jan.  25. 

Prime  MeadowHay,  Sos.togos.     Clover,  old     ..      .  .xi5S.toi2os. 

Inferior  do 60        70        Inferior  do 70         90 

Rowen     40        65        Prime  2d  cut  do.     ..    —         — 

Inferior  do --        —        Inferior  do —         — 

Straw       30         38 

CuMiiERLAND  MARKET,  Thursday,  Jan.  25. 


Sup.  Meadow  Hay  gzs.tojoos. 

Inferior  do 70  84 

New  do.         . .      ..  —  — 

Inferior  do,   . .      . .  —  — 

Superior  Clover  ..118        130 


Inferior  Clover      ,.  845.10  ro8j-. 
Prime  2d  cut  do.  . .  —  — 

New  do —  — 

Straw      40  45 

Joshua  Baker. 


METROPOLITAN  MEAT  MARKET,  Jan.  25. 

Best  Fresh  Butter         195.  per  dozen  lb. 

Second  do.  do.  ..  -.         •■     "^l^-         .. 

Small   Pork,  4^.    i,d.  to  4^.    8./.  :  Large  Pork,  3^.  ^d.  to 
3i-.  2>d.  per  8  lb. 


ENGLISH  WOOL. 


The  upward  tendency  still  continues,  and  is  shared  in 
by  foreign  of  almost  every  class.  East  India  Wool,  the 
public  sales  of  which  commenced  at  Liverpool  yesterday, 
realised  an  advance  of  2.d.  to  5^/.  per  lb.  on  the  rates  of 
the  last  November  auction,  and  competition  at  this 
advance  is  very  keen. 


HOPS. 
Borough  Maricet,  Jan.  25. 
Messrs.  Pattcnden  &  Smith  report  an  improved  de- 
mand for  iSjr's,  both  English  and  foreign,  at  rather 
higher  rates  than  this  day  week.  Stocks  are  in  a  very 
reduced  state.  Currency  :— Mid  and  East  Kents,  ^9  9J. 
to  £\2.  IIS.;  do.,  choice  Goldings.  ^1^14  to  £\^  ;  Weald 
Kents,  fj>  \os.  to  ^^lo ;  Sussex,  £-7  155.  to  /g  9J. 

SEED  MARKET, 
Our  markets  have  not  as  yet  begun  to  exhibit  much 
activity.  There  is  now  a  considerable  quantity  of 
American  red  Clover  in  London,  but  the  absence  of  any 
strong  demand  tends  to  weaken  values  ;  this,  however, 
applies  almost  entirely  to  secondary  qualities.  White 
Clover  is  in  good  request,  and  realises  more  money  ; 
higher  quotations  for  this  description  are  reported  from 
Germany.  Trefoil  is  firm  but  quiet.  For  imported 
Itahan  the  demand  is  for  the  moment  slow.  ^  Perennial 
Rye-grasses  continue  to  creep  up  in  price.  Canary  seed 
is  the  turn  cheaper.  Hemp  without  alteration.  Blue 
Peas  are  still  a  dull  trade.  Mustard  and  Rape  seed  also 
meet  with  httle  attention. 

John  Shaw  &  Sons,  Seed  Merchants, 
37,  Mark  Lane,  London,  E.G. 


COALS.— Jan.  24. 
Holywell  Main,  20^.;  Walls  End  Tees,  22s.;  Brancepeth 
Cannel,    19J.    6rf.— Ships    at   market,    12  ;    sold,  12 ;  at 
sea,  15. 


Indestructible  Terra-Cotta  Plant  Marlcers. 

MAW  AND  CO.'S  PATENT.— Prices,  Printed 
Patterns,  and  Specimens  sent  post  free  on  application ;  also 
Paiterns  of  Ornamental  Tile  Pavements  for  Conservatories,  Entrance 
Halls,  &c.         MAW  and  CO..  Benthall  Works,  Broselcy. 

LABELS,    LABELS.— PARCHMENT    or    CLOTH 
LABELS — Tree  or  Plant  Labels,  punched  parchment,  4  inches 
long,  4s.  per  1000,  or  10,000  for  351.,  cash  on  deliver>'.     Sample  Label 
sent  on  receipt  of  a  postage  stamp.    Orders  delivered  free  in  Lf.ndnn  by 
JOHN    FISHER  AN'D  Co.,  LnboUV<,rks,  i;..sinn,  I.inr..Inshire._ 

The  Opening  of  Parliament  and  the  London  Season. 

NOBLEMEN,  CENTLEMEN,  and  MEMHKUSof  PARLIAMENT 
having  their  CUT  FLOWERS.  FRUIT.  VEGETAULES,  &c., 
forwarded  to  their  TOWN   HOUSES,  should  USE 

CHAPMAN'S  PATENT  WATER  TUBE  TRANS- 
MISSION CASES,  pronounced  by  the  Koyal  Horticultural 
Society  "  the  best  now  in  use." 

These  Cases  are  now  reduced  in  price  for  cash,  and  can  be  obtained 
from  the  Agents  or  Patentee,  GlouceBtcr,  to  whom  all  communications 
should  be  addressed. 

Intendin^j  Exhibitors  in  the  Patent  Cases  should  give  their  orders 
at  once,  to  insure  the  Paint  and  Varnish  being  thoroughly  dry. 

The  No.  13,  The  "MALTON"  Plant,  Flower,  &c.  Protector, 
Varnished,  packed  and  forwarded  on  the  receipt  of  8j.,  in  postage 
stamps,  or  order  — Gloucester,  January  17. 

KUSSIA    MATS,    for  Covering  Garden  Frames. — 
ANDERSON'S    TAGANROG   MATS    are  the   cheapest   and 
most  durable.     Price  List,  which  gives  the  size  of  every  class  of  Mat, 
forwarded  post  free  on  application. 
JAS.  T.  ANDERSON,  7,  Commercial  Street,  Shoreditch,  London. 

RUSSIA  MATS.— A  large  stock  of  Archangel  and 
Petersburg,  for  Covering  and  Packing.  Second  sized  Arch- 
angel, roos. ;  Petersburg,  60s,  and  8as.  ;  superior  close  Mat,  455.,  SOJ., 
and  55s.  ;  packing  Mats,  20s,,  305.,  and  351.  per  roo;  and  every  other 
description  of  Mats  at  equally  low  prices,  at 

J.  BLACKBURN  and  SONS,  Russia  Mat  and  Sack  Warehouse, 
4  and  5,  Wormwood  Street,  E.G. 

T.^ARCHER'S  "^^l^RIGI    DOMO."— Patronised 
•     and  used  for  Frogmoreand  KewGardens.     It  is  made  entirely 
of  prepared  wool,  and  a  perfect  non-conductor  of  heat  or  cold  where  it 
is  applied. 

PROTECTION  AGAINST  the  COLD  WINDS  and  MORNING 

FROSTS. 

WOOL  NETTING,  z  yards  wide  and  is.  6d.  per  yari 

"FRIGI  DOMO"  CANVAS." 

Two  yards  wide is.  lod.  per  yard. 

Three  yards  wide 2S.  lod.  per  yard. 

Four  yards  wide 31.  lod.  per  yard. 

SCRIM  CANVAS,  72  inches  wide,  yoyardslong,  sJ^d.  toSJ^rf.  p.  yard. 
HESSIAN  CANVAS,  do.,  do.,  54  and  72  indies  wide,  6Ud.  and 
8Hd.  per  yard. 

ELISHA  T.  ARCHER,  Only  Maker  of '*  Frigi  Domo,"  3,  Cannon 
Street,  City,  E.C. ;  and  of  all  Seedsmen  in  London  or  the  Country. 
NOTICE.— Removed  from  7.  Great  Trinity  Lane. 

Bosher's  Garden  Edging  Tiles. 

piiiiiiiiiiiiii     liiiiiiiiiiif     MPiiiiii     iSi'iiBllil 

THE  above  and  many  other  PATTERNS  are  made  in 
materials  of  great  durability.      The  plainer  sorts  are  especially 

suited    for   KITCHEN    GAR- 

^S^DENS,     as    they    harbour    no      .         .^   ^ 

Slugs  or  Insects,  take  up  little       V^"-"'--^i.'^ 
room,    and,     once     put    down, 
incur  no  further  labour  or  ex- 
^.        Miw  pense,  as  do    "grown"    Edg-  J^ 

v^ ■  JjyJjSb.  'ngs,  consequently  being  much 

^tj       ___i  cheaper. 

GARDEN  VASES,  FOUNTAINS,  &c,  in  Artificial  Stone,  very 
durable  and  of  superior  finish,  and  in  great  variety  of  design. 

F   AND  G.  KOSHER,  Manufacturers,  Upper  Ground  Street,  Black- 
friars, S.E.j  Queen's  Road  West,  Chelsea,  S.W.;  Kingsland  Road,  E. 
Aeents  for  LOOKER'S  PATENT  "ACME  FRAMES,"  PLANT 
COVERS    and    PROPAGATING    BOXES  ;     also    for   FOXLEV'S 
PATENT  BEADED  GARDEN  WALL  BRICKS. 

Illustrated  Price  Lists  free  by  post.     The  Trade  supplied. 

ORNAMENTAL  PAVING  TILES  for  Conservatories, 
Halls,  Corridors,  Balconies,  &c.,  from  3*.  per  square  yard 
upwards.  Pattern  Sheets  of  pleiin  or  more  elaborate  designs,  with 
prices,  sent  for  selection. 

WHITE  GLAZED  TILES,  for  Lmme  Walls  of  Dames,  Larders, 
Kitchen  Ranges,  Baths,  &c.   Grooved  and  other  Stable  Paving  of  great 
durability,  Wall  Copings,  Drain  Pipes  and  Tiles  of  all  kinds.  Roofing 
Tiles  in  great  variety.  Slates,  Cements,  &c. 
F.andG.  ROSHER,  Brick  and  Tile  Merchants.— See  addresses  above. 

SILVER   SAND,    fine  or  coarse  grain  as  desired. 
Fine  14J.,  Coarse  171.  per  Ton.    In  Truck  Loads  11.  per  Ton  less. 
Delivery  by  Cart  within  three  miles,  or  to  any  London  Railway  or 

Wharf,  2i.  per  Ton  extra.     Samples  of  Sand  free  by  post.  

FLINTS  and  BRICK  BURRS  for  Rockeries  or  Femenes.    KENT 
PEAT  or  LOAM  supplied  at  lowest  rates  in  any  quantities. 
F.  AND  G.  ROS  H  ER.— Addresses  see  above. 
N.B.    Orders  promptly  executed  by  Rail  or  to  Wharves. 

A  liberal  discount  to  tne  Trade. 

Hortictdtural  and  "Window'Glass  Wareliouses. 

JAMES    MILES.    6,    High  Street,   and  12  and 
n,  Blosson  Street,  Shoreditch,  London,  E. 
CONSEkVATORY  and  ORCHARD-HOtJSE  GLASS. 

Genuine   White  Lead.   Oils,   Colours,  Brushes,  Gfc. 
GARDEN  ENGINES.  PUMPS,  SYRINGES,  INDIA-RUBBER 
HOSE,  TAPS,  CONNECTIONS,  Sic. 

Prices  upon  application. 

AMES        PHILLIPS       AND        C  O. 
beg  to  submit  their  prices  as  follows  :— 
GLASS  for  ORCHARD  HOUSES, 
As  supplied  by  them  to   Mr.  Rivers,   to   the   Royal   Horticultural 
Society,  and  to  most  of  the  Nobility,  Clergy,  and  Gentlemen  of  the 
United  Kingdom.  ,  ,       .  . 

Each  Box  contains  100  feet.     The  prices  only  apply  to  the  sues  stated. 
SQUARES  20  by  12,  20  by  13,  20  by  14,  20  by  15,  20  by  16,  20  by  18. 
16  oz.  to  the  foot.  21  01. 

Fourth  quality  ..         . .     15J.  Oif 20J.  od. 

Third  quality i8j,  od 2:^5.  od 

Seconds  20s.  cd 281.  od 

English 22r.  erf. 3°*-  T; 

The  "above  prices  include  the  boxes,  which  are  not  returnable. 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS. 

Stock  sizes,  16-oz,,  in  100  feet  boxes,  boxes  included. 

These  prices  only  apply  to  the  sues  stated. ^^ 

I  I  j  4ths.  srds.        ands.      Best. 

11  by  g'i2  by  9  13  by   9  14  by   g)     i.    d.       s.    d.        s.    d.     s.    d. 

12  by  rOj  13  by  10  14  by  10  15  by  10  )■   14    o       16    o       i3    o       19    o 

13  by  ij'r4  by  11        ..       |       ..       ) 

14  by  12]  15  by  12  15  by  11  16  by  11  ^ 
18  by  12' II)  by  12  ib  by  12  17  by  12/ 

16  by  I3'i7  by  i3!2o  by  I2j        ..        V   ig    o        18    o        20    o       22    o 

16  by  14^20  by  13 1 18  by  13        ..        \ 

17  by  I4'i8  by  i4'2o  by  14'       ..       -' 

SMALL  SHEET  SOUARES    (in  100  feet  Boxes). 

by  4       6%  by  jK       7 V  5       7ji  by  SHX  j^s  6d. 

by  2       S^A  by  1%       9  by  7       9*^  by  7S  /     "  T^ 

10  by  8      ial'2  by  S'^        . .     131.  od. 

Boxes  2J,  each,  returnable  at  full  price. 

London     Agents     for     HARTLEY'S     IMPROVED     PATENT 

ROUGH  PLATE. 

LINSEED  OIL,  Genuine  WHITE  LEAD,  CARSON'S  PAINTS. 
PAINTS  of  various  colours  ground  ready  for  use. 

SHEET  and  ROUGH  PLATE  GLASS,  SLATES  of  all  siies, 
BRITISH  PLATE,  PATENT  PLATE,  ROLLED  PLATE, 
CROWN,  SHEET,  HORTICULTURAL,  ORNAMENTAL, 
COLOURED,  and  every  description  of  GLASS,  of  the  best  Manu- 
facture, at  the  lowest  terms.  Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates 
forwarded  on  application  to 
IAS.  PHILLIPS  AND  CO.,  180,  Bishopsgale  Street  Without,  E.C. 


I30 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle  and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


rjanuary  27,   1S72. 


BE'^RD'S     PATENT     NON  CONDUCTING    ind 
XFNTIL\TING  MET  \LLIC   GLAbS  H    I  SEb   \    11    pro  e 
cheaper   h  d 


H.S 


:^-c"W'-'^' 


'rt^lk 


rffi     "■      M'ijjt 


All  lovers  of  Wall  Fruit  and  del  cate  Flowers  should  ha\e  a  p  ece  of 

BEARD'S  PATENT  IRON-FRAMED  GLASS 
or  SLATE  WALLS. 


Full  particulars  rf  the  ab  \(.  niaj  be  had  for  a  stamped  envelope, 
also  Illustrated  C  Vr  \.I  OtjUE,  price  is    of 

CHARLES  15FARD,  Patentee,  Horticultural  Engineer,  Victoria 
Works,  ISury-  St.  Fdmuids 


u. 

'3b, 

-:x;4;|^|-..iir<''- 

'"'^DB||u|| 

;:_:.#S 

/  4.l;l::LNUuL:bL^^  U-uia  ilic  I'lXSBURY  STEAM 
yjf  JOINERY  WORKS,  121,  Bunhill  Row,  London,  E.C. 
W.  H.  LASCELLES,  Proprietor.     Lists  sent  on  application. 

Prices  for  Houses,  asabove,  made  of  best  red  deal,  and  sashes  a  inches 

thick,  glazed  with  16  oz.  good  sheet  glass,  delivered  and   fixed  within 

JO  miles  of  London,  painted  four  coats  in  best  oil  colour,  including 

locks,  gutter,  down-pipe,  and  gearinfj  for  opening  the  ventilators  at 

one  time, — heating,  staging,   brickwork  not  mcluaed  : — 

so  (t  by  12  ft.        40  ft.  by  16  ft.        60  ft.  by  20  ft.        100  ft.  by  24  ft. 

i£40    00  i;79    o    0  £132    o    o  £23,3  10    o 

GARDEN  LIGHTS  AND  BOXES. 

3  ft.  by  4  ft.  lights,  2  in.  thick,  unglazcd 

„  ,,    glazed,  t6-oz.  good  sheet  glass 

6  ft     II  ,,    2  in,  thick,  unglazcd 

„  „  glazed,  16  oz,  good  sheet  glass  . . 

Portable  box  containing  one  6  ft.  by  4  ft,  light,  painted  four 

coats,  ready  for  use        . .  

Portable  box  containing  two  ditto,  6  ft.  by  8  ft.  . .        . ,    55s. 

Estimates  given  for  Conservatories  or  Greenhouses  to  any  Design. 


2s.  each 


IOS. 


JONES'S     PATENT      "DOUBLE     L "    SADDLE 
BOILER. 


These  Boilers  possess  all  the  advantages  of  the  old  Saddle  Boiler. 
with  the  following  improvements,  viz,,  the  waier-space  at  back  ana 
overtop  of  saddle  increases  the  heatmg  surface  to  such  an  extent 
that  a  "Patent  Double  L  Saddle  Boiler"  will  do  about  twice  the 
amount  of  work  with  the  same  quantity  of  fuel  ;  the  cost  of  selling  is 
also  considerably  reduced,  and  likewise  the  space  occupied ;  at  the 
same  time  these  Boilers  are  simple  in  construction,  and,  being  made 
of  wrought  iron,  are  not  liable  tocrack.  They  are  made  of  the  following 
sizes : — 


Sizes, 

To  heat  of 
4-iii   ripe. 

Price. 

Hi^h. 

Wide, 

Long. 

Feet. 

jC    ^-d. 

20  in, 
20  ,1 

l3in. 
iS  „ 

18  in. 
24  >> 

300 

500 
600 

20    „ 

18  „ 

30  „ 

700 

34    ti 

24  .1 

24  .. 

700 

800 

24   » 

24  1. 

35  „ 

850 

10     0     0 

24  ». 

24  i> 

36  „ 

1,000 

12    0    0 

li" 

=^;; 

&: 

;;S 

20    0    0 

30 .1 

30 .. 

n  „ 

2,600 

36  „ 

36  „ 

96  „ 

4.500 

50    0    0 

48  „ 

48  „ 

108  „ 

7,000 

75    0    0 

4a ,. 

48  „ 

■44   >, 

10,000 

100    0    0 

And  are  kept  in  Stock  and  sold  only  by  the  Inventors  and  Patentees, 

Jones  &  So 

N'S. 

Price  Lists  of  HOT-WATER  PIPES  and  Connections,  with 
Boilers,  of  all  sizes  and  shapes  ;  or  ESTIMATES  for  HOT-WATER 
APPARATUS,  erected  complete,  will  be  sent  on  application. 

J.  JONES  AND  SONS,  Iron  Merchants,  6,  Bankside,  aouthwark, 
London,  S.£. 


W^^ 


rpi 


Portable  and  Fixed  Hot-water  Apparatus 

FOR 

HEATING 

CONSERVATORIES, 

HOTHOUSES, 

CHURCHES, 

PUBLIC  BUILDINGS, 

PRIVATE  RESIDENCES, 

&c. 

RL    b    I  VILNI    UNIVERSAL   FLEXIBLE  and 

LEMvLLSS  PIPE  JUINF  ^nd  PATENT  CRACKLESS 
EXP  \NSION  JOINTED  TUBULAR  BOILERS,  of  a  VARIETY 
of  I  JRMb  rOPTVBI  E  or  for  BPICKWORK  SETTING,  They 
are  tl  e  MOST  VOW  ERFUL  ^  h  1st  ONLY  CONSUMING  HALF 
the  HEL  of  OIHLR  LC  II  EI  S  PORTABLE  BOILERS,  to 
HL\1  ANY  LENG1H  of  PIIING;  and  ANY  PERSON  can 
lAKE  these  BOILCPS  as  also  the  PIPES,  APART,  and 
bPEEDILY  PUT  THEM  TOGETHER  AGAIN. 

T  S  Truss  begs  to  state  that  the  immense  number  of  APPA- 
R^TLS  annually  Des  gncd  and  Erected  by  him  in  all  parts  of  the 
K  ngdom  3  d  for  tl  c  Pojal  Hort  cultural  Society  at  South  Kensington 
and  Chiswi(,k,  with  unri\ ailed  satisfaction,  is  a  guarantee  for  skill  of 
design,  superior  materials,  and  good  workmanship ;  while  the  great 
advantage  obtained  by  his  Improved  System  cannot  be  over-estimated, 
consisting  of  perfectly  tight  joints  with  neatness  of  appearance ;  eflects 
a  saving  of  25  per  cent,  on  cost  of  Apparatus  erected  compared  with 
other  systems  ;  facility  for  extensions,  alterations  or  removals  without 
injury  to  Pipes  or  Joints;  easily  and  expeditiously  erected;  and  per- 
fectncss  of  design  supplied,  insuring  no  extras. 


BATH  and  GAS  WORK  ERECTED  in  TOWN  or  COUNTRY. 
The  Trade  supplied. 


Price  Lists,  Plans,  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application  to 

T.  S.  TRUSS,  C,E.,  Sole  Manufacturer, 

Consulting   Horticultural   Engineer,   Iron    Merchant,   Hot-water  and 

Steam  Apparatus  Manufacturer, 


HOT-WATER  APPARATUS 

erected  Complete,  or  the  Materials  supplied  for  He,nting 
i«,^,^,A  r.,„r.7  GREENHOUSES,  'fuhular  Boiler. 

iviptozci  Conical  HOTHOUSES, 

CONSERVATORIES, 
CHURCHES, 
PUBLIC    BUILDINGS,  &c, 
HOT-WATER  PIPES  at  whole- 
sale prices  ;     Elbows,    T  Pieces, 
S^phjns,  and  every  ol her  connec- 
tion kept  in  stock. 

WROUGHT  and  CAST-IRON 
CONICAL,  SADDLE,  and 

IMPROVED  CONICAL, 
1I  o  Elliptic,  Boilers,  from  2.\s.  each 
Improved  and  extra  strong  CAST-IRON  TUBULAR  BOILERS, 
with  or  without  Water  Bars,  from  521.  G(f.  each. 

CAST  and  WROUGHT-IRON  PORTABLE  BOILERS,  on  Stand, 
for  use  without  brickwork,  from  601.  each. 
i^.  ,   ui    u   -,  Patent      THROTTLE      and      other     VALVES, 

FoUabU  Boiler.    puRNACE     DOORS,     BARS,     and    FURNACE 
WORK  of  everj' description  and  size. 

INDIA-RUBBER      RINGS     for     Pipe    Jomts  ; 
Sockets  require  no  other  packing, 
and  are  perfectly  water-tight. 

Goods,  of  the  very  best  manu- 
facture, delivered  at  Railway  or 
Wharf  in  London. 

LYNCH  WHITE, 

Old  Barge  Iron  Wharf,  Upper 
Ground  Street,  London.S.E,  (Surrey 
side  Blackfriars  Bridge).     Price  List  on  application, 


Secure  your  Peaches  by  Covering  your  Walls 

UlTH 

QIR      J.       PAXTON'S       HOTHOUSES 
^  FOR    THE    MILLION, 

Which  are  cheap,  substantial,  and  portable,  and  effectually 
protect  Peaches  and  Wall  Fruit  against  spring  frosts,  without 
artificial  heat.     Reduced  Price  List  still  adhered  to, 

HEREMAN  and  MORTON, 
14,  Tichborne  Street,  Regent  Quadrant,  London,  W. 
Works  in  London,  and  at  Gloucester,  Coventry,  Ulverstone,  Paisley, 
and  Aberdeen  only. 


The  Patent  Imperishable  Hothouse. 

AYRES'S  PATENT. 

GLASS,  IKON,  and  CONCRETE. 
Before  building  a   Plant  or    Fruit    House  of  any  kind,  send   six 
stamps,  and  obtain  the  Illustrated  Prospectus  of  the 

IMPERISHABLE  HOTHOUSE  COMPANY, 

Newark-on-Trent,  Notts. 

MANAGER— W.  P,  AYRES,  C.M.R.H.S,, 

Imperishable  Hothouse  Company,  Newark-on-Trent. 

Plans,  Specifications  and  Estimates  supplied  upon  the  shortest  notice. 


c 


O  TT A  M '  S     PATENT     PO  RTABLE 
COW  fitti.m;s 


For  Sowing  Peas. 

BY  ROYAL  LETTERS  PATENT, 
rpHE    SIDNEY    GARDEN 

-*-  SEED  SOWERS. 

2r.  6d.   and  55.  each. 

For  all  sorts  and  si^es  of  Vegetable 
and  Flower  Seeds. 

By  an  Inside  fitting,  Peas  will  not 
block  in  the  large  Sower. 

Wholesale  Agents  for  the  Patentee, 

Messrs,  POLLARD,  JEPHSON 
AND  CO.,  Bear  Garden,  Southwark. 

Sold  by  all  Seedsmen  and  Iron- 
mongers. The  Trade  supplied  by  all 
Wholesale  Dealers. 

UNITED 


Elliptic  Boiler. 


Their  advantages  ;irL-  — I'L.n,  b.liiy,  nuL  Ii.\luii;s,  removable  at 
pleasure;  no  Woodwork  n:  Partititins  to  impede  Ventilation  or  breed 
Vermin;  Hay  Rick  dispensed  with  as  unnecessary;  increased  width 
and  depth  of  Feeding  Troughs,  Water  Cistern,  and  Patent  Drop 
Cover  to  prevent  over-gorging.  Cleanly,  durable,  and  impervious  to 
infection,  oeing  all  of  Iron,     Price  of  Fittings  per  Cow,  551, 

Prospectuses  free  of  COTTAM  and  Cu.,  Iron  Worss,  2,  Winsley 
Street  (opposite  the  Pantheon),  Oxford  Street,  London,  W,,  where  the 
above  are  exhibited,  together  with  several  important  Improvements 
in  Stable  Fittings  just  secured  by  Patent. 


CRAY'S  Oval  Tubular  Boiler. 

INTERNATIONAL   EXHIBITION,  Class  IX.,  No.  21 19. 
Mr.  GRAY   begs   to  call   the  attention   of  the  Nobility,    Gentry,    Nurserymen,    Gardeners,    &c.,    to   his 

NEW    OVAL    TUBULAR    BOILER. 

Acknowledged  by  practical  judges  to  be  a  great  improvement  on  every  form  of  Tubular  Boiler  yet  introduced. 
It  hns  proved  itself  superior  to  all  other  Boilers  for  quickness  of  action  and  economy  of  Fuel,  doing  its  work  with 
one-third  less  the  amount  required  by  any  other. 


Extract  from  Report  in  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  of  Intern atiotial  Exhibition,  May  24,  1862,  page  ^j6. 


"  The  upright  form  of  Boiler  is  usually  made  on  a  circular  plan, 
but  the  oval  form  given  to  Mr.  Gray's  variety  of  it  is  said  to  be 
prefer;  bie  in  consequence  of  its  bringing  the  tubes  in  closer  contact 
with  the  fire,      The  usual  form  of  a  furnace  being  a  parallelogram 


Elan   should   bring   the   tubes   more   completely   within  range  of  the 
urning  fuel ;   and  this  being  so,  the  change,  though  a  slight  one, 
is  no  doubt  an  improvement." 


^^    They  are  made  of  all  sizes,  which,  with  prices,  may  be  had  on  application, 

JAMES  GRAY,  HORTICULTURAL  WORKS, 
DANVERS    STREET,    PAULTON'S    SQUARE,    KING'S    ROAD,    CHELSEA,   S.W. 


•       THE    STEAM-ENGINE    TRIALS 
ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIEfrof  ENGLAND,  OXFORD,  1870. 

Tlie  FIRST  PRIZES  at  this  SHOW  were  again  AWARDED  to  CLAYTON  and  SHUT'l'LEWORTH.  viz.  :— 
First  Prize  for  Horizontal  P'ixed  Engine  of  lo  H.P.  ;  First  Prize  for  Steam  Engine,  witli  Boiler  combined. 

At  the  previous  Trials  of  Steam  Engines,  at  Bury,  i367,  CLAYTON  and  SHUTTLEWORTH  took  ALL  the  FIRST  PRIZES  for 
ENGINES;  also  a  PRIZE  of  jgiS  for  THRESHING  MACHINES,  and  the  Society's  SILVER  MEDAL. 

CLAYTON  AND  SHUTTLEWORTH  have  received  FIRST  PRIZES  at  all  Trials  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England  at 
which  thcv  have  competed  since  1849.  N.B. — All  the  principal  Makers  of  Portable  Engines,  &c..  Compete  for  this  Society's  Prizes,  beinff 
the  only  Trials  in  Great  Britain  conducted  by  competent  and  impartial  Engineers,  and  where  the  capability  and  value  of^cach  Engine  is 
thoroughly  tested  by  practical  experiments.     C.  and  S.  therefore  do  not  Compete  at  any  other  Shows. 

CLAYTON    &   SHUTTLE"WORTH 

Having  for  the  Third  time  made  a 

REDUCTION     IN     PRICES, 

Revised  Catalogues  can  now  be  obtained  at 

STAMP  END  WORKS,  LINCOLN  ;    78,  LOMBARD  STREET,  LONDON,  E.C, ; 

and  TARLETON  STREET,  LIVERPOOL. 

Free  by  Post. 


January  27,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


131 


Notice. 

GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE     and     AGRICUL- 
TURAL GAZETTE.— The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready; 
price,  in  cloth,  £t  6s.  6ii.  „  ^  ■   ,,,  ^ 

W.  RICHARDS,  41.  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


THE  FLORIST  and  POMOLOGIST  for 
FEBRUARY  contains  a  Coloured  Portrait  of  the  splendid 
Double-flowered  PYRUS  SPECTABILIS,  with  articles  on  Cross- 
breeding Pelargoniums,  by  Dr.  Denny— Culture  of  Tea-scented  Roses, 
by  Mr.  William  Paul— Notes  on  New  Peaches  and  Nectarines,  by 
Mr.  J.  Clark,  Studley  Royal— Renovating  Old  Apple  Trees,  by  Mr. 
Gilbert,  Burghley- New  Horists'  Flowers  of  1871— Neapolitan  Violets, 
by  Mr,  Tillery,  Welbeck— How  to  Utilize  Garden  Refuse,  by  Mr. 
Webster,  Gordon  Castle,  and  a  variety  of  other  interesting  papers, 
with  several  Woodcut  Illustrations.     Price  is. 

171,  Fleet  Street,  London,  E.C. 


Now  ready, 

THE    SALIX,    or   WILLOW.      By    W.    Scaling, 
Willow  Nurseryman,   Basford,  NoHs.     A  revised  and   enlarged 
edition,  containing  Instructions  (or  its  Planting  and   Culture,  with 
Observations  upon  its  Value  and  Adaptability  for  the  Formation  of 
Hedges  and  Game  Coverts. 
Post  free  is.;  orofSIMPKIN,  MARSHALL,  and  CO.,  London. 


THE  NEW  METHOD  of  GROWING  FRUIT  and 
FLOWERS  {by  the  Rev.  John  Fountaine,  Southacre, 
Brandon),  being  a  practical  combination  of  Vinery,  Orchard  House 
and  Conservator^',  as  now  worked  in  a  New  House  erected  for  the 
purpose  at  Chiswick.  Third  Edition,  Illustrated.  Free  for  seven 
stamps  to  the 
"  Journal  of  Horticulture  "  Office,  171,  Fleet  Street ;  or  to  the  Author. 


Now  ready,  price  if.,  free  by  post  for  13  stamps,  with  9  Illustrations, 

ITALY  in  ENGLAND ;  a  Practical  Treatise  on  the 
Cultivation  of  choice  Fruits,  Flowers  and  Vegetables  with  the  aid 
of  Looker's  Horticultural  Appliances  in  Earthenware  and  Glass, 
which  defy  the  Winter  and  assist  the  Summer. 

HOULSTON  AND  SONS,  65,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C.  ;  through  all 
Booksellers,  and  of 

BENJ.  LOOKER,  Kingston-on-Thames. 


In  a  few  days, 
rPHE    FAIRFIELD    ORCHIDS;    a   De.<;criptive 

_L  Catalogue  of  the  Species  and  Varieties  grown  by  J  AS, 
BROOKE  AND  CO.,  Fairheld,  near  Manchester,  with  Prclimmary 
Chapters  upon  the  History,  Structure,  and  uses  of  Orchids,  and  a 
Copious  Glossary  of  the  Significations  of  the  Names.  8vo,  pp.  128. 
Neatly  bound,  3J. 
BRADBURY,  EVANS,  and  CO..  10  Bouverie  St.,  London,  E.G. 


lust  published,  in  Svo,  price  One  Shilling, 

PSYCHIC    FORCE   and    MODERN    SPIRITUAL- 
ISM :  a  Reply  to  the  Quarterly  Rcvieio  and  other  Critics.     By 
William  Crookes,  F.  R.S.,  &c. 
London  :  LONGMANS,  GREEN,  AMD  CO.,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C 


LIKE  ALL  GRAND  CONCEPTIONS,  the 
process  is  remarkable  for  its  simplicity." — This  was  said  by 
the  Ghbe  of  the  method  by  which  THE  BAZAAR,  THE 
EXCHANGE  AND  MART,  AND  JOURNAL  OF  THE 
HOUSEHOLD  enables  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  to  Sell,  Exchange,  or 
Buy  ever>'  description  of  Properly  with  ease,  security,  and  without 
making  their  names  public.  Specimen  Copy, containing  fulldircctions 
post  free  for  two  penny  stamps. 

Office,  32,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 


o 


Grateful-Comforting. 

EP       P      S   *    S  CO 

BREAKFAST. 
"  By  3  thorough  knowledge  of  the  natural  laws  which  govern  the 
operations  of  digestion  and  nutrition,  and  by  a  careful  application  of 
the  fine  properties  of  a  well  selected  cocoa,  ^t^.  Epps  has  provided  our 
breakfast-tables  with  a  delicately-flavoured  beverage  which  may  save 
us  many  heavy  doctor's  bills." — Civil  Service  Gazette. 

Made  simply  with  boiling  water  or  milk. 

Each  packet  is  labelled, 

JAMES  EPPS  AND  CO..   Homoeopathic  Chemists,  London. 


Lea  &  Ferrins'  Sauce, 

THE  "WORCESTERSHIR  E," 

pronounced  bv  Connoisseurs  "the  only  good  Sauce."     Improves 
the  appetite,  and  aids  digestion,     Unrivalled  for  piquancy  and  flavour. 

ASK  FOR  LEA  and  PERRINS'  SAUCE. 
Beware  of  Imitations, 
and  see  the  Names  of  LEA  and  PERRINS  on  all  Bottles  and  Labels. 
Agents— CROSSE  and   BLACKWELL,   London,   and  sold  by  all 
Dealers  in  Sauces  throughout  the  World. 


Surrey  County  Lunatic  Asylum,  near  Tooting. 

WANTED,  a   HEAD    GARDENER.— Wages,    24J. 
a  week,  and  the  use  of  a  cottage,  rent  free.     Candidates  for 
the  situation  must  be  enabled  to  produce  satisfactory  testimonials  of 
character  and   ability,   and    not   exceed  3^   years    of  age.— Personal 
■■       ■  '  ■      "lily   to  the  STEWARD  of  the  Asylum, 


application   may  be  made  < 
between  10  and  12  o'clock. 


WANTED,    as  GROUND    FOREMAN,    a  steady, 
industrious   Man.     State   experience,   references,  and    salary 
required.— R.  THORNHILI.,  Bowdon  Nurseries,  Bowdon,  Cheshire. 


WANTED,  a  good  WORKING  GARDENER,  who 
understands  the  Management  of  Hothouses  and  Forcing  Pits. 
W.iges  185.  per  week,  and  house  rent  free.  —  H.  B.,  Post  Oflice,  Thet- 
forJi  Norfolk. 


WANTED,  a  Man,  who  is  a  thorough  practical 
hard-working  GARDENER,  understanding  perfectly  the 
Cultivation  of  Fruit,  Flowers,  and  Vegetables,  and  all  Greenhouse. 
Plants. — A  married  Man,  without  incumbrance,  would  be  preferred. 
He  will  have  to  Superintend  the  care  of  one  or  two  Cows  and  Pigs, 
and  have  a  boy  under  him. — A.  B.,  Post  Office,  Ripley,  Surrey, 


German  Gardener. 

WANTED,  in  a  first-rate  Nobleman's  Establishment, 
near  Berlin,  a  GERMAN  GARDENER,  thoroughly  conversant 
with  the  English  system  of  Grape  Growing,  Plant  Culture,  P'lower 
Gardening,  and  Dinnertable  Decoration.  To  an  energetic  Man,  with 
a  thorougn  knowledge  of  the  profession,  this  is  an  excellent  opening. — 
Apply,  by  letter  only,  stating  all  particulars,  including  terms  required, 
to  J.\MES  VEITCH  AND  SONS,  Royal  Exotic  Nurserj',  King's 
Road,  Chelsea,  S.W. 


WANTED,  a  good  general  PLANTSMAN,  for 
Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants ;  must  also  be  good  at  Forcing 
Flowers,  and  Propagating  of  choice  Plants.  A  single  Man  prefcrreo. 
—JOSEPH  MEREDITH,  The  Vineyard,  Garston,  near  Liverpool. 


WANTED,    a  young    MAN,    to    Grow    Plants    for 
Market.     Must  be  a  good  Budder  and  Grafter.     Wages  22s. 
per  week— FLORIST,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 


WANTED,  a  young  MAN,  not  over  25  years  of  age, 
to  work  under  the  Foreman.  One  who  has  a  knowledge  of 
eeneral  Indoor  Propagation,  particularly  of  Ericas. — B.  MALLER, 
Lewisham,  S.  £. 


DOWNIE,  LAIRD,  AND  LAING  are  in  WANT  of 
a  good  PACKER.     State    wages  required  and  references. — 
Stanstead  Park,  Forest  Hill,  5.E. 


WANTED,  a  BAILIFF  and  HEAD  GARDENER. 
— Application  maybe  made,  in  writing,  to  Messrs.  VIGERS, 
Fredericks  Place,  Old  Jewry,  London,  E.  


WANTED,  a  FARM  BAILIFF.— The  Advertiser 
desires  to  meet  with  a  thoroughly  respectable,  intelligent,  and 
industrious  Man,  equal  to  the  Management  of  a  large  Farm,  about 
half  Arable  and  half  Pasture.  A  Dairy  of  50  Cows  is  kept,  and  a 
Flock  of  from  300  to  400  Ewes.  Wages  $100  a-year,  witn  house, 
garden,  and  fuel.  References  as  to  skill  and  character  must  be  very 
satisfactory',— Address,  post  paid,  A,  B.  C,  Messrs.  CasUe  &  Lamb, 
133,  Salisbury  Square,  London,  £.C. 


WANTED,  for  a  large  Provincial  Seed  Warehouse  in 
the  North  of  Encjland,  an  active  young  MAN  for  the  Counter. 
— Apply,  stating  age  and  particulars  as  to  experience,  &c,,  to  A.  B.  C, 
Mr.  R.  Cooper,  15=.  Fleet  Street,  London,  E.C. 


WANTED,  a  DAIRYMAID,  in  a  first-class  Estab- 
lishmcnt,  where  about  10  Cows  are  kept ;  also  to  take  charge  of 
Poultry. — Wages  and  particulars  on  application  to  S.  F,,  Post  Otfice, 
Taplow,  Maidenhead,  Berks. 


WANT  PLACES.-Letters  to  be  Post  Paid. 

Gardeners  and  Under  Gardeners. 

WM.  CUTBUSH  AND  SON  beg  to  state  that  they 
have  at  all  times  on  their  books  MEN  of  various qualiticaiJons, 
whose  characters  will  bear  the  strictest  inquiry.  Any  Gentleman 
making  application  would  save  lime  by  clearly  stating  the  duties  to  be 
undertaken,  wages  offered,  &c.,  so  that  suitable  Men  may  be  selected. 
— Highgale  Nurseries,  London,  N. 

EXPERJENCED  GARDENERS  (or  as  GARDENER 
and  B.\ILIFF>,  of  various  qualifications,  recommended  to 
Gentlemen. — Further  particulars  given  on  application  to  Messrs.  E,  G. 
HENDERSON  AND  SON,  Wellington  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood.  N.  W. 


GARDENER  (Head). — Age  40  ;  thoroughly  practical 
in   all   branches.      Seven   years"   character.      No   Single-handed 
place  accepted. — A.  1!.,  13,  Charles  Street,  Porlman  Square,  London, W. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Middle-aged  ;  thorough  and 
extensive  experience  in  the  various  branches  of  the  profession. 
First-rate  references.  — J.  G.,  Pine-apple  Nursery,  Maida  Vale, 
London,  W. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  28,  married,  no  family  ; 
is  a  thoroughly  good  general  Gardener.  Two  and  a  half  years' 
character  from  last  place. — T.  G.,  Pine-appte  Nursery,  32,  Maida 
Vale,  London,  W, 


/:i  ARDENER     (Head).  —  Middle-aged,     married  ; 

K-Ia  thoroughly  understands  the  Management  of  Pines,  Vines, 
Peaches,  Melons,  Cucumbers  and  Mushroom,  the  Laying-out  of 
Pleasure  Ground,  and  Bedding-out  of  Flowering  Plants  to  any 
eMcnt.  <iood  character. — G.  J  ,Thc  Nurseries,  West  Dulwich,  Surrey. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  38;  has  first-class 
testimonials  and  is  a  most  successful  Pine  and  Grape  grower, 
having  taken  several  First  Prizes,  also  with  Melons  and  other  Fruits  ; 
and  has  been  a  successful  Exhibitor  of  Plants  and  Vegetables ; 
also  a  good  Cultivator  of  all  Plants,  including  Orchids,  and  is 
thoroughly  conversant  with  the  Erection  and  Heating  of  Horticultrual 
Buildings,  &c.,-  and  can  M.inage  L.ind  and  Stock.  —  HORTUS, 
Messrs.  Cutbush  and  Son,  The  Nurseries,  Highgatc,  N. 


GARDENER  (Head),  age  29.— Tiios.  Knowles, 
Foreman  in  the  Kitchen  Garden  and  Forcing  Department  at 
Ashton  Court,  offers  his  services  to  any  Nobleman,  Gentleman,  or 
Lady  requiring  a  good  practical  Gardener  j  has  had  12  years' e.\perience 
in  the  Culture  of  Pines,  Vines  in  and  out  of  pots,  Melons,  Mushrooms, 
Cucumbers,  Kitchen  and  Flower  Gardening,  Stove  and  Greenhouse 
Plants,  &c.  For  character  and  general  ability,  is  kindly  permitted  to 
refer  to  Mr.  Kimp,  Gr.  to  Earl  of  Jersey,  Middlcton  Park,  and  Mr. 
Dodds,  Gr,  to  Sir  Greville  Smyth,  Bart.,  Ashton  Court,  Bristol. 
Address  as  above. 


(;:<  ARDENER  (Head,  Working).— Age  30;  married  ; 
X    active  and   energetic.      Thorough  practical  knowledge  of  the 
profession    in   all    its   branches.      Good   character,   &c.  —  S.    W.    R., 

I,  Elizabeth  Street,  Northampton. 


G1  ARDENER  (Head),  where  two  or  three  are  kept.— 
^  Good  practical  knowledge  of  the  profession  in  all  its  branches. 
Can  piuilut-c  four  j  ears'  good  character  from  present  employer. — 
H.  ^^.,  Mr.  Crew,  Abbey,  Romsey. 


GARDENER  (Head),  where  two  or  more  are  kept. — 
Age  -jo;  thoroughly  understands  the  profession  in  all  its 
branches.  Good  character  from  last  situation.  Wife  will  undertake 
the  Laundry  if  required, — X.  V.,  Mrs.  Cox,  near  The  Wheatsheaf 
Inn,  Tolcshill,  near  Coventry'. 


G 


ARDENER. — [ames      Hamilton,      Gardener    at 

Berry  Hill,  Mansfield,  Notts,  is  open  for  re-engagement. 


GARDENER. — Age  34,  married  ;  understands  Green- 
house, Frames,  Fruit  and  Vegetables.  Has  had  i8  years' expe- 
rience. Good  character.— H.  NEVILLE,  15,  Tipthorp  Road, 
Lavender  Hill,  S.W.  


GARDENER,    in   a  place   where   two    or   three   are 
kept,  or  FOREMAN  in  a  large  establishment. — .'\ge  2.(,  single  ; 
steady    and     persevering.     First-class   character. — J.    L.,   Pine-apple 

Nursery,  Maiaa  Vale,  London,  W. 


GARDENER  (Under),  in  a  Nobleman's  or  Gentle- 
man's  Gardeii. — Age  20.      Four  years'  good  character. — J.  T., 
Fernside,  Freshwater,  Isle  of  Wight,  Hants.  


GARDENER  (Under),  in  a  good  Establishment.- 
Age  21 ;  has  a  good  knowledge  of  Plants,  Forcing,  &c.,  having 
been  five  years  under  one  of  the  leading  Plantsmen.  Twenty-seven 
years'  good  character. — W,  S.,  Copthall  Gardens,  Hunsdon,  near 
Ware,  Herts. 


GARDENER  (Second  or  Third),  in  the  Houses.— 
Age  3t.     Good  character. — D.  B.,  Mr.  R.  Smith,  Nurseryman, 
Worcester. 


To  Nurserymen. 

FOREMAN  (General).— A  middle-aged  Man,  who 
is  thoroughly  experienced  in  Hard  and  Soft-wooded  Propagating, 
Grafting  and  Plant  Growing,  is  open  to  an  engagement. — .V.  B., 
I,  Laburnum  Place,  Lower  Road,  Belvedere,  Kent,  S,E. 


I  "FOREMAN  in  a  Gentleman's  Establishment,  where 
one  or  two  are  kept,  in  the  houses. — Thoroughly  understands 
Pines,  Vines,  Peaches,  Early  and  Late  Forcing,  and  general  routine 
of  Gardening. — A.  B  ,  Mr.  Bailey,  Nurserj'man.East  Moulsey,  Surrey, 


To  the  Trade. 

PROPAGATOR  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  and 
Coniferee,  and  successful  Grafter  of  Camellias,  Roses.  &-c.,  or  as 
Soft-wood  Propagator  and  Grower.  A  young  Man.  Four  years' 
references  from  present  place. — T.  H.,  Lradford  Nursery,  Shipley, 
near  Leeds. 


To  Florists,  &c. 
i^ROWER    of    Hard    or    Soft-wooded    Plants,    Cut 

V.X  Bloom,  Grafting  and  Budding,  Forcing,  &c, — A^e  37,  married; 
has  been  12  years  in  the  Market  Trade.  Good  references. — G.  G., 
2,  Anthony  Terrace,  Plumstead,  Kent,  S.E. 


MANAGING  BAILIFF  of  a  Farm  or  Farms,  or  to 
fill  some  position  of  trust  in  connection  with  the  Corn  and 
Seed  Trade. — Age  35,  married ;  has  a  thorough  knowledge  of  Agri- 
culture  in  all  its  branches.  Highest  references,  with  security  if 
required. — A.  B.,  Post  Office,  Chippenham,  Wilts. 


MR.  C.  J.  CLARKE,  late  TRAVELLER  for  one  of 
the  largest  Surrey  firms,  is  desirous  of  an  engagement  for  the 
remainder  of  the  season  to  call  upon  the  Trade,  Gentlemen,  Gardeners, 
&c.  Of  good  address,  and  used  to  Selling  in  the  outdoor  Nursery 
and  Seed  Departments.  Well  acquainted  with  the  Home  Counties, 
and  the  best  routes  for  business.  Salary  very  moderate.  References 
and  testimonials,— Alpha  Cottage,  Perry  Street,  Gravesend. 


^HOPMAN,  or  CLERK.— Age  30 ;  active,  energetic, 

k3     and   well-experienced.      Knowledge  of  Plants. — "GRAHAM," 
Gardeners'  Chnmtele  Ofiice,  W,C. 


SHOPMAN    (ASSISTANT).— Good    reference.— Y.   Z., 
Post  Office,  Lewisham,  S.E. 


ASSISTANT,    in    Writing    and     E.\ecuting    Orders 
(permanent). — Age   26,   married;  accustomed  to  a   Seed   Ware- 
house.    Eight  years'  character.— R,,  5.  King  Street,  Regent  Street,  W. 


COACHMAN. — Middle-aged,  married,  no  family; 
respectable;  thoroughly  understands  the  Management  of 
Horses.  Seven  years'  present,  and  eight  and  3  halfyears^  previous, 
character.— G.  P.,  Post  Office,  Wallingford,  Berks. 


HOTHOUSE  CLOCKS,  in  Ornamental  Iron  Cases, 
Bronzed,  Japanned,  Enamelled,  &c.  No  glass  being  used  in 
the  construction  of  these  Clocks,  they  are  not  liable  to  damage.  Also, 
the  cases  being  of  Iron,  they  arc  arc  not  injured  by  heat  or  damp ; 
and,  the  keyholes  being  bushed,  no  dust  or  water  can  possibly  enter. 

Going  12  days. 
Going  12  days,  and  striking 

,,         .  but  "ot  striking.  hours  and  half-hours. 

Price,  medium  size    ..        ..j£ois    o £110 

Price,  large  size         ..        ..100 160 

Box  and  Package  free  of  charge. 

In  ordering  say  if  Clock  is  required  to  hang  or  stand. 

J,   T.  W.MN  WRIGHT  AND  CO.,  Cambridge  Street,  Birmingham. 

"I71ENDERS.      STOVES,      KITCHEN       RANGES, 

-L'  FIRE-IRONS,  and  CHIMNEY-PIECES. —Buyers  of  the  above 
are  requested,  before  finally  deciding,  to  visit  the  SHOW-ROOMS. 
They  contain  such  an  assortment  of  Fenders,  Stoves,  Ranges, 
Chimncy-Pieces,  Fire-irons,  and  General  Ironmongery  as  cannot  be 
approached  elsewhere,  either  for  variety,  novelty,  beauty  of  design,  or 
exquisitencss  of  workmanship. 

Black  Register  Stoves  from  . .     Zs.  to  fy  5s. 

Bright  ditto,  with  Ormolu  ornaments    . .     from  £2  19s.  to  jCsB  lOJ. 

Bronie  Fenders  from  3s.  gd.  to  £^  izj. 

Steel  and  Ormolu  Fenders  . .        . .    from  £2  10s.  to  £25. 

Chininey-Pieces  from  2i  12J,  to£io». 

Fire-Irons  (the  Set  of  Three)        . .        . .    from  3s.  2d.  to  £^  los. 
r-iOAh  SCOOPS.— WILLIAM    S.    BURTON   has 

Vy  400  different  Patterns  of  COAL  SCOOPS  on  SHOW,  of  which 
he  invites  inspection.  The  Prices  vary  from  11.  ^  to  150J,  Plain 
Black  open  Scoops,  from  is.  Qd.  ;  ditto,  ditto,  zinc  lined,  from  4^,  6d.  ; 
covered  Box-scoops,  from  w.  6rf.  ;  ditto,  with  Hand-scoop,  from 
105.  6d.;  ditto,  ditto,  with  fancy  ornamentation,  from  12s.;  highly 
finished  and  ornamented,  and  litted  with  imitation  ivory  handles, 
from  20s.  to  150S.  There  is  also  a  choice  selection  of  Wooden  Coal 
Boxes,  with  iron  and  brass  mountings,  WILLIAM  S,  BURTON 
confidently  asserts  his  to  be  the  largest,  and  at  the  same  time  the  best 
and  mtist  varied,  Assortment  in  the  World, 

WILLIAM  .S.  BURPtiN,  Furnishing  Ironmonger,  by  Appointment, 
to  n.R.  I[,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  sends  a  Catalogue  containing  upwards 
of  Sw  Illustrations  of  his  unrivalled  stock,  with  lists  of  prices  and  plans 
of  the  20  large  Show-rooms,  post  free.  39,  0,\ford  Street,  W.  ;  1,  i  a, 
2,  3,  and  4,  Newman  Street;  j,  5,  and  6,  Perry's  Place;  and  i,  New- 
man Yard,  The  Cost  of  delivering  Goods  to  the  most  distant 
pans  of  the  United  Kingdom  bv  Railway  is  trifling.  WILLIAM  SI 
BURTON  will  always  un.l,  rial:..-  ih  livery  at  a  small  fixed  rate. 

Protection  from  Fire. 


.THEPUBUCARE  CAUTIONED  AGAINST 


■\NGKR' 

O  U  N  G  E 


Mir.A'i  I 


WM.        YOUNGER         and        CO.'S 
EDINBURGH,  INDIA  PALF.  and  DINNER  ALES. 
Sparkling,  refreshing,  nourishing  and  economical. 
To  be  had  of  the  principal  retailers. 
Observe  Trade  Marks,  as  other  brands  are  frequently  substituted. 
Breweries,  Edinburgh.    Established  1740-    Ixindon  Stores,  Belvedere 
Roadj  S.E. ;    Liverpool,  i,  Seel   Street;    Bristol,   14,  Narrow    Quay; 
Dublin   Stores,  7,   Lower   Abbey   Street;    Swansea,    Quay    Parade; 
Glasgow,  Queen  Street;  Birmingham,  13,  Temple  Street. 

TT  I  N  A  H  A  rrs 


li  L 


WHISKY. 


This  celebrated  and  most  delicious  old  mellow  spirit  is  the  very 
CREAM  of  IRISH  WHISKIES,  in  quality  unrivalied,  perfectly 
pure,  and  more  wholesome  than  the  finest  Cognac  Brandy.  Note  the 
words,  "  KINAHAN'S  .  L  L  ."  on  seal,  label,  and  cork. 

New  Wholesale  Depot,  6a,  Great  Tichficid  Street,  Oxford  Street,  W. 

INNEFORD'S         FLUID         MAGNESIA. 


D' 


The  best  remedy  for  Acidity  of  the  Stomach,  Heartburn,  Headache, 
Gout,  and  Indigestion  ;  and  the  best  mild  Aperient  for  delicate  consti- 
tutions, especially  adapted  for  Ladies,  Children  and  Infants. 

DINNEFORD  .\nd  CO.,  173,  New  Kond  Street,  London,  W.  ; 
and  of  .^11  Chemists  throughout  the  World. 

'       O  0  T    and     RH  E  UMATISM.— The    excruciating 

pain  of  Gout  or  Rheumatism  is  quickly  relieved  and  cured  in  a 


G 


BLAIR'S    GOUT    and 


(ew    days    by    that    celebrated    Medicim 
RHEUMATIC  PILLS. 

They  require  no  restraint  of  diet  or  confinement  during  their  use, 
and  are  certain  to  prevent  the  disease  attacking  any  vitai  part. 

Sold  by  all   Medicine  Vendors,  at  is.  i^A^-  ^nd  2S.  gd.  per  box,  or 
obtained  through  any  Chemistj 

(pO  C  K  L  E  '  S  ~A"N  TIBILIOUS     PILLS. 
V'  THE    SAFEST    FAMILY    APERIENT. 

In  boxes,  at  is.  i^^d.,  2s.  gd.,  us.  6d.,  and  iis. 


COCKLE'S  ANTIBILIOUS  PILL  S.— 
These  Pills  consist  of  a  careful  and  peculiar  admixture  of  the 
best  and  mildest  vegetable  aperients,  with  the  pure  extract  of  the 
flowers  of  the  Camomile.  They  will  be  found  a  most  efficacious 
remedy  for  derangement  of  the  digestive  organs,  and  for  torpid  action 
of  the  liver  and  bowels,  which  produce  indigestion  and  the  several 
varieties  of  bilious  and  liver  complaints.  They  speedily  remove  the 
irritation  and  feverish  state  of  the  stomach,  allay  spasms,  correct  the 
morbid  condition  of  the  liver  and  organs  subservient  to  digestion, 
promote  a  due  and  healthy  secretion  of  bile,  and  relieve  the  constitu- 
tion of  all  gouty  matter  and  other  impurities,  which,  by  circulating  in 
the  blood,  must  injuriously  alTect  the  action  of  the  kidneys  ;  thus,  by 
removing  the  causes  productive  of  so  much  discomfort,  they  restore 
the  energies  both  of  body  and  mind.  To  those  who  indulge  in  the 
luxuries  of  the  table,  these  Pills  will  prove  highly  useful,  occasioning 
no  pain  in  their  action,  unless  they  meet  with  an  unusual  quantity  of 
acrid  bile  and  acid  matter  in  the  stomach  and  bowels.  It  must  be 
understood  that  these  Pills  are  not  recommended  as  containing  any 
new  or  dangerously  active  ingredients;  on  the  contrary,  ihey  are 
characterised  by  a  remarkable  simplicity  of  combination,  and  whatever 
merit  they  may  be  found  to  possess  depends  as  much  upon  the  selec- 
tion of  pure  drugs,  and  the  unusual  labour  and  attention  bestowed 
upon  their  subsequent  preparation,  as  upon  the  acknowledged  pecu- 
liarity of  their  composition.  They  are  not  recommended  as  a  panacea, 
nor  are  they  adapted  to  all  complaints;  but  as  a  mild  and  eflicacious 
aperient  and  tonic  in  the  various  forms  of  indigestion  it  will  not  per- 
haps be  an  exaggeration  to  state  that  they  have  been  resorted  to  under 
all  systems  of  diet,  changes  of  climate  or  atmospheric  alterations,  with 
an  extraordinary  degree  of  success,  for  72  years.  This  celebrated 
family  aperient  may  be  had  throughout  the  United  Kingdom  in  boxes 
at  IS.  i%d.,  2s.  gd.,  4s.  6d.,  and  lis.,  as  welt  as  in  India,  China,  New 
Zealand,  and  the  Australian  colonies. 


c 


OCKLE'S    ANTIBILIOUS    PILLS. 

THE    OLDEST    PATENT    MEDICINE. 
In  boxes  at  IS.  i^d.,  2S.  gd.,    .  6d.,  and  115. 


132 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle  and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


[January  27,  1872. 


Seeds   direct  from   the   Growers   the   best   means   of  preventing   disappointment. 

SUTTON    &    SONS, 

SEEDSMEN     TO 


H.M.  THE  aUEEN  VICTORIA, 

H.R.H.  THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES, 

H.R.H.  THE  PRINCESS  liOXTISE  OF  LORNE, 

H.I.M.  THE  EMPEROR-KING  OF  GERMANY, 


H.M.  THE  KING  OF  PORTUGAL, 
H.M.  THE  KING  OF  DENMARK, 
H.M.  THE  KING  OF  BAVARIA, 
H.M.  THE  PACHA  OF  EGYPT,  &c.,  &c. 


ROYAL    BERKS    SEED    ESTABLISHMENT,    READING. 


mi 


11 


VEGETABLE  SEEDS, 

Containing  only  the  best  and 
most  prolific  varieties. 

No.  I.  Large  Garden*  ../,3  3  o 
No,  2.  Medium  Garden*  2  z  o 
No.  3.  Ordinary  Garden*  i  11  6 
No.  4.  Small  Garden*  ..  i  i  o 
No.  c  Very  Small  Garden  o  15  o 
No.  6.  VerySmall  Garden  o  12  6 
No.  7.  Ex.  Larfje  Garden*  550 
*  Carriage  Free. 
A  Special  Certificate  was 
awarded  by  the  Royal  Horti- 
cultural Society,  Sept.  6,  1871,  for 
a  Collection  of  W'getables  (15 
varieties),  grown  by  M  r.  C. 
Osman.  South  Metropolitan  Dis- 
trict School,  Sutton,  Surrey,  from 
Seed  supplied  by  us. 


CHOICE  COLLECTIONS  OF 

FLOWER    SEEDS, 

Containing  only  the  most 
showy  varieties. 

No.  I.  Large  Garden      ..  £2  2  o 

No.  2.  Medium  Garden  , .     i  11  6 

No.  3.  OrdinaryGarden. .     i  i  o 

No.  4,  Small  Garden       . .     o  15  o 

No.  c  Small  Garden       ..     o  10  6 

Smaller  Collections,  21.  6rf.  to  5  o 
Free  by  Post  or  Rail, 

For  further  particulars,  see 
SUTTONS'  SHORT  SELECT 
LIST  of  SEEDS  for  1872,    Gratis 


Suttons'  King  of  the  Cauliflowers 


A  new  and  distinct  variety,  with  very  large, 
firm,  and  beautifully  white  heads.  It  is  the  best 
for  early  use,  and  is  also  suitable  for  producing  a 
succession  through  the  Autumn  and  Winter.  We 
now  offer  it  for  the  first  time,  and  it  cannot  be  too 
highly  recommended,     Piice  zs.  6d.  per  packet. 


Buttons'  New  Peas. 

BEST  OF  ALL  (see  illustra- 
tion),— This  splendid  new  main-crop 
wrinkled  variety,  introduced  by 
us  last  season,  was  raised  by  the 
late  Dr.  McLean,  and  pronounced 
by  him  to  be  the  "  best  of  all  "  his 
introductions.  We  have  tried  it 
by  the  side  of  all  the  new  Peas 
which  have  lately  been  introduced 
by  Dr.  McLean,  Mr.  Laxlon,  arid 
others,  and  have  no  hesitation  in 
recommending  McLean's  "  Best  of 
All  "  as  richly  worthy  of  its  name. 
Its  rubust  and  vigorous  growth, 
large  pods  completely  coverin;^  the 
haulm,  and  filled  with  from  7  to 
10  fme  Peas,  together  with  its  rich 
flavour,  will  recommend  it  to  every 
gnjwer  of  Wrinkled  Peas,  lleighl 
5  feci.  Price  5s.  per  quart, 
GLORY  of  CASSELL,  new- 
early,  per  quart,  51. 
NELSON'S  VANGUARD,  new, 
second  early  wrinkled,  per 
quart,  2J.  6d. 

Laxton^s  New  Peas. 

SUPREME  (see  illustration),  a 
grand  exhibition  variety,  per 
quart,  2S. 

ALPHA,  first  early  wrinkled,  per 
quart,  3s.  6d. 

QUALITY,  per  quart,  2S.  6d. 

QUANTITY,  per  quart,  25.  6d. 
Collection,     rive     varieties,     as 

advertised,  £i  is. 

For     further     particulars,      see 

SUTTONS'       AMATEURS' 

GUIDE  for  1872,  price  15. :    Gratis 

to  Customers. 


SUTTONS'    GRASS    SEEDS    FOR    ALL    SOILS, 


First  Prize, 


Paris,  1867. 


Carriage  Free. 

SUTTONS'    RENOVATING    MIXTURE   of   GRASSES   and 

CLOVERS,    for    Improving  Pastures,  should   be  sown   in   early   spring, 

6  to  12  lb.  per  acre.     is.  per  lb.,  cheaper  by  the  cwt. 
SUTTONS'    FINE    GRASSES   and   CLOVERS    for    LAWNS 

and  CROQUET  GROUNDS,  the  best  means  of  securing  a  permanent 

evergreen  turf.     is.  ^d.  per  lb.;; 


SOver  Medal 


Paris,  1867. 


SUTTONS'  CHOICE  SEED  POTATOS  (Carriage  Free). 


Sooly  Qua  Cucumber. 

This  extiaordinary  variety  is 
remarkable  for  its  immense 
fruit,  large  dark  green  glossy 
leaves,  and  the  beauty  of  its 
flowers.  In  China  it  is  used 
as  a  regular  article  of  food, 
boiled  with  rice.  The  fruit  is  of 
rapid  growth,  attaining  in  this 
country  a  length  of  5  to  6  feet. 
Per  Packet,  zs.  6d. 


SUTTONS'    BED-SKIN    FLOURBALL    POTATO. 

The  only  Potato  that  entirely  resisted  the  disease  last  season,  and  the  heaviest  cropping  and  best  cooking 
late  variety  in  cultivation.  Lowest  Price  per  Sack  or  Ton  on  application. 

Suttons"  Descriptive  LIST  of  CHOICE  SEED  POTATOS,  Gratis  and  Post  Free  on  application. 


SUTTON    &   SONS, 

SEEDSMEN  BY  SPECIAL  APPOINTMENT  to  the  QUEEN  and  H.R.H.  the  PRINCE  OF  WALES, 

ROYAL  BERKS  SEED  ESTABLISHMENT,  READING. 


Best  of  All  Pea. 


Laxton's  Supreme  Peai 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  .addressed  to  "The  Editor;"  Advertisements  ahd  Business  Letters  to  "The  Publisher,"  at  the  Office,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C. 
Printed  by  William  Richards,  at  the  Office  of  Messrs.  Bradburv,  Evans,  &  Co.,  Lombard  Street,  Precinct  of  Whitcfriars,  City  of  London,  in  the  County  of  Middlesex,  and  Published  by  the  said  WlLLIAa 
^CHAROS,  at  the  Office,  Na  41,  Wellington  Street,  Parish  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  in  the  said  County.— Saturday,  January  27, 1872, 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL   GAZETTE. 


No.  5. — 1872.] 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  3. 


I     Registered  at  tlie  General 
I  Post  Odice  as  a  Newspaper, 


Price  5d, 

Post  Free,  $\{f. 


CONTENTS. 


LEADING  ARTICLES,  Gfc— 
otanical  novelties  in   Lon- 
don streets 141 

Cattle  poisoninp    151 

Congress    at    liirmmgham, 

proposed    140 

Farmine  at  the  Cape    152 

Gardeners     and     their    ad- 
visers     139 

Horticulturist       Protection 

Association i-io 

Meteorolocj' of  the  week  ..  140 

Plants,  mimicry  in    141 

Weed  growing   propensities 
of  Irish  farmers 152 

XBW  GARDEN  PLANTS^ 
Mormodes  fracliflexum 141 

OUR  LIVE  STOCK— 

Cattle 1.^2 

ORIGINAL  ARTICLES— 
Agriculture,  loss  of  force  in  155 
Cattle,  the  breeding  of   ....   155 

Conifers,  notes  on 145 

Cornish  contributions  to  the 

food  supply 143 

Fisken's    system    of   steam 

cultivation  (with  cuts) 154 

I-adybirds  (with  cuts) 1^3 

Seeds,  influence  of  wind  on 

the  distribution  of 143 

?ewage  utilisation    153 

Shelter  for  man   and  beast 

(with  cuts)    141 

Transplanting,   theory-    and 

practice  of    141 

Tree-lifter  (with  cuts) 145 

Vegetation     in     Edinburgh 

Hotanic  Garden 144 

HOME  CORRESPONDENCE— 
Apple.  D.  T.  Fish  (with  cut)  147 
lilue  Primulacea;  146 


HOME  CORRESPONDENCE— 

Drosera  rotundifolia 146 

Garden  co-operation     146 

Greenhouse  plants,  on  water- 
ing    146 

Intermittent  filtration 157 

Small  farm  management    ..   157 

Steam  cultivation i57 

Tenant-right   iS7 

Tropical  conser\-atory    ....  146 
Victoria     electric     thermo- 
meter    146 

FOREIGN  COR  RES.  — 
The  creat   Rice  fields  of  the 
South 157 

SOCIETIES— 

riunbury  Agricultural     ....   158 
Iwvorth  Farmers'Club  ....  158 

NOTICES  OF  BOOK'S— 

New  Publications 147 

The  Advantages  of  Double- 
lurrow  Ploughs 151) 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS— 
New   flowers    of  the   past 
year    i47 

FARM  MEMORANDA— 
F.arl   of  Wanvick's  Sewage 

Farm 160 

Hampshire 160 

OBITUARY— 

Mr.  T.  Osborne 147 

Dr.  Sprin-    147 

Mr.  Woolley    147 

CALENDA  R  OF  OPERA  TIONS 

Farming  operations 161 

Garden  operations    148 

Weather  Tabi.es 148 


Notice  to  Subscribers. 

SUBSCKIPTIONS,    payable    in    advance,  including 
Postage  to  any  part  of  the   United  Kingdom: — 

Three  Months    ..   5^.  \\\d.  \  Six  Months     ..  us.  iid. 
Twelve  Months     ..     £1  $s.  lod. 

Post    Office    Orders   to   be    made  payable   to  WiLLIAM 
Richards,  at  the  King  Street  Post  Office. 

Publishing  Office,  41,    Wellington  Street,  W.C. 


Notice. 

GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICUL- 
TURAL GAZETTE.— The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready  ; 
price,  in  cloth,  £1  6s.  6d. 

W.  RICHARDS,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 

New  Flower  Market,  Govent  Garden. 

NOTICE.— The  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  AND 
AGRICULTURAL  GAZETTE  for  NEXT  SATURDAY, 
February  10,  will  contain  a  FULL  PAGE  ENGRAVING  of  the 
NEW  FLOWER  MARKET,  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Copies  may  be  had  of  all  Newsmen,  and  at  the  Railway  Stations. 


Choice  New  Seeds,  Gladioli.  &c. 

WILLIAM     CUTBUSH    AND    SON'S     Descriptive 
Priced  CATALOGUE  contains  every  requisite,  of  the  linest 
quality  only.     Post  free  on  application. 

Highgate  Nurseries,  London,  N. 


WM.  KNIGHT  is  now  sending  out  12  Varieties 
of  the  NEW  FUCHSIAS  of  1871,  selected  as  the  best  of  the 
season,  in  extra  strong  Plants  for  Exhibition,  for  ioj.  6d.  the  set, 
package  included. 

Floral  Nurseries,  Hailsham,  Sussex. 


CRYSTAL  PALACE.  SATURDAY.  February  10,  till 
February  15. —SINGING  and  TALKING  CAGE  BIRDS, 
British  and  Foreign.  The  ANNUAL  GREAT  SHOW.— Canaries  of 
all  varieties.  Linnets,  Blackbirds,  Finches,  Larks,  Pies,  Daws,  and 
every  description  of  British  Birds;  Parrots,  Cockatoos,  Lories,  Car- 
dinals, and  all  varieties  of  Foreign  Birds.  Admission,  Saturday  (Con- 
cert and  Promenade  also),  Half-a-crown  ;  other  days  One  Shilling.  All 
days  by  Guinea  Season  Ticket. 


1  HE     OXFORD     ROSE     SHOW     is     fixed     for 

THURSDAY,  June  27. 

C.  R.  RIDLEY,  Hon.  Sea 


NURSERYMEN.  FLORISTS,  and  MARKET 
GARDENERS"  ASSOCIATION. 
The  FIRST  GENERAL  MEETING  of  the  above  Society  will  be 
held  at  Evans'  Hotel,  Covent  Garden,  on  THURSDAY,  February- 8, 
at  4  o'clock  P.M.,  for  Consideration  and  Confirmation  of  Rules,  and  for 
the  Election  of  Oflicers.  The  attendance  of  alt  connected  with  the 
Trade  is  respectfully  invited. 


Show  Roses. 

A  PRICED  LIST  of  the  best  Hybrid  Perpetual  Show 
ROSES;     also     a      PRICED     LIST    of     choice    Variegated 
GER  AN  I U  MS,  post  free,  on  application  to 

ALFRED  FRYER,  The  Nurseries,  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire. 


AMATEUR  ROSE  GROWERS  should  at   once  get 
my  CATALOGUE.      It  contains  all   the  good  sorts,  and  the 
plants  are  the  finest  that  can  be  produced. 

B.  R.  CANT,  St,  John's  Street  Nursery,  Colchester. 


ROSE      MARECHAL     NIEL     (Noisette).— Fine 
Standard  and  Half-standard  plants. 
ROSES  (Tea-scented).- Choicest  varieties,  fine  Standard  and  Half- 
standard  plants.     Offered  by 
JOHN  CRANSTON,  Nurseries,  King's  Acre,  near  Hereford. 
Price  on  application. 


CHOICE  ROSES.— The  finest  stock  of  Tea,  Noisette, 
China,  and  other  Roses  to  select  from,  all  strong  and  healthy,  in 
pots.     Descriptive  Priced  LIST  on  application  to 
RICHARD  SMITH.  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 

ORCHARD-HOUSE    TREES,    Fmiting^^n'  Pots.— 
Peaches,   Nectarines,    Plums,    Pears,    Apples,    Figs,    Apricots, 
Cherries,  Mulberries,  and  Oranges. 
RICHARD  SMITH ,_N urseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 

WEBB'S     PRIZE     COB     FILBERTS.  "^'  other 
PRIZE   COB    NUTS   and  FILBERTS.       LISTS   of  these 
varieties  from  Mr.  WEBB,  Calcot,  Reading, 


CALCEOLARIA  (herbaceous),  of  very  choice  strain, 
from  pans  sown  in  August,  and  once  pricked  out,  as.  per  dozen  ; 
y.  6d.  per  two  dozen  ;  6s.  for  50 ;  101.  per  100,  free  by  post. 

H.  AND  R,  STIRZAKEK,  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster^ 


s 


To  the  Trade. 

TUART     AND     CO.,    Seed    Growers,     Nice 

Seed  Merchants,  5,  Tavistock  Row,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 
NEW     and     CHOICE     SEEDS. 

CATALOGUE  on  application. 


THE       PINE-APPLE       NURSERY      COMPANY. 
32,  Maida  Vale,  Edgwarc  Road,  W, 
JOHN  BESTER,  Manager  of  the  Nursery  and  Seed  Department. 
The  Comp.iny  guarantee  to  their  Customers  Punctuality,  Liberality, 
and  Genuine  Articles.     The  favour  of  a  visit  is  earnestly  solicited. 


Transit  Agency  for  Plants,  Seeds,  &c. 

CJ.     BLACKITH    AND    CO.,    late    Betham    & 
•    Blackith,    Oct's    and   Hammond's   Quays,    Lower    Thames 
Street,  London,  S.E. 

Forwarders  to  all  parts  of  the  Worldj ^^^^ 


CHARLES  H.  DICKSON'S  NEW  VEGETABLE 
and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  of  best  quality  only.  All  orders 
amountingto  20s.  and  upwards  sent  carriage  paid.  Priced  Descriptive 
CATALOGUES  free  by  post  on  application. 

23,  Market  Place,  Manchester. 


WEBB'S  NEW  GIANT  POLYANTHUS, 
Florist  Flower,  and  GIANT  COWSLIP  SEEDS  ;  also  Plants 
of  all  the  varieties,  with  Double  PRIMROSES  of  different  colours; 
AURICULAS,  both  Single  and  Double;  with  every  sort  of  Early 
Spring  Flowers.     LIST  on  application.— Mr.  WEBB,  Calcot,  Reading, 


BUTLER,  MCCULLOCH,  AND  CO.'S  SPRING 
CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS  for  1872  is  now  ready.  It  contains 
many  Novelties  of  merit  and  worth  consideration.  Sent  free  and 
post  paid  on  application. 

27,  South  Row,  Covent  Garden  Market,  London,  W.C. 
Established  upwards  of  a  century. 


Trade  Price  Current  Seeds  for  1872. 

PETER  LAWSON  and  SON  beg  to  intimate  that 
their  TRADE  LIST  of  AGRICULTURAL,  GARDEN,  and 
FLOWER  SEEDS,  &c.,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  post 
free,  on  application. 

20,  Budge  Row,  Cannon  Street,  London.  E.C..  and  Edinburgh. 

New  and  Choice  Seeds. 

J  SCOTT'S  Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of 
•  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS  is  now  ready,  contain- 
ing Cultural  Notes  and  other  useful  information,  and  will  be  sent 
gratis,  post  Iree,  on  application  to 

J.  SCOTT.  The  Seed  Stores,  Yeovil,  Somerset. 


CHARLES  NOBLE  has  some  thousands  of  magnifi- 
cent Hybrid  Seedling  RHODODENDRONS,  ranging  from  i  to 
4  feet.  Such  Plants  are  scarcely  to  be  equalled,  and  the  unprecedented 
prices  at  which  they  are  now  being  sent  out  are  seriously  alarming  the 
Nursery  Trade.  Bagshot.     ^_^ 


GARDENIA  INTERMEDIA.— For  SALE,  500  clean, 
healthy  plants  of  the  above,  in  s-inch  pots.     Well  set  for  bloom. 
COOPER,    BROS.,  AND    PLUNKET,    The    Nurseries,   Ashford, 

Middlesex.  


TRUE  LONDON  PLANE  TREES,  15  feet  high,  and 
straight   as  gun-rods,   d2s.    per  dozen;   also  a  great  variety   of 
STANDARD  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  for  Parker  Avenue  Planting. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurserymen,  Worcester. 


QTRONG    THORNS    and    LARCH.— Buyers  of  the 

lO  above  will  be  liberally  dealt  with.     For  samples  and  prices  apply  to 

RUSH    AND    YEATS    (late    Chivas   &    Weaver),    Eaton    Road 

Nurseries,  Chester.  


STRONG  Transplanted  LARCH,  2  to  5  feet.     Buyers 
of  the  abbve  or  other  Trees  will  be  treated  liberally. 
JAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS,  Newton  Nurseries,  Chester. 


D 


OUBLE     WHIN,     or    GORSE,     nice     plants. 

3s.  per  dozen.  15s.  per  100.     See  Catalogue. 
JAMES  SMITH,  Parley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 


B 


ERBERIS     AQUIFOLIA,     for    Covert. 

12  to  18  inches,  81.  per  100,  401.  per  100. 

15  to  20  inches,  los.  per  100,  60s.  per  100.     See  Catalogue. 

JAMES   SMITH,  Parley    Dale    Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 


w 


HITETHORN  QUICK,    i-yr.,  fine.     For  sample 

and  price  apply  to 
B.  R.  CANT,  St.  John's  Street  Nursery,  Colchester. 


TJ^INE,    Strong,  well-grown,     transplanted     LARCH 

Jj  FIR,  from  2  to  3  feet. 

WILLIAM  WOOD  and  SON,  The  Nurseries,  Maresfield,  near 

Uckfield,  Sussex.  


FINE  bushy   LAURUSTINUS,    1   to  2  feet.     Prices 
on  application. 
WM.    WOOD   AND   SON,  Woodlands   Nursery,   Maresfield,   near 
Uckfield,  Sussex. 


EXTRA  fine,  clean  grown.  Transplanted  ENGLISH 
OAKS.  3.  4,  5,  6,  and  7  feet;  fine  Transplanted  SCOTCH  and 
LARCH  Fl  Rb..  2  to  3  feet. 

WM.  WOOD  AND  SON.  The  Nurseries.  Maresfield,  near  Uckfield, 
Sussex. 


RUSH-LEAVED  BROOM,  2  to  3  feet  and  3  to  4  feet. 
12s.  per  100,  very  bushy.     Planted  in  the  autumn  of  1870. 
WALTER    DAWSON,    Spike    Bridge    Nursery,    The    Cemetery, 
Coventry. 


CHEAP  LAURUSTINUS.— Strong,  bushy,  and  weU 
rooted ;    delivered   free  to  Liverpool,  Bristol,  or   Dublin,      For 
prices,  apply  to 

J.  J.  HARPUR,  The  Nurseries,  Wexford,  Ireland. 


CARTER'S     COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS.— Price  121.  6rf.,  21s.,  30*.,  421.,  and  63J.     Packing  and 
carriage  free. 

237  and  238,  High  Holbom,  London.  W.C. 


CARTER'S      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS  will  produce  a  constant  supply  of  the  best  vegetables 
all  the  year  round. 


MAURICE  YOUNG'S  NEW  TRADE  LIST  of 
CONIFER.^,  HARDY  EVERGREEN  TREES  and 
SHRUBS,  ROSES,  RHODODENDRONS,  JAPANESE  PLANTS, 
NEW  AUCUBAS,  &c.,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  on 
application. 

M ilford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming,  Surrey. 


H 


ENRY  ORMSON,  Horticultural  Architect, 

Builder,  and  Hot-Water  Apparatus  Manufacturer, 

Stanley  Bridge,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  S.W. 

Plans,  Specifications,  and  Estimates  on  application 


WANTED.     Strong,     clean,     transplanted     APPLE 
STOCKS.      State  quantity,  with  lowest  price,  to 
RICHARD  SMITH,  St.  John's  Nurseries,  Worcester. 


CARTER'S      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS. 
For  Cottage  Gardens,  I  For  Small  Gardens,  I  For  Medium  Gardens, 
price  12J,  6rf.  |  price  21  j.  |       price  30J.  and  42J. 

Packing  and  carriage  free.     Five  per  cent,  for  cash  payment. 

237  and  238,  H jgh  Holborn.  London,  W.C. 


To  the  Trade. 

ASPARAGUS     PLANTS,    very    strong    and    good; 
grown  on  our  own  farms.    Lowest  price  on  application. 
JAMES  CARTER,  DUNNETT,  and  BEALE.  237and  238,  High 
Holborn,  London,  W.C. 


BELL'S    MARKET    FAVOURITE    CUCUMBER. 
— The  best  and  most  prolific  White  Spine  in  cultivation.   Average 
length  24  in. ;  easy  culture,  fine  form,  colour  and  flavour.  Sixseeds,  is.  oa. 
JOHN  BELL,  Seedsman,  Exchange  Street,  Norwich. 


6d.  per 


BIRD'S  KING   of  the    CUCUMBERS, 
packet.     The  best  for  exhibition. 
BIRD'S    QUEEN    of   the    MELONS,   is.    per  packet.     The   best 
green-fleshed  variety.     May  be  had  of  all  the  Seed  Trade,  and  of 
JAMES  BIRD,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  Downham. 

EIWiTJE     MUSSELBURGH  ^LEEK.  —  Sample 

and  price  on  application. 
BALL.A.NTYNEandSON,  Nurstryme^nand  Seedsmen,  Dalkeith, N.B. 


s 


Tne  Forwardest  Pea  known. 

UTTONS'  RINGLEADER. 

Price  IS.  6<i-  per  quart      May  be  sown  at  once. 
SUTTON  AND  SUNS,  Koading,  Berks. 


McLean's  Little  Gem  Pea. 

ALFRED     LEGERTON,     Seed     Merchant, 
?,Aldgale,   London,  E.,  has  the  above  to  offer  to   the  Trade. 
Sample  and  price  on  application. _^ ___^^_ 

S~  '  URPLUS~STdCK.  of  PEAS.  -All  the  leading  kinds 
of  Peas  can  be  offered,  in  large  or  small  quantities.     Samples  and 
prices  on  application  to 
ALFRED  LEGERPON.  Seed  Merchant,  5,  Aldgate,  London.  E. 


MR.  LAXTON'S  NEW  PEAS  for  1872.— For 
particulars  of  Mr.  Laxton's  latest  and  remarkable  Novelties  in 
Garden  Peas,  which  will  be  sent  out  by  us  this  season  in  trial  packets, 
see  page  137  of  this  day's  Gardeners'  ChrcnicU. 

HURST  AND  SON,  6,  Lcadenhall  Street,  London,  E.C. 


Notice  to  Large  Purchasers  of  Seeds. 

PURCHASERS   of   large    quantities  of   SEEDS    and 
POTATOS  will  be  supplied  on  liberal  terms,  on  application,  by 
post  or  otherwise  (stating  quantities  required),  to 
SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Seed  Growers.  Reading. 

POTATOS.— Fitty  Tons  good  sound  Seed  of  Kidneys, 
Early  Ashleaf,  Myatt's  and  Lemon,  Early  Handsworth,  Golden 
Dwarf  and  Dalmahoy.     Prices  per  cwt.  and  ton  verj-  moderate. 
H.  AND  R.   STIRZAKER.  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster. 


EARLY      SEED      POTATOS.— 20     Tons     Myatt's 
Prolific,    or  Fortyfold.     Good    sample,   fine  quality,  and  heavy 
crops.     Put  on  the  rails  at  5s.  per  bushel  of  70  lb. 

J  A  M  ES  PEARSON,  Forest  Mills.  York.  


SEED  POTATOS  for   SALE.- Several  Tons  of  Old 
Ashleaf,    Myatt's    Ashleaf.   American   Early    Rose,    American 
Flourball.  and  Bovinia.     Prices  on  application  to 

JOHN  BLACK,  Potato  Merchant.  Jedburgh,  N.B. 

UANTITY"   of    SEED 'POTATOS    for    SALE.— 

Dalmahoys  and  Early  Shaws.     Prices  moderate. 
SKINNER  AND  SONS,' Potato  Salesmen,  32,  James  Street,  Covent 
Garden,  W.C. 


Seed  Potatos. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO..  Seed  Growers 
and  Sefd  Merchants,  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  SEED  POTATOS  is 
now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  application. 


Turnip  and  Mangel  Wurzel  Seeds— 1871  Crop. 

JOHN  SHARPE  will  on  application  furnish  his  LIST, 
with  prices,  of  the  principal  SEEDS  he  is  growing  this  year. 

Bardney  Manor,  Lincoln. — July  6.       


Mangel  Wurzel  and  KoM  RabL 

R.    S.   A.    DAINTREE,   of  Fendrayton.   St.    Ives, 

Hunts,  has  fine  stocks  of  the  above  SEEDS  for  SALE,  of  his 
n  growth  and  selection,  from  large  bulbs,  afvery  moderate  rates. 


M 


B 


EET.— Henderson's  Pine-apple,  short  top  (true  stock). 

BEET.— Henderson's  Waterloo  (true  stock). 
CAULIFLOWER.— Dwarf  Frogmore  (pure  and  true  stock). 

Price  per  pound  on  application. 
Mr.  HARDING,  2Q,  Maddox  Street,  Regent  Street,  London. 

RICHARD  WALKER  can  supply  the  following  for 
cash:— Best  SEAKALE  for  forcing,  7J.  per  100;  SEAKALE 
for  planting-out,  M.  per  100;  ASPARAGUS,  ,Ci  per  1000  ;  WHITE 
SPANISH  ONION  SEED,  all  new  and  genuine. 

The  Market  Gardens.  Biggleswade,  Beds.  


w 

apphca-j 

WM. 
Sussex. 


Planting  Seakale,  by  the  100,  1000.  or  10,000. 

"^M.  WOOD  AND  SON  have  an  immense  quantity 

of  SEAKALE  ROOTS  for  Planting.     Prices  will  be  given  on 


WOOD  AND  SON,  The  Nurseries,  Maresfield,  near  Uckfield, 


PARIS.  I  SUTTONS'  GRASS  SEEDS  for  ALL 
1867.  I  SOILS.  The  PREMIER  PRIX  SILVER  MEDAL 
for  GARDEN  SEEDS,  GRASSES,  and  GRASS  SEEDS,  was 
Awarded  to 

SUTTON    AND    SONS,  Seedsmen,  by  Special    Appomtmcnt,  to 
H.M.  the  Queen,  and  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales.  Reading.  Berks. 

DESFONTAINEA  SPINOSA,  strong  plants,  in  pots, 
as.  and  as.  6d.,  or  i8j,  to  24J.  per  dozen.      Highly  recommended, 
vide  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  p,  112,  of  lanuar>'  27,  1872. 

H.  AND  R.   STIRZAKER.  Skerton  Nurseries.  Lancaster. 

EVERY         GARDEN         REQUISITE 
KEPT  in  STOCK  at 
CARTER'S  New  Seed  Warehouse,  237  &  238.  High  Holborn,  London. 


Kltclien  Garden  Seeds. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO..  Seed  Growers 
and  SEED  Merchants,  Sleaford.  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
SEEDS  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  apph- 
rarinn 


134 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[Febraary  3,   1872. 


New  Seeds-"  Only  tlie  Best." 


MR.     WILLIAM      BULL'S      CATALOGUE 
is  now  ready. 
SEEDS  of  NEW  A^EGETABLES, 
SEEDS  of  NEW  FLOWERS. 
"Only  the  best."      Wide  descriptions  in  Mr.  WILLIAM  BULL'S 
CATALOGUE.     "  Every  article  priced." 

It  is  particularly  requested  that  orders  be  sent  on  the  order  sheet 
that  accompanies  the  Seed  Catalogue,  as  soon  after  its  receipt  as 
possible.  This  is  desired  with  a  view  to  prevent  any  delay  in  the 
execution  of  orders,  for,  although  a  large  and  efticient  stati  js  cm- 
ployed,  yet,  in  the  height  of  the  season,  the  pressure  is  extremely 
great,  and  hfince  the  work  is  much  facilitated  if  the  orders  are 
received  early.  _  ,,.     .     „      >    ^.    i 

Establishment  for  New  and  Rare  Plants,  Kmgs  Road,  Chelsea, 
London,  S.W.  


Imported  Seed  of 


PRIMULA   JAPONICA    (New    Crimson    Primrose), 
in  six  varieties. 
yideUv  WILLIAM  BULL'S  NEW  SEED  CATALOGUE,  p.  84. 
Establishment  for  New  and    Rare  Plants,  King's   Road,   Chelsea, 
London,  S.W.  __^_ 


ORNAMENTAL  GAME  COVERT. 
A  Collection  of  Plants,  consisting  of  SYRINGA,  RISES, 
ELDER,  SPIR/EA,  SNOWBERRY,  &c.,  will  be  supplicii  at  ;£?  per 
1000.     See  Catalogue. 

JAMES  SMITPI,  Parley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 


O' 


iNE    HUNDRED    THOUSAND    HARDY 

HEATHS. 
100,  in   10  varielies,  20s,  ;    100,  in  20  varieties,  30s. ;    or  100,  in   40 
varieties,  45s.     .See  Catalogue.  _  ,,     ,     , 

JAMES  SMITH,  Darley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 

RICHARD  SMITH'S  LIST  of  all  the  EVERGREEN 
FIR  TRIBE,  suitable  for  Britain,  giving  size,  price,  popular 
and  botanical  names,  derivations,  description,  form,  colour,^  foliage, 
growth,  timber,  use  in  arts,  native  country  and  size  there,  situation, 
soil,  and  other  infornaation,  with  copious  index  of  their  synonyms. 
Free  by  post  for  six  stamps. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester 


TRANSPLANTED  FOREST  TREES.— Quicks,  i  to 
iJi  foot,  9J.  per  1000  ;  Oak,   i  to  iJi   foot,  8s.  per  1000;  Larch, 
6   to   15   inches,   7s.    per  1000;  Scotch.  6   to  15  inches,  6s.   per  1000; 
Spruce,   2-yr.,    and    2-vr.    transplanted,   6s.   per    ic»o  ;    Beech,    6    to 
15  inches,  8s.  per  loco  ;  Berberisaquifolia,  6  to  15  inches,  15s.  per  1000. 
The  above  in  larger  sizes,  very  cheap.     Price  on  application. 

W.  JACKSUN.  Blakedown,  near  Kidderminster. 


TO  PLANTERS  of  FOREST  TREES.— The 
handsomest  and  also  the  most  profitable  Forest  Trees  to  grow 
are  the  two  NEW  WILLOWS,  SALIX  BASFORDIANA  and 
SALIX  SANGUINEA.  S.  Basfordiana  is  the  most  vigorous  growing 
Willow  yet  introduced  ;  the  timber  is  exceedingly  tough  and  valuable; 
the  branches  are  of  a  bright  orange  colour,  deepening  into  a  red 
towards  the  points,  and  shine  in  the  sun  as  if  varnished.  S.  sanguines 
is  not  quite  such  a  rapid  grower,  but  the  timber  is  equally  tough,  and 
the  branches  throughout  of  a  deeper  red.  and  very  bright.  The  colour 
is  the  most  brilliant  when  the  trees  are  destitute  of  leaves.  They  are 
spiry  topped  trees,  and  attain  a  large  size,  perfectly  hardy,  and  will 
grow  in  the  poorest  soils  or  most  exposed  situations.  1  hey  would 
form  handsome  groups  in  a  landscape,  or  mix  with  and  relieve  the 
sombre  appearance  of  our  woods  in  winter.  It  is  very  rarely  that  a 
valuable  novelty  like  the  above  has  been  offered  at  such  extremely  low 
rates.  Strong  rooted  plants,  6  to  g  feet  high,  6s.  per  dozen,  or  40J.  per 
iQo;  g  to  13  feet  high,  7s.  6d,  per  dozen,  or  50s.  per  100;  selected 
specimens  over  13  feel,  12s.  per  dozen,  or  8cw.  per  100. 

For   the  value  of  the  Willow  as  a  Timber  Tree,  see  the  Garden, 
December  9,  1871. 

WILLIAM  SCALING,  AVillow  Nurseryman.  Barford,  Notts. 


FIVE  HUNDRED  THOUSAND  LARCH,  H  to  2. 
2  to  2^^,  2^  to  7,  and  3  to  4  feet.    I     MANETTI  STOCKS. 
200,000  SCOTCH  FIR,  15  to  24  inches,  thrice  transplanted. 
200,000  SPRUCE  FIR,  2  10  2}^,  2K  to  3,  and  ^toVA  feet. 
300,000  OAK,  English,  ij'j  to  2J2,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  6  feet. 
100,000  HAZEL,  15  to  24  inches,  and  2  to  3  feet. 
200,000  SYCAMORE,  2%  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  6,  and  6  to  8  feet. 
200,000  THORNS,  3,  4,  and  syr.  transplanted, 
100,000  ELM,  Wych,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet. 

20,000  ASH,  Mountain,  4  to  5,  5  to  6,  6  to  7,  and  7  to  8  feet. 

20,000  OAK,  Turkey,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  7  feet. 

50,000  BIRCH,  1%  to  2,  2  to  3,  4;-i  to  6,  and  6  to  8  feet. 

30,000  AUSTRIAN  PINE,  1  to  2,  2  103,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 

10,000  YEW,  English,  1  to  ijj,  1J2  to  2,  and  4  to  7  feet. 

50,000  ALDER,  1  to  2,  2  to  3,  and  3  to  5  feet. 

10,000  ELM,  English,  grafted,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 

20,000  SILVER  FIR,  I  to  iJi.and  1%  to  2  feet. 

40,000  BEECH,  2%  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet. 

30,000  PRIVET,  Evergreen,  ij^  to  2,  and  2  to  3  feet. 

RHODODENDRON      FONTICUM,    some   thousands, 

f:ood  plants,  with  6  to  20  flower-buds  on  each,  grown  in 
oam,  with  fine  balls. 
We  also   hold   a   large    general   Stock   of  all   other  FOREST   and 
ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  &c.,  which  will  be  offered  at  very  moderate 
prices.     CATALOGUES  on  application. 

H.  AND  R.  STIRZAKEK,  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster 


JOSEPH     SMITH,    JuN.,    Moor     Edge     Nurseries, 
Tansley,  near  Matlock,  Derbyshire,  offers  as  follows,  at  per  1000 : — 
ALDER,  i^  to  2  feet,  14s. ;  2  to  3  feet,  i8s, ;  3  to  4  feet,  221. 
ASH,  Mountain,  2  to  3  feet,  i8s. ;  3  to  4  feet,  20s.  ;  4  to  g  feet,  251. ; 

5  to  6  feet,  401. ;  6  to  7  feet,  60s. 
BELCH,  \%  to  2  feet,  i8j.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  23J. 
BERBERIS  AQUIFOLIUM,  g  to  12  inches,  201. ;  i  to  iKfoot,  30J.  ; 

2-yT.,  31. 
BIRCH,  ij^  to  2  feet,  loj.  to  i6s.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  151.  to  21s. ;  3  to  4  feet, 

20s.  to  30J. 
BOX,  Tree,  g  to  15  inches,  60s. 
BROOM,  Common,  2  to  3  feet,  15s.  ;  3  to  4  feet,  155.  ;  Seedlings,  31.  6d. 

„         White,  I  and  2-yr.,  3s.  6d.  to  5s. 
COTONEASTER  MICROl'HYLLA,  25*.  to  40s. 
ELM,  1%  to  2  feet,  14s.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  i8r. ;  3  to  4  feet,  231. 
FIR,  Scotch,  I  to  i}^  foot,  14s.  ;  ij^  to  2  feet,  i6s.  ;  3  to  4  feet,  30s. 
„      Spruce,   I  to   ij^  foot,  igs.  ;  ij^  to  2  feet,  20*. ;  2  to  3  feet,  305, ; 

3  to  4  feet,  50s. 
„  I,      American,  2  103  ft.,  70s.  ;  3  to  4  ft.,  120s. ;  4  to  5  ft.,  1501. 

I,      Larch,  g  to  ig  ins.,  los. ;  i  to  ij^  foot,  121.  6ii. ;  i^  to  2  feet,  i6j.  ; 
2  to  3  feet,  25J. 
FURZE  or  Gorse,  Seedlings,  is.  6d. 
LIMES,  I  to  1%  foot,  50s. ;  ij^  to  2  feet,  701. ;  2  to  3  feet,  iiof. ;  3  to 

4  feel,  r40s. 
OAKS,  I  to  ili  foot,  71. ;  iJi  to  2  feet,  12s. ;  2  to  3  feet,  20J.  ;  3  to  4  ft., 

28s.  ;  3  yr  ,  21.  6d. 
PINUS  AUSTRIACA,  6  to  12  inches,  igj. ;  9  to  IJ  inches,  25s. ;  i  to 
ij^  foot,  30f, 
J,        MARITIMA,  2  feet,  los. 
POPLAR,  Ontario,  i  to  1%  foot,  los,  ;  i?j  to  2  feel,  I2J.  6<f . ;  2  to  3  ft., 

20s.  ;  4  to  5  feet,  45s.  ;  6  to  8  feet,  70s. 
QUICKS,  2-yr.  transplanted,  8s.  ;  3-yr.  do.,  los. 
RHODODENDRUNS,  2  and  3-yr.  Seedling,  £20  per  100,000. 
•t    3-yr-  selected,  £37  los.  per  100,000. 

t.,F^\.?"X'',;i-"^"''//^"^P'^"'^^'  ^^^■'  ^'i''"-  ^"•^  =-y-  transplanted,  24i. 
SYCAMORE,  ij^  to  2  feet,  14s. ;  2  to  3  feet,  161. :  3  to  4  feet.  2W  : 

4  to  5  feet,  35s.  '  "        ^  '    ^  ' 

WILLOW,  Bedford,  i  to  ij^  foot,  7s. ;  i^  to  2  feet, 

iM,  :  3  to  4  ft..  23s. ;  4  tog  ft.,  25s. ;  6  to  8  ft.,  70: 
PRIVET,  Evergreen,  i-yr,,  4s.  ;  ij^to  2  feet,  igs, 
LAUREL,  Common,  i-yr.,  fine,  15s. 
SEAKALE,  2-yr.  251.  ;  p-yr.  igj. 

FLOWERING  SHRUBS,  in  goVarieties,  1  to  4  feet,  loos. 
With  many  others,  of  which  a  Priced  LIST  will  be  sent  on  application. 


los. ;  2  to  3  feet, 
;  8  to  10  ft.,  loos. 


^AM  "  '''^^  ^^^*  Catalogue." — Se^  opinions  of  the  Press. 

iJ*JKi  Just  Publisheti,  Gratis  and  Post  Free, 

Dick  Radclyffe  &  Co.s 

SPEIIG    CATALOGUE    OF    SEELS 

FOR    THE 

KITCHEN    GARDEN,    FLOWER    GARDEN,   and    FARM) 

Garden    Requisites   and   Horticultural   Decorations. 


THE  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
ORCHARD 


CONTENTS  {Illustrated)  :— 
FARM  I      GARDEN  .SUNDRIES,    IMPLEMENTS,  &c. 

FLOWER  GARDEN      |      HORTICULTURAL  DECORATIONS. 


Seed  Merchants  and  Garden  Fumisherg, 
129,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  LONDON,  W.C.        SEED  GROUNDS— ERFURT,  PRUSSIA. 

N.B.     Wholesale  Catalogues  for  the  Trade  only  on  application.        Seed  packed  for  export. 

Richard   Smith, 

NURSERYMAN  AND  SEED  MERCHANT, 
WOECESTEE. 


ROSES— Standard,  Dwarf  and  Climbing. 
FRUIT  TREES  of  every  description. 
CREEPERS,  for  Trellises  and  Walls. 
FOREST,  SCREEN,  and  TIMBER  TREES. 
SHRUBS  for  GAME  COVERTS. 
QUICK  and  other  STOCK  for  HEDGES. 


CONIFEROUS  TREES  and  SHRUBS. 

EVERGREEN  ,,  ,, 

FLOWERING 

ORNAMENTAL       ,, 

AVENUE 

GARDEN  and  FARM  SEEDS  of  all  kinds. 


DESCRIPTIVE  PRICED  CATALOGUES  to  be  had  on  application. 


32,   Maida    Vale,   Edgware  Road,  IV. 

THE    PINE-APPLE    NURSERY 

(one  of  the  Oldest  Nurseries  extant) 

IS    NOW    CONDUCTED    BY    A    COMPANY,    WHO    ARE 
PREPARED    TO 

WAEEANT    GENUINE 

EVERY   ARTICLE   SUPPLIED   TO  THEIR    CUSTOMERS. 
THEIR  STOCK  AND  RESOURCES  ARE  ALMOST 

INEXHAUSTIBLE; 

AND 

THEIR   MOTTO   IS   "LIBERALITY." 

Please  write  fortheir  ROSE  and  FRUIT  TREE  CATALOGUE,  andalso  for  their  SEED   CATALOGUE, 

just  published. 


Address,  JOHN  BESTER  (Manager), 
PINE-APPLE     NURSERY,      MAIDA      VALE,      LONDON,     W. 


PREMIER  HORTICULTURAL  PRIZE  AND  TWO  GOLD  MEDALS 

FROM    INTERNATIONAL    EXHIBITION,  1871. 

William  Paul 

RESPECTFULLY     SOLICITS     ORDERS     FOR     HIS 

COLLECTION    OF    ROSES, 

The    largest,     cheapest,     and    best    stock     in     the    country. 

VEGETABLE    Ain>    FLOWER    SEEDS 

Of  the  most  select  and  improved  r.^ces,  many  of  which  have  been  worked  up  under  his  own  eye  and  hand  ; 
the  carriage  of  which  may  be  deducted  from  the  account. 

FRUIT    TREES, 

Standards  and  Dwarfs,  Trained  and  Untrained  ;    also  many  thousands  of  handsome  Fruiting 
Pyramids,  well  set  with  flower-buds. 

GRAPE    VINES. 

A  large  Collection,  including  all  the  newest  sorts,  in  excellent  condition  of  root  and  top. 

EVERGREENS  and  FLOWERING  TREES  and  SHRUBS. 

Many  acres  in  splendid  condition  for  removal,   well  worthy  of  inspection  by  any  gentleman  planting. 

Carriage  oj  all  Goods  Free  to  London.       Priced  Catalogues  Free  by  Post. 
PAUL'S  NURSERIES  and  SEED  WAREHOUSE,  WALTHAM  CROSS,  LONDON,  N, 


February  3,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


135 


KITCHEN     GARDEN     SEEDS, 

•      CARRIAGE  FREE. 


A  Complete  Collection  for  a  large  Garden 
A  Complete  Collection  for  a  medium-sized  Garden  .. 
A  Complete  Collection  for  a  Small  Garden 
None  but  the  most  approved  sorts  of  Vegetables  are  included  in  the  above  Collections.     For  sorts,  see  SEED 
LIST,  Free  on  api»lication. 


63s. 
42s. 
21s. 


The  GUINEA  COLLECTION   of  KITCHEN   GARDEN  SEEDS,   Carriage  Free, 


Is  composed  of  tlie  foUowing  most  approved  kinds  : 


PEAS— Dillistonc's  Earliest,  i  quart 

Suttons'  Early  Champion,  i  quart 

Champion  of  England,  i  quart 

^'eitch's  Perfection,  i  quart 

Payne's  Conqueror,  i  pint 

Advancer,  i  pint 

Blue  Scimitar,  i  pint 
BEANS— Johnson's  Wonderful,  i  quart 

Broad  Windsor,  i  quart 

French  Robin's  Eg;;,  i  pint 

Scarlet  Runners,  i  pmt 
BEET— St.  Osyth,  i  oz. 
BORECOLE,  or  KALE— Asparagus,  i  pkt, 

Heartinp,  i  packet 

CottaKers',  i  packet 
BRUSSELS  SPROUTS— Finest,  i  packet 
BROCCOLI— Adams'  Early,  i  packet 

Snow's  Winter  White,  i  packet 

Purple  Sprouting,  i  packet 

Walchcren,  i  packet 


BROCCOLI— Dwarf  Late  White,  i  packet 
CABBAGE— Early  Nonpareil,  i  packet 

Enfield  Market,  i  packet 

Worcester  Incomparable,  i  packet 

Red  Pickling,  i  packet 
CARROT— Early  Horn,  i  oz. 

Tames'  Intermediate,  i  oz. 

Improved  AUringham,  i  oz. 
CAULIFLOWF.R—Early  London,!  packet 
CELERY— Matchless  Red,  i  packet 

Cole's  Crystal  White,  i  packet 
CRESS— Broad  leaved,  2  oz. 

Curled,  2  oz. 

Australian,  1  01. 
CUCUMBER— Smith's  Frame,  i  packet 

Siockwood,  I  packet 
ENDIVE— iMoss  Curled,  i  packet 
LEEK — Musselburgh,  i  packet 
LETTUCE— Paris  While  Cos,  i  packet 

Paris  Green  Cos,  i  packet 


LETTUCE— Worcester  Cabbage,  i  packet 
MUSTARD— 4  oz. 

MELON— Hannam's  Hybrid,  i  packet 
ONION— While  Spanish,  i  oz. 

James'  Keeping,  i  oz. 
PARSLEY— Myatt's  Garnishing,   i  packet 
PARSNIP— Improved  Hollow  Crown,  1  in.. 
RADISH— Long  Scarlet,  2  oz. 

Red  Turnip,  2  oz 

White  Turnip,  2  oz. 

Olive  Shaped,  2  oz. 
SAVOY— Green  Curled,  i  packet 
SPINACH— Round,  4  oz. 

Prickly,  4  oz. 
TURNIP—Early  Snowball,  i  oz. 

American  Rediop,  i  oz. 
TOMATO— Red,  i  packet 
VEGETABLE  M.A.RROW,  i  packet 
POT  HERBS,  4  packets 


EICHAED     SMITH, 

SEED     MERCHANT     AND     NURSERYMAN,     WORCESTER. 


TO  PLANTERS.— STRONG  FOREST  TREES,  &c. 
LARCH,  2  10  3,  2%  to  i'4,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
SCOTCH,  i!'i  to  2,  2  10  2'4,  and  2^  to  3  (cct. 
SPRUCE,  1J1  to  2,  2  lo  2]^,  2^  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
ENGLISH  OAKS,  2!^  lo  3J4,  3  to  4,  4  lo  5,  5  to  6,  and  6  to  7  ft. 
BIRCH,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet. 
ELMS  (Wych),  2  to  3,  3  to  J,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
HAZELS,  2  to  3,  1  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
MOUNTAIN  ASH,  2103,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
SYCAMORES,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  lo  5,  and  5  to  6  feel. 
With  many  others,  all  of  the  best  quality.     The  Larch  are  clean, 
stout,  well-grown  stuff,  and  have  never  been  injured  by  frost. 
JOHN  HILL,  The  Nurseries.  Sp^-t  Acre,  near  Stone,  Staffordshire. 


A  BLUE  PEA  AS  EARLY  AS  ANY  WHITE  ONE, 

And  the  most  prolific  early  Pea  ever  introduced. 

THE  PUBLIC  ARE  RESPECTFULLY  REMINDED 
that  this  magnificent  "  First  Early "  Blue  Pea,  brought  to  their  notice  last  season, 
achieved  great  success,  fully  realising  the  anticipations  that  were  then  entertained,  and  thus 
proving  itself  to  be  excellent  in  flavour,  a  magnificent  cropper,  and  in  the  primarily  important 
point  of  gathering  time  surpassed  by  no  Early  Pea. 

No  Cardeiio^s  Collection  complete  without  it. 
To  be  obtained  of  the  Principal  Seedsmen  in  Town  and  Country. 


E.  G.  Henderson  &  Sons 

DESCRIPTIVE  AND  ILLUSTRATED  SEED  CATALOGUE 

Forwarded   Gratis   to   Customers,   and  on   receipt   of   Six  Stamps  to   Strangers. 


See  PRICED  LIST  of  FIRST-CLASS  FLORIST  FLOWERS, 

See  PRICED  LIST  of  NOVELTIES  for  1872, 

See  PRICED  LIST  of  RARE  and  DESIRABLE  FLOWERS, 

In  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  January  20,  p.  66. 


CONVOLVULUS  MAJ1.IS  PICTURATA.— Most  lovely  and  eleeant 
among  summer  climbing  planis,  with  bright  rose  flakes  covering  a 
pure  white  jiroiind.     is. 

LOBELIA  ERINUS  BRILLIANT.-Eeautiful  rich  blue,  with  large 


CAMPANULA  TURBINATA  HVERIDA,  ditto  ALBA,  ditto 
PALLIDA,— A  fme  plant  in  its  varieties  for  bedding,  a  sheet  of 
bloom  in  May,  June,  and  July.     is.  each. 

PENTSTEMON  GI.ABER.— Lovely  blue.     -- 


_pclal.     IS.  \^s.td  andgs.     AQUILEGIA  GLANDULOSA  GIGANTEA  (true).— A  magnificent 

PRIMULA  JAPONICA.— This  fine  hardy  species  in  mixed  colours.  plant,     is, 

>ETHIONEMA  GRANDIFLORA.— Beautiful  Alpine  Plant,     as.  6^.     VIOLA  LUTEA  GRANDIFLORA  PERFECTA.— The  best  yellow 
ANEMONE  PAVONINA.— Brilliant  crimson  scarlet,     6rf.  and  is.        .  bedding  Pansy,     is. 


WELLINGTON  NURSERY,  ST.  JOHN'S  WOOD,  LONDON,  N.W. 


PRELIMINARY      NOTICE, 


Messrs.  Geo.  Jackman  &  Son 


INTEND  DISTRIBUTING  IN  MAY  NEXT 


A  SET  OF  THEIR  HARDY  FREE-FLOWERING  CLEMATIS, 

VIZ.  :- 

C.  THOMAS  MOORE,  pucy  violet,  white  stamens,  passiflora-like.     ist  Class  Certificate. 
C.  MRS.  JAMES  BATEMAN,  pale  lavender,  fine,     ist  Class  Certificate. 
C.  VITICELLA  RUBRA  GRANDIFLORA,  bright  claret-crimson,     ist  Class  Certificate. 
C.  ALEXANDRA,  pale  reddish  violet,     ist  Class  Certificate. 
C.  VELUTINA  PURPUREA,  rich  blackish  mulberry,     ist  Class  Certificate. 
15s.  each.       Tlie  set  of  five  varieties  for  60s. 
Orders  booked,  and  sent  out  in  rotation. 


See  CATALOGUE  for  a  general  collection  of  CLEMATISES  in  stock. 
N.B.    A  Priced  and  Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  HARDY  TREES  and  SHRUBS  free  on  application. 

WOKING    NURSERY,    SURREY. 


Northampton  Nurseries. 

To  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  and  OTHERS,  ENGAGED 
in  PLANTING. 

JOHN     PERKINS,     Sen.,    begs    to    call    particular 
attention   to  his   large  STOCK^of  the  rollowing,  the  whole  ot 
which  have  been  transplanted,  are  stout,  and  well  rooted  : — 
PIN  US  AUSTRIACA,  1%  to  2  feet,  75s.  per  1000;  2  to  aj^  feet,  120s. 

per  TOGO ;  aj-j  to  3  feet,  20s.  per  100.     All  fine  fibrous  roots. 
BIRCH,  2  103  leet,  20s.  per  1000;  3  to  4^^  feet,  30J.  per  1000 
ELM,  Wych.  2  to  3  feet,  25s.  per  1000;  3  to  4  feet,  35s.  per  1000 
OAKS,  Enclish,  3  to  4  feet,  6a!.  per  1000,  fine  transplanted  ;  4  to  5  feet, 

loos.  per  1000 
FIR,  Spruce,  2  to  2^/2  feet,  50s  per  1000 
BERBERIS  AQUIFOLIA,  i  to  \%  foot,  30s.  per  1000 
BLACKTHORN,  ij^  to  2  feet,  15s.  per  1000;  2  to  3  feet,  20s.  per  1000. 
BOX,  Green,  x^/^  to  2  feet,  120s.  per  1000 
HAZEL,  fine,  i  to  2  feet,  155.  per  1000 
HORN  BEAM,  2  lo  3  feet,  30s,  per  1000 
LAUREL,  Common,  \%  lo  2  feet,  100s.  per  1000 
PRIVET,  Evergreen,  2  lo  2^^  feet,  20s,  per  1000 
YEWS,  Entrhsh,  ijj  to  2  feet,  40s.  per  100;  2  lo  3  feel,  70^.  per  100 

CATALOGUES  of  GENERAL  NURSERY  STOCK  free  bv 
post  on  application  to  52,  Market  Square,  Northampton,  where  all 
communications  arc  to  be  addressed. 


WITTY  AND  SON  have  to  offer  the  following  cheap 
FRUIT     TREES,     FOREST     TREES,     ORNAMENTAL 
TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  are  all  of  first-class  quality  :— 

Standard  APPLES,  9s,  per  dozen.  60s.  per  100. 

Standard  PEARS,  os,  per  dozen,  60s.  per  100,  fine. 

Standard  CHERRIES,  12s.  per  dozen,  75s.  per  100. 

Dwarf-trained  PEACHES,  301.  to  48s.  per  dozen,  fine. 

Dwarf-trained  NECTARINES,  30s.  to  48s.  per  dozen. 

Dwarf-trained  APRICOTS,  30s.  10485.  per  dozen. 

Dwarf-trained  CHERRIES,  24s.  to  30s.  per  dozen,  extra  fine. 

Pyramid  PEARS,  I2f.  to  60s.  per  dozen. 

Pyramid  PLUMS,  12s.  to  i8s,  to  36s.  per  dozen. 

Pyramid  CHERRIES,  gs.  to  12s.  to  24s.  per  dozen,  fine. 

GOOSEBERRIES,  is.  id.  per  dozen,  los.  per  100,^4  per  1000. 

ASH,  Mountain.  6s  to  8  feet,  30s,  per  100. 

American  Weepinjj  WILLOWS,  12s,  per  dozen,  75s.  per  100. 

Kilmarnock  Weepmg  WILLOWS,  i8s.  per  dozen. 

POPLAR,  in  sorts,  3s.  to  12s.  per  ciozen. 

THUJA  GIGANTEA,  4  to  g  feel,  36s.  per  dozen,  fine. 

THUJA  GIGANTEA,  5  to  6  feet,  60s.  per  dozen,  fine. 

CUPKESSUS  LAWSONIANA,  4105  feet,  30s.  t040s.  perdoz.,  fine. 

American  ARBOR-VIT.^,  3  leet,  3s.  lo  6s,   per  dozen,  255.10421. 
per  100. 

Siberian  AREOR-VIT.li,  3  to  4  feet,  40s-  per  100, 

LAUREL,  Common,  from  los.  td.  to  2is.  per  100,  fine  and  bushy. 

LAI'REL,  Purtugal,  18  inches  to  2  feet,  25s.  per  100. 

QUICKWO'lD,  los.  6rf,  1025s.  per  1000,  extra  fine. 

LARCH.  25s.  to  30s.  per  iodo,  fine. 

SYCAMORE,  25s.  to  30J.  per  1000,  extra  fine. 

The  above  have  all  been  regularly  transplanted,  and  will  remove 
with  perfect  safety. 

The  Nurseries;,  Cotlingham,  near  Hull. 


T 


Would  You  be  Surprised  to  Hear 
HE  UNDERMENTIONED  can  now  be  purchnsed 

at  immensely  reduced  prices  ?     Apply  to 
CHARLES  NOBLE,  Bagshot. 
Standard  APPLES,  PEARS,  and  PLUMS 
Pyramid  ,.  m  u 

Dwarf-trained  PEACHES 
Standard  i-yr.  trained  PEACHES 
RED  CURRANTS,  in  variety 

RHODODENDRONS,  Hybrid  Seedlings,  2  to  4  feet 
SPRUCE  FIR,  3  to  4  feet 
CUPRESSUS  LAWSONIANA,  2  to  10  feet 
PICEA  NORDMANNIANA,  3  to6feet 
PINUS  CEMBRA,  3  to  4  feet 
RETINOSPORA  SQUARROSA,  \%  to  2^  feet 

„  ERICOIDES,  ij^tosfeet 

„  PISIFERA.iJ^' 106  leet 

„  OBTUSA.  3lo6feet 

THUJA  AMERICANA,  3  to  6  feet 

LOBBII,  i^  to  6  feet 
THUJOPSIS  BOREALIS,  4  to8  feet 

,,  DOLABRATA,  9  inches  to  iJ4  foot 

ARUNDO  CONSPICUA,  strong 
BERBERIS  AQUIFOLIA 

,,  DARWINII,  i3^t0  2Kleet 

,,  TAPONICA,  I  to  2  feet 

LABURNUMS,  3  to6  feel 

DEUTZIA  CRENATA  FLORE-PLENO,  3  to6  feet 
DOUBLE  FURZE,  pots 
ENGLISH  OAKS.  2  to  6  feet 
LAURELS,  Colchic,  iM  to  sJ^  feet 
„  Common,  i%  to  2%  feet 

,,  Portugal,  I  to  2  feet 

LARCH  FIR,  6  to  9  feet 
SCOTCH  FIR,  4  to  6  feet 
MENZIESII  POLI FOLIA,  strong 
Paul's  New  Scarlet  THORN,  Standard  and  Pyramid 
PURPLE  LABURNUMS,  4  to  8  feet 
POPLAR.  ONTARIO,  6  lo  la  feet 

„  BLACK  ITALIAN,  6  to  12  feet 

,  LOM  B ARDY,  6  lo  12  feet 

QUICK,  extra  strong 
SPIR-EAS,  of  sorts,  3  to  4  feet 
VIBURNUM  PLICATUM,  2t0  3fcct 
VIOLETS,  in  best  varieties 
YUCCA  FLACCIDA,  strong 
CLEMATIS,  of  sorts 
IVIES,  of  sorts 
GYNERIUM  ARGENTEUM 


MILFORD         NURSERIES, 
near  Godalming. 

For    NEW  and    RARE    HARDY    PLANTS   and 

CONIFER^E,  see   MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive 
CATALOGUE. 

For  HARDY  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  and  SHRUBS, 
EVERGREENS,  &c.,  see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  RHODODENDRONS  and  other  AMERICAN 
PLANTS,  see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive 
CATALOGUE. 

For  STANDARD  and  HALF  STANDARD  ROSES, 
jec  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  NEW  JAPANESE  AUCUB.AS,  see  MAURICE 
YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  JAPANESE  NO  VELTI  ES,  see  MAURICE 
YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  Cheap  EVERGREENS  and  SHRUBS  for  COVER 

PLANTING      or       SHRUBBERIES,       see       MAURICE 
YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  PLANTS  suitable  for  WINTER    BEDDING,    see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  TRANSPLANTED    FOREST   TREES,    see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For   EXTRA    TRANSPLANTED   or   QUARTERED 

FOREST   TREES   for   Planting    Bells   or  Shrubberies,   sec 
MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CataloRue. 
For%varded  on  application  enclosing  stamp. 
Alilford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming. 


136 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


Asfricultural 


Gazette. 


[February  3,   187Z. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  LIST  of  EVERGREEN  and 
DFCinUOUS  SHRUBS, RHODODENDRONS, STANDARD 
ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  CLIMBING  and  TWINING  PLANTS, 
with  their  generic,  specific,  and  English  names,  native  country-, 
height,  time  of  flowering,  colour,  &c,,  and  general  remarks,  free 
by  post, 

RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  Worcester. 

X>  HODODENDRON       PONTICUM,       fine     bushy 


±V 


1%  to  2  feet.. 
20  to  30  inches 
2  to  2%  feet  . 
3^4  to  3  feet . 


plants  : — 
Per  100. 


405. 


Per  1000. 

..£l3      OS. 


ig    o 


75*- 


35    o 


RHODODENDRON  HYBRIDUM. 

ig  to  20  inches        . .        loi.  . .        - .  £14    o 

2  to  2I4  feet  . .        . .        40^.  - .        . .     19    o 

RHODODENDRON  MAXIMUM  ALBUM  (White). 

3t02Mfcet..         ..        40^-  ■■ --A^^    ° 

For  smaller  si^es,  see  CATALOGUE. 
JAMES  SMITH,  Parley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 

Forest  Trees,  Shrubs,  &c. 


MARTIN  AND  SON,  Seed  Growers,  Merchants, 
and   Nurserymen,  Cottingham,  and  7,  Market   Place,  Hull, 
respectfully  offer  as  under  :— 


2,000,000  Larch,  i  to  i!^,  and  2  to 
3%  feet 
10,000  Alder,  3  to  12  feet 
200,000  Ash,  2  to  3,  and  6  feet 
10,000  Purple    Beech,    2,   3,  4, 
and  5  feet 
100,000  Elms,  3,  4,  5,  and  6  feet 
150,000  Oaks,  2,  3,  and  4  feet 
150,000  Austrian  Pine,  i  to  2  ft. 
150,000  Sycamores,  2, 3,  and  4  ft. 
2,000,000  Quick  Thorns,  2  to  3  ft. 
10,000  Arbor-vitse,    2,    3,   4,   5, 

and  6  feet 
20,000  Aucubas,  fine,  all  sizes 
20,000  Mahonia,  strong 
10,000  Berberis   japonica,    1  to 

2  leet 
10,000  Tree  Box,  i  to  2  feet 
S,ooo  Thujopsis  borealis,  i  to 

6  feet 
5,000  Biota  eleijantissima,  fine 
1,000  ,,  semperaurescens,  fine 
4,000  Clematis,  of  kinds 
1,000  Lapageria  rosea 


2,000  Dcutiias,  2  to  p  feet 
200,000  Laurels,  i  to  2^  feet 

3,000  Lilacs,  3  to  4  feet 

5,000  Phitlyrea,  i  to  3  feet 
200,000  Privet,  1%  to  2  feet 

5,000  Ligustriini  japonica,  r  to 

2  feel 

20,000  H.P.    and   other   Roses, 

strong 
100,000  English  Yews,  1 102^-3  ft. 
10,000  Irish  Yews,  2  to  5  feet 
1,000  Cryptomcriaelegans,fine 
20,000  Cupressus    Lawsoniana, 

3  to  5  feet 

5,000  Chma  Juniper,  i  to  5  ll 
5,000  Thuja  [jigantea,  1  to  5  ft 
2,000  Pinus  Cembra,  2  to  3  ft. 
5,000  Juniper,  excclsa  striata, 

fine 
3,000  Gold-leaf  Ivy,  fine 
2,000  Standard  Pears,  6os.  per 

100  [Plums 

8,000  Extra    strong    standard 
5,000  Maiden  Cherries 


The  following  Seeds  are  of  fine  sample,  and  may  be  obtamed  cheap  :— 

PEAS.— Prizetakcr,  Flack's  Imperial.  Hairs\  Eug6nie,  Napoleon, 
Veitch's,  Yorkshire  Hero,  Champion  of  England,  Prince  and  Princess 
of  Wales,  Ringleader. 

SCARLET  RUNNERS,  ALTON  CARROT  Lon?  Scarlet 
RADISH,  MIGNONETTE,  DRUMHEAD  LETTUCE,  TRIPOLI 
ONION,  &c.   MYATTS  KIDNEY  POTATOS,  £7  per  ton. 

•Special  offers  and  CATALOGUES  given  on  application  for  1  recs  or 
Seeds.  ^ 


The  Largest  and  Best  Early  Pea  for  Market 

GARDENING    PURPOSES  is 

SUTTONS'     IMPROVED     EARLY     CHAMPION, 
only  fowr  days  later  than  Ringleader  (the  earliest  known),  and   a 
week  earlier  than  Daniel  O'Rourke, 

Lowest  prices  per  bushel  and  per  quarter  on  application. 
SLTTTON  AND  SON,  Seed  Growers,  Reading. 

RICHARD  WALKER  has  to  offer  the  following  for 
cash:  — The  real  American  Red-skinned  Flourball  POTATO, 
loi.  per  cwt.;  always  free  from  blight,  the  heaviest  cropper  in  England. 
Richard  Walker  was  the  first  man  who  introduced  it  into  theTrade, 
which  all  in  the  Trade  know.  Early  American  Goodrich,  i+s.  per  cwt.  ; 
Peach  Blow  POTATO,  just  arrived  from  the  United  States,  41.  per 
peck  ;  variegated  Golden  Gem,  2s.  6d.  per  peck. 

The  Market  Gardens,  Biggleswade,  Beds. 


NEW    AND    GENUINE    SEEDS, 

CARRIAGE    FREE. 


B.  S.  WILLIAMS, 

NURSERYMAN  and  SEED  MERCHANT, 

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES, 

UPPER  HOLLOWAY,  LONDON,  N. 


COMPLETE  COLLECTIONS  of  KITCHEN  GAR- 
DEN SEEDS,  to  suit  Gardens  of  various  sizes, 
2IJ.,  42s.,  63J.,  and  S4S.  each. 

NEW  and  CHOICE  VEGETABLE  SEEDS. 

Per  packet— I.  d. 

Williams' Alexandra  BROCCOLI         16 

Williams'  Improved  Dwarf  BRUSSELS  SPROUTS        ..         ..10 

Williams'  Early  Nonsuch  C  ABU  AGE 10 

Williams' Matchless  Red  CELERY 10 

Vcilch'sAutumn  Giant  CAULIFLOWER 26 

Telegraph  CUCUMBER  (Wootley's  Improved) 16 

Turner's  Blue  Gown  CUCUMBER 26 

Williams' Gloria  Mundi  ENDIVE        16 

Burnell's  Alexandra  White  Cos  LETTUCE 16 

Williams' Victoria  Cos  LETTUCE 10 

Webb's    Climax    MELON,   the    finest   flavoured  green-fleshed 

variety  out            16 

Williams'  Paradise  Gem  MELON,  scarlet-fleshed,  the  earliest  in 

cultivation            16 

Williams'   Emperor  of  the   Marrows   PEA,   a  white    wrinkled 

variety,   very   prolific,  and  of  exquisite   flavour,   the   finest 

wrinkled  marrow  Pea  in  cultivation          . .         . .  per  quart  . .  50 

Eariey's  Defiance  TOMATO,  the  eariicst  in  cultivation,  per  pkt.  i     5 


NEW  and  CHOICE  FLOWER  SEEDS. 

Per  packet— s.  d- 
Williams'  superb  strain  of  PRIMULA,  Red,  White,  or  Mixed 

IS.  6d.,  25.  6ii.,  31.  6d.,  and    S    o 

Williams'  superb  strain  of  BALSAM is.  6d.  and    2    6 

Neill's  extra  choice  strain  of  CALCEOLARIA 

IS.  6d.,  ss.  6d.,  3s.  6d.,  and  5  o 
WeatheriU's  extra  choice  strain  of  CINERARIA 

IS.  6d. ,  2S.  6ii.,  3s.  6d.,  and  5  0 
Wipgin's  prize  strain  of  C YCLAM  EN . .  i j.  6d.,  2s.  6d. ,  and    3    6 

WigRin's  prize  strain  of  POLYANTHUS       ..         ..  11.  and     i     0 

GLOXINIA,  finest  erect  varieties        .,         ..10 

GLOXINIA,  finest  drooping  v.irieties. .         ,  10 

ACER ATUM,  Imperial  Dwarf ..  ..10 

AMARANTHUS  SALICIFOLIUS is  6rf  and    2    6 

CENTAUREA  CLEMENTEI i    0 

COLLINSIA  VIOLACEA         10 

DELPHINIUM  NUDICAULE  ....  .  26 

PRIMULA  JAPONICA,  in  six  beautiful  varieties  ..    each    2    6 

tj  M  mixed  26 

East  Lothian  STOCKS,  per  colleclion  of  three  colours     ..         ..     2    G 

VIOLA  CORNUTA,  Enchantress 2s.  6rf.  and    3    6 

VIOLA  CORNUTA.var.  Perfection ii.  6rf.  and    2    6 

ZINNIA  HAAGEANA,  lloreplcno 10 

B.  S.  W.'s  Illustrated  CATALOGUE  is  now  ready,  post  free  on 
application. 

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES, 
Upper  Holloway,  London,  N. 


J.  C.  Wheeler  c^^  Son, 

SEED    GROWERS, 

GLOUCESTER    AND     LONDON. 


/. 


_  =35^:: 


GLOUCESTERSHIRE    KIDNEY    POTATO. 

J.  C.  WHEELER  AND  SON  can  liighly  recommend  the  above  POTATO  for  earlincss,  Jljvoiii;  zni  size.  In 
comparison  with  the  Ashleaf,  it  is  as  early,  whilst  it  produces  nearly  double  the  crop,  and  is  altogether  superior 
to  that  variety.  -p^.-^^^  pgj.  ^usiiel,  IDs. ;  per  peck,  3s. 

J.  C.  WHEELER  AND  SON  have  much  pleasure  in  referring  to  the  following  Letters,  speaking  in  high 
terms  of  its  earliness  and  excellence  :— 

"  I  have  grown  your  Gloucestershire  Kidneys  here  for  the  last  five  years  with  all  other  early  kinds,  and  find 
yours  to  be  much  the  earliest." — Mr.  SPEED,  Gardener  to  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Penrhyn,  Perirhyn  Castle. 

"Please  send  me  two  bushels  of  your  Gloucestershire  Kidney  Potatos.  I  have  grown  them  these  last  four 
years  with  other  early  kinds,  and  find  them  the  best  always  both  in  crop  and  quality." — E.  Morgan,  Court-y-GaUon. 

"  Your  Gloucestershire  Kidney  Potatos  suit  this  climate  admirably.  I  have  grown  them  for  six  years,  and 
have  never  seen  one  diseased,"— Col.  APPERLEY,  Machnylletk. 

"  I  grew  last  year  more  than  120  lb.  of  Gloucestershire  Kidneys  per  perch,  and  of  first-rate  quality.  My  man 
says  140 lb.,  and  I  think  he  is  right."— Rev.  James  L.  May,  IVest  Pulford. 

GLOUCESTER;  and  59,  MARK  LANE,  LONDON,  E.C. 


im  % 


THE  ONLY  POTATO  FREE  FROM  DISEASE  IS 


<5?&'^ 


aSUTTONS'  RED-SKINNED  FLOURBALL.  « 

This  variety  entirely  resisted  the  disease  last  season,    and  is,   without  exception,   the  heaviest  cropping  and 
best  cooking  late  Potato  in  cultivation. 


STJTTONS'    BED-SKINNED    FLOURBALL    POTATO. 

This  splendid  Potato  was  sent  out  by  us  in  1870,  and  at  once  became  immensely  popular.  Last  year  there  was 
such  an  extraordinary  demand  for  it,  that  although  we  had  an  enormous  supply,  we  were  sold  out  long  before  the 
season  was  over.  It  is  pre-eminently  the  Potato  for  storing,  and  is  good  for  cooking  long  after  the  yoimg  Potatos 
are  ready,  and  we  would  not  advise  its  use  till  after  Christmas.  When  sent  up  to  table  the  Potatos  appear  like  balls 
of  flour,  and,  when  sufficiently  known,  we  are  confident  it  must  supersede  all  other  sorts  for  supplying  the  London 
market.  Lowest  price  per  sack  or  ton  on  application.  We  think  it  necessary  to  caution  the  Public  against  the 
numerous  inferior  kinds  of  Potatos  which  have  been  sent  out  under  the  name  of  Red-skinned  Flourball. 

For  further  particulars  of  SUTTONS'  CHOICE  SEEDS  and  POTATOS,  see  SUTTONS'  DESCRIPTIVE 
CATALOGUES,  Gratis  and  Post  Free  on  application. 


SUTTON    &    SONS, 

SEEDSMEN  BY  SPECIAL  APPOINTMENT  TO  THE  QUEEN  and  H.R.H.  THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES, 

READING,    BERKS. 


February  3,   1S72.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    A,q-ricultural    Gazette. 


137 


American  Early  Rose  Potato.— Imported  Seed.        1 

MESSRS  SUTTON  and  SONS  have  just  imported  i 
a  vcr>-  large  quantity  of  the  above  excellent  variety,  imporled 
seed  being  far  preferable  to  that  which  is  English  grown.     Price  41.  per 
peck,  ijs,  per  bush. 

SUTTONS'  ILLUSTRATED  list  of  CHOICE  SEED  POTATOS, 
may  be  had  on  application. 

Royal  Berks  Seed  Establishment,  Reading. 


EARLY  WALNUT- LEAVED  OXFORD  ROUND 
POT.A.TOS.— The  most  valuable  of  all  varieties  for  forcing 
purposes;  the  haulm  being  very  short  and  compact,  and  producing 
very  handsome  shaped  tuocrs  of  excellent  quality  earlier  than  any 
other  sort.  The  Trade  can  be  supplied  with  a  few  of  the  above  at 
as.  6^  per  peck.         H.  AND  F.  SHARPE.  Wisbech. 


For  the  Coming  Season. 

FOR    SALE.    100  bush,   of   Rivers'    Royal    Abhleaf 
rOTATUS,  at  j.t.  per  bush. 
SO  bush,  of  American  Earlv  Rose  Pill  ATOS,  at  6s.  per  bush. 
100  bush,  of  Dunbar  Regent  POTATOS,  at  3s.  per  bush. 
100  bush,  of  Early  Shaw  POTATOs.  at  js.  per  bush.  ;  also 
400  bush,  ol  pure  White  Spanish  ONIONS,  at  5*.  per  sack  of  3  bush., 

suitable  for  Planting;    and 
I  cwt.  of  selected  ONION  seed  of  the  abo\e  variety,  at  21.  per  lb. 
Sacks  and  bags  charged  at  the  current  price. 
The  above  can   be  well    recommended,   being    all   grown    by  the 
Advertiser ;  and  will  be  forwarded  in  any  quantities  to   Hedingham 
Station,  on  receipt  of  pnst-officc  order,  pavable  at  Castle  Hedingnam. 
THOS.   ELEV,  Sible  Hcdingham,  Halstead,  Essex. 


A\\t  ROy^^ 


^v\t  ROy^^ 


CART 


~^f£osMS>>>^      FOR        ^,^^%DsVi'^;^ 


CRASS 


H\^l^^^^     J)escri|)tive  Lists^-.'';'' 
"^^^  Gratis  :Fost  Free^'<^5;i:.| ;;;>.: 


«^x^X 


>^r[ 


SEE 

CARTER'S 

Illustrated  Farmers'  Calendar 

for  1872, 

Containing  an  epitome  of  the  various  soils  prevailing 
throughout  the  country,  with  reUable  information  as  to 

WHAT  TO  SOW, 

WHEN  TO  sow,  ! 


HOW  TO  sow. 


Now  ready,  post  free,  bd.  ;  Gratis  to  Piircka 


JAMES    CARTER    and    CO., 

THE  ROYAL    SEEDSMEN, 

237  and  238,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 


Caro  Guano. 


QHEAPEST    ANIMAL    GUANO,    rich    in    Soluble 

Phosphates  and  NitroKcnous  Organic  Mailer.  See  Chemical 
Reports  and  Tcstimoniajs  of  Results,  especially  for  Gram  and  Root 
Crops,  for  which  it  has  been  found  to  be  superior  to  Peruvian. 
Samples  and  Circulars  on  application. 

MOCKFORD  AND  CO.,  Billiter  Street,  London,  E.C. 


Tbe  14  ew  American  Fotatos. 

TO  THE  TRADE. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  AND  CO.,  Seild  Merchants, 
Slcaford,  can  offer  the  following  varieties  of  POTATOS,  fresh 
imported  Seed.     Price  on  application. 

NEW  AMERICAN  LATE  ROSE 
EARLY  ROSE 
EARLY  GOODRICH 
EARLY  SOVEREIGN 
ItRESEE'S  PROLIFIC 
BRESEE'S  KlNGoflheEARLIES 
BRESEE'S  PEERLESS 
BRESEE'S  CLIMAX 
PEACH  BLOW. 


MR.    L^AXTON'S 
NEW  PEAS  FOR  1872. 


The  following  latest  and 
remarkable  Novelties  in 
GARDEN  PEAS  will 
be  found  to  be  great  ad- 
vances in  their  respective 
classes  : — 

William  the  First. 

The  finest  Pea  yet  sent 
out  for  earliness,  flavour, 
and  appearance,  com- 
bined ;  height  3  feet. 

Griffin. 

A    remarkably    fine 
flavoured   variety,    havmg 
bright   green  seeds  when 
ripe  ;  height  2  ft.  6  ins. 


Popular. 


A  blue  wrinkled  Marrow 
earher  than,  and  an  im 
provement  on,  "Champion 
of  England  ;"  height  4  ft 

Superlative. 

The  largest  and  finest 
podded  variety  yet  raised 
indispensable  for  exhibi 
tfon  ;  pods  7  in.  in  length 
height  7  ft. 


RENDLE'S 


P.ATENT 


OECHAED  HOUSES, 

PATENT    PLANT    PROTECTORS, 
AND  GROUND  VINERIES. 


SECURED  by  HER  MAJESTY'S  ROYAL  LETTERS  PATENT. 
(Two  separate  and  distinct  Patents,  1865  and  1870  ) 

Under  the  DisTiNGuiSHEn  Patronage  of 
His  Royal  Hichncss  the  Prince  nf  Wales 
His  Royal  HiRhnes  Prince  Christian 
His  Highness  the  Maharajah  Prince  Dhulecp  Singh 
His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Rutland 
His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Sutherland 
His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Devonshire 
The  Most  Noble  the  Marchioness  of  Anglesey 
The  RJRht  Honourable  the  Earl  of  Stamlord  and  \Varfiiif;t3  1 
The  Right  Honourable  the  Earl  of  Portsmouth 
The  Right  Honourable  the  Earl  of  Dartmouth 
The  Right  Honourable  ihc  Lord  Portman 
The  Dowager  Countess  of  Aylesford 
The  Right  Honourable  Lord  Alfred  Churchill 
The  Right  Honourable  Lord  Berkeley  Paget 
The  Right  Honourable  Lord  Bolton 
The  Right  Honourable  Lord  de  L'Isle  and  Dudley,  &c. 

Rendle's  Patent  Portable  Glass  Coping  for 

AVALLS,  for  Protecting  Peaches.  Nectarines,  Apricots,  an  I  OLlicr 
choice  Fruit  Trees,  from  Spring  l-rosts,  Heavy  Kains)  &c. 


Omega 


A  dwarfish  "  Ne  Plus 
Ultra,"  a  first-class  late 
Pea  ;  height  2  ft.  6  in. 


For  further  particulars 
see  larger  advertisements 
and  Hogg's  Ga  rden  ers 
Year  Books  for  1871  and 

1872. 


In   order  to    show  the 
true    characters    of    these 
Peas, 
EARLY    SOWING 

IS 

RECOMMENDED. 


^15  will  be  offered,  in 
five  prizes  of  ^5,  ^4,  ^3. 
£2  and  ^r,  for  fifty  pods 
of  "SUPERLATIVE" 
at  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society's  lorthcoming  ex- 
hibition at  Birmingham, 


To  be  had  only  in  small 
sealed  Collections  of  trial 
Packets,  price  j^i  is.,  of 
the  principal  Seedsmen  in 
the  United  Kingdom,  and 
Wholesale  of 

Messrs.  HURST  and  SON,  6,  Leadenhall  St..  London. 


Superlative. 


SEED    POTATOS. 

H.   &   F.  Sharpe'S 

WHOLESALE    LIST    OE    SEED    POTATOS 

COMPRISES,    AMONGST   OTHERS,    THE   FOLLOWING   FINE   VARIETIES,    VIZ.  : — 


EARLY  SANDRINGHAM  KIDNEY,  First  Early 
MONA'S  PRIDE  KIDNEY 
AMERICAN  EARLY  ROSE 
OLD  ASHLE.'iF  KIDNEY 
WALNUT-LEAVED  KIDNEY 
RIVERS'  ROYAL  ASHLEAF  KIDNEY 
MYATTS  PROLIFIC  KIDNEY 
DAINTREE'S  EARLIEST  ROUND 

The  above  varieties  have  been  carefully  selected,  and 
and  other  particulars,  apply  to 


AMERICAN  EARLY  GOODRICH 
EARLY  DALMAHOY  ROUND 
EARLY  OXFORD  ROUND 
DRUMMOND'S  EARLY  PROLIFIC  ROUND 
EARLY  FLOUNDER,  very  prolific 
PATERSO.N'S  VICTORIA,  True 
FLUKE  KIDNEY 

RED-SKINNED  FLOURBALL,  True 
the  quality  is  excellent.     For  prices  (which  are  very  low). 


H.  AND  F.  SHARPE,  SEED  GROWING  ESTABLISHMENT,  WISBECH,  CAMBS, 


'1  hib  new  invention  is  (or  the  lirat  lime  intrudoccd.  On  lou^in;;  at 
the  engraving  it  will  be  seen  that  the  glass  is  fixed  on  top  ol  the 
wall.  A  piece  of  wood  is  nailed  to  the  brickwork,  with  the  Patent 
Metal  Groove  :  and  another  piece  ot  wood,  about  2  feet  Irom  the  wall, 
is  supported  by  uprights  with  the  Metal  Groove  also.  The  glass  runs 
in  these  Metal  Grooves,  as  in  the  Earthenware  Protectors,  and,  as  the 
glass  falU  into  the  under  Groove,  it  will  stand  the  most  severe  gale  of 
wind.  This  will  be  found  to  be  the  most  valuable  idea  that  has 
sprunij  from  the  new  Protector  system,  and  every  wall  in  the  kingdom 
should  be  protected  in  this  way. 

A  Wall  50  feet  long  can  be  Protected  for  £7  10s.,  and  a  most  perfect 
protection,  too.  Frost  comes  like  rain — straight  down  the  wall.  The 
tender  blossoms  of  the  Peach  and  Nectarine  are  more  affected  by 
frost  after  heavy  rains  ;  they  get  wet,  and  the  frost  comes  and  destroys 
their  vitality. 

I  described  this  invention  to  Mr.  Ingram,  of  Belvoir  Castle,  and  I 
do  not  think  that  I  shall  be  committing  any  breach  of  faith  if  I  state 
that  he  told  me  that  it  was  the  very  thing  he  wanted,  and  gave  me 
orders  to  send  him  sufficient  to  cover  the  walls  for  His  Grace  the 
Duke  of  Rutland,  at  Belvoir  Castle. 

FOR  VERANDAHS.— These  Glass  Copings  will  do  excellentlj^  for 
^'erandahs.  Theycanbe  made  6  or  8  feet  in  width,  or  indeed  any  width 
that  may  be  desired.     Estimates  will  be  sent  if  dimensions  are  given. 

The  whole  of  these  Patent  Glass  Copings  are  portable  The  wood- 
work and  metal  grooves  can  be  packed  as  easily  as  a  bundle  of  sticks, 
and  the  glass  in  a  case,  and  sent  from  one  part  of  England  to  another 
for  a  few  shillings.  Price,  31,  per  running  foot,  all  complete,  in- 
cluding Metal  Grooves,  Glass,  Uprights,  and  Netting.  For  example, 
a  wall  20  feet  long  will  only  cost  jC^  all  complete.  It  makes  no  dif- 
ference in  price  as  to  the  height  of  the  wall ;  but  it  will  be  necessary 
to  give  the  height,  on  account  of  the  length  of  the  uprights  to  support 
the  front  grooves  for  the  glass.  This  New  Invention  is  worthy  the 
notice  of  all  who  are  growers  of  choice  Peaches,  Nectarines,  &c.,  also 
to  those  who  grow  choice  Roses  or  delicate  Creepers  against  Walls. 

Patent  Portable  Green-housps,  Orchard-houses,  &c. 

The  Patentee  is  now  in  a  position  to  Contract  for  and  Build  any 
description  of  Green-houses,  Orchard-houses,  or  Conservatories  of  all 
sizes  and  dimensions.  The  New  Patent  System  of  Glazing  is  the 
cheapest  and  most  perfect  ever  introduced.  The  Houses  are  Duilt  on 
wooden  framework,  with  zinc  or  galvanised  iron 'grooves;  the  glass 
slides  in  the  grooves,  and  the  most  complete  plan  of  ventilation  is 
secured.  No  paint  or  putty  is  required,  and  the  zinc  and  glass  are  the 
only  materials  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  atmosphere.  When  the 
system  is  known  and  understood,  it  will  become  universal, 

A  Span-roof  Orchard  House  complete,  12  feet  wide 

and  30  ffct  long,  from  ^^35. 

A  Span-roof  Orchard  House,  40  feet  by  15  feet,  £B5. 
A  Lean-to  Green-house,  30  feet  long  and  10  feet  wide, 

from  £2$. 

These  Houses  are  all  portable,  and  can  be  removed  and  fixed  again 
in  a  few  hours.  These  are  the  cheapest  Glass  Structures  ever  intro- 
duced, and  intending  purchasers  of  Green-houses  should  compare  the 
above  prices  with  others. 

The  NEW  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE  can  now  be  obtained 
on  application  to  the  Patentee  and  Inventor, 

Mr.  WILLIAM  EDGCUMBE  RENDLE, 
3,  Westminster  Chambers,  Victoria  Street,  London,  S.W, 


138 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  3,   1872. 


see.s.en.      ,             J^^ggpg       gyj^Q,^     ^     gQJ^g,      p^^2B,  VALUE     £M  I4S., 

For   Competition    by   Noblemen's    and    Gentlemen's  Gardeners    at  the    Royal 

Horticultural    Society's    Birmingham    Show,    on  the   25th   of  June,    and 
following  days,   1872. 


Tbe  Queen. 


Seedsmen  to  the 


Prince  of  Wales. 


SUTTON    &    SONS 

Offer  for  Competition,  by  Noblemen's  and  Gentlemen's 
Gardeners  (only),  at  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society's 
Birmingham  Show,  June  25,  and  following  days — 

For  Six  Dishes  of  Peas,  six  sorts 

(Haifa  peck  of  each,  to  include  McLean's  Best  of  All), 

First  Prize       . .        . .       £5  Ss. 
Second  Prize    . .        . .       £2  Ss. 


McLEAN'S 


BEST 
PEA, 


OF    ALL 


The  finest  Wrinkled  Pea  in  cultivation. 
Price  5s.  per  Quart. 

The  following  Seedsmen  have  obtained  a  supply  direct 
from  Sutton  &  Sons  :— 


Earr  &   Sugden,   King  Street, 

Covcnt  Garden,  W.C. 
Backhouse  &  Sons,  T.,  York 
Clarke    &    Sons,     H.,    Covent 

Garden,  W.C, 
Cooper,  R..  Fleet  Street,  E.G. 
Dickson,      Brown       &      Tait, 

Manchester 
Henderson  &  Son,   E.  G.,    St. 

John's  Wood,  N.W. 
Hurst  &  Sons,  Wiiliam,  Lead- 

enhall  Street,  E.G. 
Krelage,  E.  H.,  Haarlem 
Lawson   &    Sons,    P.,    Cannon 

Street,  E.G. 
Laird  &  Sinclair,  Dundee. 
Lee,  J.  &C.,  Hammersmith,  W. 


Minier.  Nash  &  Nash,  Strand 
Nutting&Sons,  Barbican,  E.G. 
Osborn  &  Sons  Fulham,  S.W. 
Paul  &  Son,  Gheshunt 
Robertson  &Ga]loway,Glasgow 
Scott,  J.,  Yeovil 
Smith,  Richard,  Worcester 
Stuart  &  Mein,  Kelso 
Thorburn  &  Co  ,  J.  M.,  New 
Turner,  C,  Slough  [York 

Veitch&Sons,  F-, Chelsea,  S.W. 
Veitch,  R.  T.,  Exeter 
Williams,  B.  S.,  Holloway,  N. 
Wheeler      &      Sons,      J.     C, 

Gloucester 
Waite,    Burnell  &  Co.,   South- 

wark  Street,  E.G. 


SEEDS 


■^r> 


TTON 


f^    ROrAl  B^RKSSCEO  ESTABl/Sf/M£A/r  .^. 


PRICED  LISTS  POST  FREE. 


For  prices  and  full  particulars  of 

SUTT0N8' 
CHOICE     FARM     SEEDS, 

SEE 

BUTTONS' 

FARMERS'  YEAR   BOOK 

for  1872, 

With    numerous    Illustrations,    and   much  practical 
information. 

Price  (id.^  post  free ;    Gratis  to  Customers, 


f 


w 


McLean's  Best  of  All  Pea. 


Marquis  of  Lome  Cucumber. 


SUTTON    &    SONS 

Offer  for  Competition,  by  Noblemen's  and  Gentlemen's 
Gardeners  (only),  at  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society's 
Birmingham  Show,  June  25,  and  following  days — 

For  Three  Brace  of  Cucumbers 

(To  include  Marquis  of  Lome), 

First  Prize        . .        . .       £5  5s. 
Second  Prize    . .        . .       £2  2s. 


MARQUIS     OF     LOE.NE 

CUCUMBER. 

A  splendid  new  white-spined  variety,  beautiful  short 
neck,  perfectly  smooth  skin,  very  straight,  and  extra- 
ordinarily productive.  As  an  exhibition  variety  it  is 
unequalled  on  account  of  its  immense  size,  yet  it  is  most 
symmetrical  in  form,  and  is  the  finest  Cucumber  ever 
introduced.  The  flesh  is  very  solid  and  firm,  with  but 
few  seeds,  while  the  flavour  is  exceedingly  fine. 

Price  3s.  6(1.  per  packet.] 

Messrs.  Sutton  &  Sons  have  a  few  packets  left  of  the 
above  splendid  Cucumber,  and  advise  their  Customers 
who  have  not  ordered  it  to  do  so  without  delay. 


P-    csa  vc,  SEEDSIVIEN  ^^SB^ 

9;.<}^^;M'tS^  "S  PEC/A  L   WARRANT.    '-mk^P 


CARRIAGE  FREE 


UTTONS 


^      KOrMBfRKSS[[D  eSTABLISHMENT.        , 


PRICED  LISTS  POST  FREE. 


For  complete  Instructions  on 

Laying  down  Land  to  Grass, 

AND 

LISTS    of    GRASS    SEEDS 

SUITED  to  VARIOUS  SOILS,  see 

SUTTONS' 

FARMERS'   YEAR   BOOK 

for  1872, 

Containing  Mr.  M.  H.  Sutton's  "  Essay  on  Pastures,' 
from  the  Jofirt:al  of  the  Royal  Agriciilliiral  SocUtv, 
and  numerous  Illustrations. 

Price  6d.,  post  free;  Gratis  io  Cusloiiicrs. 


For  particulars  of  S UTTONS'  CHOICE  GARDEN  SEEDS,  FLOWER  SEEDS  and  POTATOS,  see 
SUTTONS'    DESCRIPTIVE    CATALOGUE    FOR    1872, 


GRATIS  AND  POST  p-REE. 


EOYAL   BERKSHIEE    SEED   ESTABLISHMENT,    READING,    BERKS. 


February  3,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'  Chionide   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


139 


J.  C.  WHEELER  &  SON, 

SEED      GROWERS, 

GLOUCESTER,  and  59,  MARK   LANE,  LONDON. 


WHEELERS'  KINGSHOLM  COS  LETTUCE 


WHEELERS' KINGSHOLM  COS  LETTUCE 

This  magnificent  Lettuce,  fully  described  in  previous 
Advertisements,  is  now  offered  in  Packets,  post  free, 
at  I  J.  each. 


WHEELERS'  LITTLE  BOOK  for  1872 

Is  now  ready,  price  6t/.,  post  free,  gratis  to  customers. 
"The  mass  of  buyers  who  have  no  fancies,  but  who 
dislike  being  perplexed,  and  are  satisfied  with  what  is 
excellent,  will  greatly  prefer  a  short  select  seed  list  to  an 
interminable  labyrinth  of  names,  which,  for  the  most  part 
represent  nonentities  or  rubbish.  Messrs.  Wheelers' 
'  Little  Book  '  will  do  something  to  satisfy  their  expecta- 
tions,"— Dr.  LiNDLEY. 


WHEELERS'  TOM  THUMB  LETTUCE. 

This  is  undoubtedly  •  the  best  Cabbage  Lettuce  in 
cultivation,  and  a  remarkable  favourite,  It  is  good 
both  summer  and  wintei\  In  our  Little  Book  for  1872 
are  extracts  from  13  letters,  speaking  in  the  very  highest 
terms  of  its  excellence. 

Price  IS.  per  Packet,  post  free.    Small  Packets,  6d. 


PINUS   AUSTRIACA. 

Extra  fine,  transplanted,  very  handsome,  well-rooted 
plants,  3  to  4  feet.  One  of  the  largest  stocks  in  the 
Kingdom.  Price  on  application. 


WHEELERS'  COCOA-NUT  CABBAGE. 


Wheelers'  Cocoa-nut  is  a  new  and  very  early  variety, 
perfectly  distinct,  of  most  excellent  flavour.  It  should  be 
planted  iS  inches  apart :  will  yield  an  early  and  continuous 
supply.  This  Cabbage  is  a  decided  novelty  and  a  great 
acquisition. 

Owing  to  the  small  supply  of  seed  this  season,  we  much 
regret  that  we  cannot  supply  the  Trade  until  we  have 
han'ested  our  next  crop. 

Price  IS.  per  Packet,  post  free.     Small  Packet,  6d.  . 


J.  C.  WHEELER  and  SON, 

S££0    GROWS  RS 
GLOUCESTER,  and  59,  MARK  LANE,    LONDON. 


"THE    ROYAL     SEEDSMEN" 


CARTER'S  1 


^.,F=<-^.^PARIS,ia6  7.    LONDON. 186 


MBURGH,I869.  WICAtJ,  1870. 

BUftCKPOOL,  1870.  &=, 


GENUINE  SEEDS.I 


DESCRIPTIVE     LISTS" 

'■'il      ..ORKTis,  POST   FREE" 

^'i'^L-,.'        ^"""^^J    PEP,  CENT  DISCOUNT" 
iZ'^X   ^'^^^rOR-     CASH. 

Carriage  free! 

237,  &.  238,    High   Hoibprn, 
LONDON." 


CARTER'S    COLLECTIONS 

VEGETABLE     SEEDS 


TRODUCF.  THE 

Best  Vegetables 

ALL  THE   YEAR    JtOUND. 


GIANT  [MADEIRA    ONION. 


CARTER'S 

21s.  Collection 

CONTAINS  ;— 
I  qt.   PEAS— Carter's   First 

Crop. 
I  qt.  Advancer. 
I  pt.  Premier. 
1  pi.  Bishop's  Long-pod, 
1  pt.   Prizetaker. 
I  qt.   Laxton's  Supreme. 
I  qt.  Champion  of  England. 
I  pt.  Carter's  Victoria, 
I  pt,  Veitch's  Perfection. 
I  pt.   BEANS— Nonpareil. 
I  pt.   Broad  Windsor, 
I  pL  best  French. 
I  pt.  Scarlet  Runners. 
Ic-  pt.   IIEET— St.  Osylh. 
Ig,  pt.   KAIL— Cottagers'. 
Ir.  pt.  new.  Asparagus, 
Ig.  pt.  Uwarf  Scotch. 
ig.  pt.  A    L     B     E     R    T 

SPROUTS. 
Ig.  pt.   B   R   U   S   S   E  L  S 
SPROUTS,  best 
Ig,  pt.  BROCCOLI  — 

Carter's  Cham  pion 
]g.  pt.  Snow's  Winter. 
Ig.  pt.  Adam's  Early  White 
Ig.  pt.  Purple  Sprouting. 
Ig.  pt,  C  A  B  B  A  G  E  — 

Carter's  Early. 
Ig.  pt.   Enfield  Market. 
Ig.  pL  Dwarf  Nonpareil. 
Ig.  pt.  Tom  TliumtJ. 
Ig.  pt.   Savoy,  best  curled. 
Ig.  pt.   CAPSICUM. 
I  oz.  CARROT  —  Early 

Horn. 
I  oz,  James's  Intermediate. 
I  oz,  selected  Scarlet. 
Ig.pt.  CAULIFLOWER— 
Carter's       Dwarf 
Mammoth. 
Ig.  pt.  CELERY  —  Incom 
parable        Dwarf 
White. 
Ig.  pt.  Manchester       Giant 

Red. 
4  oz.   CRESS— plain. 
I  oz.  Australian, 
pkt.   CUCUMBER  — 

Carter's  Champion 
lg.pt.  ENDIVE— French 

curled. 
Ig,  pt.  L  E  E  K  —  Ayton 

Castle. 
Ig.  pt.  L  E  T  T  U  C  E  — 

Carter's  Giant 

White. 
Ig.  pt.  Drumhead. 
Ig,  pt.  Victoria. 
4  0Z.   MUSTARD— White, 
pkt.    MELON  —Carter's 

Excelsior. 
I  oz.  O  N  I  O  N  —  Giant 

Madeira. 

1  oz.   Reading  Improved, 
loz.   PARSNIP— Student. 
Ig,  pt.  PARSLEY  —  Dun- 

nett's  Garnishing. 

2  oz.   RADISH  —Wood's 

Frame. 
2  oz.  EarlyScarletShort-top 
2  oz.    mixed  Turnip. 
60Z.   RAPE—for  salad. 
;^  pt.  SPINACH— Summer 
%  pt    Winter. 
1  oz.  T  U  R  N  I  P  —  Early 

Six- week. 
I  oz.  Yellow  Malta, 

1  oz.  Red  Stone. 

pkt.   TOMATO— Red. 
pkt.    VEGETABLE 
CREAM— Moore's 

2  pkt.  POT  HERBS. 


EARLY   TURNIP. 


Other  Collections, 

XQ.S.    6d.,     -^OS.,     Jf2S., 

and  6y.  each. 

All    Packing    and 
Carriage  Free, 


SEE 
CARTER'S   ILLUSTRATED 

VADE   MECUM   FOR  1872 

(Described  as  the  Queen  of  Catalogues), 

CONTAINING    UPWARDS    OF 

Two  Hundred  Truthful    Illustrations. 

Post  Free  is..   Gratis  to  Customers. 


JAMES    CARTER   and   CO., 

Seedsmen  to  the  Queen,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  the  Emperor  of  Russi 
the  Emperor  of  Germany,  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society,  &c., 

237  and  238,    HIGH   HOLBORN,    LONDON,    W.C. 


Garden  and  Flower  Seeds. 

THOMAS  METHVEN  and  SONS  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  Descriptive  Priced  CAT.-iLOGUE  of  KITCHEN 
GARDEN  and  FLOWER  SEEDS.  IMf'l.EMENTS,  &c.,  for  1872, 
is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had,  post  free,  un  application. 

Seed  Warehouses  :   15,   I'rinces  Street,  and  Nursery  Gate,  Leith 
Walk,  Edinburgh. 


Ullum  auratum. 

'■■^^ 

Ihe  ANNUAL  IMPORTATIONS  having  just  arrived  from  Japan, 

MR,  WILLIAM  BULL  can  supply  good  BULBS, 
by  the  dozen,  hundred,  or  thousand.  The  Bulbs  are  remark- 
ably sound  and  goaA  this  season,  and  can  be  supplied  at  very  low 
prices. 

Establishment  for  New  and  Rare  Plants,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
London,  S.  W. 

New  and  Genuine  Seeds  of  Superior  Stocks. 


1872. 


1872. 


SEEDSMEN  TO  THE  QUEEN. 

FRANCIS  &  ARTHUR  DICKSON  &  SONS. 
The  Old  Established  Seed  Warehouse,  io6,  Eastgate  Street,  and 
The  "  Upton"  Nurseries,  Chester,  beg  to  intimate  tnat  their  Priced 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  NEW  and  SELECT  VEGETABLE 
and  FLOWER  SEEDS.  &c,,  with  Cultural  Directions  for  1872,  is 
now  published.  Copies  will  be  sent  gratis  and  rosT  FREE  on 
application. 

Vegetable  and    Flower    Seeds  of    the  value  of    £1  and   upwards 
CARRIAGE  FREE  to  any  part  of  the  Kingdom. 


Hardy  Scarlet  and  other  Choice  Named 

RHODODENDRONS. 


WH.  ROGERS,  Red  Lodge  Nursery,  Southampton, 
•  can  olTer  a  splendid  collection  of  the  above,  at  low  prices ; 
also  line  Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES,  beautiful  specimen  CONI- 
FER.'E,  FKUIT  TREES  (true  to  name).  FOREST  TREES, 
EVERGREEN  and  FLOWERING  SHRUBS  of  every  description, 
extending  over  60  Acres. 

The  whole  of  the  extensive  Stock  in  this  Nursery  is  frequently  trans- 
planted, to  insure  its  being  well  rooted. 

Priced  CATALOGUES  and  every  information  may  be  had  on 
application. 


New  Flower  Market,  Covent  Garden. 

NOTICE.— The  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  AND 
AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE    for    NEXT    SATURDAY, 
February   10.  will  contain  a   FULL   PAGE    ENGRAVING    of  the 
NEW  FLOWER  MARKET,  COVENT  GARDEN. 
Copies  may  be  had  of  all  Newsmen,  and  at  the  Railway  Stations. 


Noteworthy  Horticulturists  and  Botanists. 

NOTICE,— A  SERIES  of  PORTRAITS  of 
NOTEWORTHY  HORTICULTURISTS  and  BOTANISTS 
is  being  published  in  the  "GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  AND 
AGRICULTURAL  GAZETTE."  The  following  have  already 
appeared,  and  separate  Copies  (price  &f,  each),  on  tinted  paper,  may 
be  had  on  application  to  the  Publisher,  viz. : — 


Dr.  Hooker,  C.B.,  F.R.S. 

W.  WiL-soN  Saunders,  F.R.S, 

Rev.  M.  J.  Berkeley,  F.L.S. 

M.  Decaisne 

G.  F.  W1L.S0N,  F.RS. 

Dr.  Moore,  of  Glasnevin 

Professor  Reichenbach. 


Rev.  S.  R.'HoLE,  M.A. 
E.  J.  Lowe.  F.R.S. 
James  McNab. 
ROBERT  Hogg,  LL.D. 
James  Bateman,  F.R.S. 
Eerthold  Seemann,  Ph.D. 
Archibald  F.  Barron. 


Published  by   WILLIAM    RICHARDS,   41,  Wellington    Street, 
Covent  Garden,  W.C. 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  3,  1S72. 


MEETING  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
Monday,     Feb.    5— Entomological  7P.M. 


EVERY  Englishman  is  said  to  consider  him- 
self competent  to  advise  as  to  horses  or  wine, 
and  as  all  men  are  b(  rn  gardeners,  since  they  are 
descended  from  AnAM,  so  they  are  apt  to  have 
decided  views  on  the  subject  of  gardening,  and 
are  prepared  to  give  advice  on  that  as  well  as  on 
farming.  Great  writers,  such  as  COBBETT,  ScOTT, 
Dickens,  cinn  inultis  alHs,  have  given  Advice  to 
Gardeners,  which,  although  not  exactly  offered 
gratis,  has  been  put  forth  at  such  a  low  figure 
that  any  lending  library  supplies  it  for  a  mere 
trifle.  The  late  Wm.  Cobbett  published  a  work 
on  horticulture,  and  spoke  of  the  ignorance  of 
gardeners  in  covering  up  Asparagus  beds  with 
manure  to  keep  out  the  frost,  whilst,  said  he,  the 
plant  is  a  native  of  our  sea-shores,  and  would  not 
suffer  from  frost.  Poor  Cobbett  I  if  he  had  had 
a  little  more  practical  knowledge  of  horticulture, 
he  would  have  known  that  the  English  gardener 
was  manuring  his  Asparagus  beds  ;  but  as  the 
author  of  Twopenny  Trash  knew  no  better,  he 
mistook  the  one  thing  for  the  other.  Again, 
he  gave  instructions  for  building  a  real 
American  ice-house,  with  two  rows  of  trees 
in  circles,  and  the  space  between  filled  with 
straw,  the  ice  being  in  the  centre,  covered 
with  a  thick  coat  of  straw  ;  and  he  naively 
adds,  that  if  it  should  fail  for  an  ice-house — a 
thing  not  improbable — it  would  be  a  pattern  of 
a  pig  bed  for  ages  to  come.  His  masterpiece, 
however,  was  arboriculture,  and,  like  the  man  of 
one  book,  Cobbett  rested  his  reputation  on  the 
single  tree  that  still  bears  his  name,  "  Cobbett'S 
Locust  tree"  (Robinia  Pseud- Acacia).  Won- 
drous things  were   related  of  this  tree,  but  still, 


140 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  3,   1872, 


after  all  these'years  of  experience,  planters  fight 
shy  of  it.  We  have  seen  it  in  the  London  nur- 
series used  as  a  stock  for  the  "  Rose  Acacia " 
(Robinia  hispida)  ;  as  an  ornamental  tree  it  is 
valuable,  but  as  a  timber  tree  beside  the  Oak, 
the  Ash,  and  the  Beech,  it  is  not  to  be  named. 
Whilst  on  the  subject  of  trees,  we  may  men- 
tion that  the  editor  of  the  Gardeners'  Maga- 
zine, the  late  J.  C.  Loudon,  quoted  a  letter 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott's,  in  which  the  "  Wizard 
of  the  North "  stated  that  the  Scotch  Fir, 
once  so  famous  for  fine  timber,  had  become 
degenerated  by  nurserymen  getting  cheap  seed 
of  that  tree  from  Canada  ;  on  which  LoUDON 
remarked  that  no  notice  was  to  be  taken  of  such 
a  tale,  because,  he  said,  the  tree  was  not  a  native 
of  the  American  continent,  and  the  prima;val 
forests  there  were  not  of  that  kind  of  Fir. 

Botany  admits  of  no  gloss,  but  the  writer  of 
ro'nance  may  paint  inexactly  with  impunity,  as 
when  Sir  Walter  painted  the  Lady  Rowena 
going  to  mass  in  the  evening,  although  that 
service  is  never  either  said  or  sung  till  after  mid 
night,  as  the  same  author  later  on  had  learnt, 
when  he  said  of  Christmas  eve — 

"  That  only  night  in  all  the  year 
Saw  the  stoled  priest  the  chalice  rear." 

Again,  we  have  our  own  "  Boz,"  the  late 
Charles  Dickens,  the  talented  author  of  so 
many  works  of  fiction,  mistaking  sugar  Peas 
for  ordinary  garden  Peas  in  Germany,  and 
advising  us  to  cook  and  partake  of  the  "  husks 
which  the  swine  did  eat."  Had  he  been  born 
to  wealth  instead  of  humble  life,  he  might 
have  known  the  vegetables  used  at  the  tables  of 
the  higher  classes.  Again,  as  to  the  savoury 
ingredients  that  were  boiling  in  the  iron  pot  at 
the  hostelry,  the  Cauliflower  and  Aspara^ 
gus  and  the  other  ingredients  of  that  Hotch 
Potch  could  not  have  been  got,  for  these  articles 
have  seasons,  and  summer  Cauliflower  is  not  to 
be  had  in  spring,  nor  spring  Asparagus  in 
autumn.  It  was  the  want  of  knowing  Broccoli 
from  Cauliflower  that  caused  the  blunder.  There 
is  no  royal  road  to  botanical  knowledge,  but  to 
learn  its  nice  distinctions,  and  thus  people, 
otherwise  sensible,  may  avoid  writing  nonsense, 
as  if  nobody  knew  better  than  they.  One  author 
is  in  duty  bound  to  praise  the  other,  per  fas  ct 
nefas.  Dickens  had  written  some  lines  of 
poetry,  but  had  them  printed  as  prose,  and  it  was, 
we  believe,  in  one  of  Chambers'  publications 
that  a  review  of  these  appeared.  The  reviewer 
— clever  fellow — found  out  the  trick,  and  com- 
menting on  it,  said  gravely,  "  That  the  mind  of 
th;  author  was  so  poetic,  that  he  unconsciously 
wroie  poetry."  Honestly  speaking,  the  talented 
author  had  abilities  of  a  high  order,  but  he  was 
ju,i  as  likely  to  write  pure  Gaelic  unconsciously 
as  measured  rhyme. 

Advice,  to  be  of  any  service,  must  be  founded 
on  experience,  and  it  is  amusing  to  see  a  person 
who  has  not  mastered  any  of  the  branches  of 
horticulture  presuming  to  teach  others,  and  to 
introduce  novelties  and  make  improvements. 
We  may  just  name  a  few  of  the  branches  of 
the  tree  of  gardening,  in  order  to  show  the 
writers  of  "  light  reading "  what  the  boy  gar- 
dener has  before  him.  A  boy  with  good  abili- 
ties and  some  patronage  might,  by  attentive 
study,  learn  enough  book-knowledge  to  be  a 
bishop  in  10  or  15  years;  and  we  may  reckon 
that  he  could  do  this  by  the  time  he  had  got  to 
be  25  years  of  age.  The  plantsman  at  that  age 
would  only  be  collecting  his  dried  specimens, 
and  would,  perhaps,  have  gone  into  the  study 
of  flowerless  Ferns,  or  into  that  of  Orchids- 
epiphytal  air  plants,  growing  upon  trees  and  not 
in  earth,  not  to  speak  of  terrestrial  Orchids, 
native  and  foreign.  Fruit  trees  and  fruit-bearing 
shrubs  would  also  call  for  his  attention,  and  the 
study  of  timber  trees  must  not  be  lost  sight  of. 
Ornamental  trees  and  shrubs,  deciduous  and  ever- 
green, could  not  be  passed  over.  The  forcing  of 
fruits  and  vegetables,  and  the  general  supply 
necessary  for  a  family  must  also  be  seen  to  ; 
and  besides  all  these,  there  is  the  bedding-out 
business,  the  laying-out  of  gardens  and  grounds, 
the  seed  business,  the  knowledge  of  bulbs,  of 
herbaceous  plants,  and  ofalpines.  Moreover, 
as  the  gardener  frequently  has  charge  of  the 
home  farm  and  the  domestic  animals — horses, 
cows,  dogs,  poultry,  sheep,  swine,  &c.,  not  to 
speak  of  harvesting  hay,  corn,  &c.,  and  the  cul- 
ture of  roots— all  these  branches  have  to  be 
studied,  and  many  other  items  of  rural  affairs, 
which  he  little  dreamed  of  when  learning  the 
business,  force  themselves  upon  the  gardener's 
attention. 


From  these  facts  we  see  that  the  gardener, 
with  the  best  of  opportunities  for  study,  has  a 
life-long  lesson  to  learn  ;  and  they  are  not  his 
friends  who  would  deceive  him  on  this  point. 
He  must  fling  the  love  of  money  overboard, 
for  there  is  no  chance  of  his  ever  being  ade- 
quately rewarded  for  his  pains.  Cobbett's  lines 
for  worldly-wise  folks  are  to  be  detested.  His 
advice  is  worthy  of  the  fallen  angel  : — 

"  Get  money,  lads, — 

'Tis  money  makes  the  man  ; 
Get  money  first. 

And  virtue  when  you  can." 

This  adviser  said  of  the  Potato  that  it  was  an 
accursed  root,  and  he  laid  the  misery  of  Ireland 
to  the  door  ol  the  Potato  ;  but  neither  gardener 
nor  botanist,  with  all  their  knowledge  of  plants, 
know  of  any  plant  that  can  be  made  a  sub- 
stitute for  the  Potato.  The  gardening  perio- 
dicals of  our  time  put  a  bridle  upon  such 
advisers,  so  that  any  one  broaching  a  theory  of 
his  own,  jarring  with  established  facts,  is  quickly 
called  to  account,  and  has  to  make  out  a  case  to 
stand  the  test  of  public  opinion. 

In  conclusion  we  may  state  that  we  have  never 
known  a  gardener  get  a  good  situation,  or  hold 
it  long  after  he  had  got  it,  who  disregarded 
virtue  ;  and  where  his  good  deeds  did  not  stand 
him  in  good  stead,  he  had  to  feign  the  good  and 
hide  the  bad  side  of  his  character,  thus  proving 
by  his  hypocrisy  the  real  value  of  sterling  virtue. 


A  MEETING  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  an 

Association  for  the  Protection  of  the  Interests 
of  Nurserymen,  Florists,  and  Market  Gar- 
deners was  held  at  the  White  Hart  Inn,  Tottenham, 
on  Tuesday  evening,  the  23d  ult.  The  chair  was 
taken  by  Mr.  John  Fraser,  of  Lea  Bridge  Road, 
Leyton,  and  there  were  present  a  number  of  horticul- 
turists and  market  growers  of  the  neighbourhood  of 
London.  The  Secretary  (Mr.  Henderson,  Totten- 
ham) read  the  minutes  of  a  preliminary  meeting,  at 
which  a  provisional  committee  agreed  upon  the  follow- 
ing objects,  to  be  submitted  to  the  general  meeting  : — 
I.  Co-operation  to  resist  all  unjust  and  oppressive 
assessment.  2.  Mutual  assistance  in  all  cases  of  loss 
from  hailstorms.  3.  Combined  effort  to  procure 
sufficient  and  suitable  market  accommodation,  and 
promote  the  general  interests  of  the  trade."  4.  To 
help  any  member  who  through  misfortune  or  accident 
is  brought  into  poverty.  Letters  were  read  from 
gentlemen  interested  in  the  movement,  stating 
their  inability  to  be  present,  but  wishing 
the  Association  success,  and  expressing  their 
willingness  to  become  members. — The  Chairman, 
in  the  course  of  a  practical  speech,  alluded  to  the 
importance  of  establishing  an  association  such  as  was 
now  proposed,  to  resist  the  assessment,  by  parish  autho- 
rities, of  greenhouses,  which,  he  considered,  was  an 
illegal  act.  Individually  they  would  have  considerable 
trouble  in  testing  the  legality  of  such  rating,  and  many 
of  them  perhaps  were  unwilling  to  bear  the  cost  of 
legal  proceedings  in  the  matter,  but  by  throwing  their 
collective  strength  against  the  assessment  question,  he 
trusted  they  would  be  able  to  effect  their  object  at  a 
trifling  expense  to  each  member. — Mr.  A.  Johnston 
(Edmonton)  moved  the  following  resolution:  "That 
this  meeting  considers  it  advisable  that  an  association 
be  formed  to  carry  out  the  objects  as  read  to  the 
meeting." — Mr.  John  Maller  (Tottenham)  seconded 
the  resolution,  which  was  carried. — The  Secretary 
then  read  the  rules  of  the  Association,  drawn  up  at 
the  preliminary  meeting,  and  a  provisional  committee 
was  appointed  to  examine  them  and  make  arrange- 
ments for  the  next  general  meeting,  to  be  held  in 
London.  A  vote  of  thanks  to  the  Chairman  termi- 
nated the  proceedings. 

In  the  description  of  the  Peach  Houses  at 

Keele  Hall,  at  p.  no,  it  is  stated  that  they  were 
designed  by  Mr.  P.  J.  Perry,  Banbury.  Mr.  Perry 
requests  us  to  say  that  this  is  an  error  on  the  part  of 
our  correspondent.  He  erected  some  forcing  houses 
and  pits  at  Keele  a  few  year^  ago,  but  the  improved 
Peach  range  was  designed  by  Mr.  Lewis,  architect, 
Newcastle-under-Lyne,  and  was  built  under  his  direc- 
tions. We  have  also  a  communication  from  Mr. 
Lewis  to  the  same  effect,  and  further  stating  that  all 
the  new  or  altered  works  done  in  Keele  gardens  in 
relation  to  the  houses,  pits,  or  heating  apparatus, 
during  the  last  13  years,  have  been  done  under  his 
superintendence. 

■  We  are  requested  to  announce  that  the  Bir- 
mingham local  committee,  in  connection  with  the 
Royal  Horticultural  Society's  Show  in  June  next, 
intend  that  there  shall  be  a  Congress  during  the  show 
week,  the  details  of  which  will  be  published  as  soon  as 
they  have  been  decided  upon.  The  arrangements  will, 
we  believe,  take  something  like  this  form  :  On  Tuesday, 
fune  25,  there  will  be  a  public  dinner  ;  on  the  three 
following  days,  Wednesday,  Thursday,  and  Friday,  a 
luncheon  at  a  convenient  hour  and  at  a  very  moderate 
charge  ;  and  afterwards  each  day,  as  per  progiamme  to 
be  issued  in  due  course,  papers  will  be  read,  to  be 
followed  by  discussions  upon  them.     With  a  view  to 


enable  the  committee  to  make  suitable  arrangements, 
it  is  requested  that  all  who  are  interested  in  the  success 
of  the  Congress,  and  who  have  suggestions  to  offer, 
and  all  who  are  wilhng  to  read  papers  and  take  part 
in  the  Congress,  will  at  once  communicate  with  the 
Hon.  Secretary,  Mr.  E.  W.  Badger,  Midland  Counties 
Herald  Office,  Birmingham.  In  the  case  of  those  who 
wish  to  read  papers,  it  is  desirable  that  they  should  state 
the  subject  of  them,  and  the  length  of  time  they  desire 
to  occupy.  These  communications  will  be  laid  before 
the  sub-committee,  whose  special  business  it  will  be 
to  arrange  for  visitors,  the  dinner  and  luncheons,  and 
the  Congress.  Early  communications  will  be  much 
appreciated. 

We  are  informed  that  Messrs.  Sutton  &  Sons, 

Reading,  have  announced  their  intention  to  offer  at  the 
Royal  Horticultural  meeting  at  Birmingham  in  June 
next,  ^5  ^s,  for  the  best  six  dishes  of  Peas,  half  a  peck 
of  each  sort,  to  include  Dr.  McLean's  Best  of  All ; 
and  ^2  2J.  for  the  second  best  ditto;  also  £z^  5^.  for 
the  best  three  brace  of  Cucumbers,  including  Marquis 
of  Lome  ;  and  £2  2s.  for  the  second  best  ditto.  The 
competition  is  to  be  confined  to  noblemen's  and  gentle- 
men's gardeners  only. 

From  the  American  Noriicitllnrist   we   learn 

that  a  complete  change  has  been  made  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  Central  Park,  New  York.  All  the 
"  Ring  Commissioners"  and  their  employh  have  been 
dismissed,  and  a  new  board  established,  while  Messrs. 
Olmstead,  Vau.x  &  Co.,  have  been  re-appointed  as 
consulting  architects  and  landscape  gardeners.  M. 
Deneckes,  formerly  of  the  Royal  Gardens,  Berlin, 
has  been  also  appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  landscape 
gardening  and  conservatory  departments. 

The  following  are  Mr.  Glaisher's  notes  on 

THE  Weather  ; — In  the  vicinity  of  London  thereadings 
of  the  barometer  at  the  level  of  the  sea  at  the  beginning 
of  the  week  ending  January  27,  were  about  29.7  inches. 
On  the  morning  of  the  14th  a  decrease  commenced 
and  lasted,  with  a  very  slight  exception,  till  the 
morning  of  the  24th.  The  minimum  value  was  about 
28.4  inches,  and  occurred  about  5  a.m.,  though,  for 
about  an  hour  preceding  and  following  this  time,  the 
readings  were  nearly  as  low  as  that  given  above. 
There  have  been  but  very  few  cases  where  the  same 
or  lower  values  than  this  have  been  observed.  On 
March  6,  1783,  the  minimum  value,  at  sea  level, 
recorded  was  28.4  inches  ;  on  December  17,  1809,  about 
28,3  inches;  on  December  24,  1821,  about  28. 1  inches ; 
and  on  January  13,  1843,  28.3  inches.  Increasing  values 
were  recorded  throughout  the  remainder  of  the  week, 
and  on  the  evening  of  the  27th  the  reading  was  about 
30  inches.  During  the  period  of  this  great  depression 
violent  S.W.  winds  prevailed,  and  very  heavy  pres- 
sures were  recorded,  especially  on  the  morning  of  the 
24th.  The  highest  temperatu,res  by  day  ranged  be- 
tween 4IJ°  on  the  2Ist,  and  5oJ°  on  the  24th.  The 
lowest  temperatures  at  night  were  generally  near  40**, 
the  coldest  night  being  that  of  the  2ist,  when  344°  was 
recorded.  The  daily  ranges  of  temperature  were 
generally  small,  the  greatest  being  but  1 1  J*  on  the  24th. 
The  mean  daily  temperatures  were  above  the  average 
throughout  the  week,  the  departures  being  as  follows: — 
2ist,  o°.6  ;  22d,  2°.S;  23d,  5°. 7  ;  24th,  6°.i;  25th, 
6°.4;  26th,  5°;  and  27th,  2°. 7.  The  differences 
between  dry  and  dew-point  temperatures  were  very 
small  on  the  21st  and  22d,  but  larger  on  the  24th. 
Large  amounts  of  cloud  were  prevalent  throughout  the 
week,  on  some  days  the  sky  being  nearly  overcast 
throughout.  Rain  fell  every  day ;  on  the  24th  as  much 
as  half  an  inch  was  measured,  and  on  the  23d  more 
than  a  quarter  of  an  inch.  The  total  fall  for  the  week 
was  nearly  I^  inch. 

In  England  the  extreme  high  temperatures  of  the  air 
ranged  between  53I'  at  Portsmouth  and  46°  at  Sheffield, 
the  general  average  over  the  country  being  484**. 
The  extreme  low  temperatures  varied  from  344°  at 
London  to  26i°  at  Sheffield,  the  general  average  being 
30°  nearly.  The  average  range  of  temperature  in  the 
week  was  184°.  The  mean  for  the  week  of  the  highest 
temperatures  observed  by  day  was  45°  nearly,  the 
highest  being  at  Portsmouth — 494°,  and  the  lowest  at 
Sheffield — 43°.  The  lowest  temperature  at  night 
varied  between  385°  at  London,  and  34^°  at  Notting- 
ham. The  average  daily  range  of  temperature  was 
84°.  The  mean  temperature  for  the  week  was  about 
40°,  ranging  from  424°  at  Portsmouth  to  384°  at  Not- 
tingham. Rain  fell  on  every  day  in  the  week  at  Green- 
wich, and  on  five  or  six  days  at  most  other 
places,  the  amount  collected  everywhere  being  un- 
usually large.  More  than  2  inches  fell  at  Birmingham, 
and  nearly  2  inches  at  Portsmouth.  The  least  fall  was 
J  inch  at  Manchester,  and  the  mean  fall  for  the  whole 
country  was  greater  than  ij  inch.  A  heavy  gale  swept 
over  the  south  and  midland  counties  of  England  on  the 
morning  of  the  24th ;  at  Leicester  the  minimum  read- 
ing  of  the  barometer  was  28. 3  inches,  and  at  Norwich, 
2S.40  inches,  being  the  lowest  reading  recorded  at 
that  place  since;iS43,  when2S.2i  inches  were  registered 
on  January  13.  Hail  fell  on  the  23d  at  Portsmouth, 
and  at  Leicester  ;  snow  fell  on  the  24th. 

In  Scotland  the  maximum  temperatures  of  the  air 
ranged  between  48°  at  Edinburgh,  and  45°  at  Aberdeen, 
with  a  general  mean  over  the  country  of  about  46°^ 
The  minimum  temperatures  at  night  varied  from  33° 


February  3,   1S72.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette, 


141 


at  Greenock  to  23^  at  Edinburgh,  the  general  mean 
being  23^*.  The  mean  daily  temiieratures  ranged 
between  38.^"  at  Dundee  and  36.1°  at  Edinburgh, 
the  general  mean  being  about  3SI''.  Rain  fell  at 
every  station,  the  greatest  fall  being  about  li  inch 
at  Dundee,  and  the  least,  half  an  inch,  at  Glasgow. 
The  average  fall  all  over  the  cour.try  was  g-ioths  of 
an  inch. 

At  Dublin  the  highest  temperature  of  the  air  during 
the  week  was  514",  the  lowest  2"]",  and  the  mean 
about  39°.  The  amount  of  rain  measured  was  nearly 
7-ioths  of  an  inch. 

■ The  current  volume  of  the  /^(•/^/'/iw  Hordcolc  is 

dedicated  to  the  Rev,  M.  J.  BiiKKELEY,  the  Editoi 
taking  the  opportunity  of  republishing  the  portrait  and 
biographical  notice  originally  published  in  our 
columns,  p.  271,  1S71. 

A  correspondent  of  the  HortkuUciir  Francais 

announces  the  successful  Grafting  of  Bignonia 
KADlCANs  on  the  Catalpa.  Some  of  the  branches 
were  headed  back,  and  tlie  Bignonia  scions  inserted  by 
cleft-grafting.  The  result  was,  that  from  the  midst  of 
the  liLxuriant  foliage  of  the  Catalpa  emerged  numerous 
llowering  branches  of  the  Bignonia.  This  is  an  experi- 
ment worth  repeating. 

In  tlic  January  nunil)cr  of  the  Popular  Science 

iVt-'/Wi',  Mr.  A.  W.  Bennett  has  an  interesting 
article  on  MniiCKY  IN  Plants  in  which  he  calls 
attention  to  the  many  instances  of  the  close  external 


us  to  allude  to  the  oft-observed  fact,  that  the  same 
purpose  is  carried  out  by  very  different  means,  and 
in  this  manner  some  of  the  so-called  mimetic  resem- 
blances find  their  solution.  Thus,  take  the  case  of  the 
winged  seed-vessels,  like  those  of  the  Maples,  alluded 
to  by  Mr.  Bennett.  Among  the  Sterculias  there  are 
several  cases  of  a  similar  kind,  especially  in  those 
species  where  the  fruit  does  not  open.  In  some  cases 
it  is  the  seed  that  is  winged,  and  it  not  unfrequently 
happens  that  the  winged  seed  of  some  species  is  so  like 
the  winged  seed-vessel  of  some  other  plant,  tliat  close 
examination  is  refjuired  to  detect  tlie  difference.  Some 
of  the  Pterospermums,  for  instance,  have  seeds  almost 
precisely  like  the  seed-vessels  figured  by  Mr.  Bennett. 
In  yet  another  class  of  cases  it  is  the  calyx  which 
enlarges  so  as  to  form  a  winged  appendage  or  "  float  " 
to  the  seed  vessel.  In  all  these  instances,  we  take  it, 
the  purpose  is  the  same — the  dispersion  of  the  seed  ; 
but,  as  we  have  seen,  that  purpose  is  effected  in  several 
dilTercnt  ways. 

■ •  The  thronged  and  busy  streets  of  the  City  of 

London  are  the  last  places  in  the  world  one  would 
think  of  exploring  for  Botanical  Novelties.  Yet 
such  things  are  frequently  to  be  found  by  any  wayfarer 
who  keeps  his  eyes  open;  indeed,  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  the  docks,  and  similar  busy  centres  of  commerce, 
various  interesting  specimens  of  natural  history  may 
from  time  to  time  be  picked  up.  On  the  other  hand, 
it  may  be  feared  that  many  things  are  often  lost  from 
their   scientific   value  being  unknown    to   those   who 


bemg  gathered.  Many  years  ago  a  quantity  of  these 
were  brought  to  this  country,  and  exposed  for  sale  in 
London,  but  we  ha\  c  not  met  with  any  recently. 

The  Belgian  Government  has  already  nomi- 
nated its  committee  to  protect  the  interests  of  Belgian 
exhibitors  at  the  forthcoming  International  Exiiibi- 
TiON  AT  Vienna  in  1S73.  Horticulture,  agriculture,  and 
arboriculture  are  to  be  represented  at  that  Exhibition, 
which  is  to  be  on  the  grandest  scale.  We  do  not  learn 
that  anything  is  being  done  in  this  country  to  maintain 
the  honour  of  British  agriculture  and  horticulture. 

Much  discussion  has  from  time  to  time  arisen 

as  to  tlie  nature  and  origin  of  tliose  extremely  minute 
organisms  known  as  Bacteria.  The  latest  view  is 
that  they  are  modifications  of  the  spawn  of  the  common 
mould,  Pcnicillium  glaucum. 


New  Garden   Plants. 

MORMODES    FRACTIFLEXUM,    n.  Sp. 
Rnccmo  _    paucifloro     laxifloro     fractiflexo  ;     scpalis     lepalisque 
ligulatis    acutis  ;    labello    ungulculato    sp,Ttiilato   valde  dilatato 
flabellato  rotundalo  cum  apiculo  ;    foveolo  supcrnc   biloba   in 
disco,  oinnino  glabro. 

The  sepals  and  petals  are  of  a  whitish  green,  with 
purplish  streaks  and  some  such  dots ;  the  lip  white, 
with  radiating  purplish  streaks  on  the  under  siile,  and 
some  such  dots  on  the  over  side  of  the  axil.  Column 
distinctly  purplish.     It  would  be  M.  buccinator  if  only 


Figs,  65,  66. — abris,  or  shelter-sheds  for  horsemen,  etc.,  in  the  bois  de  Boulogne. 


resemblance  between  plants  often  of  very  distant 
relationship.  Mr.  Wilson  Saunders  has  exhibited, 
on  more  than  one  occabion,  a  series  of  plants  showing 
these  resemblances  (see  1871,  p.  611)  instances  of 
wliich  are  familiar  enough  to  all  who  have  to  do  with 
plants.  Mr.  Bennett  adds  to  the  list  by  calling 
attention  to  the  winjs^ed  seed-vessels  of  Securidaca 
(Polygalacece)  and  compares  them  with  the  similar  seed- 
vessels  of  some  Phytolaccads  and  Malpighiads — plants 
having  no  relationship  except  of  the  most  remote 
degree  one  with  the  other.  The  difficulty  is  to 
account  for  the  phenomenon.  It  occurs  so  often  that 
it  cannot  be  considered  as  a  mere  coincidence. 
"  Mimicry,"  in  the  sense  of  any  conscious  act  on  the 
part  of  the  plant,  is  clearly  inadmissible,  hence  the 
suggestion  that  has  been  made  to  use  a  term  like 
Homoplasy,  which  expresses  a  fact  without  involving 
any  speculative  explanation  of  it.  Consanguinity  or 
hereditary  descent  may  be  also  put  out  of  court. 
External  causes  producing  similar  conditions  of  growth 
may  account  sometimes  for  the  similarity  of  ap- 
pearance, but  it  is  clearly  not  sufficient  in  cases  where 
the  conditions  are  different,  and  yet  the  resemblance 
occurs — a  common  thing.  Mr.  Bennett  falls  back  on 
the  tendency  to  vary  that  is  innate  in  all  living 
creatures,  and  to  the  "doctrine  of  design,"  according 
to  which  we  believe  ''Nature  has  some  general 
purpose  in  the  different  modes  in  which  life  is  mani- 
fested ;  a  purpose  not  in  all  cases  for  the  immediate 
advantage  of  the  individual  species,  but  in  furtherance 
of  some  design  of  funeral  harmony  which  it  may  take 
centuries  of  imweaiied  observation  and  laborious  toil 
before  we  discover  the  key  by  which  we  may  be 
able  to  unlock  it. "    This  reference  to  "  purpose  "  leads 


frequent  such  places.  As  an  illustration  of  this,  we 
may  mention  a  fact  that  came  to  our  own  knowledge 
some  short  time  since.  While  visiting  one  of  the  great 
East-end  docks,  one  of  the  ofScers  submitted  for  our 
inspection  what  he  termed  a  very  fine  example  of 
"  spun  glass  ;  "  this  was  a  fair  specimen  of  the  Venus* 
Flower-basket  (Euplectella).  It  was  taken  from  a  large 
case  entirely  filled  with  them,  which  was  imported 
from  Shanghai,  but  not  meeting  with  a  customer,  it 
was  sent  to  a  Continental  port  with  the  hope  of  better 
success.  Amongst  the  things  of  this  description  one 
occasionally  sees  exposed  for  sale  in  London  are  the 
several  kinds  of  Rose  of  Jericho.  Very  recently  we 
saw  in  a  shop  window  in  the  City  a  quantity  of  fruits 
so  labelled,  the  remarkable  hygrometric  properties  of 
which  were  duly  set  forth.  These  fruits,  which  were 
marked  at  \s.  each,  were  those  of  Mesembry- 
anthemum  Tripolium,  which,  as  is  well  known, 
have  a  chip-like,  shrivelled  appearance  when  dry,  but 
open  fully  in  the  form  of  a  star  when  placed  in  water, 
or  in  a  moist  situation.  The  Anastatica  hierochontica 
is,  perhaps,  that  which  is  most  generally  referred  to  as 
the  Rose  of  Jericho,  but  this  is  the  entire  plant  of  a 
small  annual,  native  of  the  dry  desert  places  of  Syria, 
Egypt,  and  North  Africa,  which  becoming  detached 
from  the  ground  by  the  force  of  the  wind  is  blown 
about  like  a  ball  in  dry  weather,  but  expands  again 
with  moisture.  This  plant,  however,  is  seldom  seen 
except  in  collections.  Another  plant,  sometimes  called  ' 
the  Rose  of  Jericho,  but  more  often  the  Resurrection 
Plant,  is  the  Selaginella  lepidophylla.  It  grows  in  a 
regular  rosette  form,  and  will  retain  its  green  colour 
and-  hygrometric  properties  of  expanding  in  moist 
weather,  and  rolling  up  in  dry,  for  a  long  time  after  [ 


[  it  had  a  strict  and  compact  raceme.  The  lip  is  gene- 
I  rally  bent  in  two  unequal  sides,  yet  that  may  be 
!  monstrous  since  the  best  first  developed  flower  is  differ- 
ent, showing  two  great  symmetrical  valves.  Imported 
'  from  Costa  Rica  by  Messrs.  Veitch.  B.  G.  Rchb.  fd. 


SHELTER  FOR  MAN  AND  BEAST, 

OlTR  illustrations  (figs.  65,  66),  taken  fromM.  Roths- 
child's magnificent  pubication  on  the  Parks  and  Pro- 
menades of  Paris,  suffice  to  show  how  this  may  be 
obtained  in  parks  and  pleasure-grounds  in  a  cheap, 
efficient,  and  pictural  way.  Fig.  65  has  somewhat  the 
aspect  of  a  giganric  Mushroom,  but  on  the  principle  of 
"any  port  in  a  storm"  is  not  to  be  despised  \  and,  as 
we  can  testify,  has  not  (or  had  not— the  Prussians,  for 
aught  we  know,  may  have  used  the  straw  for  palliasses) 
a  displeasing  appearance  amid  the  trees  in  the  leis  fre- 
quented parts  of  the  Bois  de  Boulogne.  The  cost  of 
these  structures,  according  to  size,  is  given  at  from  ^^30 
to  Z"ioo.  


THE  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE 
OF   TRANSPLANTING. 

Transplanting  is  perhaps  that  operation  in  which 
beginners  find  more  difficulty  to  exist  than  in  any  other 
connected  with  the  practice  of  ornamental  gardening, 
and  in  which  the  causes  of  success  or  failure  are  least 
understood,  yet  it  depends  almost  exclusively  upon 
the  two  following  circumstances,  namely,  the  pre- 
servation of  the  tips  of  the  roots  and  the  prevention 
of  excessive  evaporation.  It  is  well  known  that  plants 
feed  upon  fluid  contained  in  the  soil,  and  that  their  roots 


142 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  J,   1 872. 


are  the  mouths  through  which  the  food  is  conveyed 
into  their  systems,  but  the  absorption  of  fluid  does  not 
take  place  either  by  all  the  surface  of  the  roots  or  even 
of  their  fibres,  but  only  by  the  extremities  of  the  latter, 
consisting  of  bundles  of  vessels  surrounded  by  cellular 
tissue  in  a  very  lax  spongy  state,  whence  those 
extremities  are  called  spongioles.  That  it  is  only 
through  the  latter  that  absorption  to  any  amount  takes 
place,  is  easily  shown,  by  growing  a  plant  in  water,  and 
alternately  preventing  the  action  of  the  spongioles, 
when  langour  and  a  cessation  of  vital  action  comes  on, 
and  preventing  the  action  of  the  general  surface 
of  the  roots,  .leaving  the  spongioles  at  liberty, 
when  the  vital  energies  are  immediately  renewed. 
These  spongioles  are  exceedingly  delicate  in  their 
organisation,  and  a  very  slight  degree  of  violence 
destroys  them.  It  is  scarcely  possible  to  remove  the 
soil  from  the  roots  without  injuring  them  in  some 
degree  ;  and  if  transplantation  is  effected  violently  or 
carelessly,  they  are  in  a  great  measure  destroyed.  In 
proportion  to  the  size  or  age  of  a  tree  is  the  difficulty  of 
preserving  them  increased,  and  hence  at  the  same  time 
tlie  difficulty  of  transplantation  is  augmented.  If  by 
any  method  the  rootlets  could  be  preserved  un- 
harmed there  would  be  no  reason  whatever  why  the 
largest  trees  should  not  be  removed  as  easily  as  young 
plants  in  a  nursery,  but  their  preservation  in  such 
cases  is  next  to  inrpossible,  and  therefore  the  trans- 
plantation of  trees  of  very  great  magnitude  cannot  be 
effected  wilh  anything  like  safety.  It  is  because  of  the 
security  o!  the  spongioles  from  injury  when  the  earth  is 
undisturbed,  that  plants  reared  in  pots  are  transplanted 
with  so  much  more  success  than  if  taken  immediately 
from  the  soil.  Hence,  also,  when  earth  is  frozen  into 
a  huge  ball  around  the  roots  of  a  plant,  transplantation 
is  effected  with  the  same  kind  of  certainty.  The 
practice  of  cutting  the  roots  of  all  large  trees  the 
year  previous  to  removing  them  is  attended  with 
success  for  a  similar  reason.  Wherever  the  roots  are 
cut  through,  the  new  fibres  which  are  emitted,  provided 
a  plant  is  in  health,  in  short  tufts,  and  each  terminated 
by  a  spongiole,  are  much  more  easily  taken  out  of  the 
ground  without  injury  than  if  they  were  longer  and 
more  scattered  among  the  soil.  When  destroyed  the 
spongioles  are  often  speedily  replaced,  provided  a  slight 
degree  of  growth  continues  to  be  maintained.  This  is 
one  of  the  reasons  why  trees  removed  in  October  suc- 
ceed better  than  if  transplanted  at  any  other  time.  The 
growth  of  a  tree  at  that  season  is  not  quite  over,  and 
the  first  impulse  of  Nature  when  the  tree  finds  itself  in 
a  new  situation  is  to  create  new  mouths  by  which  to 
feed  when  the  season  for  growing  again  returns. 

Evaporation  takes  place  from  plants  to  an  inconceiv- 
able degree  in  certain  circumstances.  In  damp  or  wet 
weather  this  evaporation  is  least,  in  hot  dry  weather  it 
is  greatest.  This  loss  has  all  to  be  supplied  by  the 
moisture  introduced  into  the  system  by  the  spon- 
gioles, and  hence,  if  the  latter  are  destroyed  and 
evaporation  takes  place  before  they  can  be  replaced, 
a  plant  must  necessarily  suffer.  This  is  the  reason 
why  deciduous  trees  cannot  be  transplanted  with 
safety  when  in  leaf ;  it  is  impossible  to  remove  them 
without  injuring  their  spongioles,  and  it  is  equally 
impossible  to  prevent  evaporation  from  their  leaves. 
It  is  well  known  that  certain  evergreens  such  as  Hollies, 
Laurels,  &c.,  can  be  transplanted  almost  at  any  time  ; 
this  arises  from  their  perspiration beingmuchless copious 
thanindeciduous  trees,  wherefore  the  spongioles  have  less 
difficulty  in  supplying  the  loss  occasioned  by  the  opera- 
tion ;  yet  even  evergreens  cannot  be  removed  with  safety 
in  the  hottest  months  in  the  year,  because  then  the  action 
of  such  spongioles  as  may  be  saved,  would  not  be  suffi- 
cient to  supply  the  waste  by  evaporation.  Plants  just 
beginning  to  grow  in  spring,  with  their  leaves  just  turn- 
ing green,  are  in  a  most  unfit  state  to  remove,  for  when 
transplanted  their  roots  will  not  have  time  to  form  a 
sufficient  number  of  new  spongioles  to  supply  the  loss  to 
which  the  rapid  perspiration  by  the  leaves  at  that 
season  will  give  rise.  It  is  upon  this  same  principle 
that  if  deciduous  plants  are  taken  from  the  ground  in 
summer  they  are  put  into  pots  and  placed  in  a  hotbed 
to  recover,  not  for  the  sake  of  the  heat,  but  because  the 
atmosphere  of  a  hotbed  is  so  charged  with  humidity 
that  perspiration  cannot  go  on,  and  the  vital  ener- 
gies of  the  plant  instead  of  being  wasted  by  evaporation 
are  directed  to  the  formation  of  new  mouths  by  which 
to  feed.  Such  is  a  brief  outline  of  what  the  principles 
are  upon  which  the  operation  of  transplanting  depends. 
As  regards  the  practice  of  transplanting,  in  no  place 
with  which  I  am  acquainted  has  it  been  carried  out  on 
so  large  a  scale  or  so  successfully  as  at  Elvaston  Castle 
in  Derbyshire.  The  object  of  such  operations  here,  as 
elsewhere,  was  to  produce  an  effect  in  a  short  time 
which  must  otherwise  have  been  the  work  of  years. 
Therefore,  the  trees  operated  upon  were  more  or  less 
large  in  size.     Mr.  Barron  says  : — 

"  Wlien  I  first  entered  the  employment  of  the  late  Earl 
of  Harrington  at  Elvaston,  in  August,  1830,  his  lordship, 
then  having  been  about  ro  montlis  in  possession  of  his 
estates,  had  tlirce  Cedars  of  Lebanon,  varying  in  heiglit 
from  28  to  35  feet  and  the  diameter  of  tlreir  branches  from 
2510  30  feet,  with  trunks  varying  from  3  to  4  feet  in  circum- 
ference :  whicli  trees  he  was  anxious  to  have  removed  upon 
what  is  termed  Sir  Henry  Stewart's  plan,  the  basis  of 
which  is  to  prepare  the  roots  two  years  previously  to 
removal,  by  cutting  a  trench  round  and  severing  all  the 
roots  confining  them  within  a  given  circle.  The  trench 
is  then  filled  up  with  good  soil,  the  roots  are  allowed 


two  years  to  enter  it  and  to  produce  a  lot  of  rootlets,  thereby 
ensuring  as  far  as  practicable  the  safe  removal  of  a  tree. 
Tlie  trees  above-named  were  accordingly  thus  prepared  in 
August,  r830,  and  two  months  afterwards  I  was  given  to 
understand  they  must  be  moved  the  following  February. 
This  startled  me,  and  cost  me  some  thought,  and  the 
more  I  reflected  the  more  apparent  were  the  defects  of 
that  system.  Soon  I  saw  that  many  persons  might  be  in- 
clined to  move  large  trees,  if  the  thing  could  be  accom- 
plished at  once,  with  a  justifiable  prospect  of  success  ;  but 
when  told  that  they  must  wait  two  years  before  their 
favourite  scheme  could  be  put  in  operation,  in  the  majority 
of  cases  it  would  be  abandoned.  And,  again,  that  system 
had  only  been  applied  to  deciduous  trees  which  were 
removed  when  dormant,  and  could  be  carried  with  their 
stems  in  a  horizontal  position  by  having  them  lashed  to 
the  pole  of  a  two-wheeled  janker  or  machine  and  so  con- 
veyed to  their  place  of  destination ;  but  I  saw  the  utter 
impossibility  of  thus  treating  the  wide-spreading,  hori- 
zontal, and  brittle  branches  of  Cedars  of  Lebanon  of  the 
magnitude  described,  which,  if  mutilated  or  broken,  would 
not  be  worth  removal.  Again,  on  looking  at  the  roots 
and  considering  that  they  must  be  freed  from  soil,  and 
knowing  their  brittle  nature  also,  the  whole  concurred  to 
convince  me  that  another  system  must  be  adopted  if  the 
trees  must  be  removed.  The  thought,  therefore,  struck 
me,  that  if  it  were  possible  to  remove  a  tree  with  a  large 
mass  of  earth,  something  similar  to  that  containing  the 
roots,  after  .Sir  Henry  Stewart's  preparation,  I  should  be 
stealing  a  march  upon  him,  and  be  as  forward  at  once 
as  he  would  be  in  two  years.  I  then  set  about  conquering 
the  mechanical  difficulty,  which  when  once  accompUshed 
1  saw  that  success  would  be  certain.  In  order,  then,  to 
surmount  the  two  chief  difficulties  which  presented  them- 
selves— namely,  the  removal  of  the  tree  with  a  large  un- 
broken mass  of  earth  adhering  to  the  roots,  and  main- 
taining the  trunk  in  a  vertical  position, — I  saw  that  a 
four-wheeled  carriage  would  be  necessary  ;  I  then  availed 
myself  of  such  means  as  were  within  my  reach,  and 
removing  the  centre  pole  from  a  timber-carriage,  and 
raising  the  bolsters,  I  fixed  two  strong  poles,  the 
ends  resting  on  the  two  bolsters,  and  the  tree  {when  all 
was  prepared  to  be  lifted)  was  raised  by  means  of  an  im- 
mense lever,  the  tree  standing  erect  between  the  poles.  A 
framework  of  wood  having  been  previously  formed  under 
the  tree,  upon  which  the  whole  rested  ;  and  by  means  of 
the  lever  and  strong  chains,  the  entire  mass,  when  raised 
sufficiently  high,  was  suspended  from  the  poles  by  other 
strong  chains,  and  the  tree  maintained  in  its  upright  posi- 
tion by  the  aid  of  guy-ropes.  The  carriage,  being  braced 
together  by  ropes  and  chains,  was  then  moved  upon 
planks  to  the  intended  site,  and  the  whole  having  been 
again  lowered  by  means  of  the  lever,  the  tree  was  planted. 
The  two  other  trees  were  afterwards  removed  in  the  same 
manner  ;  in  all  three  cases  the  greatest  possible  care 
being  taken  with  the  roots,  and  as  each  tree  was  planted 
a  thorough  soaking  of  water  was  given.  All  succeeded 
beyond  my  most  sanguine  expectations ;  all  three  were 
transplanted  in  February,  i83r.  The  success  which 
attended  these  operations  led  to  bolder  attempts  after- 
wards." 

I  have,  myself,  had  likewise  considerable  expe- 
rience as  regards  the  removal  of  large  trees  in  various 
parts  of  the  country,  and  especially  at  Neasham  Hall, 
near  Darlington,  the  birthplace  of  many  of  our  most 
celebrated  race-horses.  In  the  park  stood  several  trees 
which  had  at  one  time  been  in  a  hedge-row,  and  which 
could  not  have  been  less  than  from  So  to  100  years' 
growth ;  by  grouping  some  of  these  it  was  perceived 
that  an  ungainly  straight  line  would  be  effaced,  and  a 
decided  and  marked  improvement  produced  :  and  at  a 
marvellously  small  expense,  considering  the  magnitude 
of  the  operation.  The  moving  was  accomplished  with 
entire  success.  One  tree  was  an  Oak  of  the  common 
English  variety,  measuring  26  feet  high,  36  feet  wide, 
44  feet  girth  at  bottom,  and  4  feet  at  top  of  bole.  This 
was  removed  with  a  ball  of  earth  weighing  10  tons. 
Another,  a  .Sycamore,  stands  35  feet  high,  measures 
44  feet  across,  has  a  bole  of  gj  feet  in  height,  with 
proportionate  girth,  altogether  weighing  16  tons.  A 
third,  also  a  Sycamore,  was  larger  still,  being  48  feet 
by  44  feet,  and  weighing  1 7  tons.  All  these  trees,  now 
in  their  second  year  of  growth,  are  flourishing,  and  will 
of  course  improve  year  by  year.  As  regards  the  modus 
operandi  of  moving,  I  constructed  a  framework 
of  two  pieces  of  timber,  12  feet  long,  joined 
together  by  means  of  two  end  pieces  6  feet  in  length 
— the  whole  being  secured  by  a  strong  plate  of 
iron  of  triangular  form,  and  four  bolts.  This  frame- 
work, so  constructed,  could  be  separated  and  placed 
piecemeal  under  the  tree.  In  the  first  place  the  soil  was 
dug  away,  and  a  road  formed  ;  then  the  two  long 
beams  were  inserted  under  the  ball,  one  on  each  side. 
Tunnelling  under  the  ball  was  next  commenced,  planks 
shod  with  iron  were  laid  down,  and  rollers  were  put 
under  the  framework  for  the  whole  to  run  on.  Then, 
by  mean's  of  a  builder's  crab,  a  double-block  pulley, 
and  the  assistance  of  eight  men,  the  trees  were  moved 
up  the  incline  on  to  the  level,  the  rollers  working  out, 
and  being  replaced  after  the  fashion  of  those  of  a 
common  mangle.  Each  tree  was  moved  a  distance  of 
from  60  to  100  yards  over  soft  arable  ground,  without 
losing  a  pound  of  earth  on  the  way.  An  incline  was 
then  made  down  to  the  place  where  the  trees  were  to 
stand.  In  the  spring,  previous  to  removal,  the  soil 
was  dug  out  6  feet  wide  and  5  feet  deep,  leaving  a 
square  ball  of  earth  12  feet  by  12  feet.  In  this  neu- 
roots  were  formed  during  spring  and  summer — a  cir- 
cumstance on  which  success  greatly  depended.  As 
soon  as  replanted,  new  fibres  pushed  into  the  freh 
soil. 

By  adhering  to  the  foregoing  instructions,  trees  may 
be  removed  with  almost  uniform  success,     The  month 


of  September,  i.e.,  the  beginning  of  it,  is  the  best  of 
any  in  the  year  for  the  transplantation  of  evergreens. 
Deciduous  trees  may  be  moved  at  any  time  when  the 
leaf  is  down  ;  but  even  for  these,  the  late  autumn 
months  are  preferable  to  those  of  winter,  when  entire 
inactivity  prevails.   J.  N, 


CORNISH  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE 
FOOD  SUPPLY. 

Cornwall  plays  a  really  important  part  in  relation 
to  the  general  food  supply  of  the  country  at  large.  It 
must  by  no  means  be  forgotten  that  the  county  in 
question  has,  and  in  the  very  nature  of  things  is  bound 
to  have,  cerain  not  inconsiderable  advantages  in  regard 
to  climate.  It  stretches,  in  relation  to  the  map  of 
England,  far  to  the  south  and  far  also  to  the  west. 
The  sea,  or  rather  the  broad  ocean,  washes  its  shores 
on  three  sides.  These  climatic  conditions  operate  so 
favourably  that  extremes,  whether  of  heat  or  of  cold, 
are  practically  little  known  or  experienced.  Severe  or 
long-continued  frost  is  here  a  very  rare  phenomenon, 
and  it  is  very  seldom  that  snow  lies  long  upon  the 
ground.  This  was  true  even  of  last  winter,  exception- 
ally severe  in  most  parts  as  it  was.  We  experienced 
our  share  of  its  bitterness  in  Cornwall  also,  yet  the 
main  conditions  of  our  climate  remained  as  just 
described.  It  must  at  the  same  time  be  confessd  that 
we  are  liable  to  cold  and  biting  winds  from  the  Atlan- 
tic ;  and  we  are  subject  also  to  a  considerable  amount, 
at  times,  of  heavy  and  driving  rains,  the  effect  of  which 
on  certain  kinds  of  tender  vegetation  is  more  or  less 
disastrous.  Still,  all  this  being  true,  our  county,  in 
some  of  its  parts  more  especially,  and  in  some  particu- 
lars, is  none  the  less  a  market  garden  for  other  portions 
of  the  country  less  favourably  situated  than  itself.  In 
the  springtide  of  the  year  a  very  extensive  trade  ih 
carried  on  between  West  Cornwall  and  London  itself 
Tons  upon  tons  of  early  Broccoli  are  transmitted  by 
rail,  .So  large  is  the  demind  for  this  article  of  traffic 
that  it  is  grown  on  a  wholesale  scale  as  a  fielil  cro)'. 
It  is  systematically  packed  in  large  hampers,  and  in  its 
season  is  daily  sent  off  in  vast  quantities.  Early 
Potatos,  again,  are  another  marketable  commodity  anil 
object  of  cultivation  under  similar  conditions.  It  is 
stated,  indeed,  that  in  Cornwall  and  the  Scilly  Isles 
(which  may  be  considered  as  pertaining  to  Cornwall) 
this  crop  can  be  harvested  10  weeks  earlier  than  in  the 
midland  districts  of  England.  This  fact  gives  ample 
and  striking  testimony  to  the  mild  and  equable  charac- 
ter of  the  climate,  in  Western  Cornwall  more  especially. 
Horticultural  industry  has,  it  may  well  be  believed, 
a  great  future  of  possible  development  in  Cornwall. 
Much  has  already  been  done,  as  the  records  of  com- 
mercial operations  under  this  head  may  be  adduced  to 
show  ;  much  more,  however,  it  may  be,  yet  remains  to 
be  done.  Great  quantities  of  "waste"  land  have 
already  been  reclaimed  in  Cornwall,  and  have  been 
made  to  yield  up  a  fulness  of  supply  for  human  suste- 
nance, instead  of  the  Heath,  Fern,  and  Brambles, 
which  erst-while  were  their  richest  products  ;  but  a 
very  casual  inspection  reveals  the  truth  that  Comisli- 
men  have  not  yet  used  up  all  their  store  of  means  in 
the  way  of  reclamation  of  their  soil.  There  is  no  reason 
why  it  may  not  be  made  in  many  ways  the  garden  of 
England.  It  will  only  require  the  faithful  and  perse- 
vering application  of  skill  and  science  to  realise  in 
these  matters  all  that  can  be  desired.  Hitherto  com- 
paratively little  genuine  horticultural  science,  properly 
so-called,  has  been  brought  to  bear.  It  must  undoubt- 
edly be  acknowledged  that  market  gardeners,  as  a 
class,  are  very  honourably  distinguished  for  the  amount 
of  skill  which  they  bring  to  bear  upon  the  practice  of 
their  profession.  Probably,  no  body  of  men  better 
understand  how  to  till  the  ground  so  as  thoroughly  to 
utilise  it  and  make  it  yield  the  fulness  of  its  fertility  ; 
yet,  even  these  men,  clever  and  intelligent  though 
they  be  sometimes,  are  strongly  prejudiced  in  favour  of 
old  and  comparatively  valueless  modes  of  culture,  and 
unwilling  and  incapable  to  adopt  new,  yet  more  com- 
mendable methods. 

General  observations  such  as  these  seem  almost  to 
suggest  themselves  in  view  of  Cornish  vegetable  culti- 
vation. Cornwall  is  not  yet,  like  many  other  districts, 
formed  into  a  mere  agglomeration  of  large  farms. 
There  are  multitudes  of  small  agricultural  holdings  of 
5  acres  or  thereabouts,  which,  under  ordinary  farm  (as 
distinguished  from  garden)  culture,  cannot  be  expected 
to  be  very  valuable  to  their  occupiers.  How  large 
might  be  their  profitable  yield,  in  every  sense  of  tlie 
word,  if  they  were  generally  devoted  to  the  culture  of 
esculents,  and  perhaps  to  some  considerable  extent  of 
fruit  also  ! 

Again,  there  is  a  point  of  possible  food  supply  in 
regard  of  which  Cornwall  ought  to  do  a  great  deal, 
but  it  is  to  be  feared  actually  (alls  very  far  short  of  iis 
powers  and  duties,  viz.,  the  rearing  of  poultry. 
Wherever  there  is  a  pretty  central  market,  there  arc 
quotations  of  prices  lur  luwls,  ducks,  and  geese  no 
doubt  ;  e.  g.,  turning  to  the  IVes/eril  MoniitJi;  AW's  of 
October  14,  1871,  prices  at  St.  Austell  arc  thus 
reported: — "Geese,  (jd.  per  lb.;  ducks,  5j-.  per 
couple;  fowls,  3^.  to  4.r.  ;  eggs,  six  for  61/."  Now 
ihe  feeding  and  rearing  of  geneial  poultry  slock  is  just 
one  of  those  profitable  measures  of  industry'  which 
might,  properly  managed,  be  made  to  "  work  in  " 
admirably  with  that  market  gardening  which  I  have        ( 


February  3,    1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Ag-ricultural    (iazette. 


143 


now  been  endeavouring  lo  illus;trate  and  recommend  ; 
yet»  in  Cornwall,  for  all  the  quotations  of  local  prices 
in  local  markets,  it  is  at  a  low  ebb.  The  market  in 
such  a  town  as  St.  Ives,  which  is  an  ancient  borough 
with  all  the  paraphernalia  of  mayor  and  corporation 
and  a  representative  in  Parliament,  does  not  contain  a 
single  stall  devoted  to  tlic  sale  of  poultry,  nor  is  there 
such  a  thing  as  a  poulterer's  sliop  to  be  found  in  the 
place.  This  may  be  said  to  be  an  extreme  case, 
drawing  an  illustration  from  the  seat  of  a  fishery,  yet 
the  fact  remains  true  all  the  same.  Here  we  find  a 
population  of  some  thousands  dependent  upon  a  poul- 
try supply  of  the  most  casual  kind  possible.  Now  it 
ought  not  to  be  possible  to  find  any  place  of  which 
tlxis  is  true ;  except,  perhaps,  in  very  remote  and 
backward  communities.  Still  less  should  it  be  true  of 
a  locality  wliere  it  would  probably  be  most  easy,  if 
people  would  only  go  the  right  way  to  work,  to 
produce  a  supply  which  would  greatly  exceed  the  local 
needs.  Indeed,  judicious  poultry-raising  might  be 
made  a  most  profitable  branch  of  industrial  occupation, 
besides  adding  to  the  general  stock  of  food  in  the 
country.  In  some  localities  this  has  been  realised  to  a 
large  and  noteworthy  extenl,  Aylesbury  and  its 
neighbourhood  have,  it  is  recorded,  ]>roduced  ;[^40,ooo 
worth  of  ducks  in  a  single  season.  Surely  there  is  no 
condition  so  exceptionally  favourable  in  any  one 
locality  as  contrasted  with  others,  as  that  this  need 
remain  an  unapproachable  achievement  of  success.  It 
speaks  well  for  the  Aylesbury  people  that  they  have  so 
largely  served  the  public  convenience  in  adding  to  the 
home-groftTi  food  supply,  and  why  should,  not  others 
who  have  time,  means,  and  skill  (if  they  would  only 
use  them)  emulate  their  example?  One  can  but 
repeat,  and  **keep  on''  repeating,  till  attention  to  the 
requisite  extent  has  been  secured,  that  it  is  an  object 
worthy  of  public,  nay,  of  national  attention,  how  best 
to  increase  and  most  completely  to  utilise  home-grown 
supplies  of  food.  This  is  a  point  on  which  the  public 
intelligence  stands  in  need  of  a  good  deal  of  education 
even  yet.  /■ooii  fourmil. 


LADYBIRDS. 


exposes  it  at  the  open  window,  and,  ere  long,  male 
after  male  makes  hi"^  appearance.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  tiiat  "from  every  pore  of  her  a  perfume  falls," 
imperceptilile  luuur  blunt  senses,  but  grateful  to  the  last 
degree  to  their  more  acute  organs.  Having  regard,  then, 
to  the  special  kind  of  food  the  carnivorous  species  of 
ladybirds  prey  on,  there  is  obviously  no  reason  why 
any  diflerence  should  exist  betwen  the  organs  of  smell 
of  the  vegetable  feeders  and  the  carnivorous  species 
of  that  family.  The  ordinary  difference  in  such  cases 
is,  that  the  vegetable  feeders  have  larger  antennro  than 
the  carnivorous  species.  Generally  speaking  the  an- 
tenna* of  the  latter  are  long,  thin,  and  slender,  like  a 
thread.  In  the  non-carnivorous,  they  are  expanded 
into  the  form  of  leaves,  or  plates,  or  combs,  or  clubs. 
In  the  ladybirds  they  are  thickened  into  a  flat  club 
shape.  If  that  is  required  for  the  ladybirds,  wliich 
have  to  feed  on  green  leaves,  it  will  at  once  be  seen 
that  the  section  which  has  to  feed  on  greenllies  has  at 
least  as  much  need  of  a  good  power  of  smell.  Thegreen- 
fiy  is  as  sedentary  as  a  leaf,  and  certainly  not  more 
noticeable  :  and  if  a  little  less  obvious  to  sight  is 
probably  a  little  more  patent  to  smell.  And  here  again 
another  organ  which  is  well  marked  in  carnivorous 
species,  viz.,  the  eye,  does  not  differ  in  the  two  sec- 
tions of  ladybirds.  Predacious  insects  have  generally 
large  and  prominent  eyes,  but  here  the  habits  of  the 
greenfly  being  almost  those  of  the  leaf  on  which  it 
feeds,  it  is  <]ita  pursuit  in  no  different  position  from  it, 
and  requires  no  greater  power  of  vision. 

The  only  real  structural  difference  that  exists  between 
the  two  sections  lies  in  the  mandibles,  and  is  present 
both  in  the  larva  and  perfect  insect  :  thc^e  of  the  car- 
nivorous section  being  simple  sharp  cutting  instru- 
ments, with  a  double  point,  as  at    w  ;    those  of  the 


Iarva\  Those  of  the  Coccinella-  (r)  have  a  velvetv. 
opaque  surface,  but  in  other  respects  are  smooth.  The 
larva-  of  the  Kpilachna  are  not  velvety,  but  have  a 
number  of  projecting  arborescent  appendages  on  the 
back,  as  shown  at  g.  These  figures  show  that 
there  is  a  much  greater  divergence  between  the  two 
sections  in  the  larval  state  than  in  the  perfect  state, 
and  if  we  knew  only  the  larva  we  should  unquestionably 
place  them  further  apart  than  their  true  affniity  warrants, 
while  perhaps,  if  we  judged  only  from  the  pcifect  insectj 
we  should  go  as  far  wrong  in  the  other  direction. 
Andretv  Murray. 


MoxsiEiTR  Naudix,  through  Dr.  Masters,  some 
time  since  submitted  to  the  Scientific  Committee  of  the 
Royal  Horticultural  Society  a  {^\\  specimens  of  an 
insect  which  he  had  found  ver)'  destructive,  both  in  its 
larval  and  perfect  state,  to  plants  of  all  kinds  in  his 
garden  at  Collioure,  in  the  Eastern  Pyrenees. 

The  insect  is  a  a  kind  of  ladybird,  called  Kpilachna 
chrysomelina(ofwhich  A,fig.  67,  is  a  representation).  It 
is  not  a  native  of  Britain,  but  the  section  of  ladybird 
to  which  it  belongs  is  represented  here  by  one  species 
(Lasia  globosa),  and  by  more  if  we  include  the  Seym 
nidit,  and  we  may  therefore  be  allowed  to  take  some 
notice  of  it,  especially  as  it  has  some  interest  in 
physiological  point  of  view. 

Ladybirds  are  best  known  as  the  enemies  of  all  kinds 
of  greenfly.  Their  raison  d'etre  is  to  keep  them  within 
bounds,  and  being  thus  carnivorous,  it  startles  one  at 
first  sight  to  find  any  of  them  herbivorous  ;  not  that 
theirs  is  a  case  like  that  of  Zabrus  gibbus,  where  a  par- 
ticular species,  having  all  the  means  and  appliances  for 
leading  a  carnivorous  life,  proves  false  to  its  nature,  and 
morbidly  indulges  in  a  vegetable  diet.  It  is  not  so 
with  M.  Naudin's  insect ;  it  belongs  to  a  group  which, 
with  a  close  family  resemblance  prevailing  through  all 
its  members,  is  yet  divitied  into  two  sections,  one 
fitted  for  a  predaceous  carnivorous  life,  the  other  for  a 
phytophagous  one.  A  similar  duplication  of  endow- 
ments to  a  family,  and  separation  of  its  members  into 
two  parallel  series  according  to  their  structure,  occurs 
in  other  families.  Thus  the  Mantis  and  the  leaf 
insect  belonging  to  one  and  the  same  order  equally 
present  a  most  startling  imitation  of  a  leaf,  but  the 
Mantis  is  predacious,  and  the  leaf  insect  feeds  on 
leaves  ;  and  each  has  a  structure  adapted  to  that 
sphere  of  life  in  which  it  has  pleased  Providence  to 
jilace  it.  The  same  occurs  in  the  small  Ichneumon 
flies.  Perhaps  the  water-beetles  may  be  cited  as 
another  example,  although  that  is  more  questionable, 
for  the  general  structure  of  the  herbivorous  water- 
beetles  diverges  so  much  from  that  of  the  carnivorous 
water  beetles,  that  they  cannot  be  rightly  referred 
to  the  same  family  at  all.  But  with  the  ladybirds 
there  can  be  no  doubt.  Form,  general  structure, 
texture,  and  colour  are  all  of  one  type.  Even  the 
antenn:e  are  the  same, — organs  which  are  almost 
invariably  found  to  differ  in  carnivorous  and  her- 
bivorous insects,  as  may  well  be  anticipated, 
for  the  antennre  are  organs  which  combine 
the  sense  of  touch,  hearing,  and  smell  {of  all 
three  the  sense  of  smell  being  that  which  seems 
more  especially  developed).  Whenever  an  insect 
has  to  smell  out  its  living,  as  when  it  feeds  on 
decaying  animal  or  vegetable  matter,  then  the 
antenna;  are  largely  increased  in  size  ;  in  like  manner 
the  necessity  of  a  powerful  organ  of  smell  is  the  expla- 
nation of  the  antenna  being  pectinated  and  enlarged  in 
the  males  of  moths  and  many  other  insects,  especially 
nocturnal  or  crepuscular  species,  while  they  are  small 
and  simple  in  the  females.  It  would  be  a  hard  task 
for  a  male  to  find  his  mate,  either  by  sight,  or  touch, 
or  hearing,  in  the  dark.  It  is  by  smell  that  he  finds 
her.  When  in  search  of  specimens  of  any  rare  species, 
the  wily  entomologist  takes  a  virgin  female  in  a  breed- 
ing cage  into  the  woods  or  fields,  or,  it  may  be,  only 


ON  THE  INFLUENCE  OF  THE  WIND 
ON  THE  DISTRIBUTIO-N  OF  ."^EEDS 
IN  MOUNTAIN  REGIONS, 


Fin.    67.— EPII.ACHNA    CUKVSOMELINA. 

herbivorous  section  bearing  two  teeth,  fitting  into 
corresponding  inequalities  on  the  opposite  mandible, 
as  at  c.  They  are,  in  fact,  respectively  parallel 
to  the  canine  and  molar  teeth  in  mammals ;  the 
denticulations  on  the  latter  mandibles  serving  to 
triturate  the  vegetable  food,  like  molars,  while  the 
simple  mandibles  of  the  carnivorous  species  serve  merely 
to  cut  asunder  the  skin  of  the  Aphides,  whose  juices 
it  sucks,  like  canine  teeth.  The  maxilla,  or  inner  jaws, 
and  the  palpi  of  the  two  sections  scarcely  differ.  D{fig,  67) 
is  that  of  a  Coccinella,  one  of  the  carnivorous  section  ; 
and  E  that  of  Epilachna,  the  vegetable  feeders.  It  will 
be  seen  that  both  are  rather  of  the  nature  of  a  brush 
to  sap  up  juice  than  of  either  a  cutting  or  triturating 
machine,  and  this  reveals  the  nature  of  the  mode  of 
feeding  in  both.  They  do  not  masticate  or  munch  up 
their  food,  but  suck  up  and  brush  in  the  juice  in  the 
one  case  of  the  aphis,  in  the  other  of  the  parenchyma. 
All  the  points  of  external  structure  bearing  on  the 
economy  of  the  insects  are  thus  identical,  with  the 
exception  of  the  mandibles,  and  for  the  reason  that 
they  are  equally  adapted  to  either  mode  of  nutrition. 
We  do  not  know  whether  the  internal  viscera  show  any 
distinction. 

There  remains,  however,  one  point  of  external 
difference,  which,  although  in  itself  apparently  a  thing 
of  no  moment,  is  constant,  and  serves  at  once  to  dis- 
tinguish the  two  sections.  All  the  true  Coccinella 
have  the  surface  glabrous  and  shining ;  the  Epilach- 
nidre  have  it  invariably  tomentose  or  pubescent ; 
as  if  covered  with  a  velvety  doum.  What  the  import 
of  this  difference  may  be  we  cannot  tell  ;  systemaiists 
treat  it  as  an  artificial  character  of  no  physiological 
importance.  In  other  families,  whether  herbivorous  or 
carnivorous,  the  presence  or  absence  of  pubescence  on 
the  surface  seems  absolutely  without  import.  It  is 
present  in  some  and  absent  in  others  of  closely  allied 
species.  Still  here  it  is  invariable,  and  if  not  a 
physiological  character,  it  is  at  all  events  a  homological 
one.      Something  of  a  similar  difference  occurs  in  the 


[Abstract  of  a  paper  by  A,  Keriicr.  of  Iiinsbrllcl;,  reprinted  from 
the  Jounuil  0/ the  iScrmau  Alpine  Cliil>.\ 

Ik  we  place  ourselves,  on  a  hot  afternoon  in  the 
middle  of  summer,  in  the  shelter  of  a  mountain  ridge, 
so  that  a  ray  of  bright  sunshine  is  intercepted  by  a 
projecting  pinnacle  of  rock,  we  see,  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  this  piece  of  rock,  innumerable  shining 
spangles  dart  upwards  with  the  quickness  of  an  arrow 
through  the  sunshine.  These  spangles  jjiove,  on 
examination,  to  be  minute  fruits  and  seeds  of  plants, 
provided  with  tufts  or  tails  of  hair,  carried  upwards  by 
the  current  of  air  xscendtng  up  the  escarpment,  generallv 
invisible,  and  seen  only  under  circumstances  similar  lit 
a  ray  of  sunlight,  which  shows  the  floating  dust  in  a 
chamber.  Witli  ilie  cessation  of  the  ascending  current 
of  air  at  sunset,  and  the  moistening  of  the  air  by  dew, 
cloud,  or  rain,  a  large  proportion  of  these  seeds  falls  to 
the  ground,  and  strews  the  summits,  ridges,  and  hollows 
of  the  mountain. 

In  order  to  ascertain  what  kinds  of  plants  are  thus 
distributed  by  the  agency  of  the  wind,  an  opportunity 
is  afforded  by  the  moraines,  where  it  is  impossible  to 
suppose  that  seeds  can  be  deposited  by  any  other  means 
than  the  one  we  are  considering ;  and  the  flora  of  the 
moraines  must  be  a  catalogue  of  plants  whose  seeds  are 
distributed  by  the  action  of  the  wind.  A  list  of  (we  of 
these  floras,  from  as  many  different  moraines,  consisting 
of  limestone,  schist,  and  gneiss,  included  124  species-, 
the  following  orders  being  the  most  largely  represented  : 
— Composite,  23  per  cent. ;  Caryophyllea,  10  percent.  ; 
firaminea,  8  per  cent.  ;  Mosses,  Saxifrage. e,  and 
Salicaceoe,  6  per  cent.  ;  Crucifera',  5  per  cent.  ;  Ferns 
and  Rosacea,  4  per  cent.  ;  Scrophulariacea%  3  per 
cent.  Of  the  smaller  families,  the  genera  Valeriana, 
I''.pilobium,  and  Juncus  occurred  the  most  frequently. 
The  investigation  of  these  lists,  with  a  view  to  trace 
the  origin  of  these  plants,  shows  that  the  larger  number 
of  those  which  constitute  the  moraine  flora  are  species 
widely  distributed  over  the  higher  mountain  regions  in 
immediate  proximity  to  the  glacier.  Eess  frequent  are 
those  plants  which  belong  to  the  grazing  plateaux  nf 
the  lower  elevations  ;  and  still  less  common  species 
belonging  to  the  meadow  or  wood  flora  of  the  lowlands, 
as  Calamagrostis  montana,  Senecio  nemorensis,  l^pilo- 
bium  angustifolium,  and  Aspidium  Filix-mas,  whicit 
maintain  only  a  short  and  precarious  existence. 

It  does  not  however  follow,  because  only  this  limited 
number  of  species  is  found  to  grow  and  to  flourish, 
more  or  less,  on  the  moraines,  that  therefore  seeds  of 
other  kinds  are  not  brought  by  the  wind,  which  are 
unable  even  to  germinate  in  such  unfavourable  circum- 
stances. In  order  to  determine  this  point  M.  Kerner 
made  a  careful  examination  of  the  organic  substances 
found  on  the  icy  surface  of  the  glacier  itself,  which  were 
in  places  very  numerous,  and  belonged  to  both  the 
animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms.  The  animals  found 
were  entirely  dead  or  benumbed  insects  belonging  to 
the  orders  Lepidoptera,  Hymenoptera,  Coleoptera,  and 
Diptera,  and  consisting  of  43  species,  a  considerable 
portion  of  which  are  found  only  in  the  highest  moun- 
tain regions  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  glaciers, 
e.}g.,  Sargus  infuscatus,  Ftiolina  crassicornis,  l-lrebia 
Cassiope  and  Manto,  Zygana  exalans,  Setina  ramosa, 
and  Argynnis  Pales ;  more  than  half  the  species  of  very 
wide  distribution,  extending  from  the  mountain  valleys 
and  neighbouring  plains  to  the  edge  of  the  glaciers, 
very  few  being  found  nominally  only  in  the  mountain 
valleys,  as  Hesperia  sylvamis,  Agrotis  Pronuba,  Leiico- 
phasia  Sinapis,  and  Aphis  picea  ;  and  one  only,  the 
common  honey-bee,  being  peculiar  to  cultivated  dis- 
tricts. None  of  the  insects  found  belong  to  extra- 
alpine  species,  none  of  the  kinds  peculiar  to  the  warm 
valleys  of  the  southern  Alps  are  represented  ;  and  the 
inference  is  unavoidable,  that  all  the  animals  found  on 
the  glaciers  have  either  strayed  voluntarily,  or  been 
driven  by  the  wind  from  districts  immediately  adjacent 
to  the  glacier. 

The  task  of  determining  the  seeds  found  on  flu- 
surface  of  the  glacier  was  much  more  difficult,  'i'he 
seeds  of  many  alpine  plants  have  hardly  been  de- 
scribed ;  and  in  other  instances  it  is  difficult  to  dis- 
tinguish between  those  belonging  to  several  different 
species  of  the  same  genus.  This  was  especially  the 
case  with  the  genera  Hieracium  and  Salix.  Thirty-six 
species,  however,  were  determined  with  tolerable 
certainty,  the  majority  of  which  were  identical  with  the 
species  previously  recorded  as  inhabitants  of  the 
moraines.  Here  again  the  same  results  are  esta- 
blished ;  not  a  single  seed  is  found  on  the  glacier,  as 
not   a  single  plant    on  the   moraine,    which    dues   not 


144 


The    GcTdeners'    Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  3,   1872. 


lielong  to  .1  species  inhabiting  the  immediately  adjacent 
mountain  slopes  or  valleys.  The  conclusion  from  these 
facts  seems  inevitable,  that  tiie  conveyance  of  seeds, 
even  when  provided  with  apparatus  calculated  for 
floating  in  the  air,  by  horizontal  currents,  takes  place 
only  within  very  circumscribed  limits  ;  and  that  the 
prevalent  opinion  that  they  may  be  thus  carried  for 
very  great  distances  is  not  supported  by  facts. 

The  higher  mountain  flora  may  be  divided,  for  the 
purpose  of  this  investigation,  into  two  sections.  The 
first  consists  of  plants  whose  fruit  or  see^d  is  provided 
with  some  kind  of  appendage  to  facilitate  its  transport 
by  the  wind  ;  they  have  a  very  short  span  of  life,  are 
constantly  changing  their  habitat,  can  exist  on  a  surface 
of  ground  containing  scarcely  a  trace  of  humus,  and 
spring  up  with  the  greatest  readiness  on  the  ledges  or 
in  the  crevices  of  the  barest  rocks  ;  of  this  kind  con- 
sists by  far  the  larger  portion  of  the  moraine  flora. 
The  second  kind  is  much  less  migratory,  requires  a 
better  soil  and  a  larger  proportion  of  humus,  has  a 
longer  span  of  life,  and  its  fruit  and  seed  are  unpro- 
vided with  any  apparatus  for  flight  ;  the  seeds,  there- 
fore, drop  close  to  the  parent  plant,  or  can  only  be 
carried  a  short  distance  when  extremely  minute.  The 
largest  and  heaviest  seed  of  this  description  found  on 
the  glaciers  or  moraines  was  that  of  Sibbaldia  pro- 
cumbens,  measuring  i  m.m.  in  diameter,  and  weighing 
o.4m.gr.  The  seed  of  Rhododendron  ferrugineum  has 
a  length  of  o.S — i  m.m.,  a  breadth  of  0.2 — 0.3  m.m., 
and  weighs  only  0.06  m.gr. 

M.  Kerner  thus  sums  up  the  results  of  his  observa- 
tions :  — 

I.  Only  dust-like  substances,  such  as  pollen,  spores, 
diatom-scales,  &c.,  can  be  distributed  by  currents   of 


air  over  wide  stretches  of  land  and  sea  in  iminterrupted 
flights,  and  thus  be  brought  into  the  alpine  regions. 

2.  Fruits  and  seeds  of  flowering  plants  which  are 
provided  with  a  web-like  floating  apparatus  that  dis- 
tends itself  in  dry  air  in  the  form  of  a  parachute,  are 
carried  upwards  by  the  ascending  current  of  air  which 
arises  on  sunny  days  in  aljiine  regions  on  the  cessa- 
tion of  the  horizontal  wind  ;  but  after  sunset  they  sink 
again  to  the  ground  at  a  small  distance  in  a  horizontal 
direction ;  and  the  object  attained  by  this  floating 
apparatus  is  not  so  much  the  adaptation  of  the  seeds 
for  long  journeys,  as  to  enable  them  to  settle  on  the  pro- 
jections and  in  the  crevices  of  steep  precipices  and 
rocks,  and  to  clothe  with  vegetation  these  rock-walls 
which  are  not  easily  accessible  by  other  seeds. 

3.  The  presence  of  membranous  margins  and  wings 
favours  the  transport  of  fruits  and  seeds  by  horizontal 
currents  of  air  ;  the  horizontal  distance,  however,  over 
which  these  seeds  are  carried  scarcely  ever  extends 
further  than  from  one  side  of  a  valley  to  the  other  side, 
and  the  distribution  of  the  fruits  and  seeds  of  flowering 
plants,  in  so  far  as  this  is  caused  by  currents  of  air,  can 
only  proceed  gradually  and  step  by  step. 

4.  Fruits  and  seeds  which  are  d,eficient  in  any  kind 
of  appendages  which  facilitate  flight  are  scarcely 
influenced  by  currents  of  air  ;  it  is  only  when  these 
seeds  are  of  very  minute  size  and  extremely  small 
weight  that  they  can  be  driven  short  distances  by 
horizontal  winds. 

These  results,  insignificant  as  they  may  seem,  are  of 
great  importance  in  the  solution  of  a  whole  series  of 
questions  relating  to  the  geography  and  history  of 
plants,  which  may  here  be  briefly  indicated. 

If  the  seeds   of  flowering   plants  can   only  spread 


themselves  step  by  step,  an  unbroken  chain  of  habitats 
must  have  at  one  time  existed  between  the  outposts 
\yhich  each  plant  occupies  on  the  extreme  limit  of  its 
area  of  distribution  and  tlic  centre  of  this  area.  If  the 
area  of  distribution  is  interrupted  for  a  considerable 
space,  and  if  there  is  no  possibility  of  the  carriage  of 
fruits  or  seeds  by  some  other  agent  of  distribution, 
such  as  designed  or  accidental  transportation  by 
men,  animals,  or  water --the  interruption  of  the  area 
of  distribution,  or  its  sphtting  into  two,  three,  or 
more  sections  separated  from  one  another,  can  only 
have  arisen  in  the  course  of  time  ;  for  the  supposition 
that  the  seeds  of  flowering  plants  may  be  carried  by 
currents  of  air  from  one  mountain  range  to  another, 
from  one  island  to  another,  is  inadmissible,  from  the 
considerations  advanced  above.  We  find,  however, 
in  the  Alps,  in  limited  spots  favoured  by  local  con- 
ditions, groups  of  plants  which  otherwise  have  no  wide 
distribution,  and  only  crop  up  again  in  the  far  south, 
and  whose  transportation  by  man,  animals,  or  water 
can  be  negatived  with  certainty.  These  can  only  be 
considered  as  abandoned  outposts  of  an  earlier  area  of 
distribution  connected  by  an  uninterrupted  series  of 
habitats.  The  circumstance,  however,  that  these 
colonies  of  southern  plants  occur  on  several  points  of 
the  eastern  Alps,  forces  us  to  the  conclusion  that  since 
the  last  glacial  period,  a  warmer  climate  must  have 
reigned  in  the  region  of  the  eastern  Alps,  under  favour 
of  which  these  southerly  plants  were  propagated  far 
more  widely  in  an  unbroken  chain  of  habitats  ;  but 
that  later,  in  consequence  of  the  change  of  the  climatal 
conditions,  these  species  retreated  to  more  southerly 
regions,  and  have  only  remained  in  northerly  latitudes 
in  isolated  localities  greatly  favoured  by  the  climate. 


REPORT  ON  THE  STATE   OF   VEGETATION  IN   THE  ROYAL   BOTANIC   GARDEN,   EDINBURGH,  DURING    THE 

FIRST  FOUR  MONTHS  OF  THE  YEAR,  FROM  1850  TO  1871. 
By  Mr.  James  M'Nab. 


1850.  I     1851. ]    1852. 

1853. 

1854. 

1855. 

1856. 

1857.  i    1858. 

1859.  1   i860.   1   1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

1864.      1865.   1  1866. 

1867. 

1868. 

1869, 

1870. 

.87.. 

Adonis  vernalis 

Mar.  igIfcK  iSiMar.   6Apr.    el  Mar.  28' Apr.  iq' 

' 

..     1      ..      ' 

Apr.    7 

Apr.  14        ..     [■     .. 

Apr.     4 

Mar.  26 

Mar,  18 

Apr.     8  Mar,  2? 

Eranthis  hyemalis   . . 'Feb.  14'Jan.  15  Jan.  jilFeb.     I'Jan.   26  Mar.    2Feb.  14'Feb.    9  Jan.   i6i        ..     j      ..        Jan.  zejan.  16 

Feb.    3 

.,     .Feb.    5 Jan.  20 

Feb.     2 

Feb.    I 

Jan.    16 

Feb,  2o  Feb.  13 

Hepatica  triloba      ..         ..             ..1        ..      Feb.     2, Jan.  20  Mar.    7  Feb.  16  Feb.  13  Jan.  14,        ..     [      ..      Jan.  311  Feb.     7'Jan.  20 

. .      Feb.  23I      . . 

Feb.    2lFeb.  loljan.  23 

Mar,    5  Feb,  18 

Draba  aizoides         ..  Mar.  15  Mar.  14  Mar.  26  Apr.     i  Mar.  20  Apr.  11        ..             ..            ..      '        ..      ;       ..              ..     '        ..      iMar.    4 

Mar.  26       ..     ]Apx.    2iApr.    2        ..     iMar.  11 

Apr.    4lMar.  21 

Orobus  vcrnus          ..  Feb.  23  Feb.  17  Mar.  31  Apr.    8  Mar.  16  Apr.  16  Apr.    4  Apr.  20' Mar.  iil        ..     '       ..       |Mar.    4        ..      Feb.  23 

..     [       ..       Feb.    6, Feb,  15I       ..     Jan.  25 

,Apr,     3  Mar,  18 

Nuttallia  cerasifonnis        ..            ..               .             ..',..,           ..             ..      j       ,.             ..      '        ..                           ..             ..      | 

..     ;      ..       iFeb.  20'        ..     ^Feb.     7 

Mar.  20 

Mar.    7 

Ribes  sangLuneurn  ..  Mar.  11  Mar.    5  Mar.  21  Apr.     4  Mar.  14,  Apr.  19  Mar.  26  Mar.  26  Mar.  23  Mar,  28  Mar.  18  Mar.    7  Mar.  10  Mar.    2 

Apr,  12  Apr,    8  Apr.    9 

Apr.     3 

Mar,   9  Mar,    i 

Apr.    6 

Mar.  21 

'I'ussilago  fragrans  ..        .,            ..             ..     '       ..             ..             ..1       .,     ■        ..     ;       ..1       ..            ..             ..     |        .,     Jan.  18 

.  •     1       •* 

Jan.   iS 

Fcb.Si4 

Rhododendron     atro-                                                                                                     >  1               ,               ' 

1 

vircns Jan.     2  Jan.   14,  Feb.     i  Feb.  18  Apr.     6  Feb.,  i6:Feb.    6  Tan.     ^1                     ..      Jan.  28  Jan.  26  Jan.  27 

Feb.  i6 

Feb.    I 

Feb.  27 

NobleaniinT       ..         ..     'Feb.    2  Jan.  23;       ..     |Mar.    2lApr.  13 

..     I        .. 

IMar.  lOi       .. .       Feb.  11 

. .     ,       . .     1 

Apr.    3 

Feb.    4  Jan.   16 

Apr.     2 

Mar,    6 

Jasminnm  nudiflorum        ..     i        .,      '        ,.     [       ..     1        .,     I       ...     1 

.  .     '       '.  .      1 

Jan.  21 

Mar,  18 

Feb.  18 

Omphalodes  verna      1  Mar.  22 

Mar.  lo'Apr.    ajApr.  12'Mar.  26  Apr.  23 

W       W  \    '.'. 

."      'Feb.*  6        ..      Feb.    2 

...       . .      M.ir.  14 

Feb.'  22 

.,       Feb,  10 

Mar,  20 

Mandragora   vernalisl 

.,            .....      1       ..1 

..1    ..  1    .. 

1       . .      1 

..    .,       ..      Mar.  18 

Apr.    Q  Mar.  18  Mar.    2 

Apr,    3 

Mar.  24 

Scopolia  rarniolic.i  . . 

Mar.    1 

Feb.  24'Mar.  25>Apr.    4iMar.i4Apr.  151  Mar.  26 

Apr.    I  Mar.  ig| 

,Mar.    g        ..      Mar,  12 

Apr.    9        .,       Apr.     3  Mar.  31         ..     ^Feb.  ig 

Mar.  18 

Daphne  Mezereuni  . . 

Feb.  22 

Jan.  28!jan.  3i|Feb.    rFeb.  18  Apr.    6       .. 

..      !       ..     '       ..       Feb.  16 

Mar.  271        ..     1      ..      1 

. ,     IJan,  29 

Mar.  27 

Feb.  25 

Nordmannia       cordi- 

1           r          ■           !           1           ' 

1               ■               1 

1 

folia 

Feb.  28|Fcb.  2oiMar.  10  Mar.24,Mar.    i  Apr.     q  Mar.    9  Feb.  27  Mar.    6, 

Feb.  ly 

Feb.  15  Feb.  12 

Jan.  26'       ..     jFeb.    7 

..     ijan.  21 
,,      ijan,   14 

Feb.  19 

Feb.  20 

Corylus  Avellana     . . 

Feb.  i6Jan.  i6Jan.  25iiMar.    9  Mar.  10  iMar.  21  Feb.  15'Feb.  i6  Jan.  14 

..        Feb.  10 

Jan.  i8jan.  16 

..     IFeb.  18      .. 

Feb.  18 

Feb.  10 

Crocus  siisianiK 

Feb.  t6  Jan.  26' Feb.     3|Mar.    8  Feb.  14  Mar.    5  Feb.  i8| Feb.  15  Jan.  is 

. .      Jan.  28 

Jan.  281  Feb.    9 

..     .Feb.    8  •    .. 

Fei).  II 

Jan.  28 

Jan,  22 

Mar,    I 

Feb.  If, 

veriiU';  and  v.irs. 

Feb.  261  Feb.     3,Feb.  iSlMar.  isiFeb.     4  Mar.    6  Feb.  24,Feb.  19  [an.  18 

..       Feb.  12 

Feb.    21  Feb.  10 

. .     !  Feb.  24  Jan.  22 

Feb,  16 

Feb.    4 

Jan,  30 

Mar.    3 

Feb.  17 

^isyrinchiuTU  grandi- 

1         1         1          -                  !    ■      ■■ 

1 

1 

' 

Honim.. 

Mar.  12  Jan.  27;Feb.     3. Mar.    3iFeb.  i4Mar.    sIFeb.  z6 

Feb.  i4|Tan.  14 

..       Feb.    5 

Feb.  i4tFeb.  12 

,    ..     iFei,.  =8.    .. 

Feb.    4 

Feb.    1 

Mar.  23 

Mar.    I 

album 

..      1       ...      ■        ..     1       ...     '   ....    . 
Feb.  II  Jan.  17  Jan.  28iTan.  24!Jan,  2^ 

.                            1 
frebV  8 Jan.'  4       '.'. 

. .     i 

Mar.  29        . .     .Feb.  23 

Feb.  23 

Feb.  20 

Mar.  25 

Mar.    -, 

Galanthus  nivalis     .. 

Mar.   2;Feb.  14 

Jan    31 

Jan.     gjan.  26 

Feb.    2'Jan    14 

Jan.  3r 

Jan.  23 

Jan,     9 

Feb.    a 

Fob.  13 

plicauis  ..          ..:Feh.  14] Jan.  28  Feb.     3!"^      ..     1       .. 
Leiicojuni  vernuui  ..  Feb.  iSljan.  20  Feb.  2iiMar.  21  Feb.  15 

*   ..     1 

..        Feb.    4 

Feb.    ilFeb.    7 

Feb.     2  Feb.  23, Feb.    4 

Feb.    5 

Feb.    6 

Jan,  z6 
Jan.   17 

Mar.    4 

Feb.  n 

Mar.    3  Mar.    1 

Feb.'24lFeb.'iol       !! 

Feb.    I 

Feb.     iTeb.     2 

Feb.    4  Feb.  26;jan.  24 

Feb.    5 

Feb.  13 

Mar.    2  Feb.  it 

Narcissus  inoschatus  [Mar.  24,  Mar.  26,Apr.     lApr.     8iMar.28Apr.  13 
Pseudo-Narcissns  Mar.  24  Mar,  27  Mar.  28;  Apr.     6  Mar.  25' Apr.  20 

..     i       .. 

Mar.  25 

Apr.    8'       ..       Apr.     7 

Apr.     3 

Mar.  20 

Mar.  ,6        ,. 

Mar.  2(. 

1 

.. 

..     1  Mar.  28 

Apr.     2        ..     :       .. 

Apr.     5 

Mar,  26 

Mar.  27,       , , 

Mar.  27 

piimilus.,          ..'Mar.    4'Mar.    5  Mar.  iiiMar.  2i!Mar.  10  Apr.     2  Mar.  16 

Mar.  is<Mar.i2 

Mar.    6 

Feb.  27  Mar.    8 

Mar.  21,       . .      Mar.  14 

Mar.    4 

Feb,  18  Mar.  24 

Feb.  28 

l'',rythronium       dens-l        ^      1               1               1               ] 

1 

1 

I 

f:^nis            .,          ..|Mar.  n,Mav.    i  Mar.  12,  Mar.  19  Mar.  10  Apr.  ir 

..  1    *. 

Mar.  14 

Mar.  !■;  Mar.   4 

Mar.  22        . .      Mar.  19 

Mar.  25 

Mar.    6lApr,     2 

M.ir.  24 

l-'rltillaria  imperialis  .'Mar.2o  Mar.  I3|A,P''.     3  Apr.  i2]Mar.  26  Apr.  14 
^fnscari  botryuid'-s  ..Mar.  18  Nlar.  11  Mar.  20  Mar.  22Mar.  24  Apr.  14  Mar.  30 

Mar.  n         ■-       Mar.  2? 

Apr.    9  Apr.  10  Apr.     6|Apr.     6 

Mar.  21 

Mar,  24I 

Mar.  2g 

Apr.    7  Feb.  17 

Feb.  26  Feb.  22  Feb.  20 

Mar.  20        ..      ..^pc.     3 

Apr.     6 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  30  Mar,  22 

Puschkinia  scilloides  ]Mar.  25  Mar.    i  Mar.  28iApr.     2'Mar.27Apr.  16 

,. 

Mar.  18  Mar.  16  Mar.    q 

Mar.  291       . .      Mar.  21 

Mar.  28 

Feb,  29 

Apr      I  Mar,  20 

Sciila  bifolia  (blue)  ..  Mar.isMar.    6.Mar.  2olMar.  27  Mar.  15  Apr.  10  Mar.  20 

Mar.  24  Mar,  16 

Mar.    7, Feb.  =0  Feb.  28 

Mar.  1 8       . .     Jan.  30 

Feb.  16 

Feb,     3 

Mar.  25  Mar,  iS 

(red)        ..          ..IMar.  25;Mar.  i7|Mar- aSiMar- 30  Mar.  i4,Apr.     6        ..             ..     1 

,,  ..      Mar.  12  Mar.  10 

Mar.  30       . . 

Mar.  25 

Mar.' 18 

Mar.    8 

Mar.  28!Mar.  20 

(white)    ..         .    Mar.  14  Mar.    4  Mar.  21 

Mar.  27  Mar.  13  Apr.    5 

:: 

Mar.    9  Mar.  10  Mar.    4 

Mar.  26        ..     (Mar.  21 

Mar.  22 

Feb,  21 

Mar,  27  Feb.  28 

major 1       . . 

. .              - .              . .              .  .              ..'•':, 

.. 

... 

Mar.  20       , .      Mar.  12 

Mar.  10 

Feb,  21 

Mar.  25lMar.  20 

sibirica    ..         ..Apr.    61  Mar. 26 Apr.    i 

Apr.  loiMar.  30  Apr.  21  Apr.     7  Apr.  14  Mar.  20 

' 

Mar.    8  Mar.  1 7,  Mar.  10 

Mar.  25        ..      Feb.    8 

Feb.  23 

Feb'.'  8 

Mar.    2 

Mar.  28  Feb,  26 

Syn  jlotjarpus      fceii-              |             ' 

1.  .         ,  ',             1, 

, 

1 

1 

dus 'Feb.  18  Feb.    4  Feb.  20'Mar.  i6!Mar.   sMar.  20'Feb.  26.Feb.  28}Feb.    9 

..     1      ..       Feb.    9  Feb.  26|Felj.  15 

Mar.  14        ..     [Feb.    8  [Feb.  18 

Feb.  II 

Mar.  18  Feb.  28 

1 

In  few  places  do  we  find  that  the  water  supply  is  suffi- 
cient for  all  purposes,  and  it  is  singular  that  even  exten- 
sive and  expensive  ranges  of  glass  are  erected,  inde- 
pendent of  fruit  tree  walls  and  wide  cropping  kitchen 
garden  quarters,  with  no  other  water  than  that  supplied 
by  pumps,  with  the  exceptional  and  uncertain  supply 
that  may  fall  upon  the  glass  and  other  roofs  connected 
with  a  garden  establishment.  Even  in  this  case  the 
trumpery  tanks  are  full  to  overflowing  with  the  first 
thunderstorm,  and  often  at  no  great  distance  is  a 
good  stream  of  the  much  coveted  element  running  away 
when  by  the  simple  placing  of  a  hydraulic  ram, 
with  large  receiving  tanks  and  well  arranged  taps, 
each  department  might  have  an  ample  supply  without 
adopting  the  dragging  system.  What  is  more  tread- 
mill like  than  a  man  watering  thirsty  plants  with  a 
couple  of  heavy  watering  cans  for  the  length  of  a 
summer's  day  ;  besides  it  is  heartrending  to  the  gardener 
to  see  his  plants  only  dewed  over,  when  they  required 
a  thorough  soaking  to  their  lowest  roots.  Where  there 
is  glass  the  supply  at  hand  of  soft  water  is  generally 
husbanded  for  this  department;  if  a  plant  establish- 
ment, of  course  the  soft  water  is  reserved  for  the  plants  ; 
and  if  a  fruit  place,  it  is  natural  to  imagine  the  water 
will  be  carefully  doled  out  for  the  benefit  of  the  fruit 
trees.  Then  what  next  ?  If  fruit  and  plants  are  both 
grown,  a  compromise  is   effected  between  the  plants 


ON   WATERING  INSIDE  BORDERS. 

and  the  fruit,  according  to  the  family  requirements, 
and  if  judgment  erreth  not,  the  cultivator  will  always 
have  a  leaning  towards  his  favourites,  whether 
they  are  fruit  or  plants,  while  the  next  best  come  in 
for  the  pump  water.  But  where  the  roots  of  Vines 
and  Peach  trees  can  ramble  outside,  as  well  as  inside, 
it  seldom  happens  in  well  established  borders  that 
much  will  go  wrong,  at  the  same  time  while  fair  and 
useful  table  fruit  will  be  produced  for  a  greater  length 
of  time  than  from  over-fed  borders.  I  admit  that 
the  fruit  v/ill  not  be  so  large,  in  either  bunch  or  berr}', 
but  Vines  and  borders  will  last  longer  in  a  state  of 
soundness  and  of  fruitfulness,  although  tlie  Grapes 
never  come  up  to  the  mark  of  taking  a  1st  prize. 
The  evils  of  over-feeding,  or  overwatering  the 
Vine  are  various.  Even  with  good  drainage,  the  soil 
will  get  cloggy  in  the  borders,  which  will  prevent 
the  Grapes  colouring  properly,  this  I  anticipate  being 
the  forerunner  of  shanking  and  the  Oidium  Tuckeri, 
with  bad  unripened  wood,  and  ultimately  a  falling 
/  off"  and  failure  of  the  crops.  The  evil  in  the  oppo- 
i  site  direction,  too  much  drought  at  the  roots,  pro- 
,  duces  early  ripened  wood,  poor  Grapes,  and  finishes 
'  off"  with  that  much-to-be-dreaded  pest,  the  red  spider. 
Of  two  evils  choose  the  least,  which  in  jny  opinion 
i.s  the  red  .spider,  but  if  prevention  is  better  than 
cure,  why  choose  either?     In  the  case  of  Peaches  and 


Nectarines,  the  above  extremes  act  more  directly,  as 
beginning  to  force  the  Peach  with  a  dry  border  causes 
the  buds  to  fall  upon  the  first  move  or  flow 
of  the  sap,  and  this  is  at  once  the  laiination  of 
the  crop  for  the  season  ;  but,  in  fact,  a  shortness 
of  water  at  any  time  soon  brings  the  Peach  and 
Nectarine  to  the  ground,  even  in  their  more  advanced 
state,  previous  to  their  getting  ripe;  and  next  will  follow 
red  spider.  Under  the  opposite  conditions,  a  cold  wet 
border  with  a  sluggish  atmosphere,  is  a  true  harbinger 
of  mildew.  If  one  man  is  more  to  be  trusted  than 
another  in  a  garden  establishment,  it  is  the  man  who 
can  be  depended  upon  to  water  an  inside  border  pro- 
perly, as  only  wetting  the  surface  sooner  or  later 
proves  to  be  a  deception,  and  when  once  the  surface 
of  a  border  is  wet  all  over  the  passer-by  cannot  deter- 
mine what  quantity  has  been  poured  thereon  :  neither 
will  the  length  of  time  a  man  lias  Ijcen  employed 
at  the  work  be  a  safe  standard  to  go  by,  unless  there  is 
one  amongst  them  who  has  been  properly  tutored  for 
such  work,  and  then  if  there  are  <,o  in  the  gang,  the  right 
place  for  him  is  to  empty  the  watering-cans  upon  the 
border.  Well  carcd-for  borders,  when  duly  attended 
to,  should  never  be  allowed  to  go  without  water  until 
the  foliage  begins  to  flag  or  the  fruit  to  drop ;  when  such 
is  the  case  there  is  no  alternative  but  to  apply  water 
immediately.    Generally,  when  there  is  plenty  of  water 


February  3,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    As-ricultural    Gazette. 


145 


This  shows  the  average  increase  in  height,  from  May  3 
to  November  11,  to  be  nearly  10  inches  ;  and  from 
November  11  to  February  22,  to  be  ih  inch; 
proving  that  they,  in  moderately  open  winters, 
as  this  was,  continue  to  grow  during  the  whole 
of  it  ;  a  peculiarity  the  existence  of  which  I  am  not 
aware  of  in  any  other  hardy  tree.  Notwithstand- 
ing this,  it  is  only  in  low-lying  or  very  cold  situa- 
tions, and  on  rare  occasions,  after  warm  moist  autumns, 
followed  immediately  by  very  low  temperatures,  that 
serious  damage  is  done.  This  can  be  proved  by  re- 
ferring to  the  almost  innumerable  multitude  of  fine 
specimens  which  are  spread  all  over  the  country, 
north,  south,  east,  and  west,  from  the  large  plant 
at  Dropmore,  now  50  feet  in  height,  downwards,  to 
those  to  be  seen  in  connection  with  almost  every  villa. 
In  many  places  it  shows  great  health  and  vigour,  in 
others  it  does  not  thrive  so  well— not  so  much  from 
climatic  causes  as  from  the  soil  either  wanting  some 
"-^- .-  .— chemical  ingredient  which  it  requires,  or  from  pos- 
it is  lined  "with  a  thick  layer  of  indiarubber  to  '  sessing  some  which  it  dislikes  in  too  large  quantity,  as, 
prevent  abrasion  of  the  bark  ;  a  screw  serves  to  fix  the  for  instance,  lime,  with  which  the  Araucaria  does  not 
clamp  in  place.  Projecting  teeth  on  one 
side  of  the  clamp  allow  of  the  insertion  of 
the  end  of  the  notched  lever.  The  fulcrum 
consists  of  a  stout  plate  of  iron  which  fits 
into  the  notches  of  the  lever,  and  is  itself 
fixed  to  the  top  of  a  stout  wooden  three- 
legged  stand.  Our  illustrations  (figs.  68 
and  69)  will  sufliciently  show  the  way  of 
using  the  machine,  by  means  of  which,  as 
we  are  assured,  the  tree  is  removed  with  a 
minimum  amount  of  damage  to  the  roots, 
much  more  qmcldy,  and  far  more  satisfac- 
torily with  the  than  spade.  Such  is  the  ver- 
dict of  French  practitioners. 


at  command,  wet  days  can  be  adopted  for  watering 
inside  borders— more  especially  where  the  tanks  are 
small,  and  the  soft  water  is  going  to  waste  down  the 
over-flow  pipe.    7-  Miller,   Worksop  Manor. 

TREE  LIFTER. 

We  copy  from  a  recent  number  of  the  Rez-ud  Horti- 
cole  two  illustrations  of  a  machine  for  uplifting  and 
removing  trees  prior  to  transplantation.  We  confess 
the  apparatus  has  a  barbarous  root-destroying  appear- 
ance, but  it  is  so  highly  spoken  of  by  M.  Carricre, 
who  has  seen  it  in  use,  that  as  honest  chroniclers  we 
have  deemed  it  advisable  to  bring  it  under  the  notice 
of  our  readers.  The  instrument  in  question  was  in- 
vented by  M.  Henri  Chatenay,  a  nurseryman  of  Doue- 
la-Fontaine,  France,  and  is  in  use  by  many  of  his 
fellow  nurserymen,  who  testify  to  its  good  qualities. 

It  consists  of  a  cylindrical  iron  clamp,  opening  by 
means  of  hinges,  and  capable  of  adaptation  to  the  tree, 


NOTES  ON  CONIFERS.— III. 

Abies  Pattoniana. — When  this  fine  Spruce 
was  first  introduced  by  Jeffery,  and  nametl 
by  him  in  honour  of  the  late  Mr.  Patton 
of  the  Cairnies,  much  was  expected  of  it, 
both  as  a  timber  and  an  ornamental  tree — 
more  than  will,  I  fear,  ever  be  realised.  It 
is  said  to  have  been  first  discovered  by 
Lewis  and  Clarke  while  exploring  the 
sources  of  the  Missouri  River,  in  the  years 
1804-6.  They  describe  it  as  being  found 
by  them  attaining  300  feet  in  height,  with- 
out any  branches  on  the  stem  for  more 
than  200  feet,  and  42  feet  in  circumference 
at  a  point  beyond  the  reach  of  an  ordinary 
man.  I\Ir.  Jeffery,  who  discovered  it  in 
the  Mount  Baker  range,  in  Northern  Cali- 
fornia, describes  it  as  a  noble  tree,  rising 
to  a  height  of  150  feet,  and  13.^  feet  in 
circumference,  and  towering  above  the  rest 
of  the  forest  ;  but  as  it  ascended  the  moun- 
tains it  got  gradually  smaller,  till  at  last  it 
dwindled  down  into  a  shrub  not  more  than 
4  feet  high.  This  is  a  very  marked  and 
distinct  species,  and  quite  hardy.  At  Castle 
Kennedy  and  a  few  other  places  I  have 
seen  nice  healthy  plants  of  it  from  5  to  6 
feet  in  height,  and  nearly  as  much  in 
diameter,  but  unfortunately  it  appears  to 
be  a  slow-gro\\'ing  tree,  at  least  in  the 
northern  parts  of  these  kingdoms.  It  has 
a  close,  dense  habit  when  young.  The  leaves 
are  light  green  on  the  upper,  and  slightly 
glaucous  on  the  under  side,  giving  the  tree 
when  seen  at  a  distance,  a  light  greyish 
appearance.  Altogether  it  is  a  tree  worth 
attention,  particularly  if  when  older  it 
comes  to  grow  quicker,  which  is  the  case 
with  not  a  few  Conifers. 

Araucaria  imhricata. — Introducedin  1796.  c 

Indigenous  to  the  mountains  of  Chili,  where 
it  is  sometimes  seen  150  feet  in  height.  In 
forests  it  is  often  seen  bare  of  branches 
for  three-fourths  of  its  height.  It  glows 
at  high  altitudes,  often  reaching  the  snow  line,  antl 
never  more  than  2000  feet  under  it.  We  might 
infer  from  this,  that  it  would  prove  quite  hardy  in  the 
British  Isles,  which  in  general  it  has  done,  but  unfortu- 
nately there  are  well-known  exceptions  where,  in  an 
extremely  exceptional  season,  1S60-61,  large  specimens 
were  killed.  I  believe  this  would  never  occur  were  it 
not  that  the  Araucaria,  from  some  cause,  with  us  con- 
tinues to  grow  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year. 
Whether  this  arises  from  our  comparatively  cold 
summers  deranging  the  habit  of  the  tree,  and  not 
admitting  of  the  growth  being  finished  before  winter, 
as  is  probably  the  case  in  its  native  habitat,  I  know 
not.  The  following  notes  were  made  in  1S52-53,  and 
have  reference  to  the  aliove  theory  : — I  measured  six 
plants  of  Araucaria  imbricata  on  the  dates  below  named, 
and  the  following  were  their  respective  heights  : — 


Kn;.    68. — M.    tllATENAV's   TKKF.-T.ft  TER. 


ago  a  plant  was  growing  here  on  a  ihin,  poor  soil, 
and  in  a  very  exposed  situation,  stunted  and  unhealthy 
in  appearance.  The  propriety  of  manuring  Conifers 
was  about  that  time  being  discussed  in  the  horticul- 
tural periodicals,  and  in  high  quarters  disapproved  of. 
Having  previously  and  with  favourable  results  been 
using  decayed  vegetable  matter  of  various  sorts,  it 
occured  to  me  that  the  aforesaid  Araucaria  would  be  a 
favourable  subject  for  experimenting  with.  I  had  the 
soil  all  loosened  3  or  4  yards  round  the  plant,  some  of 
the  worst  taken  away  and  good  soil  substituted  in  its 
place,  and  three  or  four  loads  of  decayed  vegetable 
matter  from  the  rot-heap  were  spread  over  the  soil  and 
round  the  plant.  It  did  not  growmuch  the  next  year,  but 
tlic  year  following  it  commenced  to  throw  up  a  shoot 
which  it  took  two  years  to  finish,  and  which  measured 
about  5  feet ;  after  resting  a  little  a  tier  of  branches  was 
formed.  Once  or  twice  since  a  similar  stimulant  has 
been  applied,  and  the  rain  washing  down  the  essence 
of  the  manure  about  the  roots  has  kept  up  the  vigour 
of  the  tree.  I  this  day  measured  the  distances  betwixt 
the  tiers  of  branches,  the  tree  being  now  in  perfect 
health,  with  unusually  large  leaves,  9  inches 
being  the  distance  of  the  tier  immediately 
l>elow  the  one  from  which  the  long  growth 
commenced,  foUowetl  by  5  feet  3  inches, 
3  feet  11^  inches,  2  feet  5  inches,  afterwards 
about  I  foot  6  inches — thus  showing  that 
manures,  when  judiciously  applied  to 
Araucarias,  particularly  when  planted  on 
poor  soils,  add  greatly  to  their  vigour. 

As  an  ornamental  tree  its  merits  are  well 
known  and  highly  ap[Heciated  ;  its  severe, 
formal  habit  makes  it  highly  suitable  for 
planting  near  buildings  and  on  dressed 
grt)unds.  As  an  avenue  tree  it  is  very 
pleasing,  and  it  is  being  not  unfrequently 
used  for  that  purpose.  Its  timber  in  its 
native  country  is  said  to  be  hard,  heavy, 
and  durable,  taking  a  fine  polish,  and 
being  much  in  demand.  As  a  forest  tree  it 
may  yet  be  planted  in  some  parts  of  England 
and  Scotland  ;  on  the  seaboard  and  towards 
the  south  and  west  it  appears  to  do  best. 
In  Ireland  it  is  quite  at  home,  and  may  yet 
be  planted  for  profit  in  that  country.  Till 
it  cones  and  ripens  its  seeds  abundantly  it 
will  always  be  too  expensive  to  plant  ex- 
tensively ;  already  it  has  coned  in  Fmgland. 
though  I  am  not  aware  of  its  yet  having 
done  so  in  either  Scotland  or  Ireland.  A 
fine  staminiferous  plant  at  Bergany,  in  Ayr- 
shire, betwixt  30  and  40  feet  in  height,  has 
this  season  shown  numerous  catkins. 

A?'aucaria  imbricata  varic^a/a. — This  is 
a  very  interesting  and  striking  variety,  the 
variegation  showing  to  a  greater  or  lesser 
extent  all  over  the  tree,  some  shoots  being 
nearly  all  yellow,  in  others  the  leaves  are 
striped  green  and  yellow,  the  tiers  being 
quite  distinct,  sometimes  the  yellow  and 
sometimes  the  green  predominating  ;  while 
the  growths  are  young  the  shade  of  yellow 
is  light,  as  the  season  advances  into  winter 
the  tinge  deepens  to  a  fine  rich  yellow. 
About  one  half  of  tlie  tree  is  green,  the 
variegation  showing  less  or  more  on  nearly 
every  branch.  The  specimen  here,  now 
upwards  of  14  feet  in  height,  is  very 
healthy.  It  was  got  amongst  some  seed- 
lings which  are  growing  here.  Two  or 
three  other  plants  have  originated  elsewhere 
in  a  similar  manner.  It  can  be  propagated 
by  grafting  on  the  common  variety  ;  but 
\oung  plants  are  still  scarce.  A.  Fo^-'lcr. 


Fir.,    69. — IRON   CL.\M1',    OPEN. 


pome  Corrtsponbence. 


May  3,  185  a. 

Nov.  II,  1852, 

Feb.  22,  1853. 

4  ft. 

5  ft. 

5  ft.  li  ill. 

3  ft.  8  111. 

4  ft.  6  in. 

4  ft.  g  in. 

3  ft.  9  in. 

4  ft.  6^  in. 

4  ft.  9  in. 

3  ft.  , 

3  ft.  6  in. 

3  ft.  6^  in. 

3  "■  74  »n. 

4  ft.  4  in. 

4  ft.  4i  in. 

3  ft.  8i  m. 

4  ft.  8  in. 

4  ft.  9  in. 

A  Tropical  Conservatory.  — I  have 
often  thought  that  nothing  more  beautiful 
could  be  found  in  Nature  than  a  compara-- 
agi-ee.  At  Castle  Kennedy,  and  all  the  South  and  tively  cool  and  shady  dell  in  a  tropical  forest,  with 
South-west  of  Scotland,  the  Araucaria  thrives  remark-  its  garniture  of  Aroids,  Ferns,  Impatiens,  and  strange 
ably  well,  and  although  it  does  not  grow  with  the  rapi-  Fungi  on  the  ground,  and  its  innumerable  leaf 
dity  of  some  of  the  Coniferous  trees,  still  there  is  every  forms  of  flower  and  foliage  overhead.  I  have  often 
prospect  of  its  reaching  a  great  size.  In  1S47  upwards  of  wondered  that  combinations  in  imitation  of  these  shady 
100  plants  were  put  into  their  permanent  positions  dells  are  not  more  frequently  attempted  beneath  a 
here,  and  are  now  from  20  to  30  feet  in  height  ;  and,  !  glass  roof,  I  have  in  my  mind's  eye  a  combination  of 
although  not  growing  very  quickly,  are  in  perfect  I  water,  rock,  flower,  and  foliage,  of  a  wild,  weird,  yet 
health,  forming  fine  boles,  and  every  plant  clothed  |  fairy-like  character,  beautified  and  heightened  by  con- 
with  branches  to  the  cn-ound.     When  it  was  discovered  '  trast,   rendered  into   one  harmonious  whole,   blended 


that  they  succeeded  so  well,  large  numbers  were 
planted  out,  many  of  them  in  very  exposed  situations, 
where  few  other  plants  would  live.  It  does  not,  like 
most  other  Conifers,  form  a  tier  of  branches  every  year  ; 
the  average  of  26  trees  planted  24  years,  gives  three 
tiers  every  four  years.  If  appears  to  thrive  in  a  great 
variety  of  soils,  preferring  those  leaning  to  the  light 
rather  than  to  flie  heavy  side.  A  dry  bottom  and  con- 
siderable depth  is  especially  necessary  to  insure  perma- 
nent vigour.  Peaty  soils,  when  thoroughly  drained,  and 
sufficiently  deep,  cause  a  very  rapid  growth,  the  boles 
being  smaller  in  proportion  to  the  height  than  when 
grown  in  hard  soils. 

The  following  experiment   shows  that   the  vigour 
of    the     Araucaria     imbricata    may    be     greatly 


and  softened  and  toned  by  the  subdued  light  struggling 
through  the  leafy  screen  of  flower  and  foliage  over- 
head. I  would  fain  reproduce  one  of  those  Fern 
gullies  here,  with  the  tangle  of  chmbers  intact.  I  often 
wonder  that  Ferns  and  tropical  climbers  are  not  more 
frequently  grown  in  combination  with  a  sprinkling  of 
such  other  flowering  and  foliage  plants  as  experience 
may  have  shown  to  be  suitable.  In  a  glass  structure 
of  sufficient  size  I  would  build  and  dispose  artificial 
rockwork  on  three  sides,  and  on  this  T  would  arrange 
Ferns  and  Impatiens,  Aroids  and  Orchids.  Mosses,  and 
many  other  beautiful  shade-loving  plants.  I  would  grow 
many  of  these  in  pots  for  convenience  of  removal  when  out 
of  flower  or  foliage ;  but  those  of  an  evergreen  character 
should  be  permanently  planted  out,  and  attain  their  full 


creased  by  liberal  treatment.      A   good   many  years  j  degree  of  size,  and  beauty,  and  development.    Between 


146 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Acrricultural    Gazette. 


[February  3,   1S72. 


ihese  walls  of  flower  and  foliage  should  run  and  ripple 
a  meandering  stream,  flowing  from  a  pool  at  the  foot 
of  the  rocks  at  one  end  of  tlie  rocky  glen  ;  tumbling 
over  the  rocks  above  the  pool  should  be  a  cascade,  the 
water  of  which  should  be  warmed  in  a  cistern,  having 
a  coil  of  hot-water  pipes  in  it.  Growing  near  the  edges 
of  the  stream  liere  and  there  should  be  groups  of  Tree 
Ferns,  Musas,  Heliconias,  dwarf  Bamboos,  Papyrus, 
&c.,  and  over  the  boulders  of  rock  should  trail  various 
Anthuriums,  Hoyas,  and  yEschynanthus.  If  a  Tree 
Fern  died,  I  would  try  and  grow  Impatiens  Jerdoni 
and  small  Ferns  upon  it,  placing  it  in  a  moist  situation. 
I  would  complete  my  ideal  glen  by  planting  a  selection 
of  beautiful  climbers  in  a  heated  and  glass  covered 
border  outside  the  main  structure,  and  I  would  let  my 
Bougainvilleas  and  Bignonias,  Combretums,  Ipomoeas, 
Clerodendrons,  and  Passion-flowers  grow  to  their 
heart's  content  in  root  and  branch,  when  growing 
seemed  to  be  their  wont.  In  no  other  way  can  these 
gorgeous  plants  obtain  the  full  justice  their  superb 
beauty  merits.  Any  one  who  has  seen  the  roofs  of 
buildings  in  the  tropics  covered  with  such  things  as  the 
before-mentioned,  can  realise  the  effect  they  produce 
when  they  have  fair  play.  In  a  combined  fernery  and 
climbery  (if  I  may  coin  a  word),  tliey  would  get  the 
conditions  they  so  well  deserve  to  be  supplied  with. 
yames  MacPherson, 

Leaves  for  Dishing-up  Fruit. — I  have  a  good 
recollection  of  a  plant  of  Abutilon  striatum  growing  up 
t)ie  back  wall  of  a  lean-to  vinery  at  Bryn-y-Pys  Park, 
Flintshire,  some  20  years  ago.  It  covered  a  large  space 
of  the  wall,  and  afforded  leaves  for  the  dishing-up  of 
fruit  all  through  the  winter  months.  It  is  besides  a  very 
free  bloomer  at  this  dull  season,  the  flowers  coming  in 
very  useful  for  cutting.  The  leaves  of  this  plant  when 
so  grown  cannot  be  surpassed  by  anytliing  else  for 
dishing-up  fruit  in  the  winter.  When  living  in  Sussex 
nine  years  ago  Bramble  leaves  were  the  choice  of  the 
housekeeper.  These  were  gathered  daily  from  a 
plantation  near  at  hand,  in  which  they  thrived  luxuri- 
antly. They  are  certainly  far  preferable  to  Ivy,  Portugal 
Laurel,  or  anything  else  amongst  hardy  evergreens,  and 
let  me  remark  that  the  Bramble  forms  a  most  effective 
cover  for  game  in  some  localities.  T.  Il'y/i/ie,  Gr., 
IJolhrook^  Suffolk.  [But  Bramble  leaves  are  not  to  be 
had  during  the  winter.   Eds.] 

Blue  Primulacese. — Vour  correspondent,  Mr. 
Wickham,  speaks  of  a  blue  Auricula,  pourtrayed  in 
Mr.  T.  Baring's  \^xv  Huysum  ;  it  happens  singularly 
enough  that  a  friend  of  mine  has  a  blue  Auricula 
bloom  represented  in  a  group  of  flowers  upon  a  pair  of 
vases.  1  have  often  wondered  at  this,  and  felt  in- 
clined to  attribute  the  bright  blue  colour  of  this  bloom 
10  a  freak  or  fancy  on  the  part  of  the  artist,  although 
the  other  flowers  in  the  group  are  coloured  with  mar- 
vellous faithfulness  and  truth.  Is  there  a  bright  blue 
Auricula  in  cultivation?  yames  AlacPherson.  [Ves, 
violet-blues,  not  aziire  blues.  Eds.] 

Pegs  for  Roses. — In  answer  to  "  G.  F.  W." 
(p.  Si),  allow  me  to  say  I  have  no  doubt  any  black- 
smith could  make  the  iron  pegs  ;  or,  if  a  quantity  was 
required,  they  could  be  cast  at  a  foundry.  They  would 
necessarily  be  expensive,  as  the  weight  of  metal  would 
be  considerable,  as  each  peg  should  be  as  thick  as  a 
man's  forefinger,  and  about  9  inches  long.  But  I  feel 
sure  "  G.  F.  W."  would  find  stout  pegs  chopped  from 
old  Pea  sticks  answer  every  purpose  ;  they  will  last 
two  years,  and  cost  very  little,  as  they  can  be  cut  on 
wet  or  frosty  days.  I  have  about  2000  cut  every 
winter  at  odd  times.  I  would  suggest  that  old  wood 
only  be  used,  as  if  the  wood  is  green,  and  a  wet  sea- 
son ensues,  many  of  the  pegs  will  grow,  although  they 
may  be  inserted  upside  down.  I  do  not  think  iron 
)jegs  would  hold  in  the  ground  nearly  so  well  as  wood. 
Charles  yames  PerrVt  The  Cedars^  Castle  Bromwkh. 

Amaranthus  salicifolius. — This  beautiful  foliage 
plant  is  liivcly  to  meet  with  many  patrons  this  season, 
and  I  douht  not  a  few  remarks  regarding  its  culture 
would  be  very  acceptable  to  many.  Seeing  how  well 
Mr.  Dominy  staged  those  shown  at  South  Kensington, 
I  infer  it  is  of  robust  growth  and  free.  How  do  the 
seeds  germinate,  however?  Can  they  be  treated  like 
other  Amaranthuses,  and  as  simply  ?  And  can  an 
amateur  raise  the  plants  in  his  small  dung  forcing 
frame,  &c.  ?   William  Earley. 

Ripening  Tulips  :  Bedding-out.— Like  many 
other  of  your  readers,  I  have  often  been  obliged  to 
remove  my  Tulips  to  make  ready  for  the  bedding 
l^lants  before  the  Tulips  were  anything  like  ripe  for 
taking  up,  consequently  I  have  never  had  the  bloom  to 
my  satisfaction  ;  in  fact,  not  so  good  as  some  of  my 
neighbours  who  never  touch  their  bulbs,  but  let  them 
always  remain  in  the  ground  year  after  year.  But 
after  reading  several  articles  in  your  columns,  I  deter- 
mined last  year  not  to  disturb  the  bulbs  till  the  folia^re 
had  completely  died  yellow,  and  the  early  part  of  last 
se.ison,  being  a  very  cool  season,  I  had  to  wait  till  the 
end  of  July  before  I  could  get  out  my  Pelargoniums, 
which,  I  hardly  need  add,  was  very  vexatious.  Since 
then  a  plan  has  suggesteil  itself  to  me,  which  I  think 
might  answer,  and  1  should  feel  obliged  if  any  of  your 
numerous  readers,  versed  in  such  matters,  would  give 
their  views  on  the  matter,  I  propo.se  to  take  up  the 
bulbs  with  as  much  soil  as  possible  directly  the  bloom 


is  over,  and  transplant  them  carefully  to   some  part  of 
the  kitchen  garden,  where  the  leaves  may  mature  them 
selves,  and  complete  their  drying  processes  before  taking 
them  up  for  hardening,  which  will  give  me  a  month, 
at  least,  more  with  my  summer  plants.  Nuneaton. 

Watering  Greenhouse  Plants.  —  It  is  a  mis 
take  to  suppose  that  compact  fibrous-rooted  plants, 
such  as  Sikkim  and  other  Rhododendrons,  planted  out 
of  pots,  are  contented  with  an  ordinary  surface 
watering.  In  nine  cases  out  of  ten  such  plants  have 
been  planted  after  attaining  a  large  size  in  tubs  or  pots, 
and  may  not  have  been  soaked  with  water  previous  to 
planting.  I'A'en  though  they  have  been  planted  some 
years  the  balls  will  be  found  to  be  dry,  unless  a  basin 
has  been  made  around  the  bole  of  the  plant  with  soil 
sloping  inwards,  and  filled  with  water  now  and  again. 
Take  the  R.  arboreum,  which  seldom  flowers  pro- 
fusely every  year.  The  year  it  has  few  flowers  less 
water  may  be  given  to  induce  it  to  flower  next  year, 
but  if  covered  with  buds  ready  to  open  as  soon  as 
natural  heat  increases,  too  much  water  cannot  be  given 
just  now  if  found  to  be  dry,  and  if  watered  now 
thoroughly  little  more  will  be  needed  for  the  year. 
Camellias  oftentimes  sufler  after  being  planted-out  in 
this  way,  and  may  be  seen  to  die  off  bit  by  bit  through 
sheer  want  of  water.  In  planting  old  valuable  plants 
in  new  conservatories  the  utmost  watchfulness  must  be 
shown  in  the  way  of  watering  before  and  after  plantin;_ 
Plant  a  little  below  the  level,  2  or  3  inches,  so  that  the 
soil  may  slope  inwards  and  not  outwards,  which  is  too 
often  done  both  in  planting  and  potting  plants.  Fruit- 
tree  planting  and  pot-plant  planting  are  two  different 
things  altogether  ;  the  soil  in  the  one  case  may  slope 
outwards,  but  the  soil  of  the  other  must  slope  inwards. 
H.  K. 

The  Carrot  Grub. — The  following  is  the  plan 
I  have  adopted  with  Carrots  for  many  years,  and  never 
lost  a  crop  from  grub  or  anything  else  :— In  autumn, 
when  the  ground  is  arranged  for  next  year's  cropping, 
the  Carrot  ([uarter  is  amongst  the  first  to  get  attention. 
With  a  liberal  dressing  of  well  decomposed  dung,  the 
ground  is  then  trenched  from  18  inches  to  2  feet  deep, 
and  put  up  in  ridges.  All  the  refuse  from  the  former 
crop  {whatever  it  may  have  been)  is  put  in  the  bottom 
of  the  trenches,  which  keeps  the  ground  open.  In  this 
state  it  remains  till  the  time  for  sowing  ;  the  ridges  are 
then  levelled  down,  and  the  ground  gets  a  dressing  of 
wood-ashes,  not  less  than  half  an  inch  all  over,  this  we 
dig-in  one  spit  deep,  making  the  ground  level  at  the 
same  time,  after  which  it  has  a  good  dusting  of  soot  on 
the  surface.  The  ground  is  then  ready  for  the  seed  ; 
the  drills  are  drawn,  and  the  seed  sown  in  the  usual 
way.   ./.  Ingram,  Alnwick  Castle  Gardens. 

Prize  Medal,  1862  Exhibition. — Can  any  one  tell 
me  in  what  class  Messrs.  Sutton,  of  Reading,  were 
awarded  a  medal  at  the  International  Kxhibition  of 
1S62  ?  I  notice  this  medal  illustrated  (for  the  first  time 
by  them)  on  the  title-page  of  their  Amateurs^  Gnideiox 
1S72,  just  10  years  after  the  supposed  award,  and  it 
has  never,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  been  claimed  by  them 
previously.  I  have  a  vivid  recollection  that  two  houses 
in  the  seed  trade  received  prize  medals  at  the  great 
Exhibition  of  1S62,  one  for  cereals,  and  one  for  general 
collection  of  seeds,  &:c.,  but  the  name  of  Sutton  did  not 
belong  to  either  of  them.  Perhaps  Messrs.  Sutton  will 
explain.  Puffin. 

The  Victoria  Electric  Thermometer. —  Al- 
though present  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  Royal  Horti- 
cultural Society  for  the  purpose  of  exhibiting  and 
explaining  the  \'ictoria  Electric  Thermometer,  I  find 
that  two  important  points  in  connection  with  it  were 
then  discussed  without  my  having  an  opportunity  of 
explaining  them.  The  first,  I  believe,  was  that 
although  the  instrument  could  be  easily  set  to  ring 
when  above  or  below  any  required  degree,  yet  it  would 
be  too  sensitive — e.g.^  if  set  at  60°  it  would  ring  the 
bell  if  the  temperature  was  only  one  degree  above  or 
below  that  point,  and  hence  be  almost  continually 
ringing.  Second,  that  though  it  would  ring  the  bells  suf- 
ficiently loud  to  call  the  foreman's  attention  at  first,  yet 
in  time  he  would  become  so  accustomed  to  it  that  it 
would  not  awaken  him.  In  answer  to  the  first  objection, 
I  admit  that  it  will  ring  the  bell  for  I*  of  error  in  tem- 
perature ;  but  then  what  I  consider  one  of  its  chief 
points  of  excellence  is  that  it  can  be  set  so  as 
to  ring  only  when  the  temperature  is,  say  4°,  6°, 
or  8"  above  or  below  the  temperature  required. 
In  answer  to  the  second  objection  made,  I  cannot 
agree  with  those  who  imagine  that  a  gardener  could 
lie  in  bed  asleep  with  a  bell  {like  tliat  exhibited) 
ringing  at  his  ear  for  hours  (it  will  ling  the  bells 
12  hours  without  stopping  if  tiie  temperature  is  wrong); 
besides,  this  small  thermometer  would  cause  a  bell  as 
large  as  an  ordinary  church  bell  to  ring  for  that  time  in 
his  room.  If  the  gardener  should  be  deaf,  or,  what  is 
probable,  become  so  by  use,  he  has  only  to  look  at  an 
index  worked  by  the  thermometer,  which  will  point  to 
the  words  "Hot,"  "  Right,"  or  "Cold,"  as  the  tem- 
perature of  the  houses  may  be.  If  eitho/  of  these  be 
considered  insuflicient,  do  not  blame  the  thermometer, 
only  the  apparatus  in  connection  with  it,  as  it  can  be 
made  if  required  to  throw  the  gardener  out  of  bed  on* 
the  error  of  2°  of  heat  in  his  houses.  And  what  is 
more  plain  and  useful,  I  promise  that  if  any  of  these 
doubters  will  have  the  kindness  at  the  next  meeting  to 
sit  in  the  chair  which  was  occupied  by  a  nubie  lorcl  at 


3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  last  meeting,  I  will  arrange 
machinery  so  that  the  small  thermometer,  whigh  they 
could  scarcely  see,  should,  on  the  rise  or  fall  of  2°  ol 
heat,  '*  soundly  thrash  "  with  a  stick  the  said  individual, 
to  his  own  and  the  company's  satisfaction  I  George 
Rotlinie. 

Caution  to  Users  of  Lawn  Mowers. — We  have 
had  numerous  complaints  from  parties  using  lawn- 
mowers  that  travelling  tinkers  have  called  upon  them 
and  represented  that  they  were  sent  out  by  us,  and  that 
they  have  thus  been  induced  to  allow  them  to  repair 
their  machines.  The  result  has  been  that  they  have  pro- 
fessed to  put  them  into  working  order,  and  after  tinker- 
ing with  them  have  made  most  exorbitant  charges. 
But  that  is  not  the  whole  evil  ;  in  all  cases  where  we 
have  had  complaints  made,  the  machine  has  been 
damaged  by  what  has  been  done  and  left  in  a  more 
unsatisfactory  state  for  working  than  before.  That 
the  public  may  be  on  their  guard  against  such  unprin- 
cipled persons,  we  wish  it  to  be  clearly  understood  that 
no  workmen  are  sent  out  by  us  except  by  special  orders, 
T/ios.  Green  c^  .Son,  Leeds. 

Garden  Co-operation.— While  it  must  be  admitted 
that  there  are  many  existing  evils,  which  might,  and 
certainly  ought  to  be  removed  in  connection  with 
under  gardeners,  both  apprentices  and  journeymen 
(see  p.  40),  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  a  co-operation  of 
under  gardeners  can  in  any  way  bring  about  such  a 
result.  It  is  but  too  true  that  journeymen  gardeners 
are  for  the  most  part  under-paid.  On  the  other 
hand,  some  men  are  dear,  even  at  a  gift,  and  if 
by  co-operation  is  meant  equality  of  wages,  tliis 
illustrates  one  of  its  greatest  evils — that  the  idle  and 
unskilled  woi'kman  secures  the  same  remuneration  as 
the  industrious  and  skilful.  No  :  equality  of  wages  kills 
interest,  and  thereby  exercises  a  crushing  influence  on 
both  skill  and  industry.  I  am  for  letting  a  man  rise 
according  to  his  own  merit,  and  not  for  paying  a 
uniform  rate  of  wages  to  the  bad  and  good  alike  ;  and 
I  warn  those  young  gardeners  who  set  up  a  high 
standard  for  their  goal,  not  to  be  led  away  by  the  vain 
and  delusive  idea  that  co-operation,  in  its  literal  sense, 
will  secure  for  them  a  higher  rate  of  wages,  or  settle 
the  feeling  of  discontent.  The  only  co-operation  that 
I  know  of  likely  to  bring  about  an  increased  rate  of 
wages,  and  in  every  sense  bettering  the  young  gar- 
dener's condition,  is  that  of  a  willing  mind,  coupled 
with  muscles  and  brains,  and  every  other  good  i|uality 
that  goes  to  make  a  man  worth  the  name  of  a  gardener. 
It  is  no  use  to  do  things  by  halves  :  "Whatsoever  thy 
hand  findeth  to  do,  do  it  with  thy  might."  Without 
doulH  if  this  were  the  predominating  spirit  amongst 
young  gardeners  of  the  present  age,  it  would  be  found 
to  be  the  very  best  form  of  co-operation.  I  can 
strongly  recommend  it.  As  to  bothies,  clearly  that  i-. 
not  a  matter  which  co-operation  could  influence,  but 
would  better  be  remedied  by  stating  the  matter  in  a 
fair  spirit  to  the  head  gardener,  or  employer.  Thos. 
Simpson,  Broomfield. 

Drosera  rotundifolia. — Every  one  who  knows  this 
plant  must  have  noticed  how  very  seldom  the  flowers 
are  seen  expanded.  \Vhether  observed  in  its  native 
bogs,  or  under  cultivation  in  the  greenhouse  or  garden, 
the  flowers  are  almost  invariably  seen  in  the  bud  state, 
or  in  acurled-up  condition,  evidently  after  full  expansion 
has  taken  place.  I  never  saw  this  plant  in  full  flower 
till  the  summer  of  the  past  year,  and  that  was  about 
5  o'clock  on  a  sunny  morning,  and  in  my  own  garden. 
Wishing  to  make  an  accurate  drawing  of  a  flower  I  had 
never  seen  expanded  before,  I  began  taking  its  exact 
proportions  with  a  very  small  pair  of  compasses,  but  nt 
the  moment  the  compasses  lightly  touched  the  flower 
that  very  instant  it  closed  up.  After  making  a  sketch 
{without  measurement)  of  another  expanded  flower,  I 
tried  in  succession  the  sensitiveness  of  every  remaining 
open  flower,  and  found  they  all  instantly  closed  at  the 
slightest  touch.  It  seems  reasonable,  therefore,  to 
think  that  this  plant  is  so  seldom  seen  in  full  flower 
owing  to  its  extreme  sensitiveness  to  touch,  the  flowers 
being  far  more  sensitive  than  the  leaves  in  this 
respect.  W.  G.  S.  [An  important  fact,  if  confirmed. 
Ens.] 

Christmas  Rose  (Helleborus  niger). — A  charm- 
ing hardy,  free-blooming  jjlant,  producing  pro- 
fusely its  delicate  white  flowers  at  the  present  dull 
season,  and  tolerably  well  known  amongst  gardeners, 
and  yet  it  is  scarcely  to  be  met  with  in  a  day's  journey. 
A  few  days  ago  I  saw  20  or  30  roots  planted  in  a 
narrow  border  alongside  a  plant  stove,  all  of  which 
were  flowering  very  freely.  These  plants  were  care- 
fully protected  by  bell-glasses,  or  rather  I  ought  to  say 
the  flowers, — the  plant  beingashardy  as  a  Dandelion- - 
for  the  delicate  white  flowers  are  apt  to  he  soiled  and 
splashed  by  heavy  rains,  while  the  above  simple  pre- 
caution keeps  them  nice  and  clean  ;  indeed,  they 
looked  as  fresh  as  exotics  on  the  glasses  being  re- 
moved. A  rich  handful  of,  say,  two  or  three  doyen 
blooms,  could  at  any  time  be  cut  from  these  plants  for 
a  week  or  two  to  come,  and  they  are  very  useful  for 
bouquets  (or  many  other  uses  to  which  cut  flowers  are 
usually  put)  at  this  inclement  season,  when  flowers  of 
any  kinrl  are  comparatively  rare.  Tliis  plant  grows 
well  planted  out  in  an  ordinary  herbaceous  border,  and  in 
one  or  two  old  country  gardens  1  have  come  acrcss 
vigorous    pal  dies   nearly   a    yard    in    di;inir'ter,    whi'/h 


1  ebnuiry  3,    1S72.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    Auricultural    Gazette. 


147 


annually  pioduce  an  abundance  of  flowers.  It  is  cer- 
tainly a  subject  well  worth  encouraging,  as  perhaps  the 
best  winter  flowering  herbaceous  plant  we  have  at 
present  in  cultivation  in  Kuropean  gardens.  F.  IV.  A. 
D.  T.  Fish  Apple.  —  We  have  received  from 
Messrs.  Rush  &  \'eats,  Katon  Road  Nurseries,  Chester, 
a  specimen  of  a  new  seedling  Apple  raised  by  them, 
and  named  by  the  raisers  in  compliment  to  our  excel- 
lent  correspondent,  Mr.  D.  T.  Fish.  We  are  informed 
that  it  is  one  of  a  batch  grown  from  pips  collected 
at  random,  so  that  its  precise  parentage  cannot  now 
be  ascertained.  We  are  now  in  a  position  to  give  an 
illustration  (fig.  70),  and  to  reprint  the  description 
already  given  of  this  handsome  Apple.  Kruit 
large,  roundish,  flat  at  both  ends,  irregular,  and 
obtusely  angular.  Eye  small,  half  closed,  set  in  an 
evenly-formed  shallow  basin.  Stalk  short,  the  end 
level  with  the  base  of  the  fniit.  Skin  smooth,  of  a 
uniform  clear  straw  colour,  with  small  specks  of 
russet,  and  on  the  side  ne.\t  the  sun  slightly  flushed 
with  crimson.  Flesh  white,  rather  soft,  tender,  juicy, 
with  a  fine  pleasant  sub-acid  flavour.  A  large,  very 
handsome,  and  excellent  kitclien  or  sauce  Apple.  In 
use  from  November  to  January.  Well  worthy  of 
cultivation. 


bert  le  Due;  Cotitiaissatue  Pratujue  dtt  Chcx'al,  &:c., 
by  A.  Vial  (.\  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Morse,  with 
numerous  plates)  ;  D'utioiiitaire  f'?/t'/-/«(i/>(' (Dictionary 
of  \'eterinary  Medicine,  ^c.),  by  L.  Feni/.et,  with  a  pre- 
face by  M.  J.  A.  Barral.  Some  of  the  above  are  richly 
illustrated  with  those  beautiful  woodcuts  which  ap- 
peared in  the  magniticent  work  entitled  Pans,  Pro- 
menades et  yardins  de  Paris,  and  many  of  which 
have  since  become  familiar  to  the  British  public 
through  some  of  the  many  publications  of  Mr.  W. 
Robinson.  We  shall  take  an  early  opportunity  of 
adverting  at  greater  length  to  some  of  the 
above  remarkable  publications. — Speefruin  Analysis, 
by  Dr.  H.  Schellen  (Longmans) — P'ood,  ll'ater,  and  Air 
(Wyman  &  Sons) — The  hrst  monthly  part  of  T/ie 
Garden — T/ie  People^ s  Afagazine — The  Sehoohnaster, 
a  new  weekly  educational  newspaper  and  review 
(Cassell) — The  second  series  of  The  Cobden  Clnb 
Essays,  1S71-2  (Cassell). 


gfftitcs  0f  36fl0li5,       : 

Amung  New  Publications  and  New  Edi- 
tions, to  some  of  which  we  may  allude  at  greater 
length  at  some  future  time,  we  may  mention,  Grund- 
tiigc  dcr  Obst-Baiiknnde^  von  J.  G.  Beer  (Williams  .t , 
Norgate),  (Outlines  of  the  Culture  of  Fruit  Trees),  a  ' 
German  treatise,  well  illustrated, 
and  containing  much  useful  in- 
formation to  those  who  read  Ger- 
man.—  The  Floral  Magazine^  edited 
by  the  Rev.  H.  II.  Dombrain 
(Reeve  &  Co.),  appears  this  month 
in  large  4to,  with  four  coloured 
plates,  by  W.  G.  Smith,  and 
accompanying  letterpress.  The 
plates,  when  of  interest,  will  be 
noted  in  our  list  of  Plant  Portraits. 
Two  pages  are  devoted  to  accounts 
of  exhibitions,  garden  economics 
(new  inventions),  reviews  of  books, 
and  catalogues  received.  The  in- 
creased size  of  page  gives  the  artist 
a  better  chance  of  displaying  his 
skill,  and  this  circumstance  leads 
us  to  regret  that  the  three  Verbe- 
nas have  been  so  crowded  as  they 
are.  By  the  way,  such  has  been 
the  advance  in  Verbenas,  that, 
apart  from  their  leaves,  the  present 
illustrations,  conectly  representing 
three  new  varieties,  might  be  taken 
for  Phloxes.  —  Mr.  W.  Earley's 
capital  little  pamphlet,  Hoxv  to 
Grow     Mushrooms    (Bradbury    &  ^^ 

Evans),  has,  we  are  glad  to  see, 
reached  a  third  edition).  —  The 
Entomologist'' s  Annual  for  1872 
(Van  Voorst),  an  excellent  little 
publication,  contains  amongst  other 
articles  one  on.  British  gall  insects, 
some  portions  of  which  we  shall 
probably  extract  on  another  occa- 
sion.— Guide  du  Botaniste  sur  Ic  Grand  St.  Bernard,  par  i 
M.  P.  G.  Tissicre,  one  of  the  canons  of  the  famous 
Hospice  (Williams  &  Norgate),  is  a  classified  list  of 
plants  found  wild  on  the  St.  Bernard,  and  may  be 
recommended  to  the  notice  of  those  contemplating  a 
visit  to  the  mountain.  It  is  preceded  by  a  biographical 
sketch  of  the  author.  The  following  details  may  be 
useful  to  those  who  cultivate  "alpines:"  Theelevation 
of  the  monastery  near  the  summit  of  the  pass  is  given 
at  2473  metres  (between  7000  and  Sooo  feet),  some  of 
the  neighbouring  peaks  attain  as  much  as  4397  metres. 
The  mean  temperature  of  the  year  is  given  at  — 1°.26, 
about  30"  F.  ;  that  of  the  winter  at  — S°.24  =  about 
17°  F.  ;  of  January,  the  coldest  month  in  the  year, 
at  — g^.Sg^about  15''  F.  ;  that  of  spring  at  — 2''.4i  = 
28  F.  ;  that  of  summer  at  +6".  08  =  43"  F.  ;  of  July 
and  August  (the  hottest  months)  at  +6°.20  and  6°. 44, 
about  43'  F.  respectively  ;  that  of  the  autumn  at 
+  o*.  62  —  j^"  F.  The  maximum  temperature  observed 
during loyearshas been  +  I9°  =  66°F.,  andtheminimum 
during  the  same  period — 27*^  —  — 16°  F. — Financial 
Reform  Almanac  for  1872  (Longmans),  full  of  valuable 
statistical  information. — From  RI.  Rothschild,  43,  Rue 
Sabit  -Vndre  des  Arts,  Paris,  we  have  received  the 
following  i—Les  Oiseaux  Utiles  et  les  Oiseaux  Nuisibles 
(Useful  and  Noxious  Birds),  by  H.  de  la  Blanchere; 
Prairies  et  Plantes  Fo7irraghrs,  par  E.  Vianne  (Field 
and  Forage  Plants)  ;  Le  Monde  des  Fleurs  (The  W^orld 
of  Flowers),  by  the  late  Professor  Lecoq  ;  Mise  en 
Valeur  dcs  Sols  Pair.'res  (Utilisation  of  Poor  Soils),  by 
Alfred  Fillon  ;  Elhnens  de  Sylvicnlture  (Elements  of 
Arboriculture),  by  A.  Bouquet  de  la  Grye,  sixth 
edition  ;  Guide  Pratique  du  yardinier  PaysagistCy 
&.C.,  par  R.  Siebeck,  translated  from  the  German 
by  J.  Rothschild,  and  edited  by  Charles  Naudin, 
with  numerous  coloured  plans  ;  CEuvres  Ag7-onomiques 
et  Forestiere  de  Varenne  de  Fenille  (Agricultural  and 
Arboricullural  Works  of  Varenne  de  Fenille),  by  Phili- 


Florists'  Flowers. 

(Continued  from  p.  80.) 
Perhai's  the  least  satisfactory  of  the  lists  of  new 
flowers  of  the  year  were  the  Dahlias,  notwithstanding 
that  certificates  were  unsparingly  bestowed.  The 
grandest  flower  of  the  year  is  undoubtedly  John 
Standish,  a  superb  bright  crimson-scarlet  self  flower, 
raised  by  Mr.  Turner,  large  in  size,  fine  in  form, 
very  full,  and  quite  constant,  as  was  testified  by 
its  being  so  much  exhibited ;  it  can  be  truthfully 
designated  the  premier  flower  of  the  year.  Kate 
Ilaslam,    a    very    pretty  delicate    violet-pink    flower; 


Flu.   70.- 


T.     KISII    AI'l'LK. 


Livonia,  light  purplish  peach;  Maid  of  Essex,  pale 
ground,  tipped  with  purplish  rose ;  Mephistopheles, 
crimson,  heavily  shaded  at  the  edges  ;  Mrs.  Waite,  de- 
licate blush-lilac  ;  Old  Port,  dark  maroon,  flushed  witli 
crimson  ;  Souvenir  d'Herbert  Turner,  delicate  blush- 
white  ;  William  Keynes,  pale  orange-red,  suffused  with 
pale  salmon  ;  and  Yellow  Standard,  soft  deep  yellow  : 
all  received  awards  of  the  first  class,  while  several 
others  had  that  somewhat  anomalous  distinction,  a 
Second-class  Certificate.  The  best  new  Fancy  Dahlia 
was  Mrs.  Saunders,  yellow,  tipped  with  white,  a 
greatly  improved  Duchess  of  Kent, — a  very  old  but 
worthy  flower,  that  can  yet  be  found  in  collections  ; 
Admiration,  creamy  yellow,  striped  with  purplish 
crimson  ;  Bucks  Lass,  creamy  yellow,  tipped  with 
brown  and  mauve  ;  Dolly  Varden,  pale  ground,  flaked 
with  crimson  ;  and  Laura  Haslam,  primrose  ground, 
tipped  with  white,  represent  the  leading  new  Fancy 
Dahlias. 

That  most  useful  of  summer  blooming  conservatory 
plants,  the  Fuchsia,  is  always  in  force  among  the  new 
plants,  though  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  new 
varieties  are  rarely  or  ever  seen  exhibited  as  such  pre- 
viously to  being  sent  out.  And  yet  the  new  Fuchsias 
of  the  past  five  years  have  shown  an  advance  as 
marked  as  that  observed  in  any  other  popular  flower. 
Mr.  Bull  and  j\Ir.  Cannell  send  out  new  batches 
yearly,  in  wliich  there  is  considerable  novelty,  as  in 
this  direction  lies  the  chief  advance.  Flowers  with 
striped  corollas,  once  considered  to  be  beyond  the 
grasp  of  the  present  generation,  are  becoming  frequent, 
the  purple  of  the  corolla  being  distinctly  marked  with 
red.  Who  knows  but  that  the  tinted  tube  and  sepals 
of  some  of  the  light  coloured  varieties  may  in  the 
course  of  time  become  handsomely  striped  ? 

Never  before  perhaps  in  the  history  of  the  Gladiolus 
did  so  many  new  varieties  receive  First-class  Certifi- 
cates as  during  the  past  year,  as  many  as  14  of  these 


falling  to  the  lot  of  Messrs.  Kelway  6:  Son,  of  Lang- 
port,  now  the  leading  cultivators  of  the  flay  ;  while  Mr. 
J.  Douglas,  of  Loxford  Hall  Gardens,  as  representing 
the  amateur  cultivators,  has  obtained  five  awards  of 
the  same  order.  Massive  flowers,  finely  formed,  and 
richly  as  well  as  delicately  coloured,  forming  noble 
spikes  of  considerable  length,  are  represented  in  the 
new  varieties  of  the  past  year.  Experienced  cultivators 
are  found  asserting  that  there  is  a  tendency  on  the  part 
of  some  of  these  fine  seedling  forms  to  change  in 
character  after  a  year  or  two,  and,  in  so  many  words, 
are  found  asking  that  a  longer  trial  should  be  given  tu 
the  new  varieties — that  they  should  be  more  thoroughly 
fixed  in  character.  Whether  there  is  ground  for  this 
fear  or  not,  is  a  matter  that  can  be  left  to  time  to 
prove.  The  briefest  glance  at  the  new  flowers  of  1871 
must  comprehend  the  successful  break  obtained  by  Mr. 
J.  Standish,  which  crowned  his  efforts  to  cross  some  of 
the  varieties  of  the  G.  gandavensis  section  with  the 
recently  imported  species,  G.  cruentus.  An  altogether 
new  type  of  flower  resulted,  which  took  the  circular 
form  of  the  Lily,  and  so  became  a  veritable  floricultural 
surprise.  This,  which  was  named  Alice  Wilson,  was 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  floral  products  of  the  year. 
Mr.  W.  Chater's  batch  of  new  Hollyhocks  contains 
some  very  fine  and  beautiful  flowers,  highly  refined  in 
character.  Jennie,  Peerless,  and  Rose  of  Sharon,  by 
other  raisers,  received  First-class  Certificates,  the 
second  being  a  medium-sized  and  distinct  flower,  the 
colour  pinkish  salmon,  tinted  with  buff". 

Hyacinths    George    Peabody,    S.R.,     Marquis    of 
Lome,  S.  B.,   Princess  Louise,  D.R.,   Princess  Louise, 
S.W..  and  W.  M.  Thackeray,  S.B.,  all  received  First- 
class  Certificates.     They  may  be  heard  of  again  a  dozen 
years  hence. 

That  useful  bedding  plant,  the 
Lobelia,  has  appeared  during  the 
past  year  in  several  new  and  ac- 
ceptable types,  especially  of  the 
dwarf  or  pumila  section.  Brilliant, 
rich  deep  blue,  one  of  the  larger 
type  ;  and  Celestial  Blue,  of  a  clear 
azure  blue,  were  an  excellent  pair, 
because  of  the  decided  hues  of 
colour.  Two  new  white  varieties 
of  L.  speciosa  came  to  the  fore,  one 
named  White  Perfection,  for  which 
Messrs.  J.  Cc  C.  Lee  obtained  a 
First-class  Certificate  ;  and  Snow, 
a  very  promising,  useful  variety, 
in  the  hands  of  Messrs.  Carter, 
Dunnett  &;  Beale.  Both  of  these, 
when  fully  exposed  to  the  atmo- 
sphere in  sunshine  and  shade,  had 
no  lint  of  blue  in  the  flowers. 
Thus,  a  really  white  variety  of  I« 
speciosa  seems  to  be  a  bequest  of 
the  year  that  is  gone. 

New  Show  Pansies  seem  to  be 
as  plentiful  as  ever,  but  they,  too, 
are  rarely  seen  southwards  nowa- 
days. Raisers  of  repute,  like 
Messrs.  Dicksons  &  Co.,  Downic 
Laird  &  Laing,  and  others,  still 
produce  ;  and  as  their  flowers  in 
the  past  have  acquired  a  high 
reputation  for  quality,  there  is 
much  reason  to  believe  the  present 
productions  are  no  less  worthy  than 
their  fellows.  The  new  Fancy 
flowers  are  very  numerous,  and  they  show  increased 
size,  texture,  form,  and  novelty  of  colouring.  A'.  D, 


©bttuarg. 

We  notice  with  great  sorrow  the  deatii,  on  the  2^th 
uU.,  of  Mr.  Thomas  Oshorx,  of  the  Nurseries, 
Fulham,  at  the  comparatively  early  age  of  53.  Mr. 
Osborn's  thorough  rectitude  of  principle,  and  genial, 
amiable  disposition,  endeared  him  to  all  that  knew 
him.  He  was  present  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  Royal 
Horticultural  Society,  apparently  in  good  health  ;  and 
the  intelligence  of  his  somewhat  sudden  and  premature 
death  will  be  received  with  deep  regret  by  the  numerous 
personal  friends  who  so  highly  esteemed  him. 

Belgian  papers  announce  the  death,  at  Liege,  on 

the  17th  ult.,  of  Dr.  Spring,  in  his  59th  year.  Y\\\ 
Spring  was  German  by  birth,  but  made  Belgium  his 
adopted  home,  having  been  appointed  Professor  of 
Physiology  in  the  University  of  Liege,  in  which  city  he 
practised  as  a  physician.  Dr.  Spring  was  a  writer  on 
subjects  relating  to  medicine,  physiology,  geology,  and 
botany,  but  is  more  especially  known  in  this  country 
for  his  monograph  on  Lycopodiums  and  Selaginellas. 

We  regi'et  to  have  to  record  the  death  of  Mr. 

WooLLEV,  gardener  to  Sir  Wm.  Jackson,  Manor 
House,  Claughton,  Birkenhead,  who  died  on  Friday 
last,  the  26th  ult.,  at  the  age  of  54  years.  He  had 
occupied  this  situation  during  the  last  1 7  years, 
and  was  well  known  in  the  gardening  world  as  a 
successful  grower  and  exhibitor  of  both  plants  and 
fruit,  especially  Grapes,  having,  during  his  long 
career,  carried  off  many  1st  prizes.  He  was  mucli 
esteemed  by  all  who  knew  him,  for  his  kind  and 
benevolent  disposition,  and  many  young  gardeners 
will  deeply  regret  his  loss. 


148 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  3,   1872. 


THE  WEATHER. 

STA  TE  OF  THE.  WEA  THBR  A  T  ELACKHBA  TH,  LONDON, 
For  the  Week  ending  Wednesday,  Jan.  31,  1872. 


1                                               irical    De-I 

BAnOMETER. 

1         .    . 

Temperature  of           fr^m        Wind. 
THUAlR.                 Glaislicr-sl 

Tables  5th 

1872. 

Eitiliuii,   '                    J 

■    J 

.£ 

AND 

^0   i 

=    ..    ,  s  S^.^E.-sisI  „d  iS 

i,i 

c  5 

a 

So    s 

1" 

r  1 

,     ,,  .j 

. 

a* 

! 

1872. 

In.    1    In.        0    !   0       0 

„ 

0      1    0 

In. 

Jan.    25 

2886:— 0,90  47.843.1,  4.7 

44.5 

f  6.4141.5 

00    1  SS.W.  0.11 

»     z6 

zg.20  ;— 0.56  48.239.0    9.2 

43-3 

t-  5."J4".3 

i»     27 

29.69  —0.08:44.9  37-6 

7.3 

4... 

+  2.7139-4 

«{  N'b/E.I'-OS 

NNE  :l 

'■{  s.s.w. .°-°° 

,.     28 

29.£)i   +0.14 -i+BiS^-S 

8.0 

40.0  t  1.637.4 

..     ^ 

29.76  -O.0O47-7374 

•0.3 

43.6+  S.3|48.o 

94       S.S.W.  'o.oi 
83 {    irw."-" 

„     30 

29.71  —ao6  50.5  42.8 

7.7 

46.4  f  8.3.42.1 

.1     31 

29.69  — ao8  52.7J4o.i 

I2\6 

46.24-  s.s'ss-s 

67      S.S.W.  jo.oo 

Jan.     25, — Generally  cloudy,  with  the  exception  of  a  short  period  in 

the  early  evening.     Rain  fell  frequently. 

26, — Cloudy.     Fine  in  early  morning.     Rain  fell  occasionally. 

—  27.— Kain  fell  in  early  morning.      Overcast  till  7  p.m.     Light 

clouds  prevalent  at  night     Fine. 

—  28. — Cloudy  and  misty  till  night,  when  the  sky  became  nearly 

cloudless  and  hnc. 

—  2g. — Overcast  throughout.     Rain  fell  about  noon.    Windy  at 

night. 

30. — Generally  cloudy  till  the  afternoon.     A   little  rain  fell  in 

the  morning.     Light   clouds   prevalent   from  3  o'clock 
onwards.     Fine. 

—  31. — Cloudy  in   early  morning.     Very  ffine  throughout    the 

dav.     A  little  cloud  present  generally. 

'JAMES  GLAISHER. 


6artrciT  #pcratmns. 

(for   the    ensuing    FORTNIGHT.) 

PLANT  HOUSES. 

The  Conservatory. — All  the  fine  Hybrid  Rhodo- 
dendrons^ such  as  Countess  of  Haddington,  Princess 
Alice,  and  Princess  Royal,  with  Dalhousix-,  ciliatum, 
and  many  more  free- flowering,  fragrant,  beautiful 
kinds,  should  get  the  drainage,  if  in  puts,  looked  to, 
so  that  the  liberal  waterings  given  to  them  when  in 
flower  a  month  hence  may  pass  freely  away.  It  is 
best  not  to  over-pot  them,  for  they  flower  more  freely 
^vhen  pot-bound — plunged  in  beds,  if  practicable,  in 
order  to  give  a  permanent  appearance  to  the  house. 
The  J'.riohotrya  japonka  (Loquat)  is  both  a  good  fruit 
and  an  ornamental  plant,  the  leaves  of  which  are  very 
noble  looking,  and  form  a  fine  edging  to  a  large 
flat  vase  of  Camellia  flowers  ;  if  in  flower,  assist  setting 
with  a  camel's-hair  brush.  Dapluie  indua,  planted 
out  and  trained  to  a  pyramid,  will  be  opening  its 
hundreds  of  flowers,  which  are  appreciated  next  to 
the  Gardenia.  Give  this  plant,  if  planted  in  a  well- 
drained  loam,  a  liberal  dose  of  liquid  manure  from 
the  dungyard  tank,  clear  and  tepid,  which  will  assist 
both  flowers  and  growth.  Of  course  all  cases  of  water- 
ing that  have  been  alluded  to  must  be  done  in  open 
weather,  and  in  the  forenoon,  when  top  ventilators 
can  be  opened.  Show  kindly  attention  to  all  the 
gay-flowering  garnishers  that  demand  admittance  from 
time  to  time.  The  pretty  Deutzia  ^raciiis,  Prunus 
triloba^  Donble-floioeriiig  Ahnonds^  and  others,  will 
assist  in  giving  colour  to  the  masses  of  permanent 
green.  Let  the  assistant  show  diligence  in  routing- 
out  with  a  long-handled  brush  every  sign  of  a  spider's- 
web,  and  get  the  necessary  shading  put  in  order — 
mended  or  otherwise.  //.  K, 

Greenhouse  Soft-wooded  Plants. — As  the  days 
lengthen,  JnscYls  will  multiply  ;  fumigate  three  times 
in  a  month,  without  hesitation.  When  the  greenlly 
is  allowed  to  remain  in  the  buds  of  Cinerarias,  they 
seldom  open  satii^factorily.  See  that  all  pots  in  which 
plants  are  growing  are  kept  clean.  Calceolarias  require 
shifting  into  their  blooming  pots,  especially  those  re- 
([uired  for  flowering  early  in  summer ;  the  soil  best  suited 
ior  them  is  one-half  sandy  loam,  one-third  leaf  mould, 
and  one  of  old  cowdung.  After  potting  care  should 
be  taken  not  to  expose  them  too  much  to  the  sun  ; 
place  them  in  a  light,  airy  situation,  and  damp  them 
over  every  morning  when  dry.  Another  batch  of  old 
plants  of  Fuchsias  should  be  brought  forward,  and 
•excited  into  growth.  Cuttings  should  be  taken  as 
soon  as  the  shoots  are  3  or  4  inches  long.  Cyclantcji 
seedlings  of  last  year  should  be  potted  and  encou- 
raged to  grow,  by  giving  them  an  increase  of  heat  and 
moisture.  Roses  in  pols  for  blooming  in  April  and 
May  should  have  atop-dressing,  their  shoots  being  tied 
down  to  induce  them  to  break  well  back.  Clematises 
required  for  indoor  decoration  should  be  potted 
into  their  blooming  pots,  and  a  balloon-shaped  trelHs 
(which  is  the  most  convenient  form  for  training  them 
on)  should  be  fi.\ed  to  their  pots  ;  nothing  can  exceed 
the  beauty  of  these  gorgeous  flowers  when  well-grown. 
A  few  Afinnals  should  be  sown  now,  such  as  Balsams, 
Cockscombs,  Globe  Amaranl/ius,  and  Mignonette  to 
succeed  that  sou-n  in  the  autumn  ;  indeed  anything 
of  this  class  that  ib  admired  may  be  added.  Geo^ 
^aker^  Clapkam, 


Flower  Forcing. — Many  of  the  early  and  forcing 
sorts  of  Pelargoniums  may  be  puL  in  heat  now  with 
safety,  placing  them  well  up  to  the  glass  if  possible. 
Whenever  the  buds  appear  give  manure  waterings,  as 
forcing  is  a  great  tax  on  the  energies  of  the  plant.  If 
there  is  any  danger  of  not  having  plenty  of  bloom  in 
May  and  June,  introduce  those  Achimenes,  Gloxinias, 
and  Niegelias  that  went '  earliest  to  rest,  which  with 
liberal  treatment  will  come  in  well  about  the  above- 
named  time.     If  any  of  the  old  stools  of  the  Rex  type 

01  Begonias  are  laying  at  rest,  stake  them  out,  reput  in 
free  soil,  plunge  in  a  brisk  bottom-heat  ;  they  will  come 
in  useful  in  a  shout  time.  It  is  vain  to  put  anything  in 
unless  properly  set  with  bloom,  and  prepared  for 
forcing  the  previous  summer.  The  Lanrustinus  is  not 
so  much  used  as  a  forcing  plant  as  it  deserves;  when  well 
set  with  buds,  lifted,  and  treated  the  same  as  Rhodo- 
dendrons it  forces  well,  and  comes  into  bloom  much 
sooner  than  the  former.  A.  H. 

Stove  Plants. — Where  plants  for  decoration  are 
wanted  early,  a  few  Achimenes,  Tydicas,  Gloxinias,  and 
Caladiiiins  may  now  be  started,  commencing  with 
those  that  \\'ere  first  put  to  rest.  Peat  and  leaf-soil, 
about  equal  parts,  with  a  little  charcoal,  and  as  much 
silver  sand  as  will  make  all  porous,  will  be  found  a 
good  composition  to  start  the  three  first  named  in.  As 
neither  require  great  depth  of  soil,  there  will  be  ample 
room  for  good  drainage,  which  they  delight  in.  Where  a 
dung-pit  is  at  command,  with  a  temperature  of  from  60" 
to  65°,  it  will  be  found  very  suitable  for  such  things  as 
the  above.  In  starting  Achimenes  it  is  a  good  plan  to 
put  a  lot  of  bulbs  in  one  pot  or  pan,  covering  them 
with  half  an   inch  of  fine  soil ;  when  they  are  about 

2  inches  high  prick  them  offin  pots  or  pans  :  the  latter 
are  the  best  if  lai'ge  specimens  are  in  request.  The  size 
of  the  pans,  and  ihe  number  of  bulbs  to  be  put  in  them, 
must  depend  on  the  size  of  specimens  required.  They 
require  liberal  watering,  and,  when  the  pots  get  full  of 
roots,  weak  manure-water  once  or  twice  a  week. 
Gloxinias  require  the  same  treatment,  but  only  put  one 
bulb  in  a  pot,  and  shift  on  if  large  plants  are  wanted. 
Give  Caladiufns  a  composition  of  equal  parts  turfy 
loam  and  turfy  peat  (not  too  fine),  with  a  little  well 
decomposed  dung,  a  few  half-inch  bones  or  charcoal, 
and  a  good  sprinkling  of  sand,  all  well  mixed  together. 
Where  large  specimens  are  wanted  several  bulbs  may 
be  put  in  one  pot  ;  give  weak  manure-water  occasion- 
ally, as  soon  as  the  pots  get  full  of  roots  ;  increase  the 
temperature  and  moisture  of  the  stove  as  the  days  get 
longer,  and  pay  strict  attention  to  order  and  neatness. 
A.  Jngram,  Alnwick  Castle. 

Indoor  Feins. — Keep  a  temperature  of  55°  to  60°, 
if  very  cold  or  windy  2°  or  3°  less  will  not  injure  the 
plants.  Now  is  a  good  time  to  increase  the  stock  of 
Selagiuella  denticulata,  either  by  pricking  some  of  the 
tops  in  small  pots,  or  planting  it  in  any  vacant  place  ; 
it  will  soon  cover  the  ground.  It  should  not,  however, 
be  allowed  to  get  too  thick  round  the  crowns  of 
delicate  growing  Ferns.  A  few  Palms  mixed  with 
the  Ferns  have  a  good  effect.  The  variegated  Pine- 
apple {Auanassa  sativavariegata)  is  a  nice  foliage  plant 
for  the  same  purpose  ;  also  the  Fittonia  Pearcei  and 
argyro}ieura.  Both  Slugs  and  Cockroaches  are  remark- 
ably fond  of  the  latter.  Ventilate  only  on  very  mild 
days,  and  be  careful  not  to  have,  an  excess  of  moisture 
at  night ;  it  will  cause  many  of  the  new  fronds  to 
damp.  In  the  Greenhouse  Fernery  40**  to  45°  will  be 
sufficient  at  night.  Any  plants  that  require  more 
room  can  now  be  moved.  A  collection  of  British 
Mosses  has  a  pretty  effect  among  the  Feriis ;  some  of 
the  Hypnnms  are  especially  beautiful,  and  will  grow 
freely  even  in  the  warmest  house.  Do  not  let  any 
plants  suffer  for  want  of  water ;  very  little  air  will 
be  required,  and  look  sharply  after  any  scale  that 
may  be  on  the  fronds  ;  it  is  particularly  fond  of 
Gleichenias,  and  is  difllicult  to  get  rid  of  when  in 
numbers  on  the  plants.  J.  R.  Fetch,  Manly  Hall, 
Afauchestcr. 

FLOWER  GARDEN,  FTC. 
Alpine  and  Herbaceous  Plants. — Beds  and  bor- 
ders of  miscellaneous  hardy  perennials  that  stand  in  need 
of  re-arrangement  should  be  dealt  with  without  delay 
in  mild,  dry  weather.  There  is  little  cause  for  haste 
just  yet,  if  fibrous-rooted  plants  only  are  to  be  trans- 
planted ;  but  if  bulbous  or  tuberous  onesareto  be  moved, 
the  earliest  favourable  opportunity  should  be  improved 
in  their  interest.  Kven  now  it  will  be  necessary  to  be 
careful  to  disturb  and  injure  as  little  as  possible  bulbs 
and  tubers  that  are  in  active  growth.  Cover  such 
from  the  influence  of  sun  and  air  immediately  after 
lifting  them,  and  re-plant  as  soon  as  the  stations  ore 
prepared  for  their  reception.  The  labour  of  laying 
fibrous-rooted  plants  in  the  soil  temporarily  may  be 
saved  by  packing  them  closely  together  on  the  surface, 
and  covering  them  with  mats  till  the  ground  is  re- 
refreshed  and  trenched.  When  planting  and  re-arrang- 
ing is  being  done,  give  effect  to  the  observations  of  last 
year  in  reference  to  eesthetical  improvements,  and 
place  each  sort  in  such  a  position  as  that  it  will  appear 
to  the  best  advantage  itself,  afford  agreeable  contrasts 
in  colour,  height,  and  form,  to  its  immediate  neigh- 
bours, and  contribute  to  the  general  beauty  and 
interest  of  the  arrangement.  Any  surface  dressing  of 
borders  yet  to  be  done  should  be  pushed  on  to  comple- 
tion before  spring  flowering  border  plants  advance  so 
far  a&  to  be  hable  to  injurious  disturbance  therefrom, 
and   make  all   neat  and   tidy.     The  above  remarks 


apply  in  a  general  way  to  operations  of  a  like 
kind  in  connection  with  Rockiaork.  Any  necessaiy  or 
desirable  alterations  in  the  construction  or  design  of 
rockwork  that  are  to  be  effected  this  season  should 
be  accomplished  as  early  as  possible,  in  weather  favour- 
able for  such  work.  Take  every  possible  precaution 
against  injury  and  destruction  to  rare  and  valuable 
specimens.  Diminutive  alpines  should  be  potted  tem- 
porarily, or  planted  in  frames  or  hand-glasses  to  keep 
them  safe — larger  and  vigorous  plants  may  be  pro- 
tected near  at  hand  with  mats,  or  laid  in  soil  till  the 
alterations  are  finished.  Make  all  firm  in  replanting, 
using  water  to  settle  the  soil,  especially  in  fissures.  Be 
watchful  to  keep  Sings  in  check,  they  are  provokingly 
fond  of  nibbling  at  young  growth  and  flower-stalks  in 
a  destructive  way  at  this  early  season  of  the  year.  They 
don't  at  present  wander  far,  and  may  be  easily  caught 
if  their  haunts  are  watched.  Very  slight  sprinklings  of 
salt  cast  on  the  surface  of  spaces  where  there  are  no 
plants  may  be  employed  as  a  check,  but  caution  must 
be  exercised  to  prevent  it  falling  upon  the  plants  them- 
selves, and  the  sprinklings  can  scarcely  be  loo  slight. 
Continue  to  apply  in  a  general  way  the  directions  of 
last  month  as  to  the  management  of  pits  and  frames. 
Give  air  more  freely  as  the  weather  becomes  milder, 
and  increase  the  supplies  of  water  as  growth  increases 
in  activity,  but  still  water  only  in  the  mornings. 
Towards  the  end  of  the  month  have  a  mild  hot-bed  in 
readiness,  in  which  to  sow  seeds  of  new  or  desirable 
species  or  varieties  of  alpine  and  herbaceous  plants. 
IVm.  Sutherland,  JlLinto  Gai'dcns. 

Roses. — Should  the  weather  be  open  and  the 
ground  work  kindly,  finish  planting  as  soon  as  possible 
all  hardy  varieties  of  Roses  ;  but  if  the  ground  is  wet 
and  pasty,  this  work  had  better  be  delayed  for  the 
present.  Advantage  should  be  taken  of  the  earliest 
opportunity  to  get  in  what  further  Brier  stocks  are 
required,  for  though  these  are  better  put  in  in  November, 
they  will,  if  carefully  managed,  still  do  well.  If  more 
Manetti  stocks  are  wanted,  put  in  cuttings  at  the  earliest 
possible  moment  ;  but  these  ought  to  have  been  planted 
early  in  November,  or  even  late  in  October.  Pruning 
may  be  commenced  by  cutting  clean  out  all  weak  and 
badly-placed  shoots ;  and  where  there  is  a  large  stock 
of  plants,  and  labour  is  scarce,  the  pruning  of  some  of 
the  hardier  varieties  may  be  completed  :  otherwise,  the 
latter  end  of  the  month  or  the  beginning  of  next  is 
quite  soon  enough  to  do  the  greater  part  of  this  work. 
R.  B.  P. 

Hardy  Ferns. — During  the  winter  months  Ferns 
are  freijuently  neglected,  and  many  people  probably 
conclude  that  when  Nature  leaves  ihem  frondless, 
they  can  be  left  to  take  care  of  themselves.  Although 
there  is  no  necessity  for  paying  the  same  attention  to 
them  now  as  they  require  during  the  summer  months, 
yet  it  is  important  to  look  them  over  occasionally.  In 
the  out-door  fernery  see  that  the  Labels  are  not  lost,  for 
it  often  happens  after  a  sharp  frost  that  they  are  lifted 
out  of  the  ground  and  misplaced.  Ferns  are  also  sub- 
jected to  the  same  treatment,  and  if  you  have  any 
favourites  growing  in  a  very  exposed  situation,  take 
care  they  do  not  suffer  in  this  way  during  the 
frosty  weather.  The  injury  can  be  prevented  by 
placing  a  little  soil  round  the  plant,  and  gently 
pressing  it  down,  care  being  taken  not  to  bury  the 
caudex,  which  should  always  be  above  the 
surface  of  the  ground.  P^onds  of  our  so-called 
evergreen  Ferns,  such  as  Folystichums,  Polypodium 
7'ulgare,  Blcchnum  Spicant,  and  Scolopendrium  vulgare, 
should  not,  as  a  rule,  be  removed  until  it  is  evident 
that  life  has  ceased  to  exist  in  them,  which  is  easily 
perceived  by  their  falling  to  the  ground  and  losing 
their  natural  colour.  Scolopendriums  are  often  seriously 
injured,  and  in  some  cases  fatally,  when  the  fronds  are 
cut  offin  the  autumn — so  allow  the  last  year's  fronds  to 
remain  as  long  as  possible.  Ferns  having  herbaceous 
fronds,  such  as  Athyriunis,  Cystopteris Jragilis,  most  of 
the  Lastreas,  and  others,  lose  them  early  in  the  winter, 
and  therefore  will  not  suffer  if  you  wish  to  remove 
them  ;  but  if  exposed  to  severe  cold,  they  are  often 
protected  by  the  old  fronds  till  the  young  ones  make 
their  appearance.  Although  January  h.is  been  par- 
ticularly mild,  yet  it  is  quite  possible  we  may  have 
sharp  frosts  during  the  present  month.  Frosts  in 
February  and  March  often  injure  the  young  fronds,  so 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  winter  I  believe 
it  is  not  advisable  to  protect  the  plants,  for  it  only 
encourages  the  fronds  to  develope  themselves  much 
earlier  than  is  desirable,  aud  thus  they  become  exposed 
to  injury  from  late  frosts.  In  the  greenhouse  a  little 
heat  may  be  of  some  service,  especially  if  the  house 
is  a  very  damp  one.  Ceterach  ojjicinaium,  VVoodsias, 
and  Aspleniums,  must  be  watered  very  sparingly,  and 
it  is  most  important  that  the  pols  should  be  well 
drained.  A  cool  frame  out-of-doors  will  suit  these 
species  far  better  than  a  warm  house.  John  K.  Mapplc- 
bcck. 

Pinetum. — As  the  beautiful  Conifers  are  now  more 
or  less  grown  in  every  garden,  I  propose  to  offer  a  few 
remarks  as  to  aspect,  which  is  lillle  attended  to.  For 
instance,  in  the  West  of  England,  the  westerly  aspect 
should  b^  avoided,  and  when  that  cannot  be,  the  more 
hardy  sorts — say,  Pimis  Pinaster^  austriaca,  nigricans^ 
and  Larieio  (ihe  latter  one  of  the  most  noble  growing 
of  either  the  arbove-mcntioned)  >hould  be  planted  for 
shelter,  and  left  as  permanent  tiees.  By  growing 
these  more  common  .sorts  for  shelter,  a  due  course 
of  thinning  can  be  attended  to,  and  this  .should  never 


February  3,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


149 


be  allowed  to  be  left  too  long  befor  ebeinjj  done,  at 
is  often  the  case  when  the  trees  are  planted  in  a  shel- 
tered place.  Be  cateful  not  to  plant  too  regularly  or 
too  thickly  ;  give  them  a  more  natural  character.  In 
the  more  central  counties,  the  eastern  aspect  must  be 
avoided,  as  when  an  easterly  wind  has  prevailed  in 
iVIarch  for  three  weeks  or  more,  I  have  known  the 
exposed  part  of  the  tree  to  be  killed,  from  the  com- 
bined action  of  the  cutting  wind  and  roasting  sun. 
I'nder  such  conditions  all  the  Mexican  species,  which 
are  amongst  the  most  graceful  and  beautiful  of  the 
whole  genus,  are  sure  to  be  totally  destroyed.  I  have 
seen  this  happen  after  many  years' growth,  and  unfortu- 
nately they  can  be  grown  only  in  very  sheltered  places. 
Pinus  patula  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful,  from  its  pen- 
dulous and  feathery  foliage  ;  once  I  had  one  of  the 
most  lovely  trees  I  ever  grew,  promising  to  surpass  all 
other  kinds,  but  it  was  killed  in  tlie  year  i860,  with 
every  one  of  the  smaller  examples  of  the  same  species, 
though  in  different  aspects,  so  that  this  beautiful  tree 
can  be  planted  with  success  only  in  the  South.  I  should 
fancy  Ireland  would  be  most  suitable  for  its  gi'owth. 
I  have  planted  all  the  Mexican  kinds  that  could  be 
had  for  money,  and  there  Is  not  one  left.  The  Cali- 
fornian  species  are  more  hardy,  and  of  these  I  shall 
next  treat.   F. 

FRUIT  HOUSES. 

Vines. — Attend  to  Grapes  hanging,  and  the  cleaning 
and  dressing  of  \'^ines,  as  directed  last  month.  Where 
phints  are  kept  under  the  Vines,  the  best  way  is  to  cut 
the  Grapes  with  a  portion  of  the  wood  attached,  and 
keep  them  in  bottles  filled  with  water  in  a  cool,  diy 
room.  The  \'^ines  are  more  properly  at  rest,  and  more 
able  for  their  work,  than  they  are  when  treated  for  the 
preservation  of  the  Grapes,  as  they  often  are  till  the 
forcing  period  commences.  Thin  the  bunches  and 
berries  of  advancing  crops  as  they  require  it ;  in  leaving 
bunches  to  come  to  maturity,  the  most  compact,  with 
strong,  short  stalks  are  to  be  preferred,  as  they  are  sure 
to  swell  their  berries  well,  and  are  not  so  liable  to 
shank  as  the  more  straggling  bunches  are.  Avoid  hard 
forcing  in  cold,  dull  weather.  Airing  should  receive 
every  attention,  and  be  admitted  on  every  favourable 
opportunity,  as  nothing  is  more  ruinous  to  Vines  in 
all  stages  than  a  close  stagnant  atmosphere  ;  when 
air  can  be  admitted  freely,  forcing  can  be  carried  on  at 
double  pace.  See  that  outside  borders  are  properly 
protected  from  the  cold  rains  and  snow,  and  that  inside 
ones  are  not  suffering  from  want  of  water,  or  the  reverse 
by  frequent  sprinklings.  Houses  in  bloom  should  be 
kept  steady  at  65°  at  night,  with  a  rather  dry 
atmosphere,  shutting  up  early  in  the  afternoon  with 
So°  or  more.  Newly -star  ted,  houses  should  be  syringed 
several  times  a  day,  and  any  strong  rods  that  may 
prove  slow  in  breaking  can  be  bent  back,  and  kept 
constantly  moist.  Attend  to  disbudding,  pinching, 
and  the  proper  development  of  the  foliage  in  every 
progressive  stage.   G.  J.,  Glamis.  ■ 

Melons. — Plant  out  in  the  best  heavy  loam  that 
can  be  procured  ;  if  poor  a  sniall  quantity  of  bone-dust 
or  rotten  cowdung  may  be  added.  Avoid  as  one  of 
the  greatest  evils  in  Melon  culture  too  much  root-room. 
Place  a  little  pounded  charcoal  round  the  collar  of  each 
]ilant.  This  is  a  capital  preventive  of  canker,  to 
which  some  kinds  are  liable.  Do  not  let  the  bottom- 
heat  exceed  70°,  with  a  top-heat  ranging  from  65'  to 
70°,  according  to  the  state  of  the  weather,  and  cover  tlie 
glass  at  night,  to  save  firing  and  the  health  of  the 
plants.  Maintain  a  moderately  moist  atmosphere,  give 
air  on  all  favourable  occasions,  and  a  "dewing"  over- 
head when  closing  up.  Sow  for  succession  as  follows  : 
put  a  couple  of  seeds  in  a  4-inch  pot,  half  filled  with 
soil,  and  as  soon  as  it  can  be  seen  which  is  likely  to 
make  the  best  plant,  destroy  the  other,  and  earth-up  the 
remaining  one.  By  this  plan  no  check  takes  place 
through  broken  roots  and  cold  soil,  which  is  of  the 
gi-eatest  importance  to  a  plant  so  susceptible  of  injury 
as  the  Melon.    }\\  Wihhmith,  ITeckfuhi, 

Cucumbers. — -Tliose  who  may  have  a  plant  of  any 
favourite  sort  of  Cucumber  should  propagate  by 
cuttings.  It  will  be  found  that  this  method  is  some- 
times better  than  from  seed  at  this  early  season ; 
besides,  the  plants  generally  fruit  sooner,  do  not  gi-ow 
so  succulent,  and  are  not  liable  to  sufter  from  such  a 
low  temperature  as  young  plants  raised  from  seed.  I 
have  known  a  kind  that  was  shy  to  seed  to  have  been 
kept  for  three  years  by  cuttings  alone,  but  in  the  third 
year  it  was  found  to  be  so  weakly  in  constitution  that 
the  experiment  was  discontinued.  The  cuttings  should 
be  taken  off  the  tops  of  the  bearing  shoots,  placed  in 
pots,  and  plunged  up  to  the  rim  in  the  hot-bed,  and 
covered  over  with  a  bell-glass  ;  nice  strong  plants  will 
be  ready  in  about  ten  days.  To  recommend  what 
sorts  of  Cucumbers  to  grow  at  this  season,  I  should 
certainly  say  a  short  variety,  but  most  gardeners  have 
their  favourites.  It  is  worthy  of  consideration  at  this 
season  whether  short  or  long  Cucumbers  will  be  the 
most  useful  for  the  family  ;  some  require  one  oi*  more 
daily,  others  not  so  often,  therefore,  for  general  use,  it 
is  better  to  have  a  medium-sized  variety,  which  is  also 
generally  more  prolific  than  larger  ones.  R.  H.  D. 


FRUIT  GARDEN. 
Wall  Fruits. — Pmck  tms  require  great  care  and 
attention  to  keep   them   in  a  thriving,    healthy   con- 
dition in  most  places,  but  particularly  so  where  the  soil 


and  situation  arc  unfavourable.  One  great  point  to  be 
attended  to,  is  to  secure  well-ripened  wood,  and  this  ' 
no  easy  matter  always  in  our  climate.  Avoid  planting 
the  trees  in  highly-enriched  borders,  which  induce 
gross  shoots,  that  rarely  get  properly  matured  in  ordi- 
nary seasons  ;  and  the  consequences  are,  that  when 
the  young  shoots  have  pushed  forth,  the  leaves  begin 
to  curl  and  blister,  and  the  trees  to  gum  and  canker. 
In  pruning,  do  not  retain  too  mucli  wood,  and  cut 
back  the  last  year's  growth  one-half,  always  cutting  to 
a  leaf-bud.  This  is  an  important  matter,  for  it  is 
better  to  have  4  inches  of  well-ripened  wood  than  to 
retain  more  that  is  not  properly  matured.  Proceed 
with  the  pruning  and  nailing  of  the  trees  whenever  the 
state  of  the  weather  permits  ;  give  the  trees  a  good 
dressing  of  the  mixture  previously  recommended,  or  of 
Gishurst  Compound,  before  they  are  nailed.  Do  not 
use  old  shreds  unless  previously  boiled,  as  they  har- 
bour the  eggs  of  insects.  In  general,  it  is  best  to  use 
fresh  shreds  and  ligatures.  M.  S,i/e/,  Stourfon. 

Hardy  Fruits.— In  the  absence  of  frost  the  plant- 
ing of  all  kinds  of  fruit  trees  may  be  proceeded  with 
till  the  end  of  the  month.  If  not  already  done,  all 
newly  planted  trees  should  be  securely  tied  to  stakes, 
and  have  a  good  mulching  of  rotten  dung  to  protect 
the  roots  from  the  drying  ^vinds  of  March.  Push 
forward  the  pruning  ol  Apples^  Pt-ars,  Plums,  Cherries^ 
and  Filberts.  With  the  prospect  of  a  heavy  crop  of 
fruit  this  year,  don't  be  afraid  to  thin  out  well  the 
spurs  and  buds,  where  they  are  the  least  crowded.  It 
is  impossible  to  overrate  the  benefits  of  this  practice. 
If  any  Apple  trees  are  infested  with  the  Anierican 
Bli^^hi,  or  woolly  aphis,  tliis  is  a  favourable  time  to 
eradicate  them.  There  are  several  remedies,  but  I 
have  always  found  a  little  linseed-oil,  rubbed  with  a 
brush  into  the  parts  affected,  to  destroy  them  effectually. 
i\/.  Saul,  Stoiirton. 

Bush  Fruits. — Where  a  kind  of  trellis  is  used  to 
train  Citrraitts  upon,  instead  of  adopting  the  bush 
system,  it  will  be  wise  now  to  see  whether  it  is  firm 
enough  to  stand  another  year,  if  not,  attend  to  the 
necessary  repairs.  In  commencing  lo  prune  and  tie  the 
Currant,  a  sharp  shake  of  the  larger  branches  will  often 
save  trouble  and  disappointment  in  breaking  off 
branches,  which  to  the  eye  may  look  much  like  the 
rest,  but  which  by  shaking  are  found  rotting  at  the  base, 
and  which  would  die  in  making  the  attempt  to  produce 
leaves.  The  Black  Cnrmnt,  if  planted  and  trained 
against  a  north  wall,  will  keep  its  fruit  plump  and  good 
many  weeks  after  those  in  sunny  aspects  are  rotten  or 
shrivelled.  These  should  now  be  nailed  in.  In  pruning 
them  leave  as  much  young  wood  as  possible  without 
crowding,  and  trust  less  to  spurs  than  in  the  case  of 
Red  or  White  Currants.  The  seasons  of  the  latter 
kinds  also  are  prolonged  if  planted  in  north  aspects. 
These  fruits  are  useful  to  garnish  other  fruit  which  may 
be  in  season,  such  as  Pears.  H.  Alills,  Envs. 


KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Mushroom-house. — The  unfavourable  state  of  the 
weather  in  this  locality  places  garden  operations  out- 
side almost  at  a  discount,  therefore  advantage  should  be 
takenof  getting  all  put  right  in  the  Mushroom-house. 
Our  first  bed  inside  was  spawned  on  September  16  last, 
but  is  now  getting  worn  out  ;  I  shall  give  it  a  good 
soaking  of  dung-water,  adding  a  little  salt,  keep  the 
house  about  50*,  and  make  fresh  beds  if  necessary. 
R.  Gilbert,  Burghley. 


TOWN  GARDENING. 
The  present  is   a  good  time   to  sow  Parsons'  New 


IVhite  Mignonette  for  summer  decoration  :  any  good 
soil  will  suit  it.  The  only  thing  necessary  to  be  done 
is  to  well  drain  the  pots  before  filling  them  with  soil. 
The  soil  should  be  firaily  pressed  into  the  pots,  and 
should  be  in  a  nice  state  of  moisture  when  used,  not  too 
wet  nor  too  dry.  About  six  seeds  will  be  quite  enough 
for  a  4S-5ized  pot,  and  after  the  young  plants  are  safe, 
they  may  be  reduced  lo  three  in  each  pot.  A  fort- 
night before  Christmas  I  saw  a  quantity  of  fine  plants 
in  the  conservatories  of  T.  Green,  Er,q.,  at  Harrogate  ; 
they  were  beautiful  ol'jecls,  and  perfumed  the  whole 
house  directly  the  door  leading  into  the  consen'atory 
was  opened.  The  plants  were  about  2  feet  high,  and 
formed  handsome  pyramids,  covered  with  beautiful 
spikes  of  bloom,  from  3  to  6  inches  long.  A  itw 
dozen  pots  sown  now,  and  just  shelterei.t  from  the 
weather  under  any  ordinary  garden  frame  or  green- 
house shelf,  and  planted  out  in  May  near  the  house, 
would  well  repay  the  extra  care  bestowed  on.  it. 
Many  other  Annuals,  such  as  Neniophila  insignis  and 
its  varieties.  Sweet  Peas,  &c.,  may  also  be  sown  and 
treated  in  a  similar  manner  as  recommended  above  for 
the  Mignonette.  All  kinds  oi  Bedding  Plants,  such  as 
Pelargoniums,  Verbenas,  Lobelias,  Sec. ,  that  have  been 
kept  in  store  pots  during  the  winter  months  should, 
now  that  we  are  getting  more  daylight,  be  partly  shook 
out,  and  repotted,  and  placed  as  near  the  light  as  pos- 
sible ;  after  potting  water  sparingly  for  a  week  or 
two  till  the  roots  have  got  hold  of  the  new  soil.  Pick 
all  dead  or  decaying  leaves  off  the  plants,  and  give 
abundance  of  air  on  all  favourable  occasions.  If  the 
ground  continues  wet,  owing  to  the  heavy  rains,  very 
little  can  be  done  in  the  garden  outsido,  beyond  keep- 
ing walks,  Sec,  clean.  The  roller  should  be  used 
sparingly  on  lawns,  unless  they  are  well'  drained,  else 
lit  will  make  the  grass  look  unsightly,   yo/in  JVills. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Amkrican  HoKTicuLTfRAL  Periodicals  :  W.  W., 
Coatbridge.  The  Gardeners-  .Monthly  (Brinckloe  & 
Marol,  23,  North  Six  Street,  Philadelphia) ;  the 
Hortienltnrist  {H^nryT.  Wiinunis,  ^.  Heckmm  street. 
New  York)  ;  the  Amcrii\in  A^ricnltun^f  (OranKe 
]udd&Co.,  New  York). 

BoiiJCRs  :  Caustic.  ,  We  cannot  make  out  from  your 
letter  the  nature  of  the  information  you  reciuire. 

Botanical  Diagrams  :  C.  P.  Professor  Henslow's  may 
be  obtained  through  any  bookseller. 

C'ALANTHB  Vkitciui  :  j.  Meredith.  A  very  fine  spike, 
large,  and  beautifully  coloured.  One  of  the  best  forms 
of  this  lovely  Orchid  which  has  come  under  our  notice. 

Camkllias  :  Orchid  Grower.     You  should  get  the  wood 
ripened  thorouglily,  commencing,  as  soon  as  you  perceive 
the  growth  to  be  completed,  to  give  more  and  more  air; 
and  when  it  has  become  well  set,  let  therh  have  full  . 
exposure  if  possible. 

Chtswick  Gardens  :  J.  Moir^  Sons.  Accounts  of  the 
works  being  carried  out  here  are  published  in  the 
Journal  and  Proceedings  of  the  Royul  Horticultural 
Society,  which  may  be  obtained  by  Fellows  on  applica- 
tion. We  are  also  in  the  habit  of  publishing  such  ol 
these  as  we  think  sufficiently  interesting  to  our  readers. 
Of  late  years,  as  we  have  already  btated,  little  has  been 
done  in  the  way  of  practical  experiments,  but  we  buUcve 
they  are  now  to  be  resumed  in  earnest. 

CucUMBi':RS  :  Constont  Reader.  .\  small,  close  house, 
with  full  command  of  bottom  and  top  heat,  is  desirable 
for  growing  these.  There  Ikis  been  no  recent  treatise 
oil  their  culture  that  we  know  of,  and  probably  those 
published  some  years  since  are  out  of  print.  Considt 
our  Garden  Operations. 

Currant  Bud  Disease  :  Constant  Reader,  Paisley. 
Send  us  your  name  and  address. 

Dried  Currants  :  A  Subscriber.  What  you  sent  us 
was  a  very  good  sample  of  the  common  "  Currants  "  of 
commerce,  which  are  in  reality  Grapes.  They  are  the 
produce  of  tlie  Black  Cormth  or  Zante  Vine,  and  are 
easily  cultivated  in  a  house  with  about  the  same  heat  as 
Black  Hamburghs. 

English  Paradise  Stocks  :  A.  G.  G.  Your  nursery- 
man should  be  able  to  supply  them  or  to  procure  them. 
We  cannot  recommend  dealers. 

French  Horticulturists  Relief  Fund;  Pro.  H.  H. 
Donibrain  desires  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  from 
Galashiels  of  io.(.  in  stamps  for  the  distressing  case  of 
Madame  Lierval.  Further  subscriptions  are  earnestly 
solicited. 

Insects  :  Anon.  The  little  grub  on  the  Azalea  leaf  was 
quite  smashed  and  unrecognisable  ;  but  it  is  evidently 
the  young  caterpillar  of  some  small  moth.  Please  send 
specimens  in  a  box  alive.  /.  O.   IV. 

Names  o}-  Plants  :  A.  IV.  Senecio  Petasites,  alias 
Cineraria  platanifoUa.  ' 

NE^v  Pi:a"rs  :  IV.  J.  M.  Mr.  Rivers  informs  us  in  reply 
to  your  question  thatBeurre  de  I'Assomption  was  raised 
by  M.  Ruille  de  Beauchamp,  at  Pont  Saint-Martin, 
near  Nantes,  about  i860.  Souvenir  du  Congres.  he 
received  from  Lyons,  and  tliinks  it  was  raised  there 
from  seed,  but  has  forgotten  by  whom.  For  parti- 
culars see  Revue  Horticote  of  1868-69-70,  where  it  is 
figured. 

Peach-buds  Dropping  :  One  in  Trouble.  The  proba- 
biUty  is  that  it  arises  from  having  received  too  much 
beat,  which  has  unduly  excited  tliem.  There  ought  lo  be 
no  difficulty,  however,  in  keeping  a  few  bedding  plants 
in  the  same  house.  Heat  sufheient  to  keep  out  frost 
would  not  have  injured  them,  but  we  fear  you  have 
given  them  a  good  deal  more.  Dryness  at  the  same 
lime  would  assist.  Now  keep  the  temperature  cool,  and 
give  them  as  much  fresh  air  as  possible,  with  sufficient 
moisture  at  the  roots. 

"Royal  Curnwall  Gazette":  A  correspondent 
points  out  that  acknowledgment  is  sometimes  made  by 
the  paper  in  question  of  the  sources  whence  it  lalces  its 
gardening  articles.  We  are  obliged  lo  our  corre- 
spondent for  putting  us  right  on  this  matter,  and  can 
only  wish  the  acknowledgment  were  more  frequent. 

Tree  Carnation  :  A  Subscriber  wishes  to  know  if  the 
pure  while  Tree  Carnation  is  to  be  had  anywhere? 
Some  years  ago  it  was  much  grown  in  conservatories  in 
the  North  of  England,  but  our  correspondent  lias  not 
seen  it  for  many  yeai-s.  It  used  lo  grow  to  the  height 
of  6  or  7  feet. 
Vanda  Catiicartii  ;  A.  Van  Geerl.  This  plant  was 
figured  in  No.  43,  1870,  p.  1409. 

Communications  RKCKi\-En.—  T.  P.,  — H.  E.  M. — Gale  Sand.— 
E.  B.~E.  N.— Niineham.— B.  T.-E.  M.— A.  R.  H.— Hursr 
&  Son. -W.  H.— C.  B.  S.— J.  T.-Gardener.— R.  M.— 
f.  C— J.  McN.— H.  C— J.  R.  J.  — F.  Autoinc. 


llarhels. 

BOROUGH  MARKET. 
Wholes.ale  Prices. 

1872. 

Savoys. 

Greens. 

Parsnips. 

Broccoli. 

Jail,     27.. 

—     30- ■ 

Feb.       I.. 

Per  doz. 
i".    d.       s.   d. 
0     6  to  0  10 

05—09 
05—09 

Perdoz.  bun. 
s.     d.        s.    d. 
2     6  to  3    6 

2    0  —  j     0 

20  —  30 

Per  score, 
s.    d.      s.  d. 
0    7  to  0  10 

0     6  —  0  10 

06  —  09 

Per  sieve. 
s.    d.      s.  d. 

0  9  to   I     3 

1  0  —   I      J 
10  —  13 

P0TATOS.—.'^onfh7uark,  Ja?i.  29. 
During  the  past  week  the  arrivals  coastv\ise  and  by 
rail  have  been  large,  and  trade  has  been  extremely  dull, 
at  a  dedine  in  prices  of  5;^.  to  lo.r.  per  Ion  under  the 
previous  week.  The  following  are  this  day's  quotations  ; — 
Yorkshire  Flukes,  per  ton,  100/.  lo  13,0s.  ;  Yorkshii"': 
Regents,  6oj.  to  loos.  ;  Dunbar  and  East  Lothian  do. . 
looj.  lo   130J.  ;   Perth,  Forfar,  and  Fifeshire  do.,  35J.   to 


150 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[Febiuary  3,   1874. 


105s. ;  do.  Rocks,  Sos.  to  90J.  ;  Kenf  and  Essex 
Regents,  60s.  to  100s.;  do.  Rocks,  60s.  to  Sos.  ;  French 
Whites,  soj.  to  70s. 


CO  VENT   GARDEN.— Feb.  a. 
We   have  had  heavy  consignments   of  Broccoli    from 
LornwiiU  this  week,  and  a  large  amount  of  home-grown 
rough  produce,  which  tend  to  keep  prices  stationary  in 
the  open  vegetable  market.      Aspara'  Seakale,    and 

forced  varieties  are  quite  sufficient  .^  the  demand. 
Cucumbers,  however,  are  in  better  request,  at  an  advance 
on  last  week's  quotations.  Lettuces,  Endive,  and  other 
salading  from  Paris,  are  now  regularly  supplied  three  or 
four  times  a  week. 

1''kuit. 
s.  d.    s.  d.  \  -•■  d.    s.  d. 

Apples,    per  }  sieve  2  o  to  5  o  |  Melons,  eacli 
Cobs,  per  loo'lb.   ..60  o — 65  o     Oranges,  perioo 
Filberts,  per  lb.     . .   o  8  —  1  o  ,  Pears,  per  dozen 
Orapcs,  per  lb, 
I.eiTions,  per  100 


s.  d.  s.  d. 
ArLichokes.greeii,  ea.  o  6  to  o  8 
.\&paragiis,  per  100  6  o —  8  o 
Beet,  per  do/.  .  -    i  o —  2  o 

Broccoli,  purple,  per 

bundle       ..  . .     10—  I  3 

Brussels  Sprouts,  p. 

lialf sieve..  ..  i  6 —  2  6 
Cabbages,  per  doz...  10 —  i  3 
Capsicums,  p.  100..  i  6 —  2  o 
Cwrots,  p.  bunch  . .  o  5 —  o  7 

—  French,  dn. ..  1  o —  i  6 
Cauliflowers,  p.  doz.  2  o—  6  o 
Celery,  per  bundle  .  i  o—  a  o 
tjhilies,  per  100  ..  i  6 —  2  o 
Cucumbers,  each  . .  2  o —  3  o 
French  Beans,  new, 

per  100      .  ■  •  •   3  o~"  4  o 

Potatos,  Resents,  loor.  to 


2  o  to  5  o 
.    6  o  — ID  o 

^  .     .  4  o—  8  o 

40  —  80     Pine-apples,  per  lb.  6  o  — 10  o 
7  o  — iQ  o     Pomegranates,  each  04  —  08 

Vegetaules. 

s.  d.  s.  d. 
Herbs,  per  bunch  ..  o  2  to  o  4 
Horse  Radish,  p.  btui, 3  o—  5  o 


o  4 
16-20 
I  o —  2  o 

04—09 

O    2 —    O    4 
—   30 


Leeks,  per  bunch 
Lettuces,  perscore. . 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott, 
Onions,  per  bunch  .  o 
Parsley,  p.  bunch    . .  o 
Peas,  new,  per  pun.    . . 
Radishes,  per  bunch  o 

—  French,  do.  ..  o  4 —  o  6 
Rhubarb,  p.  bund.  .  i  6—  2  o 
Salsafy,  per  bun.  ..  o  9 —  i  3 
Scorzonera,  per  bun,  o  9^ —  i  3 
Seakale,  per  punnet  1  o —  2  o 
Shallots,  per  lb.  . .  08—  . . 
Spinach,  per  bushel  3  o—  4  o 
Turnips,  p.  bunch.,  o  2 —  o  4 
30J.  ;  Flukes,  i20i\  to 


Delayed  Seed  Orders. 

TAMES  CARTER  and  CO.  have  received  Seed 
OriJers  without  name  or  address  of  senders,  bcarint'  the  followins 
post  marks  :— Durton-on-Trent— Newni.irket  —  Liverpool  —  Stamford- 
Harrogate— Stornoway— Stockton-on-Tees— Swindon. 

This  will  probably  explain  the  delay  experienced  by  those  of  Messrs. 
Carter's  Customers  by  whom  the  respective  orders  were  sent,  and 
who  have  not  been  supplied  with  their  seeds. 

237  and  238,  High  Hulborn,  London,  W.C. 


U  T  U  A  R  T.     MAC  DONALD    AND     CO.'S 

O     WHOLESALi:    LIST    of    FLOWKR     SEEDS    contains    the 
leading  Novelties  of  the  Season. 

STUART,    MAC  DONALD    and     CO.'S 
strain  of  Russell's  Pyramidal  Prize  PRIMULA  is  the  finest  in 
cultivation.  ^^___^ 

STUART,      MACDONALD      and      CO.S 
Imported  German  Ten-week  STOCKS,   and   Truftaut's   Paeony 
Perfection  ASTER  are  of  the  finest  description. 

STUART,     MACDONALD     and     CO., 
WiioLi£SALi':  Seed  Merchants  and  Seed  Growers, 

Southampton  Row,  llolborn,  London.  W.C. 

New  Lists. 

DOWNIE,  LAIRD,  and  LAING,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  NEW  LISTS  of  AGRlCtiLTHRAL,  GARDEN, 
and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  FLORIST  FLOWERS,  GREENHOUSE 
PLANTS,  GLADIOLI,  &c.,  are  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  free 
on  application. 

17.  Frederick  Street,  Edinbur;ili  ;  and  Sianstcad  Park,  Forest  Hill, 
London.  SE.  ^^_^__ 


Fines. 

BS.  WILLIAMS  has  now  a  fine  stock  of  splendidly 
•  fjrown  Plants,  of  all  the  best  kinds,  including  both  suckers  and 
successions  of  the  CHARLOTTE  ROTHSCHILD.  Prices  on 
application. 

Victoria  and  Paradise  Nurseries,  LTpper  Holluway,  N. 


Grape  Vines.  Fruiting  and  Planting  Canes, 

55.  EACH. — Lewis  Woodtiiokpl  begs  to  offer  a  fine 
and   well-grown    STOCK    of    all    the     best    sorts.      Descriptive 
CATALOGUI':S  free.     Second  sized  RLACK  HAMBURGHS,  31.  t>d. 
each.     L.  W.'s  system  of  packing  saves  iialf  the  cost  of  carriasc- 
Munro  Nurscn,',  Sible  HedinKham,  Essex. 

]"71INE"STR0NG  SHOW  GOOSEB]':RRIEs7"i6^er 
-  100:  strung  REI>and  15LACK  CURRANTS,  8j.  per  100,  ijjpcr 
1000;  2-yr.  GOUSEUERRIES,  7s.  per  100,  £^  per  1000;  strong  4-j''- 
apples,  JOS.  per  do^  ,  X3  per  100;  splendid  Dwarf-trained  APPLLSi 
15s.  per  doz.  ;  PLUMS  and  PEARS,  185. 
_     R.  THOIiNHILL,  Jiowdon  Nurscries,_Bowdon,  Cheshire. 

STRONG  STANDARD  APPLES,  PEARS,  and 
WALNUTS— Fine  Standard  and  dwarf-trained  APRICOTS, 
PEACHES,  and  NECTARINES,  Standard  and  Dwarf  Perpetual 
ROSES,  EverKreen  and  Deciduous  Flowering  SHRUBS,  FOREST 
TREES  of  sons,  from  2  to  lo  feet.  Prices  on  application  to 
CHARLES  BIJRGESS,  The  Nurseries,  London  Road,  Cheltenham. 


French  Shaws,  60s.  to  70^. 


/■'or  Want  Places,  &c.,  sec  pat^e  167. 


Orchids. 

TAMES  BROOKE  and  CO.,  Nurseries,  Fairfield, 
near  Manchester,  have  a  choice  lot  of  ORCHIDS  in  first-class 
condition,  at  really  moderate  prices.  Orders  for  £io  and  upwards,  if 
left  to  I.  H.  &  "Co.,  will  be  liberally  and  carelullj'  selected,  and 
additional  plants  put  in  to  cover  carriage.  CATALOGUES  on 
application  to  i6  and  i8,  Victoria  Street,  Manchester. 


TjlAST   LOTHIAN    INTERMEDIATE  STOCKS.— 

Itrl  February  is  the  best  month  for  sowing  these  celebrated  Stocks, 
.icknowledged  to  be  the  best  of  all  Intermediate  Stocks,  and  unrivalled 
boiii  for  Flower  Gardening  and  for  Pot  Culture.  May  be  had  true  in 
sc])arate  packets  of  white,  purple  and  scarlet,  at  is.,2s.  (w.,  and  55.  each, 
from 
THO.MAS    METH\I.N    XSU    St  iNS.  i;;.  Pniics  Sir<-c-l,  Edinburgh. 

~'       Gladioli  Seedlings,  by  Name,  from  Paris. 

LEVK*JUE  AND  SON.  Nl'KSKKVMi:n,  Ivry-sur-Seine, 
near  Paris  (late  Boulevard  dc  I'Hopital),  olTer  the  following; — 
(JLADIOLI    SEEDLINGS,  first-class,  per  100,  ;j.  ;  per  1000  £300 

100  GLADIOLI,  by  name,    10  sorts  080 

100  „  M  25     ..  ..     o  J4    o 

100  „  „  50    „  Ai  to    2    o    o 

100  „  ,,  I03     (I  .  -  . .  . .  ^"2  to     6    o     o 

And   upwards,  according   to  the  novelty  of  the  sorts :  all  in  good 

flowering  bulbs.     Cheque  on  Bankers  accepted  for  payment. 

Standard  Tea  Roses  and~Dwarf8^om  Paris. 

LE\'E(JUE  AND  SON,  Nlkservmen,  Ivry-sur- 
Seine,  near  Paris,  have  a  large  stuck  nf  Standard  and  Dwarf 
TEAS,  comprising  the  best  sorts  :— Souvenir  d'un  Ami,  Madame 
Falcot,  Soinbreuil,  Triomphe  de  Rennes.  &c  Standards,  £6 ; 
Dwarfs,  and  on  their  own  roots,  ^£3 ;  Souvenir  de  la  Mahnaison,  on 
their  own  mots,  £2  (w.     Their  stock  of  Perpetu.ils  is  also  good. 


Special  Notice. 

ROSES      and      VINES      at    Wliolesale     Prices. 
Fine  Standard  ROSES,  best  sorts,  10s.  per  dozen. 
Fine  Dwarf  ROSES,  best  sorts,  7*.  per  dozen. 
Fine  fruiting  VINES.ofsorts,  gi.  each  ;  541.  per  dozen. 
Fine  planting  VINES,  of  sorts,  2s.  6d.  each;  24J.  per  doz, 
LISTS  free.    Terms  cash.     Post  Uftice  orders  payable  at  Huntingdon. 
KIRK  ALLEN,  The  Nurseries.  Pr.impton,  Huiuini;don. 

Three  First-class  Certificates  for  the  Magnificent  new 

HYBRID    PERPETUAL    CLI.MBING    KtJSE,    PRINCESS 
LOUISE  VICTORIA. 

'"M.  KNIGHT  has  still  a  limited  number  of  stron 


New  Seed  Catalosue  for  1872. 

MESSRS.  JOHN  AND  CHARLES  LEE 
will  be  happy  to  forward,  post  free  on  application,  their  New 
Descriptive  Priced  CATALOGUE  of  GENUINE  SEEDS,  containing 
every  Novelty  for  1872,  lo  any  of  their  Friends  and  Customers,  and 
others  who  have  not  already  received  it. 
Royal  \'ineyard  Nursery  and  Seed  Establishment,  Hammersmith,  W. 

New  Seeds 

CHARLES  TURNER'S   CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS 
is  now  readv,  and  may  be  had  on  application. 
This  Catalogue  contains  selections  of  the  best  in  each  class,  and 
descriptions  of  the  leading  varieties  only. 

C.  TURNER'S  CATALOGUE  of  HARDY  TREES,  including  a 
full  collection  of  Fruits,  Coniferic,  Evergreen  and  Deciduous  Shrubs, 
and  Trees,  Roses,  Sic.  may  also  be  had. 

The  Rnval  Nur-;crips,  Slough, 


W'^ 


..  nts  of  the  above,  and  will  continue  to  supply  it  at  71.  (>d..,  or 
three  for  -zis.  Usual  Trade  discount.  Also,  a  large  and  varied 
GENERAL  NURSERY  STOCK,  which  cannot  be  surpassed. 
CATALOGUES  free  on  application. 

Floral  Nurseries,  Hailsliam,  Sussex. 


To  tliG  Trfl-de 

TDOBSON  AND  S  0*N  S  have  to  offer 
•  CALCEOLARIA,  CINERARIA,  PRIMULA,  liALSAM. 
CYCLAMEN,  and  Intcrnicdiale  STOCK  SEED,  from  their  un- 
rivalled strain,  in  packets,  on  advantageous  terms.  See  List,  post 
free  on  application. 

Woodlands  Nursery,  Isleworth,  W. 

D^O~BS~0  NS '"    CELEBRATED  """SEE  D  S. 
DOBSONS'  Prize  CALCEtJLARlA,  unequalled,  u.  6rf.,  2J.  6rf., 
31.  6rf.,  51. 
DOBSONS'  Prize  CINERARIA,  11.  td.,  2s,  firf.,  3s.  6rf.,  ss. 
DOBSONS'   Prize   PRIMULA  sinensis  fimbriata  alba,  line,  u.  6rf., 

2j.  6rf.,  3*.  (>d  ,  5J. 
DOBSONS'^    Prize    PRIMULA    sinensis    fimbriata   rubr?,   ex.    ex., 

If,  61/.,  2J.  6d.,  31.  6rf.,  5s. 
DOBSONS'  Prize  BALSAM,  eight  varieties,  is.,  2,f. 
DDBSONS'  Scarlet  Intermediate  STOCK,  6J.  and  is. 
The  above  in  sealed  packets,  post  free. 
JOHN  DOHSI)N  .\ND  SONS,  Seed  Meri.hants^ls>le»\orlli,  N. 

New  Japanese  Lilies,  Orchids,  Maples,  Conifer  Seed,  fee. 

MESSRS.    TEUTSCHEL     and    CO.,     Colchester, 
Agents   for   Messrs.  Kramer  &  Co.,  Seedsmen  and  Nurser>'- 
iiien,  Yokohama,  Japan. 

CATALOGUES  of  Importations  in  preparation,  will  include  three 
New  Lilies  and  L.  Leichllinii,  several  New  Orchids,  Seeds  of  Abies 
Firma,  &c. 

~"  BritishFem"CataIogue^ 

TI>  OBERT   SIM    will   send   post   free   for  six  postage 

.\^\}    stamps,  Part  I     (British   I'"erns  and   their  varieties,   36  pages, 
including  prices  of  Hardy    Exotic  Eerns)  nf  his  Priced   Descriptive 
CATALOGUE  of  BRITISH  and  EXOTIC  FERNS,  No.  7. 
Font's  Crny  Nursery,  Sidcii]i  Hill,  Kent, 


MITCHELL  AND  YOUNG,  Brechin,  N.R.,  offer  the 
following,  which   arc   all  well   grown   and  healthy,  at   special 
low  iirtces  : — 

LARCH,  transplanted,  r  to  t\i  foot,  and  ij^  lo  2  feet. 

SCOTCH   FI  K,  do.,  native,  0  to  12  ins.,  12  to  15  Ins.,  and  iJ-J  to  2  ft. 

PINUS  CEMBRA,  i',  lo^%  feet. 

CUPRESSUS  LAWS'ONIANA,  i  foot  to  3  feet. 

LARCH,  2-yr.  Seedling. 

BEECH.  2-vr-  Seedling. 

RASPBERRIES  and  CURRANTS. 

Samples  sent  on  application. 


Felargonlums  for  the  Million. 

TAMES    HOLDER'S   unrivalled    COLLECTION    of 

f/      FRENCH.  FANCYj^nnd  SHOW  VARIETIES,  now  ready,  in 

,  seed  or 


strong  Plants.     CATALOGITES  gratis  on  application 
HUNT'S   superb   SWEET   WILLIAM,    m  24   v: 
plants,  as  per  former  Advertisement. 

Crown  Nursery,  Reading. 


c 


H  O  I  C  E    TRICOLOR 

Prince  of  Wale; 
Mrs.  Dunnett 
Sunbeam 
Wonderful 


GERANIUMS. 

Miss  Burbett  Coutts 
Mrs.  John  Glutton 
Italian  Beauty 
Mabel  Morris 


Jetty  Lacy 
Sir  Robert  Napier 
Pre-eminent 
Phcebus 
The  12  for  2IJ.,  cash ;  package  free. 
Remittances  requested  from  unknown  correspondents. 
ALFRED  FRYER.  The  Nurseries,  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire. 

ESSRS^~R7~ANir~Fr"ALLUM,    The~Nurseries, 

Tamworth,  ofier  the  following :— PELARGONIUMS,  ver\' 
line,  in  all  the  leading  sorts,  in  3-inch  pots,  45.  per  dozen;  in  s-incn 
pots,  i)S.  per  dozen.  Standard  ROSES,  fine.  12s.  to  iSi.  per  dozen; 
Dwarf  ROSES,  qs.  to  \2s.  per  dozen  ;  POLY.^NTHUS,  choice,  8.t.  per 
ioo;andS\VEETWII.LlAMSatii.6rf.  per  dozen;  WALLFLOWERS, 
best  dark,  strung,  u.  per  dozen,  5s.  per  100  :  RASPBERRIES,  strong. 
15J.  perioo;  STRAWBERRY,  Dr.  Hogg,  4J.  per  100;  CURRANTS 
and  GOOSEBERRIES,  35.  1045.  per  dozen. 

CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS  and  GENERAL  NURSERY  STOCK 
free  on  application. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  FRUIT  LIST  contains  a 
sketch  of  the  various  forms  of  Trees,  with  Directions  for 
Cultivation,  Soil,  Drainage,  Manure,  Pruning,  Lifting,  Cropping, 
Treatment  under  Glass,  also  their  synonyms,  quality,  size,  form, 
skin,  colour,  Hesh,  flavour,  use,  growth,  duration,  season,  price,  &c. 
Free  by  post  for  one  stamp. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant.  Worcester, 

R        U        I        T"^         T        R        E        E        S. 

1,000  VICTORIA,  and  true  GREEN   GAGE   PLUM   TREES, 
Standards  and  Pyramids,  well-grown. 
10,000  APPLE  and  PEAR  TREES,  Standards  and  Pyramids,  strong. 
5,000  GOOSEBERRY  and  CURRANT  TREES,  dressed  Standards, 
All  offered  very  cheap. 
Splendid  FOREST  and  ORNAMENTAL  TREES:   see  advertise- 
ment in  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  lanuary  20,  p.  82.     Apply  early  to 

W.   JACKSON  AND  CO..  Nurseries,  Bedale,  Yorkshire^ 

New  Catalo^e  of  Seeds,  Plants,  Fmits,  &c, 

P>  OBERT  PARKER  begs  to  announce  that  his  NEW 
\j  CATALOGUE,  containing  select  Descriptive  and  Priced  Lists 
of  Agricultural,  Flower,  and  Vegetable  Seeds,  Fruit  Trees,  Miscel- 
laneous Plants,  Sweet  Violets,  ike,  is  now  published,  and  will  be 
forwarded  to  applicants. 

The  stocks  of  seeds  have  all  been  procured  Irom  the  best  possible 
sources;  all  are  warranted  genuine,  and  arc  offered  at  the  lowest  pos- 
sible prices.  Intending  purchasers  are  requested  to  compare  the 
prices  with  those  of  other  nouses. 

Exotic  Nursery,  Tooting,  Surrey,  S.W. 

SAN DY   AND    S"6 N    beg    to  offer    the    following 

•  articles,  of  which  they  have  a  large  stock  :  — 

APPLES,  two  years  grafted,  5  to  8  feet,  not  cut  back,  all  the  best 

Standard  varieties.    Names  and  price  perioo  or  1000  on  application. 
YEWS,  English,  transplanted  two  years  since,  perfectly  lurnishcd, 

2  to  3  feet. 
BOX,  Tree,  very  good,  1  to  1J2  foot. 

LAURELS,  Common,  il^  to  2  feet,  two  years  transplanted,  bushy. 
Prices  per  100  or  1000  on  application  ;  and  samples  of  two  Yews,  two 
Bo.\,  and  three  Laurels  forwarded  on  receipt  of  21.  64.  in  stamps. 
Ihe  Nurseries,  Staflord. 

ANTED,    healthy    plants    of    common    HOLLY, 

YEW,  JUNIPER,  and  BOX,  height  2?^  to  3  feet.    Plants  with 
naked  stems  a  foot  or  more  high  preferred,  to  protect  from  rabbits. 
Also    RHODODENDRON    PuNTlCUM,  or  Seedlings,  DAPHNE 
LAUREOLA,  and  SWEET  BRIER.     State  price  per  100  to 
GEORGE  STANTON,  Park  Place  Gardens,  Henley-on-Thames. 


To  the  Trade. 

FINEST    STRIPED      FRENCH      MARIGOLD 
Finest  LEMON  AFRICAN   MARIGOLDS 
Finest  ORANGE  AFRICAN  MARIGOLDS 
LOBELIA  SPECIOSA 
TROP.*:OLUM  CANARIENSE 

ASTERS,  (jUILLED  GLOBE,  finest  colours,  separate  and  mixed 
ANTIRRHINUM,  finest  mixed 
PANSY,  Show,  from  named  flowers 

Prices  on  application. 
DOWNIE,  LAIRD,  and  LAING,  Edinburgh. 


Superb  Ranunculuses. 

CTYSO,  Florist.  &c.,  Walliiigford,  Berks,  is 
•  offering  assortments  of  this  beautiful  hardy  Flower  at  31.  and 
V.  per  dozen  sorts,  post  free  for  cash  with  order.  He  will  send  a 
CIRCULAR  with  descriptions  of  a  Collection  of  50  named  sorts,  on 
Bpphcation;  also  a  TREATISE  on  CULTURE,  price  6d.,  free  to 
purchasers  of  105.  worth 

Choice  DOUBLE  ANEMONES,  2s,  and  3s.  per  doicn,  named  sorts, 
w  ith  full  directions  for  culture. 

GERMAN  SEEDS  of  superior  quality,  in  assortments  of  is.,2s.  6d., 
and  55.  ANNUAL  FLOWER  SEEDS,  12  packets,  post  free,  2J.  6d. 
CATALOGUES  gratis. 


Forest  Treed,  Ornamental  Trees,  Shrubs,  Fruit  Trees, 

ROSES,  &c. 

LITTLE  AND  BALLANTYNE'S  Priced  LIST  of 
the  above  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  sent  free  on  application. 
They  arc  prepared  to  supply  well-rooted,  hardy  plants,  and  their  stock 
is  large  and  varied. 

The  Carlisle  Nurseries,  Knowcfield. 
Office  and  Seed  Warehouses,  44,  English  Street,   and  Blackfriars 
Street,  Carlisle.  ^ 


Evergreen  Hedge  or  Screen. 

THUJOPSIS  BOREALIS.  "This  beautiful  silvery 
Conifer,  in  appearance  between  the  Cypress  and  Siberian  Arbor- 
vitK,  is  fast-growing,  compact,  and  bears  clipping  well ;  it  is  so  hardy 
that  no  frost  can  hurt  it  in  Britain. 

Upright,   well-prown    shrubs.   7    feet    high    and   upwards,    at    the 
extremely  low  price  of  30s.  per  dozen. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


STRONG  Transplanted  LARCH.  2  to  4^  feet  ;  OAKS, 
SPRUCE  EIR,  SCOTCH  FIR,  HAZELS,  and  other  FOREST 
TREES;  strong  and  exlri  strong  QUICK.  The  Larches  being 
grown  on  newly  broken-up  land,  in  an  exposed  situation,  are  extra  good 
routed,  very  stout,  with  fine  leaders.  Prices  very  reasonable,  wnich 
can  be  had  by  applying  to 

C.  WnrrEHOUSE,  Brereton  Nursery,  Rugeley,  Staffordshire. 


ROBERT  NEAL,  Nurseryman,  •  Wandsworth 
Common,  Surrey,  S.W.,  begs  lo  offer  to  Gentlemen  who  intend 
planting  this  season  his  large  and  varied  stock  of  FRUIT,  FORES  T, 
and  ornamental  TREES.  Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES, 
RHODODENDRONS,  CONIFER.E.  SHRUKS,  &c.,  which  are 
now  in  fine  condition  for  removal.  CATALOGUES  may  be  had  free 
on  application. 

The  Nurseries  are  within  a  few  minutes'  walk  of  the  Clapham 
Junction,  and  Wandsworth  Common  Railway  Stations. 

F~  OX  and  GAME  COVERTS.—The  BITTER 
WILLOW  is  the  cheapest,  most  easily  reared,  and  most  useful 
plant  >et  offered  for  forming  new  coverts,  or  improving  those  already 
made.  Birds  arc  especiallj'  partial  to  Willow  plantations.  Bitter 
Willow  stakes,  i  to  4  feet  long,  will  ni.ike  a  really  good  covert  the  first 
year,  and  perfectly  secure  from  the  attacks  of  rabbits.  Anxious  to 
make  the  value  of  this  plant  better  understood,  W.  Scaling  will  supply 
cuttings  or  stakes  at  the  following  extremely  low  rates  for  the  remainder 
of  the  planting  season  : — 

10  inches  long,  155.  per  1000         I        36  inches  long,  40J.  per  1000 

15  inches  long,  aoi  per  1000  48  inches  long,  501.  per  1000 

24  inches  long,  30J.  per  1000         |        60  inches  long,  Oos.  per  1000 

Increasing  in  thickness  as  they  increase  in  length,  and  all.  except  the 

10  inches,  cut  from  3-yr.  old  snoots.     The   two   lareer   sizes  are  well 

adapted   to   make   hedges,  in   place  of  Thorn  or  (Juick-rearcd,     See 

article  in  Rural  Aitnaiiac,  1872,  p.  37,  published  at  the  Field  office. 

WILLIAM  SCALING,  Willow  Nurseryman,  Basford,  Notts. 


MOUNTAIN  ASH,  for  Underwood. 
3  to  4  feet,  3^,  per  100,  25s.  per  1000 ;  4  to  5  feet,  4J.  per  100, 
30J.  per  1000 ;  s  to  6  feet,  51.  per  100,  35^.  per  1000 ;  6  to  8  feet,  105.  per 
100.     See  Catalogue. 

JAMES  SMITH.  Darley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 

Forest  Trees. 

LARCH,       SCOTCH,       SPRUCE,       SYCAMORE, 
HORSE     CHESTNUT,    BIRCH,     LIMES,    MOUNTAIN 
ASH,  &c.     A  fine  stock.     For  prices,  see  Catalogue. 

JAMES  SMITH.  Darley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 


Forest  and  Ornamental  Planting. 

PETER    LAWSON    and    SON    respectfully    solicit 
early    orders    for    FOREST     TREES     and    ORNAMENTAL 
TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  they  can  supply  to  great  extent. 

The  large  breadths  of  LARCHES,  from   i   to  3^^   feet,  SCOTCH 
"ORV """     " -".>..-.■         ...       .      i-     - 


FIR,  NORWAY  SPRUCE,  AUSTRIAN  PINES, and  other  leading 
f  FOREST  TREES,  are  unusually  fine,  and  worthy  of  inspec- 
tion.     CATALOGUES   and    special   oflers  will   be   furnished   upon 


Edinburgh  and  London. — December,  1871. 


To  Thicken  Plantations  and  Shady  Walks. 

HEMLOCK  SPRUCE.— This  gracelul,  beautiful  Fir, 
so  Jrequently  described  in  American  travels, — 
4  to  5  feet,  51.  per  dozen,  30J.  per  100, 
^  to  6  feet,  85,  i)cr  dozen,  50J.  per  100. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcestc r._ 


TO  BE  SOLD,  cheap,  in  consequence  of  ground  being 
wanted  for  a  Cemetery,  the  following  : — 
LARCH,  3  to  4  feet,  very  fine  ;  2  to  3  feet,  very  fine. 
AUSTRIAN    PINE,  2  lo  aJi  feet. 

ASH,  ELM,  BEECH  ;  first-class  LAURELS,  4  to  5  feet,  moved 
last  winter;  WELLINGTONIAS,  3  to  4  feet,  fine  plants  ;  Scotch 
FIR,  I  fool  6  inches. 

CHARLES  BUTLER,  The  Nursery,  Wellington,  Salop. 


STRONG  FOREST  TREES,  for  planting  in  sheltered 
places,  for  immediate  effect :— Austrian  Fir,  2  to  3  feet;  Scotch 
Fir,  2  to  4  feet ;  Larch,  2%  to  3'-^  feet ;  Oak,  2%  to  3  feet ;  Alder,  3  to 
5  (eel ;  Sycamore,  3  to  7  feet ;  Norway  Maple,  5  to  7  feet ;  Mountain 
Ash,  5  to  6  feet ;  Birch,  4  to  5  feet ;  Ontario  and  Lombardy  Poplars, 
3  to  5  feel ;  Huntingdon  Willow,  4  feet ;  Weymouth  Pine,  iJi  to  a  feet ; 
Cemtra  Pine,  ij^  to  2  feet. 

LITTLE      AND      BALLANTYNE,      The      Carlisle      Nurseries, 
Knowefield,  Carlisle. 


To  the  Trade. 

BETA    CHILENSIS    (True),    the  variety  grown  so 
extensively   in   all   the   London    Parks  and   Public   Gardens. — 
The   Undersigned   have  a  small  quantity  to  ofTer,     Price  per  ounce 
on  application. 
BUTLER,  Mcculloch,  AND  Ca,  Covent  Garden  Market.  WC. 

^ETA 'CHILENSIS   (tme,  "  selected).^This  choice 

variety  is  superlatively  beautiful,  and  cannot  be  surpassed  ;  it  is 
well  suited  for  all  ornamental  purposes.  No  Garden  should  be  with- 
out it.  A  small  quantity  only  can  be  supplied.  Price  on  application 
to  the  Grower, 

H.  J.   HARDY,  Stour  Valley  Seed  (^.rounds,  Bures,  Essex. 
POTATOS,  choice  sorts  for  Seed,  all  of  H.  •    "' 
Prices  given  on  applic 


Surplus  Stock. 

JOHN      CARTER,      Nurseryman,     Keig 
Yorkshire,  offers  to  Gentlemen    and    the  Trade  the  following, 
quality  good  in  every  respect  : — 

Ash,  common,  7  to  8  feet.  I  FIR,  Scotch,  I'i  to  :i  feet. 

ELM,  Wych,  5  to  7  feet,  |      „     Spruce,  iJi  to  2,'^  feet. 

SYC.'VNIORE,  3  to  4  feet,  and  5  to  7  feet. 
WILLOW,  Huntingdon,  3  to  5  feet, 
2-yr   Seedling  BERBERIS  AtjUIFOLIUM. 
2  and  3.yr.  ASPARAGUS  |  ARTICHOKES.  Jerusalem. 


Australian  Seeds  and  Plants. 

SEEDS  of  TIMBER  TREICS,  PALMS.  SHRUBS. 
&c.,  Plants  indigenous  to  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  Fiji, 
including  ARAUCARIAS,  TREE  FERNS,  variegated  FLAX,  &c. 
Orders  maybe  left  with  our  London  Agents,  Messrs^C.  J.  BLACK  I TH 
AND  CO.,  Cox's  Quay,  Lower  Thames  Street,  London,  E.C.,  for 
transmission. 

SHEPHERD    AND    CO.,    Nurserymen    and    Seedsmen,    Darhng 
Nursery,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales.     Eslablishcd  1827. 


February  .;,   iS?'.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricuhural    Gazette, 


i5t 


As  supplied  to  the  i 


Queen. 
BUTTONS' 


Improvement 


GRASS    LANDS 

BV  Sowing 


As  supplied  to  the 


Prince  of  W'ALts. 
MIXTURE 


RENOVATING 

of  line  GRASSES  and  CLOVERS, 

Thousands  of  meadows  and  upland  pastures  are  producing  less  than 
half  tlie  quantity  of  hay  and  feed  which  the  land  is  capable  of,  from  a 
dcliciency  of  those  plants  which  are  most  productive  and  suitable  to 
the  soil. 

From  6  lo  I3  lb.  pec  acre  of  SUTTOXS'  RENOVATING 
MIXTURE,  sown  in  February  or  March,  will  produce  a  most  bejic- 
liciiil  effect,  and  greatly  increase  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the 
succccdiny  hay  crops,     f'ricc  lod.  per  lb. ,  85*.  per  cwt. 

Complete  Instructions  on  the  Formation  and  Improvement  of  Grass 
Lands  gratis  on  application. 

SUT  TON  AND  SONS,  Seedsmen  to  the  <  lueen  aiid  the  Prince  of 
W:iles,  Readiii,-. 


Agrlcmtural  Seeds. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO..  Sized  Growers 
and  Sttn  Meki  h.vnis,  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
thai  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  HONIE-GROWN 
AGRICL'LTUKAL  SEEDS  is  now  ready  and  will  be  for^varded, 
post  Irce.  upon  application. 


RAYNBIRD.       CALDECOTT,       BAWTREE. 
DOWLING  AND  COMPANY  (Limited). 
Corn,  Seed,  Manlrk,  and  Oilcake  Ml:rchants. 
Address,  26,  Seed  Market,  Mark  Lane,  E.G.  ;  or  Basingstoke. 
Samples  and  prices  post  free  on  application.      Prize  Medals,  1851, 
for  Wheat ;  1863,  for  "  Excellent  Seed  Corn  and  Seeds." 

Asricultural  and  Garden  Seeds. 

HAND   r.    SHARPE'S    Trade   CATALOGUE    of 
•    HOME-GROWN  SEEDS  is  now  ready.      It  contains  all  the 
\  ery  best  varieties,  cultivated  under  their  own  superintendence.     The 
quality  is  very  fine,  and  the  prices  low, 
Seed  Growing  Establishment,  Wisbech. 


MR.    JAMES    ERASER,    Horticultural    and 
Agricultural  Valuer  and   Auctioneer,  Mayland's  Farm, 
Romford,  Essex  ;  late  of  the  firm  of  J.  &  J.  Fraser,  Lea  Bridge  Road. 

Wood  Engraving. 

MR.  W.  G.   SMITH,    Artist  and   Engraver   on 
Wood,  12,  North  Grove  West,  Mildmay  Park,  London,  N. 


TO  BE  SOLD,  the  LEASE  of  a  NURSERY  and 
convenient  DWELLING  HOUSE,  within  eight  miles  of  Covent 
Garden  Market. — It  contains  nearly  2  Acres  of  Ground,  Five  wcli- 
built  Greenhouses  heated  by  Hot  Water,  Pit  'Lights,  and  good 
Stabling.  A  hrst-class  Jobbing  Trade  might  be  easily  established. — 
F'or  particulars  address 

A.  Z.,  Gardeners'  Chrmticle  Office,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


FOR     SALE, 
NURSERY  IJU 


Old-established     FLORIST    and 

USINESS,  well-known,  and  where  a  successful 
Trade  has  been  carried  on  for  25  years.  Several  thousand  feet  of  Glass, 
about  Two  Statute  Acres  of  Land,  and  Lease  of  Land.  Three  minutes' 
walk  from  an  important  railway  station  and  post  office- 
Market  business  could  be  done  with  Manchester  (distant  five  miles), 
and  three  other  large  towns.  Rare  opportunity,  the  present  owner 
wishmg  to  retire. 

T.  N.  Z.,  2,  Whright  Street,  Oldham. 


E 


SALES     BY    AUCTION. 


JOHNSTONE'S    ST.     MARTIN'S     RHUBARB,— 
Strong  roots,  is.  td,  each.     Price  lo  the  Trade  on  application. 
The  above  is  undoubtedly  the  best  variety  of  RHUBARB  in  culti- 
xalion,   whether    for    Forcing    or     Out-door    culture.      The    leading 
Nurserymen  in  Britain,; and  also  most  of  the  London  Trade,  have  had 
supplies  direct  from  us. 

W.  P.   LAIRD  AND  SINCLAIR,  Nurserymen,  Dundee,  N.B. 


Established  1793. 


JOHN  K.  KING,  Seed 
Grower,  Co;,'(ieshall,  Essex, 
will  be  happy  to  supply  his  unrivalled 
Hardy  Prize  Stocks  of  M.VNGEL 
WURZEL,  SWEDES,  and  other 
TURNIP  SEEDS  (carefully  selected 
from  large  roots),  at  moderate  prices. 

Large  Purchasers  supplied  at 
special  moderate  prices. 

FARM  SEED  LISTS  post  free. 

Carridgc  paid  on  orders  of  aw.  and 
upwards.  Five  per  cent,  discount 
for  cash. 


For  Seed. 


H 


SALE   THIS  DAY,  AT  HALF-PAST  TWELA'E  O'CLOCK. 

ConBignment  of  Plants  from  Ghent. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  Kin"  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  on 
SA  rURDAY.  February  3,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  p^eci^ely,  an 
importation  of  CAMELLIAS,  Indian  AZALEAS,  Hardy  RHODO- 
DENDRONS, and  C-'VNNAS,  from  Ghent;  1000  Standard,  Dwarf, 
and  Climbing  ROSES;  Herbaceous  P.-EONIES,  from  France; 
FRUIT  TREES,  CONIFERS,  LAU  RELS,  HOLLIES, 
DKCIDUOUS  TREES  and  SHRUBS,  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS, 
GLADIOLI,  RANUNCULI,  and  ULIUMS. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Periodical  Sale  of  Poultry  and  Pigeons. 

R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 

^•-^  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  on 
TUESDAY,  February  6,  at  half  past  12  o'Clock  precisely,  Silver- 
pencilled  HAMBURGHS.  from  Miss  Williams;  SPANISH, 
COCHINS,  and  BANTAMS,  from  Mr.  Howard;  CARRIERS, 
from  Mr.  Ord  ;  TURKEYS,  GEESE,  DUCKS,  DORKINGS, 
ERAHMAS,  and  other  varieties  of  POULTRY  and  PIGEONS, 
from  the  yards  and  lofts  of  well-known  Breeders  and  Exhibitors. 
On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


M 


city  Auction  Booms,  38  and  39,  Gracecburcli  St,  E.C. 

SALE  of  3000  LILIUM  AURATUM,  350  STANDARD  and 
DWARF  ROSES,  &c. 

MESSRS."  PROTHEROE  AND  MORRIS  will  SELL 
bv  AUCTION,  at  the  Rooms,  as  above,  on  TUESDAY, 
February  6.  at  balf-past  12  o'Clock  precisely,  3000  1,11. lUM 
AURATUM  a  consignment  from  Japan;  350  Standard  and  Dwarf 
Roses,  by  name  ;  Selected  FRUIT  TREES,  CONIFER/E  SHRUBS, 
Hardy  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  &c.  ;  also  fine  ULIUMS, 
ANEMONES,   RANUNCULI,  GLADIOLI,  &c. 

On   vievr   the   morning   of  Sale.      Catalogues   may   be   had   at   the 
Rooms,  and  of  the  Auctioneers  and  Valuers,  Lcytonstone,  E. 


TRADE 

PEDIGREE 


CHEVALIER 
BARLEY, 

which  was  awarded 

The  FIRST  PRIZE  THREE  YEARS  inSUCCESSION 

(1867,  i863,  1869,  and  again  in  1871), 

al  the  Birmingham  and  Midland  Counties'  Show, 

Yielded,  at  Brighton,  in  1869,  TEN  QUARTERS  PER 

ACRE,  weighing  57  lb.  per  bushel. 

ALSO 
PEDIGREE    BLACK    TARTARIAN, 

AND 

PEDIGREE  WHITE  CANADIAN 

OATS. 

For  price  and  full  particulars  of  above,  and  of 
PEDIGREE  SEED  WHEATS,  apply  to  the  Originator 
of  the  System, 

Captain  HALLETT,  F.L.S.,  Brighton. 

G  ELECT  VEGETABLE  and   FLOWER  SEEDS.— 

>J  Amateurs  and  others  who  may  be  at  a  loss  in  making  a  suitable 
selection  of  SEEDS  for  the  GARDEN  will  be  greatly  aided  by 
^feSSn'"  O'i.f  Descnptive  CATALOGUE  of  VEGETABLE  and 
FLOWER  SEEDS  for  1873. 

THOMAS  KENNEDY  AND  CO.,  Seed  and  Nursery  Establish- 
ment, Dumfries. 

S'  EEDS~NOT  to  be  SURP.\SSED  for  QUALrf-y 
and  Cheapness  combined. — ,M1  Orders  amounting  to  «  sent 
carriage  free  to  any  Railway  Station  in  England,  Scotland,  or  Wales 
or  to  any  seaport  town  in  Ireland.  No  charge  is  made  for  packing  or 
packages.     Your  early  orders  will  greatly  oblige. 

CATALOGUE  free  on  application. 
M.  ^KEMP-WELCH,    Nurseryman,    Seedsman   and    Florist, 


Sale  of  Engllsli-gTown  Camellias,  Azalea  Indlca,  &c. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  the  Auction  Mart,  Tokenhouse  Yard,  near 
the  Bank,  City.  E.C.,  on  MONDAY,  February  12,  at  half-past 
12  o'clock  precisely,  without  reserve,  350  CAMELLIAS,  remarkably 
well  set  with  bloom-buds  :  and  AZALEA  INDICA,  300  Standard  and 
Dwarf  ROSES,  selected  FRUIT  TREES,  choice  AMERICAN 
PLANTS,  LILIUM  AURATUM,  from  Japan;  ERICAS, 
EFACRIS,  and  other  Plants  in  bloom.  &c 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale.     Catalogues  may  be  had  at  the  Mart, 
and  of  the  Auctioneers  and  Valuers,  Lcytonstone,  Essex. 


MIGRATION  to         CANADA. 

THE    EASTERN    TOWNSHIPS. 

I  speak  From  the  experience  of  many  vtars"  residtnce  in  the  country 
when  I  earnestly  advise  respectable  fcn^^lish  Emi(,'rants  commg  to 
Canada  to  SETTLE  m  the  EASTERN  TOWNSHIPS,  as  being 
especially  suitable  for  them  m  point  of  Climate, (luality  and  Cheapness 
of  Land,  beauty  of  Scenery,  Social  and  Educational  Advantatrcs,  and 
Material  Requirements. 

To  centecl  people  of  small  means  this  district  offers,  pre-eminently, 
a  healthy,  cheap,  and  independent  home,  and  association,  on  equal 
terms,  with  those  of  their  own  station  of  hfe.  To  the  steady 
Yeoman  and  industrious  Agricultural  Labourer  it  affords  a  sure  and 
easy  means  of  settling  in  comfort  and  plenty  on  their  own  properly. 

It  is  the  Protestant  district  of  the  province  of  fiuebec,  and  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  passes  centrally  throufjh  it,  viJl  this  place  and 
the  Market  Town  of  Sherbrooke,  which  arc  within  three  miles  of  each 
other,  and  distant  a  five  hours'  run  from  Quebec  and  Montreal. 

From  Portland  in  winter,  and  from  (.)ucbec  in  summer,  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway  brings  Passengers  on  their  arrival  by  the  Canadian 
Steamers  from  Liverpool  lo  this  place  direct,  without  more  loss  of 
time  than  is  needed  lo  change  the  luggage  from  the  Steamer  to 
the  Train. 

All  particulars  as  to  passage  can  be  obtained  at  the  Office  of  Messrs. 
ALLAN  AND  CO.,  Canadian  Line  of  Steamers,  Liverpool. 

Every  further  information  respecting  the  country  will  be  given,  by 
letter,  to  those  who  desire  it  and  let  no  one  hesitate  to  apply  to  tne 
for  ii;  there  is  no  charge,  lOHN    H.   CHARNOCK. 

Lennoxvillc,  Province  of  Quebec,  Canada,  Jan.  lo,  1872. 

There  is  good  Hotel  accommodation  both  here  and  at  Sherbrooke. 


Dutcb  Agricultural  Society. 

INTERNATIONAL  EXHIBITION  for  AGRICUL- 
TURAL MACHINERY  and  IMPLEMENTS,  HAGUE. 
SEPTEMBER,  1873,  LAST  IMY  of  ENTRY.  AUGUST  15.  For 
Lists  of  Prizes,  &c.,  apply  to  P.  F.  L.  WALDECK,  Secretary,  at 
Loosduinen.  near  the  Hague,  Holland. 

BrRMTNGHAM~A"GRfcX'LTURXL^:"xm"BTTfON 
SOCIETY.— The  FOURTH    ANNUAL   EXHIBITION  and 
SALE   of  PURE-BRED    SHORTHORN  CATTLE  will  be  held  in 
Bingley   Hall,    Birmingham,   on   THURSDAY,   March   7,  when   the 
following  PRIZES  will  be  offered  :— 
For  SHORTHORN    BULLS,  above  12  and 

under  20  months  old        /So,  £,t<„  and  L<. 

For    BULL-CALVES,  above  six   and  under    *'''*' ^'  *'^ 

12  months  old         .£20,  £10,  and  ^5. 

Prizes   will  also  be  given  in  Classes  for  COWS,  HEIFERS,  and 
older  BULLS. 
The  ENTRIES  CLOSE  on  SATURDAY,  February  17. 

Jf^HN  B.  LYTHALL,  Secretary. 
Omces.  89,  New  Street,  Birmingham, 


New  Flower  Market,  Covent  Garden. 

NOTICE,— The  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  AND 
AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE    for    NEXT    SATURDAY, 
Februarj'  10,   will   contain  a  FULL    PAGE    ENGRAVING   of  the 

NEW  Flower  market,  covent  garden. 

Copies  may  be  nad  of  all  Newsmen,  and  at  the  Railway  Stations. 


Freliminary  Notice.— Windlesham,  near  Bagshot. 

extensive  unreserved  sale  of  valuable 
nursery  stock. 
IVTESSRS.      PROTHEROE     and      MORRIS 


AND  MUKKIS  are 
instructed  by  Messrs.  G.  Baker  &  Son  to  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  without  reserve,  on  the  Premises,  the  American 
Nurseries,  Windlesham.  near  Bagshot,  Surrey,  fifteen  minutes' walk 
from  the  Sunningdale  Station,  on  the  South-Western  Railway,  on 
MONDAY,  February  19,  and  two  following  days,  at  12  o'clock 
precisely  each  day,  many  thousands  of  FIRSl'-CLASS  NURSERY 
STOCK,  in  capital  condition  for  removal. 

Full  particulars  will  appear  next  week. 


Fymms  Park.  Edmonton. 

A  quarter  of  a  mile   from  the  "  Angel." 

MR.  A.  RICHARDS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  on 
the  Premises,  on  THURSDAY,  February  8,  at  ir  o'Clock, 
about  1000  GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  including  Camellias  and 
Azaleas,  and  Ferns  and  Stove  plants ;  500  Show  and  Fancy  PELAR- 
GONIUMS,  CINERARIAS,  PRIMULAS,  &c.  ;  Iron  Garden 
Rollers,  Lawn  Mowers,  Farming  Implements,  70  loads  of  Meadow 
Hay,  Punts,  Boats,  remaining  Household  Furniture,  capital  Billiard 
Table  by  Thurston,  &c. 

On  view  the  day  previous.    Catalogues  obtained  on  the  Premises, 
and  of  the  Auctioneer,  Tottenham. 


Cotham,  Bristol. 


^  Seed  Season. 

^T^EGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  of  the  best 

>  quality,  may  be  obtained  from  the  old-established  Warehouse  of 
W.  H.  ROGERS,  132,  High  Street,  Southampton. 

The  Seeds  from  this  Establishment  will  be  found  quite  as  fine  in 
every  respect  as  those  offered  by  great  advertising  houses. 

All  orders  for  and  above  the  value  of  205.  delivered  free  to  any 
Railway  Station  in  the  Kingdom. 


G     Extra  fine  Forcing  and  Planting  Seakale. 
EORGE  CLARKE  has   many   thousands,  ven- fine 
clean   stuff,   this  season,   which   he   begs  to  offer   as   under  — 
llantmg   size,  55.   per   100;    forcing,   10s.,   12s..  and   some   superfine 
selected  Crowns,  155.  per  100. 
Nurseries:  Brixton  Hill.  London.  S.W. ;  and  Mottingham,  Kent.S.E. 


T\/"RIGHT-S    GROVE   WHITE   CELERY,   one  of 

T  J  ^^f  largest  and  best -flavoured  bleaching  varieties  ever  intro- 
duced; after  the  same  character  as  the  Grove  Red,  sent  out  by  me 
but  blanches  about  a  fortnight  earlier.  It  has  been  awarded  the  First 
rriies  at  the  two  Celerj-  Shows  held  at  Retford,  the  average  weight  of 
the  sticks  exhibited  being  6  lb.  each.  It  was  raised  by  mysel?,  and 
will  be  found  one  of  the  best  while  Celeries  in  cultivation.  This  is 
the  second  season  I  have  sent  it  out.  and,  as  the  stock  of  seed  is 
limited,  ^^--b' orders  are  requested  Price  i*  p.  packet,  or  6s.  p.  doi. 
W.  WRIGH  r.  Seed  Merchant.  East  Retford 

Agents  :  HURST  and  SON,  6,  Lcadcnhall  Street  London,  E.C 


Beddington  Comer,  near  Mitcham. 

To  GENTLEMEN,  MARKET  GARDENERS,  FLORISTS. 
and  OTHERS. 

ROBT.  W.  FULLER  and  MOON  are  instmcted  by 
Mr.  Buck  (who  is  quitting)  to  SELL  by  AUCTION,  on  the 
Premises,  situate  at  Beddington  Corner,  near  Milcham,  on  FRIDAY, 
February  q,  al  11  for  12  o'Clock,  a  variety  of  FRUIT- BEARING 
TREES,  comprising  about  1000  selected  specimen  Pyramid  Pears— 
Duchessc  d'AngoulCmc  and  Louise  Bonne  of  Jersey  ;  11  large  trained 
Pears,  83  fine  specimen  trained  Pears — Bergamotte  d'Espercn  and 
Louise  Bonne  of  Jersey,  20  large  trained  Apples,  and  about  1300  small 
Pyramid  Apples,  of  sorts  ;  also  Four  new  Two-light  Box  Frames,  One 
Five-light  and  One  Four-light  Frame  ;  a  nearly  new  Newport  Pagnel 
Dog  Cart,  Village  Cart,  Pony  Cart,  Cart  Horse,  Pony,  Pony  Harness, 
and  other  uselul  effects. 

May  be  viewed  the  day  prior  to,  and  morning  of  Sale.  Cata- 
logues obtained  at  the  place  of  Sale,  at  the  principal  Inns  in  the 
neighbourhood,  and  at  the  Auctioneers'  Offices,  Croydon  and  Reigate. 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  3,  1872. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

f  London  Farmers'  Club  (Rev.  G.  Davies  otl 
Monday,  Fab.   5  J     Method  and  Observation  in  Farm  Manage- 

\     ment),  at  Salisbury  Hotel— ^  P.M. 

t  Central  Chamber  of  Agriculture  {Council  Meet- 
Tli:sd.\v,  —     6(      ing — Local  Ta.\ation — Contagious  Diseases, 

\  Animals— MaltTax),SalisburyHotel— II  .\.M. 
Wednesday  —  7 1  ^°y^'  Agricultural  Soceity  of  England  (Coun- 
*  '  I     cil  Meeting),  at  Hanover  Square— Noon. 


Hassock's  Gate  Nurseries,  Sussex. 

IMPORTANT     SALE    of    SURPLUS     STOCK. 

MR.  W.  KENSETT  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  on 
THURSDAY,  February  15,  by  order  uf  Mr.  G.  Parsons. 
SURPLUS  STOCK,  consisting  of  choice  CONIFERS  and  other 
EVERGREENS,  ROSES,  FRUIT  TREES,  &c.,  including  many 
line  specimen  SHRUItS. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  a  week  previous  to  Sale,  from  the  Nurseries, 
and  27  and  28,  VVestern  Road,  Brighton;  or  of  the  Auctioneer,  .Mr. 
W.  KENSETT,  Ditchling,  Sussex.  The  Lots  will  be  on  view  on 
Fehruarv-  12. 

N.B.  f  he  Nurseries  are  within  five  minutes'  walk  of  the  Hassock's 
Gale  Station  on  the  London  and  Brighton  Railway. 


Llttlebury,  near  Saffiron  Walden. 

IMPORTANT  SALE  of  SHORTHORN.S. 

MR.  STRAFFORD  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
received  instructions  from  the  Executors  of  the  late  John 
Clayden,  Esq.,of  Littlebury.  to  SELLby  AUCTION,  without  reserve, 
onTUESDAY,  March  10  next,  the  ver>- select  HERDof  PURE-BREU 
SHORTHORNS,  consisting  of  about  35  Head  of  Bulls,  Cows,  and 
Heifers,  chiefly  of  the  far-famed  Knightley  blood,  and  including  a  few 
very  choice  specimens  of  the  Kirklevington  sort.  First-class  Bulls  of 
these  renowned  families  have  been  used. 

Catalogues  with  Pedigrees  will  shortly  be  issued,  and  further 
particulars  given  in  future  Advertisements. 

London,  13,  Euston  Square,  N.W.— January  22. 


AT  a  time  when  the  lives  of  cattle  are  unusually 
valuable  to  their  owners,  it  is  unnecessary 
to  apologise  for  reporting  a  Case  of  Cattle 
Poisoning  which  recently  came  untier  our 
observation  ;  and  as  the  plant  which  killed  a 
valuable  cow  in  this  instance  has  before  this 
killed  kine  and  mankind  by  scores,  we  will 
describe  it  and  point  out  its  bad  character. 

In  the  present  case  a  valuable  cow,  amongst 
several  which  had  been  turned  into  a  meadow, 
was  found  dead  by  the  owner,  and  another 
animal,  which  ultimately  recovered,  was  dis- 
covered to  be  alarmingly  ill,  foaming  at  the 
mouth,  with  tottering  gait  and  staring  eyes. 
The  veterinary  surgeon  who  was  called  in 
found,  on  examination  of  the  dead  cow,  that  there 
were  red  patches  of  inflammation  on  the  mucous 
surface  of  the  stomach  ;  and  the  cause  was  not 
far  to  seek,  for  amongst  the  undigested  food  were 
portions  of  the  spindle-shaped  roots  of  the 
Hemlock  Water-Dropwort  (OEnanthe  crocata), 
which  we  found  had  been  picked  by  the  animal 
from  the  clearings  of  the  open  wet  ditches  in 
the  meadow.  Some  of  these  roots  were  brought 
to  us  from  the  spot  where  they  had  been  thrown 
out  to  bleach  in  the  air,  until  they  fonned  a 
tempting  bait  for  a  hungry  cow. 

The  Hemlock  Water-Dropwort,  like  the 
common  Hemlock  and  the  common  Carrot,  and 
the  Parsnip,  is  one  of  that  large  family  of  Umbel- 
liferie  which  vary  so  greatly  in  their  character 
and  qualities,  the  dilferent  members  being  edible 
and  nutritious,  medicinal,  poisonous,  or  narcotic, 
or  highly  aromatic  and  stimulating  ;  and  in  some 
instances  they  have  been  greatly  altered  and 
improved  by  cultivation.  The  bad  qualities  of 
the  Celery,  for  example,  which  in  its  wild  state 
is  rank,  coarse,  and  unfit  to  cat,  are  entirely 
removed,  or  rather  by  the  art  of  the  gardener 
their  formation  is  pre\ented,  so  that  in  the 
garden  its  blanched  leaf-stalk  becomes  sweet, 
crisp,  juicy,  and  of  agreeable  flavour.  The 
OLnanthe  pimpinelloides  affords  an  example  of 
a  still  greater  modification,  since  the  roots  of 
the  plant  when  cultivated  at  Angers  are  stated 
to  be  harmless,  though  in  the  wild  state  are  most 
dangerous. 

The   bad   "  subject "    to    which    we   wish   to 
draw  attention,  the  Hemlock  Water-Dropwort, 


152 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Cazette. 


[February  3,   1872. 


is  a  plant  with  deeply-cut  leaves,  growing  com- 
monly on  the  banks  of  ditches  and  rivers,  2  feet 
or  3  feet  in  height,  with  a  hollow,  jointed,  and 
chambered  stalk,  like  the  common  Hemlock  ;  but 
it  has  a  smooth,  yellowish  red  appearance 
instead  of  the  shining  green,  spotted  stem,  and 
it  has  a  perennial  instead  of  a  biennial  root,  and 
is,  besides,  a  plant  of  only  about  half  the  size  of 
the  common  Hemlock. 

Among  some  of  the  Hemlock  family  there  is  a 
diiTerence  in  the  properties  of  the  different  parts 
of  the  plant,  which  appears  to  depend  on  the  state 
of  maturity  or  elaboration  of  the  sap.  In  some 
cases  the  narcotic  principle  is  found  in  the 
ascending  sap,  and  in  the  stems  and  leaves,  while 
the  seeds  are  aromatic  and  not  in  any  degree 
poisonous.  The  root  of  the  common  Hemlock 
possesses  little  or  no  active  power  ;  the  poison 
resides  in  the  seeds  and  in  the  leaves  and  other 
herbaceous  parts  (which  sheep  alone  eat  with 
impunity),  and  these  portions  of  the  plant  are 
eaten  by  few,  if  any,  insects,  and  are  instinc- 
tively refused  by  horses,  cows,  and  goats. 

But  our  bad  subject,  CEnanthe  crocata,  is 
poisonous  in  all  its  parts  to  most  animals  except 
goats,  and  even  its  odour,  if  long  inhaled,  causes 
nausea  and  giddiness.  Its  root,  whether  fresh 
or  dried,  is  a  virulent  poison,  even  when  eaten  in 
small  quantities,  and,  unfortunately,  it  is  palat- 
able. Sixty  years  ago,  some  French  prisoners 
confined  at  Pembroke,  were  allowed  to  take  a 
stroll,  and,  searching  by  the  river-side  for  frogs 
to  eat,  as  our  predecessors  might  have  supposed, 
they  discovered  some  of  the  roots  of  our  bad 
subject,  and  ate  them  for  wild  Celery.  By  the 
time  they  reached  the  town  on  their  return  one 
man  was  suddenly  seized  with  convulsions 
without  previous  warning  by  sickness  or  other 
inconvenience.  His  companions  ran  home  for  a 
surgeon  to  bleed  and  A'omit  the  patient,  but  it 
was  too  late  for  either  the  proper  or  thfc  improper 
course  to  be  taken — the  man  was  dead.  Mean- 
while, the  two  survivors,  unaffected  as  yet, 
distributed  the  "Celery  roots  "  among  their 
comrades,  who  all  partook  of  them  for  dinner, 
and  all  speedily  repented,  for  the  two  men  and 
eight  others  were  shortly  after  seized  with  con- 
vulsions. One  of  the  two  died,  the  other  was 
bled,  and  saved  by  an  emetic  with  great  difficulty, 
owing  to  the  jaws  having  become  locked.  The 
others  were  bled,  and  saved  by  timely  emetics. 
There  is  a  case  recorded  of  eight  boys  at 
Clonmel,  who  ate  the  roots  of  this  same  Hem- 
lock Dropwort,  and  were  soon  seized  with  the 
usual  symptoms — burning  heat  in  the  stomach, 
great  agony,  sickness,  and  convulsions.  Only 
three  were  saved,  one  of  whom  was  maniacal 
for  several  hours,  another  lost  his  hair  and  nails, 
the  third  escaped  unhurt,  as  the  goats  do. 

A  case  of  wholesale  cattle-poisoning  is  recorded 
by  LiNN.KUS,  who  relates  in  his  Toi.'r  to  Laplanit 
that  "  at  Tornea  hundreds  of  cattle  were  annually 
destroyed  in  the  spring  without  any  assignable 
cause  ;  the  poison  was  said  to  be  of  so  pesti- 
lential a  nature,  that  although  the  animals  were 
flayed  before  they  were  cold,  yet  wherever  their 
blood  came  in  contact  with  the  human  body, 
it  caused  gangrenous  spots  and  sofes :  some 
indeed  had  lost  their  lives  in  this  way."  On 
examining  the  meadow  in  which  the  cows  were 
first  turned  out  to  grass,  LlNN.+.us  found  in  it  a 
bog  or  marsh,  in  which  gre\V',  in  groat  abundance, 
the  Cicuta  aquatica,  another  of  the  Water 
Hemlocks. 

To  coinplete  our  account  of  the  Water 
Hemlocks,  we  must  notice  the  Cowbane  fCicuta 
virosa),  a  plant  with  an  acrid  root,  which  is 
powerfully  poisonous  when  in  a  fresh  state.  The 
Cowbane  has  a  Parsley  smell,  instead  of  the 
]iauseous  odour  of  common  Hemlock,  but  it  is 
objectionable  to  cattle,  and  they  are  seldom 
killed  by  it,  except  in  spring,  before  the  odour  is 
fully  developed,  when  an  unlucky  cow  occasion- 
ally loses  her  life  in  the  pasture,  for  want  of  her 
accustomed  discrimination.  Horses,  sheep,  and 
goats  neither  fear  nor  have  any  need  to  fear,  the 
Cowbane. 

The  means  of  preventing  accidents  will  have 
occurred  to  our  readers.  There  is  no  necessity 
to  leave  poisonous  roots  to  become  tempting  on 
the  margin  of  ditches,  or  to  allow  Hemlock  stalks 
to  kill  and  slay  while  green,  or  dry  into  "  kecksies  " 
by  the  roadside.  Our  talk  is  of  oxen,  but 
we  may  mention  that  it  has  not  been  ascertained 
whether  it  was  the  juice  of  the  common  Hem- 
lock, or  of  the  ec[ually  deadly  Cowbane,  which 
the  ancients  administered  to  their  crimimals — to 
Phocion  and  SuCRATES.  The  symptoms  in 
both  cases  \Vere  such  as  we  have  described. 


The  supply  of  English  Wheat  on  Monday  at 

Mark  Lane'  was  short  ;  dry  samples  sold  readily  at  the 
full  prices  of  that  day  se'nnight.  Wednesday's  trade 
was   without   animation,   but    firm    as   regards   price. 

Samples   were   inferior. The   trade    in   beasts    on 

Monday  at  the  Metropolitan  Cattle  Market  was  not 
veiy  brisk,  but  prices  were  better;  a  short  supply  of 
sheep  was  cleaved  off  at  rather  higher  rates.  On 
Thursday  choice  beasts  were  not  plentiful,  but  there 
was  inquiry  for  them,  and  a  good  clearance  was 
elTected  ;  the  few  sheep  on  offer  were  sold  at  fully 
Monday's  rates. 

Mr.  Donnelly,  C.  B.,  who  annually  protests  in 

his  report  of  the  agricultural  statistics  of  Ireland  against 
the  Weed-growing  PnorENsiTiES  of  Irish  farmers, 
moved,  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Improvement  Society  : —  :     .    . 

"  That  all  persons  occupying  land  who  may  hereafter 
be  awarded  a  prize  from  this  society  for  green  crop,  horse, 
cattle,  sheep,  or  pig,  shall  be  required,  either  by  them- 
selves, their  agent,  or  5te\vard,  to  subscribe  the  following 

declaration  :—  '  I  hereby  declare  that  the  lands  ot  • 

are  kept  in  a  husbandhlte  manner,  and  generally  free  from 
all  weeds  such  as  may  injure  the  occupiers  of  adjoining 
lands." 

He  reminded  the  Council  that  15  years  ago  the 
Society  had  expressed  "its  entire  approval  of  the 
exertions  of  the  Registrar-General  in  calling  public 
attention  to  the  importance  of  the  destruction  of  weeds 
on  the  tillage  and  pasture  lands  of  this  country, 
and  the  Society  trusts  that  the  local  farming 
societies  will,  as  far  as  practicable,  use  every 
exertion  —  by  annexing  suitable  conditions  as 
to  clearing  of  lands  from  weeds,  in  the  distri- 
bution of  their  premiums — in  order  to  accomplish 
this  important  object." — After  a  discussion,  in  the 
course  of  which  the  possibility  of  attaining  a  desirable 
end  in  the  manner  proposed  was  disputed,  Mr. 
Donnelly  said  as  there  was  a  general  concurrence  of 
opinion  on  the  importance  of  the  subject,  the  only  thing 
being  as  to  how  it  could  be  best  attained,  he  did  not 
think  it  would  be  becoming  in  him  to  press  his  motion. 
He  hoped  to  be  enabled  to  bring  the  matter  forward  in 
a  more  satisfactory  manner  at  the  next  meeting  of  the 
Council. 

The  Mark  Lane  Express  thus  epitomises  the 

returns  of  nearly  500  correspondents  scattered  through- 
out the  kingdom  on  the  Root  C'Rors  of  1871  : — It  is 
difficult  to  strike  any  general  average  of  the  yield  per 
acre  of  either  Turnips  or  Mangels,  but  there  can  be 
no  question  as  to  the  favourable  results,  more  parti- 
cularly when,  again,  put  into  contrast  with  1870.  The 
abstract  for  1871  from  490  correspondents  is  thus 
drawn  out  \' — '  ■      .     ■ 


Over  .-iveiage 
Average   . . 
Under  average  . . 
None  grown 

Total 

Turnips. 

1    Mangels. 

Hay. 

=31 

1■.^ 

33 

9 

"5 
45 

181 

=65 

42 

2 

490 

49°          1 

4110 

The  hay  crop,  however,  does  not  prove  so  well  as  these 
figures  would  intimate,  for  "badly  got"  —  "much 
damaged" — "nearly  all  spoiled" — "badly  saved" — 
"  indifferent  quality,"  and  such-Hke  advices  tuo  often 
serve  to  qualify  in  the  way  of  condition  the  *'  abundant 
crop,"  or  "much  over  an  average."     Of  Potatos  there 


are    nrany    disastrous 
epitomised  : — 

No  disease 
One-eighth  diseased  , 


Stories,     which    may    be    thus 


One-fourth 

One-third  ,, 

One-half  „       .. 

Two  thirds  

'riirce-fourtlis  „ 
Seven-eighth^ 

Failiirti  ., 

None  grown  ,, 
Ketum'^in  which  nn  .illusion  i; 

"lotal   .. 


Gi 
38 
46 
148 
46 


inndc  to  the  disc.i?;e     17 


4sjO 


At  the  annual   meeting  for  the   revision  of  the 

Rules  and  Prize  List.s  of  the  P.edfor.shire  A<.Rr- 
CULTURAL  Society,  lately  held  at  Bedford,  the 
President,  Mr.  James  Muward,  M.P.,  in  the  chair, 
the  subject  of  politics  being  discussed  at  the  annual 
dinner  of  the  society  was  warmly  debated,  and  the 
meeting  unanimously  resolved  that  in  future  party 
politics  should  be  rigorously  excluded.  It  was  urged 
that  if  the  county  members  wished  to  address  their 
constituents,  they  should  follow  the  example  of  borough 
members,  and  hold  a  special  meeting  for  that  purpose. 
The  Chairman  and  others  held  that,  although  the  prac- 
tice hod  become  common  throughout  England  for 
county  members  to  avail  themselves  of  the  meetings  of 
the  agricultural  societies  for  addressing  their  constitu- 
ents, it  was  nevertheless  a  prostitution  of  such  meetings 
and  altogether  foreign  to  the  objects  for  which  ihey 
were  founded,  viz.,  the  promotion  of  agricultural 
improvemerits.  The  Karl  Cowpeu,  K.G.,  has  accepted 
the  presidency  of  the  society  for  the  ensuing  year. 

One  of  the  greatest  pleasures  incident  to  having 

been  a  teacher  of  natural  history  and  rural  economy  is 
that  of  occasionally  hearing  from  some  old  pupil,  it 
may  be,  from  the  antipodes,  giving  an  account  of  his 


proceedings,  and  more  especially  as  leading  lu  the 
inference  df  how  he  has  availed  himself  of  his  scientific 
lessons.  As  a  letter  of  this  description  is  now  before 
us  from  a  former  pupil  resident  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  detailing  a  New  Style  of  Farming,  we 
gladly  direct  attention  to  it,  in  illustration  of  ouv 
position.     Our  friend  says  : — 

"  It  is  very  clear  that  if  I  don't  write  to  you  I  shall 
never  get  any  more  of  your  valuable  hints;  and  perhaps 
you  may  be  interested  in  hearing  something  of  a  new  style 
of  farming  that  1  have  lately  taken  to,  and  with  success 
beyond  my  most  sanguine  expectations  ;  it  is  ostrich 
farming.  I  have  a  flock,  or  herd,  or  covey,  or  whatever 
else  you  like  to  call  it,  of  27  ;  they  are  perfectly  tame  and 
will  follow  me  all  over  the  place  ;  in  fact,  I  feel  sure  that 
they  were  always  intended  to  be  domesticated.  1  have 
only  to  go  outside  the  door  and  whistle,  and  the  whole 
troop  comes  as  Aist  as  their  legs  can  caiTy  them,  in  hopes 
of  getting  some  Maize,  which  they  are  very  fond  of.  They 
eat  almost  anything,  but  there  is  so  much  round  the  house 
and  in  the  old  lands,  that  they  scarcely  require  any  arti- 
ficial food  ;  but  I  generally  give  them  a  feed  of  Lucerne 
once  a  day,  and  they  seem  to  relish  it  more  than  anything 
else. 

"  They  are  plucked  first  at  eight  months  old,  and  after- 
wards about  every  seven  months.  The  first  feathers  are 
not  of  much  value,  but,  nevertheless,  return  25  per 
cent,  per  annum.  The  second  plucking  brings  that  up  to 
80  per  cent.,  and  the  third  about  no  or  more.  The 
feathers  are  then  prime,  and  the  yield  from  each  bird, 
taking  cocks  and  hens  together,  is  about  /"g  or  /'lo.  The 
price  of  birds  two  months  old  is  £%  and  I  intend  to  make 
up  my  number  to  45  this  season,  and  when  they  are  all 
full  grown  I  expect  to  get  ^750  a  year  for  their  feathers 
alone,  without  counting  increase. 

"  Wild  birds  are  now  very  scarce  within  the  colony,  and 
are  only  to  be  found  in  numbers  far  in  the  interior,  where 
they  are  also  rapidly  decreasing ;  this  accounts  for  the 
price  of  feathers.  Of  course  the  demand  is  increasing 
throughout  the  world,  so  that  it  will  be  many  years  before 
the  domesticated  birds  make  any  marked  difference  in  the 
market.  No  stock  gives  so  little  trouble,  they  thrive  where 
a  donkey  would  find  it  hard  lines  to  live." 

Here,  then,  is  an  interesting  account  of  a  novel  style 
of  farming  indeed,  prefaced,  it  will  be  seen,  by  some 
remarks  upon  a  previous  consultation  which,  we  may 
say,  related  to  the  prevalence  of  mildew  in  the  corn 
growing  of  the  colony,  which,  it  seems,  so  far  interferes 
with  the  crops  as  to  render  this  kind  of  farming  very 
precarious.  We  can  only  say,  then,  may  the  success 
of  our  young  friend  in  his  new  field  of  experiments  be 
all  that  he  can  hope  for,  and  may  more  of  our  former 
pupils  than  do  so,  and  they  are  numerous,  send  us 
notes  and  observations  on  their  proceedings  and  experi- 
ences, y.  B. 

"  One  remarkable  fact  connected  with  Queens- 
land Botany,"  says  Mr.  Charles  Prentice,  in  the  last 
number  of  the  yo/crmi/  of  Bo^cDn;"  is,  that  a  grass, 
which  grows  locally  abundant  in  the  more  northern 
portion  of  the  colony,  Aristida  hygrometrica,  R.  Br., 
is  fatal  to  sheep,  by  reason  of  its  long  sharp  tripartite 
awns  getting  entangled  in  the  wool,  and  ultimately 
piercing  the  skin  and  penetrating  to  the  viscera  of  the 
thorax  antl  abdomen,  causing  death  after  prolonged 
wasting  aiid  suffering  ;  the  heart,  liver,  kidneys,  tec, 
are  sometimes,  on  dissection,  found  pierced  by  these 
mischievous  awns  in  all  directions." 


067?  L/V£  STOCK. 


CATTLE. 
Mii.WiLLiAMM'CuLLOCK,  of  Melbourne,  Australia, 
has  been  importing  some  well-bred  Shorthorns.  The 
animals,  comprising  six  females  and  two  bulls,  left 
Grays  by  the  Northumberland  on  December  29.  The 
lots  are  from  Mr.  H.  D.  Barclay,  ICastwick  Park, 
Leatherhead ;  Mr.  Hugh  Aylmer,  West  Dereham 
Abbey,  Norfolk ;  Mr.  C,  Barnard,  Harlowbury, 
Harlow  ;  Mr.  L\.  K.  Cooper,  Bowbeck  House,  Suffolk; 
Mr.  T.  (i.  Curtler,  Bevere  House,  Worcester  ;  Mr. 
W.  Woodward,  Hardwick  P.ank,  Tewkesbuiy  ;  and 
Mr.  J.  Harvvard,  Winterfold,  Kidderminster.  They 
consist  of  Zero  (30,347),  roan,  calved  June  24, 1S70,  by 
Zealot {25,480),  from  Fairspi'/shy  Newland  (22,41  i); 
Royal  George,  roan,  calved  March  13,  1871,  by 
Royal  Broughtun  {27,352) ;  Thorndale  Duke 
{30,519),  roan,  got  by  Tuorndale  Thorndalk 
(27,665) ;  AcHMET,  roan,  calved  September  25,  1S70, 
by  Hogarth  2D  (24,148);  My  Lord,  roan,  calved 
P'ebruary  5,  1871,  got  by  Conqueror  (25,823),  a  son 
of  Knightlky  from  Touchsionc  ;  Laltnceloi",  roan, 
calved  December  20,  1S70,  by  Drummer  (25,919)  j 
Ketura  ^th,  roan,  calved  May  S,  1S6S,  by  2D  Duke 
OF  Wetherhy  (21,618)  ;  and  Duchess  4///,  red, 
calved  February  5,  1S70,  by  General  Hopewell  2d 
(24,021). 

Lady    Bigot's   heifer,  Vkloria    M'indsouia,  has 

been  sold  for  a  very  high  price  to  Mr.  Edward  King 
Cox,  of  Sydney,  Australia,  and  has  been  sent  to  Mr, 
Booth's  Lord  Blithe  (22,126)  at  Warlaby.  Shewas 
the  1st  priiic  yearling  heifer,  in  a  good  class,  at  the 
Bath  and  West  of  England  meeting  of  1S71,  beating 
Mr.  James  How's  Verona. 

Not  only  are  cattle  exported  from,  but  imported 

into  this  country.  Mr.  Cheney,  of  Gaddesby,  has 
recently  purchased  %tk  Duchess  of  Airdn'e  by  RoVAL 
Oxford  (18,774),  ^"^  ^'^^^  daughter  i^th  Duchess-  of 
Air'drte  by    idTH   DUKE    of'  ThOrnDale  (28,458),' 


February  3,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


153 


from  Mr.  Alexander,  of  Kentucky.  The  first-named 
Duchess  has  since  her  purchase  produced  a  red  bull 
calf  to  lOTH  Duke  of  Thorndale,  whicli  is 'pro- 
nounced a  good  one.  Lastly,  Mr.  Clieney  has  also 
secured  Lady  Susan  j*/,  a  roan,  calved  November,  1S67, 
by  QTH  Duke  of  Thorndale,  and  out  of  Red  Rose 
by  Waterton.  These  cattle  were  purchased  through 
the  agency  of  Mr.  R.  Gibson,  who  took  out  some 
Shorthorns  to  America  from  this  country  last  year. 

Mr.  J.  K.  Fowler,   speaking  of  the  influence 

of  imagination    upon    breeding   animals,    feels    "sure 
{Jounta!  of  fhe  Fanners'    Clnh,    Dec.     1S71)    that  a 
lierd  of  valuable    Shorthorns  ought  never  to  have  a 
Polled  Scot,  an  Alderney,  or  any  but  their  own  breed 
with  them."    Also  he  lays  some  stress  upon  "  external 
surroundings,''  such  as  the  colour  of  gates,  gateways,  tSic. 
These,  he  tells  us,  are  kept  black  by  Mr.  M'Combie, 
of  Tillyfour,  in  order  that  his  famous  polls  may  not  be 
disposed  to  adopt  a  more  lively  tint  in  their  progeny. 
A  lady  well   known  in  Shortliorn  circles  discontinued 
whitewashing  her  buildings  because  her  cows  dropped 
so  many  white  calves,  and  the  story  proceeds  that  the 
remedy   was   eflective,  the   calves   coming    darker   in 
colour  afterwards.     Considering  that  Mr.  Fowler  made 
such  free  use  of  Mr.  Darwin  in  his  lecture  on  the  facts 
;uid  principles  of  breeding,  it  is  a  pity  that  he  did  not 
ijuote  his  authority  upon  this  point  of  tlie  influence  of 
the    imagination    of    the    mother   upon   the   offspring. 
Such  influence  appears  to  be  of  very  doubtful  force, 
even  in  the  human  subject,  and  we  cannot  help  thinking 
it  exceedingly  apocryphal  when  applied  to  the  lower 
animals.      Such  unfortunate  contretemps  as  ended  in  the 
red    locks   of    Lord    Bantam    have   frequently    been 
related,  but  do  not  stand  upon  sufficiently  well  authenti- 
cated  facts   to  be  unhesitatingly   received.     That  the 
sable  buildings  at  Tillyfour  or  the  whitewashed  ones 
at  Branches   Park  can,  or  could,  have  any  direct  effect 
in-influencing  the  characteristic  colour  of  either  Polled 
Scots  or  Shorthorns  is,  we  think,  exceedingly  unlikely. 
At  the  same  time  it  is  a  subject  upon  which  judgment 
must  be  reserved  until  we  have  more  facts  to  guide  us. 
Nature  is  so  diversified  in  her  colours,  that  no  amount 
of  precaution  can  prevent  the  admission  of  every  conceiv- 
able tint  into  the  eye.      One  might  with  more  reason 
suspect  the  influence  of  a  goodly  slice  of  white  Turnip 
upon  the  imagination  of  a  cow  than  a  white  wall  in 
front  of  her.     A  white  cat,  or  duck,  moving  in  front 
of  the  Tillyfour  cattle  would,  we  cannot  help  thinking, 
leave  a  more  lively  impression  upon  cows  heavy  in 
calf  than  could  be  obliterated  by  the  steady  persistence 
of  a  black  gate  post.     Clouds  also  are  white,  and  often 
of  striking   form   and    possessed  of   movement ;    and 
yet   v/e   never   Iieard    whiteness   in   calves    attributed 
to   this   agency,  or  redness  in  calves  to  a  succession 
of  brilliant  sunsets.     The  laws  which  regulate  colour 
in  calves  are  not  understood,  although   there  is  little 
doubt  that  they  are  closely  connected  with  inheritance. 
We  have  also,  on  more   than  one   occasion,  insisted 
upon  a  fact  which  seems  not  generally  appreciated 
among   breeders — namely,    that    there  appears   to    be 
a   strong  predisposition  in  cattle   to  assume  a  white 
colour,  and  that,  when  cattle  run  wild,  they  gradually 
approximate  to  this  tint.'  • 


the  hands  of  well-known  breeders,  they  will  be  looked 
forward  to  with  considerable  interest.  VVc  would 
especially  mention  the  Beeston  and  Bywell  Hall  herds 
as  having  long  been  bred  with  gi*eat  care  and  judg- 
ment, and  as  comprising  many  first-rate  animals. 

• ■  A  new  catalogue  of  the  Carperby  herd  has  just 

appeared.  WiNr)SOK  Fit/.-Windsor,  a  bull  which 
was  greatly  admired  at  Wolverhampton  last  summer, 
is  the  sire  of  some  excellent  young  stock.  More  heifers 
are  e.\pected  to  calve  to  him  during  this  and  next 
month,  and  others  are  shortly  due  to  calve  to  Windsor 
Prince,  purchased  from  Mr.  Lace,  of  Grenaby,  Isle 
of  Mam.  The  catalogue  contains  the  names  and  pedi- 
grees Cf  43  females  and  eight  bulls,  five  of  which  are 
quite  ready  for  service. 

A  case  of  disputed  age,  involving  the  question 

of  dentition,  has  just  been  placed  before  us.  It  is 
that  of  a  heifer  calved  in  January,  1S70,  and  at  that 
time  carefully  entered  in  the  private  herd  book  of  her 
owner.  She  was  a  prizetaker  in  1S70,  as  a  calf,  and 
in  1S71,  as  a  yearling.  Subsequently  she  took  a  first 
place  in  one  of  our  leading  shows  last  summer,  and  is 
now  under  objection  on  account  of  her  having  four 
**  broad "  teeth.  A  learned  Professor  has  been  con- 
sulted on  the  i^oint,  and  lias  given  it  as  his  opinion  that 
four  broad  teeth  are  conclusive  against  the  heifer  being 
under  two  years  old,  the  earliest  period  for  four  teeth 
being  two  years  and  six  weeks.  The  owner,  on  the 
other  hand,  and  his  herdsman,  both  knowing  the  register 
of  birth  to  be  right,  naturally  smart  under  the  imputa- 
tion of  unfairness.  "We  have  forced  all  we  could," 
writes  h&r  owner,  "and  she  is  really  a  grand  animal, 
and  we  entered  her  for  the  Royal  and  Bath  and  West 
of  England  shows  ;  but  if  this  case  is  not  decided 
favourably  for  us,  it  will  be  no  use  trying  her  there 
indeed,  it  is  possible  that  her  very  early  maturity  of 
body  and  teeth  may  be  fatal  to  her  success.  I  may 
also  say  that  her  horns  are  as  smooth  as  any  calf's, 
without  showing  any  points.  I  know  her  age  is  right 
in  my  herd  book,  and  should  I  fail  in  making  good  my 
case,  I  don't  see  the  use  of  private  herd  books,  nor 
public  ones  either." 


The  Smithfield  gold  medal  white  ox  of  this 

year  was  born  August  20,  1S67,  his  dam  suckled  him 
and  his  twin  brother  {only  milking  on  three  teats)  with- 
out assistance  from  any  other  cow.  He  was  weaned 
early  in  October,  and  wintered  on  hay  and  a  little  meal. 
In  the  spring  he  went  to  grass,  and  the  following 
October  he  was  shut  up  for  about  three  weeks  to  fat 
for  the  young  class,  but  the  late  Mr.  Stratton  changed 
his  plan  and  turned  him  in  a  yard  to  eat  rough  hay, 
straw,  and  roots.  In  the  spring  he  went  out  to  grass 
as  before  ;  the  following  winter  hay  and  roots  were  his 
only  food.  In  the  summer  of  1S70  he  went  to  grass 
with  the  rest  of  the  cattle,  coming  in  for  an 
hour  every  day  to  receive  about  3  lb.  of  linseed 
cake.  In  September  he  was  taken  in,  but  never 
exceeded  71b.  of  corn  and  cake  per  day  until  about  a 
month  before  he  was  shown,  when  he  had  an  increase 
in  the  form  of  some  of  Thorley's  Condimenl.  He  was 
taken  out  for  exercise  about  half  a  mile  every  alternate 
day  until  he  went  to  Birmingham  (November,  1871), 
where  he  was  first  exhibited.  From  thence  he  went  to 
London,  and  after\vards  to  Leeds,  where  he  was  placed 
2d  to  an  animal  recently  exhibited  at  the  York  show, 
where  he  had  received  no  prize,  nor,  as  we  believe,  com- 
mendation, whilst  the  i  st  prize  York  winner  (in 
competition  at  Leeds)  was  not  placed.  This  shows 
that  the  judgment  was,  to  say  the  least,  peculiar.  This 
ox  girthed,  when  in  London,  9  feet  3  inches.  Mr. 
Bi-uce,  of  Burnside,  Fochabers,  purchased  liim  at 
Leeds,  intending  to  keep  him  on  another  year.  He 
took  him,  at  the  request  of  the  committee  {as  extra 
slock),  on  to  Newcastle.  Mr.  Bruce  tells  us  if  he  had 
been  in  competition  he  must  have  won  everything. 

Among  forthcoming  events  we  may   mention 

the  following  ;— On  March  8  Lord  FiLzhardinge's  sale 
takes  place  at  Berkeley  Castle,  Gloucestershire;  on 
April  4  the  late  Mr.  Pawlett's  stock  will  be  disposed 
of,  and  shortly  afterwards  Mr.  John  Atkinson,  of 
Bywell  Hall  Farm,  Northumberland,  will  sell  a 
portion  (?)  of  his  well-known  Booth  and  Towneley 
herd  ;  and  Mr.  J.  N,  Beasley  will  also  make  a  clearance. 
These  sales  have  been  entrusted  to  Mr.  Thornton,  of 
London,  and  all  the  hcrdo  being,  or  having  been,  in 


UTILISATION  OF  SEWAGE. 

The  history  of  the  Metropolis  Sewage  Company,  and 
of  its  secretary,  which  appeared  in  your  last  journal, 
substituted  by  Mr.  Hope  for  a  reply  to  my  remarks, 
is  incomplete. 

Mr.  Hope  should  have  stated  that  the  concession  of 
the  North  London  sewage,  and  the  scheme  with  which 
it  was  coupled,  were  handed  over  to  the  company  by 
him,  as  one  of  the  co)teessionaires,  and  that  in  his  capa- 
city as  general  manager  of  the  International  Financial 
Society  he  introduced  it,  and  the  public  declined  to 
subscribe  to  it. 

The  directors,  becoming  persuaded  of  the  impracti- 
cability of  the  scheme,  declined  to  proceed  with  it,  but 
afforded  Mr.  Hope  every  facility  for  carrying  out  his 
views  upon  any  scheme  which  he  might  succeed  in 
establishing ;  and  although  he  has  made  many  endea- 
vours during  the  last  five  years  to  enlist  support  to 
schemes  involving  a  very  large  reduction  in  the  pro- 
posed original  outlay,  he  has  been  unable  to  accomplish 
his  object. 

As  respects  Mr.  Hope's  misrepresentations  of  my  posi- 
tion in  the  Metropolitan  Sewage  Company,  I  need  say 
but  little,  since  it  is  perfectly  well  known  to  you  and  to 
those  who  are  engaged  in  the  sewage  question,  that  I 
have  been  actively  employed  here  since  the  formation 
of  this  as  an  experimental  sewage  farm,  about  six  years 
ago,  and  that  the  statistics  contained  in  my  reports  for 
the  two  past  years  are  the  results  of  my  management  of 
the  farm  during  that  period. 

Mr.  Hope  very  improperly  takes  offence  at  remarks 
made  in  a  public  sense  upon  statements  and  proceed- 
ings of  a  startling  and  novel  nature,  forgetting  that  he 
stands  pledged  to  exemplify  on  his  own  farm  an 
entirely  opposite  system,  through  which  the  adoption 
of  sewage  irrigation  should  become  universal;  an 
undertaking  to  which  he  bound  himself  by  reason,  as  he 
alleged,  of  our  failures  at  the  Lodge  Farm  during  its 
past  as  well  as  its  present  management. 

So  long  as  Mr.  Hope  confined  his  operations  to 
endeavour  to  redeem  the  pledge  he  gave,  so  long  was  I 
content  to  await  the  results,  although  they  were  some- 
what tardy,  hoping  that  his  two  years  of  practice  would 
agree  with  what  his  previous  years  of  theory  had  pre- 
dicated ;  but  when  a  totally  different  line  of  argument 
is  adopted  by  him,  and  all  reference  to  the  most 
important  subject,  namely,  the  profit  derived  from  the 
use  of  sewage  upon  a  farm,  carefully  and  systematically 
laid  out,  is  altogether  avoided,  it  is  not  unnatural  that 
some  explanation  is  sought. 

Mr.  Hope,  however,  has  stated  that  I  have  mis- 
represented him,  and  has  given  the  following  denials 
to  my  statements,  and  I  therefore  subjoin  tlie  following 
quotations,  in  order  to  afford  your  readers  an  oppor- 
tunity of  judging  of  the  inaccuracy  of  his  assertions. 
Mr.  Hope's  denials  are  numbered  i  to  5. 

I.  "I  did  not  say  that  I  agree  'completely'  with 
Mr.  Bailey  Denton."  ' 

The  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  December  8, 
1S71,  p.  72,  col.  2,  line  15,  gives  the  following  account 
of  what  Mr.  Hope  said  :— "  He  had  listened  to  Mr. 
Denton's  paper  with  great  pleasure,  and  agreed  with  I  irrigation  proper  was  inexpedient.     If  he  will  go  one 


him  so  completely  that  he  would  not  occupy  time 
in  discussing  those  few  minor  points  on  which  he 
differed." 

2.  '*  I  did  not  say  that  *  the  metropolis  is  already 
supplied  with  everything  which  it  is  in  the  power  of 
sewage  to  grow  excepting  corn,'  nor  did  I  make  us^ 
of  any  expression  tending  in  the  slightest  degree  to 
convey  this  impression." 

I  did  not  say  that  Mr.  Hope  made  such  a  statement. 
I  asked  whether  such  was  the  case  ?  for  as  cereals  are 
the  least  profitable  crops,  and  as  Mr.  Hope  recom- 
mends their  growth  because  it  is  so  '*  easy  to  over- 
burden the  market  with  garden  produce"  (see  Journal 
of  the  Society  of  Arts),  I  could  not  imagine  any  other 
reason  for  his  recommendation. 

3.  "I  did  not  say  that  12,000  tons  of  sewage  could 
not  be  passed  through  an  acre  of  land  in  12  months." 

Mr.  Hope  has  on  every  occasion  denied  the  possi- 
bility o(  applying  such  dressings  of  sewage  as  1  have 
from  time  to  time  reported,  and  on  April  24,  1S71,  at 
the  Surveyors'  Institute  {vide  report  of  proceedings), 
commenting  on  my  statement  that  I  had  applied  12,000 
tons  of  sewage  to  i  acre  during  the  year,  he  said  that 
"  he  altogether  disputed  the  quantities"  on  the  ground 
of  possibility,  and  he  went  on  to  say  that  "he  did  not 
think  it  possible,  under  any  circumstances,  to  get  so 
much  as  6  inches  of  water  under  ground  at  one  time  " 
[Journal  of  the  Institute  of  Suri'eyors,  pp.  246,  247), 
The  quantity  above  referred  to  was  applied  within  a 
period  of  nine  months,  and  averaged  7  inches  of  water 
per  dressing. 

On  another  occasion  I  took  the  average  standard 
per  head  of  population  given  us  by  Mr.  Bailey  Denton, 
and  spoke  of  having  used  the  sewage  of  335  persons  in 
one  year  on  an  acre  of  Italian  Kye-grass,  the  quantity 
being  about  11,000  tons.  Mr.  Hope,  in  a  letter  dated 
May  21,  1S71,  and  which  appeared  in  your  journal  of 
May  27,  says  : — "This  quantity  is  equal  in  nitrogen  to 
more  than  10  tons  of  the  best  Penivian  guano.  Mr. 
Morgan's  statement  is,  tlierefore,  a  transparent  ab- 
surdity. It  is  quite  clear  that  if  he  did  pass  any  such 
stupendous  quantity  of  liquid — equal  to  about  six  years' 
rainfall — over  the  land,  he  simply  wasted  it." 

Mr.  Hope  here  does  not  even  allow  that  11,000  tons 
passed  through  the  land,  which  it  did,  but  "over"  it, 
and  even  then  he  speaks  of  it  as  a  "stupendous 
quantity!"  and  treats  the  whole  affair  as  a  "trans- 
parent absurdity  !  " 

4.  "I  did  not  say  that  I  had  'passed  31,000  tons 
of  sewage  through  an  acre  of  my  own  land  in  one 
year.' " 

Mr.  Hope  said  that  he  had  applied  sewage  on  the 
Romford  farm  at  the  rate  of  31,000  tons  per  annum  per 
acre,  and,  at  the  price  which  he  says  he  pays  for  it, 
I  charged  him  with  a  waste  "  at  the  rate  of  ^'64  i  is.  S>d. 
an  acre."  His  denial,  however,  is  a  mere  quibble, 
for  on  reference  to  the  Journal  o^  the  Society  of  Arts, 
p.  73,  col.  I,  line  36  from  bottom,  the  following  report 
of  what  he  said  will  be  found  : — 

"On  his  farni  at  Romford,  in  last  June,  December, 
and  January,  he  had  applied  6000  tons  an  acre  continually 
to  a  portion  of  about  7  acres,  and  the  result  was  perfectly 
satisfactory,  although  the  land  had  not  been  so 
thoroughly  drained  as  it  should  be  for  such  a  purpose. 
This  was  at  the  rate  of  about  31,000  tons  per  annum  per 
acre,  and  the  16,000,000  of  gallons  in  Birmingham  would 
be  about  the  same  proportion  when  applied  to  1000  acres, 
consequently  he  did  not  apprehend  any  danger  from  the 
operations  proposed  to  be  carried  out  tliere.  ' 

Thus,  in  three  months,  upon  i  acre,  he  disposed  of 
more  than  half  as  much  sewage  as  I  stated  I  had  used 
in  12  months  {the  absurdity  of  which  was  transparent) — 
a  quantity  equal  to  5  feet  in  depth  over  its  whole  area, 
whether  passed  through  the  land  or  oyer  it  he  does  not 
say;  and  that  he  found  it  so  "satisfactory"  that  he 
contemplates  applying  at  Birmingham  something  like 
five  times  that  depth  within  four  times  the  period ! 

5.  "  I  did  not  say  that  '  the  best  use  of  sewage  would 
be  found  in  the  application  of  that  of  20  to  25  persons 
to  an  acre  in  the  production  of  cereals.'  " 

At  p.  73,  col.  I,  line  9  of  the  Journal  of  the  Society 
of  Arts  is  the  following  statement  by  Mr.  Hope  :— 

"  He  had  previously  stated  that  land  would  not  take 
the  sewage  of  more  than  20  to  25  persons  per  acre,  and 
after  two  years'  experience  his  belief  was  it  was  impossible 
to  get  the  value  from  the  sewage  of  more  than  20  persons 
per  acre,  for  it  was  very  easy  to  overburden  the  market 
with  garden  produce,  and  the  bulk  of  the  manure,  there- 
fore, must  be  converted  into  more  portable  produce,  such 
as  cereals;"  and  by  such  use  of  sewage,  he  goes  on  to  say, 
"the  uncertainty  as  to  a  market"  is  brought  to  a 
minimum. 

In  concluding  my  remarks  upon  Mr.  Hope's  letter,  I 
would  ask  him  whether  the  scheme  which  he  has 
recommended  to  Birmingham,  and  which  he  says  is 
similar  to  that  which  he  planned  for  London,  has  been 
taken  up  as  a  commercial  undertaking  with  good 
grounds  for  hoping  that  id.  a  ton  will  be  realised?  If 
the  Corporation  of  Birmingham  undertake  the  whole 
charge  of  its  execution  and  maintenance,  and  pay  for  it 
out  of  the  rates,  liien  the  London  scheme,  which  is  a 
purely  commercial  one,  is  not  similar  to  that  of 
Birmingham. 

Now,  sir,  I  will,  with  your  permission,  say  a  few 
words  inreply  to  Mr.  Bailey  Denton,  who,  to  use  a  nauti- 
cal phrase,  has  "taken  the  wind  out  of  my  sails"  by 
admitting  that  he  would  only    use    filter-beds  where 


154 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


[l-ebruary  3,   1872. 


itep  further,  and  give  up  his  standard  of  value  of  a  half- 
penny a  ton,  and  use  some  precipitating  process  before 
the  sewage-water  reaches  his  filter-beds,  there  will  be 
no  difference  of  opinion  between  us. 

ine  proht  stated  to  have  been  made  on  this  farm  carnage  ;  or,  if  the  engine  has  its  fly-wheel  at  the  other  To  guide  this  light  machine  the  fore-carriage  has  an 
last  year,  during  a  very  bad  year  of  prices,  is  swallowed  end,  this  pulley  is  supported  by  a  bracket  strutting  arm,  i,  with  an  eye  through  which  the  wire-rope  is 
up  by  Mr.  Denton  s  calling  upon  me  for  a  halfpenny  a    from  the  fire-box.     Any  portable  engine  can  be  fitted    passed.     The  hemp-rope  being  led  again  towards  the 

Denton's    with   a  large  grooved  rigger  and  the  smaller  guide-    engine   and   round  the  fi.ted  pulley  K,  before  passing 


suitable  for  receiving  a  Manilla  hemp  rope  of  J  or  carriage,  for  the  purpose  of  tightening  up  the  endless 
"  inch  diameter.  This  rope  is  led  a  three-quarter  turn  rope  ;  this  being  done  when  requisite  by  the  hand- 
round  the  fly-wheel  by  means  of  a  guide-pulley,  B,  wheel  K  and  pinion  and  small  barrel  G  slowly  winding 
which  is  temporarily  attached  upon  the  engine  fore-  '  up  a  piece  of  wire-rupe  ii,  which  is  anchored  ahead. 


ton   for  my  sewage  ;  but  my  reply  to   Mr. 
demand    is,    that    I 


never  promised  to 
pay  a  halfpenny  a 
ton ;  and,  what  is 
more,  that  I  would 
not  enter  into  any 
such  arrangement 
without  more  evi- 
dence than  is  at  pre- 
sent before  me. 

That  a  larger  profit 
than  I  have  been  able 
to  show  could  be  ob- 
tained from  this  farm 
by  a  farmer  working 
only  for  profit  I  have 
always  admitted,  but 
upon  a  farm  purely 
experimental,  and 
where  much  money 
has  been  unavoid- 
ably wasted,  it  would 
be   manifestly  unfair 


Fig.    71. — ACTION    of   windlass    I.N    the    FISKEN    iiVSTEM. 


along  the  field  in  the 
direction  indicated  by 
the  arrow,  a  loop  is 
formed  ;  so  that  an 
advance  of  i  foot  by 
the  tension  -  pulley 
carnage  gathers  or 
tightens  up  2  feet 
length  of  the  rope. 
For  altering  to  differ- 
ent sizes  of  field,  rope 
is  easily  added  or  re- 
moved, a  splice  of 
about  2  feet  in  length 
being  done  in  from 
five  to  ten  minutes. 
As  represented  in  the 
plan  (fig.  72),  the 
■  endless  hemp  rope, 
running  always  in 
the  direction  indi- 
cated by  the  arrows, 
is  conducted  from  the 


to  sewage  irrigation  to  charge  it  with  interest  upon  1  pulley,  both  made  to  take  off  and  on  in  a  few  minutes.  !  grooved  (ly-wheel  of  the  engine,  A,  round  the  movable 
any  sum  not  actually  necessary  to  the  purpose.  I  |  The  rope  is  completely  supported,  at  a  height  of!  tension-anchor  1:,  the  fixed  anchor  c,  the  comer  anchor 
tlicrelore  do  not  reply  to  Mr.  Denton's  inquiry  on  |  3  feet  9  inches  above  the  ground,  upon  a  number  of  j  i),  then  once  round  the  two  riggers,  K  and  F,  of  a 
this  head.        ...  i  ''S'^'  friction  rollers  or  grooved  pulleys,  secured  in  a    travelling  windlass   c,  thence   round   the   two   comer 

In  answer,  ^however,  to  his  question.  What  would  be-  !  very  simple  manner  to  wooden  stakes,  c,  which  are  anchors  II  and  i,  one  turn  round  the  riggers  i  and  K  of 
come  ot  my  profit  if  I  h.id  to  buy  land  at  /200  an  driven  upright  into  the  ground  at  intervals  all  round  '■  another  travelling  windlass  L,  and  finally  round  the 
acre .   1  thmk  1  must  refer  him  to  the  Merthyr  filter    the  field  or  plot  to  be  worked.     The  angles  are  turned    comer  anchor  M  to  the  engine  fly-wheel,  A. 


beds  for  a  reply,  as  I  am  quite  unable 
to  imagine  any  profit  at  all  if  I  am 
'9  pay  £10  or  ji'14  for  rent,  &c. 
(including  interest  on  outlay  and 
rates),  and  a  halfpenny  a  ton  for  the 
sewage.  It  might,  however,  under 
certain  circumstances,  be  pradent  for 
a  town  to  pay  a  large  price  for  land 
on  which  to  utilise  its  sewage,  on 
account  of  the  opportunity  it  affords 
of  employing  labour  in  producing 
food. 

The  surest  way  of  judging  the 
value  of  a  plan  is  by  the  support 
it  obtains.  Persons  are  found  willing 
to  enter  upon  sewage  irrigation  and 
pay  something  for  the  sewage  they 
use  ;  but  I  cannot  say  that  I  know 
of  any  one  who  is  at  all  likely  to 
enter  upon  a  "  filter-bed  specu- 
lation "  even  at  a  temptingly  low 
price  for  the  sewage.  /A-nrv  J. 
Morgan,  Lodge  Farm,  Barking, 
January  29. 


r//£  FISKEN  SYSTEM  OF  STE.LU 
CULTIVATION. 

[The  fullowing  report  on  this  system  is  taken,  with  its 


It  will  be  observed  that  when  the 
windlass  L  is  in  work,  hauling  the 
implement  N  by  the  drum  and 
single  ply  of  wire  rope  shown  by  the 
dotted  lines,  only  the  portion  of 
hemp-rope  between  A  and  the  wind- 
lass L  is  subject  to  full  tension,  the 
remainder  of  the  rope  being  only 
tight  enough  to  support  itself  clear 
of  the  ground  ;  and  the  strain  due  to 
the  work  is  sustained  only  by  one 
comer  anchor,  M.  When  the  other 
windlass  G  is  in  gear  and  hauling  the 
implement,  the  hemp-rope  is  tight 
between  the  engine  and  that  wind- 
lass, and  the  strain  is  taken  upon  the 
three  corner  anchors,  M,  I,  and  11. 
The  windlasses  gradually  shift  them- 
selves  for^vard,  so  as  to  be  always 
opposite  the  line  of  work,  by  slowly 
winding  up  fixed  headland  wire 
ropes  anchored  at  P  and  (i. 

Fig  71  is  an  enlarged   view,  not 

drawji  to  any  scale,  but  illustrating 

over  larger  pulleys,  D,  mounted  upon  light  two-wheeled  ,  the  action  of  the  windlass.     A  horizontal  iron   frame, 

carriages  or  barrows,  each  being  held  in  position  by  a  j  mounted    upon    four    wheels,    which  are    ribbed    on 


Fig.    72.  — PLAN    ILLUSTRATING   THE   FISKEN  SYSTEM. 


couple  of  short  chains  fastened  to  iron  stakes  in  the    the  tires  to  give   them  some  hold   upon  the  ground, 
gi-ound.     As  the  weight  of  the  Manilla  hemp  rope  is  \  carries   a   4-foot  diameter  rope-drum.  A,  undemeath, 

.        L    1"     •  ^-- - - ....^..^.....,  I  only  6  to  8  oz.  per  yard,  and  as  the  strain  upon  it  when  .  and    driving    spur    gear    and     riggers    above.      The 

S«/SvSi'T!ffW?,w'']° ''"'"'''' °-^  "^y  ^   'O-horse  engine  is  only  between  3  and  !  driving-rigger  «,  of  3I  feet  diameter,  has  two  V-grooves; 

„     ^  ./"'.'.  .  [4  cwt.,  the  pressure  upon  the   fixed  rope-porters  and    and  the  guide-rigger  c,  of  20  inches  diameter,  with  a 

1  HE  question  of  light   swift-running   ropes   versm  ■  upon  the  pulleys  of  the  comer  anchors  is  comparatively    single  round-bottomed  groove,  is  hung  on  a  skew  axis, 

strong  slow-running  ropes  for  driving  cranes  and  other  '  small  ;  and  hence,  so  long  as  the  bearings  are  kept  in    so  as  to  divert  the  rope  from  one  V-groove  to  the  other 


I'lt:.    73.  — ITIE    FISKEN    SYSTEM    UF    SI 


lEAM    IXI.rn  ATlON. 


machinery,  has  occupied  of  late  years  a  great  deal  of 
attention  and  provoked  much  controversy  ;  and  it  is 
interesting  to  find  the  same  problem  reappearing  among 
the  various  methods  of  steam  cultivation.  The 
arrangement  adopted  in  what  is  called,  after  the 
inventor,  the  "  Fisken  "  system,  is  as  follows  : — 

An  ordinary  portable  engine,  a  (in  the  sketch 
fig-  73).  O''  it  may  be  a  self-moving  engine,  for  the 
purpose  of  transporting  the  apparatus  without  horses,  is 
fitted  with  a  fly-wheel  or  rigger,  having  a  deep  V-groove 


order,  the  friction,  notwithstanding  the  high  speed  of  | 
30  up  to  40  miles  per  hour,  is  not  excessively  great.  j 
It  is  not  necessary  to  place  the  engine  in  tlie  same 
field  as  the  cultivating  machinery ;  and  at  .Stafford 
one  of  the  trials  was  made  with  the  engine  stationed 
200  yards  from  the  plot,  for  the  purpose  of  letting  it 
draw  its  water  from  a  stream  which  happened  to  be 
near.  The  outgoing  ply  of  rope  (the  rope  running 
always  in  one  direction)  is  conducted  round  a  tension- 
anchor,  E,  consisting  of  a  pulley  upon  a  light  movable 


upon  the  rigger  ji.  The  rope  takes  more  than  half  a 
turn  round  the  bottom  groove  of  the  driving-rigger,  and 
lies  for  a  few  inches  length  only  in  the  upper  groove  ; 
but  this  extent  of  bite  or  pinching  of  the  rope  is  found 
sufficient  for  transmitting  the  full  power  of  a  12-horse 
engine.  At  the  lower  end  of  the  vertical  axis  of  the 
driving-rigger  a  pinion,  I),  engages  with  a  spur-wheel 
E  ;  and  the  axis  of  this  intermediate  motion  carries  two 
pinions,  one  (not  shown  in  the  drawing)  gearing  with 
the  spur-wheel,  which  is  secured  to  the  rope-drum  A, 


Fcliruaiy  ,•;,   1S72, 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


At^ricultural 


Gazette. 


155 


the  other  pinion,  v,  driving  the  rope-barrel  c  The 
pinion  n  is  thrown  in  or  out  of  gear  by  mean-^  of  a 
friction  cone,  h,  which  is  tightened  or  loosened  by  the 
lever  j  and  hand-wheel  and  screw  K.  The  pinion  v  is 
similarly  put  in  or  out  of  gear  by  a  friction-cone,  not 
represented  in  the  sketch  ;  and  the  rope-drum  A,  being 
hung  upon  a  stud  or  shaft  whicli  can  be  turned  eccen- 
trically, can  be  moved  by  the  lever  i.  so  as  to  set  the 
drum  spur-wheel  in  or  out  of  gear  with  the  pinion  on 
the  axis  of  the  intermediate  spur-wheel  E.  When 
paying-out  the  plough-rope  u  the  drum  is  thus  released, 
but  its  motion  is  restricted  and  the  rope  held  partially 
taut  by  means  of  a  friction-strap  round  the  upper  flange 
of  the  drum  ;  this  strap  being  caught  and  held  by  a 
pawl  and  ratchet-teeth,  which  cause  the  brake  to  operate 
only  wlien  the  drum  is  paying-out  rope.  A  radial 
arm,  which  swings  round  upon  a  swivel,  carries  a 
guide-roller  for  upholding  the  rope  as  it  feeds  on  or 
runs  off  the  drum,  but  there  is  no  coiling  gear. 

The  action  is  easily  understood,  l^pon  the  imple- 
ment arriving  nearly  at  the  windlass,  the  anchor-man 
instantaneously  releases  the  clutch  it  by  the  hand-wheel 
K,  and  then  withdraws  the  drum  out  of  gear  by  the 
lever  i-.  The  other  anchor-man,  at  the  opposite  end  of 
the  field,  immediately  upon  finding  the  rope  to  cease  to 
pass  off  his  \vindlass  sets  the  drum  in  gear  and  screws 
his  friction-clutch  tight,  and  the  implement  begins  its 
return  iourney  without  any  delay.  Thus,  in  tlie  first 
trial  at  Barnhurst,  the  average  tmie  occupied  at  the 
ends  was  only  6  seconds,  and  frequently  did  not  exceed 
5  and  sometimes  4  seconds.  While  the  windlass  is 
paying  out  wire-rope,  it  is  made  to  advance  for  the 
required  distance  along  the  headland  by  putting  the 
pinion  f  in  gear,  so  as  to  wind  slowly  upon  the  barrel 
G  the  wire-rope  N  which  is  fixed  to  a  dead-anchor 
ahead.  The  windlass  is  guided  by  being  made  to  follow 
this  headland  rope,  with  the  fore-carriage  held  straight 
and  set  at  an  angle  by  a  ratchet-piece  placed  across  the 
shafts  and  resting  upon  the  rope.  The  windlass  is 
anchored  against  the  side-strain  due  to  the  plough-rope, 
not  by  cutting-discs,  but  by  a  single  spade-shaped 
coulter,  r,  about  15  inches  long  by  7  or  S  inches  deep, 
which  is  attached  to  the  main  frame  by  a  strong  upright 
stem,  and  lowered  into  the  ground  at  any  requisite 
depth.  When  setting  down  to  work  or  removing,  there 
are  no  travelling-wheels  to  be  removed  or  put  on.  A 
spit  of  earth  is  dug  up,  and  the  anchor-blade,  lowered 
into  the  hole,  cuts  its  way  at  an  invariable  level  through 
the  soil  at  every  advance  of  the  windlass  along  the 
headland.  Being  placed  in  the  proper  position,  a  little 
backward  from  the  line  of  direction  of  the  plough-rope 
M,  the  blade  i",  held  down  by  the  weight  of  the  wind- 
lass— 3  tons  2  cwt. — is  found  able  to  sustain  any  side- 
strain  due  to  the  work  of  hauling  the  implement  ;  and 
this  holding  power  is  not  surprising  when  it  is  remem- 
bered that  from  the  fact  of  there  being  only  one  ply  of 
puUing-rope  the  strain  is  only  one-half  that  upon  the 
anchor  of  a  Fowler's  double-drum  set,  and  less  than 
one-half  the  strain  upon  the  anchor  of  a  clip-drum 
tackle. 

The  lighter  windlass,  also  made  by  the  Ravensthorpe 
Company,  which  weighs  2  tons  6  cwt.,  is  constructed 
without  the  intermediate-motion  shaft  e  ;  and  the  same 
lever  which  connects  and  disconnects  the  friction-clutch 
H,  also  connects  and  disconnects  the  other  friction-cone 
for  driving  the  small  coiling-drum  G,  the  hauling  and 
travelling  motions  not  being  required  to  be  in  gear  at 
one  and  the  same  time. 

From  the  short  trials  which  it  was  alone  pos- 
sible to  make,  it  is  difficult  for  the  judges  to 
pronounce  decidedly  upon  the  mechanical  merits  of 
the  system.  The  plan  appears  to  be  eminently  flexible 
- — that  is,  it  can  be  very  readily  adapted  to  any  form  of 
field  ;  and  the  power  of  placing  the  engine  at  a  dis- 
tance, witliout  great  cost  of  rope,  is  an  important 
advantage,  more  especially  as  it  is  not  necessary  for  the 
engine-driver  to  see  any  signals.  The  engine,  when 
fitted  with  a  good  governor,  in  a  great  measure  regu- 
lates itself  ;  and  at  any  rate  the  driver  can  readily  tell 
by  the  variation  of  speed  what  is  doing  in  the  field. 
The  two  travelling-windlasses  possess  one  advantage  of 
the  double-engine  system,  in  the  furrows  always  ending 
at  the  windlass,  so  that  the  windlass-man  can  see  in  all 
weather  what  he  has  to  do.  On  the  other  hand,  there 
is  considerable  loss  of  power,  amounting  to  between  5 
and  10  per  cent.,  in  driving  the  swift  rope  (a  speed 
which  is  12.^  times  the  pace  of  the  implement),  even 
lor  a  3-acre  plot,  and  necessarily  much  more  when 
dealing  with  a  large  field.  The  consumption  of  oil  and 
tallow  is  also  large,  perhaps  wasteful,  owing  to  imper- 
fect lubricating  appliances  ;  and  the  high-speed  rope- 
pulleys  are  apt  to  heat,  so  that  in  dry  and  dusty  weather 
an  attendant  would  be  necessary  to  look  after  them.  It 
is  much  to  be  regretted  ih-it  the  design  and  workman- 
sliip,  of  the  windlass  especially,  are  not  so  good  as 
might  be  desired.  It  is  also  to  be  regretted  that  the 
machinery  is  not  ananged  to  be  completely  self-moving, 
ihe  supply  of  horses  being  always  a  troublesome  matter; 
that  should  indeed  be  unnecessary  where  the  driving- 
power  is  a  good  traction-engine. 

On  plot  7,  at  Barnhurst,  the  time  in  moving  to  the 
field  and  setting  down  to  work  was  46  minutes  ;  in 
removal  after  the  trial  15I  minutes.  Kight  horses  and 
four  men  were  engaged.  To  work  the  tackle  took  one 
engine-man,  one  implement-man,  and  two  anchor-men  ; 
no  lads  being  required,  as  rope-porters  are  not  used  for 
the  wire-rope.  Working  with  one  of  Messrs.  Howard's 
7-tined  reversible  cultivators  \\itli  large-sized  wheels, 


the  apparatus  finished  the  2  acres  3  roods  and  1 1  perche: 
in  I  hour  and  1 9  minutes,  which  is  at  the  rate  of 
21  acres  i  rood  17  perches  in  10  hours,  or  25  acres 
2  roods  20  perches  in  an  autumn  day  of  12  hours.  The 
depth  of  the  tillage  was  only  about  5,^  inches  ;  the 
work  fair,  but  not  well  broken  up  ;  the  bottom,  how- 
ever, was  cut  perfectly  level. 


LOSS  OF  FORCE  IN  AGRICULTURE. 
Mr.  D.  T.  Fish  returns  with  his  old  cleverness  to 
the  illustration  of  his  former  subject.  (See  p.  1 521, 
1S70.)  The  paper  which  he  has  just  been  reading 
before  the  Lavenham  Farmers'  Club  must,  however, 
be  much  condensed  to  obtain  a  place  in  our  columns. 
The  following,  accordingly,  is  an  abridged  report 
of  it  :—      ' 

On  a  former  occasion  I  directed  your  attention  to 
the  loss  of  force  in  regard  to  the  driving  forces  of 
agriculture  ;  the  forces  enumerated  were  capital,  skill 
and  labour.  Capital  was  declared  to  be  insufhcient, 
because  insecure  ;  skill  wanting,  or  too  little  esteemed  ; 
and  labour  deficient  in  quantity  and  inferior  in  <|uality. 
A  \^•ant  of  perfect  cogging  between  landlord,  tenant 
and  labourer  was  likewise  adverted  to  as  causing  a  loss 
of  force  by  an  excess  of  friction.  Such  is  the  baldest 
possible  outline  of  the  ground  gone  over  on  my  last 
visit  here. 

Success  or  failure  in  producing  anything  is  mostly 
dependent  on  the  price  given  for,  the  use  made  of,  raw 
material.  For  instance,  the  sugar  factory  here  is 
dependent  upon  your  crops  of  Beet.  It  is  the  same 
with  all  other  trades — stop  the  supply  of  Cotton,  and 
we  have  a  Cotton  famine  ;  cease  growing  wool,  and 
cloth-making  is  depressed  ;  let  a  mortality  destroy  the 
silkworm,  and  the  Coventry  weaver  is  pauperised  or 
starved.  And  not  only  must  there  be  a  supply  of  raw 
material,  but  it  must  be  made  the  most  of.  If  a  pro- 
ductive enterprise  is  to  be  profitable,  it  must  husband 
and  utilise  this  to  the  utmost.  Of  this  also  we  have  a 
capital  instance  in  the  sugar  factory.  Mr.  Duncan 
wastes  nothing ;  pulp,  chips,  refuse,  scum,  all  are 
utilised.  It  is  the  same  with  the  makers  of  broad- 
cloth, the  very  dust  of  the  wool  is  worked  up  into 
shoddy  goods.  Now,  were  agriculturists  equally  careful 
of  their  raw  material,  I  firmly  believe  the  produce  of 
the  country  would  speedily  be  doubled.  What  are  the 
raw  materials  of  agriculture?  Is  there  not  waste  of 
force  in  regard  to  the  tilth  of  the  earth  and  tangible, 
visible  manures?  In  regard  to  the  earth,  force  is  reck- 
lessly lost,  mainly  in  two  ways — from  an  excess  of 
water  and  a  lack  of  depth.  While  stagnant  water  as  it 
were  putrifies  the  heart  of  good  land  and  converts  its 
stamina  into  weak  useless  mud,  the  more  thoroughly 
the  rain  penetrates,  and  the  deeper  it  sinks  into  good 
land  the  better,  as  we  shall  probably  see  when  advert- 
ing to  the  advantages  of  a  deep  tilth. 

Shallow  cultivation  is  one  of  the  most  perfect  con- 
trivances for  waste  of  force  that  could  be  invented. 
Supposing  you  purchased  a  coal  mine  with  five  or  six 
seams  of  good  coal,  one  on  the  top  of  the  other,  and 
could  only  be  persuaded  to  work  the  upper  seam  ? 
But  this  is  virtually  what  thousands  of  cultivators  are 
doing.  Year  after  year  they  go  on  and  on,  scratching 
the  surface  to  the  same  depth.  They  seem  positively 
afraid  of  the  good  pan  that  has  slumbered  for  ages  in 
the  bottom  of  your  furrows.  No  matter  how  rich  the 
soil  below,  the  pan  must  not  be  broken.  The  upheav- 
ing and  overthrow  of  this  idol  is  the  grandest  revolu- 
tion that  has  ever  been  effected  in  agriculture. 

This  deepening  of  the  tilth,  however,  should  pro- 
ceed with  caution.  First  loosen,  then  enrich,  next 
invert,  and  finally  incorporate  the  under  with  the 
upper  soil.  Some  enthusiasts  have  brought  reproach 
on  deep  culture  by  doubling  or  trebling  the  depths  of 
their  tilths  at  once,  thus  scattering  an  irruption  of 
barren  earth  over  the  surface.  Such  cases  are  sure  to 
be  cited  as  proofs  positive  against  deep  culture.  They 
are  nothing  of  the  sort.  They  only  prove  the  truth  of 
a  sentiment,  which  I  am  confident  you  will  all  endorse 
here,  that  a  complete  inversion  or  subvei'sion  of  our 
institutions  is  not  a  wise  way  of  reforming  proved 
abuses.  A  little  at  a  time  and  no  going  backwards  is 
the  safest  way  of  reforming  either  the  land  or  the 
State.  And  now  the  era  of  reform  in  both  has  reached, 
or  is  about  to  reach,  the  lowest  stratum.  But  how 
deep  would  you  go?  We  will  answer  this  question  by 
another — How  deep  will  the  roots  go?  Did  ever  you 
see  a  tilth  that  they  did  not  bottom  ?  I  never  have, 
and  yet  I  have  seen  tilths  4  or  5  feet  deep,  and 
have  found  the  roots  of  green  crops,  Swedes,  Mangel, 
Cabbages,  and  Sugar-Beet  pierce  through  them  into 
the  subsoil.  Kven  Wheat  and  other  corn  plants  have 
been  traced  down  to  a  depth  of  5  or  6  feet.  There  is, 
however,  another  mode  of  answering  this  question  of 
depth.  How  deep  have  others  gone?  The  twin 
sister  of  agriculture,  horticulture,  that  some  of  you  con- 
sider a  little  frst,  has  already  reached  a  depth  of  from 
3  to  4  feet.  And  it  answers  so  well  that  the  rent  and 
produce  of  garden  lands  throughout  the  kingdom  is 
probably  ten-fold  that  of  agricultural  land.  But,  as  I 
have  already  remarked,  the  deepening  of  soils  must  be 
a  work  of  time,  and  in  the  course  of  50  years  probably 
the  tilths  of  your  fields  will  have  reached  a  foot, 
I S  inches,   or  2  feet.      Kvery  inch    added  to  the  depth 


I  increases  the  productive  force  of  land  by  120  tons  per 
acre. 

When  yuu  hire  a  steam-engine  or  threshing-machine 
you  set  all  hands  to  work  it  in  order  that  there  may  be 
no  loss.  It  is  a  costly  thing,  and  you  make  the  most 
of  it  while  you  have  it.  Why  not  treat  the  land  on  the 
same  principle,  and  see  that  every  part  of  it  is  employed 
in  the  art  of  production.  Shallow  ploughing  is  simply 
a  reckless  sacrifice  of  force,  profit,  yield.  It,  of 
necessity,  puts  the  roots  of  plants  on  short  commons, 
and  compels  them  to  live  in  the  worst  possible  place 
for  the  utilisation  of  such  food  as  they  have.  Kvery 
change  of  weather  affects  their  power  of  consumption, 
and  they  are  overrun  with  rival  roots  in  all  directions. 

The  earth  is  not  simply  plant  food,  but  the  great 
storehouse  for  most  other  sorts  of  food.  It  is  raw 
material,  and  the  diluent  and  distributor  of  other  kinds 
of  raw  material,  that  is,  manures.  The  deeper  within 
reasonable  limits,  the  safer  and  the  more  it  stores,  and 
the  better  it  distributes,  the  food  of  plants.  If  this 
storage  is  too  small,  that  which  is  uncovered  is  virtually 
lost  ;  shallow  soils  are  like  granaries  or  barns  too  full — 
grain  lying  outside  is  wasted.  A  shallow  soil  can 
hardly  decently  bury  20  tons  of  dung  to  the  acre  ; 
several  inches  of  soil  are  also  needed  to  shut  in  the 
most  volatile — that  is  the  most  valuable — portions  of 
manure.  The  plants  get  a  taste  of  good  things  at  start- 
ing, but  the  roots  speedily  outrun  their  larders,  and 
then  comes  that  worst  of  all  catastrophes  on  tlie  line  of 
growth — a  stunt,  ending  in  a  light  harvest. 

There  is  no  branch  of  agriculture  in  which  there  is 
more  loss  of  force  than  in  the  preparation  and  applica- 
tion of  manures.  The  subject  is  so  wide  and  im- 
portant that  many  papers  would  be  needful  to  do  it 
justice.  I  can  but  briefly  advert  to  it  thus  : — What 
manures  to  apply,  and  how,  where  and  when  to  use 
them  to  most  advantage.  The  preliminary  question  of 
"  What  are  manures?  "  ought  perhaps  to  be  answered 
in  a  sentence  or  two.  A  change  of  labour  is  called 
rest  by  some,  and  so  a  change  of  earth  is  manure. 
For  instance,  clay,  or  marl,  or  burnt  earth,  are  the 
best  possible  manures  for  peats  and  sands  ;  lime  or 
sand  for  clays ;  gravelly  subsoils  for  humus,  sick 
surfaces,  and  so  on.  But,  more  directly,  manures  are 
everything  that  has  lived,  and  is  dead  or  dying.  It 
has  been  appointed  to  all  dead  matter  to  strengthen, 
nourish  and  beautify  some  living  thing.  Nothing 
liveth,  nothing  can  die  to  itself.  The  grass  of  to-day 
is  part  of  a  bullock  to-morrow,  by-and-by,  it  becomes 
a  fruit,  a  flower,  a  Sugar-Beet.  Anon  it  is  part  of  a 
man — muscular  force  in  his  arms — mental  power  in  his 
brain — an  inspiration  of  genius — a  flash  of  wit — an 
oration  to  captivate  senates— a  sermon  to  melt  hearts 
— a  policy  to  govern  empires.  Once  more  it  falls 
lightly  on  your  fields  to  grow  prize  Mangels.  We  all 
help  manure  the  fields.  Our  work,  our  life,  involves 
a  constant  waste,  and  the  crops  utilise  and  convert 
it  into  food.  In  my  first  paper  I  briefly  adverted 
to  the  fact  that  the  agricultural  manufactory 
was  the  biggest  in  the  world.  The  same  may 
be  said  of  your  manure  heap.  There  is  nothing 
more  huge,  nor  inexhaustible.  It  covers  the  earth — 
nay,  it  does  more,  for  it  fills  and  overflows  the  oceans 
of  water  and  of  air,  and  every  living  animal  forms  a 
portion  of  it.  Fortunately  for  us,  the  heap  varies  in 
thickness,  density,  quality,  else  we  must  all  speedily 
perish  that  the  plants  of  the  farm  might  be  fully  fed. 
Manures  present  themselves  to  us  chiefly  in  three 
general  forms.  The  solid,  liquid,  and  gaseous,  and  they 
are  mostly  valued  in  the  order  I  have  placed  them  ; 
nevertheless,  their  real  value  is  the  reverse  of  that  order. 
"  Solid  muck,  yes ;  that's  the  stuff;  we  can  appreciate 
that,  sir."  Well,  doubtless,  and  so  some  profess  to 
prize  Suffolk  bang  cheese,  and  Suffolk  dumplings, 
though  wliat  merit  they  possess,  except  that  of  extreme 
hardness,  toughness,  and  leanness,  it  would  be  diflicuit 
to  discover.  J  t  is  frequently  just  so  with  solid  dung; 
all  its  gases  dissipated — all  its  strong  soup  gone  into 
the  neare->.t  ditch — it  is  the  mere  bony  skeleton  of  what 
manure  should  be.  Farmyard  manure  will  never  be 
what  it  ought  until  it  is  all  made  and  kept  undercover. 
^'our  splendid  covered  yards  here  are  a  great  step  in 
this  direction,  and  the  increased  value  of  the  manure 
will  doubtless  pay  the  cost  of  the  roofs  in  a  few  years. 
But  proper  care  will  never  be  taken  of  manure  until  a 
higher  estimate  is  put  upon  its  wortli.  It  is  sometimes 
said  that  figures  are  more  eloquent  than  facts,  as  if  they 
too  were  not  facts.  Here  are  some  which  ought  to 
carry  conviction  to  every  mind.  TJiey  give  tlie  value 
of  tlie  manure  from  one  ton  of  the  32  different  feeding 
stuffs  named: — 

L  s.  ii.  l  s.  e/. 

1.  Coiton  seed    cake,  ,  16.  O.its  ..         . .    i   15     o 

decorticated     ..  6  10  0}  17.  Wheat        ..  ..    1    13     o 

2.  Rape  cake..         ..  4  18  o  !  18.  Malt           ..  ..in     u 

3.  I.inseed  cake        ..  4  12  o  I  19.  liarley        ..  . .    i    10    o 

4.  Lotion    seed   cake,  20.  Clover  hay  ..256 

not  decorticated  3  18  6  21.  Meadow  h.Ty  ,.    i     o  (i 

5.  Lentils        ..         ..  3  17  o  22.  liean-straw  ..   i     o  ("1 

6.  Beans         ,.         ..  3  14  o  23.  Pea.-sti-a\v  ..  . .  o  rS  g 

7.  Tares          ..         >•  3  13  o  24.  ()at-sti-aw  ..  ..  o  13  o 

8.  Linseed      ..         ..  3  13  o  25.  Wheat-straw  .  .  o  12  6 

9.  Peas            ..         ..  3  2  o  06.  IJarley-siraw  . .  o  10  ij 

10.  Indian  meal  ..    i  it  o    27.  Pntatos       ..         ..090 

11.  Locust  Hcans  ..    i  z  6    28.  Parsnips     ..          . .  o     s     6 

12.  Malt  dust  ..  ..4  5  6 ,  29.  Mangel       ..          ..  o     s     ( 

13.  Bran           ..  . .  a  i8  6    30.  Swedish  Turnips  . .  o     4      ; 

14.  Coarse:  pollnnl  . .   2  18  o     31,   Comninn 'turnips      040 

15.  Fine  pollard  . .   2  17  o     :;2.    Carrots       ..          ..    u     4     u 


t56 


The   Gardeners*   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  3,   1S72. 


It  is  imjaossible  to  add  anything  that  could  give  addi- 
tional force  to  these  figures.  They  cry  out  against 
waste  with  irresistible  force.  The  richer  the  manure 
the  more  sohible  and  the  easier  spoilt.  Which  of  you, 
when  you  buy  guano,  crushed  bones,  phosphates,  salt, 
leave  them  out  in  the  rain?  But  what  of  your  home- 
made guano  from  cake-fed  bullocks  ?  That  is  quite  a 
different  matter.  I  admit  it  is  different,  that  is,  yet 
more  valuable, 

(To  i'f  continued.) 


THE  BREEDING   OF  CATTLE. 

[We  propose  to  give  during  this  and  the  following  week  a  lecture 
on  thi^  subject,  recently  delivered  by  Mr.  T.  F.  Jamieson, 
Lecturer  on  Agriculture  in  the  University  of  Aberdeen.] 

Many  people  must  have  observed  with  some  degree 
of  surprise  the  prices  given  at  ceitain  sales  of  live  stock 
during  the  past  few  years.  When  heifers  sell  for  a 
thousand  guineas  and  bull-calves  at  a  like  figure,  we 
naturally  ask  what  peculiarity  there  is  about  the  animals 
to  excite  so  keen  a  competiton.  To  the  uninitiated 
many  of  them  seem  no  better  than  might  be  picked  up  in 
a  market  at  a  very  moderate  price  ;  but  it  is  evident  there 
must  be  some  hidden  virtue,  real  or  supposed,  that  acts 
as  a  charm  on  their  admirers.  Lords  and  commoners 
assemble  round  the  ring,  and  the  bids  rise  rapidly  by 
50  gs,  at  a  time,  and  men  come  from  America  and  far 
Australia  to  secure  some  of  the  lots.  On  inquiiy,  we 
are  told  it  is  Bates'  blood,  or,  it  may  be,  Booth's  that 
constitutes  the  charm,  or  perhaps  the  animals  are  of  the 
Duchess  or  Oxford  tribe  ;  that  it  is  not  so  much  the 
beasts  themselves  as  their  pedigree  that  is  the  attraction. 
The  competitors  are  anxious,  eager  men,  and — 

Their  expression  is  so  solemn,   and  so  earnest   is  their 

tone, 
That  nought  would  seem  worth  living  for  but  "red  and 

white  and  roan." 

The  white  bull-calf  just  knocked  out  at  a  1000  gs.  is 
entitled  Duke  of  Oxford  the  20th,  and  its  lineage,  run- 
ning through  many  a  far-famed  sire,  is  recorded  in  the 
catalogue  for  ever  so  many  generations.  And  who  is 
Bates  ?  the  stranger  may  ask,  and  what  is  the  Duchess 
blood  that  it  should  be  so  famous  ?  As  the  breeding 
of  cattle  has  become  a  sort  of  science,  and  is 
regulated  by  laws  or  conditions  which  seem  to  apply, 
not  only  to  the  animal  kingdom,  but  also  to  the 
human  race  itself,  the  subject  is  one  of  considerable 
interest,  not  only  in  regard  to  agriculture,  but  also  on 
account  of  its  relations  to  biology  at  large.  The  record 
of  facts  connected  with  the  breeding  of  our  domestic 
animals,  which  has  been  now  accumulating  for  many 
years,  may  be  studied  with  advantage  even  by  those 
who  have  no  special  interest  in  the  pursuit  itself. 
There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  pedigree  is 
of  importance  in  regard  to  the  mental  faculties  as 
well  as  to  the  bodily  features  and  constitution,  and  the 
progress  of  investigation  leads  us  to  suppose  that  every 
peculiarity  of  mind  and  body  may  be  inherited. 
Some  even  hint  that  there  is  such  a  thing  as  hereditary 
brains  and  pedigree  tells  in  ^  Hohenzollemaswellasina 
Shorthorn. 

No  one  paid  more  attention  to  pedigree  than  Thos. 
Bates,  who  brought  the  Duchess  tribe  of  Shorthorns 
first  into  public  notice.  He  was  a  native  of  Northum- 
berland, born  in  1775,  and  spning  from  a  family  which 
had  long  been  resident  in  that  county.  Being  in  easy 
circumstances,  and  owner  of  some  landed  property,  he 
was  able  to  devote  his  attention  to  the  rearing  of  cattle 
under  very  favourable  circumstances.  He  had  also  the 
advantage  of  a  tolerably  good  education,  having  at  one 
time  intended  entering  the  Church.  He  was  well 
acquainted  with  Charles  and  Robert  Colling,  although 
considerably  younger  than  either  of  them,  and  knew  a 
good  deal  about  both  their  herds.  The  northern 
counties  of  England  seemed  to  have  possessed  a  good 
kind  of  cattle  for  a  considerable  period,  owing  appa- 
rently to  the  natives  of  the  legion  having  a  taste  that 
way,  and  it  is  evident  many  excellent  herds  existed 
before  Charles  Colling  began  to  devote  his  attention  to 
the  subject.  Early  in  the  last  century,  we  learn  that 
several  of  the  landed  gentry  in  Northumberland  prided 
themselves  in  tlie  excellence  of  their  cattle.  The 
Sniilhsons  of  Stanwick  were  among  these,  and  Sir 
Hugh  Smithson,  who  married  the  heiress  of  the 
noble  house  of  Percy,  used  to  weigh  his  cattle 
periodically,  as  well  as  the  food  they  ate,  so  as  to 
ascertain  the  amount  of  imprcrvement  made  in  proportion 
to  the  food  they  consumed — the  first  authentic  instance 
we  hear  of  this  being  done ;  and  it  is  from  his  stock 
that  Bates'  Duchess  tribe  are  supposed  to  have  origi- 
nally descended.  The  Studley  family  had  also  long 
been  famous  for  the  excellence  of  their  Shorthorned 
cattle,  and  the  Blacketts,  at  Newby,  near  Ripon,  had 
their  entrance  hall,  we  are  told,  hung  with  portraits  of 
their  more  celebrated  animals.  In  addition  to  this 
native  stock,  Ave  find  that  a  Mr.  Michael  Dobinson, 
early  in  the  iSth  century,  brought  over  some  very 
superior  cattle  from  Holland,  which  were  of  material 
service  in  improving  the  breed  of  Shorthorns  in  the 
North  of  England,  and  Sir  Wm.  St.  Quintin  also 
imported  others  from  the  same  quarter.  It  is  clear, 
then,  that  Colling  had  good  materials  to  select  from, 
and,  in  fact.  Bates  seems  to  think  the  Shorthorns  were 
at  their  best  about  1770,  and  alleges  that  both  Robert 
and  Charles  Colling  repeatedly  admitted  to  him  that  the 
Shorthorns  were  better  before  they  came  into  their 
hands  than  when  they  had  them.     This,  perhaps,  may 


be  true  in  regard  to  their  milking  properties,  for  some 
of  the  early  Shorthorns,  as  I  shall  afterwards  have 
occasion  to  show,  seem  to  have  far  excelled  their 
modern  representatives  in  this  respect,  and  Bates  laid 
much  stress  upon  the  yield  of  milk,  but  in  other  respects, 
as  flesh  producers,  the  breed,  instead  of  falling  off,  isgene- 
rally  considered  to  have  much  improved.  For  example, 
George  CuUey,  writing  in  17S6,  says— "Within  a  few 
years,  a  very  rapid  improvement  has  taken  place  in  the 
breeding  of  Shorthorned  cattle,  so  that  in  a  few  years, 
I  have  reason  to  think,  they  will  surpass  their  rivals 
the  Longhorns."  No  doubt  this  improvement  to 
which  he  refers  was  that  carried  out  by  Charles  Colling. 
It  is  to  be  regretted  that  accurate  data  do  not  exist  for 
enabling  us  to  compare  the  animals  of  the.present  day 
with  those  which  existed  in  the  last  century,  or  even 
50  years  ago.  And  we  occasionally  hear  some  judges 
and  practical  breeders,  like  Mr.  Sanday,  asserting  that 
the  animals  bred  at  the  present  day  are  inferior  both  in 
size  and  quality  to  those  of  former  times.  We  want, 
for  comparison,  the  elements  of  weight  and  measure, 
and  have  to  depend  merely  upon  hearsay  and  matter  of 
opinion.  If  correct  measurements  were  recorded  of 
the  size  of  the  animals  at  certain  periods  of  their  age, 
we  could  at  once  tell  whether  those  we  now  produce 
were  equal  in  magnitude  and  rate  of  growth  to  the 
races  of  a  former  generation.  The  fineness  of  bone 
could  also  be  a  subject  of  accurate  measurement.  At 
our  national  shows  there  should  be  committees 
appointed  for  the  purpose  of  acciirately  measurmg  and 
noting  the  features  and  qualities  of  the  finest  animals  in 
the  various  classes,  and  let  a  record  of  the  particulars 
be  inserted  in  the  Journals  of  the  societies.  If  some- 
thing of  this  kind  were  done,  we  should  know  what 
progress  takes  place,  whereas  by  the  present  system 
no  certain  data  are  established,  and  we  can't  tell 
whether  our  breeds  are  improving  or  falling  off. 

From  the  fossil  remains  of  oxen,  got  in  the  more 
recent  geological  deposits,  naturalists  are  of  opinion 
that  at  least  two  species  existed  in  this  country  before 
it  was  inhabited  by  civilised  man — one,  a  very  large 
kind  of  ox,  called  the  Urus,  whose  remains  are  some- 
times got  in  the  marl  beds  and  peat  mosses  of  this 
country,  and  Julius  Ctesar  mentions  it  as  occuring  in 
a  wild  state  in  the  forests  of  Germany  in  his  day.  It 
seems  probable  that  the  Shorthorns  and  some  of  the 
other  large  breeds,  such  as  the  Hereford,  are  descended 
from  this  great  wild  ox.  It  is  believed  to  have  been 
domesticated  in  Switzerland  at  a  very  early  period,  and 
Lord  Tankerville's  cattle  at  Chillingham  Park,  in 
Northumberland,  are  thought  by  some  to  be  descend- 
ants of  this  species,  although  much  degenerated  in  size. 
These  half-wild  cattle  at  Chillingham  Park  are  white, 
with  the  inside  of  the  ears  reddish-brown,  the  eyes 
rimmed  with  black,  muzzle  brown,  hoofs  black,  and  the 
horns  white  tipped  with  black.  According  to  some  old 
Scottish  historians,  the  wild  cattle  of  the  Caledonian 
forests  were  white,  and  furnished  with  a  great  mane. 
Perhaps  this  may  partly  account  for  the  great  tendency 
of  white  to  appear  in  the  Shorthorned  breed,  notwith- 
standing the  desire  of  breeders  to  avoid  it.  Many  of 
the  best  early  herds  of  Shorthorns  near  Ketton  were 
white,  with  red  ears  and  red  spots  on  then-  necks,  and 
it  used  to  be  remarked  that  there  was  a  great  tendency 
to  white  in  all  those  that  were  bred  from  closely  related 
blood.  The  other  species  of  wild  ox  {called  Bos  longi- 
frons  by  Professor  Owen)  was  of  a  much  smaller  size, 
had  a  short  body  and  fine  legs,  and  is  believed  by  Mr. 
Dawkins  to  have  been  domesticated  in  England  at  the 
time  the  Romans  occupied  it,  and  to  have  supplied  food 
to  their  legions.  Owen  supposes  that  the  small  High- 
land and  Welsh  cattle  are  derived  from  this  species. 
Nothing  certain  is  known  as  to  its  original  colour. 
From  the  magnitude  of  the  skeletons  of  the  larger  species 
of  fossil  ox,  it  would  seem  that  the  great  size  of  our 
Shorthorn  and  Hereford  cattle  is  not  a  feature  we  owe 
to  the  progress  of  modem  improvement,  but  it  is  an 
ancient  characteristic  of  the  breed. 

The  main  object  for  which  we  keep  cattle  is  the  pro- 
duction of  beef  and  milk,  and  the  most  valuable 
breeds  are  those  which  best  fulfil  that  object.  A  doubt 
exists  as  to  the  possibility  of  combining  in  great  per- 
fection both  of  these  qualities.  Some  advise  that  we 
should  have  separate  breeds  adapted  for  each  purpose  ; 
one  for  the  dairy,  and  the  other  for  the  production  of 
butcher's  meat  ;  and  that  it  is  a  mistake  to  think  of 
getting  both  advantages  united  to  any  great  degree  in 
the  same  animal  Such  was  the  opinion,  for  example, 
of  George  CuUey,  who  thought  that  where  this  is 
attempted,  we  are  likely  to  get  neither  in  perfection  ; 
in  proportion  as  we  gain  the  one  we  lose  the  other  ; 
the  more  milk,  the  less  beef;  the  more  beef,  the  less 
butler.  "  I  am  inclined,"  he  says,  "  to  think  you  can- 
not unite  great  milkers  with  quick  feeders.  They  are 
two  diflTerent  types  of  cattle,  adapted  for  different  pur- 
poses, and  we  should  make  our  selection  according  to 
the  particular  object  we  have  in  view.  If  we  want 
dairy  produce,  let  us  select  both  bulls  and  cows 
from  the  best  milking  tribes  we  can  find,  and  keep 
to  that  sort  exclusively,  breeding  on  both  sides 
from  the  families  most  remarkable  for  the  production  of 
milk,  and  in  due  time  we  shall  attain  our  object.  On  the 
other  hand,  if  we  want  feeding  or  grazing  cattle  for  the 
production  of  butcher's  meat,  let  us  select  the  quickest 
feeders  wherever  they  can  be  found  ;  but  let  us  keep  to 
distinct  sorts,  and  don't  mix  them,  for  by  attempting  to 
unite  the  two  we  shall  probably  spoil  both.  '  And 
Culley  points  out  that  the  two  sorts  belong  to  different 


types  of  cattle.  *'  The  great  milkers  are  lean-backed, 
flat-sided,  big-bellied,  poor,  and  ill-looking,  although 
kept  on  good  fare.  Whereas  the  others  are  thick-set, 
broad-chested,  round,  and  barrel-shaped  beasts,  light 
in  the  paunch,  and  well-covered  on  all  their  points."  I 
have  quoted  Culley's  opinion  because  he  was  considered 
a  very  good  judge,  and  a  high  authority  in  his  day. 
Although  contemporary  with  Charles  Colling,  he  was 
an  older  man  by  16  years,  being  born  in  1734.  He 
published  his  essay  on  live  stock  in  17S6,  so  that  his 
remarks  were  made  before  the  improved  Shorthorns 
came  much  into  notice.  Culley  was  a  pupil  of  Bake- 
well,  who  is  said  to  have  had  a  special  liking 
for  him,  and  often  took  him  along  in  his  tours 
to  examine  the  various  breeds  of  live  stock  through- 
out the  kingdom  ;  so  that  he  came  to  be  considered 
Bakewell's  favourite  disciple  ;  and  Robert  Colling  used 
to  say,  that  whatever  he  knew  of  the  art  of  breeding 
cattle  he  owed  to  George  Culley.  There  is  no  doubt 
a  great  number  of  the  high-bred  cattle  of  the  present 
day  are  very  deficient  in  milking  properties.  This  is 
especially  the  case  with  those  exhibited  at  our  cattle 
shows,  not  only  among  the  Shorthorns,  but  also  in  the 
Herefords,  Devons,  Polled  Aberdeenshires,  West 
Higlilanders,  and  Galloways,  which  would  seem  to 
corroborate  the  opinion  of  Culley,  that  the  farther  we 
go  in  improving  a  breed  for  the  production  of  beef,  the 
more  we  spoil  it  for  the  dairy.  Some,  however,  dis- 
pute the  accuracy  of  this  opinion,  and  maintain  the 
possibility  of  uniting  both  advantages  in  the  same  race. 
Thomas  Bates  was  one  of  these,  and  as  he  had  a  veiy 
long  experience  as  a  breeder,  and  is  an  oracle  on  the 
subject,  his  opinion  is  entitled  to  considerable  weight. 
Bates,  when  a  young  man,  knew  Culley  very  well,  as 
he  lived  in  the  same  neighbourhood,  and  often  visited 
him,  and  highly  esteemed  his  judgment  in  all  agri- 
cultural matters,  although  he  differed  from  him  on  this 
particular  point. 

It  would  seem  to  be  the  fact  that  there  are  very  great 
diversities  among  cattle.  Some  are  great  milkers, 
some  quick  feeders,  and  bad  sorts  may  be  found,  which 
are  good  for  neither  purpose.  But  it  seems  also  to  be 
the  case  that  there  are  cattle  which  unite  both  qualifi- 
cations to  a  considerable  degree,  and  that  it  may  be 
possible  to  perpetuate  these  advantages  in  a  single 
breed.  Both  qualifications  depend  upon  certain  common 
properties.  There  must  in  each  case  be  a  good  appetite 
for  the  consumption  of  food,  and  great  powers  of 
digestion  ;  hut  in  the  one  case  the  products  of  digestion 
are  turned  to  milk,  and  in  the  other  to  fat  and  flesh. 
It  is  clear  enough  they  cannot  go  to  both  at  the  same 
time,  and  a  cow  that  is  giving  a  large  quantity  of  milk 
will  not  lay  on  much  beef.  But  there  seems  nothing  to 
hinder  the  production  of  meat  to  go  on  after  the  secre- 
tion of  milk  is  stopped  ;  and  when  the  yield  of  milk 
ceases  the  same  animal  may  fatten  quickly,  and  grow 
to  a  great  size  ;  its  produce,  also,  may  be  rapid  feeders 
and  good  grazing  beasts.  Facts,  however,  will  perhaps 
be  more  to  the  purpose  here  than  arguments,  and  as  the 
point  is  one  well  worthy  of  discussion,  I  shall  make  no 
apology  for  dwelling  upon  it  at  some  length. 

More  than  70  years  ago,  Dr.  Anderson,  of  Monks- 
hill,  who  was  himself  a  practical  farmer,  as  well  as  a 
man  of  a  highly  cultivated  mind,  remarked  that  some 
animals  had  come  under  his  particular  observation 
which  not  only  afforded  rich  milk  in  very  large  quan- 
tity in  proportion  to  their  size,  but  possessed  the 
quality  of  fattening  in  a  very  eminent  degree.  One  of 
these  was  a  cow  of  his  own,  which  not  only  gave  an 
unusual  quantity  of  very  rich  milk,  but  yielded  it  for 
about  II  months  in  the  year.  He  kept  this  cow  until 
she  was  10  years  old,  and  states  that  she  was  at  all ' 
times  in  much  better  condition  than  the  others  kept 
along  with  her  on  the  same  food,  and  her  descendants 
retained  the  same  quality  for  several  generations,  as 
long  indeed  as  Dr.  Anderson  kept  them.  This  cow, 
which  was  of  small  size,  and  of  a  mixed  Kyloe  breed, 
sometimes  gave  about  7  galls,  of  milk  soon  after 
calving,  and  when  well  fed  would  have  averaged  about 
5  galls,  during  most  of  the  year.  Some  of  Charles  Col- 
ling's  famous  herd  of  Shorthorns  were  great  milkers. 
Old  Daisy,  for  example,  gave  8  galls,  a-day  ;  and  the 
Cherry  tribe,  one  of  his  best  families,  were  also  good  at 
the  pail.  Magdalcna  by  Comet,  was  another  cow  which 
yielded  S  galls,  a-day.  Colling  reserved  her  for  him- 
self when  he  sold  off  his  stock  in  i8io,  but  afterwards 
parted  with  her  to  Whittaker  of  Burley.  Now  these 
are  quantities  that  are  seldom  exceeded  by  the  best 
dairy  cattle.  Mr.  Bates  informs  us  that  the  dam  and 
grand-dam  of  Huhback  were  both  good  milkers,  and 
HuiiBACK  was  one  of  the  best  sires  and  quickest 
feeders  ever  known.  Perhaps  the  very  best  tribe  of 
cows  Charles  Colling  had,  and  which,  so  far  as  we 
can  judge,  were  his  own  favourites,  was  that  which  is 
known  as  the  "Lady  Maynard  "  family,  the  first  of 
which  he  got  from  John  Maynard,  of  Eryholme,  in 
1786.  Robert  Colling  is  reported  to  have  said,  that 
it  was  to  the  blood  of  this  family  that  the  gi-eat 
superiority  of  his  brother's  cattle  and  of  his  own  was 
due.  Colling  bought  this  cow  when  seven  years  old 
for  ^30,  with  \2s,  back  of  a  luck-penny,  and  he  kept 
her  until  she  was  19  years  old,  and  had  bred  no  less 
than  20  calves,  and  was  still  a  fresh-looking  cow.  She 
was  the  dam  of  Phoenix,  and  grand-dam  of  his  bull 
Fa\'OURIte,  which  he  used  more  than  any  other, 
keeping  him  until  he  was  13  years  old.  Any  one  who 
I  takes  the  trouble  of  looking  up  the  pedigrees  of  the 
early    Shorthorns  will   see  that    FA\-otrRiTE's    blood 


Febraary  3,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


157 


preponderaier.  f.iv  more  lliau  that  of  any  other  nnim.il  ; 
so  much  so,  that  we  may  ahnost  say  the  improved 
Shorthorn  breed  are  the  ofispring  of  Favouritk. 
This  is  the  case  because  they  all  run  baclc  to 
the  ColUngs*  stock,  which  latterly  were  perfectly  satu- 
rated with  the  blood  of  Favourite.  Now  John  May- 
nard  himself,  who  sold  this  fine  cow  to  Charles  Colling, 
told  Thomas  Bates  that  he  remembered  the  tribe  to 
which  this  animal  belonged  as  far  back  as  the  year 
1750,  and  that  the  originals  of  them  were  great 
milkers,  the  first  three  in  succession  having  always  to 
be  milked  before  calving.  It  is  true  that  of 
Favourite's  blood  50  per  cent,  was  due  to  the  bull 
called  FoLjAMBE,  who  was  grandsire  on  both  sides,  which 
doubtless  led  Colling  on  one  occasion  to  make  the 
remark  that  Foljambe  was  the  animal  that  did  him 
most  good.  He,  however,  used  Foijamre  only  one 
season,  and  to  a  very  few  cows,  and  sold  him  when  he 
was  but  a  year  old.  It  would,  therefore,  seem  that  he 
did  not  think  very  highly  of  him,  although  it  is  worthy 
of  remark  that  he  shouUl  liavc  put  him  to  two  of  his  very 
best  cows.  FoLjAMisE  himself  was  out  of  a  fine  neat 
cow  called  I/dughfoii,  an  extiaordinai-y  milker,  but  his 
sire  was  an  inferior  animal,  which  probably  induced 
Colling  to  part  with  him  so  soon.  We  see,  therefore, 
that  Favourite  had  a  good  milking  pedigree  througli 
both  lines,  and  it  is  clear  that  Colling  resembled 
Bates  in  paying  much  attention  to  this  point,  for  many 
of  his  animals  were  not  only  good,  but  extraordinary 
milkers,  and  it  appears  that  Charles  Colling  at  first 
kept  cows  solely  for  dairy  purposes,  and  that  it 
was  only  after  he  picked  up  Hubback  that  he 
turned  his  attention  to  the  breeding  of  Shorthorns. 
The  dam  of  Robert  Colling's  cow,  Bright  J£ycs^ 
gave  15  quarts  of  milk,  at  a  meal,  and  she  produced 
the  buU  Marske,  a  noted  sire.  Another  instance  of 
an  extraordinary  milker  being  also  a  capital  breeding 
animal  was  a  cow  called  Barforth,  belonging  to  Mr. 
Wastil  of  Great  Burdon,  a  well-known  breeder  and 
noted  judge  of  cattle,  and  a  contemporary  of  Colling. 
This  Barforth  is  reported  to  have  given  9  galls,  of 
milk  a-day,  yielding  at  tlie  rate  of  24  imperial  pounds 
of  butter  in  the  week.  .She  was  a  well-bred  Shorthorn, 
and  dam  of  Robson's  bull,  which  figures  in  some  of  the 
best  early  pedigrees.  A  cow  of  this  kind,  I  suspect, 
must  be  a  rara  avh  among  the  Shorthorns  of  the 
present  day,  and  it  certainly  taxes  one's  credulity  to 
believe  some  of  these  statements  ;  but,  from  the 
number  of  independent  witnesses,  whose  testimony 
cor-n^  to  be  worthy  of  credit,  we  are  compelled  to 
believe  that  many  of  thtsi  early  Shorthorns  were  un- 
commonly fine  milkers,  instances  of  S  galls,  a-day  being 
mentioned  by  many  persons,  and  an  affidavit  was  sworn 
before  a  magistrate  in  America  that  an  improved  Short- 
liorn  ciiw  im;iorted  into  that  country  produced  milk 
that  yielded  20  lb.  of  butter  in  the  week. 

Thomas  Bates  seemed  to  have  selected  his  Duchess 
tribe  on  account  of  their  combining  great  milking 
powers  with  an  aptitude  to  fatten  readily.  I  believe 
Bates  is  generally  considered  to  have  been  a  trust- 
worthy man  in  his  statements,  and  correct  in  his  facts, 
although  many  thought  he  had  an  overweening  opinion 
of  his  own  stock.  He  tells  us  that  his  first  Duchess 
cow,  which  he  bought  from  Charles  Colling,  gave 
7  galls,  of  milk  per  day,  viz.,  14  quarts  at  each  meal, 
the  practice  being  to  milk  only  twice  a-day,  morning 
and  night,  and  the  milk  yielded  iS  imperial  pounds  of 
butter  in  the  week.  He  never  had  a  cow  that,  to  his 
knowledge,  gave  more  than  this.  This  same  cow  was 
the  dam  of  his  bull  Ketton,  a  very  fine  animal,  and 
an  excellent  sire. 

(To  be  Continued.) 


them.  We  have  to  thank  him  for  the  very  copious 
statement  of  his  cultivation  and  cropping  in  the  Ti/ncs 
of  Nov.  7,  and  also  in  your  columns.  From  this  it 
appears  that  he  commenced  steam  cultivating  on 
Oct.  10,  1S71,  and  by  Nov.  3  had  cultivated  : — 

Acres. 

For  Wlieut  39  at  4f'  iW-    i'"     5  I'-'V^ 

Ridged  and  subsoiled  for  Beans  . .     42  at  6s.  ■zd.  "I 

Ditto  for  Barley 38  at  6j.  z;/.  >  in  17  days 

Ditto  for  roots 12  at  6j.  2fl?.  ) 


131  acres 


in  22  d:iys 

.^7  10  o 

.    iQ  14  6 

.     o  16  6 

.     9  i6  6 


Steam  Cultivation. — I  am  always  much  amused 
and  interested  by  l\[r.  Smith's  racy  and  smashing  up 
articles,  and  especially  admire  his  untiring  advocacy 
of  steam  cultivation.  I  also  particularly  approve  of  his 
concentrating  the  whole  force  of  his  8-horse  engine  on 
a  single  ridging  plough,  followed  in  its  track  by  the 
deep  subsoiler,  thus  accomplishing  nearly  the  same 
result  as  the  lute  worthy  Rev.  Samuel  Smith,  of  Lois 
Weedon,  who  kept  the  top-soil  uppermost,  and  laid 
bare,  manured,  and  cultivated  the  hitherto  unaerated 
subsoil,  thus  gaining,  year  by  year,  a  great  increase  of 
fertiIi^ed  soil.  Mr.  Smith  would  also  do  still  better 
by  manuring  the  furrows  (as  well  as  the  top  soil). 
This  is  what  helped  to  produce  the  enormous  Lois 
Weedon  crops.  Mr.  Smith  averages  4J  qr.  of  Wheat 
per  acre.  Mine  exceeds  that  considerably,  and  in  1S65 
and  186S  averaged  fully  7  qr.  per  acre  on  poorer  land 
than  Mr.  Smith's.  This  is  owing  partially  to  my 
manuring  of  the  subsoil.  Mr.  Smith  grows  a  very 
large  breadth  of  Wheat  and  Beans  alternately,  and  a 
certain  portion  of  the  Wheat  crop  is  also  alternated 
wiMi  Barley  and  Oats.  170  acres  of  his  land  are 
arable,  and  130  in  permanent  pasture.  Surely  it  will 
some  day  answer  his  purpose  to  convert  the  pasture 
into  arable.  I  wish  he  would  be  kind  enough  to  give 
us  a  statement  of  the  live  stock  on  his  farm,  and  a 
general  statement  Itke  my  balance-sheet,  always 
assuming  that  it  might  be  perfectly  agreeable  and 
uninjurious  to  him  to  do  so.  Mr.  Smith  is  perfectly 
welcome  to  fulfil  his  threat  and  to  bore  as  many  holes 
as  he  pleases  in  iny  balance-shec4s  ;  for,  as  they  are 
filled  only  wiih  truth,   that  is  all  he  will  get  out  of 


Co.ils,  12  tons  10  cwt.,  ;it  121-, 
Manual  labour 

Oil,  at  grt*.  per  day 

E.\tras,  IS,  (yd.  per  acre 

131  acres,  at  about  sr.  <jd.  per  acre     .  . .  ^37  17     6 

In  addition  to  the  131  acres,  Mr.  Smith  has  about 
12  acres  of  Wheat  horse-ploughed  after  Clover; 
12  acres  of  Oats — after  roots,  I  presume,  also  horse- 
ploughed  ;  12  acres  of  Clover;  total,  167  acres.  Mr. 
Smith  will  probably  tell  us  how  he  disposes  of  the 
straw  from  the  143  acres  of  corn.  Mr.  Smith  does  not 
plough  his  land  for  W^heat  after  Beans,  but  merely 
cultivates  it  at  a  cost  of  4.r.  7.i(/.  i^er  acre.  A  farmer 
who  has  seen  it  tells  me  that  the  Bean  stalks  and  roots 
remain  on  the  surface,  and  that  the  Wheat  looks 
healthy  growing  up  among  them.  I  presume  that  the 
Bean  crop  is  kept  very  clean  and  free  from  weed.s,  and 
any  weeds  gathered.  It  would,  I  suppose,  not  be 
possible  to  horse-hoe  the  Wheat,  owing  to  the  Bean 
stalks.  I  rather  accuse  myself  of  negligence  in  not 
going  to  see  Mr.  Smith's  farm,  which  he  so  kindly 
placed  at  the  public  disposal  ;  but  I  am  getting  old,  and 
have  many  irons  in  the  fire.  It  will  be  perceived  that 
in  ridge-ploughing  and  subsoiling  only  half  the  ground 
is  plouglaed  and  deeply  subsoiled,  but  the  other  half 
would,  of  course,  undergo  a  similar  treatment  after  two 
crops.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  is  a  very 
economical  arrangement,  and  worthy  of  adoption.  Mr. 
Smith  might  add  to  the  cost  of  cultivation  interest  on 
the  machinery  when  not  at  work  ;  but  if  he  does  not,  he 
will  only  be  following  the  usual  farm  custom,  which  is 
not  to  reckon  interest  on  horses,  drills,  horse-hoes, 
ploughs,  harrows,  rolls,  &c.,  when  not  in  use,  or  the 
rest  and  wear  and  tear  of  horses.  Altogether,  we  owe 
to  Mr.  Smith  a  debt  of  commendation  and  gratitude, 
for  he  has  greatly  increased  and  cheapened  the  pro- 
duction of  food  on  his  farm,  and  set  a  worthy  example 
to  others.  We  must  excuse  the  boiling  over  of  his  zeal 
or  indignation  occasionally.  It  is  quite  clear  from  the 
practice  of  Mr.  Prout,  Mr.  Smith,  myself,  and  some 
others,  that  this  country  could  produce  an  immensely 
increased  quantity  of  food  for  the  people  without 
injury  to  the  soil ;  and  it  is  also  evident  that  the  present 
stringent  clauses  in  leases  might,  in  proper  cases,  be 
greatly  relaxed  with  advantage  to  the  landowner, 
tenant,  and  country  at  large,   y.  y.  Mec/ii,  yan.  30. 

Intermittent  Filtration. — I  ask  your  permission 
to  add  my  testimony  quaittum  valcat  in  favour  of  the 
fact  that  the  scientific  explanation  of  the  action  of  the 
soil  upon  sewage  passed  through  it  by  intermittent 
downward  filtration,  as  well  as  the  enunciation  of  the 
particular  phrase,  are  due  to  Dr.  Frankland,  and  to 
none  else.  No  doubt  the  ground  was  to  a  great 
extent  prepared  for  Dr.  Frankland  when  he  took  up 
his  inquiries,  for  when  the  old  Sewage  Commission 
and  the  first  Rivers  Pollution  entered  upon  their 
labours,  the  sewage  difficulty  was  only  beginning  ; 
nothing  was  known,  and  everything  had  to  be 
learnt.  To  Mr.  Way  is  probably  due  the  first  positive 
statement  that  it  wiis  hopeless  to  attempt  to  deal  with 
sewage  in  any  other  way  than  by  applying  it  to  the 
land,  but  he  had  not  got  beyond  this  when  his  inquiries 
were  cut  short,  and  it  was  left  for  Dr.  Frankland  to 
discover  and  explain  the  modus  operandi  by  which  the 
purification  was  effected,  and  to  point  out  that  this 
principle,  if  carried  to  its  full  logical  sequence,  would 
admit  of  a  far  greater  concentration  of  sewage  than  had 
ever  before  been  hinted  at.  I  myself  frequently  used 
the  term  ''reserved  filter"  (which  I  used  in  my  letter 
of  the  14th  inst.)  in  speaking  of  the  Maplin  Sands 
in  the  case  of  London,  but  in  doing  so  I  was  merely 
alluding  to  results  that  I  knew  could  be  predicated 
with  certainty  from  observed  facts,  these  observed 
acts  Dr.  Frankland  was  the  first  to  understand  and 
explain.  His  explanation  has  rendered  me  more  con- 
fident in  my  views,  and,  therefore,  I  have  largely 
benefited  from  his  investigation  on  this,  as  well  as 
on  several  points  involved  in  the  question  ;  and  it  has 
amused  me  as  much  as  it  has  you,  six",  to  observe 
how  glibly  Dr.  Frankland's  discovery  has  been  appro- 
priated by  persons  who  have  hitherto  been  unknown,  or 
nearly  so,  in  the  battle  of  river  dispollution  and  sewage 
utilisation.    W.  Hope^  Parsloes,  yan.  27. 

Management  of  a  Small  Farm. — I  have  about, 
say,  50  acres  of  arable,  divided  into  five  fields  of  nearly 
10  acres  each,  under  the  five-course  system  : — First  year, 
Wheat  ;  second  year,  roots  ;  third  year,  Barley,  Clover 
seeds  ;  fourth  year.  Clover,  cut  twice  for  hay  ;  ftfth 
year.  Clover,  cut  twice  for  hay.  In  course  of  each 
alternate  rotation,  .Sainfoin  takes  the  place  of  Clover, 
and  vice  versa  ;  the  soil  shallow  loam,  with  chalky  sub- 
soil, in  North  Hants,  My  difficulty  is  with  the  root 
crop  ;  it  cannot  be  dispensed  with  for  cleaning  purposes, 
while  the  occupation  is  too  small,  to  hold  a  breeding 


pnces.  If,  then,  I  grow  Swedes  or  Turnips  they  must 
be  fed  oft  by  the  sheep  of  other.s,  either  at  an  altogether 
losmg  payment  to  me,  or,  as  this  year,  for  nothing  at 
all,  only  "leaving  their  tails  behind  them,"  the  value 
of  which  I  hold  very  cheap,  as  the  owners  take  good 
care  that  they  shall  get  nothing  but  roots  and  hay  so 
long  as  they  continue  on  my  land.  The  Mangel, 
Cabbage,  Potato  and  Carrot  crops,  all  require,  as  [  am 
taught,  farmyard  or  stable  manure  ;  this  I  can  get  only 
at  a  **  fearful  sacrifice,"  and  bad  at  that,  though  there 
is  a  station  half  a  mile  distant.  I  should  look  on 
it  as  a  great  favour  if  any  of  your  correspondents 
could  give  me  a  hint  as  to  what  I  could  do  with  the 
root-course  as  a  cleaner  and  preparation  for  Barley 
and  grass- seed,  without  losing  money,  even  though  there 
may  be  no  profit.  Could  anything  be  growm  for  this 
purpose  without  the  aid  of  *'  pot  dung,"  as  the  elegant 
phrase  goes  hereaway  ?  There  is  no  market  for  Sugar- 
Beet  within  reach.  -4«  Old  and  Constant  Subscriber 

{L.  7.  r.). 

Tenant-right. — I  see  by  an  article  in  your  paper  of 
January  27  that  for  imported  food  last  year  we  had  to 
pay  nearly  ^64,000,000  to  foreign  countries,  *' while 
our  own  land  is  much  of  it  not  half  cultivated."  The 
land  of  England  could  be  made  to  grow  much  more 
than  it  does,  if  the  tenants  were  secured  in  their  outlay 
in  improvements.  The  tenant-farmers  have  to  thank 
Mr.  Smith,  of  Woolston,  and  others,  for  their  denun- 
ciation of  those  landlords  who  raise  rents  without  first 
repaying  the  tenants  for  their  improvements.  Land 
will  never  be  cultivated  as  it  ought  to  be  so  long  as 
landlords  are  able  by  law  to  act  in  this  way.  Land- 
lords can  no  longer  do  this  injustice  in  Ireland,  and  I 
think  it  appears  to  any  honest  mind  that  it  ought  to  be 
made  impossible  for  landlords  to  thus  act  on  this  side 
of  the  Irish  Sea.  As  Mr.  Burnett,  of  Kingscote,  said 
at  the  meeting  of  their  Farmers'  Club  (after  asking 
whether  it  was  advisable  to  increase  the  working 
capital  of  the  farmer),  so  will  say  nine-tenths  of  the 
tenant-farmers,  "  Under  the  present  system  of  holding, 
no  !"  We  are  convinced  that  Mr.  Smith,  of  Woolston, 
is  right  in  his  deep  autumn  stirring  by  steam,  but  we 
dare  not  make  the  necessaiy  outlay,  because  we  know 
that  in  a  few  years,  when  we  have  made  the  land 
worth  more,  our  rents  will  be  raised,  and  so  our  out- 
lay will  be  stolen.  My  own  opinion  is,  that  a  land- 
lord is  not  justified  in  raising  the  rent  of  a  tenant  who 
has  spent  money  (and  skill  is  money's  equivalent) 
in  improving  land,  until  he  has  first  repaid  to 
the  tenant  the  sum  so  spent.  We  depend  on  foreigners 
for  half  our  bread  now  ;  as  population  increases,  we 
shall  want  a  still  greater  proportion,  unless  more  corn 
is  raised  at  home.  I  have  no  doubt  that  Mr.  Smith, 
of  Woolston,  grows  very  much  more  corn  than  those  of 
us  who  are  as  yet  prevented  from  adopting  his  plans  ; 
and  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  production  of  the  country 
generally  could  be  very  greatly  increased  if  fanners 
were  free  from  landlord  spoliation.  Allow  me  to  give 
a  {q\v  instances  : — Two  large  landowners  have  lately 
died  in  my  neighbourhood.  Their  sons,  on  succeeding 
to  the  estates,  have  raised  rents,  in  some  cases  5^.  to 
los.  an  acre,  making  the  rent  of  some  farms  ;i;^ioo  to 
;i^i5o  more  than  it  was.  So  far  as  I  can  learn,  this  is 
not  owing  to  any  outlay,  or  very  little,  on  the  landlord's 
part.  Two  other  landowners,  it  is  rumoured,  intend  to 
do  the  same.  One  other  has  hinted  that  if  the  tenants 
do  not  keep  a  sufficient  stock  of  game  for  landlords  and 
their  friends  to  shoot  at,  the  land  will  probably  be  put 
up  to  be  let  by  auction,  after  the  tenants  have  improved 
it.  A  tenant  on  another  large  estate  now  lies  under 
notice  to  quit.  His  son  accidentally  killed  a  hen 
pheasant  while  sitting  on  her  eggs,  mistaking  her  for  a 
rat  in  a  hedge  bottom.  At  the  Worcestershire  Chamber 
of  Agriculture  meeting,  last  Saturday  (Jan.  20),  one 
speaker  said  he  had  spent  £\o  an  acre  in  improving  a 
farm  previously  out  of  condition,  when  he  got  notice  to 
quit,  and  the  land  was  re-let  at  IjJ".  an  acre  more  rent. 
Clearly  the  tenant-right — the  ^10  an  acre — of  that 
farm  was  "  conveyed."  Can  this  thing  go  on  in 
England,  any  more  than  it  did  in  Ireland?  I  think 
not.  No  honest  tenant  wishes  to  rob  his  landlord  of  a 
farthing  ;  I  conceive,  then,  that  it  is  monstrous  that  the 
tenant's  outlay,  his  labour,  the  skill  of  years,  should  all 
be  swept  away  by  a  six  months'  notice,  and  put  into 
the  pocket  of  a  landlord.  Surely  this  thing  cannot  last. 
H.  H.  a,  Jan.  27. 


Foreign   Correspondence. 

The  Great  Kice-Fif.li:)S  of  the  Soi  th.— A 
correspondent  of  the  Syracuse  Courier  gives  the 
following  interesting  account  of  the  rice  lands  of  the 
Southern  States  : — There  is  a  belt  of  land  stretching 
from  Virginia  down  the  coast  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  most  of  the  distance  it  lies  low,  very  little  above 
the  level  of  the  ocean,  and  some  of  it  is  covered  with 
water  every  high  tide.  The  greater  portion  of  this 
land  may  be  called  swamp  land— not  altogether  given 
up  to  the  domain  of  the  water,  but  always  damp,  and 
too  wet  for  any  grain  except  Rice.  It  is  not  every 
swamp  or  wet  piece  of  land  that  is  fit  for  the  culti- 
vation of  Rice.  The  alluvial  sw.amps  lying  along  the 
banks  of  rivers,  having  a'  deep  soil  composed  of 
decayed  vegetables,  is  best  fitted  for  tbe  purpose, 
but   it  must  be   so  located  that  it  can  be  overflowed 


Hock  of  sheep,  and  buying  to  fatten  is  ruinous  at  present  I  at  high  tide,   or  it  is  useless  for  the  purpose.     The 


158 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  3,    187^. 


lands  must  also  be  protected  from  the  salt  water,  and 
from  the  rapid  currents  occasioned  hy  freshets.  South 
Carolina  is  the  great  Rice  State,  more  being  cultivated 
there  than  in  all  the  United  States  besides.  The  rivers 
flowing  down  from  the  tableland  of  the  interior  reach 
this  low  land,  and  force  themselves  to  the  sea, 
spreading  and  forming  a  broad  deep  channel.  There 
is  volume  of  water  sufficient,  so  that  the  tide  will  cause 
it  to  set  back  for  many  miles.  Along  many  of  these 
ravines  the  land  is  as  level  as  the  sea,  and  it  can 
be  flooded  at  pleasure.  Gates  are  constructed  through 
artificial  embankments  along  the  banks  of  the  river, 
and  when  the  tide  is  high  the  water  is  let  in,  and  the 
land  flooded  and  the  gates  closed.  When  it  becomes 
necessary  to  draw  the  water  off,  the  gates  are  opened 
at  low  tide.  Some  of  these  fields  are  very  large,  and 
are  very  beautiful  when  the  Rice  comes  up  through 
the  water  and  shows  its  needle-like  spears.  These 
fields  must  have  a  secure  embankment  along  the  river, 
and  must  be  thoroughly  drained  by  artificial  channels, 
so  as  to  take  the  water  entirely  away  when  necessary. 
In  large  fields  some  of  the  channels  have  capacity 
enough  to  float  a  flat-bottomed  boat,  which  is  used  to 
convey  the  harvest  to  the  place  of  storage. 

The  land  is  ploughed  in  winter,  and  in  the  first  warm 
days  of  spring  is  flooded.  The  preparation  of  the 
ground  commences  in  March.  The  seed  is  sown 
in  trenches  about  fifteen  inches  apart,  about  three 
bushels  of  seed  to  an  acre.  The  seed  is  covered  with 
the  soil,  and  the  water  let  in,  to  remain  about  a  week, 
by  which  time  the  grain  sprouts,  when  the  water  is 
drawn  off";  but  when  the  grain  is  a  few  inches  above 
the  ground  it  is  again  flooded  for  four  or  five  days,  and 
the  grain  is  then  allowed  to  grow  for  four  or  five 
weeks,  when  it  is  cultivated  and  the  ground  thoroughly 
stirred.  The  water  is  then  let  on,  and  it  is  flooded  for 
a  few  days,  and  then  gradually  drawn  down  and  again 
cultivated  ;  after  the  second  cultivation  the  water  is 
again  let  on  to  remain  till  the  crop  matures,  which 
takes  about  two  months,  when  the  water  is  drawn  oft", 
and  the  crop  is  harvested  in  the  same  manner  as 
Buckwheat.  The  crop  in  a  favourable  season  is  a 
profitable  one.  The  grain  is  threshed  and  cleaned  in 
mills ;  it  is  frequently  sent  to  market  before  the  hulls 
are  removed.  There  are  extensive  mills  at  Liverpool 
and  New  York  for  hulling  the  rice,  and  they  enable 
the  dealer  to  put  it  in  the  market  fresh  and  white. 
There  are  mills  at  Savannah  and  Charleston,  where 
Rice  is  hulled  for  the  local  market.  The  best  hulling 
machines  cost  from  15,000  to  18,000  dollars,  and  have 
very  intricate  machinery.  Tlie  Rice  before  being  hulled 
is  called  poddy.  The  machine  takes  off  the  hulls  and 
assorts  the  grain.  After  the  hulls  are  removed,  it 
is  moved  out  on  inclined  screens,  which  are  fine  at 
first,  and  all  the  small  and  broken  Rice  passes 
through  ;  and  then  a  little  coarser,  and  the  Rice  called 
"middling  Rice"  drops  through;  and  last  the 
"Prince  Rice."  The  last  named  quality  is  passed 
through  another  screen,  which  is  called  polishing,  and 
in  that  process  is  swept  clean  and  bright. 


ktuim. 


CLUNBUKV,  SALOP. 

The  Condition  of  the  Labourer. — Another  meeting  of 
agricultural  labourers,  under  the  auspices  of  the  North 
Herefordshire  and  South  Shropshire  Labourers'  Mutual 
Improvement  Society,  was  lately  held  at  Clunbury, 
in  the  southern  division  of  this  county. 

The  Rev.  W.  Jellicorse,  vicar  of  Clunbury,  occupied 
the  chair. 

A  labourer,  named  Watkins,  of  the  Twitcher,  said 
that,  although  he  had  no  particular  grievance  to 
mention  as  far  as  he  himself  was  concerned,  he 
could  not  help  expressing  his  opinion  that  Q.r.  or  los.. 
a  week  and  the  so-called  perquisites  was  not  sufficient 
wages  for  a  man  with  a  family.  With  such  a  low 
remuneration  it  was  certain  that  the  most  industrious 
man  in  the  parish  had  no  chance  nf  keeping  himself 
eventually  out  of  the  workhouse.  ICvery  hard-working 
agricultural  labourer,  he  argued,  should  have  a  fair 
day's  wage  for  a  fair  day's  work.  Whether  the  em- 
ployers were  willing  to  give  it  or  not,  the  labourers 
ought  to  have  15J.  a  week,  and  with  that  he  could 
purchase  what  was  now  considered  their  perquisites. 
For  his  own  part,  in  addition  to  his  lOr.  a  week,  he 
had  a  house  and  garden  free,  and  the  keep  of  two  pigs  ; 
but  these  were  privileges  which  many  others  had  not. 

Kasthoi'E,  of  Kempton,  said  15J.  a  week  was  little 
enough,  and  they  ought  to  have  it.  Without  saying 
anything  disrespectful  of  his  master,  he  would  just 
mention  that  he  had  a  wife  and  one  child,  which,  with 
himself,  had  to  be  maintained  out  of  9;.  a  week  and  is. 
for  the  Sunday,  and  for  this  he  had  to  be  at  work  or 
on  the  ground  all  the  winter  soon  after  six  o'clock  in 
the  morning.  He  would  be  glad  to  give  up  the  per- 
quisites if  his  master  would  give  him  15^.  a  week. 

Watkins  said  he  quite  agreed  with  tlie  concluding 
remark  of  the  last  speaker  ;  it  would,  for  instance,  be  a 
great  advania:je  for  a  man  to  be  able  to  pay  his  rent  in 
money,  and  to  rent  his  cottage  direct  from  the  landlord. 
It  would  also  be  a  great  blessing  if  every  labouring  man 
with  a  family  had  a  cow  and  a  bit  of  land  to  keep  it 
on  ;  and  he  had  no  doui)t  the  day  was  not  far  distant 
when  this  latter  desideratum  would  be  acceded  to  by 
their  employers. 


A  labourer  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Clunton  said 
they  were  eight  in  family,  and  that  they  had  all  to  be 
supported  out  of  pj.  a  week,  about  2.d.  a  day  for  each 
individual  to  live  upon,  saying  nothing  about  clothing 
and  other  expenses.  There  were  plenty  of  his  neigh- 
bours' wives,  with  families  of  children,  who,  to  help 
their  husbands  in  eking  out  an  existence,  had  to  go  out 
lopping  Swedes.  He,  like  his  fellow  labourers,  had  his 
perquisites,  which  were  not  worth  much. 

BiiDDOES,  Clunton,  said  he  had  a  large  family,  and 
was  getting  9^.  a  week,  with  the  usual  perquisites.  It 
was  scarcely  sufficient  to  keep  body  and  soul  together  ; 
and  under  such  circumstances  what  prospect  had  they 
but  the  workhouse  ?  He  believed  the  farmers  were 
well  able  to  raise  their  wages.  At  present,  if  anything 
went  wrong  between  master  and  man,  they  were  met 
with,  *'  Oh,  you  can  turn  out  with  your  family  ;  1  must 
have  your  cottage,  recollect."  Reference  had  been 
made  to  schooling.  It  was  certainly  very  cheap.  It 
was  but  a  penny  a  week  ;  but  what  were  they  to  do 
when  they  hadn't  got  a  penny  ?  He  considered  it 
would  be  much  better  both  for  master  and  workman  if 
the  latter  was  sufficient  to  enable  him  to  pay  his  rent 
and  for  his  own  cider. 

Gooi>E,  of  Kempton,  said  he,. too,  had  9J'.  a  week, 
and  a  family  of  eight  to  support.  For  sticking  up  for 
his  rights,  in  accordance  with  his  agreement  he  was 
now  under  notice.  He  considered  his  services  well 
worth  15J.  a  week,  with  which  he  could  pay  his  rent, 
and  would  then  take  a  greater  interest  in  patching  up 
his  cottage  and  bit  of  garden.  As  regarded  the  keep- 
ing of  a  cow,  he  could  manage  everything  but  the 
buying  of  it.  If  he  could  only  find  the  means,  he 
would  see  if  he  could  not  better  his  position  by  crossing 
the  Atlantic. 

Bird,  Clungunford,  spoke  in  the  same  strain,  with 
regard  to  the  renting  of  cottage  and  garden,  and  said 
the  poor  man  had  no  heart  to  repair  either  one  or  the 
other,  because  he  did  not  know  the  moment  he  would 
be  turned  out. 

Dr.  Meteyard,  Clunbury,  asked,  if  the  cottages 
were  to  be  alienated  from  the  farms,  how  was  the  land 
to  be  paid  for  ? 

GoODE  argued  that  the  cottages  should  be  taken 
subject  to  six  months'  on  either  side,  and  that  the 
tenants  should  work  on  the  estate,  although  not  on 
the  same  farm,  until  the  notice  expired. 

Watkin'S  remarked  that  a  good  master  could  always 
get  plenty  of  men  if  there  was  not  a  singly  cottage  on 
the  farm. 

Several  other  speakers  having  spoken  in  favour  of 
1 5 J",  per  week, 

The  Chairman  said  that  the  meeting  had  supported 
these  five  points: — i.  Wages  should  be  paid  all  in 
money,  at  the  rate  of  i5j-.  per  week,  and  extra  time 
after  6  o'clock  to  be  paid  for  ;  2.  An  improved  state 
of  cottages  ;    3.  The  opportunity  of  keeping  a  cow  ; 

4.  The  opportunity  of  renting  at  a  moderate  rent  a 
quarter  of  an  acre  of  arable  land,  called  an  allotment ; 

5.  The  providing  means  for  emigrating  to  those  persons 
who  were  willing  to  run  the  risk  of  leaving  this  country 
for  another.  He  (the  rev.  chairman)  gave  up  the  ques- 
tion of  allotment,  for  it  was  his  opinion  that  if  the 
labourer  had  time  to  work  the  ground,  he  could  not 
get  the  manure.  The  emigration  question  he  would 
not  touch  upon,  because  he  was  not  sufficiently  well- 
informed  in  the  matter  ;  but  he  must  say  he  joined  with 
them  in  the  question  of  keeping  a  cow,  better  wages, 
and  improved  cottages,  many  of  which  in  this  part  of 
the  country  were  a  disgrace  to  all  concerned.  The  ac- 
commodation in  many  of  them  was  such,  he  was  bound 
to  confess,  as  no  one  could  bring  up  a  son  or  daughter 
in,  indecency,  not  to  say  delicacy.  It  had  been  urged 
that  all  cottages  should  have  three  bedrooms.  With- 
out going  so  far  as  that — for  in  very  many  instances 
the  building  of  cottages  was  a  matter  of  investment — 
small  cottages  at  a  cheap  rate  (A  Voice  :  And  the 
biggest  rent)  and  a  big  rent— he  thought  the  minimum 
amount  of  cottage  accommodation  ought  to  be  strictly 
defined.  If  there  was  a  cottage  with  only  one  room 
upstairs,  that  cottage,  he  had  no  hesitation  in  saying, 
was  a  disgrace  to  its  owner.  His  own  idea  was  that 
every  cottage  ought  to  have  two  bedrooms,  with  a  fire- 
place in  one  of  them,  and  a  good  kitchen,  a  fair  back 
kitchen,  with  boiler  and  oven,  and  a  pump,  so  that 
there  should  be  no  necessity  to  run  to  the  polluted 
water  of  a  river.  A  pump,  an  oven,  and  a  staircase, 
instead  of  a  ladder,  were  very  necessary.  He  was  not 
for  expensive  cottages  ;  but  he  did  think  there  should 
be  an  Act  of  Parliament  to  compel  owners  of  cottages 
to  find  the  necessary  accommodation  for  the  inmates, 
and  there  should  be  an  inspector  under  the  Act  to  see 
that  it  was  not  infringed.  It  was,  too,  only  a  matter 
of  common  justice  to  the  agricultural  labourer  that  he 
should  not  be  turned  out  of  his  cottage,  without  proper 
notice,  at  the  whim  and  caprice  of  his  master.  Now 
he  came  to  the  vexed  question  of  wages.  It  had  been 
clearly  shown  at  that  meeting  that  the  wages  were  not 
more  in  this  part  of  the  country  than  9f.  or  lOj-.  a  week, 
with  the  usual  privileges,  which  amounted  to  3f.  or  4,r. 
per  week.  He  did  not  mind  saying  there  what  he  had 
Slid  in  private  elsewhere,  that,  considering  the  price  of 
everything,  the  wages  were  too  small.  His  opinion 
was  that  the  wages,  whatever  they  might  be,  should  be 
paid  as  now,  part  in  money  and  part  in  kind  ;  but  he 
wished  it  to  go  forth,  as  the  opinion  of  that  meeting, 
and  that  of  their  chairman,  that  the  wages  should  be 
in  one  way  or  another  15.?.  per  week.     With  regard  to 


the  keeping  a  cow,  the  plan  of  the  late  Sir  Baldwin 
Leighton,  about  whom  so  many  hard  things  had  been 
said,  and  unjustly  said,  was  one  which  he  highly  ap- 
proved. Any  working  man  who  had  been  working  on 
a  farm  on  his  estate,  say  six  or  eight  years,  and  had  at 
the  end  of  that  time  saved  sufhcient  money  to  buy  a 
cow,  had  the  privilege  of  keeping  it  at  the  same  rate  as 
a  farmer  paid  for  his  land.  The  improvement  of  the 
condition  of  the  agricultural  labourer  rested  very  much 
with  themselves.  If  young  men  and  young  women 
would  only  be  a  little  more  careful  than  they  were  when 
there  was  an  opportunity  of  "putting  by  for  a  rainy 
day,"  they  would  have  something  better  to  look  forward 
to  than  the  workhouse  ;  they  might  at  least  save, 
instead  of  spending  as  they  do,  sufficient  money  to  buy 
a  cow.  If  the  habit  of  thrift  was  properly  inculcated 
amongst  young  people,  they  would  not  have  the 
workhouse  staring  them  in  the  face  as  a  last  resource. 
Unfortunately  the  wages  of  young  men  were  too  often 
spent  in  what  they  call  pleasure,  in  another  word,  dis- 
sipation, while  the  earnings  of  young  women  were 
spent  a  good  deal  in  finery.  If  young  men  would  only 
restrain  their  love  for  strong  drinks,  and  the  young 
women  their  love  of  fine  clothes,  they  would  be  a  great 
deal  more  independent  in  after  life.  Too  early  mar- 
riages, they  might  depend  upon  it,  had  a  great  deal  too 
much  to  do  with  their  present  poverty.  Young  people 
married  without  any  provision  whatever  for  their  future 
maintenance.  A  great  curse  of  the  countiy  was  the 
May-hiring  fair,  and  this  might  be  abolished,  at  an)' 
moment,  as  in  other  parts  of  England,  if  masters  and 
men  would  only  combine  together  to  that  end. 


Farmers'   Clubs. 

IX  WORTH. 

Labourers'  Daughters. — At  the  last  meeting,  the  sub- 
ject was  the  education  of  the  daughters  of  agricultural 
labourers. 

Mr.  George  Gayford,  jun.,  said  that  up  to  the 
present  their  attention  had  not  been  specially  directed 
to  the  improvement  and  encouragement  of  the  female 
members  of  the  labourer's  family,  and  he  thought  that 
in  no  way  could  this  be  done  more  effectually  than  by 
inculcating  attention  to,  and  proficiency  in,  the  per- 
formance of  such  plain,  practical  duties  of  everyday 
life  as  would  tend  to  make  them  good  servants,  wives, 
and  mothers.  He  had  used  the  plain  old-fashioned 
word  teaching,  as  he  did  not  wish  to  enter  into  the 
general  question  of  education,  preferring  to  leave  that 
in  better  hands.  They  might  compare  the  teaching  of 
a  child  to  the  rearing  of  a  building — both  required  a 
sound  and  good  foundation.  He  would  not  enter  into 
the  question  of  whether  the  present  system  of  education 
was  right  or  wrong  ;  but  he  would  say,  without  going 
into  such  questions  as  that,  it  appeared  to  him  that  it 
was  their  duty  to  endeavour  to  lay  a  sound,  solid  foun- 
dation by  trying  to  teach  and  encourage  those  plain 
duties  of  everyday  life  which  they  knew  must  be  well 
performed  by  the  wife,  if  a  man's  house  was  to  be  made 
comfortable  and  happy.  It  appeared  to  him,  that  this 
part  of  the  teaching  of  the  daughters  of  agricultural 
labourers  had  been,  and  still  was  to  a  certain  extent, 
overlooked  ;  and  he  thought  they  would  all  see  there 
was  an  increasing  tendency  to  allow  a  regard  for  mere 
outward  show  and  fashion  to  take  the  place  of  utility 
and  comfort.  After  stating  that  this  was  his  reason 
for  bringing  the  subject  forward,  Mr.  Gayford  proceeded 
to  say  : — Two  men  may  be  living  under  the  same  roof 
whose  circumstances  shall  in  all  respects  be  similar — 
the  family  of  the  one  will  always  appear  tidy,  comfort- 
able, and  well  fed  ;  the  other,  ragged,  uncomfortable, 
and  half-starved  ;  and  often  because  the  one  has  a  tidy, 
careful,  and  industrious  wife,  who  has  been  well 
taught,  knows  the  value  of  time,  and  how  to  make  the 
best  of  her  small  income,  while  the  wife  of  the  other, 
who  may  have  been,  perhaps,  a  more  showy  and  fine 
dressing  girl,  is,  from  the  neglect  of  good  training  in 
early  life^  destitute  of  those  qualities  and  that  useful 
knowledge  possessed  by  her  neighbour.  Now,  when- 
ever the  latter  state  of  things  prevails,  can  we  expect 
good  conduct  and  industry  in  the  husband,  who  is 
neither  a  contented  nor  a  happy  man  ;  and  if  we  can  do 
anything  towards  rendering  such  a  state  of  things  less 
frequent,  we  shall  not  only  benefit  the  labouring  man 
but  society  generally.  And  how  is  this  to  be  done  .' 
I  think  in  a  very  simple  may,  by  taking  for  our  guide 
that  Book  which  should  be  the  foundation  of  all  teach- 
ing, in  which  we  are  told  to  do  our  duty  towards  Tiod 
and  towards  our  neighbour.  The  public  instruction  in 
the  first  of  these  duties  we  may  leave  to  those  whose 
special  mission  it  is  to  teach  it ;  but  the  second,  I 
think,  comes  quite  within  our  province,  and  we  are 
plainly  told  that  our  duty  to  our  neighbour  is  lo  learn 
and  labour  truly  to  get  our  own  living,  and  to  do  our 
duty  in  that  state  of  life  to  which  it  may  please  ( iod  to 
call  us.  And  I  say  that  if  the  leaching  of  these  plain 
tmths  is  in  any  w.ny  neglected,  and  is  not  constantly 
impressed  upon  the  minds  of  the  young,  all  other  edu- 
cation will  lose  much  of  its  value  ;  and  I  fear  that  all 
education  bills,  school  boards,  certificated  teachers,  and 
(iovernment  mspcctors,  will  be  init  of  little  use,  an<l 
will  fail  in  producing  the  good  effects  anticipated  by 
their  .advocates.  If  you,  g  n''e:nen,  consider  it  desirable 
that  we  should  encourage  such  a  system  of  teaching  as 
I  am  in  favour  of,  I  would  respectfully  suggest  that  we 
should  appropriate  from  our  funds  such  a  sum  as  we 


i^ebnlary  3,    187^.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


159 


can  spare  to  be  devoted  to  giving  prizes  to  the  daughters 
of  agricultural  labourers,  for  skill  in  bread-making, 
plain  sewing,  mending  clothes  and  stockings,  knitting, 
or  any  other  branch  ot  industry  likely  to  be  useful  to  tiiem 
or  for  any  special  cases  of  merit  or  good  conduct  brought 
before  us.  In  conclusion,  if  there  should  be  any  person 
to  whom  this  appears  a  trifling  and  unimportant  matter, 
I  would  remind  them  that  history  tells  us  that  woman's 
influence  has  always  to  a  great  extent  swayed  the 
destiny  of  mankind  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  we 
know  it  is  still  the  case,  and  it  is  right  that  it  should  be 
so,  provided  that  their  influence  is  properly  exercised, 
and  confined  within  fair  and  legitimate  limits;  and  I 
would  also  remind  them  that  many  of  our  greatest 
and  best  men,  some  of  whom  have  risen  from 
the  lower  classes,  have  recorded  their  conviction 
that  they  owed  their  success  in  life  in  a  great 
measure  to  the  teaching  of  a  good  wise  mother. 
And  again,  I  would  ask  them  if  they  do  not  feel  and 
know  that  whatever  there  maybe  of  good  in  them  is 
mainly  to  be  traced  to  a  mother's  teaching  and  example, 
and  that  the  evil  or  wrong  in  their  natures  has  been 
more  checked  and  overcome  by  the  influence  or  memory 
of  a  mother  than  by  any  other  means  ?  And,  gentlemen, 
this  influence  pervades  all  classes  of  society  ;  therefore, 
I  do  feel  that  if  we  can  do  anything  to  raise  the  standard 
of  excellence  and  usefulness  in  the  daughters  of  the 
agricultural  labourers,  our  discussion  will  not  have  been 
in  vain,  and  we  may  possibly  lay  the  foundation  of  much 
present  happiness  and  much  future  good. 

Mr.  R.  Green  {schoolmaster,  Ixworth)  also  read  a 
paper  on  the  same  subject,  saying  ;  In  my  opinion  the 
great  root  of  the  evil,  iu  many  parishes,  is  the  want  of 
proper  accommodation  in  the  cottages  of  the  poor. 
What  is  the  use  of  talking  about  decency  and  respectful 
conduct  to  a  girl  who  has  passed  the  most  of  her  young 
life  in  a  sleeping-room  with  men  and  boys?  What  is 
the  use  of  teaching  morality  while  such  a  state  of  things 
is  allowed  to  exist?  But  it  is  said,  "  We  know  it,  and 
are  sorry  for  it,  but  we  cannot  help  it."  I  ask,  '*  Do 
you  try?"  Many,  by  importunity,  get  even  more  than 
they  expect.  Why  should  not  every  farmer  say  to  his 
landlord,  "lean  employ  so  many  men;  build  me  up 
as  many  good  cottages,  and  let  me  hire  them  with  the 
farm,  so  that  I  may  have  some  influence  over  my  work- 
men ?  "  Such  a  system,  carried  out  properly,  would 
be  a  great  help  to  destroy  the  present  state  of  things  in 
overcrowded  cottages,  and,  under  the  management  of 
the  farmer  and  his  wife,  there  might  be  a  special  interest 
taken,  and  an  assistance  given,  to  remove  what  may  be 
called  the  next  great  evil  and  hindrance  to  education  : 
I  mean  the  want  of  moral  control  at  home.  I  don't 
want  to  see  our  labourers  treated  as  serfs  or  slaves,  but 
I  think  in  some  cases  a  little  judicious  compulsion  may 
be  made  use  of  in  this  great  failing,  with  great  benefit 
to  both  parents  and  children.  Among  the  labouring 
poor,  the  parents  seem  to  lose  all  moral  control  over 
their  children  about  the  age  of  nine  or  ten  years. 
"Forced  prayers,"  it  is  said,  "are  not  good  for  the 
soul,"  but  I  have  seen,  in  parishes  where  the  squire's 
lady  had  absolute  control,  better  servants  and  better 
mothers  than  those  produced  from  parishes  where 
everybody  does  that  which  seemeth  right  in  their  own 
eyes — in  parishes  where  this  one  lady  is  not.  Why 
should  not  the  employers  of  labour  use  their  influence 
to  incline  the  parents  to  more  careful  training,  and  the 
children  to  understand  the  necessity  of  obedience.  This 
kind  of  aid  would  greatly  help,  if  not  entirely  effect  a 
remedy.  Should  they  refuse  to  accept  these  kindnesses, 
then,  I  say,  put  in  a  little  sugar  and  force  the  medicine 
down  their  throats.  The  next  obstruction  to  a  pure 
education  is  the  cheap  and  easy  means  of  obtaining 
finery  in  dress.  Oh  for  the  days  of  neat  white  caps 
and  sensible-sized  aprons,  instead  of  the  make-believe 
things  worn  by  servants  in  these  days  !  One  thing  I 
would  strongly  impress  upon  ladies  if  they  were  here 
present ;  never  give  away  anything  to  poor  girls  which 
may  be  converted  into  useless  finery.  If  they  give,  let 
it  be  something  neat  and  useful.  Mr.  Green  then  pro- 
ceeded to  condemn  the  Government  system  of  education 
as  a  system  of  cram,  which  would  never,  as  rule,  pro- 
duce what  is  most  wanted.  It  is  all  artificial  and  on  the 
surface,  producing  contempt  for  hard  work,  and  a  con- 
ceited superiority  over  one's  neighbours. 

Discussion. 

Mr.  FisoN  said  he  thought  they  should  begin  at  the 
beginning,  and  that  was  to  improve  the  dwellings  of  the 
labourers.  He  quite  agreed  with  Mr.  Gayford's  sugges- 
tion, that  prizes  should  be  given  for  useful  work. 

Dr.  Short  said  he  should  like  to  ask  the  farmers  pre- 
sent whether  they  thought  that  wives  had  not,  years  ago, 
more  influence  over  the  children  than  they  had  now  ?  He 
was  a  young  man,  but  he  could  remember  that  when  he 
was  a  boy  children  were  more  obedient  to  their  parents 
than  they  were  now.  It  was.  astonishing,  on  going  into 
cottages,  to  hear  the  impudent  remarks  that  children 
made  to  their  parents.  His  experience  was  not  great  in 
the  matter  of  ser\'ants,  but  if  they  got  tht^ni  they  were  not 
what  servants  were  years  ago.  He  did  not  think  the 
influence  of  the  parents  was  so  much  exercised  as  it  used 
to  be.  The  children  grew  up  giddy,  thoughtless,  and 
imfit  for  the  state  of  life  into  which  they  were  called. 

Mr.  H.  Taylor  thought  a  very  great  source  of  the  evil 
was  the  employment  of  females  in  agricultural  labour. 
He  had  witnessed  young  females,  and  old  ones  too,  as  it 
were,  half  unsexed,  employed  in  labour  in  the  fields,  and 
they  were  by  no  means  pleasant  sights  to  the  eye.  A  girl 
went  to  work  in  the  fields,  and  paid  no  regard  to  the  pre- 
servation Qf  her  character.    If  she  lost  her  character  as  a 


domestic  servant  there  were  the  fields  to  resort  to.  He  said 
that  the  amount  of  iniquity  was  very  great  as  regarded 
tliat  indiscriminate  grouping  together  of  females  in  agri- 
cultural labour.  He  thought  that  if  farmers  would  really 
refuse  to  employ  females  they  would  be  obliged  to  devote 
themselves  and  employ  their  energies  in  other  things,  and 
they  would  get  better  servants,  better  wives,  and  better 
mothers.  The  wives  now  not  only  neglected  their  hus- 
bands, but  also  their  children. 

Mr.  Mansfield  could  not  agree  with  Mr.  Green,  that 
the  present  defective  cottage  accommodation  was  easily 
remedied.  How  was  it  to  be  done  in  a  place  like  Ixworth? 
The  owners  would  not  doit.  He  thought  that  they  must 
all  agree  that  the  daughters  of  agricultural  labourers  re- 
quired such  an  education  as  would  fit  them  for  after 
life.  They  must,  at  least,  be  good  sempstresses,  and 
possess  the  qualifications  for  good  domestic  servants.  He 
entirely  disagreed  with  Mr.  Taylor's  remarks  as  to  the 
employment  of  women  in  agriculture,  and  quoted  Mr.  C 
S.  Read's  opinion  m  support  of  his  argument. 

Dr.  Short  stated  that  he  could  speak  from  his  expe- 
rience of  the  parishes  in  which  he  was  poor-law  medical 
otttcer,  that  the  women  who  went  out  to  work  in  the  fields 
were  the  most  untidy,  and  their  homes  the  most  uncom- 
fortable. In  seven  out  of  eight  cases,  where  the  women 
worked  out,  this  was  so. 

Mr.  FisoN  disclaimed  the  idea  that  seemed  to  prevail 
amongst  the  speakers,  that  it  was  a  general  thing  to  em- 
ploy mothers  of  families  in  the  fields.  It  was  the  exception 
rather  tlian  tlie  rule. 

Mr.  F.  Gayford  said  women  did  not  go  out  so  much 
now  as  they  did.  They  had  not  half  a  dozen  women,  out 
of  a  population  of  350,  who  would  go  into  the  fields  to 
work.  He  agreed  with  Dr.  Short's  remarks,  that  the 
homes  of  women  who  went  out  to  work  must  be  neglected. 

Mr.  Taylor  rejoined,  that  his  argument  was  that  the 
supply  of  domestic  servants  was  bad.  They  expected 
labourers'  daughters  to  be  practically  educated,  and  he 
asked  how  that  could  be  done  in  the  fields  ? 

Mr.  S.  W.  Hunt,  the  vice-chairman,  said  he  recollected 
when  he  was  a  boy  that  girls  used  to  go  into  the  fields 
and  used  to  do  a  great  deal  more  labour  than  they  did 
now.  Servants  ot  that  day  were  a  different  class  of  people 
from  what  they  were  at  present.  Formerly  wives  and 
daughters  did  not  mind  work,  but  at  the  present  time  the 
question  was,  whether  they  could  get  servants  to  work. 
What  he  maintained  was  this ;  unless  the  mistress  of  a 
household  knew  how  to  set  a  servant  to  work,  they  could 
not  expect  to  get  a  good  servant.  He  thought  that  if  they 
had  more  milk  pails  and  fewer  music  stools,  they  would 
be  better  off.  Speaking  of  what  had  been  said  as  regarded 
immorality,  he  said  there  was  not  so  much  immorality  in 
the  country  as  there  was  in  towns.  A  town  was  a  hot-bed 
of  immorality  and  illegitimacy,  and  statistics  would  bear 
that  out. 

Mr.  Gayford,  in  reply,  suggested  that  many  persons 
might  do  good  in  taking  a  little  girl  into  the  house  to 
assist  the  other  servants,  so  that  she  learnt  a  little  from 
all,  and  was  trained  to  be  a  very  useful  servant  in  that 
way.  To  show  that  there  was  something  in  it,  he  was 
prepared— if  the  Club  would  give  a  guinea,  for  a  medal 
or  something  of  the  kind — he  would  give  a  five  guinea  cup 
to  the  daughter  of  a  farmer  of  about  150  to  200  acres  who 
made  the  best  pound  of  butter  or  the  best  loaf  of  bread. 
Let  it  be  kept  by  the  winner  who  took  it  three  years  in 
succession,  and  let  the  winner  at  the  time  have  also  a 
medal  or  something  to  commemorate  the  event.  He 
thought  that  was  most  important  to  young  farmers. 
Perhaps  when  the  first  cup  was  won  some  gentleman 
would  give  another. 

The  Vice-Chairman  said  he  should  be  very  happy  to 
give  the  second  cup  then. 


MoiutB  at  '§m\xB, 

The  Advantages  of  Double-furrow  Ploughs. 
By  Mr.  J.  C.  Ransome,  Ipswich. 

We  have  before  us  a  pamphlet  on  this  subject,  being 
a  lecture  lately  read  by  the  author  before  the  Framling- 
ham  Farmers'  Club  ;  and  as  we  are  unable  to  give  the 
whole  of  it  in  our  columns,  we  propose  to  take  extracts, 
connecting  them  with  notes  of  the  omitted  passages, 
leaving  it  to  our  readers  to  procure  the  work.  The 
questions  considered  are  : — I.  What  are  the  advantages 
of  double-furrow  ploughs?  2.  Can  they  be  profitably 
employed  on  the  majority  of  our  farms  ? 

Before,  however,  entering  on  these  two  practical 
points,  Mr.  Ransome  first  states  the  history  of  the 
invention,  quoting  Captain  Walter  Blith,  who  wrote 
in  the  time  of  the  Commonwealth  ;  also  Arthur  Young, 
writing  in  1771  ;  Mr,  Tweed,  of  Sandon,  1802  ;  and 
showing  thus  that  double  ploughs  have  in  past  times 
been  made  in  considerable  numbers,  and  have  done 
their  work  satisfactorily  and  well,  but  that  they  have 
not  come  into  much  general  use.  Indeed,  Mr.  Ran- 
some quotes  from  the  account  books  of  his  own 
firm  : — ■ 

"  We  have  an  entry  in  one  of  our  old  day-books  of  one 
supphed  to  the  late  Sir  William  Middleton,  of  Shrubland 
Hall,  dated  February  12,  1818  : — 

'  One  new  double  plough. 

'  Repairing  one  old  ditto.' 
And  they  were  worked  on  this  estate  for  40  years,  with 
two  oxen  to  each  plougli,  and  doing  their  i^  acre  a  day." 

Mr.  Ransome  gives  reasons  for  the  great  impulse 
which  has  of  late  been  given  to  their  manufacture, 
among  which  the  chief  probably  is  the  increased  com- 
petition between  this  country  and  others  in  the  produce 
of  the  soil,  which  makes  it  as  necessary  for  the  farmer 
as  for  the  manufacturer  to  avail  himself  of  any 
machine  or  implement  which  will  lessen  the  cost  of 
production. 


to  come  now  to  the  double-furrow  plough  of  the 
present  day,  with  all  the  improvements  that  have  lately 
been  made  in  it. 

"To  Mr.  Thomas  Pirie,  Kinmundy,  N.B.,  belongs 
the  credit  of  bringing  out  the  double  plough  in  an  entirely 
new  form,  and  especially  of  fitting  to  it  a  friction  wheel 
to  run  behind  the  plough  in  the  angle  of  the  furrow  in 
place  of  the  slade,  in  order  to  reduce  the  draught.  For 
his  invention  he  obtained  a  patent  in  July,  1867,  but  the 
plough  was  first  brought  to  notice  in  this  country  at  the 
Leicester  meeting  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of 
England.  July,  1868." 

The  several  makers  of  double-furrow  ploughs  are 
named  by  Mr.  Ransome,  without,  however,  the  several 
distinctive  features  of  their  implements  being  described. 
It  is  the  general  subject  of  double  ploughing  that  is  his 
theme,  and. the  following  are  the  points  which  he 
states  ought  to  characterise  them  all : — 

1.  It  should  not  be  heavier  than  is  necessary  for 
the  land  it  is  intended  to  work  upon.  2.  It  should 
be  strong  and  simple  in  construction.  3.  It  should 
have  good  clearance  between  the  two  plough  bodies, 
to  allow  the  second  furrow  to  pass  freely.  4.  1 1 
should  have  sufficient  height  under  the  beams  to  pre- 
vent any  accumulation  of  rubbish.  5.  It  should  be  so 
arranged  that  the  width  of  the  furrows  can  be  easily 
altered.  6.  It  should  have  a  friction  wheel  to  nm  at  an 
angle  in  the  furrow,  to  take  the  weight  of  the  hind  part  of 
the  plough,  and  the  friction  against  the  land  side  and  sole 
caused  by  turning  the  furrow  slice.  This  friction  wheel 
should  be  adjustable  in  depth  and  width,  to  adapt  the 
plough  to  a  hard  or  soft  bottom,  and  a  slade  should  be 
interchangeable  with  it  for  special  places,  such  as  stony 
ground.  7.  It  should  be  arranged  to  lift  out  of  work, 
and  turn  easily  at  the  headland  without  cutting  up  the 
ground.  8.  It  should  have  a  pair  of  handles  of  sufificient 
length  for  the  ploughman  to  guide  it  and  assist  it  round 
at  the  headland.  9.  It  may  be  fiirnished  with  a  steering 
lever  if  desired  ;  but  when  the  plough  is  furnished  with 
sufficiently  long  handles,  I  do  not  consider  it  necessary, 
and  it  adds  to  the  weight  and  complication.  10.  It  should 
be  fitted  with  the  best  breasts,  shares,  coulters,  and  skim- 
coulters,  to  enable  it  to  do  its  work  efficiently  and  without 
waste  of  power." 

We  now  give  a  series  of  extracts  on  some  of 
the  points  raised  by  questions  in  Mr.  Ransome's 
paper  : — 

" /s  (I  Doiihk'fiirro'iu  Plough  Lighte)'  in  Draught,  in 
Proportion  to  the  Work  it  has  to  do,  than  a  Single 
Plough  i — r.  The  old  form  of  double-furrow  plough, 
which  had  two  slades — one  on  each  plough  body — took 
twice  the  power  of  a  single  plough  fitted  with  a  slade. 
2.  A  double  plough— of  which  the  back  part  of  the  front 
body  is  cut  away,  and  which  has  only  one  slade  on  the 
hind  plough — does  not  lake  more  than  i|  times  the 
draught  of  a  single  plough  fitted  with  a  slade.  3,  A 
double  plough  of  the  new  sort,  with  a  friction  wheel 
behind  instead  of  a  slade,  does  not  take  more  than 
r\  times  the  power  of  a  single  plough  with  slade.  4.  A 
single  plough  with  a  friction  wheel  takes  about  three- 
quarters  of  the  power  of  a  single  plough  with  slade.  5. 
A  double  plough  with  a  friction  wheel  takes  just  double 
the  power  of  a  single  plough  with  a  friction  wheel. 

"Taking  the  above  figures  to  be  correct,  and  the 
average  draught,  on  a  mixed  soil,  of  a  good  single 
plough  with  slade  when  ploughing  6  or  7  inches  deep, 
being  taken  at  24  stones,  we  should  have  the  draught  oi 
a  single  plough  with  friction  wheel,  18  stones  ;  single 
plough  with  slade,  24  stones ;  double  plough  with  friction 
wheel,  36  stones  ;  double  plough  with  one  slade,  42  stones ; 
double  plough  with  two  slades,  48  stones.  Of  course 
these  draughts  will  vary  on  different  soils,  and  the 
advantage  of  the  new  double  plough  will  be  still  greater 
when  compared  with  many  of  the  older  patterns  of  single 
ploughs  still  in  use,  but  it  may  safely  be  taken  for  granted 
that,  in  almost  all  cases,  the  double  ploughs  do  not  draw- 
more  than  half  as  heavy  again  as  the  single  ploughs,  and 
the  heavier  and  more  sticky  the  soil  the  greater  is  the 
comparative  gain, 

2.  What  are  the  Advantages  to  he  Gained  by  the  Use  oj 
Double  Ploughs  f — Double  work  :  They  will  do  twice  as 
much  work  as  a  single  plough  in  almost  all  cases.  Saving 
in  horse-power  :  As  we  have  seen,  the  draught  is  only 
half  as  much  again,  therefore,  three  horses  harnessed 
abreast  will  do  double  the  work  of  two  on  a  single,  and 
not  be  any  harder  worked.  Many  double  ploughs  are 
now  being  worked  with  two  horses  only,  on  light  land. 
Saving  of  labour  :  One  man  with  a  double  can  do  the 
work  of  two  men  with  single  ploughs,  and  when  three 
horses  are  required  they  are  driven  abreast  and  guided  by 
reins.  Work  done  better ;  The  work  can  at  all  times  be 
done  equally  as  well  as  with  a  single  plough,  and  it 
entirely  prevents  a  man  carrying  a  plough  on  its  back, 
and  so  cutting  an  unlevel  bottom,  which  can  be  done  with 
a  single  plough  even  when  fitted  with  flat  cutting  shares. 
Pan  of  furrow  not  so  much  trodden  or  glazed  :  As  only 
one  horse  walks  in  the  furrow,  and  two  furrows  are  ploughed 
at  one  time,  the  horse  walks  in  each  alternate  furrow 
instead  of  every  one,  and  the  pan  is  consequently  less 
trodden  down.  By  the  use  of  the  friction  wheel  instead 
of  the  slade,  all  glazing,  both  of  the  bottom  of  the  furrow 
and  of  the  ^land  side,  is  avoided.  Ploughing  hill-sides  : 
In  the  hill-side  ploughing  they  are  very  serviceable,  as 
(ploughing  up  and  down  the  hill)  two  horses  can  carry 
two  furrows  down  hill,  and  by  slipping  one  furrow  on 
coming  back,  they  can  carry  one  furrow  up  hill ;  thus  in 
each  round  ploughing  three  furrows  against  two  furrows 
with  the  same  team  on  a  single  plough.  Subsoiling  : 
They  form  one  of  the  best  implements  for  an  ordinary 
subsoiling.  By  removing  the  front  plough  and  adding  a 
subsoil  tine  to  follow  the  furrow-horse  and  subsoil  the 
previous  furrow,  the  hind  plough  turns  a  furrow  over  the 
loosened  earth.  Potato  planting :  They  are  very  useful 
for  Potato  planting.  By  setting  the  plough  to  the  widest 
width — say  12  inches  to  each  furrow,  or  more  if  desired— 


i6o 


The  Gardeners'  Chronicle  and  Agricultural   Gazette. 


[February  3,    1S72. 


the  two  carry  24  inches,  and  the  Potatos  are  set  in  the  furrow 
and  covered  the  next  round.  Thi^  ensures  the  widths  of 
the  rows  beingexactlyahke,  and  faci.iUites  after  operations. 
Paring  Stubbles  :  They  are  very  useful  for  paring  stubbles. 
The  greater  weight  of  a  double  plough  keeps  it  more 
steadily  at  the  shallow  depth  of  say  2  inches  than  is 
possible  with  a  single  plough.  Beginning  and  finishing  : 
The  ridges,  tops,  or  beginnings  can  be  easily  set  with  a 
double  plough.  By  taking  a  smalt  furrow  with  the  front 
plough  on  the  first  half-bout,  and  a  full  furrow  with  the 
hind  plough,  which  will  lie  on  the  first  furrow,  then 
returning  with  two  whole  furrows  to  back  up  the  top. 
three  furrows  are  shown  the  first  round  against  one  with 
the  single.  Wide  lands  :  In  order  to  make  the  most  of  the 
advantages  to  be  gained  by  the  use  of  the  double  ploughs, 
it  is  very  desirable  to  have  the  lands  or  stetches  as  wide 
as  possible,  for  although  these  ploughs  may  be  worked, 
and  are  a  great  assistance,  even  wlierc  the  lands  are 
narrow,  they  are  much  more  so  when  the  distance  between 
the  ridges  is  sufficient  to  enable  them  to'  go  a  consider- 
able number  of  rounds  on  each  ridge.  All  kinds  of  work 
can  be  done  with  the  double  plough,  with  the  exception, 
perhaps,  of  ridging  or  baulking  up  land  for  the  winter. 
Work  done  at  proper  time  :  One  of  the  greatest  advan- 
tages of  double  ploughs,  besides  the  saving  of  labour  and 
horse-power,  about  which  I  propose  to  make  some 
further  remarks,  is  undoubtedly  the  great  facility  they 
give  for  getting  the  work  at  the  proper  time.  As  the  double 
plough  gets  over  a  double  quantity  of  work  with  an 
increase  of  only  50  per  cent,  of  horse-power  as  compared 
with  a  single  plough,  the  work  with  the  same  lot  of  horses 
is  done  much  more  speedily.  As  the  double  plough 
enables  a  farmer  to  get  his  ploughing  done  quicker,  it 
greatly  helps  him  in  getting  on  with  other  work  on  the 
farm  which  would  otherwise  have  to  be  delayed." 

We  have  given  only  a  portion  of  Mr.  Ransome's 
remarks  on  the  points  named  above.  The  last  item 
which  he  mentions  is  the  most  important  of  them  all, 
and  we  give  his  calculations  in  full : — 

**  Money  Saving. — On  the  other  hand,  and  especially 
on  those  farms  where  the  staff  of  men  and  horses  kept 
has  been  sufficient  to  do  all  the  work  at  the  right  time  and 
in  a  proper  manner,  a  considerable  saving  in  expenditure 
can  be  effected  by  the  use  of  double  ploughs. 

"To  show  this  more  clearly,  I  will  first  take  the  case  of 
a  farm  having  300  acres  of  arable  land,  and  on  which,  as 
a  fair  average,  12  horses  are  kept.  Assuming — and  in 
some  cases  I  believe  the  assumption  is  correct — that  no 
larger  number  of  horses  need  be  kept  than  are  sufficient  to 
do  the  ploughing,  the  following  calculation  would  hold 
good  :~Six  men  and  12  horses  would  be  required  on  such 
a  farm  to  work  six  single  ploughs,  whereas  three  men  and 
nine  horses  would  work  three  double  ploughs,  thus  saving 
three  men  and  three  horses.  The  horses  might  be  entirely 
dispensed  with  by  careful  management,  and  the  men 
during  the  time  they  would  have  been  engaged  in  using 
the  single  ploughs.  These  300  acres  of  Wheat,  Clover, 
Peas,  Beans,  Barley,  Oats,  summer-land,  or  root  crops, 
would  lake  two  ploughings  each  per  acre  on  an  average, 
or  say  600  acres  of  ploughing.  Taking  i  acre  per  day  as 
the  work  of  each  single  plough,  or  2  acres  per  day  its  that 
of  each  double  plough,  the  ploughing  would  occupy 
17  weeks.  The  following  calculation  will  show  the  saving 
eTected  : — 

Interest  on  the  value  of  three  horses  at  ^30  =  £')o  at 

5  per  cent ^4  10    o 

Annual  decrease  in  value,  at  £2  each 600 

Hazard  of  loss  at  ;i;5  per  cent ".          ..  4  10    o 

Annual  value  of  food  :  three  horses  at  12^.  a  week      ..  93  12     o 

Shoeing  and  farriery  at  £1  each  . .          . .          . .          . .  300 

Wages  of  three  men  for  17  weeks  at  loj.           ..         ..  25  10    o 


Total        ^137    2    o 

Deduct  interest  on  value  of  throe  double  ploughs  at 
£10,  at  ;^5  per  cent i   10    o 


Total        ..  ,.  ..  jC^?,3  12     o 

"  Say  a  nett  saving  of  ^  135,  which  is  equal  to  9^.  per 
acre  on  the  whole  farm. 

"This  may,  perhaps,  be  an  extreme  case,  or  at  any 
rate  not  the  most  usual  way  in  which  the  saving  effected 
by  double  ploughs  would  be  taken,  though  I  shall  give 
you  presently  one  or  two  statements  from  practical  men 
corroborative  of  the  above  calculation. 

"  If  two  horses  out  of  the  12  could  be  dispensed  with  it 
would  save  ;^ioo  a  year,  or  6s.  Qd.  per  acre.  If  only  one 
horse  out  of  12  could  be  sold,  the  saving  would  be  ^^60  a 
year,  or  41.  an  acre.  And  if  no  horses  are  sold,  we  slill 
have  the  item  of  wages  £2$  los.,  which  is  saved,  or  equal 
to  IS.  S(f.  per  acre. 

"  On  some  light  land  farms,  where  a  great  deal  of  the 
work  can  be  done  with  two  horses  on  a  double  plough,  I 
believe  quite  the  above  saving  may  be  effected." 

Mr.  Ransome  concludes  his  address  with  quotations 
from  many  experienced  men  who  liave  realised  the 
advantages  he  claims.  His  lecture  is  a  very  complete 
account  of  the  implement  and  of  the  advantages  to  be 
expected  from  it,  and  well  deserves  general  perusal. 


The  Land  Tenancy  Laws.  An  Address  by  Mr. 
M'Neel-Caird  to  the  Scottish  Chamber  of  Agri- 
culture.    Pp.  20.     Seton  &  Mackenzie,  Edinburgh. 

Work  and  Wages.  A  Lecture  delivered  in  the 
Parish  School-room,  by  the  Rev.  P.  T.  Onvoy, 
M.A.,  Vicar  of  Wing,  near  Leigh  ton-Buzzard.  R. 
Barrett  &  Son,  13,  Mark  Lane. 

Here  are  two  tracts,  the  one  bearing  on  the  relation 
of  landlord  and  tenant — the  other  on  the  relation  of 
farmer  and  labourer — both  well  deserving  wide  circu- 
lation and  careful  study.  The  latter  is  a  simple  state- 
ment, for  the  use  of  villagers,  of  the  economical  laws 
which  regulate  the  wages  question  :  the  former  is  a 
powerful  exposition,  by  an  able  and  accompUshed 
speaker,  of  matters  most  important  for  tl  e  two  parties 


interested  to  know.  From  its  pages  we  take  an  extract 
bearing  on  the  subject  of  a  leading  article  in  last  week's 
Agi'icnllural  Gazette, 

"  In  TOO  years  the  average  increase  of  agricultural  pro- 
duce per  acre  in  Great  Britain  has  been  only  i6|  per 
cent.  Of  that  nearly  one-half  has  been  gained  by  a 
sudden  start  since  1851.  The  start  of  the  last  20  years  is 
equal  to  a  gain  exceeding  16  millions  sterling  a-year  for 
the  future.  And  if  so  much  has  been  accomplished  by 
merely  exhorting  the  farmer  to  effort,  what  may  not  be 
expected  if  we  strike  off  the  fetters  which  have  hitherto 
restrained  him?  Every  tenth  that  we  can  add  to  the 
acreable  produce  is  equivalent  to  20  millions  a-year. 
Great  as  this  is,  tlie  field  of  agriculture  is  so  wide  that  a 
mere  annual  change  of  seed,  if  adopted  universally, 
would  go  a  long  way  towards  it,  by  the  increase  of 
return  and  improvement  of  quality.  And,  besides  the 
increase  of  acreable  growth,  there  are  still  immense  tracts 
which  can  be  rendered  profitably  productive. 

"I  will  not  set  a  limit  to  the  possible  increase  which 
might  be  obtained  if  all  hindrances  were  removed. 
Every  observant  man,  whose  attention  has  heen  directed 
to  the  subject,  must  have  seen  practical  proof  that  the 
produce  of  vast  districts  is  capable  of  being  increased,  under 
proper  treatment,  not  by  tenths  merely,  but  doubled  and 
more.  I  can  state,  from  authentic  information,  that  the 
increase  of  stock  and  produce  on  an  extensive  farm, 
within  a  very  limited  period,  has,  by  the  skilful  applica- 
tion of  capital  and  energy,  been  more  than  fourfold, 
though  the  operations  arc  still  incomplete.  That  was 
where  the  occupier  was,  from  special  circumstances, 
altogether  unhampered  by  tenancy  laws.  The  average 
must,  no  doubt,  be  always  greatly  below  that  rate  of 
increase.  But  make  every  allowance,  say  that  only  a 
twentieth  of  that  rate  could  be  attained  on  the  average, 
the  increase  of  wealth  to  the  country  could  not  be  less 
than  40  millions  sterling  a-year,  the  absolute  growth  of 
the  soil.  What  are  all  the  cheese-parings  of  ordinary 
Statecraft,  necessary  though  they  be,  while  such  a  leak  of 
national  wealth  is  left  unstopped?  And  how  mightily 
would  the  increase  react  on  commerce  and  trade  !  " 


Farm  Memoranda. 

Hampshire. — The  wet  weather  which  has  prevailed 
for  the  last  five  weeks  may  be  considered  as  favourable 
for  the  Wheat  plant,  which,  from  the  lateness  of  the 
harvest  and  other  causes,  was  sown  at  an  unusually  late 
period,  much  of  it  not  having  shown  above  ground  at 
Christmas  ;  and,  as  much  land  was  very  light  at  the 
time  of  sowing,  the  late  heavy  rains  were  really 
required  to  consolidate  it,  and  should  the  wet 
weather  continue  till  the  month  of  March,  it  would  be 
seasonable  if  that  month  should  prove  dry  without 
frost.  The  rather  severe  frosts  experienced  during 
November  and  December  do  not  seem  to  have 
prejudiced  any  crops.  The  Swedes  and  Turnips  are 
still  very  sound,  and  the  autumn-sown  cereals  and 
pulse,  although  not  very  forward,  show  a  healthy  and 
vigorous  plant.  Whether  we  refer  to  Rye,  Vetches, 
Trifolium,  winter  Oats,  or  winter  Beans,  they  look 
strong,  and  have  generally  maintained  plant.  The  only 
drawback  from  the  wet  weather  arises  from  its  favour- 
ing the  slug,  which  is  doing  injury  upon  some  lands 
sown  out  of  lea  to  both  Wheat  and  winter  Oats.  Some 
farmers,  to  get  rid  of  the  slugs,  strew  Turnip  or 
Cabbage  leaves  over  the  land,  looking  them  over  every 
other  day,  carrying  away  those  which  are  sure  to 
shelter  themselves  on  the  underside  of  the  leaves.  The 
rainy  season,  although  beneficial  to  some  crops,  is  very 
much  against  sheep  feeding  on  roots  in  the  open  field, 
particularly  on  the  mixed  soils  peculiar  to  South  and 
East  Hants,  and  some  other  parts  of  the  county.  It 
sliould,  however,  be  remembered  that  during  the 
autumn  months  the  weather  was  unusually  favourable 
for  root-feeding  in  the  fields. 

The  water  meadows  are  in  flood,  and  the  heavy  rains 
now  prevailing  are  bringing  down  from  the  hills  ferti- 
lising matters,  and  colouring  the  rivers,  which  prove 
highly  beneficial  to  the  meadows,  which  are  at  the 
present  time  looking  very  luxuriant,  and  promise  an 
abundant  produce  at  the  usual  period  of  April,  at 
which  time  the  flocks  on  the  hill  farms  generally  so 
much  require  it,  although  this  year,  owing  to  the 
abundance  of  the  root  crop,  it  may  not  be  of  so  much 
importance. 

The  markets  are  scantily  supplied  with  home-grown 
corn,  for  two  reasons.  The  crops  of  Wheat  are  very 
deficient,  although  Barley  and  Oats  are  a  fair  crop, 
yet  the  wet  weather  is  quite  sufficient  to  deterioriate 
the  grain  if  threshed  on  a  fine  day,  because  the  roofs 
and  outside  of  the  stacks  arc  thoroughly  saturated  by 
succession  of  rain,  hence  tlie  corn  offered  in  the  market 
is  so  much  out  of  condition  that  it  is  difficult  to  sell, 
even  at  the  prices  quoted. 

The  price  of  mutton  and  beef  is  still  high,  especially 
the  former  ;  for,  although  many  parties  held  back  their 
stock  for  Christmas,  yet  the  sale  at  that  time  was  very 
dull,  the  supply  being  beyond  the  demand,  since  which 
mutton  and  beef  have  been  as  dear  as  before,  the 
exception  being  pork  and  bacon  pigs,  which  are  very 
difficult  of  sale  at  a  price  out  of  all  proportion,  and 
below  any  other  animal  food. 

If  we  look  to  the  prices  of  beef  and  mutton  in  the 
coming  spring,  it  is  fair  to  infer  that  they  must  still 
be  high.  The  price  of  wool  will  make  the  skins  of 
sheep  valuable,  particularly  whilst  so  large  a  portion 
of  the  supply  consists  of  tegs.  Again,  a  large  number 
of  farms  are  very  short  of  stock,  and  many  we  see  have 
no  sheep  at  all  upon  them.     This,  more  than  anything 


else,  shows  the  scarcity  of  sheep,  and,  if  the  truth  could 
be  ascertained,  the  stock  of  sheep  in  the  United  King- 
dom would  be  probably  found  something  like  4,000,000 
less  than  in  186S,  and  it  must  be  confessed  that  agri- 
cultural statistics  ought  to  solve  this  question,  but 
where  are  they  ?  We  can  find  no  returns  issued  as  yet, 
although  they  were  sent  in  last  June.  This  is  too  bad, 
because  if  anybody  is  to  benefit  by  these  returns  they 
ought  to  be  made  available  for  the  farmers  lliemselves, 
who  ought  to  know  the  result  early  in  July  every  year, 
before  the  great  sheep  and  cattle  fairs  commence, 
whereas  they  now  lay  dusting  about  in  the  Board  of 
Trade  offices,  or  elsewhere,  until  they  are  no  use  what- 
ever to  the  farmer,  but  may  be  made  weapons  in  the 
hands  of  opponents  at  a  future  day.  There  is  certainly 
no  reason  why  these  returns  should  not  be  made  the 
first  week  in  May,  and  published  the  first  week  in  July. 
There  is  a  strong  feeling  amongst  the  farmers  that  we 
ought  to  have  a  Board  of  Agriculture  in  this  country, 
the  same  as  in  France,  and  that  their  interests  are  not 
improved  by  filtration  through  the  Board  of  Trade. 
There  has  been  a  good  fall  of  lambs,  rather  over  the 
average,  from  the  horned  Dorset  and  Somerset  ewes. 
Although  the  season  was  later  than  usual  there  has 
been  a  large  number  of  twins.  Serious  losses  have 
occurred  in  some  cases,  both  of  ewes  and  lambs,  but 
the  number  saved  may  be  reported  rather  over  the 
average,  and  there  is  a  large  number  of  this  stock  in 
South  and  East  Hants.  Joseph  Blunddl^  Sonihampton. 

Earl  of  Warwick's  Sewage  Farm,  near 
Leamington.  —  The  following  memoranda  on  the 
works  have  been  sent  to  us  since  the  publication  of 
the  notice  on  p.  92  : — 

Engines  and  Pumps. — Two,  both  high  pressure  con- 
densing, rotary  beam  engines,  with  cylinders  36-inch 
diameter,  and  8-feet  piston  stroke.  Beams  32  feet 
long,  weight,  13  tons  each.  Pumps. — On  each  arm 
of  the  beams  a  rod  is  attached,  working  a  ram  pump, 
26  inches  diameter,  of  5  feet  stroke.  Tiie  four  pumps 
are  connected  with  the  main  delivery  pipe,  which 
passes  through  the  centre  to  the  end  of  the  engine- 
house,  thence  to  the  rising  delivery  main.  The  engines 
and  pumps  can  be  worked  separately  or  together. 
There  is  one  fly-wheel,  24  feet  in  diameter.  There  are 
three  boilers  of  the  Cornish  pattern,  24  feet  long, 
7  feet  diameter,  with  double  flues,  can  be  worked 
singly  or  together.  They  are  partly  fed  by  one  of 
Giffard's  injectors  with  the  condensed  steam  of  the 
engines.  There  is  a  permanent  travelling  crane  over 
the  engines  to  facilitate  repairs.  Each  engine  is  calcu- 
lated to  deliver  1,500,000  gals.,  132  feet  high,  2|  miles 
distant,  in  12  hours.  Maker,  Joseph  Clayton,  Preston. 
Cost,  irSooo- 

77ie  Rising  Main. — Cast-iron  pipes,  2|  miles  long. 
The  first  section  of  it  is  20  inches,  remainder  18  inches 
diameter.  There  are  eight  hydrants  on  the  main, 
working  with  screw  valves.  An  air-valve  at  each 
summit,  with  two  small  valves  at  lowest  points  for 
draining  main.  Founders,  D.  &  S.  Roberts,  of  West 
Bromwich.     Cost,  ;i^3,675  ;  laying,  £1000. 

Pumping  Station. — Engine  house,  72  feet  long, 
36  feet  wide,  57  feet  high  ;  wall,  3  feet  thick,  to  carry 
travelling  crane  ;  chimney  stack,  90  feet  liigh,  and 
12  feet  square.  The  foundations  of  the  buildings  go 
down  21  feet,  and  rest  on  the  rock.  Reservoir: — 
Top,  230  feet  by  95  feet  ;  bottom,  175  feet  by  47  feet ; 
10  feet  deep.  In  addition,  there  are  the  brick  tanks 
of  the  old  lime  process  ;  together  afTording  storage  for 
24  hours'  sewage.  Cost  of  buildings,  reservoir,  and 
two  cottages,  ^,5000. 

The  Farm  is  the  property  of  Earl  Warwick,  who 
has  contracted  with  the  town  to  take  the  whole  of  the 
sewage  for  a  period  of  30  years,  at  a  yearly  rental  of 
^^450.  The  town  laying  the  main  and  delivering  the 
sewage  at  given  points  on  the  farm,  Lord  Warwick 
undertaking  the  expense  and  responsibility  of  its  dis- 
posal. The  land  commanded  by  the  irrigation 
works  equals  1200  acres.  351  acres  are  now  in  hand, 
and  the  operations  will  be  confined  to  this  area  for 
the  present. 

The  "  A/a  in,"  rising  from  the  pumping  station, 
passes  south,  under  the  Napton  Canal,  then  through 
private  property,  till  it  reaches  Lord  Warwick's  estate, 
1000  yards  distant,  and  at  a  height  of  71  feet.  The 
"main"  then  dips,  crosses  a  valley,  of  which  the 
Myton  Brook  is  the  drainage  line,  and  rises  to  the 
second  summit,  at  a  distance  of  2000  yards  from 
the  station,  ami  102  feet  above  it.  From  this  point 
the  *'main"  again  dips  and  trends  eastward,  reaching 
the  terminus  at  a  height  of  132  feet,  and  a  distance  of 
3550  yards.  The  main  drainage  line  from  and  beyond 
the  second  summit  is  into  the  Tach  Brook. 

Branch  Line. — At  a  convenient  point  a  branch  line 
is  thrown  out  from  the  rising  main  commanding  a 
separate  area  of  about  250  acres. 

Conjignration  of  the  Land. — On  the  "main"  line  it 
is  generally  of  easy  gradients,  favourable  to  irrigation, 
and  will  be  worked  on  the  *' catchwork,"  "terrace," 
and  "channel"  systems.  Where  the  land  is  flat  the 
**  bedwork  "  system  will  be  adopted.  The  "  branch  " 
line  is  mainly  a  plateau,  with  slops  north  and  west  ; 
the  former  will  be  in  *' bedwork  "  and  the  latter  in 
contour  irrigation. 

Soil,  On  the  "main"  line  it  is  generally  of  a 
loamy  character,  with  bits  of  heavy  land  here  and 
there.     The  subsoil  varies  greatly,  and  includes  sand. 


February  3,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


161 


gravel,  sandstone,  marl,  clay,  and  their  associates. 
On  the  **  branch  "  line  the  soil  is  a  light  gravelly  loam 
— on  a  gravelly  bottom. 

Drai/iagc: — The  surface  drainage  is  everywhere  col- 
lected and  transmitted  for  use  at  lower  levels.  The 
arterial  drainage  is  planned  especially  for  irrigation, 
and  ranges  in  depth  between  4.^  feet  and  8  feet.  The 
old  drainage  is  intercepted  and  connected  with  the  new 
system.  At  convenient  points,  the  drainage  is  collected 
into  brick  wells,  whence  it  can  either  be  discharged 
into  its  natural  outfall,  or  further  utilised  for  irrigation. 

T/ie  General  Scheme  of  Irrigation  presents  some  new 
and  interesting  features.  It  is  on  a  scale  of  unprece- 
dented magnitude,  of  which  the  following  may  be  taken 
as  a  brief  sketch  : — One  object  has  governed  the  whole 
scheme — to  secure  it  all  details  have  been  subordinated, 
viz.,  to  regard  the  sewage  for  its  value  as  a  manure, 
with  the  assistance  of  water  as  a  carrier  for  its  distribu- 
tion, and  for  summer  irrigation.  Therefore,  as  a  fixed 
sum  will  be  paid  for  the  sewcge,  the  object  has  been 
to  utilise  it  over  the  widest  possible  area,  in  order 
that  a  system  of  mixed  and  alternate  husbandry  may 
be  adopted,  including  not  only  the  ordinary  opera- 
tions of  farming,  but  of  wet  and  of  dry  farming, 
changing  from  one  to  the  other  systematically.  In 
winter  the  sewage  to  be  used  simply  as  a  manure 
on  bare  fallows,  for  spring  cropping.  A  visit  to  the 
farm  will  show  that  the  governing  idea,  so  to  speak, 
has  been  carefully  worked  out  in  all  its  details. 
To  each  of  the  eight  hydrants  on  the  rising  main  a 
*'bend"  is  attached,  with  its  mouth  on  the  surface  of 
the  ground.  This  mouth  is  enclosed  in  a  brick  chamber. 
On  opening  the  screw-valve,  the  sewage  enters  the 
chamber  and  is  distributed  by  regulated  outlets  into 
stoneware  pipes  ;  these  pipes,  working  under  a  head 
pressure  of  from  8  oz.  to  2  lb.,  on  the  square  inch. 
carry  the  sewage  to  the  exact  point  wanted.  At  regular 
intervals  on  the  carrying  lines,  there  are  outlets  with 
penstocks,  and  at  necessary  points,  partition  chambers, 
for  changing  the  direction  and  regulating  the  volume  of 
discharge.  These  arrangements  are  very  satisfactory 
and  their  advantages  obvious.  The  sewage  is  every- 
where economised :  all  waste,  whether  by  escape, 
absorption,  or  evaporation,  is  prevented  ;  it  is  kept  out 
of  sight,  and  the  ground  that  would  be  lost  by  open 
carriers  is  thus  saved.  Charged  full  bore,  the  pipes 
deliver  the  sewage  just  wliere  required,  and  the  velocity 
of  delivery  is  regulated  and  controlled  by  the  head  of 
pressure  at  the  chamber.  As  may  be  imagined,  the 
pipe  work  is  extensive;  the  pipes  were  manufactured 
by  Mr.  T.  C.  Edwards,  near  Ruabon.  North  Wales. 
The  arrangement  for  collecting  and  using  the  sewage 
at  lower  levels  for  its  final  purification  before  escape 
into  the  water-courses,  are  very  efficient.  Every  pre- 
caution that  skill  could  suggest  has  been  taken  to 
prevent  nuisances  of  any  kind  whatever. 

The  line  of  the  main,  positions  of  the  hydrants,  and 
the  whole  of  the  works,  have  been  planned  and  carried 
out  by  Mr.  W.  Clifford,  of  Emscote,  Warwick.  The 
agricultural  operations  are  under  Mr.  D.  Tough  (late 
of  the  Barking  Sewage  Farm),  in  subordination  to  his 
lordship's  agent,  Capt.  Fosbery.  The  farm  is  in  first- 
rate  condition.  A  large  dairy  will  be  maintained,  for 
which  suitable  buildings  have  been  erected.  Stock  will 
be  kept  as  well  for  grazing  as  for  stall  feeding.  The 
cultivation  will,  as  noticed,  be  divided  into  ordinary 
farming  and  sewage  farming,  for  which  arrangement 
the  breadth  of  land  affords  every  facility. 

Miscellaneous. 

The  Supply  of  Horses.— It  is  quite  true  that 
within  the  last  few  years  there  has  been  a  sensible 
increase  in  the  price  of  horses  of  all  kinds.  During 
the  Franco-German  war  both  countries  purchased  here 
largely,  and  France  is  still  a  purchaser,  as  she  has  been 
for  any  time  during  the  last  20  years.  The  demand  at 
home  for  riding  horses  and  well-bred  harness  horses 
for  more  than  20  years  has  rapidly  increased  with  the 
increased  wealth  of  the  country  and  the  diminution  of 
the  taxes  and  turnpikes  which  formerly  discouraged 
carriages.  But  another  cause  has  affected  the  supply, 
ever  since  the  introduction  of  artificial  manures  and 
drill  sowing  has  stimulated  root  cultivation.  Thou- 
sands on  thousands  of  acres  of  rough  land,  on  which 
horses  were  formerly  bred,  as  the  cheapest  produce 
that  could  be  sent  to  market  in  non-railway  days,  are 
now  drained,  cropped  with  roots,  and  fed  off  with 
sheep,  which,  in  wool  and  mutton,  pay  a  great  deal 
better  than  horses.  Under  these  circumstances,  it 
would  be  well  that  we  bred  more  really  stout,  useful 
horses,  and  made  less  use  of  ill-shaped  stallions  which 
have  nothing  better  to  recommend  them  than  a  more 
or  less  authentic  pedigree  connecting  them  with  some 
great  turf  winner.  There  are  plenty,  or,  at  any  rate, 
a  sufficient  number,  of  thoroughbred  sires  of  bone  and 
substance.  If  any  one  doubt  this,  let  him  visit  the 
Glasgow  Stud  Farm,  at  Enfield.  The  problem  is  to 
put  such  horses  within  reach  of  the  farmers  in  the 
horse-breeding  districts,  at  such  prices  as  plain  farmers 
can  afford  to  pay.  I  dismiss  the  idea  of  Government 
stallions  competing  with  those  of  private  individuals  ; 
no  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  in  esse  or  in  posse  dare 
ask  the  House  of  Commons  for  money  for  such  a 
purpose.  Equally  impracticable  is  the  system  which 
was  established  by  Louis  XIV.  of  permitting  no 
stallions  to  be  used  except  those  passed  and  branded 


by  a  Govemm.ent  official — a  system  abolished  at  the 
French  Revolution  which  the  centralized  Government 
of  France,  whether  Republican,  Kingly,  or  Imperial, 
has  never  been  able  to  restore.  A  simpler  plan, 
perfectly  suited  to  our  habits  of  private  enterprise, 
which  I  lately  suggested  at  the  London  Farmers'  Club, 
would  answer  our  purpose  much  better.  Let  every 
local  agricultural  society  form  a  special  fund  for  hiring 
one  or  more  stallions  for  the  season,  according  to  the 
demands  of  the  district.  To  such  a  fund  a  great  many 
persons  would  subscribe,  without  the  least  idea  of 
breeding  themselves,  as  a  matter  of  local  patriotism. 
Mr.  Edmund  Tattersall  tells  me  that  a  good  useful 
thoroughbred  stallion  can  be  hired  for  about  ^100  for 
the  season.  The  services  of  such  an  animal  might  be 
afforded  to  the  district  at  a  fee  from  /i  to  £2  without 
any  serious  loss  to  the  committee.  Tlie  choice  would 
be  the  duty  of  gentlemen,  whose  selection  would  be 
open  to  wholesome  criticism  in  the  local  newspapers. 
The  plan  would  grow  into  a  system,  and  the  days  for 
letting  stallions  for  hire  at  Tattersall's  would  be  crowded 
with  country  committee  men  in  search  of  suitable  sires. 
As  for  Mr.  Moss's  idea  of  encouraging  breeders  by 
local  horse  shows  and  prizes  confined  to  young  horses, 
if  he  had  paid  any  attention  to  existing  shows,  he  would 
have  known  that  it  is  only  in  one  or  two  counties  that 
respectable  classes  of  3  and  4-year-old  horses  can  be 
filled.  A  dealer's  price  for  a  really  good  animal  is 
more  tempting  than  any  prize  a  local  society  can  afford 
to  give.  The  money  a  county  would  have  to  spend  in 
getting  up  a  horse  show,  which  would  attract  very  few 
horses,  would  go  far  to  hire  two  or  three  good  sires. 
Races,  too,  as  means  of  improving  the  breed  of  horses, 
are  quite  played  out.  If  an  illustration  be  wanted  of 
this  fact,  turn  to  the  National  Hunt  Steeplechase, 
established  for  the  encouragement  of  farmer  breeders. 
Vet,  since  the  first  year  or  two,  a  farmer's  name  is 
scarcely  to  be  seen  in  the  entries,  and  never  as  a 
winner.  England  is  the  country  of  self-supporting 
societies,  which,  in  encouraging  agriculture,  have  far 
exceeded  the  costly  efforts  of  Continental  Governments. 
Apply  the  same  principle  to  horse-breeding.  The 
Manager  of  the  AgricuUural  HaU  Horse  Sho7o^  in  the 
Times. 

Reaping  Machines  in  East  Lothian. — The 
first  trial  of  a  reaping  machine — one  of  Bell's — was 
made  at  Phantassie,  a  very  celebrated  farm  in  East 
Lothian,  the  property  of  T,  Mitchell-Innes,  Esq. 
We  think  it  was  m  1S52  this  exhibition  took  place  ; 
nearly  all  our  most  eminent  farmers  were  present,  and 
few  then  believed  in  the  possibility  of  its  perfect 
success.  Mr.  Hope,  Fenton  Barns,  was  the  first  who 
bought  a  reaping  machine,  which  he  tried  in  a  field  of 
Wheat  in  1853.  We  remember  Lord  Tweeddale  was 
there,  and  other  eminent  agriculturists  from  a  distance. 
From  that  day  we  may  say  that  the  problem  of 
reaping  by  machinery  in  East  Lothian  was  solved. 
Other  countries  rapidly  followed  suit.  The  inventive 
genius  of  Great  Britain  was  applied  to  the  subject,  the 
great  object  being  to  obtain  sufficient  strength  in 
framework,  combined  with  lightness  of  construction 
and  increased  rapidity  in  the  action  of  the  knives. 
To  show  how  universal  is  the  adoption  of  reaping 
machines  in  East  Lothian,  we  give  two  Tables,  one  of 
the  parishes  with  the  machines  used  in  each  ;  also 
another  with  the  names  of  the  different  makers. 
The  machines  are  of  various  contruction,  but  all  are 
modelled,  so  far,  after  the  invention  of  Mr.  Bell, 
who  may  be  called  "the  Watt"  of  the  reaping 
machine.  What  Watt's  genius  did  for  the  steam- 
engine,  the  genius  of  Bell  did  for  the  reaper. 


where  they  have  a  good  lair,  but  complaints  of  their 
not  doing  so  well  where  folding  on  heavy  soils  is 
practised.  In  consequence  of  the  mildness  of  the 
season  and  abundance  of  keep,  graziers  and  dealers  are 
scouring  the  country  for  "  barren  beasts  "  for  summer 
grazing.  Markets  almost  stationary  for  all  kinds  of 
grain.  Dry  Wheat  looking  up.  T.  C. 
South  Northumberland  :  yan.  24. 

Jan. 


which  gave   way  at  night.     Ploughing 


Machines 
used. 
Aberlady      . .  ..  . .     21 

Athelstaneford         ..         ..     21 

Bolton  , ,         . .         ■  •     15 

Dirleton        . .         ..  ..34 

Dunbar         . .  . .         . .     38 

P'ala  and  Soutra     . .  . .        6 

Garvald         . .         . ,  . .     26 

Gifford  28 

Gladsmuir     . .  . .         . .     46 

Haddington. .  ..  . .     62 

Humbic         . .  . .  . .     34 

Innerwick     ,.         . .  . .     20 

Morham        ..         . .  . .     10 

Carried  forward  . .         . .   361 

Machines 

Halliday       . .          .  .          . .  135 

Gardener  &  Lindsay         . .  83 

Bamlett         64 

Porteous       46 

Brigham  &  Bickerton        . .  42 
Hornsby  &  Sons                . .  42 
Kemp,  Murray  &  Nichol- 
son . .         . .         . ,         . .  42 

Bridges         41 

Samuelson     . .         . .          . .  28 

Lillie,  Goodlctt  &  Elder  . .  26 

Picksley  &  Sim       . .          . .  20 

Jack  &  Son 12 

Sheriff          .-.          ..         ..  n 

Wallace  &  Son        ,.          ..  n 


Machines 
used. 
Brought  forward..  ..   361 

North  Berwick        , .  . .     31 

Oldhamstocks  ..         ..      16 

Ormiston      . .  . ,  ■ .     22 

Pencaitland  ..  , .         ..26 

Prestonkirk 3^ 

Prestonpans  . .  . .         . .       7 

Salton  ..  ..  , .     26 

Spott 18 

Stenton  . .         . .  . .     lo 

Tranent         38 

Whitekirk 28 

Whittingham  ..  ..     25 


Total 


Carried  fon,vard  . 
The  Farmer. 


603 


Brought  forward 

Wood  &  Son 

Bell's,  byCroskill  .. 

Scott 

Burgess  &  Key 

Croskill         

Munro  &  Dickson  . . 

Wright  &  Seton      . , 

Brown,  Traprian     . . 

Brown  &  Young,  Cuthbcrt, 
Dray,  Hunter,  Milton, 
Moffat,  M'Cormack,  Sim^ 
Stevenson,  Walker,  Win 
ton,  and  Young  —  1 
each  

Total 


..     656 

Machines 
..  603 


,  656 


Leicester  :  Jan.  23.— Weather  very  unfavourable 
for  outdoor  work.  Ploughing  lea.  Turning  over 
and  sorting  Potatos,  many  of  which  are  diseased. 
Draining  and  levelling  fences.     .Sheep  doing  very  well 


18— High  wind  with  showers.     Ploughing  stubble. 
,,     19— Fine  day.     Threshing  grain. 
„     2o^Slight  frost  in  morning  :  fine  day.    Ploughing  stubble 

and  lea. 
,.    22— Hard  frost, 

lea. 
..    23— Dull,  damp  day,  wet  at  night.     Ploughing  lea. 
„     24— Very  wet.       Ploughing    lea    in    forenoon,    crushing 

kainit  and  caning  bricks  afternoon. 

General  :  Cattle  feeding,  and  cutting  Swedes  for  hog- 
gets.    Prospective  :  Finish  stubble  and  lea  ploughing. 

Ross-shire  :  y,ui.  23. — Farm  all  arable,  about 
420  acres.  Putting  a  very  large  proportion  of  it  into  a 
si.<c -course  rotation,  with  three  years'  grass,  and  nearly 
the  whole  of  this  grass  eaten  off  by  cattle  in  summer 
and  sheep  in  winter.  Soils  very  different — the  lower 
fields  mould,  with  a  slight  mixture  of  clay,  and  pretty 
suitable  for  all  kinds  of  crops  ;  the  higher  fields 
recently  reclaimed,  and  gradually  deepening  and  im- 
proving ;  much  of  the  subsoil  mountain  clay.  Weather 
changeable,  but  mild.  Carting  manure  the  principal 
occupation.     [Arrived  too  late  for  last  week.] 

Chatteris  :  Jan.  27.— Showery  and  wet  week  ;  a 
great  deal  of  water  about ;  moved  engine  and  thresh- 
ing tackle,  and  prepared  to  thresh,  but  compelled  to 
await  better  weather.  Delivered  50  qr.  Wheat  to 
station.  Put  up  and  delivered  Potatos  ;  a  few  hands 
underdraining  ;  other  hands  attending  to  stock.  Land 
getting  very  wet,  and  requiring  dry  weather,  or  spring 
seeding  must  be  backward.  A.  S.  A'. 

North  Wilts  :  7rt«.  29.— Weather  has  continued 
so  wet  that  outdoor  operations  have  been  almost  sus- 
pended ;  highest  floods  for  several  years;  just  what 
was  wanted  to  replenish  springs  and  saturate  soil,  and 
at  the  best  time  of  year.  Horse  and  manual  labour 
employed  at  all  kinds  of  odd  jobs  on  the  farm,  just  as 
weather  permits.  Cattle  fed  as  usual,  and  sheep  also  ; 
the  latter  on  the  land,  which  is  more  like  a  mud-pit 
than  anything  else,  but  with  a  little  extra  corn,  &c., 
seem  to  do  better  than  could  be  expected.  £.   IK  M. 

Chalk  Land  Farm,  Berkshire  :  Jan.  29. — We 
have  had  another  week  of  wet,  boisterous  weather, 
preventing  almost  all  kinds  of  work  being  done  on  the 
farm,  except  occasionally  ploughing  on  light  land. 
The  sheep  are  in  a  very  dirty  state,  and  have  not 
thriven  much  of  late.  The  Wheat  plant  in  this  loca- 
lity looks  well,  but  on  strong,  retentive  soils,  it  will 
soon  sicken  and  become  unhealthy.  The  meadows 
lying  low  are  very  much  flooded.  J.  H. 

Roxburghshire  :  Jan.  29.— There  has  been  a 
heavy  fall  of  rain  this  week,  and  everything  has  been 
soaked  with  water.  Sheep  on  Turnip  land  very  un- 
comfortable, and  doing  little  or  nothing  ;  feeding  cattle 
doing  well  on  Swedes,  cake  and  hay  ;  the  price  of 
beef  considerably  back  from  what  it  was  ;  we  have  a 
few  steers  away  this  week,  they  fetch  a  trifle  over  <)s. 
per  stone.  The  labour  carried  on  has  been  lea  plough- 
ing, laying  on  compound,  threshing  and  delivering 
grain,  &c. 

West  Sussex  :  Jan.  29.— Work  is  still  at  a  stand- 
still ;  we  have  had  a  great  deal  of  rain,  and  probably 
have  now  attained  our  average.  The  fields  have  been 
in  a  bad  state  for  the  sheep,  and  some  of  the  young 
lambs  are  rather  crampy  ;  the  sheep  do  badly,  and  the 
land  is  suffering.  A  good  deal  of  the  work  is  to  carry 
roots  from  the  fields  to  yards  and  meadows.  There  are 
a  great  many  hands  out  of  work,  but  they  are  not  the 
most  useful  ones ;  and  when  we  hear  surprise  ex- 
pressed that  hands  are  scarce  in  one  place,  and  too 
many  in  another,  the  two  being  only  a  day's  journey 
apart,  yet  nothing  is  done  to  put  the  matter  on  a  better 
footing,  we  know  the  reason  to  be  that  all  good  hands 
are  generally  employed  at  fair  wages  where  they  now 
are,  and  those  that  we  can  spare  we  cannot  recommend. 
But  no  doubt  good  men's  wages  will  get  higher,  and 
bad  ones  will  have  to  improve,  and  by  degrees  there 
%vill  be  greater  equality.    G.  S. 

East  Lothian  :  Jan.  30.— The  weather  for  the 
past  week  has  been  very  wet,  so  that  very  little  has 
been  done  in  the  way  of  ploughing,  and  what  little 
has  been  ploughed  has  been  mostly  grass  land  for  Oats 
— both  stubble  and  Turnip  land  being  too  wet  for 
ploughing.  The  work  done  during  the  past  week  has 
been  mostly  threshing  Wheat  for  straw  for  cattle. 
Beans  for  fodder  for  horses,  picking  Potatos,  carting 
same  to  station,  and  spreading  manure.  The  work 
likely  to  be  done  this  week  is  ploughing  grass  land, 
stubble  and  Turnip  land,  topping  and  tailing  Swedish 
Turnips  and  storing  same  for  cattle,  picking  Potatos, 
spreading  manure,  threshing  Wheat  and  Beans,  and 
cutting  hedges.  The  Wheat  is  making  great  progress, 
indeed  I  hardly  ever  saw  it  grow  so  fast  at  this  season 
of  the  year.  H.  B. 

Selkirkshire  :  Jan.  30.— For  the  last  14  days 
almost  incessant  ram  ;  to-day  wet  and  stormy.  The 
ground  has  not  been  so  thoroughly  soaked  for  several 
years  past.  The  fields  where  hained  are  fresh  and 
green  ;  young  grasses  nearly  a  full  bite  for  sheep  ;  we 
may  expect  a  check  to  such  an  early  growth. 
400     breeding     ewes    (Cheviot,     bringing     half-bred 


1 62 


The   Gardeners*    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  3,   1872. 


lambs)  getting  half  Turnips  and  as  much  hay  as  they 
can  eat  ;  440  hoggs  and  young  Cheviot  wedders  getting 
full  Turnips  and  hay.  Feeding  sheep  :  Cheviot 
wedders  (only  about  100  left)  getting,  besides  Turnips 
and  hay,  I  lb  of  Oats  each  daily.  Horses'  work  : 
ploughing  stubble  for  Turnips  —  a  dry  light  soil  j 
finished  ploughing  lea.    IV.  tS. 


Notices  to   Correspondents. 

Books:  Cohnisf.  On  sheep:  Wuiait  on  Cattle;  pub- 
lished by  Society  for  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge. 
On  horses:  Bhiiiics  Veterinary  Art,  by  Steele.  In- 
digo: Si?nmouds  Commercial  Products  of  the  Vegetable 
Kingdom,  Castor-oil  Plant,  &c.  :  Pcrcira's  Manual 
of  Materia  Medica.  The  beans  are  pressed  in  the 
country  where  grown. 

"Crumen:"  T.  H.  says: — "Dr.  J.  E.  Gray  {id  sup.. 
Pen.  Cyc,  p.  48)  classifies  the  tribe  Bovina,  and  sub- 
tribe  Oveag,  into  four  genera  :—  i,  Ovis,  crumen  distinct, 
&c.  ;  2,  Caprovis,  crumen  distinct,  &c.  ;  3,  Pseudovis, 
crumen  none,  &c.  ;  4,  Ammotragris,  crumen  none,  &c. 
Will  some  one  of  your  readers,  acquainted  with  the 
comparative  anatomy  and  natural  history  of  the  sheep, 
kindly  explain  the  meaning  of  this  word  '  crumen,' 
which  I  have  vainly  searched  for  in  dictionaries  and 
cyclopaedias?"  [Crumena=smaU  money-bag.  SesLat. 
Mng.  Diet.] 

Land  Tenure:  Amicus.  Professor  Qiffe  Leslie's  report 
on  a  system  of  Land  Tenure  appeared,  we  believe,  in  the 
annual  volume  of  the  Cobden  Club,  which  is  published 
by  Cassell,  Petter  &  Galpin,  La  Belle  Sauvage  Yard, 
Ludgate  Hill.  You  should  also  read  Mr.  W.  Fowler's 
paper  on  the  Land  Question  in  the  annual  volume  just 
published. 

Poultry  :  L.  A.  As  regards  dark  Brahmas,  you  must 
not  demand  black  breasts  in  the  cock  unless  you  are 
prepared  to  accept  chestnut  patches  on  the  wings,  and 
vulture  feathering  on  the  hocks,  of  your  birds.  The 
best  and  purest  plumage  of  the  best  dark  Brahma 
Poutra  fowls  that  have  ever  been  seen  in  this  country 
has  always  been  grey  in  different  shades  and  in  every 
shade,  but  always  grey.  The  copper  patches  on  the 
wings,  and  jet  black  breasts  on  the  cock  birds  are  due 
to  the  efforts  of  European  breeders  to  adapt  an  Asiatic 
bird  to  the  type  nearest  to  hand.  Brahma  Poutra 
fowls  both  light  and  grey  deserve  well  at  our  hands  ; 
but  the  Americans  buy  our  best  stock  birds,  and  from 
them  produce  chici<cns  that  put  competition  out  of  the 
question  at  present. 

The  Sewing  Machine  :  Rodcrs.  It  is  with  the  sowing- 
machine  with  an  0,  not  the  sewing-machine  with  an  e, 
that  we  have  any  acquaintance.  On  the  latter  subject 
our  opinion  would  be  of  no  service  to  you. 


arkts. 


55—60 
58—62 
60 — 64 

51—69 
38—40 
28—31 
20 — 23 
25-27 
24 — 26 
22 — 26 
31—33 


Red. 
Red. 


Red. 


Maltinj 
Making  . 

Feed  ... 
Feed  ... 
Feed  ... 
Foreign  . 


■g  -  ■  33—38 


20 — 22 

14—19 


MARK    LANE. 
Monday,  Jan,  29. 

The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this  morning's  market 
was  again  very  short  ;  the  iew  dry  samples  were  readily 
sold  at  the  full  prices  of  this  day  se'nnight,  but  damp  and 
inferior  were  very  unsaleable,  at  irregular  prices.  For 
foreign  there  was  a  fair  retail  demand,  at  the  quotations  of 
last  week.  Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  were  unchanged  in 
value.  Oat  barely  maintained  late  rates.  Maize  was  in 
good  supply,  and  cheaper.  There  was  no  change  in  the 
value  of  Flour. 

Price  per  imperial  ■-{Quarter. 
Wheat,    Essex,  Kent,  Suffolk.  .White 

—  fine  selected  runs do. 

—  Talavera 

—  Norfolk    

—  Foreign    

Barley,  grind  &  dist.  ,26^  to  31^ . .  Chev. 

—  Foreign,. grinding  and   distilling 
Oats,  Essex  and  Suffolk  

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire.  .Potato 

—  Irish Potato 

—  Foreign Poland  and  Brew 

Rye 

Rye-meal,    Foreign  

Beans,  Mazagan ....  32^.  to  34^. . .  Tick 

—  Pigeon 37.1.  to  58,^. . .  Winds 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  White,  Essex,  and  Kent. .  Boilers 

—  -     Maple,  — s.  to  — s. Grey 

Majze 

.Flour,  best  marks  delivered.,  per  sack 

—  2d  ditto  ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 

Wednesday,  Jan.  31 
There  was  little  animation  in  the  grain  trade,  but  the 
market  was  tirm  in  regard  to  prices.  The  show  of 
English  Wheat  was  small,  but  the  quality  of  the  samples 
was  inferior,  notwithstanding  the  improvement  in  the 
weather.  The  supply  of  foreign  was  ample.  Prices  were 
unchanged  for  all  qualities,  and  the  transactions  were  in 
retail  only.  Malting  Barley  was  in  request,  but  grinding 
samples  were  dull  of  sale.  Maize  and  Oats  changed 
hands  to  a  fair  extent,  on  fully  former  terms.  Beans  and 
Peas  were  quite  neglected.  In  the  seed  market  there  was 
nothing  doing.  Flour  met  a  limited  inquiry,  on  former 
terms. 

Arrivals  of  Grain,  &c.,  into  London  by  Water  CARRrAcr. 


34—49 


39—41 


34—49 
34 


Harrow  . 
Longpod 
Egyptian.  [33 
Suffolk  . .  41- 
Foreign  ..'36—44 
Foreign  ..  131-33 
44—50  1 

40 — 42  Country  ..:4o — 42 
24 — 28  Per  sack.,  j 38— 60 


buyers'  favour.  No  change  in  value  of  fine  white.  Flour 
sells  slowly  at  the  rates  of  Friday.  Beans,  Oats,  and 
Oatmeal  unaUered.  Indian  Com  in  moderate  demand, 
at  the  extreme  price  of  Friday  last ;  mixed  American, 
30J.  yi.  per  480  lb. 

Averages. 


•     Wleat. 

Barley. 

Oals. 

Dec.  23  .. 

—  30  .. 
Jan.     6  .. 

—  13  .. 

—  20  . . 

—  27  .. 

5SS  f'd 
55    4 

54  11 

55  I 
55     8 
35  10 

361  grf 

^\    1 
36    8 

36  rr 

37  2 
37  10 

23^  od 

22      0 
22      2 
22      9 
22       6 
22      8 

Average 

55     5 

36  II 

22      6 

METROPOLITAN  CATTLE  MARKET. 
Monday,  Jan.  sq. 
There  are  not  quite  so  many  Beasts  as  last  week,   but 
trade  is  not  very  brisk,  although  prices  on  the  whole  are 
rather  better.     The  supply  of  Sheep  is  again  sliort,  and 
the  demand  good  ;  a  clearance  is  quickly  made,  at  rather 
higher  rates.   Choice  Calves  continue  to  be  scarce  and  dear. 
Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  1020  Beasts,  2750  Sheep, 
and    69   Calves ;    from   Scotland  there   are  150   Beasts  ; 
from  Ireland,  120  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  1300 ;   and 
300  from  the  Midland  and  Home  Counties. 

s.  d.    s.  d.  \  _  s.  d.   s.  d. 

Best      Long-wools     6     8to6  10 
Do.  Shorn  . .        . .  —  . . 

Ewes  &  2d  quality     4     8-5     8 
Do.  Shorn  . .        . .  —  . . 

Lambs       . .         . .        . .  —   . . 

Calves       ..         ..4    8 — 7    o 

Pigs  . .  -  ■     4    o — 5     o 

Beasts,  2S90  ;  Slieep  and  Lambs,  12,870  ;  Calves,  113  ;  Pigs^  155. 
Thursday,  Feb.  i. 
The  number  of  Beasts  is  about  the  same  as  on  Thurs- 
day last,  but  choicest  qualities  are  not  very  plentiful. 
There  is  more  inquiry  for  them,  and  Monday's  quotations 
are  freely  given.  A  good  clearance  is  effected.  There 
are  very  few  Sheep  on  offer  ;  they  are  readily  disposed  of, 
at  fully  Monday's  rates.  Choice  Calves  are  still  scarce 
and  dear.  We  have  100  Milch  Cows,  including  some 
good  Dutch  ones  ;  trade  has  improved  for  them,  English 
making  ^20  to  ^^26,  and  Dutch  ^16  to  ^£'22  each.  Our 
foreign  supply  consists  of  300  Beasts,  530  Sheep,  and 
83  Calves. 


Best  Scots,    Here- 

fords,  &c.         . .     5 

6to5 

8 

Best  Shorthorns  ..     5 

4—5 

6 

2d  quality  Beasts        3 

8-4 

y 

Best    Downs     and 

HaU-breds        . .     6 

10—7 

0 

Do.  Shorn 

Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  Aic, 

Best  Shorthorns  . . 

2d   quality   Beasts 

Best  Downs  and 
Halt-brcds 

Do.  Shorn 


s.  d. 


5  6tos 
5  4—5 
3     8-4 


A'Ools 


Best     Lon; 

Do.  Shorn 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  4     8—5 

Do.  Shorn  . .        . .  —  .. 

Lam  bs       . .  . .        . .  —  . . 

Calves       ..  ..  4     S  — 7 

Pigs           . .  . .  4    0—5 

Beasts,  ggs  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  3630;  Calves,  127  ;  Pigs,  46. 


d.    s.d. 

8to6  10 


//A  v.— Per  Load  of  2,6  Trusses. 
Smithfield,  Thursday,  Feb.  1. 
Prime  MeadowHay,  SoJ.to  90J,     Clover,  old     .. 

Inferior  do 60        70        Inferior  do.     . . 

Rowen      40        65         Prime  2d  cut  do. 

Inferior  do —        —        Inferior  do • 

Straw       30        38 

Cumberland  Market,  Thursday,  Feb.  i. 


.  II  5s.  to  120^. 
.  70         go 


Sup.  Me.idow  Hay  g2S.ioioos. 

Inferior  do 70  86 

New  do.         . .      . .  —  ■ — 

Inferior  do,    ..      . .   —  — 

Superior  Clover    .  .120         130 


I  Inferior  Clover      ..  goj.toiioj. 

Prime  2d  cut  do.  . .  —  • — 

I  New  do.     . .  . .  —  — 

j  Straw      42  46 

I  Joshua  Baker. 


METROPOLITAN  MEAT  MARKET,  Feb.  i. 

Beit  Fresh  Butter         19J.  per  dozen  lb. 

Second  do.  do.  ..  ..  ..     17J.         ,, 

Small  Pork,  4i-.    ^d.  to  4^.    %d.  ;  Large  Pork,  35-.  /^d.  to 
3^.  lod.  per  8  lb. 


ENGLISH  WOOL. 


Markets  continue  very  firm,  with,  if  anythine,  an 
upward  tendency,  and  it  is  generally  believed  that  a 
further  rise  ofirf.  to  "zd.  per  pound  will  take  place  between 
this  and  the  end  of  May. 


English  & 

Scotch. 
Irish 

Foreign  . 


Qrs. 
100 


12,760 


12,860 


Barley. 


Qrs. 
300 


Oak. 


Qrs. 

'6.530 


16,530 


\       S96 

t    1000  bris 


HOPS. 
Borough  Market,  Jan.  31. 
Messrs,  Pattcnden  &  Smith  report  that  the  general 
trade  is  quiet,  although  the  tone  of  the  market  is  firm,  at 
the  following  quotations  ; — East  Kents,  ^10  los.  to  £,iy, 
choice,  j^i4  to  ^^17;  Mid  Kents,  _^9  to  ^ii  ;  choice, 
^12  12J.  to  ^14  14.C;  Weald  Kents,  _^8  tos.  to  ^10; 
Goldings,  j^io  to  ^n  ;  Sussex,  £%  to  £q^s.  Conti- 
nental markets  are  all  firm.  Stocks  of  iS/i's  being  e.t- 
tremely  small,  yearlings  and  i868's  meet  with  a  little 
inquiry  at  low  figures. 

SEED  MARKET. 

No  great  activity  yet  characterises  the  seed  trade,  the 
recent  continued  wet  weather  appears  to  have  delayed  the 
country  demand.  New  American  red  Clover  is  now  in 
fair  supply  on  this  side  ;  values  are  reported  to  be  firm  in 
New  York.  Home-grown  parcels  are  scarce,  and  com- 
mand high  prices.  White  Clover  must  be  quoted  is.  to 
2J.  per  cwt.  dearer.  Alsike  and  Trefoil  are  firm.  Rape 
and  Mustard  without  change.  For  Hemp  and  Canary 
there  is  a  steady  trade.     Other  articles  unchanged. 

John  Shaw  &  Sons,  Seed  Merchants, 
■Vj,  Mark  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


Liverpool,  Jan.  30. — There  was  a  small  attendance. 
Wheat  in  limited  request,  and  prices  of  red  are  slightly  in 


COALS.—Jan.  31. 
Cowpen   Hartley,    20J.  6d.\    Howard's  West  Hartley, 
pi.r. ;    West  Hartley,    20t.   6d.  ;    Eden   Main,    21J.    cjd.  ; 
Walls  End  Tees,  235. — Ships  at  market,  10  ;   sold,   10 ; 
at  sea,  45. 


'■PHE     LONDON     MANURE     COMPANY 
-^  {Established  1840), 

Have  now  ready  for  delivery,  in  nne  dry  condition — 
PURE  DISSOLVED   BONES. 

CONCENTRATED  AMMONIACAL  MANURE.forTop-Drcssing 
PURSER'S  BONE  TURNIP  MANURE. 
SUPERPHOSPHATE  of  LIME, 
NITROPHOSPHATE 

MANGEL,  HOP    and  POTATO  MANURES.     Also 
PERUVIAN    GUANO   (as  imported   by   Messrs.  Thomson,   Bonar, 
&Co.),  NITRATEofSODA,  SULPHATE  of  AMMONIA,  &c. 
116,  Fenchurch  Sirect.  EDWARD  PURSER,  Secretary. 


BIPHOSPHATED  PERUVIAN  GUANO 
{registered  Trade  Mark,  "  Flying  Albatross"),  is  now  ready  for 
delivery  in  quantity  and  in  line  condition.  The  best  fertiliser  yet 
produced.  Its  base  is  Peruvian  Government  Guano.  It  contains 
21  per  cent,  of  Soluble  Phosphates,  6  per  cent,  of  Ammonia,  with  Salts 
of  Potash.  See  Reports  of  Dr.  Voelcker,  Dr.  Anderson,  Professor 
Way,  Mr.  Ogston,  Mr.  Sibson.  Delivered  in  2  cwt.  bags,  each  of 
which  is  secured  by  a  leaden  seal  bearinET  the  Company's  Trade 
Mark.  The  analysis  is  guaranteed  so  long  as  the  seals  remain 
unbroken. 

BIPHOSPHATED  GUANO  COMPANY,  20,  Eilliter  Street.  E.C. 


To  all  Lovers  of  Gardens  and  Greenhouses. 

The  FLORISTS"  and  GARDENERS'  MANURE. 
ENRY  NOBBS  and  CO.  beg  to  inform  Gardeners 

and  the  Trade  generally,  that  this  well-known  MANURE  can 
be  obtained  in  \s.  fins,  and  in  Baj^s,  as  formerly.     The  above  is 
an    invaluable   article  for  the   Greenhouse.      AGENTS  WANTED, 
where  none  are  already  appointed.     Price  List  on  application. 
Uphavering  Farm,  Hornchurch,  near  Romford,  Essex. 
Works  :  Bow  Common. 


H 


The  Cheapest  and  Best  Insecticide. 

OOLEVS       TOBACCO       POWDER. 

Of  all  Nurser^'men  and  Seedsmen. ^^ 


TOBACCO  TISSUE,  "for  FUMIGATING  GREEN- 
HOUSES.—Will  destroy  Thrip,  Red  Spider,  Green  and  Black 
Fly,  and  Mealy  Bu^,  and  burns  without  the  assistance  of  blowing, 
and  is  entirely  free  from  paper  or  rags.  Price  3s.  W.  per  lb.,  carriage 
free,     A  reduction  in  price  for  large  quantities. 

To  be  had  of  Messrs.  ROBERTS  and  SONS,  Tobacco  Manufac- 
turers, 112,  St.  John  Street,  Clerkenwell,  E.C,  of  whom  Copies  of 
Testimonials  may  be  obtained  ;  and  of  all  Seedsmen  and  Nurserymen. 


To  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 

The  OLDEST  ESTABLISHED  WAREH(^iUSK    in  LONDON   for 
GENUINE  ROLLED  TOBACCO-PAPER,  CLOTH,  or  CORD,  is 

H       PERK  INS,     16,    Cambridge    Circus,     Hackney 
•    Road,  N.E.,  who  has  a  large  STOCK  of  the  best  quality  on 
hand  for  the  ensuing  season. 

Orders  by  Post  promptly  attended  to. 


G 


I    S    H    U    R   S   T 
COMPOUND. 

Used  by  many  of  the  leading 
Gardeners  since  1859,  against 
Red  Spider,  Mildew,  Thrips, 
Green  Fly,  and  other  Blight,  in 
solutions  of  from  i  to  2  ounces 
to  the  gallon  of  soft  water,  and 
ot  from  4  to  16  ounces  as  a 
Winter  Dressing  for  Vines  and 
Fruit  Trees.  Has  outlived  many 
preparations  intended  to  super- 
bcilc  it. 

Sold  Retail  by  Seedsmen,  in 
bo,\cs,  ir.,  35.,  and  10s.  6J. 

Wholesale  by 

PRICE'S  PATENT 

CANDLE      COMPANY 

{Limited), 

Eattersea,  London,  S.W. 


FOWLER'S     PATENT     STEAM     PLOUGH 
and    CULTIVATOR    may    be    SEEN    at    WORK    in    every 
Agricultural  County  m  England. 

For  particulars  apply  to  JOHN    FOWLER  AND  CO.,  71,  Cornhill, 
London,  E.C.  ;  and  Steam  Plough  Works,  Leeds. 

T~~HE    CELEBRATED    GRANITIC     PAINT. 
Manufactured     Solely    and     Only     by     the     Silicate     Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Company. 

For  Price   Lists,  Testimonials,  and  Patterns  of  Colours,  apply  to 
THOMAS  CHILD,  Manager,  39A,  King  William  Street,  London,  E.C. 

THE  SILICATE  ZOPISSA  COMPOSITION. 
To  CURE  DAMP  in  WALLS,  and  Preserve  Stone,  &c.,  from 
Decay,  Manufactured  Solely  and  Only  by  the  Silicate  Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Company. 

For   Particulars  and   Testimonials   apply  to   THOMAS    CHILD, 
Manager,  3gA,  King  William  Street,  London,  E.C. 


Indestructible  Terra-Cotta  Plant  Markers. 

MAW  AND  CO.'S  PATENT.— Prices,  Printed 
Patterns,  and  Specimens  sent  post  free  on  application  ;  also 
Patterns  of  Ornamental  Tile  Pavements  for  Conservatories,  Entrance 
Halls,  &C.         MAW  and  CO.,  Benthall  Works,  BroseleT. 


NETTING  for  FRUIT  TREES,  SEED  BEDS, 
RIPE  STRAWBERRIES,  &c.— TANNED  NETTING  for 
Protecting  the  above  from  I-'rost,  Blight,  Birds,  &c.,  z  yards  wide, 
3<f.  per  yard,  or  100  yards,  20s.  :  4  yards  wide,  61/,  per  yard,  or  50  yards, 
20S.  NEW  TANNED  NETTING,  suited  for  any  of  the  above 
purposes,  or  as  a  Fence  for  Fowls,  2  yards  wide,  6rf,  per  yard  ;  4  yards 
wide,  iJ.  per  yard  ;  ^i-inch  mesh,  4  yards  wide,  is.  6d.  per  yard.  Also 
TIFFANY.  Can  be  had  in  any  quantity  of 
1  EATON  AND  DELLER,6  &  7.  Crooked  Lane,  London  Bridge,  E.C. 


Save  your  Plants  from  the  Frost. 

MARRATTS  SELF  -REGISTERING 
THERMOMETER,  for  Marking  how  Cold  it  has  been,  and 
telling  the  Present  Temperature.  No  Gardener  should  be  without  it. 
Price  IS.,  or  by  post,  is.  4rf.  .«    j        t?  ^ 

MAR RATT,  Optician,  63,  King  William  Street,  London  Bridge.  E.C. 


RUSSIA  MATS.— A  large  stock  of  Archangel  and 
Petersburg,  for  Covering  and  Packinfj.  Second  sized  Arch- 
angel, 100s. ;  Petersburg,  60s.  and  80s.  ;  superior  close  Mat,  451.,  501., 
and  551.  :  packing  Mats,  20s.,  30s.,  and  35*.  per  100;  and  every  other 
desci-iption  of  Mats  at  equally  low  prices,  at 

J.  BLACKBURN  and  SONS,  Russia  Mat  and  Sack  Warehouse, 
4  and  5,  Wormwood  Street,  E.C.     _^ ^_^__ 

RUSSIA    MATS,    for   Covering  Garden  Frames.— 
ANDERSON'S    TAGANROG   MATS   are  the   cheapest    nnd 
most  durable.     Price  List,  which  gives  the  size  of  every  class  of  Mat, 
forwarded  post  free  on  application. 
JAS.  T.  ANDERSON,  7.  Commercial  Street,  Shoreditch,  London. 

~~  Russia  Mat  Merchants. 

MESSRS.  G.  D.  MARENDAZ  and  FISHER, 
importers  of  ARCHANGEL  and  ST.  PETERSBURG  MATS 
dealers  in  TANNED  GARDEN  NETTING,  TIFFANY,  LABELS, 
TARRED  and  other  TWINES,  LINES,  Ac. 

9,  lames  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.  C. ^ 

ET.  A  R  C  her"'  S  "  F  R  I  G  I  DOM  O." 
•  —Patronised  and  used  for  Frogmore  and  Kew  Crardens,  It  is 
made  entirely  of  Prepared  Wool,  and  a  perfect  Non-conductor  of  Heat 
or  Cnld  where  it  is  applied.  ^.       _ 

PROTECTION  AGAINST  the   COLD   WINDS  and   MORNING 
FROSTS. 
WOOL  NETTING,  3  yards  wide,  is.  6d.  per  yard. 
"  FRIGI  DOMO"  CANVAS. 

Two  yards  wide 11.  lorf.  per  yard. 

Three  yards  wide 2s.  lorf.  per  yard. 

Four  yards  wide js.  lorf  per  yard. 

SCRIM  CANVAS.  7a  inches  wide,  Toyards  lonp.sJia.  toS'^rf,  per  yard. 
HESSIAN  CANVAS,  do.,  do.,  54  and  7=  inches  wide,  6^;d.  and 
83irf,  per  yard.  ,     ^  .    .  , 

ELISHA   T.   ARCHER,  Only  Maker  of  "  Fngi  Domo,"  3,  Cannon 
Street,  City.  E.C,  ;  and  of  nil  Seedsmen  in  London  or  the  Country. 
Notice.— REMOVED  from  7,  Great  Trinity  Lane. 


February  3,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


163 


FOLLOWS    &,    BATE'S 
PATENT      LA/VS^N      MO^VERS, 

The    "CLIMAX"    and   the    "ANGLO-AMERICAN." 

Between  5000  and  6000  of  these  eelcbraled  Machines  were  sold  last  year,  and  10,000  are  being  prepared  for  the  present  season. 


te 


»^^  "  In  all  things,  but  proverbially  so  in  Mechanics,  the  supreme 

^     excellence  is  simplicity."— JAMES  WATT. 

These  words  are  very  applicable  to  the  simple  Wheel  and  Pinion 
driving  power  of  the  Climax  Lawn  Mower. 


«fe-.l^ 


The 
"CLIMAX  " 


6-inch 
7~inch 


THE   "CLIMAX"   PATENT  BACK  DELIVERY  LAWN  MOWER 

Is  now  sutliciently  well  known  for  its  simplicity  and  easy  workins  to  require  but  a  very  short  description.  The  two  novel 
features  in  its  construction,  and  in  which  it  differs  from  all  other  machines  of  the  kind,  are  (firstly)  the  entire  absence  of  the  hea\7 
iron  roller  behind  the  knife,  and  the  substitution  of  the  grass  collecting  box  in  its  place,  so  that,  every  impediment  being  removed 
from  the  front,  the  machine  can  be  worked  close  up  to  walls  and  trees,  or  underneath  shrubs,  without  removing  the  collecting  box— 
the  grass  being  cut  as  it  grows,  and  disposed  of  with  equal  rapidity  whether  wet  or  dry  ;  (secondly)  in  the  revolving  cutter  being 

i  • 

propelled  by  a  simple  wheel  and  pinion— which  gear  direct  instead  of  being  connected  by  intermediate  wheels  or  chains— the  most 
uninitiated  will  at  once  understand  this  simple  arrangement,  and  readily  admit  its  non-liability  to  get  out  of  order.     When  used 

25s.       ^'''''O"'  "le  Bo^  (see  Illustration)  either  size  will  cut  Grass  6  inches  long  if  required.     Every  Machine  is  made  of  the  best  materials, 

35s.       ""'^  "°  ''^'"^  '^'^'^  spared  in  finishing  every  one,  even  the  cheapest,  in  the  best  possible  manner. 


„     The  8-inch 45s. 

"CLIMAX"  10-inch 55s. 


THE  ADVANTAGES  OF  THE  "CLIMAX"  LAWN  MOWERS 

May  be  thus  enumerated  : — • 

They  are  CHEAP,  SIMPLE,  WELL  M.-\DE.  NOT  LIABLE  TO  GET  OUT  OF  ORDER,  and  can  be  EASILY 
worked  by  LADIES  or  CHILDREN. 

They  Cut  LONG  GRASS  as  well  as  SHORT,  and  WET  Grass  as  well  as  DRY,  and  do  not  CLOG. 

As  they  have  no  ROLLER  in  FRONT,  the  Knives  Cut  the  Grass  as  it  GROWS,  and  do  not  miss  the  BENTS. 

They  Cut  CLOSE  up  to  Walls  and  Trees,  or  UNDERNEATH  Shmbs,  and  are  invaluable  for  SLOPES  and 
STEEP  EMBANKMENTS. 

By  their  regular  use  CROQUET  GROUNDS  can  be  kept  in  the  PERFECTION  of  order. 

They  do  not  RIB  the  Grass,  but  leave  the  Lawn  with  a  beautifully  even  and  velvety  appearance,  very  different 
to  Scythe  Mowing. 

Having  a  BACK-DELIVERY  they  are  EQUALLY  adapted  for  Collecting  the  Grass  in  the  usual  manner,  or 
for  scattering  the  Cuttings  on  the  Ground,  thus  COMBINING  the  ENGLISH  and  AMERICAN  Systems 
in  ONE  Machine. 


THE  25s.  MACHINES  MEET  A  GREAT  WANT  ! 

Since  their  introduction  THOUSANDS  of  Purchasers  have  derived  pleasure 
from  personally  using  them  for  Mowing  their  small  Grass  Plots,  instead  of  employing 
a  Man  with  a  Scythe  at  a  considerable  periodical  expense.  GREAT  NUMBERS  have 
also  been  Sold  to  work  in  conjunction  with  larger  Machines,  and  when  their  merits  are 
more  generally  known  they  will  be  considered  INDISPENSABLE  for  this  purpose,  as 
they  can  be  worked  WITHOUT  DIFFICULTY  in  AWKWARD  places  where  it 
would  be  IMPOSSIBLE  to  use  ANY  OTHER  kind. 

I^T"  These  Machines  are  fully  guaranteed  m  every  respect,  and  after  a  Trials  if 
not  approved  of  they  may  be  at  once  returned  to  the  Manufacturers,  who  will  bear  all 
the  expenses  of  carriage,  6-v. 


View  of  the  "Climax  "  as  used  on  steep  embankments  at  the  Manchester  Botanical 
Gardens.      The  three  smallest  sizes  are  recommended  for  this'kind  of  work. 


ILLUSTRATED  CATATOGUES  of  HORTICULTURAL  MACHINERY,  con- 
taining opinions  of  the  Times,  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  Engineer,  and  other  leading 
organs  of  the  Press,  Testimonials  from  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom,  and  full  particulars, 
forwarded.  Post  Free,  by 

FOLLOWS  AND  BATE, 

MANUFACTUEING     ENGINEEES 

BUTTON    STREET    WORKS,    MANCHESTER; 

Or    tliey    can     be    obtained     from     their    Agents    in    every    Town. 

N.B.  For  Illustrations  and  description  of  F.  &  B.'s  Patent  "Anglo-American"  Lawn 
Mowers,  which  are  made  from  12  inches  and  upwards,  see  Catalogues  and 
future  Advertisements. 


164 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  3,    1S72. 


S.  Owens  &  Co., 

HYDRAULIC      ENGINEERS, 

WHITEFRIARS   STREET,  LONDON,  E.G. 


THE    IMPROVEB    SELF-ACTING    HYDRAULIC    HAM. 

This  useful  Self-acting  Apparatus,  wliich  works  day  and  night  without  needing  attention,  will  raise  water 
to  any  height  or  distance,  without  cost  for  labour  or  motive  power,  where  a  few  feet  fall  can  be  obtained,  and  is 
suited  for  supplying  Public  or  Private  Establishments,  Farm  Buildings,  Railway  Stations,  &c. 


No. 
No. 


37.     DEEP  WELL  PUMPS  for  Horse,  Hand,  Steam,  or  other  Power. 

63.     PORTABLE  IRRIGATORS  with  Double  or  Treble  Barrels  for  Horse  or 

Steam  Power. 

No.  46a.  IMPROVED  DOUBLE  ACTION   PUMPS  on  BARROW  for  Watering 

Gardens,  &c. 
No.  49a.  GALVANIZED  SWING  WATER  CARRIERS,  for  Garden  use. 
No.  50  and  54J.     FARM  and  MANSION  FIRE  ENGINES  of  every  description. 
No.  38.  PORTABLE  LIQUID  MANURE  PUMPS,  on  Legs,  with  Flexible  Suction. 


No.  49.     GARDEN  ENGINES,  of  all  sizes,  in  Oak  or  Galvanized  Iron  Tubs. 

as    designed  for  the 


No.  S4*.  THE    CASSIOBURY    FIRE    EXTINGUISHER, 

Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Essex. 

No.  44.     WROUGHT-IRON  PORTABLE  PUMPS  of  all  sizes. 

No.     4.     CAST-IRON  GARDEN,  YARD,  or  STABLE  PUMPS. 

No.  39^.   IMPROVED  HOSE  REELS  for  Coiling  up  Long  Lengths  of  Hose  for 

Garden  use. 


S.  OWENS  AND  CO.  Manufacture  and  Erect  every  description  of  Hydraulic  and  General  Engineers'  Work  for  Mansions,  Farms,  &c.,  comprising  PUMPS,  TURBINES, 
WATER  WHEELS,  WARMING  APPARATUS,  BATHS,  DRYING  CLOSETS,  GAS  WORKS,  Apparatus  for  LIQUID  MANURE  distribution,  FIRE  MAINS, 
HYDRANTS,  HOSEPIPES,  &c.,  &c.  Particulars  tcikm  in  any  part  of  the  Country.     Plans  and  Estimates  furnished. 

ILLUSTRATED       CATALOGUES        CAN       BE       HAD       ON       APPLICATION. 


W.  S.   BOULTON  8c  CO.,    NORWICH, 

HORTICULTURAL   BUILDERS  and  HOT-WATER  APPARATUS  MAKERS. 

Improved  Steam-power  Machinery  for  working  wood  enables  us  to  supply  first-class  Horticultural  Buildings  of  every  description  at  \ery  Low  Prices. 
Only  the  best  materials  used.     Houses  desi^i^fied  to  suit  any  situation.     Estimates  given  free.     Gentlemen  are  respectfully  invited  to  have  price  from  us  before  ordering  clseivhere. 


UNIVERSAL    PORTABLE    PLANT    PRESERVER. 


m^-'%. 


MELON    OR    CUCUMBER    FRAMES. 

.\11  sizes   {glazed  with   21-ounce)   ready   for  immediate  delivery. 


111  introducing  our  New  Pattern  for  :872,  we  wish  to 
point  out  that  instead  of  having  to  remove  or  slide  loose 
glass  every  time  it  is  necessary  to  attend  to  the  plants,  we 
attach  the  glazed  lights  with  hinges  to  the  frame  of  each 
length,  thereby  doing  away  with  the  continual  breakage  of 
glass  and  loss  of  time  inseparable  from  the  use  of  the  ordinary 
kind  send  out  by  other  makers.  Two  men  can  instantly 
remove  a  complete  length  1 2  feet  by  3  feet  wide,  thtis  proving 
them  to  be  really  portable. 

The  first  of  this  improved  kind  was  lately  sent  to 
Christopher  Turner,  Esq.,  Stoke,  Rochford,  Grantham. 
His  Gardener,  ]V[r.  J.  Dell,  wrote  us  the  following  Letter, 
unsolicited  : — 

Messrs.  W.  S.  BoULTON  &  Co. 

"  Gentlemen, — I  consider  them  the  only"  Plant  Preservers 
worthy  of  that  name.  Every  one  who  has  seen  them  is  of  the  same 
opinion.     I  hope  to  have  some  more  of  them  shortly. 

"  Believe  me,  yours  truly,         ISAAC  Dell." 

They  are  made  in  the  following  sizes.  One  pair  of  ends 
is  sufficient  for  any  number  of  lengths,  if  set  in  a  continuous 
row.  In  ordering  state  the  number  of  ends  required.  Carriage 
Paid  to  any  Station  within  200  miles  of  Norwich. 

Ends  per 


Height  at  back,  24  inches  ;  at  fiunt.  13  inches  ;  sides,  i^  inch  thick ;  lights,  2  inches  thick. 
All  made  of  very  best  red  deal.  Painted  three  coats.  Every  pane  of  glass  is  nailed  as  well  as 
puttied  in.     Each  light  is  pro^■ided  with  an  iron  strengthening  rod  and  handle. 

Purchasers  are  strongly  recommended  to  have  21-ounce  glass,  this  being  so  much  stronger 
than  i6-ounce.  In  the  following  Table,  columns  2  and  3  are  cash  prices  at  Norwich  .Station  ; 
columns  4  and  5,  prices  carriage  paid  to  any  station  within  200  miles  of  Norwich,  when  orders 
amount  to  40.^.  and  upwards. 


All  6  feet  Wide. 


Glazed  with 
i6-ounce. 


Glazed  with 
21-ounce. 


4  feet  long,     i  Light . . 


16 


Glazed  with 
i6-oimce.    . 


Glazed  with 

21-ounce. 


£^   7 

6 

^i  10    0 

^l   12 

6 

^I      15 

0 

2  10 

0 

2  15    0 

2  IS 

0 

3    0 

0 

3  " 

0 

3  17     6 

3  IS 

6 

4    5 

0 

4  12 

0 

500 

S      2 

0 

5  10 

0 

PIT  LIGHTS  WITH  "WOOD  SILLS   TO   BUILD   ON  BRICK"WORK. 

Sills,  4\  inches  wide,  2^  inches  thick,  with  runners  and  bearers  between  each  light.  All 
painted  three  coats  and  glazed  ready  for  use.  In  the  following  Table,  columns  2  and  3  are  cash 
prices  at  Norwich  Station  ;  columns  4  and  5,  prices  carriage  paid  to  any  station  within  200  miles 
of  Norwich  when  orders  amount  to  40s.  and  upwards. 


Price. 


6  feet  long  by  2  feet  wide 

1 2  feet  long  by  2  feet  wide 

6  feet  long  by  3  feet  wide 

12  feet  long  by  3  feet  wide 

6  feet  long  by  4  feet  wide 

1 2  feet  long  by  4  feet  wide 

12  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide 


Z" 


' 

pair  e.\tra. 

I 

2 

0 

Ss.  oti. 

2 

0 

0 

5J.  od. 

I 

10 

0 

■js.  Olt 

2 

!■; 

0 

ys.  od. 

2 

0 

0 

...      8s.  M. 

s 

J  2 

0 

...      Zs.  6d. 

6 

0 

0 

...      J2S.    Olf. 

All  6  feet  Wide.               '    ^^^'^'^  "''•' 

Glazed  with 

Glazed  with 

Glazed  with 

i      lo-ounce. 

2 1 -ounce. 

4  feet  long,     i  Light 

.         ..        ;^i    6    0 

£1     8     0 

/i  10    0 

£1  12    0 

8 

,,         2      ,, 

270 

2   10     0 

2  12    0 

2  15    0 

12 

3      .. 

3   12     0 

3  IS     6 

3  19    6 

lb 

4      ,. 

490 

4  14    0 

4  19    0 

S    4    0 

20 

S      „ 

S  10    0 

5  16     0 

626 

6    8    6 

24 

6      ,, 

.,1         6  II     0 

6  18     0 

760 

7  13    0 

28 

7      .. 

..    [         7  12     0 

800 

896 

8  17    6 

32 

8      ,, 

..1         8  10    0 

920 

9  13     0 

10    2    0 

.If 

9      .. 

9  14    0 

10     4     0 

10  16    6 

II     b     b 

40 

10      ,, 

.,          10  15     0 

II     6    0 

12    0    0 

12  II     0 

Longer  lengths  can  be  had  if  required. 
When  the  distance  exceeds  200  miles  a  slight  additional  cliarge  will  be  made  to  cover  carriage. 

Two-thirds  allowed  for  Paclting  Materials  when  retiirned  free  to  our  "Works. 

We  cannot   be   held   responsible   for  damage   in   transit  ;   every  care   being   taken   in   packing,    breakages   are   seldom   heard   of. 


Febraary  3,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Af^ricultural    Gazette. 


165 


A 


The  Patent  Imperishable  Hothouse. 

YRES'S  PATENT. 

GLASS,  IRON,  and  CONCRETE. 
Defore   biiildini,'   a    Plant  or    Fruit   House  of  any   kind,   send    six 
stamps,  and  obtain  the  Illustrated  IVospectus  of  the 

IMPERISHABLE  HOTHOUSE  COMPANY, 

Ncwark-on-Trent,  Notts. 

MANAGER— W.  P.  AYRES,  C.M.R.H.S., 

Imperishable  Hothouse  Company,  Ncwark-on-Trent. 

Plans,  Specifications  and  Estimates  supplied  upon  the  shortest  notice. 

Secure  your  Peaches  by  Covering  your  Walls 

SIR      J.       PAXTON'S       HOTHOUSES 
FOR    THE    MILLION, 
Which    are    cheap,     substantial,    and    portable,    and    effectually 
protect    Peaches    and    Wall    Fruit     against    spring    frosts,    without 
artificial  heat.     Ri:di'ced  Price  List  still  adhered  to. 

HEREMAN  and  MORTON, 
14,  Tichborne  Street,  Recent  Quadrant,  London,  W. 
Works  in  London,  and  at  Gloucester,  Coventry,  Ulvcrstone,  Paisley, 
and  Aberdeen  only. 


r AMES' WATTS  and   CO.,  Hothouse   Builders 

'  and  Hot-Water  Apparatus  Manuf.^cturers, 

353,  Old  Kent  Road,  London,  S.E. 


i)t\l\    v^L\.  UMBER     and     iMllLON     BOXES    and 

cWV/U  LIGHTS,  all  sizes.  Glazed  and  Painted  complele,  ready 
for  immediate  use,  packed  and  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom. 

Strong  GREENHOUSE  LIGHTS,  6  feet  by  4  feet,  51.  each. 
GLASSES,  all  sizes. 

References  to  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  Trade  in  most  of  the 
Counties  in  England. 


BEARDS      PATENT     NON-CONDUCTING    and 
VENTILATING  METALLIC   GLASS  HOUSES  wMI    prove 
cheiper  than  wnod 


"^-- 

?    " 


^z^K^^^f^": 


All  lovers  of  W  ail  Fruit  and  delicate  Flowers  should  have  a  piece  of 

BEARD'S  PATENT  IRON-FRAMED  GLASS 

or  SLATE  WALLS. 


Full  particulars  of  the  above  may  be  had  for  a  stamped  envelope, 
also  Illustrated  CATALOGUE,  price  ir..  of 

CHARLES  BEARD.  Patentee,  Horticultural  Engineer,  Victoria 
Works,  Bury  St.  Edmund's. 


GREENHOUSES    from    the    FINSBURY    STEAM 
JOINERS     \\ORKS,    i-i,   Bunhill  Row     London,    EC 
W.  H.  LASCELLES,  Proprietor,     Lists  sent  on  application. 

Prices  for  Houses,  asabove,  made  of  best  red  deal,  and  sashes  2  inches 
thick,  glazed  with  16  oz.  good  sheet  glass,  delivered  and   fixed  within 

;,o  miles  of  London,  painted  four  coats  in  best  oil  colour,  including 
ocks^  gutter,  down-pipe,  and  gearing  for  opening  the  ventilators  at 
one  time, — heating,  staging,   brickwork  not  incluaed  : — 
zo  It.  by  12  ft.        40  ft.  by  16  ft.        60  ft.  by  20  ft.        100  ft.  by  24  ft 
£40    0    o  j£7g    o    o  £132    o    o  £^33  10    o 

GARDEN  LIGHTS  AND  BOXES. 

3  ft.  by  4  ft,  lights,  2  in.  thick,  unglazed 31.  each 

„  „    glazed,  16-0Z.  good  sheet  glass      ..         .,      6s.    „ 

6  ft.     „  „    2  in.  thick,  unglazed 5^-     tt 

„  ,,  glazed,  16  oz.  good  sheet  glass  .,     iis,     „ 

Portable  box  containing  one  6  ft.  by  4  ft.  light,  pEiinted  four 

coats,  ready  for  use        ..  ^Oj.     „ 

Portable  box  containing  two  ditto,  6  ft  by  8  ft,  ..         ..     55*.     „ 

Estimates  given  for  Conservatories  or  Greenhouses  to  any  Design. 


JONES'S     PATENT      "DOUBLE     L  "    SADDLE 
BOILER. 


These  Boilers  possess  all  the  advantages  ol  the  old  Saddle  Boiler, 
with  the  following  improvements,  viz.,  the  water-space  at  back  and 
over  top  of  saddle  increases  the  heating  surface  to  such  an  extent 
that  a  "Patent  Double  L  Saddle  Boiler"  will  do  about  twice  the 
amount  of  work  with  the  same  quantity  of  fuel  ;  the  cost  of  setting  is 
also  considerably  reduced,  and  likewise  the  space  occupied;  at  the 
same  lime  these  Boilers  are  simple  in  construction,  and,  being  made 
of  wrought  iron,  are  not  liable  to  crack.  They  are  made  of  the  following 
sizes : — 


Sizes. 


High. 


Long. 

18  in. 
24   .. 


To  heat  of 
4-in    Pipe. 


Price. 


Feet. 
30a 


700 
850 

1,000 
I,JOO 

1,800 

2,600 

4.500 

7,000 
10,000 


20      O      O 


100    o    o 


And  are  kept  in  Stock  and  sold  only  by  the  Inventors  and  Patentees, 
J.  Jones  &  Sons. 


Price  Lists  of  HOT-WATER  PIPES  and  Connections,  with 
Boilers,  of  all  sizes  and  shapes;  or  ESTIMATES  for  HOf-WATER 
APPARATUS,  erected  complete,  will  be  sent  on  application. 

J.  JONES  AND  SONS,  Iron  Merchants,  6,  Eankside,  Southwark, 
London,  S.£. 


H 


Tubular  BoiUr. 


OT- WATER  APPARATUS 

erected  Complete,  or  the  Materials  supplied  for  Healing 
,     ,         j^     .     ,  GREENHOUSES, 

''■■ipnmid  Cmual.  HOTHOUSES. 

C0N5ERVAT0KIES, 
CHURCHES, 
PUBLIC    liUILDINGS.  Src. 
HOT-WATER  PIPES  at  whole- 
sale prices ;     Elbows,   X  Pieces, 
Syphons,  and  every  other  connec- 
tion kept  in  stock. 

WROUGHT  and  CAST-IRON 
CONICAL,  SADDLE,  and 

IMPROVED  CONICAL, 
also  Elliptic,  Boilers,  from  24J.  each 
Improved  and  extra  strong  CAST-IRON  TUBULAR  BOILERS, 
wither  without  Water  Bars,  from  535.  M.  each. 

CAST  and  WROUGHT-IRON  PORTABLE  BOILERS,  on  Stand, 
for  use  without  briclcwork.  from  6or.  each. 

Parlahl,  n^iLr       Patent     THROTTLE     and      other     VALVES, 

l-«rlabU  Botler.    puRNACE     DOORS,    EARS      and    FURNACE 

WORK  of  every  description  and  size. 

INDIA-RUBBER      RINGS     for     Pipe    Joints; 
Sockets  require  no  other  packing, 
and  are  perfectly  water-tight. 

Goods,  of  the  very  best  manu- 
facture, delivered  at  Railway  or 
Wharf  in  London. 

LYNCH  WHITE, 

Old  Barge   Iron   Wharf,   Upper 

GroundStreet,  London, S.E.  (Surrey  

side  Blackfriars  Bridge).     Price  List  on  application. 


(^EORGE'S       PATENT       CALORIGEN 

For  WARMING  and  VENTILATING. 

Prices  :  — 
Coal  Calorigen,  £6  6s.    \  Gas  Calorigen,  ^^^3  y. 

Height,  36  ins.  ;  diameter,  21  do.  Height,  28  ins. ;  diameter,  14  do. 


A— the  interior  of  the  Room;  B — exterior  of  the  Building;  C— wall ; 
D— the  Calorigen;  E— a  Cylinder;  F— pipes  communicating  to 
supply  air  for  combustion,  and  carry  off  product ;  G — pipe  for 
passage  of  Cold  Air  to  Calorigen ;  H — outlet  for  ditto  after  being 
made  warm;  I— gas  burner  ;  J — door. 
The  only  Gas  Stove  which  retains  the  whole  of  the  Heat  given  oft 

by  the  Gas  without  vitiating  the  atmosphere. 

It  will  be  found  very  valuable  in  the  Nursery  or  Sick  Room,  Damp 

Buildings,   Shops,   Conservatories,    Offices,    &c.       Exhibited    in    the 

Exhibition   of  1871   (Department  of  Scientific  Inventions).      May  be 

inspected  at  the  Sole  Manufacturers, 

J.  F.  EARWIG  AND  CO., 
36,  Queen  Street,    Cheapside,    London,   E.C. 


The  Opening  of  Parliament  and  the  London  Season. 

NOHLEMEN.GKNTLEMEN.and  MEME£R>;  of  PARLI AMEN  f 
having  their  CUT  FLf)\VERS,  FRUIT,  VEGETABLES,  t^c, 
forwarded  to  their  TOWN   HOUSES,  should  USE 

CHAPMAN'S  PATENT  WATER  TUBE  TRANS- 
MISSION CASES,  pronounced  by  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society  "  the  best  now  in  use." 

These  Cases  are  now  reduced  in  price  for  cash,  and  can  be  obtained 
from  the  Agents  or  Patentee,  Glouceeter.to  whom  all  communications 
should  be  addressed. 

Intending  Exhibitors  in  the  Patent  Cases  should  give  their  orders 
at  once,  to  insure  the  Paint  and  Varnish  being  thoroughly  dry. 

The  No.  12,  The  "  MALTON "  Plant,  Flower,  &c.,  Protector. 
Varnished,  packed  and  forwarded  on  the  receipt  of  Zs.,  in  postage 
stamps,  or  order. — Gloucester,  January  17, 


JAMES      BOYD      and      SONS.      HORTICULTURAL 
Builders  and  Heating  Engineers,  Paisley,  N.B. 
CONSERVATiiRIES,    GREENHOUSES,    VINERIES,    FORC- 
ING HOUSES,  PITS  and  every  description  of  Horticultural  Building, 
manufactured  in  Wood  or  Iron  by  Sicam-powcr  Machinerj-,  and  erected 
in  any   part  of  the  United  Kingdom.     Manufacturers  of   Hot-water 
Apparatus  for  Heating  Churches,  Mansions,  Warehouses,  &c. 
Plans  and  Estimates  on  application. 
London  Office  :  1,  Church  Court,  Clement's  Lane,  E.C. 


BICK  LEY'S  PATENT  HORIZONTAL  SASH 
BARS  require  neither  paint  nor  putty,  and  possess  greater 
ad\'antages  than  others  for  horticulturists.  Drawings,  &c.,  sent  for 
one  stamp. 

THO.vlAS  A.  BICKLEV,  70,  Smallbrook  Street,  Birmingham. 


For  Sowing  Peas. 

BY  ROYAL  LETTERS  PATENT 

rjiHE    SIDNEY    GARDEN 

■^  SEED  SOWERS. 

2J.  6rf.   and  5*.   each. 

For  all  sorts  and  sires  ol  Vegetable 
and  Flower  Seeds. 

rty  an  Inside  fitting.  Peas  will  not 
block  in  the  large  Sower. 

Wholesale  Agents  for  the  Patentee, 

Messrs.  POLLARD,  JEPHSON 
AND  CO.,  Bear  Garden,  Southwark. 

Sold  bj'  all  Seedsmen  and  Iron- 
mongers. The  Trade  supplied  by  all 
Wholesale  Dealers. 


or 


GREEN'S    PATENT    "  SILENS    MESSORS 
NOISELESS     LAWN     MOWING,     ROLLING,    and    COL- 
LECTING MACHINES  for  :872. 

The   WINNER  of  EVERY   PRIZE   in   ALL   CASES  of 
COMPETITION. 


N.B.  Parties  having  Lawn  Mowers  to  Rcp.iir  will  do  well  to  send 
them  either  to  our  Leeds  or  London  Establishments,  when  they  will 
have  prompt  attention,  as  an  efficient  staff  of  workmen  are  kept  at 
both  places. 

GREEN'S     PATENT     ROLLERS    for     LAWNS, 
DRIVES.  BOWLING   GREENS,  CRICKET    FIELDS,  and 
GRAVEL  PATHS. 

Suitable  for  Hand  or  Horse-power. 


Illustrated  Price  Lists  free  on  application. 

THOMAS  GREEN  and  SON.  Smithfield  Iron  Works,  Leeds; 

54  and  55,  Blackfriars  Road,  London,  S.E. 


••By  Appointment  to  H.R.H.  The  Prince  of  Wales. 

BARTON'S    PATENT    STABLE    and    HARNESS 
ROOM  FITTINGS,  BRACKETS.  &c. 


Patronised  by  II.  11.  the  \'iccroy  lA  E^'ypt,  liie  Kiti;;  of  the  Belgians, 
the  King  of  Italy,  the  King  of  Holland,  by  the  principal  Nobiluy  of 
the  Kingdom,  and  adopted  by  the  first  Architects  and  Builders  of 
England  and  the  Continent.  Illustrated  Catalogues  sent  on  receipt 
of  six  stamps 

For  ALTERATION  of  STABLES  a  competent  person  can  be  sent 
to  any  part,  to  inspect  and  give  Estimates, 

lAMES  BARTON,  Iron  Works,  370,  Oxford  Street,  W. 


1 0  TTAM"  S     PATENT     PORTABLE     UNITED 

COW    FITTINGS. 


Their  advantages  are — Portability,  not  fixtures,  removable  at 
pleasure;  no  Woodwork  01  Partitions  10  impede  Ventilation  or  breed 
Vermin;  Hay  Rick  dispensed  with  as  unnecessary;  increased  width 
and  depth  of  Feeding  Troughs,  Water  Cistern,  and  Patent  Drop 
Cover  to  prevent  over-gorging.  Cleanly,  durable,  and  impervious  to 
infection,  heing  all  of  Iron.     Price  ol  Fittings  per  Cow,  55*. 

Prospectuses  !ree  of  COTTAM  and  Co.,  iron  Worxs,  2,  Winsley 
Street  (opposite  the  Pantheon),  Oxford  Street^  London,  W.,  where  the 
above  arc  exhibited,  together  with  several  important  Improvements 
in  Stable  Fittings  just  secured  by  Patent. 


1 66 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[Febraary  3,   1S72. 


The  Royal  Pottery,  Weston-super-Mare. 


UNDER  ROYAL 


PATRONAGE. 


JOHN  M.ATTHEWS  (late  C.  Phillips),  Manufac- 
turer of  TERRA  COTTA  VASES,  FOUNTAINS,  ITALIAN 
BASKETS,  RUSTIC  FLORAL  ARBORETTES,  STATUARY, 
GARDEN  POTS  (from  2  to  30  inches  in  diameter),  of  superior  quality, 
withstand  frost,  and  do  not  become  green:  EDGING  TILES,  &c. 
See  specimens  in  the  Royal  Horticultural  Gardens.  Price  List  free 
Book  of  Drawings,  6d.  each. 

JOHN  MATTHEWS,  Royal  Pottery,  Weston-super-Mare. 

ALVANISED       WIRE       NETTING. 

Awarded  "  Mention  Extraordinaire  "  at  the  Amsterdam 
Exhibition, 


G 


Prices  per  Lineal  Yard 

24  inches 

hiuli. 

Mesh. 

Mostly  used  for 

Light. 

Medium. 

Strong. 

2 

Poultry 

Rabbits,  Hares,  &c 

Smallest  Rabbits 

s.     d. 
0    3% 

s.    d. 

°   i'A 
0    6Ji 

J.     d. 

0  (>U 

0    8 

All  tjuaranteed,  and  carriage  paid  to  any  railway  station. 

J.  B.  BROWN  AND  CO,, 

Offices— QO,  Cannon  S  trcet,  London,  E.C.  ;  Netting  Warehouse  and 

Factory,  4,  Laurence  Pountney  Place  (close  to  the  Offices). 


Glass  for  Garden  Purposes. 

AMES         PHILLIPS        and         CO. 

beg  to  submit  their  REDUCED    PRICES  as  follows:— 


PROPAGATING 


2  inches  in  diameter 


BEE  GLASSES, 
4  inches  in  diameter 


12  inches  in  diameter 


with  ventilating  hole  ihroufih  knob, 
oy.  6ii.  .    9  inches  in  diameter       ..     is.  Zd. 


Either  fiat  or  conical  tops. 


CUCUMBER 

24  inches  long        . .  ..    2S.  od. 

23  „  ..  ..     I  10 

20  ,,  ••  ..18 

18  ..  ..  ..16 


WASP  TRAPS,  3r.  Cd.  per  dozen 


WITH 
OPEN  TOPS. 


London  Agents  for  HARTLEY'S  IMPROVED  PATENT 
ROUGH  PLATE. 

LINSEED  OIL,  Genuine  WHITE  LEAD,  CARSON'S  PAINTS, 
PAINTS  of  various  colours  ground  ready  for  use. 

SHEET  and  ROUGH  PLATE  GLASS,  SLATES  of  all  sizes, 
BRITISH  PLATE.PATENT  PLATE.ROLLED  PLATE  CRl.>WN, 
SHEET,  HORTICULTURAL,  ORNAMENTAL,  COLOURED, 
and  every  description  of  GLASS,  of  the  best  Manufacture,  at  the  lowest 
terms.     Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application  to 

JAS.  PHILLIPS  AND  CO.,  180,  Bishopsgate  Street  Without,  E.C. 

Roslier*s  Garden  Edging  Tiles. 


T 


LABELS,    LABELS.— PARCHMENT    or    CLOTH 
LABELS.— Tree  or  Plant  Labels,  punched  parchment,  4  inches 
long,  4s.  per  1000,  or  10,000  for  35s.,  cash  on  delivery.     Sample  Label 
sent  on  receipt  of  a  postage  stamp.    Orders  delivered  free  in  London  by 
JOHN   FISHER  and  CO.,  Label  Works,  Boston.  Lincolnshire. 


►  RUSSIAN    WOOD   GARDEN  STICKS  and 

TALLIES,  commended  by  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society. 

The  above  can  be  had,  of  all  sizes,  wholesale  of 

CHARLES  J.   BLACKITH  and  CO., 

Cox's  Quay,  Lower  Thames  Street,  London,  EC. 

Retail  of  the  principal  Seedsmen.     Prices  on  application. 


TIMBER  WANTED,  suitable  for   CLOG  BLOCKS 
and   BRUSH    HEADS.      (juantily   no    object.      Terms  cash, 
Address,  staling  price  and  full  particulars, 

British  Timber  Co.,  Limited,  North  Carriers'  Dockj  Liverpool. 


Agricultural  Land  Improvements. 

DRAINAGE,    SEWAGE    IRRIGATION,    FARM     BUILDINGS, 
LABOURERS'  COTTAGES,  &c, 

THE    GENERAL     LAND     DRAINAGE    and 
IMPROVEMENT  COMPANY. 
(Incorporated  by  Act  of  Parliament  in  1849.) 
Directors. 

The  Right  Hon.   Viscount  Com- 

bermere. 
Edward  John  Hutchins,  Esq. 
Sir  William  Tite,  M.P.,  C.B. 


T.  Chapman,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 
George  Thomas  Clark,  Esq. 
John  C.  Cobbold,  Esq. 
Henry  William  Currie,  Esq. 
Principal  Engin 


J.  BAILEY  DENTON. 

Agricultural  Improvements  of  every  kind  are  executed  by  the 
Company,  or  the  outlay  thereon  repaid  to  Landowners  who  prefer 
carrying  out  the  works  by  their  own  agents.  _ 

Tenant  Farmers  may  also,  by  agreement  with  their  Landlords, 
procure  the  execution  of  such  Improvements. 

The  outlay,  with  all  official  expenses,  may  be  charged  upon  the 
Estate,  and  paid  off  by  a  Rent-charge  of  about  6  per  cent.,  in  31  years, 
or  at  the  option  of  the  Landowners  m  a  shorter  term. 

No  investigation  of  title  necessary,  and  no  legal  expenses  mcurred. 
UTILISATION  of  SEWAGE. 

Special  arrangements  will  be  made  with  Boards  of  Healthy  Sewer 
Authorities,  and  others,  for  undertaking  Works  of  Sewage  Irrigation, 
together  with  all  Works  incidental  thereto.  The  outlay  in  respect 
thereof  may  be  repaid  either  by  a  sum  in  gross,  or  by  a  terminable 
yearly  payment,  discharging  in  a  fixed  period  the  principal  amount 
with  interest  thereon.  ^  , 

Application  to  be  made  to  ARTHUR  MILMAN,  Esq.,  the 
Secretary,  at  the  Ollices  of  the  Company,  22,  Whitehall  Place.  S.  W. 


THE      LANDS      IMPROVEMENT      COMPANY. 
(Incorporated  by  Special  Acts  of  Parliament,) 
DRAINAGE,  RECLAMATION,  FARM  BUILDINGS, 
LABOURERS'  COTTAGES,  TRAMWAYS,  RAILWAYS,  &c. 
Directors. 


John  C]utton,Esq. 
Frederick  L.  Dasnwood,  Esq. 
Henry  Farquhar,  Esq. 
Lord  Garlics,  M.P. 
John  Horatio  Lloyd,  Esq, 


HE  above  and  many  other  PATTERNS  are  made  in 

materials  of  great  durability.      The  plainer  sorts  are  especially 

suited    for  KITCHEN    GAR- ^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

DENS,     as    they    harbour    no  'X..--:,--,-^^^^''^ 
Slugs  or  Insects,  take  up  little      l^^g^g^ 
room,    and,    once    put    down,       **      — ■  -  —^ 
incur  no  further  labour  or  ex- 
pense,  as  do    "grown"    Edg- 
ings, consequently  being  much 
cheaper. 

GARDEN  VASES,   FOUNTAINS,  &c.,   in  Artificial   Stone,  very 
durable  and  of  superior  finish,  and  in  great  variety  of  design. 

F  andG.  ROSHER,  Manufacturers,  Upper  Ground  Street,  Black- 
friars.  S.E. ;  Queen's  Road  West,  Chelsea,  S.W. ;  Kingsland  Road,  E. 
Agents  for  LOOKER'S  PATENT  "ACME  FRAMEsy'  PLANT 
COVFrAs    and    PROPAGATING    BOXES;     also    for   I^OXLEY'S 
PATENT  BEADED  GARDEN  WALL  BRICKS 

Illustrated  Price  Lists  free  by  post.      The  Trade  supplied. 

ORNAMENTAL  PAVING  TILES  for  Conservatories. 
Halls,  Corridors,  Balconies,  &c.,  from  3*.  per  square  yard 
upwards.  Pattern  Sheets  of  plain  or  more  elaborate  designs,  with 
nrices,  sent  for  selection. 

WHITE  GLAZED  TILES,  for  Lining  Walls  of  Dairies,  Larders, 
Kitchen  Ranges,  Baths,  &c.   Grooved  and  other  Stable  Paving  of  great 
durability.  Wall  Copings,  Drain  Pipes  and  Tiles  of  all  kinds,  Roofing 
Tiles  in  great  variety,  Slates,  Cements,  &c. 
F.  and.G.  ROSHER,  Brick  and  Tile  Merchants.— See  addresses  above. 

SILVER  SAND,  fine  or  coarse  grain  as  desired. 
Fine  14J.,  Coarse  175.  per  Ton.  In  Truck  Loads  11.  per  Ton  less. 
Delivery  by  Cart  within  three  miles,  or  to  any  London  Railwayor 
Wharf,  21.  per  Ton  extra.     Samples  of  Sand  free  by  post. 

FLINTS  and  BRICK  BURRS  for  Rockeries  or  l-emcriea.    KENT 

PEAT  or  LOAM  supplied  at  lowest  rates  in  any  quantities. 

F.  AND  G.  ROSHER.— Addresses  see  above. 

N.B.    Orders  promptly  executed  by  Rail  or  to  Wharves. 

A  liberal  discount  to  toe  Trade. 


GranvilleR.H.Somerset,Esq.,Q.C. 
Henry  W.  West,  Esq.,  M.P. 
Charles  Watkin  Williams  Wynn, 
Esq.,  M.P.  (Chairman). 


The  Company  advances  money,  unlimited  in  amount,  for  all  purposes 
of  Agricultural  Improvement,  including  the  Erection  of  Cottages  and 
Farm  Buildings,  to  the  Owners  of  settled  and  other  Estates,  and  to 
the  Clergy  in  respect  of  their  Glebe  Lands. 

Tenants  may,  with  the  consent  of  their  Landlords,  execute  the 
necessaiy  Improvements  upon  the  Farms  which  they  occupy,  charging 
them  with  the  cost. 

UTILISATION  of  SEWAGE.— The  Company  also  advances 
money  for  tlie  purpose  of  Works  of  Sewage  Irrigation. 

The  whole  outlay  and  exoenses  are  liquidated  by  a  rent-charge  upon 
the  land,  redeeming  principle  and  interest,  over  25  years. 

No  investigation  of  title  is  required.  .TirTT  1  -o  -o 

For  Forms  and  further  information,  apply  to  GRANVILLE  R. 
RYDER,  Esq.,  Managing  Director,  No,  i.  Great  George  Street, 
Storey's  Gate,  Westminster.  S.W 


LEGAL    and     GENERAL      LIFE    ASSURANCE 
SOCIETY. 
10,  Fleet  Street,  Temple  Ear.     (Founded  1863). 
The   Parliamentary   Accounts  required   by    the   "  Life    Assurance 
Companies  Act,  1870,"  may  be  obtained  on  application. 

Policies  of  this  Society  are  guaranteed  by  very  ample  funds  ;  receive 
nine-tenths  of  the  total   profits  as   Bonus;  enjoy  peculiar   "  Whole- 
World  "  and  other  distinctive  privileges;  and  are  protected  by  special 
conditions  against  liability  to  future  question. 
Trustees  : 
The  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Chancellor. 
The  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Cairns. 

The  Right  Hon.  Sir  W.  Bovill,  Lord  Chief  Justice,  C.P. 
The  Right  Hon,  Sir  Edward  Vaughan  Williams. 
The  Hon.  Sir  George  Rose. 
Sir  Thomas  Tilson. 
Thomas  Webb  Greene,  Esq.,  Q.C. 
John  Osborne,  Esq.,  Q.C. 

Robert  Bayly  Follett,  Esq.,  Taxing  Master  in  Chancery. 
Settlement  PoUcies  in  favour  of  Wife  and  Children  are  granted  in 
terms  of  the  "  Married  Women's  Property  Act,  1870." 

E    A.  NEWTON,  Actuary  and  Manager. 


Notice. 

GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICUL- 
TURAL GAZETTE.— The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready ; 
price,  in  cloth,  £,1  6s.  firf, 

W.  RICHARDS,  41,  Wellin^'ton  Sliccl,  Slr-tnd,  W.C. 


THE  COTTAGER'S  CALENDAR  of  GARDEN 
OPERATIONS.     By  the  lale  Sir  Joseph  Paxton,  M.P. 

Reprinted  from  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  and  Agj-icultural  Gazette 
with  Additions, 

Price  3d.  each,  or  5s.  for  25  Copies  for  distribution  amongst 
Cottage  Tenantry. 

Delivered  anywhere  in  London  on  receipt  of  a  Post  Office  order, 
payable  to  Wm.  Richards,  at  the  King  Street  Office,  Covent  Garden. 

Published  at  the  Office  of  the  Gardeners'  ChronieU  and  Agricultural 
Gazette,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C. 


Now  ready,  price  is.,  free  by  post  for  13  stamps,  with  9  Illustrations, 

ITALY  in  ENGLAND  ;  a  Practical  Treatise  on  the 
Cultivation  of  choice  Fruits,  Flowers  and  Vegetables  with  the  aid 
of  Looker's  Horticultural  Appliances  in  Earthenware  and  Glass, 
which  defy  the  Winter  and  assist  the  Summer. 

HOULSTON  AND  SONS,  65,  Paternoster  Row,   E.C.  ;  through  all 
Booksellers,  ctnd  of 

EENJ.  LOOKER,  Kingston-on-Thames. 


Now  ready, 

THE    SALIX,    or    WILLOW.      By    W.    Scaling, 
Willow  Nurseryman,   Basford,  Notts.     A  revised  and  enlarged 
edition,  containing  Instructions  for  its  Planting  and    Culture,  with 
Observations  upon  its  Value  and  Adaptability  for  the  Formation  of 
Hedges  and  Game  Coverts. 
Post  free  is.;  orof  SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL,  AND  CO.,  London.     . 


PROFESSOR    LINDLEY'S    INTRODUCTION 
to  BOTANY.     Fourth   Edition,  with  Corrections  and  Additions. 
Two    Vols. ,    8vo,   with    Six    Copper    Plates    and    numerous    Wood 
Engravings,     Price  24s.  cloth. 
London:  LONGMANS,  GREEN,  AND  CO.,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 


New  Flower  Market   Covent  Garden. 

NOTICE.— The  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  and 
AGRICULTURAL  GAZETTE  for  ^^^'^ ,1*}Z^^^^^I^ 
February  10.  will  contain  a  FULL  PAGE  ENGRAVING  of  the 
NEW  FLOWER  MARKET,  COVENT  GARDLN. 

Copies  may  be  had  of  all  Newsmen,  and  at  the  Railway  Stations. 

Works  on  Botany,  toy  Dr,  Llndley. 

THE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM;  OR,  The 
Structure,  Classification,  and  Uses  of  Plants.,  Illustrated 
upon  the  Natural  System.  In  One  Volume,  8vo,  cloth,  price  3W  ,  with 
upwards  of  500  Illustrations. 

DESCRIPTIVE    BOTANY:    OR,  The  Art  of 
Describing  Plants  correctly,  in  Scientific  Language,  for  Sell 
Instruction  and  the  Use  of  Schools.     Price  is. 

SCHOOL    BOTANY;    OR,    The    Rudiments    of 
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The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


167 


THE  NEW  METHOD  of  GROWING  FRUIT  and 
FLOWERS  (by  the  Rev.  John  Fountaine,  Southacre, 
Brandon),  bcinp  a  practical  combination  of  Vinery,  Orchard  House 
and  Conser\atory,  as  now  worked  in  a  New  House  erected  for  the 
purpose  at  Chiswick.  Third  Edilion,  Illustrated,  tree  for  seven 
stamps  to  the 
"  journal  of  Horticulture"  Office,  171.  Fleet  Street ;  or  to  the  Author. 


Imperial  4to,  Copiously  Illustrated,  Price  izj., 

EARM  BUILDINGS:  a  Digest  of  the  Principles 
adoDtcd  in  Construction.  Reprinted  from  the  "  Farm  Home- 
steads of  England."  now  out  of  print.  By  J.  Bailey  Denton,  C.E., 
and  Bailev  Denton,  Jun. 

E.  and  F.  N.  SPON,  48,  Charing  Cross,  W.C. 


Notice. 

(By  Appointment  to  the  Roval  Horticultural  Society. ) 

To  HORTICULTURAL   IMPLEMENT   MAKERS,   NURSERY- 
MEN, FLORISTS,  and   OTHERS. 

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trations; Houses.  Apartments,  and  Estates  Wanted  and  to  Let; 
Situaiiuns  Wanted  and  Vacant.     See 

THE  BAZAAR,  THE  EXCHANGE  AND  MART,  AND 
JOURNAL  OF  THE  HOUSEHOLD.  Weekly,  ad.  To  be  had  of 
alt  Newsanents  in  Town  and  Country ;  or  direct  from  32,  Wellington 
Street,  London,  W.C. 


In  One  thick  Volume,  the  Thirteenth  Edition,  price  i6s., 

MODERN  DOMESTIC  MEDICINE.  Describing 
the  Symptoms,  Causes,  and  Correct  Treatment  of  Diseases, 
with  a  larfje  Collection  of  Approved  Prescriptions,  &c.  Forming  a 
Comprehensive  Medical  Guide  for  the  Cler^,  Families,  Emigrants, 
&c.  By  T.  J-  GRAtlAM,  M.D.,.  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Cotle;,'e  of 
Physicians  of  Edinburgh. 

•'Of  all  the  Medical  Guides  that  have  come  to  our  hands,  this  is  by 
far  the  best.  For  fulness  and  completeness  they  all  yield  the  palm  to 
Dr.  Graham's." — Banner. 

"  Far  excelling  every  publication  of  its  class.' — Btitish  Standard. 

London:  Published  by  SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL,  AND  CO. 
St.itioncrs'  Court,     Sold  by  all  Booksellers. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  44,  married,  no  incum- 
brance. Six  years  in  the  situation  he  is  now  leavinp  No  single- 
h.inded  place  accepted.  The  highest  reference  can  be  given.— G.  G., 
I  ost  JJInce,  Karin^don,  Berks, 


GARDENER"~(Head).— Middle-aged  ;  thorough  and 
extensive  experience  in  the  various  branches  of  the  profession, 
l-irst-rate  references.  —  J.  G.,  Pine-apple  Nursery,  Maida  Vale, 
London,  W. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  28,  married,  no  family  ; 
is  a  thoroughly  good  general  Gardener.  Two  and  a  half  years' 
character  from  last  place.— T.  G,,  Pine-apple  Nursery,  32,  Maida 
\  ale,  London,  W. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  35,   married,  one  child  ; 
understands   the   profession   thoroughly.      A   first-class    Plant 
Grower.    References  to  some  of  the  first  Gardeners  of  the  day.— X,  L 
Mr.  Hester,  Pine-apple  Nurser>-.  Maida  Vale,  London,  W. 


GARDENER    (Head),— Age  29,  single  (at  present) 
thoroughly  understands  the  profession  in  all  its  branches.     Wei 


recommended    from    three    last    places. — H,    P., 
Knightsbridye,  W. 


3^    Raphael   Strt 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  40  ;  thoroughly  practical 
and  steady,  and  well  up  in  all  branches  of  the  profession  ;  can  be 
highly  recommended.  No  single-handed  place  accepted.  Seven  years' 
character.— A. IS.,  13,  Charles  Street,  Portman  Square,  W. 

GARDENER  (Head)",  age  29.— Thos.  Knowles, 
Foreman  in  the  Kitchen  Garden  and  Forcing  Department  at 
Ashton  Court,  offers  his  services  to  any  Nobleman,  Gentleman,  or 
Lady  requiring  a  good  practical  Gardener  ;  has  had  12  years' experience 
III  the  Culture  of  Pines,  Vines  in  and  out  of  pots.  Melons,  Mushrooms. 
Cucumbers,  Kitchen  and  Flower  Gardening,  Stove  and  Greenhouse 
Plants,  &c.  For  character  and  general  ability,  is  kindly  permitted  to 
refer  to  Mr.  Kimp,  Gr.  to  Earl  of  Jersey.  Middleton  Park,  and  Mr. 
Dodds,  Gr.  to  Sir  Grevillc  Smyth,  Bart,,  Ashton  Court,  Bristol, 
Address  as  .ibove. 


WANTED,    as  GROUND    FOREMAN,    a   steady, 
industrious    Man.     State   experience,   references,   and    salary 
required.— R.  TIIORNIIILL,  Bowdon  Nurseries,  Bowdon,  Cheshire 

ANTliD,  a  GARDENER,  accustomed  to  Nursery 

and   Jobbing   Work.— WALTER    DAWSON,    Spike    Bridge 
Nurserj',  The  Ci^metery,  Coventry. 


WANTED,  a  GARDENER,  with  a  good  character 
of  not  less  than  two  years,  either  as  Head  or  Second,  in  a  large 
Garden.  Age  not  over  jo.  Very  young  children  objected  to.  A  Boy 
kept.— Sir  H,  T,,  Po^t  (_iirice,  East  Sheen,  S.W. 


WANTED,  a  GARDENER  (married).  —  Must 
understand  Forcing  A'ines,  Melons,  &c.,  and  who  will 
undertake  care  of  Pigs.  Will  have  a  Boy  under  liim.  Wife  must 
thoroughly  understand  Rearing  and  Fattening  Poultry.  Cottage 
and  garden  found. — Address,  stating  wages,  L.,  Post  Office,  Forest 
Row,  Eaiit  Grinstcad,  Sussex. 


WANTED  IMMEDIATELY,  as  GARDENER,  a 
steady  active  Working  Man  (married),  who  thoroughly 
understands  the  Management  of  a  Kitchen  Garden,  Greenhouses, 
Vinery,  &c.  Cottage  and  garden  provided.  Good  testimonials 
required— Mr.  SEELS.  Wainfleet  Hall,  Lincolnshire. 


WANTED,  a  MAN  and  WIFE,  without  incumbrance, 
ages  from  35  to  45,  for  the  Bakers'  Almshouses,  Lea  Bridge 
Road.  The  Man  to  keep  the  Garden  in  front  in  order:  the  Wife  to 
keep  the  Board  and  Committee  Rooms  in  order,  and  wait  on  the  Com- 
mittee when  required,  and  to  make  a  daily  supervision  of  the  Inmates. 
Further  particulars  may  be  obtained,  any  Friday  or  Saturday  morning, 
between  q  and  10  o'clock,  ol  the  Treasurer,  Mr.  DEATH, 
286,  Kingsland  Road,  N. 


WANTED,  a  good  WORKING  GARDENER, 
with  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  profession  in  all  its 
branches.  No  one  accepted  who  has  not  lived  in  a  single-handed 
situation.  A  Boy  is  kept.  Cottage  found.  State  wages  and 
references. — S.  C. .  near  Worcester. 


GARDENER  (Head),  or  GARDENER  and 
BAILIFF.— .\ge  32,  married;  18  years'  experience  in  all 
branches.  Good  character  and  references.  —  W.  T.,  Post-Oflice, 
Siltiiigbourne,  Kent. 

GARDENER  (Head,  Working).— Age  28.  married, 
one  child  ;  good  practical  knowledge  of  the  profession  eenerallv 
Good  character.— H.  C,  Mr.  Tyrrel's,  8,  Lower  Georee  Street, 
Bromley-by-Bow,  E. 


Hortltjultural  and  Window  Glass  WareHouses. 

I  A  M  E  b    MILE  S,    6,    High  Street,   and  12  and 

r,.M  =  i;ivl°S?iif,""f'  Shoreditch,  London,  E. 
CONSEkX  A-IORY  and  ORCHARD-HOUSE  GLASS. 

Genuine   White  Lead,   Oils,   Colours,  Brushes,  b-c. 

GARDEN  ENGINES.  PUMPS.  SYRINGFS  TNniA  RtlRRPtt 
HOSE,  TAPS,  CONNECTIONS,  &c"'  '^'^'A-KUBBER 
Prices  upon  application. 


TTOTHOUSE  CLOCKS,  in   Ornamental  Iron  Cases, 

J-J_  Bronzed.  Japanned,  Enamelled,  &c.     No  glass  beintr  used  in 
the  construction  of  these  Clocks,  they  are  not  llabO:  to  damage      Also 
the  cases  being  of  Iron   they  are  are  not  injured   by  heat  or  damn; 
and,  the  keyholes  being  bushed,  no  dust  or  water  can  possibly  enter.' 
„   .  ,  Going  12  days, ' 

Uoing  12  days.  and  striking 

„.  ..  but  not  striking.  hours  and  half-hours, 

rnce,  medium  size    . .         - .  Ao  15    o     . .  i|i     i    o 

Price,  large  size  ..         ..100 !i6o 

Eo.\  and  Package  free  of  charge. 
T     T    ^,, ,  ,1"!  ,?r'l.'\S-^>%,'^  ^''^^'*  '^  required  to  hang  or  stand 
J,   T-  WAINWRIGHT  AND  CO.,  Cambridge  Street,  Birmingham  . 


THE  PERFECT  SUBSTITUTE  for  SILVER 
, '^I'.^.r^?'^!-  NICKEL  SILVER,  introduced  more  than  30  years 
ago  by  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  when  Plated  by  the  patent  process 
of  Messrs.  Elkington  &  Co.,  is  beyond  all  doubt  the  best  article  next 
to  sterling  silver  that  can  be  used  as  such,  either  usefully  or  ornament- 
ally, as  by  no  possible  test  can  it  be  distinguished  from  real  silver. 

Patterns.  I  j^'i^'.«  «•■ 

[  Old  Silver. 


Bead. 


Thread. 


£  s.  d, 
2    5    . 


/^ARDENER  (Head,  or  Single-handed).— Age 28  ; 

y~A    thoroughly  practical  in  every  department.     Seven  years' excel- 
len^aiacter.— A.  R.  B.,  Post  Office,  Upper  Clapton,  E. 

GARDENER  (Head),  where  two  or  three  are  kept.— 
Good  ijractical  knowledge.— H.  M.,  Mr.  Crew,  Abbey,  Romscy. 


GARDENER  (Superior),  or  GARDENER,  FARM 
BAILIFF,  or  AGENT. -Has  held  similar  situations,  and  is  a 
hirst-class  Judge  of  Stock;  also  understands  the  Management  of 
Woods,  Valuing  I'lmber,  Draining  and  Improving  an  Estate;  would 
^.'^i^T.,  '^i?-"'^  or  America.  Wife  a  First-class  Poultry  Woman.— 
■^ELIA,  Pine-apple  Nursery,  Maida  Vale,  London.  W 


GARDENER.— James      Hamilton,      Gardener    at 
l^grry  Hill,  Mansfield,  Notts,  is  open  for  re-engagement. 


GARDENER. — A  Gentleman  is  desirous  of  recom- 
mending to  any  Nobleman  or  Gentleman  a  thoroughly  practical 
Gardener,  who  has  had  extensive  experience  in  every  branch  of  the 
profession,  and  IS  fully  competent  to  undertake  the  Management  of  a 
good  place,  tive  years"  excellent  character.— H,  D.  D.,  no,  Cannon 
Street,  E.C.  ' 


GARDENER,  in  a  place  where  two  or  three  are 
kept,  or  FOREMAN  in  a  large  establishment.— Age  24,  single  ; 
steady  and  persevering.  First-class  character.— J.  L.,  Pine-apple 
Nursery,  Maida  Vale.  London,  W. 


Table    Forks  or  Spoons,     £   s.   d.       £    s.  d.        £  s.  d. 

per  dozen i  10 

Dessert    do.    do.    do.  ..      12 
Teaspoons..         ,.         ...    14     . 

These  are  all  as  strongly  plated,  and  are  in  every  respect  at  least 
equal  to  what  other  houses  arc  selling  as  their  first  quality  at  very 
much  higher  prices. 

A  Second  Quality  of  Fiddle  Pattern, 

Table  Spoons  and  Forks J^i     2  per  dozen 

Dessert q  16        „ 

Tea  Spoons       o  10 

Tea  and  Coffee  Sets  from  £-i  15s.  to  £21  i6s.  ;  Dish  'Covers  from 
j£9  to  JC26;  Corner  Dishes,  £7  los.  to  j^iS  i8j.  ;  Biscuit  Bo.\es, 
121.  to  £$  sj.  ;  Cruet  and  Liquor  Frames,  &c.,  at  proportionate 
prices.  ^ 

The  largest  slock  in  existence  of  plated  Dessert  Knives  and  Forks 
and  I'lsh-eating  Knives  and  Forks  and  Carvers. 

All  kinds  of  replating  done  by  the  patent  process. 
.  W,W^t^  \  KURrON.Fumishinglronmongcr.by  Appointment, 
^n  ■  T,i"-  the  Prince  of  Wales,  sends  a  Catalogue  containing  upwards 
of  8qo  Illustrations  of  his  unrivalled  stock,  withlists  of  prices  and  plans 
of  the  20  large  Show-rooms,  post  free.  39,  Oxford  Street,  W  •  i,  i  A, 
2,  3,  and  4,  Newman  Street ;  4,  5.  and  6,  Perry's  Place ;  and  i,  New- 
man Yard.  London,  W.  The  Cost  of  delivering  Goods  to  the  most 
distant  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom  by  Railway  is  trifline 
WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  will  always  undertake  delivery  at  a  small 
fixed  rate. 


K 


I  N  A  H  A  N'S 


L  L 


WHISKY. 


This  celebrated  and   most  delicious  old  mellow  spirit  is  the  very 
CREAM   of  IRISH   WHISKIES,    in   quality   unrivalled,    perfectly 
pure,  and  more  wholesome  than  the  finest  Cognac  Brandy.     Note  the 
words,  "KINAHAN'S  .  L  L  ."  on  seal.  labcT,  and  cork. 
New  Wholesale  Depot,  6a,  Great  Titchficid  Street,  Oxford  Street,  W. 


/^ARDENER  (Second).— Age  27,  single  ;  is  well  up  in 

V^    Forcing,  and  has  been  in  present  situation   two   years  and   six 
months.— Apply,  m  first  instance,  to  A.  B.,  Highnam.  near  Gloucester 


/':j,ARDENER  (Second),  in  a  Gentleman's  Establish. 

VJ  ment.— Age  30 ;  understands  Vines,  Pines,  Stove  and  Greenhouse 
Hants,  and  Cucumbers  and  Melons.  Good  character— A  B, 
2,  Laurel  Cottage,  Cricklewood.  N.W. 


WANTED,  as  SECOND  HAND,  a  young  Man.  who 
understands  Forcing  for  Market,  Must  be  single,  with  good 
reference,  also  state  age. — Mr.  SMITH,  Market  Gardener.  Back 
Common,  Acton  Green,  Middlesex,  W. 


WANTED,      a     WAREHOUSEMAN.— Apply 
WARD  AND  CO.,  Bridge  Parade,  Bristol. 


to 


WANT  PLACES— Letters  to  be  Post  Paid. 

EXPERIENCED  GARDENERS  (or  as  GARDENER 
and  BAILIFF),  of  various  qualifications,  recommended  to 
Gentlemen. — Further  particulars  given  on  application  to  Messrs.  E.  G 
HENDERSON  AND  SON,  WeUington  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood,  N.W. 

To  Gaxdeners  and  Bailiffs  (Head,  Foremen,  or  Under). 

JAMES  CARTER  and  CO.  having  many  applications 
for  the  above,  request  that  those  WANTING  SITUATIONS 
will  send  NAME,  ADDRESS,  and  COPIES  of  TESTIMONIALS, 
for  ENTRY  in  their  FREE  REGISTER.  Only  those  who  can  send 
unquestionable  references  need  apply. 

Any  Lady  or  Gentleman  requiring    GARDENERS  or  BAILIFFS 
may  rely  upon   J.  CARTER    &    CO.    adopting    the   most    stringent 
regulations  in  reference  to  testimonials  as  to  ability,  honesty,  &c. 
237  and  338,  High  Holbom,  London.  W.C. 


Gardeners  and  Under  Gardeners. 

WM.  CUTBUSH  AND  SON  beg  to  state  that  they 
have  at  ail  times  on  their  books  MEN  of  various  qualifications, 
whose  characters  will  bear  the  strictest  inquiry.  Any  Gentleman 
making  application  would  save  time  by  clearly  stating  the  duties  to  be 
undertaken,  wages  offered.  &c.,  so  that  suitable  Men  may  be  selected, 
— Highgate  Nurseries,  London,  N. 


GARDENER  [Undek),  in  a  good  Establishment.— 
Age  21 ;  has  a  good  knowledge  of  Plants,  Forcing,  &c.,  having 
been  five  years  under  one  of  the  leading  Plantsmen.  Two  years'  good 
character.— W.  S.,  Copthall  Gardens,  Hunsdon,  near  Ware.  Herts. 


GARDENER  and  BAILIFF,  or  GARDENER 
(Head,  Working),  to  any  Nobleman  or  Gentleman  who 
requires  the  services  of  a  good  practical  Man.— Age  36,  married  ;  has 
had  20  years  experience;  well  versed  in  the  Cultivation  of  Pines, 
Vines,  Peaches,  Melons,  Cucumbers,  Mushrooms,  Stove  and  Green- 
houses Plants,  Orchids,  and  Ferns  ;  also  Eariy  and  Late  Forcing  of 
Fruits,  Flowers,  and  Vegetables,  and  a  good  Kitchen  and  Flower 
Gardener.  Understands  the  Rearing  and  Breeding  of  Stock  and 
their  value.  Wife  can  take  Charge  of  Poultry.  Leaving  on  own 
account.-F.  A.  HICKS.  Turville  Park  Gardens,  near  Henley-on- 
Thames.  ' 


£  FOREMAN,  in  a  Nobleman's  or  Gentleman's  Garden. 
„   ,    ~:^g,^24.     Good  referencesastocharacterandabilities.— W.  W., 


Hylands  Park,  Chelmsford, 


WM.        YOUNGER        and        CO.'S 
EDINBURGH.  INDIA  PALE  and  DINNER  ALES. 
Sparkling,  refreshing,  nourishing  and  economical. 
To  be  had  of  the  principal  retailers. 
Observe  Trade  Marks,  as  other  brands  are  frequently  substituted 
Breweries,  Edinburgh.    Established  174a    Ixindon  Stores,  Belvedere 
Roadj  S.E. ;    Liverpool,  i,  Seel   Street;    Bristol.   14,   Narrow   Quay  • 
Dublin   Stores,  7,   Lower   Abbey   Street ;    Swansea.    Quay    Parade ; 
Glasgow,  Queen  Street;  Birmingham,  13.  Temple  Street. 

Grateful —Comforting. 
S    *    S  COCOA. 

BREAKFAST. 

"  By  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  natural  laws  which  govern  the 
operations  of  digestion  and  nutrition,  and  by  a  careful  application  of 
the  fine  properties  of  a  well  selected  cocoa.  Mr.  Epps  has  provided  our 
breakfast-tables  with  a  delicately-flavoured  beverage  which  may  save 
us  many  heavy  doctor's  bills."— Ci'wiV  Service  Gazette. 

Made  simply  with  boiling  water  or  milk. 

Each  packet  is  labelled, 

JAMES  EPPS  AND  CO..  Homoeopathic  Chemists,  London. 


E 


J^INNEFORD'S         FLUID         MAGNESIA. 

The  best  remedy  for  Acidity  of  the  Stomach,  Heartburn,  Headache, 
Gout,  and  Indigestion  ;  and  the  best  mild  Aperient  for  delicate  consti- 
tutions, especially  adapted  for  Ladies,  Children  and  Infants 

DINNEFORD  and  CO.,  172.  New  Bond  Street,  London,  W.  ; 
and  of  all  Chemists  throughout  the  World. 


Tj^OREMAN,  in  a  Nobleman's  or  Gentleman's  Establish- 

J-  ment.— Age  22  ;  understands  Forcing,  &c.  Good  reference  as  to 
ctiaracter  and  abilities.— Address,  stating  wages,  X.  Y  Z  .12  Marv 
Ann  Place,  Catford  Bridge,  London.  S.E. 


"PIOREMAN,  or  FOREMAN  and  PROPAGATOR.— 

J-  Well  understands  the  Cultivation  of  Roses,  Rhododendrons. 
Loniter.-c,  itc.  ;  20  years' good  e.xperience  in  the  Nursery  business 
generally,  both  indoors  and  out.  Good  reference.— A.  D  ,  Bedford 
Road  ^J^^rsery,  Northampton. 

'M'URSERYFOREMAN  (General),  in  a  Provincial 

-Ll     Nursery.— A    ihorouchlv    practical    industrious    Man.       r.^n,! 


ursery.- A    thoroughly    practical    industrious    Man. 
:cs  as  to  ability         '  "    '  .     _    _     - 

ies,  Worcester. 


PROPAGATOR     (General),     or      INDOOR 

\    I'OREMAN.— A  sober.industriousMan, of  33years' experience. 
—A.  B.,  9,  Byrom  Street,  Bowden,  Manchester. 


TO  FLORISTS. — Wanted,  by  an  experienced  young 
Lady,  a  re-engagement  where  the  situation  would  be  permanent 
The  country  not  objected  to.— L.  P.,  Messrs.  Brooks  &  Son's, 
Florists,  102,  Edgware  Road,  London,  W. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  40,  married;  thoroughly 
practical  knowledge  of  the  profession,  and  the  Management  of 
Land  and  Stock.  Wife  could  take  Charge  of  Dairj*  and  Poultrj'  if 
required.  Nine  years'  character.  A  Lady  wishes  to  recommend  the 
above.— W.  S.,  New  Street,  Westerham.  Kent. 

ARDENER  (Head).— Age  32,  married,  no  family; 

thoroughly  understands  Pines,  Vines,  Cucumbers,  Melons,  &x.  ; 
Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  and  Flower  and  Kitchen  Gardening 
Six  years'  good  character.— G.  SMITH,  Chapel  Yard,  High  Street. 
Ware,  Herts.  •  * 


/^ARDENER    (Head).— The  Advertiser  having  had 

V>«  many  years'  experience  in  first-class  Establishments,  is  at  liberty 
to  treat  with  any  Nobleman  or  Gentleman  requiring  the  services  of  a 
Man  thoroughlj-practical  in  all  branches  of  the  profession,  including  the 
tarly  and  Late  Forcing  of  Fruits  and  Vegetables;  is  also  a  good  Plants- 
man  and  Flower  and  Kitchen  Gardener.- H.  B.,  Beau  Manor  Park 
Oardens.  Loughborough,  Leicestershire. 


To  tlie  Seed  Trade. 

ASSISTANT.— Age  21  ;  has  a  fair  knowledge  of  the 
^^ _^ „ ___^  Trade,  and  willing  to  be  useful.— W.  ROBINSON,  30,  St.  Judes 

(^ARDENER    (Head),   age    29. —Mr.    Stevenson     P'^"-  Bradford.  Yorkshire. 

V^    Gr.  to  C.  Coombe,  Esq.,  Cobham  Park,  Surrey,  can  with  conti-  To  Noblemen  and  Gentlemen. 

SrgeS'K'havi'n'.fe^^^^^^^  (^ARPENTER  and  JOINER.-An  experienced  Man 

Address  iS above         '^''"^'  *'"  '"'"  '''=  ^'"'='«'  invesfEanon.-    Cabmet  work   ^irst-class  reference  from  present  employer. -P.  B., 

•  Post  Office,  Eltham,  Kent, 


p  R O PAGATOR  (Soft-wooded),  and  GROWER  of 

X     Flowering  Plants  for  Market.-Age  26,  single.-J.  C,  4,  Carlton 
terrace,  Waterworks  Road,  Edgbaston,  Birmingham. 

pROPAGATOR.  " 


-Age   24,    single  ; 


„..„-.     Stove,    Beddmg 

Plants.  Comfera;,  Rose  and  Fruit  Budder,  Grafter,  &c —W   B 
7,  Salisbury  Road,  Upper  Holloway,  London,  N 


PROPAGATOR  (Assistant).  —A  young  Man.  who 

-L     has  served  three  years  and  a  half  in  a  Nursery.- E.  E.,  Post 


Office,  Chester. 


To  Head  Gardeners. 

JOURNEYMAN    (age    20).— Thomas    East    has 

tf  a  young  Man  of  unexceptionable  character  and  ability  requiring 
a  change;  Plant  department  preferred-  Any  questions  replied  to  bv 
THOMAS    EAST.  The  Gardens,  Wolverton,  Dorchester. 


BILIOUS  and  LIVER  COMPLAINTS,  Indigestion. 
Sick  Headache,  Loss  of  Appetite.  Drowsiness,  Giddiness, 
Spasms,  and  all  Disorders  of  the  Stomach  and  Bowels  are  quickly 
removed  by  that  well-known  remedy,  FRAMPTON'S  PILL  of 
HEALTH. 

They  unite  the  recommendation  of  a  mild  operation  with  the  most 
successful  effect;  and  where  an  aperient  is  required  nothing  can  be 
better  adapted. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendor.^,  at  is.  i%d.  and  zi.  Qii.  per  box,  or 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


SECOND   (in   a  Gentleman's    Establishment).  —  Ten 
years'  experience.     Can    be  well    recommended.  —  S.    S.,    The 
Garden,  Heighington,  Lincoln. 


'MPROVER,    in   a  Gentleman's  Garden.~A  steady, 

industrious  young  Man.     Premium  if  required.- X.  Y.  Z.,  Sydney 
"  "         '  ""-npstcad,  Herts. 


Cottages,  Cotterel's  Road,  Hemd 


/COCKLE'S    A  N  T  I  B  I  L  I  O  U  S     PILLS, 

^^  THE     SAFEST     FAMILY    APERIENT. 

In  boxes,  at  is.  i%d.,  2s. gd.,  4s.  dd.,  and  iir. 

r^OCKLE'S    ANTIBILIOUS     PILLS.-- 

^^     These  Pills  consist  of  a  careful  and  peculiar  admixture  of  the 
best   and   mildest  vegetable  aperients,  with    the  pure  extract  of  the 
flowers  of  the   Camomile.      They  will   be  found  a  most   efticacious 
remedy  for  derangement  of  the  digestive  organs,  and  for'torpid  action 
of  the  liver  and  bowels,  which  produce  indigestion  and  the  several 
varieties  of  bilious  and  liver  complaints.     They  speedily  remove  the 
irritation  and  feverish  state  of  the  stomach,  allay  spasms,  correct  the 
morbid  condition  of  the  liver  and  organs  subservient  to   digestion, 
promote  a  due  and  healthy  secretion  of  bile,  and  relieve  the  constitu- 
tion of  all  gouty  matter  and  other  impurities,  which,  by  circulating  in 
the  blood,  must   injuriously  affect  the  action  of  the  kidneys  ;  thus,  by 
removing  the  causes  productive  of  so  much  discomfort,  they  restore 
the  energies   both  of  body  and  mind.     To  those  who  indulge  in  the 
luxuries  of  the  table,  these  Pills  will  prove  highly  useful,  occasioning 
no  pain  in  their  action,  unless  they  meet  with  an  unusual  quantity  of 
acrid  bile  and  acid  matter  in  the  stomach  and   bowels.     It  must  be 
understood  that   these  Pills  are  not   rccomraended   as  containing  any 
new  or  dangerously  active   ingredients ;    on    the  contrary-,    they  are 
characterised  by  a  remarkable  simplicity  of  combination,  and  whatever 
merit  they  may  be  found  to  possess  depends  as  much  upon  the  selec- 
tion of  pure  drugs,  and  the  unusual  labour  and  attention  bestowed 
upon  their  subsequent  preparation,  as  upon  the  acknowledged  pecu- 
liarity of  their  composition.     They  are  not  recommended  as  a  panacea, 
nor  are  they  adapted  to  all  complaints;    but  as  a  mild  and  efficacious 
aperient  and  tonic  in  the  various  forms  of  indigestion  it  will  not  per- 
haps be  an  exaggeration  to  state  that  they  have  been  resorted  to  under 
all  systems  of  diet,  changes  of  climate  or  atmospheric  alterations,  with 
an  extraordinary   degree  of  success,   for  72  years.     This  celebrated 
family  aperient  may  be  had  throughout  the  United  Kingdom   in  boxes 
at   IS.  i^d.fis.qd.,  45.  6ii.,  and  iis.,aswell  as  in  India,  China,  New 
Zealand,  and  the  Australian  colonies. 


COCKLE'S    ANTIBILIOUS    PILLS. 
THE    OLDEST    PATENT    MEDICINE.  '  """1 

In  boxes  at  15.  i]^d.,  21.  grf.,  45,  6rf.,  and  iir.  *^' 


1 68 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


Agri  cultural 


Gazette. 


[February  3,   1872, 


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Editorial  Communication!  should  be  addressed  Bo  "  The  Editor ; "  Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "  The  Publisher,"  at  the  Office,  41,  WellmBton  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C.  , 

Printed  by  W1LI.1AM  Richards,  at  the  Office  of  Messrs.  Bradbury,  Evans,  Si  Co.,  Lombard  Street,  Precinct  of  Whitefriars,  C.ty  of  London,  m  the  County  of  Middlesex,  and  Published  by  the  said  WILLIAM       ^ 
Richards,  at  the  Office,  No.  41,  Wellington  Street,  Parish  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  in  the  said  County.— Saturday,  February  3, 1872. 


CHRONICLE 


AND 


CULTU 


GAZETTE 


No.  6.— 1872.] 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  10. 


I     Registered  at  the  General 
!  Post  Office  as  a  Newspaper. 


Price  5d. 

Post  Free,  ^\d. 


CONTENTS. 


LEADING  ARTrCCBS,  &'c.~ 

Central  Chamber  of  Agri- 
culture    188 

Crypiocamic  botany,  new 
journal  devoted  to     176 

Gardeners"  prize  for  vege- 
tables   176 

Home  Cattle  nefence i8g 

Influence  ol  blue  colour  in 
developinc;  animal  and  ve- 
getable life  175 

Meteorology  o(  the  week  ..  176 

Method  and  observation  in 
farm  management     188 

Plantine  at  St.  Thomas' 
Hospital,  the   176 

Tolitical  economy  in  rela- 
tion to  agriculture    187 

Rosery  in  the  Adelaide 
Botanic  Garden 176 

OrR  LIVE  STOCA'— 

Cattle iSq 

Poultry 189 

ORIGIS^AL  ARTICLES— 
ARticulture,  loss  of  force  in   193 
"  Duchess"  Shorthorns,  the  192 
l-'lower     market,    the    new 

(with  cut) 176 

How    mats    are    made    in 

America    180 

Piunin"     Coniferous     trees 

and  snrubs  (with  cuts)    ..  179 
Wood's   mower  and  reaper 

(with  cuts)      189 

Woolston  and  Tiptrcc 191 

HOME  CORRESPONDENCE— 
Alphand's  "  Promenades  de 
Paris"    180 


HOME  CORRESPONDENCE— 
Backhouse's  Winter  White 

Broccoli     180 

Brick  machines 193 

Conifers      shedding      their 

leaves 181 

Dwarf  Palms  (with  cut). ...  181 
Encroachments  on  higjhways  181 
Garden  dung  and  soil-yard  181 
Garden    products  and   their 

cooking 180 

Quercus  pyramidalis    181 

Koses,  new 181 

Sewage  utilisation    103 

Thomas  Osborn,  the  late  ..  180 

FOREIGN  COR  RES— 
Madras,  East  Indies    182 

SOCIETIES— 

EdinburKh  Botanical    182 

Hexham  Farmers' Club     ..  196 

London  Farmers' Club   ....  194 

Koyal  Aericulturai  194 

Smilhficld  Farmers'  Club  ..  194 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS— 
New    flowers    of  the    past 
year    183 

FARM  MEMORANDA  — 
Brasscy  Green,  Tarporley..  197 

OBITirARV— 
James  Ncilson,  Esq 183 

CALENDAR  OFOPERA  TIONS 

Farming  operations iq8 

Garden  operations    1S3 

Weather  I'ABLES 183 


Notice  to  Subscribers. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS,    paynblv    in    advance,     inchidin^ 
Postage  io  ajiy  part  of  the  United  Kingdom: — 
Three  Months    ..  5^.  xx\d.  \  Six  Montlis     ..     \\s.  \\d. 
Twelve  Months     ..     £1  y.  lod. 
Post    Office    Orders   to    he   made  payable   to   WlLLiAM 
Richards,   at  the  King  Street  Post  Office. 

Publishing  Office,  41.    Wellington  Street,    IV.C. 


Notice. 
r^  ARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     and     AGRICUL- 

VT   TURAL  GAZETTE.— The  VOLUME  for  1871  is   now  ready; 

price,  in  cloth,  ^i  6s.  6^:^. 

W.  RICHARDS,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


KOYAL  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY.  SOUTH 
KENSINGTON,  W. 
NOTICE.— FLOWER    SHOW,    FRUIT    and    FLORAL    COM- 
MITTEE MEETING,  on  WEDNESDAY   NEXT.  February  14,  at 
jio'Clock.     GENERAL  MEETINGat3.     Band  of  the  Royal  Horse 
Guards  irom  2.30.     Admission  2s.  6d. 


WM.  KNIGHT  is  now  sending  out  12  Varieties 
of  the  NEW  FUCHSIAS  of  1871,  selected  as  the  best  of  the 
season,  in  extra  strong  Plants  for  Exhibition,  for  los.  6d.  the  set, 
package  included. 

Floral  Nurseries,  Hailsham,  Sussex. 


CALCEOLARIA  (Herbaceous),  choice  strain,  good 
plants,  12  for  2s.,  24  for  31.  6d  ,  50  for  61.,  100  for  loi.,  free  by 
post;  strong  and  healthy,  established  in  pots,  20J.  per  100  for  any 
quantity. — H.  and  R,  STIRZAKER,  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster. 


"IROP.^OLUM   CANARIENSIS,  fine  picked  SEED 

of  1871.  in  I'i  lb.  packets,  41. 
JAMES  WHOMES,  Royal  Nursery,  Windsor. 


L ILIUM  AURATUM.— Flowering  roots,    is.    each; 
strong  roots,  is  6d.  each.     Free  by  post  for  extr.T  id.  stamp. 
W.  G.  CLARKE,  Great  Western  Nurseriijs.  Wellington,  Somerset. 


CHEAP  LAURUSTINUS.— Strong,  bushy,  and  well 
rooted  ;    delivered   free  to  Liverpool,  llriscol,  or   Dublin.       For 
prices,  apply  to 

J.  J.  HARPUR,  The  Nurseries,  Wexford,  Ireland. 


EVERY         GARDEN         REQUISITE 
KEPT  in  STOCK  at 
CARTER'S  New  Seed  Warehouse,  237  &  238.  High  Holbom,  London. 


To  the  Trade  and  Others. 

BEST    BEDDING    GERANIUMS,    strong    summer 
and  autumn  struck,  from  store  pots,  at  12J,  perioo;  cuttings, 
half-price. 
T.  L.  MAYO,  Floral  Nurseries,  Here  ford. 


AMATEUR  ROSE  GROWERS  should  at   once  get 
my  CATALOGUE.      It  contains  all  the  good  sorts,  and  the 
plants  are  the  finest  that  can  be  produced. 
R.  R.  CANT,  St.  John's  Street  Nursery,  Colchester. 


ROSE      MAR  EC  HAL     NIEL     (Noisette).— Fine 
Standard  and  Half-standard  plants. 
ROSES  (Tea-scented).— Choicest  varieties,  fine  Standard   and   Half- 
standard  plants.     Offered  by 
JOHN  CRANSTON,  Nurseries,  King's  Acre,  near  Hereford. 
Price  on  application. 

Show  Roses. 

A  PRICED  LIST  of  the  best  Hybrid  Perpetual  Show 
ROSES;     also     a     PRICED     LIST    of     choice    Variegated 
GERANIUMS,  post  free,  on  application  to 

ALFRED  FRYER,  The  Nurseries,  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire. 

CHOICE  ROSES.— The  finest  stock  of  Tea,  Noisette^ 
China,  and  other  Roses  to  select  from,  all  strong  and  healthy,  in 
pots.     Descriptive  Priced  LIST  on  application  to 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurser>'man  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


ORCHARD-HOUSE    TREES,    Fruiting    in   Pots.— 
Peaches.   Nectarines.    Plums,    Pears,    Apples,    Figs,   Apricots, 
Cherries,  Mulberries,  and  Oranges. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


THE       PINE-APPLE      NURSERY      COMPANY, 
■^1,  Maida  Vale,  Edgware  Road,  W. 
JOHN  BESTER,  Manager  of  the  Nursery  and  Seed  Department. 
The  Company  guarantee  to  their  Customers  Punctuality,  Liberality, 
and  Genuine  Articles.     The  favour  of  a  visit  is  carneslly  solicited. 


Choice  New  Seeds,  Gladioli,  &c. 

WILLIAM     CUTBUSH    and    SONS     Descriptive 
Priced  CATALOGUE  contains  every  requisite,  of  the  finest 
quality  only.     Post  free  on  application. 

Highgate  Nurseries,  London,  N. 


CHARLES  H.  DICKSON'S  NEW  VEGETABLE 
and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  of  best  quality  only.  All  orders 
amounting  to  205,  and  upwards  sent  carriage  paid.  Priced  Descriptive 
CATALOGUES  free  by  post  on  application. 

23.  ftlarket  Place,  Alanchcster. 


,  Kitchen  Garden  Seeds. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  Sked  Merchants,  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
SEEDS  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  appli- 


Delayed  Seed  Orders. 
TAMES   CARTER    and    CO.     have    received    Seed 

f'    Orders  without  name  or  address  of  senders,  bearing  the  following 

Postmarks  : —  Kurton-on-Trent— Newmarket  —  Liverpool  — Stamford — 
larrogate — Stornoway — Stockton-on-Tees — Swindon,  &c.,  &c 
237  and  238,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 


Pines. 

BS.  WILLIAMS  has  now  a  fine  stock  of  splendidly 
•  grown  Plants,  of  all  the  best  kinds,  including  both  suckers  and 
successions  of  the  CHARLOTTE  ROTHSCHILD.  Prices  on 
application. 

Victoria  and  Paradise  Nurseries,  Upper  Holloway,  N, 


Grape  Vines.  Fruiting  and  Planting  Canes, 
KS.  EACH. — Lewis  Woodthorpk  begs  to  offer  a  fine 

'J  and   well-grown    STOCK    of    all    the     best    sorts.       Descriptive 
CATALOGUES  free.     Second  sized  BLACK  HAMUURGHS,  31.  64. 
each.     L.  W.'s  system  of  packing  saves  half  the  cost  of  carriage. 
Munro  Nurser>',  Sible  Hedingham,  Essex. 


F 


j^RUITING  VINES.— Excellent  strong  Fruiting  Canes 


can  be  supplied  at  Mr,  WILLIAM   BULLS  Establishment  for 
Ne\v_and  Rare  I'lants,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  London,  S.W 

EBKS~PRIZE  ~COB~FrLBERTS,^and    other 

PRIZE    COB    NUTS    and  FILBERTS.       LISTS   of  these 
varieties  from  Mr.  WEBB,  Calcot,  Reading. 


WEBB'S  NEW  GIANT  POLYANTHUS, 
Florist  Flower,  and  GIANT  COWSLIP  SEEDS  ;  also  Plants 
of  all  the  varieties,  with  Double  PRIMROSES  of  different  colours; 
AURICULAS,  both  Single  and  Double;  with  every  sort  of  Early 
Spring  Flowers.     LIST  on  application.— Mr.  WEBB.  Calcot,  Reading. 


LITTLE  AND  BALLANTYNE,  Cariisle,  have  just 
issued  their  SPRING  SOWERS'  GUIDE  for  1872,  containine 
pricesanddescriptionsof  GARDEN  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  FARM 
SEEDS,  &c. ;  copies  of  which  will  be  sent  free  on  application. 

New  and  Choice  Seedsr 

J  SCOTT'S  Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of 
•  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS  is  now  readv,  contain- 
ing Cultural  Notes  and  other  useful  information,  and  will  be  sent 
gratis,  post  Jree,  on  application  to 

J.  SCOTT,  The  Seed  Stores,  Yeovil,  Somerset. 


Genuine  Garden  Seeds. 

For  THOROUGHLY   RELIABLE  GARDEN  SEEDS,  see 

PONSFORD  AND  SON'S  CATALOGUE,  post  free. 
Extra     choice      stocks      of     PRIMULA,     CALCEOLARIA, 
CINERARIA,  and  other  FLORISTS'  FLOWER  SEEDS. 
Nurserymen  and  Seed  Merchants,  Brixton  and  Camberwcll,  Surrey. 


DESFONTAINEA  SPINOSA,  strong  plants,  in  pots, 
21.  and  ss.  6d.,  or  iSr.  to  241.  per  dozen.      Highly  recommended, 
vide  Gardaiers'  Chronicle,  p.  iia,  lanuar)'  27,  1S72. 

H.  AND  R.  STIRZAKER, "Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster. 


WHITETHORN  QUICK,    i-yn,  fine.     For  sample 
and  price  apply  to 
B.  R.  CANT,  St.  John's  Street  Nursery,  Colchester. 


Good  Whitethorn  QulcK. 

FOR  SALE,   100.000  and  upwards. — For  sample  and 
price  apply   to   Mr.    LEWIS     ROLF,    West    Row,   by   Soham, 
Suirolk. 


LIMES,    LIMES. — Handsome    specimen    Limes,  for 
PARKS  or  AVENUES,  by  the  doien  or  too. 
PONSFORD  AND  SON,  Nurserymen,  Brixton,  Surrey. 

To  the  Trade. 

EVERGREEN    OAKS,    3~yr.    old,    bedded    out   last 
May,  los.  per  too,  or  EXCHANGED  for  other  stoc!<. 
R-  AND  G.  CU THF.ER T,  Southgate,  Middlesex. 


fPRUE  LONDON  PLANE  TREES,  15  fcet  high,  and 

X  straight  as  gun-rods,  42s.  per  dozen:  also  a  great  variety  of 
STANDARD  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  for  Park  or  Avenue  Planting. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurserymen,  Worcester. 


STRONG  Transplanted  LARCH,  2  to  5  feet.     Buyers 
of  the  above  or  other  Trees  will  be  treated  liberally. 
JAMES  DICKSON  AND  SONS,  Newton  Nurseries,  tjhester. 


tpINE,    Strong,     well-grown,     transplanted     LARCH 

X  FIR,  from  2  to  3  feet. 

WILLIAM  WOOD  AND  SON,  The  Nurseries,  Mareslield,  near 
Ucklicid,  Sussex. 


QTRONG    THORNS    and    LARCH.— Buyers  of  the 
kj  above  will  be  liberally  dealt  with.     For  samples  and  prices  apply  to 
RUSH    AND    YEATS    Hate    CHIVAS    &    Weaver),    Eaton    Road 
Nurseries,  Chester. 


EXTRA  fine,  clean  grown.  Transplanted  ENGLISH 
OAKS,  3,  4,  5,  6,  and?  feet;  fine  Transplanted  SCOTCH  and 
LARCH  FIRS,  2  to  3  feet. 

WM.  WOOD  AND  SON,TheNurseries,  Maresfield,  nearUckfield, 
Sussex. 


RICHARD  WALKER  can  supply  the  following  for 
cash:— Best  SEAKALE  for  forcing,  71.  per  too;  SEAKALE 
for  planting-out,  35.  per  loo;  ASPARAGUS,  /t   per   1000:   WHITE 
SPANISH  ONION  SEED,  all  new  and  genuine. 
The  Market  Gardens.  Biggleswade,  Beds. 


H 


W 


ENRY  ORMSON,  Horticultural  Architect, 

Builder,  and  Hot-Water  Apparatus  Manufacturer, 
Stanley  Bridge,  Kind's  Road,  Chelsea,  S.W. 
Plans,  Specifications,  and  Estimates  on  application. 


ANTED,    COMMON    WHITE   JASMINE 

PLANTS 
J.  C.  WHEELER  and  SON,  Gloucester. 


UTTONS'  GRASS  SEEDS  for  PASTURES,  22s.  to 

32J-  per  acre.     Carriatie  free. 

UTTONS'  GRASS'SEEDS  for  PARK" GROUNDS, 

aos.  per  bush.     Carriage  free. 


BUTTONS'  GRASS  SEEDS  for  GARDEN  LAWNS, 
IX.  3^.  per  lb. ,  or  241,  per  bush.  Carriage  free.  Sow  3  bush,  per  acre. 

UTTONS'       GRASS      SEEDS      for      CROgUET 

GROUNDS,  IS,  2d  per  lb.,  or  241.   per  bush.      Carriage   free. 
Sow  3  bush,  per  acre. 

Royal  Berks  Seed  Establishment,  Reading. 

Grass  Seeds. 

BOLTON   AND  CO.,  having  paid  great  attention  to 
the  Grass  Seed  Department,  are  able  to  oner  first-class  SEEDS 
of  the  different  kinds. 

BOLTON  AND  CO..  Seed  Merchants.  Wood  Green,  London,  N. 


Turnip  and  Mangel  Wurzel  Seeds -1871  Crop. 
'OHN  SHARPE  will  on  application  furnish  his  LIST, 

with  prices,  of  the  principal  SEEDS  he  is  growin'^  this  year. 

" -July  6.        


Bardncy  Manor,  Lincoln. - 


Mangel  Wurzel  and  KoM  Rabt 

MR.   S.   A.    DAINTREE,   of  Eendrayton,   St.    Ives, 
Hunts,  has  fine  stocks  of  the  above  SEEDS  for  SALE,  of  his 
own  growth  and  selection,  from  large  bulbs,  at  very  moderate  rates. 


CARTER'S      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS.— Price  121.  6rf.,  21s.,  30J.,  42^.,  and  63s.    Packing  and 
carriage  free. 

237  and  238,  High  irolbom,  London,  W.C. 

C~  ARTER'S      ^COLLECTIONS      of  "VEGETABLE 
SEEDS  will  produce  a  constant  supply  of  the  best  vegetables 
all  the  year  round. 


C.ARTERS     COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS. 
For  Cottage  Gardens,  I  For  Small  Gardens,  I  For  Medium  Gardens, 
price  12s  td.  I  price  2ir.  |      price  3oi.  and  42s. 
Packing  and  carriage  free.     Five  per  cent,  for  cash  payment. 
S37  and  238,  Hish  Ilolborn.  London,  W.C. 


To  tlie  Trade. 

ASPARAGUS     PLANTS,    veiy    strong    antj    gootl ; 
grown  on  our  own  farms.    Lowest  price  on  application 
l.\MES  CARTER,  DUNNETT,  and  BEALE,  137  and  238,  High 
Holborn,  London,  \V,C._ 

TELEGRAPH     "CUCUMBER       PLANTST^btrong 
plants  are  now  ready  for  sending  out,  carefully  packed  to  travel 
safely.     For  prices  apply  to 
A.  WATKINS,  Nursery,  Bishop  S  tort  ford. 


BIRD'S  KING   of  the    CUCUMBERS,   ij.  6rf.  per 
packet.     The  best  for  exhibition. 
BIRD'S    QUEEN    of   the    MELONS,    is.    per  packet.     The   best 
grecn-fleshed  variety.     May  be  had  of  all  the  Seed  Trade,  and  of 
JAMES  BIRD,  Nurserjman  and  Seedsman,  Downhani. 


BELL'S    MARKET    FAVOURITE    CUCUMBER. 
— The  best  and  most  prolific  White  Spine  in  cultivation.    Average 
length  24  in. ;  easy  culture,  fine  form,  colour  and  flavour.  Six  seeds,  if.  6J. 
JOHN  BELL,  Seedsman.  Exchange  Street,  Norwich. 


s 


Tlie  Forwardest  Pea  Iniown. 

UTTONS'  RINGLEADER. 

Price  II.  6d.  per  quarL     May  be  sown  at  once. 
SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Reading,  Berks. 

R.    LAXfON'S    new" peas" for     1872.— For 

particulars  of  Mr.  Laxton's  latest  and  remarkable  Novelties  in 
Garden  Peas,  which  will  be  sent  out  bv  us  this  season  in  trial  packets, 
see  page  172  of  this  day's  Gardeners'  Chronicle. 

HURST  AND  SON,  6,  Leadenhall  Street,  London,  E.C. 


Feas. 

BOLTON  AND  CO.,  having  a  large  stock  of  all  kinds 
of  Peas,  are  offering  them  at  very  moderate  prices. 
BOLTON  AND  CO..  SeecTMerchants,  Wood  Green,  London,  N. 


McLeain's  Little  Gem  Fea. 

ALFRED      LEGERTON,    Seed     Merchant, 
5,  Aldgate,  London.  E-,  has   the  above  to  offer   to   the  Trade. 
Sample  and  price  on  application. 

URPLUS  STOCK  of  PEAS.— All  the  leading  kinds 

of  Peas  can  be  offered,  in  large  or  small  quantities.     Samples  and 
prices  on  application  to 
ALFRED    LECiERTON,  Seed  Merchant.  5,  Aldgatc.  Londoft^  E. 

Notice  to  Large  Purcliasera  of  Seeds. 

PURCHASERS   of   large    quantities  of   SICEDS    and 
POTATOS  will  be  supplied  on  liberal  terms,  on  application,  by 
post  or  otherwise  (stating  quantities  required),  to 

SUTTON  AND  SUNS,  Seed  Growers.  Reading. 


E 


ARLY    SHAW    POTATOS   for    SALE.— 

A.  BENTON.  Avelev,  Romford,  Essex. 


RED-SKINNED  FLOURBALL  POTATOS.  £6^eT 
ton,  7J.  per  cwt.  ;    EARLY  ROSE,  ^  per  ton,  loj.   per  cwt.  ; 
EARLY  GOODRICH  and  CLIMAX,  i7s.  per  cwt. 

ALFRED  COCKERILL,  Northampton. 


EARLY      SEED      POTATOS.— 20     Tons     Myatt's 
Prolific,  or  Fortyfold,     Good   sample,  fine  quality,  and  heavy 
crops.     Put  on  the  rails  at  51.  per  bushel  of  70  lb. 

JAMES  PEARSON,  Forest  Mills.  York. 


SEED  POTATOS   for   SALE.— Several  Tons  of  Old 
Ashleaf.    Myatt's    Ash  leaf.   American    Early    Rose,    American 
Flourball,  and  Bovinia,     Prices  on  application  to 

JOHN  BLACK,  Potato  >lerchant.  Jedburgh,  N  B. 

POTATOS.^Filty  Tons  good  sound  Seed  of  Kidneys, 
Early  Ashleaf,  Myatt's  and  Lemon,  Early  Handsworth,  Golden 
Dwarf  and  Dalmahoy.     Prices  per  cwt.  and  ton  ver>'  moderate. 

H.  AND  R.   STIR7.AKKK,  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster^ 


Seed  Potatos. 

HARLES   SHARPE    and   CO.,    Seed    Growers 

_     and  Seed  Merchants,  Slealord,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 

that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE   of  SEED  POTATOS  is 

r  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  application. 


c 


EARLY  SEED  POTATOS.- Several  Tons  of  Myatt's 
Prolific,  at  iis.  per  cwt.  ;  Early  Sandringham,  same  price;  Ash- 
leaf, 2J.  per  peck.      Sacks   ii.  6d.  each.     Delivered   at   the  Lowdham 
Station,  Midland  Railway. 
Mr.  HARDING,  Epplestone.  Southwell,  Notts. 


WSAVILL,  Clavering.  Essex,  will  put  on  rail,  for 
•  cash,  MYATT'S  PROLIFIC  ASHLEAF  and  MAPLE- 
TOP  KIDNEYS,  3?.  qJ.  ;  LEMON  KIDNEYS,  .\s.:  EARLY 
SHAWS,  DALMAHOYS  and  DRUMMUNDS'  EARLY  PRO- 
LIFIC, y.  3rf.— per  bush,     All  the  above  dd.  per  bush,  less  per  ton. 


170 


The   Gs^rdeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  10,   1872. 


Pelargoniums  for  the  Million. 

JAMES    HOLDER'S    unrivalled    COLLECTION    of 
FRENCH,  FANCY,  and  SHOW  VARIETIES,  now  ready,  in 
strong  Plants.     CATALOGUES  gratis  on  application. 

HUNT'S   superb   SWEET   WILLIAM,    in   24  varieties,   seed  or 
plants,  as  per  former  Advertisement. 
Crown  Nursery,  Reading. 


c 


HOICE    TRICOLOR 


Jetty  Lacy 
Sir  Robert  Napier 
Pre-eminent 
PhcL-bus 
The  12  for  szs. ,  cash ;  package  free. 
Remittances  requested  from  unknown  correspondents. 
ALFRED  FRYER.  The  Nurseries,  Chatteris.  CambridKcshire. 


Prince  of  Wales 
Mrs.  Dunnett 
Sunbeam 
Wonderful 


GERANIUMS. 

Miss  Burbett  Coutts 
Mrs.  John  CluHon 
Italian  Heauty 
Mabel  Morris 


Three  Flrst-clasa  Certificates  for  the  Magnificent  new 

HYBRID    PERPETUAL    CLIMIJINU    ROSE,    PRINCESS 
LOUISE  VICTORIA. 

WM.  KNIGHT  has  still  a  limited  number  of  strong 
Plants  of  the  above,  and  will  continue  to  supply  it  at  js.  6d.,  or 
three  for  21s.  Usual  Trade  discount.  Also,  a  large  and  varied 
GENERAL  NURSERY  STOCK,  which  cannot  be  surpassed. 
CATALOGUES  free  on  application. 

Floral  Nurseries,  Hailsham,  Sussex. 


Special  Notice. 

ROSES      and      VINES      at    Wholesale     Prices. 
Fine  Standard  ROSES,  best  sorts,  10s.  per  dozen. 
Fine  Dwarf  ROSES,  best  sons,  7s.  per  dozen. 
Fine  fruiting  VINES,  of  sorts,  5s.  each  ;  54s.  per  dozen. 
Fine  planting  VINES,  of  sorts,  2s.  (id.  each;  24s,  per  doz. 
LISTS  free.    Terms  cash.    Post  Office  orders  payable  at  Huntint,'don. 
KIRIC  ALLEN,  Tlie  Nurseries,  Brampton,  Huntingdon 


Gladioli  Seedlings,  by  Name,  from  Paris. 

LEVEtjUE  AND  SON,  Nurserymen,  Ivry-sur-Seine, 
near  Paris  (late  Boulevard  de  I'Hopital),  offer  the  following:  — 
GLADIOLI    SEEDLINGS,  first-class,  per  100,  7J.  ;  per  1000 i3    o    o 

100  GLADIOLI,  by  name,    10  sorts  080 

100  „  „  25     „  o  14    o 

100  „  ,t  50    „  j£i  to    2    o    o 

100  „  ,1  100    ,,  ^2  to    6    o    o 

And   upwards,  according  to  the  novelty  of  the  sorts:  all  in  good 
flowerinji  Lulbs.     CbequL-  on  Bankers  accepted  for  payment. 


New  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  Plants,  Fruits,  &c. 

r>OBERT  PARKER  bL-gs  to  announce  that  his  NEW 
\l  CATALOGUE,  containing  select  Descriptive  and  Priced  Lists 
of  Agricultural,  Flower,  and  Vegetable  Seeds,  Fruit  Trees,  Miscel- 
laneous Plants,  Sweet  Violets,  &c.,  is  now  published,  and  will  be 
forwarded  to  applicants. 

The  stocks  of  seeds  have  all  been  procured  from  the  best  possible 
sources  ;  all  are  warranted  genuine,  and  arc  offered  at  the  lowest  pos- 
sible prices.  Intending  purchasers  are  requested  to  compare  the 
prices  with  those  of  other  houses. 

Exotic  Nursery,  Tooting,  Surrey,  S.W. 


TO  PLANTERS  of  FOREST  TREES.— The 
handsomest  and  also  the  most  profitable  Forest  Trees  to  grow 
are  the  two  NEW  WILLOWS,  SALIX  BASFORDIANA  and 
SALIX  SANGUINEA.  S.  Basfordiana  is  the  most  vigorous  growing 
Willow  yet  introduced  ;  the  timber  is  exceedingly  tough  and  valuable ; 
the  branches  are  of  a  bright  orange  colour,  deepening  into  a  red 
towards  the  points,  and  shine  in  the  sun  as  if  varnished.  S.  sanguinea 
is  not  quite  such  a  rapid  grower,  but  the  timber  is  equally  tough,  and 
the  branches  throughout  of  a  deeper  red,  and  very  bright.  The  colour 
is  the  most  brilliant  when  the  trees  are  destitute  of  leaves.  They  are 
spiry  topped  trees,  and  attain  a  large  size,  perfectly  hardj',  and  will 
grow  in  the  poorest  soils  or  most  exposed  situations.  They  would 
form  handsome  groups  in  a  landscape,  or  mix  with  and  relieve  the 
sombre  appearance  of  our  woods  in  winter.  It  is  very  rarely  that  a 
valuable  novelty  like  the  above  has  been  offered  at  such  extremely  low 
rates.  Strong  rooted  plants,  6  to  9  feet  high,  6s.  per  dozen,  or  40s.  per 
100;  9  to  13  feet  hign,  7s.  6d.  per  dozen,  or  50J.  per  100;  selected 
specimens  over  13  feet,  i2J.  per  dozen,  or  8oj,  per  100. 

For  the  value   of  the  Willow  as  a  Timber  Tree,  see  the  Garden, 
December  o,  1871. 

WILLIAM  SCALING,  Willow  Nurseryman,  Barford,  Notts. 


NEW    AND    GENUINE    SEEDS, 

CARRIAGE   FREE. 


B.  S,  WILLIAMS, 

NURSER'n^IAN  and  SEED  MERCHANT, 

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES, 

UPPER  HOLLOWAY,  LONDON,  N. 


COMPLETE  COLLECTIONS  of  KITCHEN  GAR- 
DEN SEEDS,  to  suit  Gardens  of  vaiious  sizes, 
21  J.,  42J.,  63J. ,  and  84J.  each. 

NEW  and  CHOICE  VEGETABLE  SEEDS. 

Per  packet — I.  d. 

Williams' Alexandra  BROCCOLI         i    6 

Williams' Improved  Dwarf  BRUSSELS  SPROUTS        ..        ..  i    o 

Williams' Early  Nonsuch  CABBAGE i    o 

Williams' Matchless  Red  CELERY i    o 

Veilch's  Autumn  Giant  CAULIFLOWER 26 

Telegraph  CUCUMBER  (Woolley'a  Improved) 16 

Turner's  Blue  Gown  CUCUMBER 26 

Williams' Gloria  Mundi  ENDIVE        16 

Bumell's  Alexandra  White  Cos  LETTUCE 16 

Williams' Victoria  Cos  LETTUCE 10 

Webb's    Climax    MELON,  the    finest  flavoured  Ercen-fleshed 

variety  out            ..         ..         ..         ..         16 

Williams' Paradise  Gem  MELON,  scarlet-fleshed,  the  earliest  in 

cultivation           16 

Williams'  Emperor  of  the  Marrows  PEA,  a  white   wrinkled 

variety,   very  prolific,  and  of  exquisite   liavour,  the   finest 

wrinkled  marrow  Pea  in  cultivation          ..         ..  per  quart  . .  5    o 

Earley's  Defiance  TOMATO,  the  earliest  in  cultivation,  per  pkt.  1    6 


NEW  and  CHOICE  FLOWER  SEEDS. 

Per  p.ickct— s.  d. 
Williams'  superb  strain  of  PRIMULA,  Red,  White,  or  Mixed 

li.  6if.,  21.  6rf.,  31,  6d.,  and  s    o 

Williams'  superb  strain  of  R ALSAM is.td.  and  2    6 

Neill's  extra  choice  strain  of  CALCEOLARIA 

IS.  6if.,  2J.  dd.,  31.  6J,,  and  g  o 
Weatherill's  extra  choice  strain  of  CINER.ARIA 

I  J.  6rf. ,  2S.  6d. ,  3s.  6d. ,  and  5    o 

Wiggin's  prize  strain  of  CYCLAMEN..           is.  dd.,  2s.  6d.,  and  3    6 

Wiggin's  prize  strain  of  POLYANTHUS       ..         ..           is.  and  i    6 

GLOXINIA,  finest  erect  varieties        i     o 

GLOXINIA,  finest  drooping  varieties 10 

AGERATUM,  Imperial  Dwarf 10 

AMARANTHUS  SALICIFOLIUS is.  6rf.  and  2    6 

CENTAUREA  CLEMENTEI 16 

COLLINSIA  VIOLACEA         10 

DELPHINIUM  NUDICAULE          26 

PRIMULA  JAPONICA,  in  six  beautiful  varieties         ..    each  2    6 

,,                     ,,                 mixed          26 

East  Lothian  STOCKS,  per  collection  of  three  colours     .,         ..26 

VIOLA  CORNUTA,  Enchantress 2S.  6d.  and  3    C 

VIOLA  CORNUTA.var.  Perfection is.  6rf.  and  2    6 

ZINNIA  HAAGEANA,  (lore  pleno 10 

B.  S.  W.'s  Illustrated  CATALOGUE  is  now  ready,  post  free  on 
application.  

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES, 
Upper  HoUoway,  London,  N, 


NEW    BEDDING    PLANT    FOR    1872, 

GNAPHALIUM   LANATUM,  fol.  eleg.  var. 

This  remarkably  fine  variegated  form  of  a  most  popular  bedding  plant  originated  at  the  'country  seat  of 
Mr.  Edm.  de  Ghellinck  de  Walle,  the  Honourable  President  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  of  Ghent,  who  has 
kindly  passed  the  entire  stock  into  the  hands  of  JEAN  VERSCHAFFELT  for  distribution.  The  leaves  of  this 
beautiful  plant  are  of  the  usual  greyish  white,  as  in  the  type,  but  are  largely  margined  with  golden-yellow  ;  some  are 
also  striped  with  yellow.  The  general  appearance  of  the  plant  is  really  fine.  It  has  been  tried  in  open  borders  for 
two  years  (1870  and  1871),  and  has  e.\cited  the  admiration  of  all  who  have  seen  it. 

JEAN  VERSCHAFFELT  has  much  pleasure  in  announcing  this  fine  Novelty  to  the  Horticultural  world ;  it 
will  be  sent  out  in  March  ne.xt.  Orders  are  being  booked  now,  and  will  be  sent  out  in  strict  rotation  at  the  under- 
mentioned low  prices,  viz. :— Extra  strong  plants,  8j.  each  ;  good  plants,  4J.  each,  zSs.  per  dozen,  48^.  for  25,  and 
160s.  per  100.  These  prices  are  applicable  only  to  the  quantities  mentioned.  Early  orders  are  respectfully 
solicited  by 

JEAN  VERSCHAFFELT, 

THE  NURSERIES,  134,  FAUBOURG   DE   BRUXELLES,  GHENT,  BELGIUM. 


Richard   Smith, 

NURSERYMAN  AND  SEED  MERCHANT, 
WOECESTEE. 


ROSES -Standard,  Dwarf  and  Climbing. 
FRUIT  TREES  of  every  description. 
CREEPERS,  for  Trellises  and  Walls. 
FOREST,  SCREEN,  and  TIMBER  TREES. 
SHRUBS  for  GAME  COVERTS. 
QUICK  and  other  STOCK  for  HEDGES. 


CONIFEROUS  TREES  .and  SHRUBS. 

EVERGREEN 

FLOWERING 

ORNAMENTAL       ,, 

AVENUE 

GARDEN  and  FARM  SEEDS  of  all  kinds. 


DESCRIPTIVE  PRICED  CATALOGUES  to  be  had  on  application. 


32,   Maida    Vale,   Edgware  Road,  IV. 

THE    PINE-APPLE    NURSERY 

(one  of  the  Oldest  Nurseries  extant) 

IS    NOW    CONDUCTED    BY   A    COMPANY,    WHO    ARE 
PREPARED    TO 

WAEEANT    GENUINE 

EVERY   ARTICLE   SUPPLIED   TO  THEIR    CUSTOMERS. 
THEIR  STOCK  AND  RESOURCES  ARE  ALMOST 

INEXHAUSTIBLE; 

AND 

THEIR   MOTTO   IS  "LIBERALITY." 

Please  write  fortheir  ROSE  and  FRUIT  TREE  CATALOGUE,  andalso  for  their  SEED   CATALOGUE, 

just  published. 


Address,  JOHN  BESTER  (Manager), 
PINE-APPLE     NURSERY,      MAIDA      VALE,      LONDON,     W. 


PREMIER  HORTICULTURAL  PRIZE  AND  TWO  GOLD  MEDALS 

FROM    INTERNATIONAL    EXHIBITION,  1871. 

William  Paul 

RESPECTFULLY     SOLICITS     ORDERS     FOR     HIS 

COLLECTION    OF    ROSES, 

The    largest,     cheapest,     and    best    stock    in    the    country. 

VEGETABLE    AND    FLOWER    SEEDS 

Of  the  most  select  and  improved  races,  many  of  which  have  been  worked  up  under  his  own  eye  and  hand  ; 
the  carriage  of  which  may  be  deducted  from  the  account. 

FRUIT    TREES, 

Standards  and  Dwarfs,  Trained  and  Untrained  ;    also  many  thousands  of  handsome  Fruiting 
Pyramids,  well  set  with  flower-buds. 

GRAPE    VINES. 

A  large  Collection,  Including  all  the  newest  sorts,  in  excellent  conditio!!  of  foot  and  top. 

EVERGREENS  and  FLOWERING  TREES  and  SHRUBS. 

Many  acres  in  splendid  condition  for  removal,  well  worthy  of  inspection  by  any  gentleman  planting. 


Carriage  of  all  Goods  Free  to  London.      Priced  Catalogues  Free  by  Post. 
PAUL'S  NURSERIES  and  SEED  WAREHOUSE,  WALTHAM  CROSS,  LONDON,  N. 


February  lo,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   A<7-ricultural    Gazette. 


171 


A  Coloured  Plate  of 

CLEMATIS     LORD    LONDE&BOROUGH    for    12 
Stamps  ;  and  fine  plants  of  this  magnificent  SecdlinR  can  now  be 
had  as  under  : — 

CLEMATIS  LORD  LONDESBOROUGH,  now  olTered  for  the 
first  time.  (First-Class  Certificate,  Koyal  Horticultural  Society, 
May.  1870.)— Deep  ricii  mauve,  with  delicate  maroon  stripe  down 
the  centre  of  each  petal,  sometimes  blotched  at  the  base  of  the 
petal  instead  of  the  stripe,  large  and  very  fine,  chocolate-coloured 
stamens.  loi.  6(/.  each,  strong  plants. 
The  three  Seedlings  sent  out    last  year  maintain  their  enviable 

POSITION. 

ALBERT  VICTOR  ■) 

I.ADV  LONDESBOROUGH    ^  3s.  6-/.  and  s*.  each. 

MISS    RATESLA.N  ) 

CHARLES    NOBLE,  Ba^'shot 

Spring  Flowers. 

LEWIS      WOODTHORPE    begs     to     offer    the 
follnwing  : —  Per  dozen — s.  d. 

AURICULAS,  finest  mixed  alpincs,  very  choice  strain    ..         ..26 

1.        fjood  named  varieties ..         ,.         ..60 

VIOLETS,   The   King,  The  Queen,  The  Cznr,  Gi.mt,  Double 

Crimson,  Neapolitan,  Devoniensis,  and  Obliqua  striata  ..  30 
HEPATICAS,  double  red,  siuK^e  blue,  pink,  and  red  ..  .,40 
DAISIES,  in  six  distinct  named  varieties       ,.         3    0 

,,        aucuba;folia,  the  Golden  Blotched,  and  Daisy     ..         ..40 

ROCKETS,  double  white  and  double  purple 30 

I'OI.VANTHUS,  in  very  choice  laced  varieties 36 

IWNSIES,  finest  named  border  varieties        ..         ..         ..         ..40 

PAMPAS  GRASS,  in  pots 30 

WALLFLOWERS,  double  Roldcn  and  black  40 

CHRISTMAS  ROSE,  Helleborusnificr        60 

IVIES,  12  of  the  best  eolden  and  silver  tricolor        ,.         ..         ..  10    o 

CLEMATIS,  M  distinct  named  varieties        ..         10    o 

PRIMROSE,  double  white  and  double  yellow  60 

,,        double  purple  and  crimson       ..         ..         ..         ..         .,60 

,,        double  salmon,  a  new  and  splendid  variety  ,.         . .  12    o 

HELIANTHEMUM,  the  Sun  Rose,  named  varieties,  in  pots         4    o 

CARNATIONS  and  PICOTEES, superb  named  varieties, in  pots  4    o 

A  Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  NEW  and  CHOICE  PLANTS  free. 

Munro  Nursery,  Sible  Hedingham,  Essex. 


D 


Every  One  Possessing  a  Garden  should  v  i 

apply  for  XL 

ICK        RADCLYFFE      and      CO.'S  | 

SPRING    CATALOGUE   of    SEEDS  jk 

AN-D  ill  \ 

GARDEN    REQUISITES,  '  ' 
gratis  and  post  free. 
129,  High  Ilolborn,  W.C. 

Seed  Grounds,  Erfurt,  Prussia. 


Lilium  auratum. 


The  ANNUAL  IMPORTATIONS  having  just  arrived  from  Japan, 

MR.  WILLIAM  BULL  can  supply  good  BULBS, 
by  the  dozen,  hundred,  or  thousand.  The  Bulbs  are  remark- 
ably sound  and  good  this  season,  and  can  be  supplied  at  verj-  low 
prices. 

Establishment  for  New  and   Rare  Plants,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
London,  S.W. 


Hardy  Scarlet  and  other  Choice  Named 

RHODODENDRONS. 


Ty    H.  ROGERS,  Red  Lodge  Nursery.  Southampton, 

1        c*   i'*"   J     J  ^  splendid  collection  of  the  above,  at  low  prices; 
also   fine  Standard   and   Dwarf  ROSES,   beautiful   sneclmen  CONI 
FER.^,     FRUIT    TREES     (true    to  'name).    FoTeST    TREES 
EVERGREEN  and  FLOWERING  SHRUBS  of  evcTy  descriDtion 
extending  over  60  Acres.  f       » 

The  whole  of  the  extensive  Stock  in  this  Nursery  is  frequently  trans- 
planted, to  insure  its  being  well  rooted. 

Priced   CATALOGUES   and    every   information    may  be   had    on 
application. 


New  and  Genuine  Seeds  of  Superior  Stocks. 


1872. 


1872. 


SEEDSMEN  TO  THE  QUEEN. 

FRANCIS  ik  ARTHUR  DICKSON  &  SONS, 
The  Old  Established  Seed  Warehouse,  106,  Eastgatc  Street,  and 
The  "Upton"  Nurseries,  Chester,  beg  to  intimate  that  their  Priced 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  NEW  and  SELECT  VEGETABLE 
and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  &c,,  with  Cultural  Directions  for  1872,  is 
now  published.  Copies  will  be  sent  GRATIS  and  I'OST  free  on 
application. 

Vegetable   and    Flower    Seeds   of    the   value  of    £1   and    upwards 
CARRIAGE  FREE  to  any  part  of  the  Kingdom. 


GALLOWAY    PIPPIN    APPLE. 


New,  large,  Iiandsome,  long-keeping,  and  of  "high  quahty  "  as  a  Kilchen  Apple.  Tree  hardy,  and  an 
abundant  bearer.  First-class  Certificate  Royal  Horticultural  Society,  February  14,  i87r.  Exhibited  again 
Jnnuaiy.   1S72.  and  further  commended  by  the  Horticultural  Press. 

Standards  and  Half-standards,  3s.  6d.  each.     Dwarfs  and  Maiden  Plants,  2s.  6d.  each. 

Usual  Discount  to  the  Trade. 

GOOn     TREES    FOR    PRESENT    PLANTING. 


PRIZE  SEEDS,  of  extra  choice  quality.— 
COCKSCOMB,  Paine's  Pruc  Crimson  ;  BALS.\M,  Superb 
Double  Prize,  12  varieties,  mixed  :  both  saved  from  First-prize  Plants, 
ASTERS,  Superb  Prize  Perfection,  24  varieties,  mixed,  each  \s.  per 
packet  :  ASTERS,  other  choice  sorts  :  STOCKS,  24  varieties,  mixed  : 
GOLDEN  FEATHER  ;  MIGNONETTE,  Parsons'  new  White  ; 
do  new  Red;  PETUNIA,  Superb;  TAGETES  signata  pumila 
fl.-pieno,  new,  at  6rf.  and  is.  per  packet.  Also  other  NEW  FLtJWER. 
and  VEGETABLE  SEEDS  of  the  highest  excellence,  includinc  THE 
f^XSKR'J'^  LETTUCE  (DavKi'),  best  Cabbaee  vtriely ; 
TROPHY  TOMATO,  each  &(.  and  IS. 

Illustrated  and  Descriptive  CATALOGUE  free  on  application. 
B.  R.  DAVIS,  New  Seed  Warehouse,  Yeovil,  Somerser 


WOOD   AND    INGRAM    offer 'as  follows,   very  fine 
^.,,„  stuff ;—  Pcriooo.— J.    d. 

OAK,S,3-yr.  SeedtinES 76 

II        3  to  4  feet 30    o 

„        4  to  5  feet 35    o 

ELM,  English,  lyr.  Seedlings          50 

>i             >i        2-yr.  Seedlings           76 

„      Huntingdon,  8  to  10  feet          ..         ..           per  100  qo    o 

HORSE  CHESTNUT.S,3.yr.  Seedlings  ..         .'         ..  8    o 

!■                       II               2  to  3  feet            ..         ,.         . .  12    o 

OAK,  Evergreen,  i-yr.  Seedlings 10    o 

)»                »i            3-yr.  Seedlings IS    o 

Samples      sent      on      application. 
The  Nurseries,  Huntingdon. 


JAMES     BACKHOUSE    and    SON,     YORK     NURSERIES. 


SEED    POTATOS. 


H.    &    R 

WHOLESALE    LIST 


SHARPE'S 

OE    SEED    POTATOS 


COMPRISES,    AMONGST   OTHERS,    THE   FOLLOWING   FINE   VARIETIES,    VIZ. 


EARLY  SANDRINGHAM  KIDNEY,  First  Early 
MONA'S  PRIDE  KIDNEY 
AMERICAN  EARLY  ROSE 
OLD  ASHLEAF  KIDNEY 
WALNUT-LEAVED  KIDNEY 
RIVERS'  ROYAL  ASHLEAF  KIDNEY 
MYATTS  PROLIFIC  KIDNEY 
DAINTREE'S  EARLIEST  ROUND 

The  above  varieties  have  been  careftilly  selected,  and 
and  other  particulars,  apply  to 


AMERICAN  EARLY  GOODRICH 
EARLY  DALMAHOY  ROUND 
EARLY  OXFORD  ROUND 
DRUMMOND'S  EARLY  PROLIFIC  ROUND 
EARLY  FLOUNDER,  very  prolific 
PATERSONS  VICTORIA,  True 
FLUKE  KIDNEY 

RED-SKINNED  FLOURBALL,  True 
the  quality  is  excellent.     For  prices  (which  are  very  low). 


H.  AND  F.  SHARPE,  SEED  GROWING  ESTABLISHMENT,  WISBECH,  CAMBS. 


Young  Palms,  Cheap. 

"  Palms  lor  the  million  is  no  idle  word  here."—"  D.,   Deal,"  in 
Gttrdi-iiers'  ChTViticUf  p.  1393,  Oct.  28,  1871, 

TEAM     VERSCHAFFELT     has    much    pleasure    in 

^  ofiering  the  following  first-rate  PALM  sorts,  tliat  can  be  obtained 
from  his  Establishment  in  large  quantities  at  the  undermentioned  low 
prices,  viz. : — 

CORYPHA  AUSTRALIS,  in  store  pots,  48J.  per  100,  £20  per  1000. 
ARECA  RU13RA,  in  single  pots,  20J.  per  25. 

,,        SAPIDA,  in  store  pots,  241.  per  dozen. 

„        \'ERSCHAFFELTI,  in  store  pots,  40J.  per  dozen. 
CHAM,EROPS  EXCELSA,  in  single  pots,  Ms.  per  100,  ^20  per  1000. 

FORTUNEI,  485.  per  100, 720  per  ioo(J 
COCOS  MAXIMILIANA,  60s.  per  dozen,  £<  per  2=5 
IUB,EA  SPECTAKILIS,  i6j.  per  dozen,  ffi  per  10^ 
XATANIA  BORBuNICA,  60s.  perroo. 
PANDANUS  UTILIS,  12s.  per  dozen,  2as.  per  23.  6js.  perioo. 

VANDERMEERSCHI,  32s.  per  dozer.     * 
PHCENIX  RECLINATA   (true),  i-yr.   Seedlings,  in   store  pots.  80s. 

per  100. 
The  above  are  all  most  useful  for  Table  Decoration,  and  those  in 
store  pots  can  be  sent  at  very  little  expense,  as  they  will  easily  travel 
without  pots,  and  by  shaking  oil  the  larger  part  of  the  soil  a  large 
number  may  be  packed  in  a  comparatively  small  package,  and  sent  per 
Contmental  Parcels  E.xprcss.  Early  orders  solicited,  to  be  directed  to 
JEAN    VERSCHAFFELT,   134,    Faubourg  de   Bruxelles.    Ghent, 


KITCHEN     GARDEN     SEEDS, 


CARRIAGE   FREE. 


A  Complete  Collection  for  a  large  Garden  

A  Complete  Collection  for  a  medium-sized  Garden  . . 

A  Complete  Collection  for  a  SmaU  Garden        

LIS'?!°'See"on"ap'"phcS:°"'  '°"'  "'  ''"=^^'^""  "^  "^'"''^'^  '"  ">^  aboveColleetions. 


ess. 

42s. 
sis. 

For  sorts,  see  SEED 


The  GUINEA  COLLECTION  of  KITCHEN   GARDEN  SEEDS,   Carriage  Free, 

Is  composed  of  the  following  most  approvetl  kinds  :— 


PE.\S— Dillistone's  Earliest,  i  quart 

buttons  Early  Cliampion,  i  quart 

Champion  of  England,  i  quart 

\  eitchs  Perfection,  i  quart 

Paj-ne  s  Conqueror,  i  pint 

Advancer,  i  pint 
u^l,"iSl'='"'''^'''  '  pint 

R™^J°'1"™"'^  Wonderful,  I  quart 

nroad  Windsor,  i  quart 

^""."^  Robin's  Egg    i  pint 

^S'n'.'i'r'pTcfet"-^"'"^-'"''''^' 

Cottagers',  i  packet 

BROCCm'l  ^f  5^UT|-F-est,  r  packet 
UKUULOLI— Adams'  Ear  v.  i  oacket 

Snows  Winter  White,  ,  ^k^lSt 

Purple  Sprouting,  i  packet 

V,  alchcren,  i  packet 


CARP  J^F^'^-^r'il'^'''^  '^i''"'='  ■  P'"':l'=' 
■^  ?  ,j  .,    ^'"'>'  Nonpareil,  i  packet 
Enfield  Atarket,  i  packet 
Worcester  Incomparable,  i  packet 
Red  Pickling,  i  packet 

CARROT-Early  Horn,  i  oi. 
James'  Intermediate,  i  oz. 
Improved  Altringham,  i  oz. 

^  ,  .R^— '"^'*'<^ss  l*<:<i,  I  packet 

i-KHibb — iJroad- leaved,  2  oz. 

Curled,  2  oz. 

Australian,  i  oz. 
CUCUMBER-Smith's  Frame,  1  packet 

btockwood,  I  packet 

S??^^  V"°fK   '^"i'""''   '  P'«=''« 

iji!.fc,K.— Musselburgh,  i  packet 
LETTUCE^ParisVhilJ  Cos,  I  packet 
Pans  Green  Cos,  i  packet 


LETTUCE— Worcester  Cabbage,  i  packet 

MUSTARD-^oz. 

MELON— Hannam's  Hybrid,  i  packet 

ONION-White  Spanish,  i  ot. 

James'  Keeping,  i  oz. 
PARSLEV^Myalfs  Garnishing,  i  packet 
PARSNIP— Improved  Hollow  Crown,  i  oz. 
JiADISH-Long  Scarlet,  2  oz. 

Red  f  urnip,  2  oz. 

White  Turnip,  2  oz. 

Olive  Shaped,  2  oz. 
SAVOY— Green  Curled,  I  packet 
SPINACH-Round,  4  m. 

Prickly,  4  oz. 
TURNIP-Early  Snowball,  i  oz. 

American  Redtop,  i  oz. 
TOMATO-Red,  i  packet 
VEGETABLE  MARROW,  i  packet 
POT  HERBS,  4  packets 


EICHABD    SMITH, 

SEED    MERCHANT    AND    NURSERYMAN,     WORCESTER, 


lyr    ILFORD         NURSERIES, 

near  Godalming. 

For   NEW  and    RARE    HARDY    PLANTS   and 

CONIFER.E,  see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive 
CATALOGUE.  "^ 

For  HARDY  ORNAiMENTAL  TREES  and  SHRUBS, 

EVERGREENS,    &c.,     sec     MAURICE    YOUNG'S    New 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For    RHODODENDRONS    and    other    AMERICAN 

PLANTS,    see    MAURICE    YOUNG'S    New    Descriptive 
CATALOGUE.  '^ 

For  STANDARD  and  HALF  STANDARD  ROSES, 
see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  NEW  JAPANESE  AUCUBAS,  see  MAURICE 
YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  JAPANESE   NOVELTIES,  see  MAURICE 

YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  Cheap  EVERGREENS  and  SHRUBS  for  COVER 

PLANTING      or       SHRUBBERIES,       see       MAURICE 
YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  PLANTS  suitable  for  WINTER    BEDDING,    see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  TRANSPLANTED    FOREST   TREES,    see 

MAURICE  Y'OUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For    EXTRA    TRANSPLANTED    or   QUARTERED 

FOREST   TREES    for   Planting   Belts   or   Shrubberies,    see 
MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  Catalogue. 
Forwarded  on  application  enclosing  stamp. 
Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming. 


JOSEPH    SMITH,    JuN.,    Moor    Edge    Nurseries, 
Tansley,  near  Matlock,  Derbyshire,  offers  as  follows,  at  per  1000  :- 
ALDER,  1%  to  2  feet,  141. :  2  to  3  feet,  i8j. :  3  to  4  feet,  22s. 
ASH,  Mountain,  2  to  3  feet,  i8j. ;  3  to  4  feet,  20s.  ;  4  to  5  feet,  25s. : 

S  to  6  feet,  401,  :  6  lo  7  feet,  60s. 
BEECH,  ij^  to  2  feet,  i8s.  :  2  to  3  feet,  23s. 
EERBERIS  AQUIFOLIUM,9toi2inches,  20s. ;  i  to  i'4  foot.  3m  ; 

2-yr.,3s. 
BIRCH,  iji  to  2  feet,  los.  to  165.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  iss.  to  21s. :  3  to  4  feet, 
20s,  to  30s.  J.J-  -  J         I         i 

BO.X,  Tree,  9  to  15  inches,  60s, 
BROOM,  Common,  2  to  3  feet,  15s. ;  3  to  4  feet,  131.  1  Seedlings,  3s.  6ii. 

„  White,  I  and  2-yr.,  3s.  6rf.  to  -^s 

CpTONEASTER  MICRO^IIYLLA,  255.  to  40s. 
Eio  'c'-^  ■?  "  ''"'^\\*i-  :  2  to  3  feet,  i8s. ;  3  to  4  feet,  23s. 
b  t  K,  Scotch,  I  to  I  !i  foot,  14s.  :  ij^  to  2  feet,  16s. ;  3  to  4  feet,  30s. 
„     Spruce,  I  to  i]-i  foot,  15s.  ;  i}^  to  2  feet,  20s. ;  2  to  3  feet.  30s  : 

3  to  4  leet,  50S. 
„  „      American,  2to3ft.,7o«.  ;3to4ft.,i20J.  ;4tosft.,iSos. 

„     Larch,  9  to  15  ins.,  los. :  1  to  i}^  foot,  i2s.  6d.  z  I'A  ia -a  feet,  i6s  : 
2  to  3  feet,  25s. 
FURZE  or  Gorse,  Seedlings,  is.  6rf. 
LIMES,  I  to  i!i  foot,  50s. ;  i]i  to  a  feet,  70s. ;  2  to  3  feet,  iios. ;  3  to 

.{^ feet,  1405.  >  '       .  J         ,  .J 

OAKS,  I  to  iij-  foot,  7S. ;  i!i  10  2  feet,  12s.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  20s.  ;  3  to  4  f>. 

23s.  :  3  yr.,  2S.  6rf.  ,  p  j         ,  .  j       .# 

PINUS  AlJsTRIACA,  6  to  .2  inches,  iss. ;  9  to  .3  inches,  25s. :  t  to 
I  Ji  foot,  30J. 

J,        MAKrnMA,2feet,  los. 
POPLAR,  Ontario,  i  to  i)J  foot,  lOS.  ;  I'i  to  2  feet,  I2S.  6i. ;  a  to  3  ft., 
r,ii??i.-'o-' '"  5  f'",  45s.  ;  6  to  8  feet,  70s. 
yi.',t(..KS,  2-yr.  transplanted,  8s.  :  3.yr.  do  ,  10s 
RH0D0i>ENDR,3ti's,  2  and  j-jV'  leidlin'g  %  per  toO,000. 

..    3-yr-  selected,  £n  los.  per  100,000. 
svr'AMXnlr''''i'/^'''''^"""''  ''"■'•  =■>"■■  aid  2-yr  transplanted,  241. 

4I0  s  f«f,'  35?  "■  '  ''"■  ■<'•:'">  3  feet,  .6,.  ;  3  tS  4  feel,  isf.  i 
WILLOty,^  Bedford,  I  to  .><  foot,  7s. ;  .«  to  2  feet,  los.  :  2  to  3  feet. 
PKlffFT-^F   ''      •°3'''  <'>'Sfl.,25S.  :6to8ft.,70s.  i  8  to  10  ft.,  lOOS. 

SEAKALE,  2-yr.  25s.  ;  i-yr   ics 

FLOWERINd  SCRUBS,  in'50  varieties,  i  to  4  feet,  toot. 

With  tnany  others,  of  which  a  Priced  LIST  will  be  sent  on  application. 


172 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  10,   1S72. 


TRANSPLANTED  FOREST  TREES.— Quicks,  i  to 
1I3  foot.qs.   per  looo  ;  Oak,   i  to   j'^i   foot,  Ss.  per  looo  ;  Larch, 
6   to   ig   inches,   7^.    per   1000;  Scotch,  6   to   15  inches,  6s.   per  1000; 
Spruce,   z-yr. .    and    zyr.    transplanted,   6s.   per    1000;    Beech,    6    to 
13  inches,  8s.  per  1000;  BerberisaquifoHa,  6  to  15  inches,  15s.  per  1000. 
The  above  in  larger  sizes,  very  cheap.     Price  on  application. 
W.  JACKSON,  Elakedown.  near  Kidderminster. 


To  tlie  Trade. 

WP.    LAIRD    AND  SINCLAIR,    Nukserymen, 
•     Dundee,  N.K,,have  still  a  Rnod  stock  of  the  following,  of 
which  they  will  be  glad  to  furnish  quotations,  cheap  : — 
Seedlings:— 2-yr.  LARCH,  2  yr.   Scots  FIR,  sand  3-yr.  Silver  FIR, 
2  and  3-yr.  Norway  SPRUCE,  z-yr.  BEECH,  i  and  2-vr.  HAZEL, 
I  and  2-yr.  No'rway  MAPLE,  i  and  -j-yT.  SYCAMORE,  &c. 
Transplanted     LARCH     of     sii-es.     Scots     FIR,      PINUS      AUS- 
TRIACA,   English    OAK,    Norway   MAPLE,    BIRCH,    PEAR 
STOCKS,  Irish  YEWS,  Irish  JUNIPERS,  Red  CEDARS,  &c. 

■piVE  HUNDRED  THOUSAND  LARCH  ~ 


2  to  2!^,  2'^  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet.    |    MANETTI  STOCKS. 
!0o,ooo  SCOTCH  FIR,  15  to  ^4  ir 
200,000  SPRUCE  FIR,  2  to  2i^,  2 


feet.    I    M 
^J  incnes, 


to    2, 


thri 


transplanted. 


ij-s  to  3,  and  3  to  ^]4  feet. 
■       o6fe 


„  0,000  OAK,  English,  1%  to  aj^,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  6  feet. 
100,000  HAZEL,  15  to  21  inches,  and  s  to  3  feet. 
200,000  SYCAMORE,  2%  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  6,  and  6  to  8  feet. 
200,000  THORNS,  3,  4,  and  5yr.  transplanted. 
100,000  EI,M,  VVych,  z  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet 
100,000  ASH,  Common  and  Mountain,  2  to  3,3  to  4,  and  5  to  7  feet. 
20,000  OAK.  Turkey,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  g,  and  5  to  7  feel. 
50,000  BIRCH,  I'i  to  2,  2  to  3,  4!;  to  6,  and  6  to  8  feet. 
30,000  AUSTRIAN   PINE,  i  to  2'.  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
10,000  YEW,  English,  i  to  I'a,  1%  to  2,  and  4  to  7  feet. 
50.000  ALDE  R,  I  to  2,  2  to  3,  and  3  to  5  feet, 
lo.coo  ELM,  English,  grafted,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
20,000  SILVER  FIR,  I  to  i!^,  and  i'^  to  2  feet. 
40,000  BEECH,  2l4  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
;io,ooo  PRIVET,  Evergreen,  i';  to  2.  and  2  to  3  feet. 

RHODODENDRON      PONTICUM,     some    thousands, 

good  plants,  with  6  to  20  llower-buds  on  each,  grown   in 

loam,  with  fine  balls. 

We  also   hold   a  large    general   Stock   of  all   other  FOREST    and 

ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  &c.,  which  will  be  offered  at  very  moderate 

prices.     CATALOGUES  on  application. 

H.  AND  R.  STIRZAKER,  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster 


Forest  Trees,  Siirubs,  &c. 

MARTIN  AMI  SON,  Si-:kd  Growers,  Merchants, 
and  Nl'rseeo-.mi-n,  Cmungham,  and  7,  Market    Place,  Hull, 
respectfully  offer  as  under  : — 
2000,000  Larcli,  I  to  I's,  and  2  to 
2'.  feet      " 
10,000  Alder,  3  to  12  feet 
200,000  Ash,  2  to  3,  and  6  feet 
10,000  Purple    Beech,    2,  3,  4, 
and  5  feet 
100,000  Elms,  3,  4,  5,  and  6  feet 
150,000  Oaks,  2,  3,  and  4  feet 
150,000  Austrian  Pine,  i  to  2  ft. 
150,000  Sycamores,  2, 3,  and  4  ft. 
z,ooo,ooo  Quick  Thorns,  2  to  3  ft. 
10,000  Arbor-vitse,    a,    3,   4,  5, 

and  6  feet 
20,000  Aucubas,  fine,  all  sizes 
20,000  Mahonia,  strong 
10,000  Berbcris   Japonica,    i  to 

S'jcct 
lo.coo  Tree  Box,  i  to  2  feet 
S,ooo  Thujopsis  borealis,  i  to 

6  feet 
S,ooo  Biota  elegantissima, fine 
1,000  ,,  semperaurescens,  fine 
4,000  Clematis,  of  kinds 
r,ooo  Lapageria 


2,000  Deutzias,  2  to  5  feet 
200,000  Laurels,  i  to  2!^  feet 

3,000  Lilacs,  3  to  4  feet 

5,000  Phillyrea,  i  to  3  feet 
200,000  Privet,  iJi  to  2  feet 

5,000  Ligustrum  japonica,  1 

2  feet 

20,000  H.  P.   and  other   Roses, 
strong 
100,000  English  Yews,  i  10  2!.i  ft 
10,000  Irish  Yews,  z  to  5  feet 

1,000  CryptomeriaeIegans,rine 
20,000  Cupressus    Lawsonrana, 

3  to  5  feet 

5.000  Chma  Juniper,  i  to  5  ft. 
5.000  Thuja  gigantea,  i  to  s  ft 
2,000  Pinus  Cembra,  2  to  3  ft. 
5,000  Juniper,  e.\celsa  striata. 

line 
3,000  Gold-leaf  Ivy,  fine 
2,000  Standard  Pears,  60s.  per 

too  [Plums 

8.000  Extra  strong  standard 
5,000  Maiden  Cli 


The  following  Seeds  are  of  fine  sample,  and  may  be  obtained  cheap  ■— 

PEAS.— Pnzetaktr,  Flack's  Imperial,  Hairs',  EugOnie,  Napoleon 
Veitch's,  Yorkshire  Hero,  Champion  of  England,  Prince  and  Princess 
of  Wales,  Ringleader. 

SCARLET  RUNNERS,  ALTON  CARROT,  Long  Scarlet 
RADISH.  MIGNONETTE.  DRUMHEAD  LETTUCE  TRIPOLI 
ONION,  &c.   MYATT'S  KIDNEY  POTATOS,  £7  per  ton. 

Special  offers  and  CATALOGUES  given  on  application  for  Trees  or 
Seeds. 


W  VIRGO  AND  SON,  Wonersh  Nurseries,  near 
•  Guildford,  Surrey,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  Noble- 
men, Gentlemen,  Nurserymen,  and  Others,  to  the  under-mentioned 
stock,  the  whole  of  which  is  particularly  strong  and  hcalihy,  and  in 
excellent  condition  for  removal : —  . 

Standard    and    Half-Standard    ROSES,   upwards  of  300   varieties' 
Sandard   Pyramid,  and   Dwarf  APPLES,  extra  fine  :  ditto   PEARS  = 


Common  Laurel,  2  to  4  fefet. 
Portugal  Laurel,  2  to  4  feet. 
Green  and  Variegated  Box,  2  to 
Green  Holly,  2  to  3  feet.     [4  feet. 
Yew,  2  to  4  feet. 
Siberian  and  Chinese  Arbor-vita;, 

3  to  4  feet. 
Pinus  austriaca,  2  to  5  feet. 


EVERGREENS. 


Spruce  Fir,  2  to  6  feet,   fine  and 

bushy. 
Berberis  aquifolia,  1  to  ij  foot. 
American  Arbor-vitce  for  hedges, 

3  to  6  feet. 
Evergreen  Privet,  2  to  3  feet,  fme- 
Cupressus  Lawsoniana.g  104  feet. 


Spanish     and     Hcrse    Chestnut, 

6  to  8  feet. 
Wych  Elm,  6  to  8  feet. 
Double,       Scarlet,     White      and 

Paul's  New  Thorn,  6  to  8  feet 
Black  Italian  Poplar,  6  u>  8  feet 
Turkey,  English  and  Scarlet  Oak. 


ORNAMENTAL  TRRES. 


Transplanted  FOREST  TREES,  for  Covert  and  Copse  Planti 


Alder,  3  to  5  feet. 
Beech,  2  to  3  feet. 
Horse  Chestnut,  3105  feet. 
Spruce  Fir,  a  to  3  feet. 
Sycamore,  3  to  4  feet. 

I  clean-gi 


Hornbeam,  Laburnum,  Lime, 
Norway  Maple,  Lombard^, 
Ontario,  White  or  Abelc, 
Balsam,  &c. 

Sycamore,  Sumach,  Acacia,Weep- 
ing  Willow  and  Birch,  6  tn 
8  feet 


"C- 


Scotch    Fir,    i    to    ij^   foot, 

2'/^  to  3!^  feet. 
Hazel,  2  to  3  feet. 
English  Oak,  2,'^  to  3  feet. 

wn  CRAB  STOCKS. 


Priced  CATALOGUE  and  samples  ■...  ^,.^..^^..^... 

The  Nurseries  are  lU  mile  from  Rramley  Station,  London,  Brighton, 

and  South  Coast  Railway;  2I4  miles   from  Shalford    Station.  South- 

Eastern    Railway :  and  4  miles  from  Guildford  Station,  London  and 

houtti- Western  Railway.     Goods  delivered  free  to  the  above  stations 


WITTY  AND  SON  have  to  offer  the  followin?  cheap 

TTJTrTr/^i'JSoTT^?^^     FOREST     TREES,     ORNAMENTAL 
TREES  and  -SHRUBS,  which  are  all  of  first-class  quality  :— 

Standard  APPLES,  9s.  per  dozen,  60s.  per  100, 

Standard  PEARS,  qs.  per  dozen,  60s.  per  100,  fine 

Standard  CHERRIES,  12s.  per  dozen,  751.  per  100, 

Dwarf-trained  PEACHES,  30s.  to  48s.  per  dozen,  fine. 

Dwarf-trained  NECTARINES,  30J,  to  48s.  per  dozen. 

Dwarf-trained  APRICOTS,  30s.  10481.  per  dozen. 

Dwarf-tramed  CHERRIES,  24s.  10301.  per  dozen,  cMra  fine. 

Pyramid  PEARS,  12s.  to  60s.  per  dozen. 

Pyramid  PLUMS,  i2j.  to  18s,  to  36s.  per  dozen 

Pyramid  CHERRIES,  gs.  to  izs.  to  24s.  per  dozen   fine 

GOOSEBERRIES,  is.  Sk.  per  dozen,'.os'!  per  .«  £    per  .000. 

ASH,  Mountain.  6s  to  8  feet,  30s,  per  roo. 

American  Weeping  WILLOVVS,  12s.  per  dozen,  75s.  per  100. 

S^A'???'"."2<='^  Weeping  WILLOWS,  i8s.  per  dozen 

£.S?J.hA^}  '."  sons,  3s.  to  I2S.  per  dozen, 


per  100. 

Siberian  ARBOR-VIT.'E,  3  to  4  feet,  40s.  per  100. 
T  aitSSy  '  ^ommon,  from  los.  6d.  to  211.  per  100,  fine  and  hushv. 
1.AUKEL,  Portugal,  18  inches  to  2  feet,  25s.  per  100, 
QUICKWOOD,  ios.  6rf.  to  255.  per  1000,  extra  fine. 
LARCH,  25s.  to  30J.  per  1000,  fine. 
SYCAMORE,  25r.  to  30s.  per  1000,  extra  fine, 

The  above  have  all  been  regularly   transplanted,  and   will  remove 
With  perfect  safety. 

The  Nurseries,  Coltingliam,  near  Hull. 


FOR     SALE,    the  following   specimen    Plants — price 
on  application  : — 

1  FRANCISCEA  CONFERTIFLORA,  6  feet  by  <  icet 

2  ALLAMANDA  HENDERSONII,  5  feet  by  3  feet 
I  „  NOBI  LIS,  4  feet  by  3  feet 

I  ADENANDRA  FRAGRANS,  4  feet  hy  3  feet 

I  DRAC^NA  AUSTRALIS,9feet  high 

I  „  BANKSII,  sleet  high 

I  „  INDIVISA.sfeet  high 

I  „  ERYTHROCARPUS,  fine  specimen 

I  MARANTA  RGSEA-PICTA,  2  feet  by  2  feet 

J.   PARKER,  Victoria  Nursery,  Rugby. 


T       C.      WHEELER       and       SON, 

Seed  Growers, 

Gloucester,  and  59,  Mark  Lane,  London, 

Offer  the  following  packets,  post  free  :  — 

Per  packet.—*,  d. 
Wheelers'  Cocoa-Nut  CABBAGE.,     i     c 
,,     Kingsholm  Cos  LETTUCE.,     i    c 
„     Tom  Thumb  LETTUCE       ..06 
yS^^Br-^r  "     Croquet  GRASS  SEED, sample 

■>i^^i^gOk  sufficient  for  trial  on  a  small 

V  t  L  E  /?^o\  Lawn  or  Croquet  Ground    . ,     10 

'vX^^^^^^^  ^  "     LITTLE  BOOK  for  i872.each    o    6 

/V<\/  XT^\^       Paterson's  Superb  MELON,,         ..10 

Sy/  \^\     Sweet  Spanish  CAPSICUM..         ..06 

ff/flr^i     ^^  I  \\  ,  W    t:o"ection  of  iz  choice  varieties  of 

O    #MY!5irf'1>>     '     I    ^sweet-scented  FLOWER  SEEDS    4    6 
■*^-^'*'^4-9l/W|»    Or    with     an     extra    .quantity    of 

QlB        Mignonette 50 

'^/f     Wheelers'  Gloucestershire    Kidney 

^^  POTATOS      ..         ..    per  bushel  10    o 

Ashmead's   Kernel  APPLE   {Pyra- 

^nrds) each    2    o 

Erockworth        Park        PEARS 
(Maidens)         each    7    6 


J.    C.    WHEELER    and    SON, 
,   Gloucester;  and  59,  Mark  Lane,  London,  E,C. 


MR.     jLAXTON'S 

NEW  PEAS  FOR  1872. 


G 


^^EOR r°F  ^'l"p^ J^*?^*  ^*"«  *""!  Apples. 
E-UKUt     CLARKE     has    an    overstock  of    the 

following  kinds  ; — 
PEAR?, 


Eliza  (Malthews) 
Bishop's  Thumb 
Marie  Louise 
Gansel's  Bcrgamot 

King  of  the  Pippins 
Yellow  Ingeslrie 
Lefestre's  Pippin 
Wellington 


Winter  Nelis 

Colmar  d'Aremberg 

Louis  dc  Fleur 

Belle  Lucrative,  &c. 
LES. 

Golden  Knob 

French  Crab 

Golden  Russet 

Hall  Ooor,  &c. 
well  furnished  to  ihe  bottom  wiih 


They  are  from  lo  to  15  feet  high^ 
[',"1'^'^  ^°°''j  ""■?  '''"?  ^""'  freflutn'Vlran'SMed'rihey  aVcoWered 
fL'^N'oTifn-ghtm-R^r^tlS?  ""  ""'■'■  "  ^■°  ""  ■"•     "='"  "'  »-  "' 

Very  strong  E.iSTpLF  RASPBERRY  CANES,  .51.  per  100 
Nurser.es,  Brixton  Hill,  S.W.,and  Motlingham,  near  Eltham.  K 


pox    and    GAME    COVERTS.— The     BITTER 

1     .""-J'^^Y,"'!!'  '''"P"''' ™"  easily  reared,  and  most   useful 

plant  yet  ofTered  for  forming  new  coverts,  or  improving  those  already 

made.     Birds   are  especially  partial   to   Willow  plantations.       Bitter 

Willow  stakes,  3  to  <  feet  long,  will  make  a  really  good  covert  the  first 

year,  and  perfectly  secure  from  the  attacks  of  rabbits.     Anxious  to 

make  the  value  of  this  plant  better  understood,  W.  Scaling  will  suonlv 

orthepia^t?"  s'i"'on'' -°''°"'"'''  '""^'"'^^ '""  ""'^  '"'  '>"  remainJer 

10  inches  long,  15s.  per  1000        I       36  inches  long,  40!.  per  1000 

15  inches  ong,  20s  per  1000  48  inches  long,  505.  per  1000 

24  inches  long,  301.  per  1000        |       60  inches  long,  60s.  per  1000 

fncrcasing  in  thickness  as  they  increase  in  length,  and  all,  except  the 

10  inches,  cut  from  3-yr.  old  shoots.     The   two  larger  sizes  are  well 

adapted  to  make  hedges,  in  place  of  Thorn  or  Quick-reared.     Sec 

article  m  Rural  Alvamic.  1872,  p.  37,  published  at  the  Fi,ld  office 

WILLIAM  SCALING,  Willow  Nurseryman,  Basford,  Notts. 

GTo  the  Trade. 
FARNSWORTH  has  to  offer  large  quantities  of 
•   the  under-mentioned,  at  a  low  rate.     Prices  and  samples  on 
application  at  the  Nurseries,  Matlock  :— 


LIME  Lajers,  2  to  3  feet;  do.,  transplanted,  5  to  7  feet;  OAK 
English,  2  to  3  feet ;  POPLAR,  Ontario.  i'A  to  4!^,  and  6  to  n  feet 
do..  Balsam,  3  to  4,  and  5  to  7  feet ;  PRIVE'l'S,  2  to  3  feet,  evcrL'reen- 
RliopODENDRONS,  j-yf.   seedlings:  do., 'and  2'vr    bedded     5S ". 


B 


^   <  3-yr-   seedlings;  do.,   and  2'yr.  bedded;  do'. 
15^,  and  I ^  to  2  feet;  SYCAMORE,  2  to  3,  and  4  to  6  feet. 

New  Garden  Seeds. 
OLTON  AND  CO.  have  a  fine  stock  of  all  kinds  ol 

NEW  GARDEN  SEEDS,  at  moderate  prices. 
BOLTON  AUD  CO.,  Seed  Merchants,  W.iod  Green,  London,  N. 


L^y" 


The  folloiving  latest  and 
7-emarkabIe  Novelties  in 
GARDEN  PEAS  will 
he  found  to  he  great  ad- 
vances in  their  respective 
classes  : — 

William  the  First. 

The  finest  Pea  yet  sent 
out  for  earliness,  flavour, 
and  appearance,  com- 
bined ;  height  3  ieet 

Griffin. 

A  remarkably  fine- 
flavoured  variety,  having 
bright  green  seeds  when 
ripe  ;  height  2  ft.  6  ins. 


Popular, 


Ablue  wrinkled  Marrow, 
earlier  than,  and  an  im- 
provement on,  "Champion 
of  England  ;"  height  4  ft. 

Superlative. 

The  largest  and  finest 
podded  variety  yet  raised, 
indispensable  for  exhibi- 
tion ;  pods  7  in.  in  length, 
height  7  ft. 


Omega. 


A  dwarfish  "  Ne  Plus 
Ultra, "  a  first-class  late 
Pea  ;  height  2  ft.  6  in. 


_    Collections  of  Vegetable  and  Flower  Seeds. 

TAMES     DICKSON     and     SONS'     are     the    most 

f-'  liberally  supplied  and  best  "Made-up  COLLECTIONS"  ol 
GARDEN  and  ELOWEK  SEEDS. 

VEGETABLE  SEEDS,  121.  M..  2tJ..  311.  6J.,  421.,  631,  and  low 
FLOWER  SEEDS,   los.  6d.,  12s.  6d.,  i«.,  2t7.,  305..  and  421  ,  con- 
taining selections  of  the  choicest  German,  English,  and  other  blowers 
Carriage  free.     Descriptive  priced  LISTS  post  free. 

lAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS,  102  and  108,  East -ate  Street,  and 
Newton  Nurseries.  Chester. 

„  Early  Feed  for  Sheep  and  Cattle. 

CUTTGNS'    IMPROVED   ITALIAN    RYE-GRASS. 

O  The  earliest  and  most  productive  in  cultivation.  Should  be  sown 
ill  February,  March  and  April,  to  produce  a  succession  of  valuable 
cuttings  during  the  year.  If  sown  alone,  3  bush,  are  required  per  acre, 
frice  8s.  per  bush.,  cheaper  by  the  quarter.     Carriage  (rcc. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Seedsmen  jo_the  Queen,  Reading,  Berks. 


MYATTS  PROLIFIC  POTATO  "for  Planting.— The 
Undersigned  begs  to  state  that,  notwithstanding  his  large 
exports  to  the  Channel  Islands,  he  has  still  to  offer  from  30  to  40  tons, 
in  large  or  small  quantities.     Wholesale  and  retail. 

CHRISTMAS      (JUINCEV,     Seed      Grower      and     Seedsman, 
Peterborough, 

Buttons'  Choice  Seed  Potatos. 


SUTTONS'  Illustrated  Descriptive  LIST  of  the  above 
is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  gratis  and  post  free  on  application. 
SUTTON   AND   SONS,    Seedsmen    by  special  appointment  to  the 


Queen  and  Prince  of  Wales,  Reading, 


To  the  Trade. 

EARLY    SEED     POTATOS.— A    few    tons    of   the 
following  to  DISPOSE   OF:— Mona's  Pride.  Milky  White,  and 
Early  Shaw.     Also  a  few  quarters  of  Laxton's  Supreme  PEA.— For 
prices,  &c,,  apply  to 
JAMES  MVATT,  Offenham,  Evesham. 

EARLY  SEED  KIDNEY  POTATO^,  all  true  to 
sorts  and  first-class  stock. — Myatt's  Prolific  Kidney;  Sutton's 
Berkshire  Kidney  :  the  King  Potato,  a  kidney  that  does  well  for  first 
or  second  early,  being  about  ten  days  later  than  Myatt's — a  very  good 
cropper  and  sound  quality. 
ANDREW  SCOTT,  Rydens  Farm,  near  Hersham,  Esher,  Su rrey. 


EARLY  WALNUT-LEAVED  OXFORD  ROUND 
POTATOS,— The  most  valuable  of  all  varieties  for  forcing 
purposes;  the  haulm  being  very  short  and  compact,  and  producing 
very  handsome  shaped  tubers  of  excellent  quality  earlier  than  any 
other  sort.  The  Trade  can  be  supplied  with  a  few  of  the  above  at 
2s.  6rf.  per  peck.  II.  and  F.  SHARPE.  Wisbech. 


For  further  particulars 
see  larger  advertisements, 
and  Hogg's  Gardeners' 
Year  Books  for  1871  and 
1872. 


In  order  to  show  the 
true  characters  of  these 
Peas, 

EARLY     SOWING 

IS 

RECOMMENDED. 


\ 


Superlative. 


£1%  will  be  offered,  in 
five  prizes  of  ^5.  £^,  £3. 
£2  and  £1.  for  fifty  pods 
of  "SUPERLATIVE" 
at  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society's  forthcoming  ex- 
hibition at  Birmingham. 


\        To  be  had  only  in  small 

sealed  Collections  of  trial 

,^  \    Packets,   price  £1  is.,   of 

Sj  the  principal  Seedsmen  in 

the  United  Kingdom,  and 

Wholesale  of 


Messrs.  HURST  and  SON,  6,  Leadenhall  St.,  London. 


UEED    POTATOS. —The    Early    Goodrich    is, 

O  without  doubt,  the  best  early  round  Potato  we  possess.  Havill^ 
imported  it  three  years  aco  and  grown  it  largely,  we  can  with  confT 
dencc  recommend  it  as  a  heavy  cropper,  and  of  good  cooking  quality, 
far  surpassing  the  Early  Shaws,  Giant  King,  or  any  otherearjy  I'otato. 
I'rice  2S.  bd.  per  peck,  bag  included.  Also  EARLY  KORTYFOLDS, 
and  other  good  sorts,  to  be  sold,  cheap. 
J.  CHAPMAN  AND  SON,  Vale  Nursery,  Ramsgate. 


The  Hew  American  Potatos, 

TO    IIIK  TRADE. 

CHARLES  SH.'^RPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Merchants, 
Sleaford,  can  offer  the  following  varieties  of  POTATOS,  fresh 
imported  Seed.     Price  on  application. 

NEW  AMERICAN  LATE  ROSE 
EARLY  ROSE 
EARLY  C.OODRICH 
EARLY  SOVEREIGN 
BRESEE'S  PROLIFIC 
BRESEE'S  KINGofthcEARLIES 
BRESEE'S  PEERLESS 
BRESEE'S  CLIMAX 
PEACH  BLOW. 


s 


EED  POTATOS. 

ROYAL  ASHLEAF 341.  persack. 

MYATT'S  ASHLEAF 245.  „ 

A  very  early  round  prolific,  own  Seedling  . .    241.         ., 
PINK-EYED  FORTYFtiLD  ..         . .     iSs.  „ 

REGENTS  18s.  „ 

PRINCE  of  WALES  KIDNEY    ..         ..     341.  „ 

RED-SKINNED  FLOUREALL  ..         ..     241.  „ 

All  fine  picked  clean  seed. 

JAMES  WHOMES.  Royal  Nursery,  Windsor. 


To  Potato  Planters. 

CHRISTMAS  QUINCEY,  Skedsman,  &c.,  Peter- 
borough, begs  to  slate  that  he  has  in  Stock  more  than  20  tons  ot 
the  EARLY  and  LATE  AMERICAN  VARIETIES,  and  iseitpecting 
further  arrivals.  The  whole  being  purchased  for  cash,  he  is  enabled, 
both  for  price  and  tjuality,  to  compete  with  any  house  in  the  Trade, 
to*n  or  provincial.     Priced  LIST  on  application. 


February  lo,    1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


173 


TELEGRAPH  CUCUMBER  (RoIIisson's  variety, 
true).— The  best  variety  of  Telegraph  Cucumber  Rrown,  and  the 
best  all-the-ycar-round  Cucumber  extant ;  guaranteed  the  pure  stock. 
Small  packet,  iJ.  ;  larger,  u.  M.  each.  .  ,      ,  ,       . 

FORTYFOLD  CUCUMBER  (Cucumis  Aneurta),  the  new  hardy 
ridge  Gherkin  :  the  best  known  for  pickling.  I'er  packet,  6d.  and  is. 
W.  G.  CLARKE,  Great  Western  Nurseries,  Wellington,  Somerset. 


B 


Mangel  Wurzel. 
OLTON  AND  CO.  have  to  offer  SEED  of  very  fine 

stocks  of  the  above,  including — 
LONG  RED 
MAMMOTH   LONG  RED 
YELLOW  GLOBE 

FISHER  HOMES'  ORANGE  GLOBE 
RED  GLOBE 
Prices  forwardcti  on  application. 
BOLTON  AND  CO.,  Seed  Merchants,  Wood  Green,  London,  N. 


SuttODs'  Selected  Prize  Stocks  of  Farm  Seeds. 

^        Carrtace  ^SS^^^  '''"''^• 

NOTICE  to  LARGE  PURCHASERS. 

MESSRS.  SUTTON  have  now  completed  their  stocks 
of  FARM  SEEDS,  and  will  be  pleased  to  make  special  quota- 
tions to  large  purchasers  on  application  stating  sorts  and  quantities 
r.-quired. 

Messrs.  SuTTONS'  FARMERS'  YEAR  BOOK,  Illustrated,  is  now 
ready,  price  6<L  ;  gratis  to  Customers. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Seedsman  to  the  Queen,  Reading. 


LEICESTER    SEEDS 

ARE  OBTAINING  A  GREAT  REPUTATION  IN  ALL  PARTS 
OF  THE  COUNTRY. 

DESCRIPTIVE  ANB  PRICED  CATALOGUE 
now  ready.  Post  Free,  on  application  to 

HARRISON    &    SONS, 

ROYAL  MIDLAND  SEED  WAREHOUSE, 
LEICESTER. 


Seeds  Direct  from  tlie  Growers 

The  BEST  MEANS  of  PREVENTING   DISAPPOINTMENT. 


SUTTONS'    4:3  3s.    COLLECTION    of   GARDEN 
SEEDS,  for  a  Large  Garden,  carriage  free. 


SUTTONS'    £z  2J-.    COLLECTION    of    GARDEN 
SEEDS,  for  a  Medium-sized  Garden,  carriage  free. 


SUTTONS'    ^i   IS.    COLLECTION    of   GARDEN 
SEEDS, 


,  for  a  Small  Garden,  carriage  free. 


s 


UTTONS'   i2.t.   6d.    COLLECTION    of  GARDEN 

SEEDS,  for  a  Small  Garden. 


SUTTONS'  COLLECTION    of  GARDEN    SEEDS 
for  One  Whole  Year's  Supply.     Complete  particulars   forwarded 
Gratis  on  application  to 

SUTTON   AND   SONS,  Seedsmen   by  Special  Appointment  to  the 
Queen  and  H.R.H,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Reading,  berks. 


PARIS,  I  SUTTONS"  GRASS  SEEDS  for  ALL 
1867.  I  SOILS.  The  PREMIER  PRIX  SILVER  MEDAL 
for  GARDEN  SEEDS,  GRASSES,  and  GRASS  SEEDS,  was 
Awarded  to 

SUTTON    AND    SONS,    Seedsmen,   by   Special    Appointment,   to 
H.M.  the  Queen,  and  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Reading,  Berks. 


For  Seed. 


H 


CHOICE  AND  SELECT  VARIETIES   OF 

GARDEN    AND    FARM    SEEDS, 

Trade  prices,  &c.,  on  application. 

Useful  Collections  of  GARDEN  SEEDS,  from  loj.  6ii- 
each  lo  jT,^,  Carriage  Free. 

Upwards  of  1000  varieties    of    FLOWER    SEEDS, 
comprising  the  most  ornamental  kinds. 

Collections  from  2S,  6(f.  to  j^2  2J, 


HARRISON'S  FAVOURITE  CUCUIMBER.— A 
beautiful  While-Spine,  unsurpassed  for  general  use 
and  exhibition.     Per  packet,  2j.  6</. 

LEICESTER  RED  CELERY.— The  best  Celery  ever 
sent  out,  distinct  in  growth  and  of  matchless  quality. 
Per  packet,  is. 

HARRISONS     IMPROVED     WHITE     COS     LET- 
TUCE.— A   fine    selection    from    Paris   While   Cos. 
Nothing  better  could  be  desired.     Per  packet,  is. 
The  above,  post  free,  for  40  stamps. 


TRADE 

PEDIGREE 

MARK. 


CHEVALIER 

BARLEY, 

which  was  awarded 

The  FIRST  PRIZE  THREE  YEARS  in  SUCCESSION 

(1867,  1868,  i86g,  and  again  in  1871), 

at  the  Birmingham  and  Midland  Counties'  Show, 

Yielded,  at  Brighton,  in  1869,  TEN  QUARTERS  PER 
ACRE,  weighing  57  lb.  per  bushel. 

ALSO 

PEDIGREE    BLACK    TARTARIAN, 

AND 

PEDIGREE  WHITE  CANADIAN 

OATS. 

For  price  .and  full  particulars  of  above,  anrl  of 
PEDIGREE  SEED  WHEATS,  apply  to  the  Originator 
of  the  System, 

Captain  HALLETT,  F.L.S.,  Brighton. 


SPLENDID  NEW  CUCUMBER. 


HARRISON'S  IMPROVED  FARM   SEEDS, 

Of  llieir  own  growing,  warranted  as  pure  as  Iiarvested 
from  the  field,  and  cleaned  with  great  care. 

The  best  MANGEL  WURZEL, 
And  the  best  SWEDE  :— 

HARRISONS  NORMANTON  GLOBE  MANGEL 
has  again  proved  its  superiority  over  all  other  kinds. 
Per  lb.,  IJ-.  4^.  ;  cheaper  by  the  cwt. 

HARRISON'S  DEFIANCE  PURPLE-TOP  SWEDE. 
A  new  variety,  and  a  great  improvement.  Per  lb., 
i.f.  ;  cheaper  by  the  bushel. 

Read  our  Customers'  opinions  on  Seeds. 

CATALOGUES  now  ready. 


Permanent  Pasture  Grasses, 

TO  SUIT  ALL  SOILS. 

HARRISON'S   MIXTURES   of  GRASSES  are  made 
with  great    care,    and   the  praise  we  have   received 
assure  us  of  their  success  in  almost  every  case. 
Price  and  particulars  on  apphcation. 


Marquis  of  Lome  Cucumber. 

This  splendid  new  white-spined  variety  is  unequalled 
on  account  of  its  immense  size,  yet  it  is  most  symmetrical 
in  form,  and  is  the  finest  Cucumber  ever  introduced. 
The  flesh  is  very  solid  and  firm,  with  but  few  seeds, 
while  the  flavour  is  exceedingly  fine. 


Price  3s.  6d.  per  packet. 


New  Varieties  of  Peas. 

BOLTON    AND   CO.    have  all  the   new  varieties  of 
PEAS  in  stock.     Early  orders  are  advisable. 
BOLTON  AND  CO.,  Seed  Merchants,  Wood  Green,  London,  N. 


Best  Of  All  Pea. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  having  grown  for  trial  all  the 
New  Peas  which  have  lately  been  introduced  by  Dr.  McLean, 
Mr.  Laxton,and  others,  have  no  hesitation  in  recoramcndinn  McLean's 
BEST  OF  ALL,  as  richly  worthy  ok  its  name. 

St'TTON  &  Sons  have  always  on  hand,  ready  for  Sale,  all   the  new 
sorts  of  PEAS,  POTATOS,  and  other  SEEDS,  which  ihcy  supply  at 
the  same  Prices  as  charged   by  the  raisers  who  introducea  them;   as 
see  Priced  LISTS. 
^ Royal  Berks  Seed  Establishment,  Reading. 


Turnip  Seed. 

BOLTON  AND  CO.  have  to  offer  very  fine  stocks  of 
ihc    above,  at    moderate   prices,    which  can    be  obtained   on 
application. 

BOLTON  AND  CO.,  Seed  Merchants,  Wood  Green,  London,  N. 


Improvement  of  Grass  Lands  Uy  Sowing 

SUTTONS'     RENOVATING     MIXTURE    of    fine 
GRASSES   and    CLOVERS,   price    lod.    per  lb.,  26s.   per  cwt 
Carriage  free.     Sow  in  February  and  March,  6  to  12  lb.  per  acre. 
Royal  Berks  Seed  Establishment,  Reading. 


N 


EW     GIANT     HYBRID     COW     CLOVER.— A 

Sreat  acquisition.     A  Hybrid  between  Cow  Grass  and  Commcn 
over — will  mow  three  heavy  crops  in  one  year,  and  succe-Oi  m 
Clover-sick  land.     Price  2s,  6d.  per  lb.     Cheaper  by  the  cwt. 

SUTTON  ANO  SONS,  Seedsmen  to  the  Q u eeii,  ReadiiT^-. 

SUTTONS'       CLEAN       CLOvITr       SEi:-L^S 
New  and  Unadulterated,  at  Market  Prices. 
RED.                         I          ALSIKE.                 1       COW   Gti.\SS. 
WHITE.                            TREFOIL.             |       SUCKLING. 
NEW  GIANT  HYBRID    RED.      |             MALDEN'S  WONDLR. 
SUTTON  .\ND  SONS,  Seed  Merchants.  Reading. 


Agricultural  and  Garden  Seeds. 

HAND   K    SIIARI'ES    Trade  CATALOGUE    of 
•    HOME-GR<.iW\  m;KDS  is  now  ready.      It  contains  all  ihe 
very  best  varieties,  cultivated  under  their  own  superintendence.     The 
quality  is  very  fine,  and  the  prices  low. 
Seed  Growing  Establishment,  Wisbech. 


"P  AYNBIRD.       CALDECOTT,       BAWTREE, 

-LX  DOWLING  AND  COMPANY  (Limited), 

Corn,  Sked,  Manuiie,  and  Oilcake  Merchants. 

Address,  26,  Seed  Market,  ^Iark  Lane,  E.C,  ;  or  Basingstoke. 

Samples  and  prices  post  free  on  application.      Prize  Med^s,  1851, 

for  Wheat ;  1862,  for  "  Excellent  Seed  Corn  and  Seeds^^" 


Agricultural  Seeds. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  AND  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  Seed  Merchants,  Sleaford.  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  HOME-GROWN 
AGRICULTURAL  SEEDS  is  now  ready  and  will  be  forwarded, 
post  free,  U|iun  aiipHc.uion.  ^ 


Extra  fine  Forcing  and  Planting  Seakale. 

GEORGE   CLARKE  has   many   thousands,  very  fine 
clean   stuff,   this  season,  which   he   begs   to  offer  as   under  :— 
Planting   size,  5s.   per   100;    forcing,   loi.,   12s.,   and   some  superfine 
sclectetl  Crowns,  151.  per  100. 
Nurseries:  Brixton  Hill,  London, S.W.;  and  Mottingham,  Kent,S.E. 


KICHARD  WALKER  has  to  after  the  following  for 
cash:  —  The  real  American  Red-skinned  Flourball  POTATO, 
IPS.  per  cwt.;  always  free  from  blight,  the  heaviest  cropper  in  England. 
Kichard  Walker  was  the  first  man  who  introduced  il  into  ihe'lrade, 
which  all  in  the  Trade  know.  Early  American  Goodrich,  14s.  per  cwt.  ; 
Peach  Blow  POPATO,  just  arrived  from  the  United  Stales,  4s.  per 
peck  ;  variegated  Golden  Gem,  2s.  td.  per  peck. 

The  Market  Gaidens,  Biggleswade,  Beds. 


JOHNSTONE'S    ST.     MARTIN'S     RHUBARB.— 
Strong  roots,  is.  6d.  each.     Price  to  the  Trade  on  application. 
The  above  is  undoubtedly  the  best  variety  of  RH  (JBARB  in  culti- 
vation,  whether    for    Forcing    or     Out-door    culture.      The    leading 
Nurserymen  in  Britain,  and  also  most  of  the  London  Trade,  have  had 
supplies  direct  from  us. 

W.   P.   LAIRD  AND  SINCLAIR,  Nurserymen,  Dundee,  N.B, 


MESSRS.  SUTTON  and  SONS  have  a  few  packets 
left  of  the  above  splendid  Cucumber,  and  advise  their 
Customers  who  have  not  ordered  to  do  so  without  delay. 


Orders  above  £\   Carriage  Fre 
Trade  prices,  &c.,  on  application. 


HARRISON  AND  SONS,  Seed  Growers, 
LEICESTER. 


SUTTON  AND  SONS 

Offer  for  competition  by  Noblemen's  and  Gentlemen's 
Gardeners  (only)  at  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society's 
Show,  June  25,  and  following  days— 

FOR  THREE  BRACE  OF   CUCUMBERS 

(To  include  Marquis  of  Lome), 
first  Prize,    ^^5  y.     Second  Prize,    ^^2  2J. 


To  tlie  Trade. 

TO  BE  SOL.D,  Cheap, 
30  qr.  VEITCH'S  PEKI'liC- 
TION,  ami  lo  qr.  PRIZE  lAtvER 
I'E.-iS. 

Also  from  12  to  14  tons  eacfi,  DAL- 
MAHOY  and  PATEKSON'S  EARLY 
(seed  from  Paterson  last  year). 

For  price.  &c,,  apply  to  F.  G. 
I  lODWlN,  Seedsman,  3  and  4,  Norfolk 
Market  Hall,  Sheffield. 

N  I;  F  G.  G.'s  Ko.  2,  or  VEGE- 
TABLE SEED  CATALOGUE,  will  be 
forwarded  Post  Free  on  application. 

Sooly  Qua.— New  CUnese  Cucumbsr. 

WOOD  AND  INGRAM  ofter  tliis  remarkable  variety, 
which  attains  a  length  of  from  5  to  6  feet,  and  a  circumference 
of  from  la  to  16  inches,  in  packets  of  three  seeds  for  .,<,  U.  or  six  for 
2i.  6J.     Postage  stamps  with  orders.  .  ^o  ,,-iti  tiid  AT 

W.  &  L's  new  select  LIST  of  GARDEN  and  AGRICULTURAL 
SEEDS,  with  an  engravinK  from  a  photograph  of  the  above  giKantlc 
novelty  grown  here  last  summer,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  sent  Iree  on 


ipplicatic 


The  Nurseries,  Huntingdon. 


inABBAGE        PLANTS.       CABBAGE       PLANTS, 

V^  strong,  healthy,  vigorous. 

1,000,000  Robinson's  Drumhead,  at  3J- per  1000.    ,.,,..  ,, 

500,000  Early  Battersea,  Enfield  Market,  and  Little   I'l.ue,  at  31.  M. 
per  1000. 

100,000  Red  Pickling  Drumhead,  51.  per  1000. 
Sutton's  Red-skinned  Flourball  POTAl  O.  atfo.  per  bushel. 
Paterson's  Kovinia,  or  Cattle-feeder  POTATO,  at  (>s.  per  bushel. 
Samples  on  application. 

Remiilanccs  to  accompany  Orders  from  unknown  Correspondents. 

W,  VIRGO  AND  SON,  Wonersh  Nursery,  near  Guildford,  Surrey. 


THE  WARDIE  VARIEGATED  KALE.— We  beg 
to  offer  the  above  (seed  direct  from  Miss  Hope),  which  is  by  far 
the  finest  strain,  and  invaluable  for  Winter  Gardening.  The  colours 
are  beautifully  bright  and  distinct,  and  may  be  had  separately  or  in 
mi.xcd  packets,  post  free,  as  follow 
Per  packet — s.  a. 
-  6 
6 


Per  packet- 
White     

.,    cut-leaved 
Mi.\ed  packet  of  all  .. 


SUTTON  AND  SONS, 

Seedsmen,  by  Special  Appointment,  to  the  Queen  and  the  Prince  of 
Wales, 

READING. 


Purple    .. 

,.     cut-leaved 
Cabbage.hearted,       purple 

pjfced'usfs  of  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS  post  free 
on  application, 

JAMES  DICKSON  AND  SONS,  "Newton"  Nurseries,  and 
lOj.  Easlgate  Street,  Chester. 

rpHE  TRUSTEES  of  the  Business  recently  carried  on 

JL  bv  Messrs.  CmvAS  &  Wea\e1!  beg  to  intimate  that  they  have 
DISPOSED  OF  the  entire  STOCK-IN  TRADE  consisting  ol 
IMPLEMENTS,  SEEDS,  &c.,  to  Messrs.  JAMES  DICKSON  AND 
SONS,  of  No.  102,  Eastgate  Street,  and  the  "  Newton  Nurseries, 
Chester,  who  have  taken  the  Premises  No  loS,  Easlgate  Street ;  also 
the  adjoining  Implement  Warehouse  underneath  the  Chester  Corn 
Exchange,  aid  to  whom  the  Trustees  have  much  pleasure  in  referring 
the  Friends  and  Customers  of  the  above-mentioned  Business. 

JAMES  DICKSON  AND  SONS  beg  to  direct  .attention 
to  the  iibove  notice,  and  to  say  that  Purchasers  of  AGRICUL- 
TURAL IMPLEMENTS  and  MACHINERY  will  have  every 
information  and  facility  of  selection  afforded,  and  be  most  liberally 
treated  at  the  Corn  Exchange  Implement  Warehouse. 
Priced  LISTS  and  all  information  furnished  post  free. 
102  and  108.  Eastgate  Stret,  and  "Newton  Nurseries,  Chester 
also  Com  Exchange  Implement  Warehouse,  Chester.— I'eb,  i. 


174 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  lo,   1872. 


CARTER'S    PRIZE    MEDALS, 

AWARDED  for  SUPERIOR  EXCELLENCE  of  CARTER'S  FARM  and  GARDEN  SEEDS. 


PUBLIC  NOTICE! CAUTION, 

JAMES  CARTER  6-  CO.,  having  had 
their  attention  drawn  to  a  most  unwarrant- 
able appropriation,  by  another  House,  of  the 
Prize  Medal  awarded  at  the  Great  Inter- 
national Exiiihition  of  London  in  1862, 
desire  to    announce    that    the    Onlv    Prize 

Medal  for  a  General  Collection  of  Seeds 
was  awarded  to  JAMES  CARTER  &l  CO. 


BLACKBURN, 


1871. 


Awarded  to  JAMES  CARTER  and  CO. 
for  Grass  and  Other  Seeds. 


LIVERPOOL,    1871. 


Awarded  lo  JAMES  CARTER  AND  CO, 
for  Grass  and  Other  Seeds. 


GREAT  MALVERN,  1871. 


Awarded  to  JAMES  CARTER  and  CO. 
for  Grass  and  Other  Seeds. 


TfHE    CAKTER   CHAL!L'ENiGE!;cUP 

and  other  Prizes,  value  ^90,  offered  by  J  AMES  CARTER  and  CO.,  the  Royal  Seeds- 
men, to  be  awarded  at  the  Royal  Horticuhural  Society's  Great  Birmingham  Show. 

See    S  o  c i ety's 
Schedule. 


See    See  iety's 

Schedule. 


Special  Notice. 
—The  Carter  Chal- 
lenge Cup  and  other 
Prizes  offered  by 
James  Carter  &  Co., 
under  the  patronage 
of  the  Royal  Horti- 
cultural Society. 

CARTER^S 

COLLECTIONS   OF 

VEGETABLE 
SEEDS 

Include  the  best 
of  everything,  and 
produce  choice 
Vegetables  all  the 
year  round. 


Special  Notice. 
— The  Carter  Chal- 
lenge Cup  and  other 
Prizes  offered  by 
James  Carter  &  Co., 
under  the  patronage 
of  tlic  Royal  Horti- 
cultural Society. 

CARTER'S 

(  ULLEC  ri(.»NS    OF 

VEGETABLES 

For  Large  or  Small 
Gardens. 


No.  1,  I2J.  6d.  each. 
No.  2,  21J.  each. 
^Jo-  3.  30'-  each. 
No.  4,  42J.  each. 
No.  s,  63J.  each. 


CARTER'S   21s.   COLLECTION    CONTAINS- 


1  qt.   PEAS  —  Carter's 

First  Crop. 
I  qt.  Advancer. 
I  pt.  Premier. 
I  pt.  Bishop's  Long-pod. 
I  pt.  Prizelaker. 
I  qt.   Laxton's  Supreme. 
I  qt.   Champion    of   Eng- 

lana. 
I  pt.   Carter's  Victoria. 
I  pt.  Veitch's  Perfection. 
I  pt.   BEANS— Nonpareil 
I  pt.   Uroad  Windsor. 
I  pt,  best  French. 
1  pt.  Scarlet  Runners. 
iR.  pt.   JJEET- St.  Osyth. 
Ig.  pt.   KAIL — Cottagers' 
Ig.  pt.    new,  Asparagus, 
Ig.  pt.   Dwarf  Scotch. 
!g.  pt.  A    L    B    E    R    T 
SPROUTS. 


lg.pt.  BRUSSELS 
SPROUTS,  best 
lg.pt.  BROCCOLI  — 
Carter's  Champion 
Ig.  pt.  Snow's  Winter. 
Ig.  pt.  Adam's  EarlyWht. 
ig.  pt.  Purple  Sprouting. 
Ig,  pt.   CABBAGE  — 

Carter's  Early. 
Ig.  pt,   Enfield  Market. 
Ig.  pi.  Dwarf  Nonpareil. 
Ig.  pt.  Tom  Thumb. 
][j.  pt.   Savov.  best  curled 
Ig.  pt.  CAPSICUM. 
I  oz.  CARROT  —  Early 

Horn. 

I  oz.  James'  Intermediate 

I  oz.  selected  Scarlet. 

lg.pt.  CAULIFLOWER 

— Carter's   Dwarf 

Mammoth. 


!g.  pt.   CELERY    —    In- 
comparable   Dwarf 
(  White. 

Ig.  pt.  Manchester  Giant 
I  Red. 

I  4  oz.  CRESS— plain. 
I  1  oz.  Australian, 
I  pkt.    CUCUMBER  — 
I  Carter's  Champion. 

lg.pt.  ENDIVE— French 
I  curled. 

\  Ig.  pt.   LEEK    —    Ayton 
Castle. 

Ig.  pt.  LE  TT  UCE  — 
'  Carter's  Giant 

White. 
'  Ig.  pt.  Drumhead. 
I  Ig.  pt.  Victoria. 

.joz.  MUSTARD— White 

pkt.    MELON  — Carter's 
I  Excelsior, 


I  oz.    ONION    —    Giant 

Madeira. 
1  oz.   Reading  Improved. 

1  oz.  PARSNIP— Student 
Ig.  pt.  PARSLEY— Dun- 

nett's  Garnishing. 

2  0Z.   RADISH— Wood's 

Frame.  [top. 

2  oz.   Early  Scarlet  Snort- 
2  oz,   mixed  Turnip. 
6  oz,  RAPE — for  salad. 
Mpt.    SPINACH    — 
J^  pt  Winter.     fSummer, 
loz.  TURNIP   -  Early 

Six-week. 
I  oz.  Yellow  Malta. 

1  oz.  Red  Stone. 

pkt.    TOMATO— Red. 
pkt.    VEGETA  B  LK 
CREAM— Moore's 

2  pkt.  POT  HERBS. 


BLACKPOOL,    1870. 


-■Warded  to  JAMES  CARTER  AND  CO. 
for  Grass  and  Other  Seeds. 

WIGAN,    1870. 


Awarded  to  JAMES  CARTER  and  CO. 
for  Grass  and  Other  Seeds. 


GREAT  MALVERN,  1871. 


Awarded  to  JAMES  CARTER  AND  CO. 
for  Grass  and  Other  Seeds. 


HAMBURG,     1869. 


BLACKBURN,     1871. 


Awarded  to  J.  CARTER  and  CO., 
for  Grass  and  other  Seeds. 


SEE 

CARTER'S 

ILLUSTRATED 

VADE 
MECUIVI 

For  1873 

(Described  asj 
the  (2uccn  of, 
CataTogu  c  s), 
containing  up-} 
wards  of  Two 
Hundred  Truth- 
ful Illustr.iliuns. 
Post  Free  is., 
Gratis  to 
Customers. 


HAMBURG, 


Awarded  to  J.  CARTER  AND  CO. 
for  Grass  and  other  Seeds, 


JAMES    CARTEB  &  CO.,  237  and  238,   HIG-H  HOLBORN,   LONDON,  W.C. 


February  lo,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


175 


Nfiw  Sscds 

CHARLES  TURNER'S  CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS 
is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  on  application. 
This  CataioKue  contains  selections  of  the  best  in  each  class,  and 
descriptions  ofihc  Icadinc  varieties  onlj-. 

C.  TURNERS  CATALOGUE  of  HARDY  TREES,  includinc  a 
full  collection  of  Fruits,  Coniferae,  Everjireen  and  Deciduous  ShruDS, 
and  Trees,  Roses,  &c..  may  also  be  had. 

Tn:  Royal  Nurseries,  Sloughy 


M 


New  Seed  Catalogue  for  1872. 

ESSRS.    JOHN    AND    CHARLES     LEE 

will  be  happv  to  forward,  jrost  free  on  application,  their  New 
Descriptive  Priced  CATALOGUE  of  GENUINE  SEEDS,  containine 
every  Novelty  for  1872,  lo  any  of  their  Friends  and  Customers,  and 
others  who  have  not  already  received  it. 
Royal  ^'ineya^d  Nursery-  and  Seed  Establishment,  Hammersmith,  W. 


Garden  and  Flower  Seeds. 

THOMAS  METHVEN  and  SONS  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  Descriptive  Priced  CATALOGUE  of  KITCHEN 
GARDEN  and  FLOWER  SEEDS.  IMPLEMENTS,  &c.,  for  1872. 
is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had,  post  free,  on  application. 

Seed   Warehouses;    15,   Princes   Street,   and  Nursery   Gate,   Leith 
Walk,  Edinburgh. 

ICHARD   SMITH'S  LIST  of  EVERGREEN  and 

DECIDUOUS  SHRUBS,  RHODODENDRONS, STANDARD 
ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  CLIMDING  and  TWINlfjG  PLANTS, 
with  their  generic,  specific,  and  English  names,  native  countr>', 
height,  time  of  flowering,  colour,  &c,  and  general  remarks,  free 
by  post. 

RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  Worcester. 


,   ,     Noteworthy  Horticulturists  and  Botanists. 

/■\TOTICE.— A    SERIES    of    PORTRAITS 


NOTEWORTHY   HORTICULTURISTS  a 


of 

d  BOTANISTS 


;is    being  published    in    the    "  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  "and 
/AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


appeared,  and  separate  Copies  (prii 

be  had  on  application  to  the  Publisher, 


following    have    already 
6d.  each),  on  tinted  paper,  may 


Dr.  Hooker,  C.B.,F,R.S. 

W.  Wilson  Saundehis,  F.R  S. 

Rev.  M.  J.  Bf.rkelev,  F.L.S. 

M.  Decaisne 

G.  F,  Wilson.  F.R.S. 

Dr.  MooBE,  of  Glasncvin 

Professor  Reich  en  b.'lch. 


Published   by    WILLIAM    RICHARDS, 
Coveiit  Garden,  W.C. 


Rev.  S.  R.  Hole,  M.A. 
E.  J.  Lowe,  F.R.S. 
James  McNab. 
Robert  Hogg,  LL.D. 
James  Bateman,  F.R.S. 
Berthold  Seemann,  Ph.D. 
Archibald  F.  Barron. 

Wellington    Street, 


arkners'C|rMcIe 

SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  lo,  1S72. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 


Tuesday, 


Feb    n-[^°^'^'     Horticultural    (Anniversaiy), 
■     ^  i.     at  S.  Kensington 


W'EDNtSDAV, 


THt;R5DAY, 


Royal 

at  S.  Kensington         3  P.M. 

Roj-al  Horticultural  (Fruit  and  Floral 

Committees),  at  S.  Kensington      ..  il  A.M. 

Ditto  (Scientific  Committee)  ..        ..  i  p.m. 

Ditto  {General  Meeting)          ..        ..  3  P.M. 

Linncan      .,        , 8  P.M. 


MUCH  attention  has  recently  been  excited  in 
America  by  the  publication  of  a  pamphlet 
by  General  Pleasanton,  "  On  the  Influence  of 
the  Blue  Colour  of  the  Sky  in  Develoi'ing 
Vegetable  and  Animal  Life,"  and  which  has 
already  reached  a  third  edition.  The  matterwas 
first  brought  under  the  notice  of  the  Agricultural 
Society  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  facts  narrated 
were  deemed  so  marvellous  that  their  publication 
in  a  separate  form  was  requested  by  the  Society. 
Moreover,  such  has  been  the  interest  excited, 
that  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Paris,  a  scien- 
tific body  second  to  none  in  the  world,  has  occu- 
pied itself  with  the  discussion  of  the  subject,  as 
may  be  seen  in  the  official  Compta  Remius, 
Nov.  20,  1871,  Ixxiii.,  p.  1236;  and  Dec.  iS,  1S71. 
These  circumstances  are  sufficient  to  warrant 
us  in  laying  the  facts  before  our  Vine-growing 
readers,  and  if  they  say  with  Dominie  Samp- 
son, "  Prodigious  !"  they  must  remember  that  we 
only  tell  the  tale  as  told  to  us,  apparently  on 
unimpeachable  authority.  It  appears,  then,  that 
General  Pleasanton,  reflecting  on  the  blue 
colour  of  the  sky,  naturally  enough  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  it  must  have  some  most  potent 
influence  on  beings,  plants  or  animals,  living 
beneath  its  beams.  With  this  idea  dominant  in 
his  mind,  the  General,  in  i860,  erected  a  vinery 
at  Philadelphia,  brushed  up  his  recollection  of 
what  he  had  learnt  at  college  as  to  the  influence 
of  the  various  rays  of  the  spectrum  on  plants, 
and  proceeded  to  apply  his  knowledge  to  the 
cultivation  of  the  Vine.  The  vinery  was  finished 
in  March,  1S61  ;  it  was  a  span-roofed  house, 
84  feet  in  length  by  26  in  width,  and  16  feet  high, 
and  ran  from  north-east  to  south-west,  thus 
having  an  aspect  nearly  north  and  south.  The 
borders  outside  and  inside  were  3  feet  6  inches 
in  depth,  and  of  the  ordinary  composition. 
After  some  hesitation  as  to  the  precise  amount 
of  violet  light  to  be  admitted,  the  General  ulti- 
mately came  to  the  conclusion  to  introduce  one 
portion  of  violet  glass  between  seven  ofuncoloured 
glass.  The  rows  of  violet-coloured  panes  on  one 
side  of  the  roof  were  made  to  alternate  in  position 
with  those  on  the  opposite  side.  In  this  way  the 
sun  in  its  daily  course  would  throw  violet  light 
successively  on  all  the  leaves  exposed  to  its 
influence.  The  glazing  thus  effected,  the  borders 
were  planted  inside  and  out.  Cuttings  of 
20  varieties  were  planted  in  April,  1861.  Gro\vth 
speedily  commenced,  and  went  on  with  a  degree 
of  vigour  that  excited  the  astonishment  of  all 
beholders,  as  well  it  might,  when  we  are  told  that 


the  gardener  employed  himself  every  day  in  tying 
up  the  new  wood  which  was  not  in  existence  the 
day  before  !  In  September,  1861,  Mr.  Robert 
BuiST,  the  well  known  nurseryman,  from  whom 
the  Vines  were  purchased,  paid  a  visit  to  the 
General,  and  was  struck  with  astonishment  at  the 
growth  they  had  made.  Mr.  BuiST  measured 
some  of  the  rods,  and  found  they  were  45  feet  in 
length,  and  i  inch  in  diameter  at  i  foot  from  the 
ground,  and  this  growth  was  made  in  five 
months  ! 

Mr.  Buisr  remarked  that  he  had  also  visited 
a  vinery,  established  at  the  same  time,  planted 
with  the  same  sorts,  and  generally  treated  in  the 
same    manner    (glazing    excepted)   as    that    of 
General  Pleasanton,  and  in  which   the  rods 
were  not  more  than  5  feet  in  length,  and  had 
scarcely  increased  in  diameter  since  they  were 
planted.     These  Jack-in-the-Beanstalk  Vines,  for 
we  can  call  them  by  no  other  name,  grew  at  this 
surprising  rate  all  the  season.     In  January,  1862, 
they  were  pruned,  and  in   March  they  began  to 
push,  and   in  the  development   alike  of  foliage, 
wood,  and    bunches,  they   outdid   their    former 
year's  growth.     In  September,  1S62,  Mr.  BuiST, 
this  time    accompanied   by    his   foreman,  again 
visited    the    vinery.       The    Grapes    were    then 
beginning  to  colour.     Mr.  BuiST  is  described  as 
at  first  stupified  with  astonishment.     Recovering 
himself,  he  proceeded  to  estimate  the  weight  of 
the   bunches    at    1200   lb.     The    General    goes 
on  to  tell  us  that   Mr.  BuiST  might  well  be  asto- 
nished, as  in  Grape-growing  countries  a  period  of 
five  or  six  years  elapses  before  the  smallest  bunch 
is  produced  !  !  ! — while  here  Vines  1 7  months  old 
from  the  cuttings  produced  this  remarkable  crop 
of  magnificent  (drapes.    In  1863  the  Vines  yielded 
a  crop  estimated  at  2  tons  ! ! !     Naturally  enough 
the  neighbouring  growers  thought  that  after  such 
overcropping  as    this,  there  would  be  consider- 
able signs  of  fatigue  and  exhaustion  on  the  part 
of  the  Vines.     Not   a   bit   of  it.     From  year   to 
year  the  Vines  have  continued  to  yield  splendid 
crops  without  intermission,   and  they  are  now  in 
robust  health  without  any  sign  of  exhaustion  or 
decrepitude.        Pleased    with    his    success    the 
General  directed  his  attention  to  pigs  and  calves. 
These  animals  were  submitted  to  the  couleur  de 
violettc  treatment,  and  with  results   as  wonder- 
ful as  in  the  case  of  the  Vines.     We  leave  our 
agricultural  friends  to  deal  with  the  pigs  and  the 
calves,  and  proceed  to  comment  on  the  General's 
explanation  of  this  surprising  effect  of  violet  glass 
on  vegetable  development.     If  we  cannot  gain- 
say the  results   of  the  author's   experiments,  we 
can  at  least  say  that  the  explanation  he  gives  of 
it  is  by  no  means  consistent  with  the  results  of 
modern  investigation.     He  tells  us,  for  instance, 
that  the  most  refrangible  rays  of  the  spectrum, 
the  violet  rays,  are  those  which  are  most  potent  in 
effecting  the  decomposition  of  carbonic  acid  gas. 
Now  the  truth  is  exactly  the  reverse.     It  may  be 
taken  as  an  accepted  fact  that  the  least  refran- 
gible rays — the  yellow  light-giving  rays,  that  is— 
are  those  which   are  most  energetic  in  causing 
the    breaking    up    of  carbonic    acid    gas,   and 
the  giving  off  of  oxygen   gas  ;  that  the  action, 
in   fact,  of    the    various    rays    of  the  spectrum 
on   the   foliage    of    plants    is    just   the   reverse 
of    that    which    occurs     in     the     case    of    the 
salts  of  silver,  when  exposed  to  light.     As  the 
question  is  one  of  so  much  importance  practically, 
we  may  perhaps  profitably  lay  before  our  readers 
a  brief  summary  of  the  results  of  modern  investi- 
gation as  to  the  effects  of  variously  coloured  light 
on  vegetation.     For  this  purpose  we  may  cite  the 
following  passage,*    embodying  in   a  very  con- 
densed form  a  summary  of  the  principal  pheno- 
mena as  established  up  to  the  year   1869,  by  a 
great  number  of  observers  : — 


intensity.  A  corresponding  fact  has  been  noticed  with 
reg.irci  to  the  evaporation  of  water,  so  that  the  two 
phenomena  would  appear  to  be  in  some  way  connected." 
Now  if  the  breaking  up  of  carbonic  acid  gas 
by  the  green  part  of  plants,  and  the  consequent 
giving  off  of  oxygen  gas  under  the  influence  of 
light,  be  accepted  as  a  test  of  the  degree  of  health 
and  vigour  in  the  plant— and  no  one  has  ever 
ventured  to  question  it— it  of  course  follows  that 
General  Pleasanton's  theory  is  rather  seriously 
at  fault. 


' '  The  unlike  influence  of  the  different  rays  of  the  spec- 
trum [on  plants]  is  very  remarkable.  According  to  Draper 
[a  countryman  of  General  Pleasanton's],  whose  observa- 
tions have  been  confirmed  by  numerous  observers,  sun- 
light acts  in  proportion  to  its  illuminating  power  in  the 
deoxidating  process,  which  appears  to  be  just  the  reverse 
of  what  occurs  in  the  reducing  action  of  light  on  silver. 
The  yellow  rays  are  almost  as  powerful  as  white  light ; 
while  the  more  refrangible  rays,  blue,  violet,  &c.,  have 
little  or  no  eifect  on  the  emission  of  oxygen,  tjioiigh  it  is 
probable  they  ma)%exert  great  influence  on  the  cliemical 
transformations  which  follow  that  process  [a  loop-hole  for 
General  Pleasantun].  In  green  light  the  leaves  emit 
carbonic  acid  as  in  darkness.  Diffused  light  is  rich  in 
the  more  refrangible  (violet  and  blue)  rays,  and  hence 
causes  a  scanty  emission  of  o.xygen.  Prillieux  asserts 
that  the  amount  of  oxygen  emitted  by  light  of  different 
colours  is  in  direct  proportion  to  their  illuminating  power, 
and  that  the  effect  of  the  yellow  and  red  rays  in  causing 
the  disengagement  of  oxygen  is  due   to   their  luminous 


Henfrev's  EtcHfetitary  Course  o/  Prtany,  second  editinn 
(1870),  by  Dr.  Ma5Tei!s,  F.R.S..  p.  571. 


Pfeffer  is  one  of  the  most  recent  and  ex- 
haustive writers  on  this  subject,  and  his  results 
are  for  the  most  part  the  same  as  those  of 
Prillieux,  Baranetsky,  D^h^rain— not  to 
speak  of  older  writers,  whose  experience  is 
summed  up  in  the  passage  we  have  cited.  The 
nearer  approach  to  white  light,  then,  that  plants 
are  subjected  to,  the  more  vigorous  their  growth. 
Let  us  put  it  in  another  way.  All  real  growth, 
/.  <•.,  increase,  is  connected  with  the  formation 
and  utilisation  of  starch  ;  that  starch  is  not 
formed  unless  the  plant  be  exposed  to  light,  and 
the  brighter  the  light,  the  quicker  and  more 
abundant  the  formation  of  starch.  Some  experi- 
menters, such  as  Famintzin,  have  even  denied 
that  starch  can  be  formed  under  the  influence  of 
the  blue  light,  but  Krauss  has  shown  that  this  is 
too  alpsolute  a  statement,  asserting,  however,  that 
the  time  required  for  the  formation  of  starch 
under  blue  light  has  to  be  measured  by  hours  as 
against  minutes  in  the  case  of  yellow  light. 

There  are  yet  other  points  of  view  from  which 
the  growth  of  these  Vines  should  be  considered, 
and  which  may  be  thus  stated.     While  all  those 
parts  of  plants  specially  devoted  to  the  assimila- 
tion or  digestion  of  food,  the  green  portions  in 
other  words,  get  as  near  to  the  light  as  they  can, 
other  portions  devoted  to  the  formation  of  new 
tissues  are  shaded   from  the  light,  the  nascent 
buds,  for  example,  are  generally  shrouded  from 
the  light  by  opaque  scales.     The  development, 
then,    of  new  tissues   can  and  does  take  place 
during   darkness  ;   moreover,  plants  will  extend 
in   size,    if  not    in    weight,   in    darkness.      We 
have  plenty  of  illustrations  of  this  in  the  case  of 
blanched  plants.  They  become  "  drawn  "  in  their 
efforts    to    reach    the    light.      The    amount    of 
obscurity,  however,  caused  by  the    influence  of 
one-eighth   of  violet  light  against  seven-eighths 
of  white    light,   as  in   General    Pleasanton's 
vinery,  can  hardly  be  deemed  sufficient  to  account 
for  the  prodigious  growth  mentioned.     Were  it 
otherwise   we   might  surmise   that   as   the  light 
traversed  the  vinery  in   its  course  from  east  to 
west,  it   would   at  every  eighth  violet  pane  cause 
a  lengthening   of  the   rods,   while  in  the  inter- 
vening seven  white  panes  the  tissues  so  length- 
ened would  be  consolidated,  and  those  matters 
requisite  for  true  growth  and  development  would 
be  created  under  the  influence  of  the  white  light. 
We  lay  stress    on  the   words  "  true  growth  " 
because   much   of  that    lengthening    that    does 
undoubtedly  take  place  in   darkness   is  a  mere 
stretching  of  old  tissue,  and   not  a  forri,  ation  of 
new.     Some  time  since   (see    1871,   p.  leg?)  we 
had  occasion  to  allude  to   the  variations  n  ten- 
sion of  the  parts  of  the  plants,  and  the  nnve- 
ments   consequent   thereon.      We   showed   t  lat 
certain  portions  of  the  plant  were  active,  othe'.'s 
passive,  in  the  matter  of  tension,  under  varyiny 
conditions  there  explained.     Now,  let  us  apply' 
these    facts   to   General   Pleasanton's   Vines.  ,. 
The  central  tissue  of  the  rods— pith— would  have 
a  tendency  to  lengthen  as  its  state  of  tension  is 
active.     On  the  other  hand,  the  bark  and  rind- 
cells  are  passive  in  this  matter.     Now,  in  dark- 
ness,  and,   we    presume,   in    violet   light,  in   a 
proportionate     degree,     the     pith-cells     would 
lengthen   as  usual,  but  the  bark  and  wood  cefls 
would   not.     Their   growth   is   checked   by   the 
want    of    light,   and   their    state   of  tension   is 
passive.       There    would    then    be    nothing    to 
prevent  the  lengthening  of  the  shoot. 

The  discussion  of  these  matters  before  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  may  be  of  great  service  to 
science,  by  extending  the  knowledge  of  the 
phenomena  of  plant  life,  and  thus,  we  suspect, 
will  indirectly  be  of  more  service  to  Grape 
growers  than  will  the  experiments  of  General 
Pleasanton. 

We   are   informed   that   the   insertion   of  the 

representation  of  a  Medal  on  the  wrapper  of  a 
catalogue  issued  by  Messrs,  .Sutton,  and  complained 
of  by  a  correspondent  in  our  last  issue,  was  accidental. 
Messrs.  Sutton  lay  no  claim  to  iiaving  received  the 
award  of  a  medal  from  tlie  International  Exhibition  of 
1862,  but  they  pride  themselves  on  liaving  been  the 
recipients    of  a  medal    from    the    Royal  Horticultural 


\ 


176 


The    Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


[February   10,    1S72. 


Society  on  the  occasion  of  the  International  Exhibition 
of  Horticultural  and  Agricultural  Produce,  held  in 
October,  1862.  It  was  this  latter  medal  that  should 
have  been  represented  on  the  catalogue  in  question,  and 
instructions  were  given  to  that  effect  to  the  printer,  who 
by  mistake  inserted  a  representation  of  the  wrong 
medal.  The  error  was  not  seen  by  Messrs.  Sutton 
in  time  to  remedy  it,  as  the  catalogues  were  all 
posted  in  London,  to  save  time,  before  the 
wrappers  had  been  seen  by  Messrs.  Sutton.  We 
further  learn  that  Messrs.  SuTTON  have  removed 
the  objectionable  representation  from  their  catalogue. 
Such  is  the  number  of  medals  now-a-days,  and  so 
frequent  their  display,  that  we  imagine  the  general 
public  pay  little  heed  to  what  the  medal  is  or  who 
awarded  it  ;  and  we  are  sure  that  Messrs.  Sutton 
must  have  so  many  medals  of  one  sort  or  another,  that 
they  would  not  imperil  their  well-earned  reputation  by 
wilfully  laying  claim  to  an  honour  which  did  not  belong 
to  them. 

The  Council  of  the  Royal  Horticultural 

Society  has  issued  a  circular  containing  the  names 
of  three  gentlemen  whom  it  recommends  for  election  into 
the  Council  at  the  ensuing  annual  meeting,  on  Tuesday 
n;.\t,  in  the  place  of  three  retiring  members.  The  three 
recommended  are  H.  R.H.  Prince  Arthur  and  Messrs. 
Grote  and  Murray.  Each  and  all  of  these  gentle- 
men are  in  one  way  or  another  qualified  as  counsellors, 
and  we  would  not  be  thought  to  raise  any  other 
objection  against  their  election  than  this,  that  there  are 
other  Fellows  of  the  Society  more  intimately  connected 
with  horticulture,  and  possessing  in  a  larger  degree  the 
confidence  of  the  horticultural  public,  and  whose 
claims  should  tlierefore  have  been  considered  first. 
There  should  have  been,  for  instance,  an  easy  method 
of  associating  Prince  Arthur  with  the  Society  if  it 
be  deemed  desirable  to  do  so,  without  conferring  on  hira 
an  office  he  is  not  likely  to  be  able  to  fill  with  much  dili- 
gence, while  at  the  same  time  His  Royal  Highness  is 
made  to  prevent  the  access  to  the  governing  body  of  some 
more  practically  competent  member.  1 1  would  have  been 
felt  as  a  compliment  to  a  large  section  of  the  gardening 
fraternity  if  the  Rev.  S.  Reynolds  Hole  had  been 
nominated,  and  his  election  would  have  done  much 
towards  stamping-out  a  smouldering  feeling  of  dis- 
content. The  Fellows  of  the  Society,  however,  have 
this  matter  in  their  own  hands,  and  if  they  see  fit  at  the 
annual  meeting  to  endorse  the  recommendation  of  the 
Council  they  must  not  afterwards  complain. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  know  if  either  the 

physicians  or  the  lecturers  on  Botany  at  St.  Thomas' 
Hospital  and  King's  College  Hospital,  London, 
respectively,  have  been  consulted  as  to  the  Planting  that 
has  been  lately  carried  on  in  the  enclosures  facing  the 
buildings  we  have  mentioned.  We  can  hardly  suppose 
that  these  gentlemen  can  have  had  any  voice  in  the 
matter,  since  they  must  be  too  good  physiologists  not 
to  know  what  must  be  the  inevitable  result  of  such 
operations.  At  St.  Thomas'  the  expenditure  for  ever- 
green shrubs  must  have  been  very  considerable.  There 
are,  we  think  we  may  safely  say,  scores  of  such  things 
as  Libocedrus  decurrens,  Cupressus  Lawsoniana,  Thu- 
jopsis  borealis,  Wellingtonia,  and  the  like,  which  are 
c^rlain  to  die.  The  selection  of  evergreen  shrubs  for  the 
Thnmes  Embankment  (north)  is  sufficiently  unfortunate, 
but  'or  reckless  planting  commend  us  to  the  Hospital  of 
St.  Thomas.  At  King's  College  Hospital  the  planting 
his  been  more  modest,  the  victims  consisting  merely  of 
Cherry  Laurels.  Surely  we  might  have  looked  for  a 
little  com-  lon  sense  in  such  establishments  as  we  have 
alluded  to. 

■ We    are    informed    that    the    old-established 

nurseiy  of  the  late  Mr.  J.  Van  Geert,  pere,  of 
Ghent,  has  passed  into  the  hands  of  his  son,  Mr. 
A^tguste  Van  Geert,  who  will  continue  to  grow 
extensively,  as  heretofore,  the  Camellia,  Indian  Azalea, 
'ind  other  hard-wooded  plants,  for  which  this  establish- 
ment is  renowned. 

The  Weather  in  the  Western  Islands 

of  Scotland  has  been  this  winter  much  less  severe 
than  usual.  A  correspondent,  writing  from  Stornaway 
at  the  close  of  the  past  year,  describes  the  weather  as 
being  cold  but  in  no  degree  of  comparison  to  what  it 
had  then  been  in  England.  The  frost  had  been  but 
very  slight,  the  lowest  marking  of  the  thermometer  was 
28°,  and  this  during  a  night  in  November.  Up  to  the 
end  of  the  year  Fuchsias  in  the  plantations  had  not 
lost  their  leaves,  neither  had  the  Sweet  Brier  ;  Stocks, 
Pansies,  double  Daisies,  Arabis,  monthly  Roses, 
yellow  and  purple  Primoses,  and  many  other  things 
were  in  flower.     The  Elder,  and  many  other  common 

-plants  were  forming  quantities  of  new  shoots — in  fact, 
the  climate  of  the  Hebrides  is  normally  very  favourable 
to  vegetation.  The  snowfall  up  to  the  date  mentioned 
above  had  been  a  mere  sprinkling, 

A  nobleman's  gardener,  residing  in  the  midland 

counties,  writes  to  us  respecting  the  advisability  of  his 
brothers  of  the  craft  getting  up  a  Gardener's  Prize 
for  Vegetables  at  the  forthcoming  Royal  Show  at 
Birmingham.  He  wisely  remarks  that  evei7  gardener, 
from  obvious  reasons,  will  not  be  able  to  compete  for 
the  handsome  prizes  offered  by  Messrs.  Carter  &  Co. 
and  Messrs.  Sutton  &  Sons,  and  therefore  suggests 
that  they  should  endeavour  to  raise  amongst  themselves 
the  sum  of  ^iS,  to  be  divided  into  three  prizes,  of  2^io, 


£$,  and  ;i^3  respectively,  for  the  three  best  collections 
of  vegetables,  to  include  one  dish  of  Peas,  two  heads  of 
Cauliflowers,  two  Cabbages,  two  dishes  of  Potatos  (one 
round,  one  kidney),  12  Turnips,  12  Onions,  12  Carrots, 
two  Lettuces,  one  brace  of  Cucumbers,  and  any  two  of 
the  following  : — One  dish  of  Longpod  Beans,  one  dish  of 
Mushrooms,  one  Vegetable  Marrow,  and  six  heads  of 
Celery.  Our  correspondent  does  not  understand  how 
those  gardeners  who  have  to  keep  up  a  continuous 
supply  of  Peas  as  long  as  possible  will  be  able  to  have 
all  the  sorts  enumerated  by  Messrs.  Carter  &  Co.  in 
use  at  the  same  time.  Most  of  the  vegetables  named 
above  will  be  in  good  order  for  showing  by  the  time 
required,  and  thus  many  will  be  induced  to  take  a 
lively  interest  in  the  show  who  would  otherwise  be 
debarred  from  competing.  With  a  view  to  giving  the 
project  a  fair  start,  our  correspondent  offers  to  subscribe 
^3  to  the  sinews  of  war,  upon  condition  that  the 
remaining  sum  is  raised  ;  and  hopes,  with  ourselves,  that 
the  matter  will  be  taken  up  with  a  spirit  and  determi- 
nation to  carry  it  through  to  a  successful  issue.  What 
have  his  brothers  of  the  spade  to  say  on  the  subject  ? 

We  learn  from  a  report  of  Mr.  Consul  JoNEs, 

that  there  are  considerable  numbers  of  Almond 
Trees  in  the  Province  of  Azerbijan,  Persia,  and  any 
injury  to  the  crop  is  universally  felt.  The  spring  season 
is  very  irregular  in  the  elevated  plains  of  Northern 
Persia,  and  frequently,  after  some  weeks  of  hot  weather 
have  brought  out  the  Almond  blossoms,  falls  of  snow, 
accompanied  by  severe  frosts  and  strong  gales,  will 
destroy  the  entire  crop.  The  greater  part  of  these  crops 
finds  a  market  in  Russia. 

■ Mr.  Glaisher  thus  reports  on  the  State  of 

THE  Weather  during  the  week  ending  February  3  : 
The  reading  of  the  barometer  at  the  level  of  the  sea  at 
the  beginningof  the  week  was  about  30  inches,  increasing 
by  the  evening  of  January  28  to  30.2.  Lessening  read- 
ings were  then  generally  recorded  till  a  value  about 
29,6  was  reached  on  the  evening  of  February  i,  fol- 
lowed by  an  increase  to  about  30  indies  again  on  the 
morning  of  the  3d.  Duringthe  remainder  of  the  3d  ade- 
crease  was  experienced.  The  mean  daily  values,  with  the 
exception  o(  January  28,  were  all  below  the  average. 
The  highest  temperatures  by  day  ranged  between  54.^* 
on  February  2,  and  44^°  on  January  28.  The  lowest 
temperature  at  night  on  January  28  was  365°,  on  other 
nights  the  values  were  in  excess  of  37°  ;  on  January 
30  the  lowest  temperature  was  42';f''.  The  daily 
rangesof  temperature  were  generally  small,  the  greatest, 
14I,  occurring  on  February  2.  The  mean  daily  values 
were  entirely  above  the  average,  the  respective  amounts 
of  departure  being  as  follows  : — 28th,  i'*.6  ;  29th, 
5^3;  30th,  8^3;  31st,  8^.3;  February  i,  8°.  5;  2d, 
8°. 3  ;  and  3d,  4". 2.  The  differences  between  air  and 
dew-point  temperature  were  small  at  the  beginning  and 
end  of  the  week,  but  large  in  the  middle,  especially  on 
January  31.  The  sky  was  generally  cloudy  in  the  day- 
time throughout  the  week,  with  the  exception  of 
January  31,  but  several  evenings  were  comparatively 
cloudless  and  very  fine.  Rain  fell  thinly  on  January 
29  and  February  3,  but  the  amount  was  small,  viz., 
only  four-hundreths  of  an  inch.  South-westerly  winds 
prevailed  throughout  the  week,  but  the  pressures  were 
light  compared  with  those  of  last  week,  the  greatest 
being  only  14  lb.  on  the  square  foot  on  February  i. 

In  England  the  extreme  high  temperatures  ranged 
between  56^  at  Liverpool  and  51°  at  Norwich;  the 
general  average  over  the  country  being  54J'*.  The 
extreme  low  temperatures  varied  from  37  i°  at  Bradford 
to  28^"  at  Portsmouth,  the  general  average  being  34!". 
The  average  daily  tange  of  temperature  in  the  week 
was  about  20°.  The  mean  for  the  week  of  the  highest 
temperatures  observed  by  day  was  504%  the  highest 
being  at  Bradford,  55  i°,  and  the  lowest  at  Norwich, 
47.^°.  The  average  range  of  temperature  was  about 
loi''.  The  mean  temperature  for  the  week  was  about 
441°,  varying  from  47!"  at  Bradford  to  42^°  at  Nor- 
wich. Rain  fell  on  six  days  in  the  week  at  Wolver- 
hampton, Sheffield,  and  Eccles,  and  on  five  days  at 
Birmingham.  The  greatest  fall  was  nine-tenths  of  an 
inch  at  Wolverhampton,  and  the  least,  four-hundredths 
of  an  inch,  at  Greenwich. 

In  Scotland  the  highest  temperatures  varied  between 
544**  at  Leith  and  50^"  at  Aberdeen,  the  general 
average  being  nearly  53°.  The  lowest  temperatures 
ranged  from  37°  at  Perth  to  30^°  at  Aberdeen  ;  the 
general  mean  over  the  country  being  nearly  34°.  The 
mean  temperature  for  the  week  was  444°,  the  highest 
{46'')  occurring  at  Leith  and  Perth,  and  the  lowest  (42^") 
at  Aberdeen.  Large  amounts  of  rain  were  collected  at 
all  stations,  the  fall  at  Greenock  for  the  week  being 
more  than  3  4  inches,  and  at  Paisley  and  Glasgow 
2  inches  and  i^  inch  respectively  were  measured. 
The  average  fall  over  the  country  was  l^  inch  nearly. 

At  Dublin  the  highest  temperature  was  56^°,  the 
lowest  351°,  and  the  mean  47°  nearly.  The  rainfall 
was  nearly  ^  of  an  inch. 

In  a  recent  number  of  an  illustrated  Australian 

paper  is  a  woodcut  representing  the  Rosery  in  the 
Botanical  Gardens  at  Adelaide.  This  rosery 
was  laid  out  about  three  years  since  by  the  present 
director.  Dr.  Schomburgic,  and  is  about  200  feet 
long,  by  no  feet  wide.  It  is  arranged  in  several 
divisions,  separated  by  gravel  walks,  and  each  division 
contains  about  60  distinct  kinds  of  Roses  arranged  in 
colours,  from  the  darkest  to  the  purest  white.     Those 


in  the  compartments  nearest  the  borders  are  arranged 
so  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  a  gradual  slope,  the 
outside  Rose  bushes  being  3  feet  high,  and  those  inside 
only  iS  inches.  Between  these  Roses  are  planted 
various  kinds  of  Oxalis.  The  intervening  paths  and 
beds  are  composed,  some  of  different  coloured  sands, 
and  others  of  short  grass.  The  borders  are  all  formed 
of  dwarf  Roses,  and  at  the  southern  end  is  a  series  of 
climbing  Roses  forming  festoons.  In  the  centre  of  the 
ground  is  a  bronze  statue  of  the  Amazon,  purchased  by 
subscription,  and  presented  to  the  gardens  ;  between 
this  and  the  northern  and  southern  borders  are  two  orna- 
mental fountains.  It  is  said  that  when  the  Roses  are 
in  full  blossom,  the  effect  is  very  grand. 

It  is  believed  by  many  that  there  would  always 

be  more  exhibitors  of  Grapes  at  our  fruit  shows  if  by 
any  means  they  could  receive  the  fruit  after  the 
exhibition  in  the  same  condition  as  it  was  when  staged. 
To  bring  about  this  happy  consummation,  we  hear  that 
Mr.  Gilbert,  gardener  to  the  Marquis  of  Exeter,  has 
had  a  special  show  case  for  this  work  made,  and  which 
will  be  shown  at  the  next  meeting  of  the  Fruit  Com- 
mittee, at  South  Kensington,  on  February  14. 

Some  of  our  present  Ministers,  and  in  par- 
ticular the  one  upon  whom  devolves  the  care  of  public 
works,  are  not  in  particularly  good  odour  just  now,  but 
it  does  not  appear  that  things  are  always  better  under 
a  Republican  form  of  Government.  We  have  before 
us  a  correspondence  relating  to  the  Dismissal  of  Dr. 
Parry,  the  late  Botanist  to  the  Department  of 
Agriculture,  at  Washington,  by  the  Commissioner 
of  Agriculture,  who  seems  to  have  acted  in  a  very 
rude  and  peremptory  manner.  This  led  to  a  quiet, 
but  firm  protest  signed  by  Drs.  Torrey  and  ASA 
Gray,  and  by  Professors  Brewer  and  Eaton.  We  do 
not  profess  to  know  the  full  history  of  the  transaction, 
but  we  know  Dr.  Parry  as  a  competent  botanist,  and 
the  scientific  reputation  and  personal  character  of  those 
who  signed  the  above  protest  is  such  that  we  have  no 
hesitation  in  assenting  to  the  proposition,  that  the 
abrupt  dismissal  of  Dr.  Parry  by  the  Commissioner, 
following  a  course  of  vexatious  treatment  at  the  hands 
of  his  chief  clerk,  is  "not  calculated  to  win  the  con- 
fidence of  scientific  men  in  the  present  administration  of 
a  department  in  which  they  naturally  feel  much  interest. " 

Mr.  M.  C.  CoOKEwrites  that  itishis  intention,  if 

the  names  of  a  sufficient  number  of  subscribers  can  be 
obtained,  to  issue  monthly  a  small  journal,  somewhat 
like  Hedwi_^ia^  of  16  pages  8vo,  with  illustrations, 
devoted  absolutely  to  Cryptogamic  Botany.  It  will 
serve  as  a  sort  of  Appendix  to  the  Lichen  and  Fungi 
Floras  recently  published,  by  recording  and  describing 
new  species  as  they  are  found.  Although  British  Cryp- 
togamia  will  occupy  the  first  place,  it  is  intended  to 
record  from  time  to  time  what  is  doing  abroad  in  all  the 
cryptogamic  families  (except  Ferns),  and  to  keep  the 
student  acquainted  with  what  is  being  published  in 
foreign  countries  as  well  as  his  own.  As  a  medium  of 
communication  between  cryptogamists  of  all  countries, 
it  is  hoped  that  such  a  journal  will  greatly  facilitate 
the  interchange  of  specimens  and  friendly  relations, 
without  coming  into  competition  with  any  existing 
periodical.  The  co-operation  of  the  Rev.  W.  A. 
Leighton,  Dr.  Lauder  Lindsay,  Dr.  Braith- 
waite,  F.  Kitton,  and  other  friends,  in  special 
departments  is  promised.  The  subscription  will  be  5^. 
per  annum  {post  free),  payable  in  advance.  We  heartily 
wish  success  to  the  project.  Those  who  share  our 
views  should  communicate  forthwith  with  Mr.  CoOKE, 
2,  Grosvenor  Villas,  Junction  Road,  London,  N. 

The    Palmetto     (Sabal     Palmetto)     is   the 

Emblem  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina.  Fort 
Ripley,  a  new  fort  in  the  rear  of  Fort  Sumter,  with  the 
name  of  which  we  were  so  familiar  during  the  American 
war,  is  built  almost  entirely  of  Palmetto  wood,  which 
aflords  excellent  material  for  the  purpose,  as  cannon- 
balls  soon  lose  their  force  in  its  spongy  substance,  and 
while  they  penetrate  but  little,  make  no  extended 
fractures,  and  detach  no  dangerous  splinters.  Palmetto 
wood  is  much  used  for  facing  wharves  and  other  works 
under  water,  as  it  is  never  injured  by  the  teredo. 


THE  NEW   WHOLESALE   FLOWER 
MARKET. 

Great  complaints  have  been  made  of  late  years,  and 
certainly  not  without  reason,  at  the  wretchedly  inef- 
ficient arrangements  provided  for  the  frequenters  of  the 
wholesale  Flower  Market  in  Covent  Garden.  Not  only 
was  the  temporary  shed  erected  some  12  years  ago 
far  too  small  for  the  requirements  of  the  trade  in  the 
summer  months,  but  it  was  ill  adapted  in  all  ways, 
and  more  suited  to  be  the  cause  of  ill  health  to  the 
dealers  and  of  injury  to  their  plants  than  to  fulfil  the 
requirements  of  the  trade.  Unsuitable  as  this  was,  it 
was  thought  much  better  than  holding  the  market  in 
the  open  air,  as  had  been  the  case  up  to  that  time,  in 
front  of  St.  Paul's  Church.  At  length  a  remedy 
was  decided  on,  and,  being  decided  on,  has  been 
carried  out  with  extraordinary  rapidity.  As  soon 
as  the  Duke  of  Bedford  had  determined  on  the 
erection  of  a  suitable  flower-market,  Mr.  Davison,  the 
Duke's  agent,  gave  instructions  for  the  removal  of 
three  houses  on  the  west  side  of  Wellington  Street, 
and  of  the  temporary  structure  which  had  been  used  as 
a  flower-market,  lying  between  the  south-east  corner  of 


178 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  lo,   1S72. 


Covent  Garden  Market  and  the  north  side  of  Tavistock 
Street,  and  extending  behind  the  New  Hummum's 
Hotel,  and  at  the  rear  of  the  Gardeners'  Chroiuele  office 
— the  whole  containing  an  area  equal  to  about  16,000  feet 
superficial,  with  a  height  of  19  feet  next  the  walls,  and 
54  feet  to  the  highest  part  of  the  roof— possessing 
ample  accommodation  for  the  rapid  delivery  and 
removal  of  goods,  and  for  business  purposes  generally. 

The  new  market,  of  which  we  give  an  illustration  on 
p.  I77,i  is  being  constructed  of  iron  and  glass,  within 
the  surrounding  walls,  and  is  lighted  partly  by  a 
clerestory  around  the  central  building,  the  windows  of 
which  are  so  arranged  as  to  afford  by  easy  action  good 
ventilation.  Extensive  ranges  of  cellars  are  being  con- 
structed under  the  market  in  groined  brickwork,  in 
cement,  for  which  purpose  many  thousand  tons  of  earth 
are  being  excavated  and  actively  carted  away. 

The  principal  elevation,  which  is  to  face  Wellington 
Street,  and  the  entrance  to  which  is  next  to  the  office 
of  this  journal,  is  to  be  of  a  plain  and  simple  character, 
worked  out  in  white  bricks  with  Portland  stone 
dressings,  and  the  entrances  are  arranged  so  as  to  afford 
i.Timediate  shelter  to  all  persons  frequenting  the 
market. 

The  stands  shown  in  the  engraving  are  to  be  arranged 
in  rows  parallel  with  the  lines  of  the  building  itself, 
each  standholder  having  a  raised  entablature  or  ticket, 
to  indicate  his  position.  Each  stand  is  to  contain 
30  feet  super,  with  additional  shelf  room.  The  stands 
are  to  be  rented  as  annual  tenancies,  or  casually,  at  a 
small  rent-charge  per  diem.  Both  annual  and  casual 
tenants  will  be  required  to  conform  to  certain  bye-laws 
for  the  good  conduct  of  the  market,  and  for  the  ganeral 
benefit  of  all  parties  using  it. 

The  whole  of  the  works  are  being  very  rapidly  and 
substantially  carried  out  by  Messrs.  Cubilt  &  Co.,  of 
Gray's  Inn  Road,  from  designs  by  them,  under  the 
general  superintendence  of  Mr.  W.J.  Trehearne,  C.  E., 
5S,  Great  Russell  .Street. 

To  the  carrying  out  of  the  works,  and  the  careful 
consideration  of  the  requirements  and  general  comfort 
of  the  frequenters  of  the  proposed  market,  Mr. 
Davison  has  devoted  very  considerable  care  and  atten- 
tion ;  and  it  is  confidently  expected  that  the  whole  of 
the  central  portion  of  the  market  will  be  in  active 
operation,  for  all  business  purposes,  by  the  middle  of 
March  next. 

Veiy  few,  even  among  professed  Londoners,  have 
much  knowledge  of  this  department  of  Covent  Garden 
Market.  Young  gentlemen  who  make  a  boast  of 
hearing  the  "chimes  at  midnight,"  and,  we  fear,  later 
still  ;  journalists,  artists,  and  novelists  in  search  of  new 
ideas,  are,  indeed,  familiar  with  the  general  aspect 
of  the  market ;  the  huge  lumbering  waggons,  the  tons 
of  Cabbages  or  Lettuces  from  the  suburbs,  the  railway 
waggons  with  their  consignments  of  fruit  or  what-not 
from  Cornwall  or  Kent,  from  the  Channel  Islands  and 
Western  France,  the  crowd,  the  jostling,  the  inde- 
scrib.able  uproar,  and  apparently  inextricable  con- 
fusion— all  heightened  by  the  much  too  limited  space 
in  which  the  operations  are  carried  on.  If  the 
reader  ever  had  the  fortune — as  how  many  must 
have  done — to  occupy  a  bedroom  facing  the  market 
in  one  or  other  of  the  many  hotels  surrounding  it, 
he  will  not  need  any  reminder  of  this  extraordinary 
scene.  It  is  worth  losing  a  night's  rest  for  once  in  a 
way,  to  see  such  a  sight.  But  the  flower  market  proper 
has  not,  to  the  casual  observer  at  least,  presented  many 
featiires  sufficiently  distinctive  from  the  rest  to  attract 
special  notice.  Its  operations  have  hitherto  for  the 
most  part  been  carried  on  in  an  unattractive  shed,  little 
likely  to  attract  the  casual  visitor  ;  and  if  perchance  he 
may  have  seen  a  handbarrow  of  Pelargoniums  and 
Fuchsias,  he  has  not  paid  particular  attention  to  it, 
amid  the  turmoil  of  the  adjacent  and  larger  market. 
And  yet  the  flower  market  proper  is  well  worth  a 
visit  on  a  summer  morning,  say  in  the  months 
of  May  and  June  ;  its  occupants,  whether  of  human 
or  of  vegetable  nature,  are  of  types  perfectly  dis- 
tinct from  those  of  the  adjacent  market.  Where  do  all 
those  myriads  of  Pelargoniums,  of  Balsams,  of 
Fuchsias,  of  "  Calcies "  come  from?  They  fill  the 
benches,  occupy  the  floor,  well  over  into  the  adjacent 
streets,  line  the  pavements  :  one  cannot  walk  even  in 
the  street  without  carefully  picking  one's  way.  If  the 
exigencies  of  a  provincial  show  at  Nottingham,  or 
other  important  horticultural  event,  demand  the  pre- 
sence of  the  Editors  and  their  subordinates  in  Welling- 
ton Street,  during  the  very  small  hours  on  a  summers 
morning,  their  path  to  the  editorial  sanctum  may  be 
.said  to  be  strewn  with  flowers.  The  editorial 
"  Hansom  "  has  to  be  steered  as  carefully  as  ever  ship 
was  between  Scylla  and  Charybdis,  and  as  to  gaining 
access  to  the  sacred  portals,  that  is  not  possible  till  a 
gangway  has  been  made  amid  the  pots  for  the  purpose. 
By  6  or  7  the  plethora  of  flowers  has  somewhat  subsided. 
No  more  growers  arrive  with  van  loads  of  produce — 
the  costermongers  and  other  buyers  have  materially 
lessened  the  supplies,  and  have  retired  with  their  pur- 
chases. Still  up  to  9  in  the  morning,  or  later,  traces 
may  be  seen  of  the  floral  carnival. 

Growing  for  market  is  a  distinct  branch  of  trade  : 
the  plants  must  be  of  the  class  known  as  "market 
plants;"  they  must  be  readily  propagated,  cheaplygrown, 
free  growers,  and  "good  uns  to  flower."  Any 
gardener  accustomed  to  the  primness  and  precision  of 
our  best  nursery  or  private  estalilishments  would 
be    struck    with     something     like     astonishment     at 


the  tumble -down,  ricketty  structures  in  which 
many  of  these  plants  are  grown.  We  have  seen 
Pelargoniums,  Balsam;,  Verbenas,  Lobelias,  and  bed- 
ding plants  generally  grown  literally  by  the  million 
in  mere  glazed  sheds,  which  seem  so  ricketty  that  a 
kick  would  annihilate  them.  They  are  withal  strong 
enough  and  good  enough  for  the  purpose,  managed  as 
they  are  by  expert  cultivators.  As  an  instance  of  this 
superior  cultivation  let  us  pick  out  the  Mignonette.  Go 
where  you  will,  where  do  you  see  Mignonette  grown  as 
it  is  by  those  who  supply  Covent  Garden  ?  and  very 
often  it  is  grown  in  the  dilapidated  sheds  we  have 
mentioned.  We  do  not  mean  to  say  that  all  the 
growers  for  market  are  content  with  such  structures  as 
we  have  alluded  to,  but  in  every  suburb  of  London 
there  are  a  number  of  such  establishments  turning  out 
in  the  season  their  plants  by  myriads,  grown  at  the 
smallest  possible  cost,  but  clearly  with  great  skill,  and 
sold  wholesale  at  prices  which  strike  despair  into  the 
heart  of  the  ordinary  nurseryman.  As  to  "Musk"  in 
such  establishments  as  we  have  mentioned,  it  grows 
like  a  weed,  in  vast  quantities,  and  yet  sells  at  so  ridi- 
culously small  a  price  that  the  wonder  is  that  it  can 
ever  be  worth  the  while  to  grow  it  at  all.  Sometimes 
in  these  establishments  a  murrain  occurs,  and  then 
great  is  the  disaster.  We  have  known  of  Verbenas 
and  Calceolarias  and  sometimes  Mignonette  swept  off 
by  disease  in  this  way.  Sometimes,  too,  we  have 
seen  the  plants  in  a  whole  range  of  low  pits  devastated 
by  the  growth  in  a  single  night  of  that  horrid  yellow 
frothy  looking  Fungus  known  as  ,Ethalium  vapora- 
rium. Salt  and  sulphur,  or  quicklime,  are  good  medi- 
cines, but  the  best  of  all  is  to  avoid  the  use  of  tan. 

Besides  the  regular  market  growers  who  furnish  the 
largest  quantities  of  the  goods  brought  to  the  market, 
other  nurserymen  having  facilities  for  the  growth  in 
quantities  of  certain  things,  such  as  hardy  Ferns,  or 
having  a  surplus  stock,  manage  occasionally  to  get  rid 
of  it  in  the  market.  The  regular  market  mornings  are 
Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday,  but  the  exigencies 
of  the  public  service  are  such  that  from  April  to  July 
market  morning  means  every  lawful  morning,  from 
Monday  to  Saturday,  both  inclusive. 

\Ve  have  indicated  in  a  suggestive  not  exhaustive 
way  the  sources  of  supply — now  where  do  the  plants 
all  go  to  ?  That  question  is  readily  answered, 
Londoners  are  flower-lovers,  and  the  taste  is  happily 
increasing.  In  every  drawing-room,  in  full  many  a 
garret,  is  the  soothing  hallowing  power  of  God's 
precious  gift  of  flowers  now  exercised.  Some  houses, 
even  in  smoky  dirty  London,  are  well  nigh  covered 
with  flowers  in  the  season.  Every  dinner-table  has 
more  or  less  of  them.  Suburban  villas  and  terraces 
all  have  their  flowers  somewhere — in  their  windows,  in 
their  conservatories,  certainly  in  their  gardens ;  and 
this  latter  class  of  consumers  is  very  largely  supplied 
by  the  hard-working,  loud-tongued  "  Coster,"  whose 
cry  of  "  All  a-blowin'  and  a-growin'  "  is  so  familiar  to 
cockney  ears.  Master  Coster  is  not  refined  certainly  ; 
he  works  hard,  and  is  a  shrewd  man  of  business  :  he 
does  not  always  sell  for  cash — he  is  often  quite  as  will- 
ing to  barter  his  flowers  for  an  old  coat  or  a  disused 
hat,  and  though  the  housewife  may  chuckle  at  the 
thought  of  stocking  her  window  without  outlay  of  cash, 
it  is  pretty  certain  that  Coster  has  the  best  of  the  bar- 
gain in  the  value  of  the  old  clothes.  But  if  both 
parties  are  satisfied,  well  and  good. 

The  market  which  has  suggested  these  remarks  is 
exclusively  a  wholesale  one,  the  ladies  w-hom  our 
artist — in  this  case  with,  perhaps,  too  keen  a  sense  of 
the  propriety  of  associating  the  flowers  of  humanity 
with  those  of  the  greenhouse  or  forcing  pit — repre- 
sents "  flow'ring "  themselves  in  the  new  market, 
would  soon  be  made  to  feel  that  their  room  was 
more  valuable  than  their  company.  "  Indeed  we  fear 
it  cannot  be  said  that  the  mercantile  transactions  in 
the  flower-market  are  likely  to  refine  either  buyer  or 
seller,  as  theorists  and  poets  might  imagine  from  the 
refining  influence  flowers  are  said  to  exercise  on  those 
who  come  in  contact  with  them. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  the  wholesale  flower-market 
is  now  in  a  fair  way  of  being  provided  for,  but 
there  is  still  a  great  want  in  London  of  one  or 
more  retail  flower  markets  where  purchasers  of  single 
plants,  of  cut  flowers  or  bouquets  might  get  what  they 
want  with  greater  readiness  and  at  lower  prices  than 
they  can  do  now.  As  to  the  fruit  and  vegetable 
market,  that  is,  as  is  well  known  and  acknowledged, 
far  too  small  and  inconvenient  for  the  requirements  of 
this  Large  city ;  but  in  the  spirited  erection  of  the 
wholesale  flower  market  we  may,  perhaps,  find  grounds 
for  the  hope  of  improvement  in  other  respects  also. 

To  make  our  notice  of  the  market  more  complete, 
we  subjoin  some  gossiping  fragments  relating  to  its 
historical  associations,  in  great  part  borrowed  from  a 
recent  article  in  our  contemporary,  the  City  Press,  and 
supplemented  by  the  results  of  our  own  inquiries  : — 

"  Covent  Garden  has  a  curious  literature  of  its  own  ; 
no  public  place  in  London,  devoted  to  such  comparatively 
humble  purposes,  can  boast  such  a  history.  True,  the 
martyrs  died  in  Smilhfield  ;  but  here  wit,  beauty,  art,  and 
fashion  once  delighted  to  find  homes,  and  even  now,  each 
daylight  hour  of  every  fine  day,  fair  women  and  elegant 
costumes  are  common  in  Covent  Garden.  The  Spectator 
speaks  of  daily  prayer  at  the  Garden  Church,  and  how  the 
fine  ladies,  with  black  pages  carrying  their  books,  walked 
across  the  market  to  their  pews.  When  we  knew  it  first 
— now  over  60  years  since — the  arrangements  were  very 
primitive.     The  middle  walk  consisted  of  old,   tumble- 


down shed  shops,  though  the  fruit,  flowers,  and  vegetables 
were  excellent.  Crockery-ware  was  sold  in  several  of 
them.  There  were  two  medical  herb  shops,  where  you 
could  purchase  leeches,  and  where  snails,  then  employed 
to  make  broth  for  consumptive  patients,  were  vended.  A 
well-known  itinerant  bird-dealer  had  a  stall,  where  he 
sold  larks,  canaries,  owls,  and,  if  you  desired  it,  he  could 
get  you  a  talking  parrot,  or  manufacture  you  a  love-bird  on 
the  shortest  notice. 

"Covent  (Convent)  Garden  belonged  to  the  Abbots 
of  Westminster.  On  the  dissolution  of  monasteries  it 
was  given  to  the  Duke  of  Somerset,  and  after  his 
fall,  in  1552,  to  the  Earl  of  Bedford.  It  was  used 
for  many  years  as  a  pasture-ground,  and  was  then 
let  on  a  building  lease.  Then  the  square  was  planned, 
and  Inigo  Jones  designed  it.  The  piazza,  which  runs 
round  a  part  of  it,  was  also  his  work.  In  our  climate 
piazzas  were  a  novelty— we  seldom  need  to  exclude  the 
sun  ;  yet  those  in  Covent  Garden  became  popular.  Long 
afterwards  piazzas  were  erected  in  Regent  Street  (the 
Colonnade),  but  they  were  not  a  success,  and  have  been 
removed.  Those  in  Covent  Garden,  though  much  dis- 
honoured, remain ;  and  are,  perhaps,  the  only  buildings 
in  that  style  in  England.  [Chester  Rows,  much  older  in 
point  of  date,  are  the  nearest  approach  we  can  call  to 
mind.]  The  market  originated  casually.  Vegetable 
and  fruit  sellers  used  the  centre  of  the  square  as  a 
market,  and  in  lapse  of  time  it  grew  into  a  recognised 
institution.  It  was  strangely  unsightly,  being  but  a  rude 
combination  of  stalls  and  .sheds.  But  in  1831  the  present 
market  buildings  were  erected  at  the  Duke  of  Bedford's 
expense  ;  and,  a  few  years  later,  open  air  accommodation 
was  obtained  on  the  roof  for  the  sale  of  plants,  &c. 

"Covent  Garden  was  for  a  long  period  fashionable 
as  a  residence  and  a  promenade.  From  1666  down 
to  1700,  the  following  noble  personages  tenanted  the 
piazzas :— Lords  Hollis,  Brownlow,  Lucas,  Newport, 
Barkham  ;  Bishop  of  Durham,  Duke  of  Richmond. 
Earl  of  Oxford,  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller,  Sir  Edward 
Flood,  Sir  Kenelm  Digby,  Earl  of  Bedford,  Hon.  Colonel 
Russell,  Bishop  of  St.  David's,  Marquis  of  Winchester, 
Earl  of  Peterborough  (where  auctioneer  Robins  afterwards 
flourished).  Earl  of  Sussex.  The  piazzas  attracted  many 
remarkable  literary  and  scientific  persons.  In  addition  to 
Kneller,  several  gifted  painters  chose  them  for  their 
studios  ;  John  Zachary,  Kneller,  Aggas,  Sir  Peter  Lely, 
Peter  Roestraten,  Mrs.  S.  P.  Rose,  a  famous  water- 
colourist,  and  John  Mortimer  Hamilton.  West,  when  he 
first  came  from  America,  resided  in  Covent  Garden.  The 
neighbouring  streets,  also,  King  Street,  Henrietta  Street, 
&c.,  were  crowded  with  persons  of  quality.  It  was  re- 
markable, besides,  as  the  spot  where  the  elections  for 
Westminster  were  carried  on. 

We  subjoin  a  few  historical  details,  in  chronological 
order. 

"The  market  buildings  were  commenced  in  1632,  by  the 
Earl  of  Bedford.  r65o,  April  26.  Col.  Poyse  was  shot  in 
the  market.  1675,  December  29.  A  proclamation  against 
coffee-houses.  Januarys.  Ditto  to  allow  th'eir  continuance 
till  June  24,  following.  1679.  The  poet  Dryden  was  as- 
saulted in  Covent  Garden,  on  account  of  some  verses  in 
his  Hind  and  Panther." 

[.According  to  a  plan,  dated  i586,  a  copy  of  which 
is  now  before  us,  and  which  gives  the  boundaries  of 
the  parish  of  St.  Paul,  as  established  in  the  year 
1660,  i2th  of  Charles  II.,  Covent  Garden  proper  was 
as  large  at  that  date  as  it  is  now — sufiicient  proof,  if  any 
were  wanted,  of  its  now  too  limited  space.  Bedford  House 
was  then  standing,  facing  the  Strand  by  one  front  and 
having  another  front  towards  what  is  now  Southampton 
Street.  The  grounds  and  gardens  of  Bedford  House 
extended  quite  up  to  the  market — up  to  ' '  Heneretta  "  Street 
in  fact.  The  Bedford  stables  occupied  part  of  the  space 
now  known  as  Tavistock  Street.  Wellinglon  Street,  then 
known,  and  for  many  years  after,  as  Charles  Street,  had 
no  direct  access  to  the  Strand  ;  Bow  Street  ran  not  into 
Endell  Street  as  now  ;  otherwise  the  streets  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  the  market  were  pretty  much  as  they 
are  now.] 

"16S7,  .\prilr4.  Asoldier,  William  Grant,  was  h.anged  in 
the  market,  for  running  from  his  colours.  Evans'  Hotel 
formed  a  prominent  object  in  Hogarth's  print,  'Morn- 
ing ;'  it  is  well  known  to  most  readers  of  Thackeray,  and 
not  a  fewjnow  middle-aged  men  have  pleasant  recollections 
of  "  Paddy  Green."  Here  lodged  Sir  William  Alexander 
Earl  of  Stirling,  the  poet,  1637 ;  Thomas  Killigrew  the 
jester,  r64o ;  Daniel  Hollis,  in  1644  ;  and  in  1647,  Sir 
Harry  Vane,  and  also  Sir  Kenelm  Digby,  1662.  Of  Hollis, 
this  anecdote  is  told :— In  a  hot  debate  in  Pariianient, 
Ireton  offended  Hollis,  upon  which  he  persuaded  him  to 
walk  out  of  tjie  House,  and  told  him  he  must  fight,  to 
justify  his  words.  Ireton  pleaded  that  his  'conscience 
would  not  suffer  him  to  fight  a  duel  ; '  upon  which  Hollis 
pulled  him  by  the  nose,  saying,  '  If  his  conscience  forbade 
his  giving  men  satisfaction,  it  should  also  keep  him  from 
provoking  them.'  The  old  staircase  of  the  Hotel  was 
formed  of  part  of  the  vessel  commanded  by  .'\dmiral 
Russell,  at  La  Hogua— the  Britannia,  of  100  guns,  Mr. 
West's  library,  sold  here,  occupied  the  auctioneer  six 
weeks.  His  prints  and  drawings  were  sold  in  13  days  ;  sale 
began  March  29,  r773.  In  1709,  M.  Lorbiure,  a  French 
traveller,  wrote  thus  :—' Covent  Garden  is  not  so  large 
as  -the  Place  Royale,  but  it  is  much  finer,  because  it  is 
much  higher,  and  because  it  has  houses  only  on  two 
sides,  the  third  being  the  front  of  a  fine  church,  and 
the  fourth,  gardens  of  Bedford  House,  whose  trees 
can  be  seen 'over  the  walls.  '.The  houses  in  Covent 
Garden  are  more  stately  than  ours,  by  reason  the  arches 
are  higher,  and  the  portico  larger,  being  raised  two  steps, 
and  the  whole  paved  with  squares  of  freestone.' 

"In  1753  the  whole  area  of  the  market  was  divided 
thus  :— I.  The  long  market.  2.  The  flower  row.  3.  The 
Watercress  row.  4.  Russell  row.  5.  Up  on  the  Hill,  a 
centrical  point  so  named.  At  this  period  there  were  38 
shops  or  sheds,  and  the  names  of  all  are  preserved. 

' '  Here  is  a  curious  card  circular  :  'St.  Paul,  Covent  Gar- 
flen,  July  31,  1790.  The  favour  of  your  companv  is  desired 
on  Friday  next,  August  6,  at  the  Shakspeare  Tavern,  at 


Kebninry  lo,    iS;2.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Aci,-ri cultural    Ga/.ette. 


179 


half-past  three  o'clock  precisely,  to  partake  of  his  Grace 
the  Duke  of  Bedford's  venison.'  This  year  the  church- 
wardens have  resolved  to  '  decline  with  thanks  '  the  two 
bucks  sent  by  the  Duke.  1790.  Mrs.  Hudson,  the  land- 
lady, ended  an  advertisement.  '  with  stabling  for  100 
noblemen  and  horses  ! '  Sevenil  actors  were  inmates  of  the 
hotel  (Hummum's)-"'  Little  Knight,"  &c.  While  Charles 
Kemble  li\cd  there,  Mrs.  Fanny  Kemble  was  born  in  a  room 
near  the  Music  Hall.  The  dinnig-room  was  called  '  The 
Star, '  from  the  numerous  titled  persons  who  frequented 
it.  One  of  the  old  servants  declared  '  It  was  not  un- 
common for  nine  dukes  to  dine  there  in  one  day."  Modem 
club-houses  have  sadly  abridged  the  splendours  of  hotel 
life.  Mr.  Forster,  in  his  Life  of  Goldsmith,  quotes  this 
passage  from  Tills  Book  on  Medals  — '  My  business-room 
as  a  coin-dealer,  at  17,  Russell  Street,  was  that  which  in 
1674  was,  by  the  subscription  of  700  of  the  nobility.  &c., 
the  card-room  and  place  of  meeting  for  many  illustrious 
persons,  till  in  1768.  when  a  fresh  voluntary  contribution 
induced  Mr.  Harris,  the  proprietor,  to  add  the  next  room 
as  a  coffee-room,  and  the  whole  floor  en  suite  was  con- 
verted into  card  and  conversation  rooms,  where  assembled 
Dr.  Johnson,  Garrick,  Murphy,  Dr.  Dodd.  Dr.  Goldsmith, 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Foole,  George  Colman,  Sir  Philip 
Francis,  George  Stevens,  many  of  the  nobility,  &c.'  The 
morality  of  the  market  and  neighbourhood  was  far  from 
praiseworthy,  as  appears  from  certain  passages  that  are 
iiardly  fit  for  insertion  here. 

"Old  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  which  was  burnt  when 
J.  P.  Kemble  was  manager,  was  built  in  the  reign  of 
"CharlesII.  The  Cider  Cellars,  adjacent  to  the  market,  was 
the  favourite  haunt  of  Wycherly,  Porson,  and  Chatterton. 
The  Bedford  Arms,  now  the  haunt  of  market  gardeners, 
was  frequented  by  Hogarth.  Churchill,  Lloyd,  Fielding, 
who  had  here  a  sort  of  Gossiping  Whist  Club. 

"The  tolls  taken  in  the  market  in  i8i6  were  thus  ad- 
justed:— One  \d.  for  a  sieve  ;  \d.  for  a  sackful  of  Nuts, 
fruit,  or  vegetables ;  Potatos,  ^d.  per  sack  ;  Turnips,  u. 
a  load,  and  loads  by  water,  4./.  ;  Cauliflowers  (a  waggon- 
load),  2i.  ;  Strawberries  and  the  like  fruit  (every  head- 
load),  id.  ;  sellers  of  flowers  to  pay  ^d.  per  day  for  a 
stand  :  physic  herbs,  A,d.  per  cart-load  ;  each  waggon-load 
of  Christmas  Holly,  3.^ 

Here  are  a  few  memoranda  as  to  prices:  "1672. 
A  load  of  faggot  and  pitch -tub  for  a  bonfire,  19J.  i,d-. 
At  the  Bumper  Tavem,  James  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
French  Wmes,  2.f.  yi.  per  bottle  ;  canary  and  sherry, 
IS.  ;  port,  6.r.  6d.  per  quart.  '  Hot  leg  of  beef  is 
sold  in  halfpennyworths  and  pennyworths  in  the 
Piazza  on  market  mornings.  The  Flying  Pieman 
attends  sometimes  with  hot  minced  pies."  May  12  was 
thought  the  earliest  date  for  green  Peas.  1815.  Peas 
sold  at  a  guinea  a  pottle,  which  would  not  yield  abo\e  a 
small  teacupful.  Mr.  Richardson  gave  three  guineas  a 
quart  for  green  Peas.  Parsley.  \s.  per  ounce  m  winter. 
Two  Potatos,  IS.  6d.  when  thev  were  rare.     Cauliflowers 


me  is  a  good  one,  and  requesting  to  know  if  I  prune 
Wellingtonias,  Deodars,  Thujas,  also  Picea  and  Abies. 
The  editor  remarks  that  I  do  prune  some  trees  to 
induce  an  upward  growth.  Fur  the  benefit  of  those 
wishing  infoiniation  on  this  subject,  I  have  much  plea- 
sure in  giving,  through  the  medium  of  the  Botanical 
Society,  some  detailed  observations  on  the  results  of 
my  long  experience  in  pruning  Conifers. 

The  circumstance  wliich  first  led  me  to  turn  my 
thoughts  more  directly  to  this  subject  was  from  noticing 
the  rude  stale  in  which  the  Deodar  was  once  seen  in 
many  nursery  establishments  throughout  the  country, 
and  the  great  difliculty  which  was  experienced  in  fixing 
on  a  couple  of  well-shaped  plants  to  match.  Of  recent 
years  this  difficulty  has  become  less,  branch-pruning 
or  foreshortening  being  now  very  generally  adopted  in 
all  well-regulated  nurseries. 

There  are  but  few  species  of  coniferous  plants  on 
which  I  would  recommend  the  knife  to  be  used.  The 
Deodar  is  the  one  on  which  I  most  frequently  operate. 
Other  species,  however,  that  have  been  subjected  to 


frt»v'  .-^i^  --«S^i^' 


killed.      I  do  not  consider  the  killing  of  these  plants 
was  so  much  the  result  of  the  cold,  as   the  want  of  a 
judicious   and    timely  pruning  beforehand.     With  the 
unpruned  specimens,   the  snow,  then  2   feet  deep,  lay 
heavy  over  the  extended    branches,   bending  them  lo 
such  an  extent  as  to  cause  the  bark  along  the  upper 
surface  to  crack.     The  severe  frost  wliich  immediately 
followed,    wliile    the  branches   were  in  a   constrained 
position,   injured  the  tissues  to  such   an  extent  as  lo 
I  cause  great    harm   or  deatli  lo    the  plants.     On  ytyra- 
midal  or  branch-pruned  specimens,  however,  the  snow 
j  could  not    lie,    and   less    injury    from  bending    conse- 
I  quently   took    place.     To    this   circumstance   alone    I 
'  attribute    the   preservation   of  nearly  all   our   branch- 
pruned  specimens  of  Deodar. 
;      Previous  to  the  time  when  seeds  of  LJeodar  were  sent 
\  to  this  country  in  abundance,  young  plants  were  exten- 
I  sively  propagated  by  means  of  cuttings  ;  such  cutting- 
1  made  trees  are  easily  recognised  even  at  the  present  time, 
;  although  20  to  25  feet   in  height,  by  their  hori/ontnl 
j  and  somewhat  sparse  branches  (fig.  76),  more  resem- 
,  bling  those  of  the  Cedar  of  Lebanon  than  the  Deodar  ; 
and  many  botanists  allege  that  these  are  one  and  the 
same   species.      Nearly   all    the    cutting-made  Deodar 
trees  suffered  from  the  severity  of  the  winter  1860-61, 
although  the  tree  from  whence  the  cuttings  were  taken 
j  was  not  in  the  least  injured.     This  original  tree  in  the 
'  Edinburgh   Botanic    Garden  is  now  above  35  feet   in 
height.      It    was  of  necessity   severely   branch-pruned 
during  the  year  1856,    from  the  circumstance  of  the 
;  branches   interfering   with   the  walks    on    each    side. 
Besides,  the  free-growing  nature  of  the  side  branches 
all    round    so  completely   stinted  the    leader  that  the 
diameter  of  the  branches  was  considerably  more  than 
the  height.     The  tree,  after  being  operated  on,  was 
made  to  assume  a  pyramidal  shape,  and  most  of  the 
lower  branches  cut   were   fully   6  inches   in   circum- 
ference.     This   tree   is  now   in   a   healthy  condition, 
having  a  fine  symmetrical  appearance,  and  covered  \\\{\i 
young  pendent   brandies  all   round,  and   with    a  goo;l 
going  leader.      Since    1856   it  has   been  three   times 
slightly  dressed  all  over  with  a  knife.     Had  this  tree 
not  been  branch-pruned  previous  lo  the  snow  and  frost 
of  1S60-61,  it  probably  would  have  suffered  like  all 
those  trees  produced  by  cuttings  taken  from  it,  and  not 
previously  branch-pruned.     Three  of  the  cutting-made 
trees  now  exist  in  the   garden,   averaging  28  feel  in 
height.     They  had  their  branches    shortened  at   the 
same  time  with  several  seedling  raised  trees,  after  the 
large  tree  just  alluded  to  was  found  lo  have  sustained 
no   injury.     The    Deodars   raised   from   cuttings   had 


Fin.  75.— sEEni.i\G  I 


Wn    STF.M    rRI'XFD. 


'i1 

.'i 

-ga 

^ 

i 

Fig.    76.— CLTTINC-.MADE   DEOUAI; 


Fni.    77.~SIiEDt.INa    UEOUAU,    LXl'RUNED. 


Fig.  78.-  seedling  dkodau,  dij-vxch-phi'sed  oxlv. 


not  bigger  than  a  cup,  io.f.  dd.    1813.    Saturday,  Dec.  21, 
there  were  10,000  bushels  of  foreign  Apples  in  the  market. 
One  salesman  had  6ooo  bushels  consigned  to  him.     In  the 
Morning  Herald,  Thursda}-,  April  30,  1866,  it  is  stated 
that    •  last   Saturday   forced   '  grass "    fetched     15J.    per 
100  ;  natural  ditto,   i5J-.     The  first  bundle  of  300  sold  for  ! 
30i.,  and  fetched  the  greengrocer  ^3  ^s.  ;  Strawberries, 
IS.  for  six  ;  hothouse  Grapes,  30.?.  per  lb.  ;  figs,  -zs.  each  ; 
green  Peas,   £-^  3J.  per  quart.     No   Cherries.     Rhubarb,  \ 
IS.  per  bundle  ;  Mushrooms,    ij".    per  basket.     Flowers 
scarce  and  dear.     On  June  8,  same  year.  Cherries  fetched 
iji.  per  lb.     An  anonymous  writer  says  :  A  waiter  at  the  ', 
New  Huinmums  told  me  that  in  1843,  16  gentlemen  of  1 
the  Welsh  Railway  Company  committee,  of  whom  the  | 
Duke  of  Beaufort  was  one,   dined  there,   and  had  Peas  at  \ 
22S.    Bd.    per  quart.      The    whole    of    the  dinner    was  ■ 
.ser\'ed  at  ^3  3^.  per  head,  and  with  the  wines  cost  ^^150." 


knife  pruning  will  hereafter  be  given.     Many  indivi- 
duals are  still  sceptical  about  the  pruningof  the  Deodar 
or  any  other  coniferous  tree  ;  one  tiling,   however,  is 
certain,  that  in  not  one  instance  out  of  the  many  thou- 
sand   Deodars   pruned    in   the    various   parts    of    the  ; 
country    have     I     seen    any    bad    effects     produced. 
Pruning  no  doubt  alters  the  appearance  of  the  trees  ; , 
but  seedlings,  when  left  lo  themselves,  often  produce 
numerous  branches  (fig.  77),  and  many  of  them  have  a 
tendency  to  assume  a  leader,  and  this  often  to  such  an 
extent  that  plants  6  feet  in  height  frequently  measure  ; 
16    feet    in    circumference,  furnished    with   20    or    30 
leaders.       With  such   plants    I   generally  shorten  the  ! 
branches  so  as  to  make  them  give  a  pyramidal  shape,  I 
leaving    the    strongest    or    most    direct    leader,    and  I 
cutting  off  all  the  minor  ones.      When  this  is  done  it  ! 


PRUNING 


CONIFEROUS 

SHRUBS* 


My  attention  was  recently  directed  to  a  notice  of  a 
correspondent  in  an  English  periodical,  asking  the 
editor  if  the  method  of  pruning  Conifers  as  adopted  by 

•  Read  before  the  Botanical  Society  of  Edinburgh,  January  11, 
18721 


will  be  found  that  the  leader  left  will  go  on  elongating, 
TREES  AND  and  the  cut  branches  will  begin  to  ramify,  and  in  time 
these  new-made  shoots  will  droop  gracefully  down  all 
round  (fig.  7S),  Itisworthyofremarkthat  during  the  ever- 
memorable  winter  of  1860-61,  when  so  many  Conifers 
and  evergreen  shrubs  were  destroyed  by  tlie  severity  of 
the  frost,  and  the  thermometer  at  the  time  fell  as  low 
a<i  S"  below  ;^evo,  many  of  the  large  .-specimens  of 
Deodars  suffered  consideiably,  and  some  were  totally 


their  horizontal  branches  shortenetl  from  2  to  4  feet  off 
the  main  stem,  beginning  at  the  bottom  and  tapering 
upwards.  This  pruning,  no  doubt,  reduced  the  strain 
while  the  snow  was  resting  on  the  stump  portions  of 
the  branches,  which,  no  doubt,  proved  the  means  of 
saving  them  when  all  the  other  cutting-made  trees 
were  more  or  less  destroyed. 

Independently  of  the  substantial  plea  here  given  for 
the  pruning  of  the  Deodar,  the  next  question  comes  to 
be  one  of  taste.  If  the  pruning  or  pointing  of  the 
branches  has  been  commenced  at  an  early  stage  of  the 
plant's  growth,  say  at  i  foot  in  height,  it  is  easy  to 
work  them  on  imperceptibly,  ^\■ithout  giving  tliem  a 
stiff  appearance  ;  but  if  not  done  till  the  plants  assume 
the  height  of  5,  6,  8,  or  10  feet  (and  thousands  of 
unpruned  trees  of  such  sizes  exist  throughout  the 
country),  a  slight  disfigurement  for  a  year  or  two 
must  take  place.  Tlie  cut  branches,  however,  soon 
ramify,  and  give  to  the  plant  a  conical  appearance, 
which  has  rather  a  pleasing  effect  when  standing  on 
grass  lawns. 

A  method  practised  here  with  many  branch-pmned 
Deodars,  but  done  chiefly  for  the  sake  of  variety,  is  the 
stem-pruning  of  branch-cut  specimens  (fig.  75),  that  is, 
the  removal  of  3ome  of  the  lower  branches,  cutting  them 


i8o 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[Februaiy  lo,   1872, 


off  in  such  a  way  as  to  leave  fully  half  an  inch  of  the 
wood  close  to  the  stem  ;  such  cut  points  should  be 
smoothed  over  and  darkened  with  clay.  The  effect  of 
such  stem-pruned  Deodars  standing  on  grass  lawns  is 
graceful,  and  where  several  specimens  exist,  I  would 
strongly  recommend  one  or  more  of  them  to  be  so 
treated,  as  it  gieatly  assists  in  encouraging  an  upward 
growth,  besides  adding  variety  to  the  landscape, 
and  is  not  in  the  least  injurious  to  the  health  of  the 
plant. 

Stem-pruning  need  not  be  practised  on  the  Deodars 
till  th?y  become  8  or  10  feet  in  height,  and  when  of 
such  a  size  the  stem  should  be  divested  of  its  lower 
branches,  10  to  iS  inches  from  the  ground,  according  to 
the  height  of  the  tree  ;  as  the  upward  growth  of  the 
tree  increases,  the  stem-pruning  may  be  carried  to  the 
height  of  24  or  30  inches.  The  effect  of  the  pendent 
points  of  the  branches  round  the  central  stem  is  in 
some  circumstances  infinitely  more  pleasing  than  to  see 
the  lower  branches  lying  fiat  on  the  ground,  and 
destroying  the  grass  below. 

''  After  pruning  the  stems  of  Deodars,  as  well  as  all 
other  coniferous  trees,  where  the  branches  to  be 
removed  are  in  close  contact  with  the  ground,  it  will 
be  necessary  to  lay  down  soil,  so  as  to  cover  any  roots 
which  may  be  near  the  surface,  in  order  to  protect 
them  from  the  sun  or  frost.  Unless  this  simple  treat- 
ment is  adopted,  such  stem-pruned  trees  are  liable  to 
sustain  injury,  and  blame  may  be  given  to  the  pruning, 
and  not  to  the  want  of  this  after-treatment,  which  is 
absolutely  necessary,  not  only  with  Conifers,  but  with 
all  evergreen  shrubs  requiring  to  be  cut  down. 

The  remarks  here  given  with  reference  to  the 
Deodar  all  bear  upon  it  as  an  ornamental  tree.  Some 
years  ago  seeds  were  introduced  in  very  large  quan- 
tities, for  the  purpose  of  planting  it  extensively  as  a 
forest  tree.  This  proceeding  cannot  be  answering  the 
end  proposed,  or  we  should  have  heard  of  it  before 
now.  If  not  succeeding,  it  cannot  be  from  cold,  as 
we  know  that  the  Deodar,  under  certain  circumstances, 
will  endure  a  great  amount  of  frost,  as  the  pruned 
specimens  did  during  the  winter  of  1860-61.  It  would 
be  advisable  for  some  one  to  try  the  branch-pruning 
system  on  trees  planted  for  forest  culture,  and  report 
the  result. 

With  stem-pruned  specimens  of  coniferous  plants,  I 
consider  that  the  bark  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem, 
when  allowed  to  mature  and  harden  from  exposure,  is 
better  able  to  resist  cold,  and  the  tree  more  likely  to 
stand  uninjured  than  it  does  when  completely  sur- 
rounded with  branches  ;  besides,  from  the  gx-eatest 
cold  being  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  it  is  more  apt 
to  injure  those  lying  on  the  surface  than  those  higher 
up,  as  liappened  with  some  plants  of  Cupressus 
M'Nabiana  during  the  winter  of  1860-61,  when  stem- 
pruned  spenimens  were  not  in  the  least  injured,  while 
the  unpruned  ones  suffered  severely. 

Another  circumstance  which  I  have  frequently  found 
to  affect  tl\e  health  of  certain  coniferous  plants  is  the 
alternate  frosts  and  thaws  which  we  often  experience, 
and  which  was  particularly  noticeable  in  many  places 
during  last  winter.  When  the  ground  was  frozen  hard, 
and  sometimes  partially  covered  with  snow,  a  slight 
thaw  took  place,  which  caused  the  moisture  to  rest 
round  the  base  of  the  stems,  as  it  could  not  penetrate 
the  frozen  mass.  The  return  of  frost  at  night  caused 
this  water  to  freeze  again,  and  permanently  injured  the 
bark  on  tlie  surface  of  the  ground,  and  this  affected 
the  whole  plant.  When  the  bark  is  thoroughly  hardened 
from  free  exposure,  such  injury  is  less  liable  to  happen. 
To  prevent,  as  far  as  possible,  the  occurrence  of  such 
accidents,  Conifers  should  be  planted  on  somewhat 
raised  mounds  if  on  level  ground,  while  on  naturally 
sloping  ground  an  excess  of  moisture  is  less  liable  to 
rest  round  the  stems. 

The  Atlantic  Cedar  (Cedrus  atlantica)  is  another 
coniferous  tree  which  I  have  branch  and  stem  pruned 
with  success,  and  it  is  difficult  otherwise  to  form  a  well- 
outlined  specimen.  With  this  plant  branch -pruning 
should  be  carried  on  till  such  time  as  the  top  assumes  a 
fair  upright  growth.  When  this  takes  place,  com- 
mence to  stem-prune  as  recommended  for  the  Deodar, 
taking  care  not  to  cut  too  closely  ;  this  stem-pruning  to 
be  continued  as  the  tree  gets  up.  Like  the  Deodar, 
the  Atlantic  Cedar  has  a  tendency  to  form  several 
leaders.  The  superfluous  ones  ought  to  be  removed 
when  young,  but  if  this  has  been  neglected,  several 
leaders  will  not  be  objectionable  if  they  all  take  an 
equal  and  upright  tendency — one,  however,  is  preferable. 
yames  A/cNaO,  Royal  Botanic  Gardeii^  Edinburgh. 
(To  be  Continued.) 


When  the  time  for  making  mats  comes,  the  bundles 
are  loosened  and  the  straw  shaken  to  clear  it  from 
weeds  and  grass,  and  then  it  is  ready  to  be  tied  up  into 
mats.  This  is  done  in  a  room  provided  with  a  stove  to 
make  the  tarred  "  marline  "  work  pliantly.  A  horizontal 
frame  is  built  3  feet  from  the  floor,  7  feet  square,  of 
2  by  4-inch  scantling.  This  frame  stands  on  posts  at 
the  corners  ;  three  sides  are  made  fast,  the  fourth  is 
movable,  and  is  worked  inward  as  the  mat  is  made, 
being  fastened  in  place  temporarily  by  pins.  The 
marline  used  is  of  two  sizes,  the  larger  for  the  lines 
stretched  across  the  frame,  the  smaller  for  giving  a  turn 
around  each  handful  of  straw  as  the  work  goes  on. 
Nine  large-sized  stringsare  first  stretched  across  theframe 
from  the  movable  side  to  the  opposite  firm  side,  and 
secured  to  pegs  made  for  the  purpose,  at  distances  of 
8  inches  asunder  on  the  frame  ;  two  men  stand  against 
the  movable  side  of  the  frame  with  a  bundle  of  straw  at 
their  sides  :  pieces  of  small-sized  marline,  21  feet  long, 
are  made  fast  by  one  end  to  the  larger  strings  already 
stretched  on  the  frame,  and  wound  around  a  snug  bit  of 
stick,  so  as  to  pass  readily  under  in  making  the  turn. 
Each  man  now  grasps  a  small  handful  of  straw,  places 
the  buts  outward  upon  the  web  of  marline,  and  begins 
at  the  middle  of  the  mat,  giving  each  small  line  a 
turn  around  the  straw  and  the  web,  and  drawing  it 
tightly  home,  working  outward  to  the  butts  of  the 
straw.  Much  depends  on  the  straw  being  long,  straight, 
evenly  cut  and  tightly  tied. 

When  the  men  have  thus  tied  in  the  straw  until  they 
cannot  reach  their  work  easily  from  the  edge,  the 
movable  side  of  the  frame  is  slipped  forward,  and  again 
made  fast  to  the  web  lines,  so  as  to  stretch  them  tight, 
and  secured  by  pegs,  when  the  work  proceeds  until  the 
frame  is  full,  when  it  is  tied  off,  and  the  loose  ends  of 
straw  sheared  off.  Mats  well  made  and  well  taken 
care  of  will  last  from  five  10  seven  years,  but  it  is  very 
common  to  see  mats  made  from  common  dry  crispy 
straw  carelessly  made,  tied,  and  more  carelessly 
handled,  give  out  in  two  years  or  less.  They  should 
be  kept  as  dry  as  may  be  when  in  use,  and  carefully 
housed  as  soon  as  they  are  not  needed  for  use.  A  mat 
7  feet  square  costs  2^  dols.  when  well  made.  Through 
the  severe  and  snowy  weather  they  are  generally  kept 
covered  with  shutters  when  in  use,  which  both  saves 
the  mat  from  wet  and  is  a  great  protection  to  the  bed 
from  frost.  The  manufacture  and  care  of  mats  is  a 
matter  of  considerable  importance  amongst  the  large 
market  gardeners,  several  of  whom  hereabouts  num- 
ber their  sashes  by  the  thousand.  IV.  D,  Philbrick^ 
Middlesex  Co.^  A/ass.,  in  the  Cultivator  and  Country 
Gentleman. 


HOW  MATS  ARE  MADE  IN  AMERICA. 
Hot-bed  mats  are  best  made  of  rye-straw  ;  it  should 
be  long  and  free  from  weeds,  and  should  be  cut  before 
the  grain  forms  and  while  still  of  a  green  colour  ;  for 
cut  thus  early  the  straw  is  very  tough,  and  worth,  for 
mats,  five  times  the  trifling  amount  of  grain  lost  by  early 
cutting.  Moreover,  when  made  of  ripened  straw,  from 
which  the  grain  has  been  threshed  (the  threshing  must 
be  done  by  hand-flail)  there  is  always  grain  enough  left 
to  tempt  rats  to  gnaw  holes  in  the  mats,  and  shaking 
into  the  beds  to  cause  a  crop  of  "  winter  Rye  "  to  start 
where  it  is  not  wanted.  The  straw  is  mowed  by 
scythe  or  cradle,  and  bound  into  bundles  after  lying 
a  ^^"^  days  to  cure,  and  stooked  in  the  field  till  well 
cured. 


pome  ComspnlJtiice. 

The  Late  Thomas  Osborn. — Will  you  permit 
me  to  lay  a  wreath  composed  of  sweet  and  fragrant  me- 
mories on  the  new-made  grave  of  my  departed  friend  ? 
His  annual  visits  were  red-letter  days  to  most  of  us.  He 
was  ever  welcome,  and  seemed  to  bring  sunlight  and 
pleasure  with  him.  Endowed  beyond  most  with  all 
the  high  qualities  that  distinguish  the  best  of  men,  it 
was  nevertheless  his  gentleness  that  made  him  so 
greatly  beloved.  His  charity,  too,  was  ever  ready  to 
smooth  any  difficulties  or  cover  a  multitude  of  faults. 
In  an  intercourse  of  many  years'  standing,  I  never  re- 
member hearing  from  his  lips  an  unkind  expression  or  a 
harsh  judgment,  and  in  business  matters  his  sense  of 
honour  was  so  high  that  he  seemed  ever  diffident  in 
pushing  his  own  interests  lest  he  should  injure  friends 
or  rivals  in  trade,  I  have  never  met  his  equal  in  this 
respect.  Kindly  himself,  he  was  always  laden  with 
kind  messages  from  others,  thus  linking  together  near 
and  distant  friends.  His  loss  is  not  only  the  bereave- 
ment of  a  large  circle  to  whom  he  was  a  brother  and 
friend  greatly  beloved,  but  a  loss  to  horticulture  on  the 
gentler  side  of  its  social  amenities  and  gentlemanly 
business  quaHties.  Peace  be  to  his  memory.  It  will 
be  long  before  we  see  his  like  again.  He  has  died 
young  ;  may  his  goodness  and  gentleness  be  lived  over 
again  by  us  who  mourn  his  loss.  D.  T.  Fish. 

Leaves  for  Dishing-up  Fruit. — I  beg  your 
pardon,  Messrs.  Editors,  Bramble  leaves  like  the 
enclosed  are  to  be  had  during  the  winter,  and 
in  such  quantities  that  I  could  supply  you  with 
as  many  sacks  as  you  would  care  to  give  me  an 
order  for.  The  hedgerows  in  this  neighbourhood 
are  still  green  with  them,  and  nearly  of  as  good 
a  colour  as  the  leaves  of  Berberis  Aquifolium,  and 
though  I  have  not  advocated  their  use  for  dishing-up 
fruit,  I  have  nevertheless  used  them  with  very  good 
effect  under  artificial  light,  and  when  the  leaflets  are 
used  whole  they  are  more  permanent  on  the  dishes 
than  single  leaves  of  some  other  shrubs.  T.  WynttCy 
Holbrooke  Suffolk. 

Blue  Auricula  (pp.  113,  146). — I  never  saw  a  blue 
Auricula,  but  I  have  in  my  possession  an  exquisite 
painting  of  one  on  vellum,  by  Ehret,  date  1727.  The 
colour  is  a  deep  blue — violet-blue  would  probably 
convey  the  correct  idea  of  the  colour.  I  think  Ehret 
may  be  quite  depended  on,  as  copying  from  the  life. 
IV.  Marshall,  Ely,  Feb.  5. 

Backhouse's  Winter  White     Broccoli. — The 

outer  leaves  of  this   Broccoli  were   very  much  injured 
here  by  three  nights'  frost  last  autumn.     The  thermo- 


meter on  November  18  was  as  low  as  25°  at  9  A.M., 
on  the  29th  it  was  26*,  and  on  December  8  it  was  24" 
at  the  same  hour.  I  have  cut  52  heads  of  this  Broc- 
coli since  December  20  last,  the  average  dimensions  of 
which  was  about  2.\  inches  in  diameter.  Robert  Stokoe, 
Gr.  to  H.  C.  Marshall,  Esq.,  U'eetivood  Hall,  Leeds. 

Alphand's  "  Promenades  de  Paris." — In  last 
Saturday's  issue  it  is  stated,  with  reference  to  "those 
beautiful  woodcuts"  of  this  great  work,  that  "many 
of  them  have  become  familiar  to  the  British  public 
through  some  of  the  many  publications  of  Mr.  W. 
Robinson."  Kindly  permit  me  to  state  that  this  is  a 
mistake.  As  the  sentence  stands,  it  conveys  the 
impression  that  my  books  are  stocked  with  these  illus- 
trations, the  fact  being  that  there  is  but  one  dozen  in 
them  altogether,  and  they  are  confined  to  my  Parks 
and  Gardens  of  Paris,  which  contains  between  400  and 
500  cuts.  There  are  none  in  Hardy  Flowers,  none 
in  the  Subtropical  Garden,  none  in  the  Wild  Garden, 
none  in  Alpine  Fhnvcrs  —  in  a  word,  in  no  other 
publication  of  mine.  The  few  used  in  my  book 
on  the  gardens  of  Paris  consist  of  those  of  iron 
edgings,  watering  appliances  in  the  parks,  tree  plant- 
ing machines,  and  two  rocky  scenes — none  of  these 
being  of  any  fineness  or  importance  compared  to 
many  others  in  the  great  work  alluded  to.  If 
it  be  desirable  to  state  who  most  deserves  the 
honour  of  making  the  cuts  in  question  best  known  to 
the  public,  I  think  it  may  be  fairly  claimed  by  the 
"Journal  of  Horticulture,  which  has  of  late  been  very 
liberally  illustrated  with  many  of  the  really  good  cuts 
from  Les  Promenades  de  Paris.  Electros  of  the  few 
cuts  in  my  book  were  purchased  from  the  publisher. 
IV.  Robinson.  [We  very  willingly  insert  Mr.  Robin- 
son's correction  of  our  unintentional  mis-statement. 
We  think  the  interests  of  the  public  demand  that 
acknowledgment  of  the  source  whence  cuts  are  derived 
should  be  made,  even  when  the  cuts  have  been,  as  is. 
so  commonly  the  case,  purchased.  Eds.] 

Preparation  of  Salad  :    Garden  Products  and 

their  Cooking. — "  W.  T."  is  perfectly  right  in  some 
instances,  for  some  employers  trouble  themselves  very 
little  about  vegetables,  as,  generally  speaking,  they  are 
only  considered  a  nuisance  at  a  dinner,  except  when 
sent  as  a  second  course  dish.  "  W.  T.  "  continues  : 
—"But  I  apprehend  that  there  is  no  more  frequent 
cause  of  disagreement  than  that  arising  out  of  the 
grumbles  of  the  cook  in  the  matter  of  vegetables." 
"  W.  T."  is  right  again,  but  in  the  wrong  sense,  for 
cooks  have  a  perfect  right  to  grumble  on  such  matters, 
as  often  for  vegetables  they  have  sent  in  things  which 
are  only  fit  for  the  pig-tub  or  dungheap.  "  W.  T.'s  " 
remarks  upon  salt  are  very  well  in  their  way,  and  the 
experiment  upon  Watercresses  is  well  known.  Here  we 
come  to  a  more  ticklish  point  : — "  How  often  [?  seldom] 
do  you  see  a  salad  sent  to  table  fit  to  eat  if  dressed  in  the 
kitchen?"  Salads  arevei-y  rarely  dressed  in  the  kitchen 
in  gentlemen's  establishments,  but  when  they  are  they 
are  dressed  in  the  proper  way  and  at  the  last  moment. 
Salad  when  sent  in  is  usually  washed  a  short  time  before 
dinner  and  put  in  some  clean  cold  water,  and  put  in  the 
larder  till  wanted,  that  is,  in  the  country.  In  town, 
and  where  the  salad  may  have  been  picked  perhaps 
for  two  or  three  days,  and  is  withered,  it  is  done  a  few 
hours  before,  to  refresh  it ;  for  I  have  seldom  seen  a 
salad  from  a  gentleman's  garden  that  could  be  cleaned 
and  dressed,  or  salted,  "as  it  is  generally  done  abroad, 
except  foreign  salad,"  unless  three-fourths  of  it  be 
wasted  ;  it  is  then  left  and  put  aside  till  the  under 
butler  is  sent  for  it  after  the  remove  is  gone,  when  it  is 
dried  and  seasoned  and  taken  into  the  dining-room. 
How  can  the  salad,  then,  be  salted  half  an  hour  before 
wanted?  "  W.  T,"  continues,  "  The  gardener  may 
spend  his  master's  money  (which  I  do  not  doubt  in  the 
least)  in  buying  seeds,  &c. ;  he  may  pride  himself  on 
the  earliness  of  one,  and  the  lateness,  &c.;"  but  I  have 
seen  very  few  gardeners  who  can  send  a  decent  salad  in 
for  the  table,  orsuch  as  he  can  pride  himself  on,  especially 
in  the  case  of  Endive.  There  is  no  comparison  in  this 
matter  with  the  fruit  they  send  in  for  dessert  ;  and 
further,  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  the  salad  is  cleaned 
and  dressed  in  the  pantry.  I  do  not  wish  to  take 
the  blame  off  the  cook's  shoulders,  but  to  show  what 
very  little  insight  "  W.  T."  has  of  gentlemen's  estab- 
lishments. Let  the  gardener  send  in  a  decent  salad — 
one  fit  to  be  called  a  salad,  and  1  feel  certain  that  his 
employer  will  not  grumble  at  him,  and  that  his  years 
of  labour  and  observation,  and  all  his  anticipations  of 
giving  pleasure,  will  not  be  knocked  on  the  head  by 
the  thoughtfulness  (?)  of  the  cook  in  salting  it  half  an 
hour  before  it  is  served.  Will  "  W.  T."  say  in  what 
cookery  book  it  is  directed  to  salt  salads  half  an  hour 
before-hand?  I  have  perused  a  good  many,  both  by 
ancient  and  moderh  authors,  but  have  not  yet  seen  it 
in  either  the  one  or  the  other  ;  and  as  for  preceptors 
teaching  those  that  are  under  them  to  salt  salads  "so 
long  "  before  wanted,  this  must  be  some  absurd  notion 
that  "  W.  T."  has  got  into  his  head.  Gdtesauce. 
[We  are  glad  to  see  that  the  Gardeners^  Chronicle, 
occasionally  at  least,  finds  its  way  into  the  hands  of  the 
chef  as  we  think  it  very  desirable  that  a  closer 
rapprochement  between  the  two  chefs  of  the  kitchen 
and  of  the  garden  respectively  should  be  brought  about 
than  is  always  the  case.  Our  coiTespondent  must 
excuse  us  for  certain  minor  alterations  we  have  made  in 
his  text,  and  which  we  have  deemed  necessary  for  the '' 


February  lo,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


181 


full  comprehension  of  his  remarks  by  English-speaking 
gardeners.  "  W.  T."  is  pretty  well  able  to  take  care 
of  himself,  and  we  tnist  we  shall  be  favoured  with 
further  remarks  on  the  relation  between  the  kitchen 
garden  and  the  pantry,  both  by  **W.  T."  and  by  our 
correspondent  whose  letter  is  above  printed,  and  whose 
modest  signature  surely  belies  his  real  position.   Kds.] 

New  Roses. — The  Rose  trees  are  breaking  very 
early  (I  do  not  mean  that  they  are  insolvent,  for  they 
were  never  so  rich  in  variety,  colour,  or  form),  and  no 
time  should  be  lost  in  transplanting  where,  unhappily 
that  process  has  been  delayed.  Let  me  say,  then,  ere 
it  is  too  late,  that  the  rosarian  who  has  not  the  Roses 
named  herewith  no  longer  deserves  the  name  if  he 
goes  to  bed  without  ordering  them,  even  for  another 
night  : — Comtesse  d'Oxford,  in  colour  a  rich  deep 
carmine,  in  form  large  and  symmetrical — as  shown  by 
Mr.  George  Paul  at  the  Manchester  Rose  show,  one  of 
the  grandest  Roses  in  cultivation  ;  a  seedling  from 
Victor  Verdier,  sent  out  in  1S70.  h:niilie  Hausburg, 
of  exquisite  shape,  and  well  described  as  to  colour  by 
Mr.  Cranston,  "satin  rose."  La  Belle  Lyonnaise,  a 
daughter  of  Gloire  de  Dijon,  with  all  the  material 
vigourof  constitution,  but  with  a  different  complexion 
— a  deep  yellow  ;  it  is  simply  indispensable  to  a  lover 
of  Roses.  Mademoiselle  luigenie  Verdier  seems  to  be 
by  general  consent  the  Queen  Rose  of  her  year  ;  when 
I  say  that  she  resembles  La  France,  and  yet  is  quite 
distinct  and  quite  as  beautiful,  I  need  say  no  more  to 
the  rosarian.  And  Marquise  de  Castellane  is  another 
noble  Rose,  with  a  vigorous  growth,  which  promises 
to  brave  our  most  cruel  winters,  and  with  large  well- 
formed  flowers  of  a  true,  bright,  fresh  rose  colour  :  it  is 
admirably  adapted  for  cultivation  in  pots.  S.  Reynolds 
Hole. 

Tobacco  for  Fumigation. — I  have  gi'own  a  small 
quantity  of  Tobacco  for  my  own  use,  but  find  in  using 
it  for  fumigating  that  it  burns  the  plants  badly.  I  have 
used  it  in  the  usual  way — burning  it  in  a  flower-pot, 
first  damping  it  with  a  fine  rose,  and  covering  it  with 
damp  Moss.  I  have  found  by  using  it  thus  it  bums  the 
plants  before  it  kills  the  aphis.  The  Tobacco  has  had 
nothing  done  to  it  but  has  been  merely  cut  offclose  to  the 
ground,  stem  and  all,  just  after  flowering,  and  hung  up 
in  a  dry  shed,  being  taken  down  for  use  when  wanted. 
Will  any  of  your  correspondents  tell  me  how  I  could 
use  it  without  injury  to  the  plants?  Constant  Reader. 

Conifers  Shedding  their  Leaves. — I  have  read 
everything  lately  written  in  your  journal  about  Conifers, 
but  have  seen  nothing  about  a  failing  to  which  I  find 
several  of  the  genus  Picea  liable,  especially  Parsonsi- 
ana,  Pinsapo,  and  grandis.  In  autumn  or  winter  they 
occasionally  shed  the  leaves  of  the  season's  growth. 
One  very  healthy-looking  P.  Parsonsiana  of  mine  shed 
all  the  leaves  of  the  summer's  growth  about  the  begin- 
ning of  August.  I  suspected  the  drainage  was  wrong, 
but  on  examination  there  was  no  accumulated  wet 
about  the  roots.  I  was  afterwards  told  that  it  was 
owing  to  the  growth  of  the  previous  season  having  been 
continued  too  late  to  be  properly  matured.  The  failing 
is,  I  think,  commoner  in  strong  soils  than  in  poor  ones. 
I  have  noticed  Picea  grandis  in  such  soils  becoming 
year  after  year  more  bare  at  the  ends  of  the  branches 
until  it  perishes  ;  conversely,  the  best  trees  of  grandis 
I  know  are  in  dry  and  peaty  soils.  I  am  inclined  to 
think  that,  independently  of  danger  from  frosts,  late 
growth  in  autumn  is  almost  as  hostile  to  the  well- 
doing of  some  kinds  of  Picea  as  early  growth  in  spring  ; 
and  that  v.hilst  the  remedy  for  the  latter  is  an  exposed 
northerly  aspect  and  slope,  sheltered  from  the  morning 
sun,  the  remedy  for  the  former  is  to  avoid  rich  and 
retentive  soils  for  such  kinds  of  trees  as  continue  their 
growth  under  its  influence  so  long  as  not  to  mature 
their  wood  before  a  new  growth  begins.  But  I  should 
like  to  hear  other  opinions.   C.  W.  Dod,  Eton, 

Orchids  in  Flower  (see  p.  184).— Ada  aurantiaca, 
Angrcecuin  bilobum,  Brassavola  glauca,  Cattleya 
Trianei  and  Walkeriana,  Cypripedium  Lowii,  hirsutis- 
simum,  and  villosum  ;  Coelogyne  cristata,  Cymbidium 
eburneum  and  sinense,  Comparettia  falcata,  Dendro- 
biuni  speciosum,  moniliforme,  and  crassinode ;  Den- 
drochilumglumaceum,  Epidendrum  Karwinskii,  Helcia 
sanguinolenta,  Loelia  anceps,  Lycaste  Skinneri,  Mas- 
devallia  ignea,  Odontoglossum  Alexandrce,  cordatum, 
roseum,  cristatum,  nebulosum,  Cervantesii,  and  Rossii ; 
Onctdium  Sprucei,  leucochilum,  cheirophorum,  and 
bicallosum  ;  Pilumna  fragrans,  Phala^nopsis  grandiflora, 
amabilis,  Porteana,  and  Schilleriana ;  Saccolabiuni 
Ilarrisonianum,  Sophronites  violacea,  Vanda  tricolor. 
//'.  Denning,  Griviston^  Tadcastcr. 

Vegetable  Ribbon  Borders.— This  will  no  doubt 
sound  rather  strange  to  florists  ;  but  let  me  assure 
them  that  vegetable  ribbon  borders  can  vie  with  Pelar- 
goniums, and  Purple  Kings,  and  such  other  small  fry ; 
in  fact,  for  usefulness  and  ornament  combined,  we 
Cabbage  growers  have  the  best  of  it,  inasmuch  that 
after  their  beauty  is  over  we  can  utilise  them. 
Vegetable  borders  here  are  15  feet  wide,  but  5  feet  is 
left  next  tlie  wall  undisturbed,  so  that  we  have  a  clear 
."Space  of  10  feet  for  cropping.  In  this  we  have  10  rows, 
commencing  at  the  back  with  two  lines  of  white  or 
Seakale  Beet  ;  next  come  two  rows  of  Altringham 
Carrots  ;  then  three  of  Barr's  Pine-apple  Beet,  finished 
off  with  three  lines  of  Parsley.     The  Beets  should  be 


sown  in  boxes,  and  planted  all  of  one  size.  The 
Carrots  may  be  sown  where  they  are  to  stand,  and  the 
Parsley  should  be  sown  in  autumn,  taking  care  to 
select  all  the  curled  plants.   R.  Gilbert^  Burghley. 

Veitch's  Red  Globe  Turnip.  —  The  Messrs. 
Veitch  deserve  great  credit  for  the  many  really  good 
vegetables  they  have  introduced,  not  the  least  amongst 
them  being  their  new  Red  Globe  Turnip,  which  is 
decidedly  a  great  acquisition.  Having  grown  it  the 
last  season  it  has  proved  all  that  could  be  wished,  both 
for  early  maturity,  sweetness,  and  hardiness,  a  large  bed 
here  having  been  in  use  for  the  last  five  months,  and 
at  the  present  time  the  bulbs  are  as  sound  and  sweet 
as  the  first  day  they  were  used,  when  other  kinds  in 
the  same  square  are  next  to  worthless,  either  from  rot 
or  fuzziness.  This  is  a  variety  I  would  strongly  recom- 
mend, and  one  which  should  be  grown  in  every  garden, 
as  it  seems  here  more  hardy  than  a  Swede.  Robert 
Moulton^  Somen'ilL'^  Navan, 

Dwarf  Palms. — One  of  the  most  gi-aceful  of  all 
Palms  is  Leopoldina  pulchra  (Cocos  Weddeliana), 
figured  in  your  columns  in  1870,  p.  494,  and 
which  should  by  all  means  be  included  in  the  most 
select  collections.  Martinezia  caryotxfolia  (fig.  79), 
(M.  brassiccefolia  of  some  nurseries),  is  also  a  peculiar 
and    not    inelegant    plant,    its    foliage    being    slightly 


Flit:    79.  —  MARTINEZIA   CAR^■OT^^;FOLIA. 

glaucous,  and  profusely  armed  with  black  spines  ;  it  is 
tolerably  common,  and  may  be  cultivated  for  variety. 
F.   IV.  B. 

Quercus  pyramidalis. — Your  correspondent,  the 
Rev.  Thos.  C.  Brehaut,  of  Richmond  House,  Guernsey 
(p.  112},  inquires  whether  Quercus  pyramidalis  has 
been  advertised  in  any  catalogues.  I  have  grown  and 
advertised  both  pyramidal  Oaks  and  Elms,  for  many 
years,  and  I  recollect  his  being  in  close  proximity  to  a 
row  of  these  trees  in  my  nursery  some  years  since  ;  but 
I  suppose  they  must  have  escaped  his  notice.  I  have 
just  had  a  row  of  them  dug  up,  and  would  send  any 
applicant  a  few  gi'afts,  if  they  wished  to  grow  it.  As 
very  justly  observed,  there  is  nothing  very  remark- 
able about  it  but  its  pretty  pyramidal  growth.  The 
trees  I  have  just  removed  are  as  pyramidal  as  a 
well-grown  Cypress  or  Lombardy  Poplar,  and 
are  branched  down  close  to  the  ground.  Referring 
to  the  varieties  of  coniferous  plants,  I  have  noticed 
that  batches  of  seedlings  vary  very  much  in  cha- 
racter of  growth,  even  when  raised  from  the  seeds 
of  the  same  tree,  and  that  the  same  plants  or  varieties 
present  a  different  appearance  in  accordance  with  the 
peculiar  nature  of  the  soil  in  which  they  are  growing. 
I  noticed,  a  few  days  since,  in  a  batch  of  seedling 
Pinus  Strobus,  or  Weymouth  Pine,  several  different 
styles  of  growth,  varying  from  the  original  character  of 
the  variety,  to  Pinus  austriaca,  or  the  Black  Austrian 
Pine  :  some  with  soft  silky  foliage,  some  with  long 
dark  green  foliage,  and  some  with  the  dark  green 
stiff  leaves  of  the  Austrian  Pine.  Indeed,  so  varied 
were  the  plants  in  foliage,  that  a  gardening  friend  who 
happened  to  be  present  remarked  that  one  was  Pinus 
insignis.  The  same  rule  seems  to  apply  to  the  genera  Abies 
and  Picea  ;  hence  the  plants  which  are  calleil  by  one 
name  in  one  nursei7  are  often  diflerenlly  named  in 
another,  and  on  comparison  it  is  perceived  and  acknow- 
ledged that  they  are  dissimilar,  although  the  acute 
practical   eye    readily    detects    the    original    type    of 


species  in  the  sport  of  varieties.  May  not  Mr. 
Br^haut's  plant  be  a  sported  variety  of  the 
Abies  cilicica  or  Pichta,  which,  in  his  soil, 
has  assumed  a  peculiar  beauty  of  growth  that  makes  it 
comparatively  attractive  ?  Again,  the  same  varieties  in 
health  and  vigour,  compared  with  their  kind  in  a 
striving  condition,  present  such  different  appearances, 
that  they  are  hardly  recognisable  as  the  same  plants. 
Mr.  Brtfhaut  will  doubtless  agree  with  me  that  the 
Channel  Islands,  with  their  windy  climate,  are  not 
favourable  localities  for  the  growth  of  fine  ConiferEC. 
I  have  an  unhappy-looking  Araucaria  imbricata,  about 
35  feet  high,  which  was  a  specimen  of  fine  growth  until 
the  September  blast  of  1869,  when  its  northern  side 
became  so  disfigured  by  the  gales,  that  I  have  been 
obliged  to  cut  off  all  the  lower  branches  to  the  height 
of  20  feet  or  more,  and  it  now  presents  the  appearance 
of  a  vegetable  mop  stuck  in  the  ground.  Were  it  not 
for  the  associations  connected  with  it  during  the  last 
quarter  of  a  century,  I  should  be  much  inclined  to  treat 
it  as  •'  the  unfruitful  Fig  tree,"  and  cut  it  of!"  close  to 
the  ground.  Conifera?,  as  a  rule,  lose  their  beauty  in 
exposed  situations.  Charles  B.  Saunders^  Cissarean 
Nurseries,  Jersey.  [Plant  Clematis  Jackmanii_^against 
the  stem.  Eds.] 

Libonia  fioribunda. — Where  dwarf,  bushy,  free- 
flowering  plants  are  in  demand  in  winter,  a  dozen  or 
two  of  this  Libonia  ought  to  be  grown.  It  has  a  very 
neat  habit,  with  small  pea-green  foliage,  producing 
freely  about  the  new  year  its  peculiar  but  showy  tube- 
shaped  yellow  and  red  flowers.  It  may  be  classed  as 
a  soft-wooded  greenhouse  plant,  and  any  one  com- 
mencing with  small  plants  in  February,  may,  by 
liberal  treatment,  obtain  dense  little  bushes  by  autumn. 
The  great  secret  in  doing  this  plant  well  is  to  grow  it 
rapidly  in  spring  and  early  summer,  occasionally  pinch- 
ing in  the  strongest  shoots  that  seem  inclined  lo  break 
away,  and  about  the  end  of  July  to  place  them  in  a  cold 
frame  to  mature  the  giowth,  keeping  the  lights  on  fof 
two  or  three  weeks  at  first,  and  then  afterwards  to  give 
abundance  of  air  approaching  to  almost  total  exposure. 
In  the  beginning  of  October  place  them  in  a  warm 
greenhouse  near  the  glass.  The  following  compost 
will  grow  it  well: — Two-thirds  turfy  loam,  one-sixth 
peat,  one-sixth  two  years  old  cowdung,  thoroughly 
mellow,  with  a  sprinkling  of  charcoal,  broken  small, 
and  silver  sand.  The  thing  to  aim  at  is  to  induce  a 
free  growth  in  spring,  with  a  cooling  and  ripening 
period  out-of-doors  afterwards,  with  a  good  supply  of 
water  at  all  times.  I  should  state  it  is  easily  pro- 
pagated. Young  shoots  strike  freely  in  a  hotbed  in 
spring.  E.  Hobday,  Ramsey  Abbey,  Hunts. 

Encroachments  on  Highways. — Induced  by  your 
leading  article  respecting  the  enclosure  of  the  New 
Forest  (which  particularly  interests  that  locality),  I  beg 
to  refer  to  inclosures  constantly  going  on,  which  affect 
the  whole  people  of  Great  Britain,  viz.,  the  encroach- 
ments on  the  margins  of  turnpike  roads  and  highways. 
These  margins  ought  to  be  preserved  intact,  being  the 
only  land  all  people  have  a  right  to  use,  not  only  the 
traveller  in  carriages  and  on  horseback,  and  foot 
passengers,  but  all  inhabitants  of  towns  and  villages 
can  recreate  themselves  there  in  pure  air  and  in  Nature's 
fields,  and  hereafter,  when  an  extended  education  will 
give  more  knowledge  of  the  natural  sciences,  there  the 
rural  botanist  will  find  a  garden  of  wild  flowers,  and  the 
entomologist  and  geologist  places  for  study.  But  they 
are  yearly  lessening  in  extent,  petty  and  large  encroach- 
ments are  going  on,  and  the  farmer  rakes  off  the  turf 
for  a  temporary  manure.  I  therefore  hope  you  will  use 
your  influence  by  advocating  measures  that  will  not 
only  put  a  stop  to  encroachments,  but  also  promote  the 
judicious  planting  of  trees  on  these  margins — single 
trees  or  dwarf  bushes,  which  would  not  shade  the  road, 
and  yet  make  the  free  highways  of  Great  Britain  a 
dehght  to  all  persons.  This  could  be  done  by  a  clause 
in  a  General  Turnpike  Act  (although  encroachments  are 
illegal  now,  this  is  not  generally  known),  which  must 
follow  the  abolition  of  turnpikes — near  at  hand — pro- 
hibiting any  encroachments  whatever  of  the  existing 
margins  of  highways,  and  allowing,  under  certain 
restrictions,  the  planting  of  trees  by  individuals  at  their 
own  cost.  Thos.  C.  Broken,  Further  Barton,  Cireneester. 
[The  greed  of  some  proprietors  in  this  matter  is,  to  say 
the  least,  most  mean  and  reprehensible.  Eds.] 

The  Garden  Dung  and  Soil  Yard. — Next  to  a 
good  and  liberal  supply  of  soft  water  in  a  garden,  is  a 
well  arranged  dung  and  soil  yard,  on  a  sloping  piece  of 
ground  conveniently  situated  with  reference  to  the  glass- 
houses and  cropping-ground.  Through  the  far-sighted 
practical  ability  of  my  predecessor,  Mr.  Rose,  such  an 
one  exists  here,  which  I  dare  say  is  unequalled  in  any 
garden  for  arrangement  and  order.  I  may  be  excused 
if  I  describe  it,  since  such  like  places  are  about  the  last 
which  are  inquired  after,  either  by  gardener  or  employer, 
in  visiting  a  garden.  It  forms  a  square  of  40  yards,  or 
thereabouts,  contiguous  to  the  Asparagus,  Rhubarb, 
Seakale,  Artichoke,  and  herb  quarters,  slopes  to 
about  I  in  20,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  5  feet  high, 
sufficient  to  prevent  leaves  and  litter  from  blowing 
about  in  windy  weather.  The  upper  end,  south,  is 
occupied  with  the  hotbed  frames  on  beds  of  leaves 
and  litter,  which  are  devoted  to  the  usual  wants  of  a  . 
garden  in  the  shape  of  early  forced  vegetables.  Aspa- 
ragus, Carrots,  salads,  &c.     The  opposite  side  (north). 


l82 


The   Gardeners*    Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Gazette 


[February  lo,    iS;; 


facing  south,  is  divisionecl  off  with  low  walls  for  soils, 
very  rotten  leaf  soil,  and  dung  fit  for  use  for  the 
potting-bench  or  other  purposes.  At  the  lower  end 
(north-east)  is  the  rotting-heap  pit,  quite  2  feet  below 
the  surrounding  level,  and  large  enough  lo  hold  any 
amount  of  refuse  and  stable  litter,  which  accumulates 
during  six  months  of  the  year.  The  pit  is  filled  in 
this  wise,  from  which  is  manufactured  our  chief  stock 
of  manure  : — Two  or  three  hundred  Kale  stalks  and 
leaves  form  one  layer,  with  a  bushel  or  two  of  salt 
sprinkled  over  all  ;  then  three  to  six  cartloads  of  stable 
litter  covers  and  smothers  up  all  smell,  and  promotes 
rotting.  Next  inordermaybe  a  clearance  of  the  Broccoli 
quarter,  and  another  layer  of  salt  and  litter  ;  the  mow- 
ings of  a  dozen-acre  lawn,  and  so  on,  to  the  sweepings, 
rollings,  toppings,  and  other  accumulations  of  the 
flower  garden,  down  to  the  refuse  of  the  vegetable 
shed,  the  potting  shed.  Onion  room,  fruit  room,  and, 
finally,  the  water  closets ;  all  of  which  are  smothered  and 
otherwise  made,  if  not  sweet,  yet  nosable  and  non-offen- 
sive, with  the  salt,  soot,  and  lime  and  litter  judiciously 
added  from  time  to  time.  Such  a  mass  of  stuff  every  six 
months  turned  out,  and  over  and  over  once  or  twice,  is 
of  the  most  enviable  description,  and  is  greedily 
devoured  by  the  several  crops  of  growing  vegetables 
during  the  year.  But  this  is  not  all  the  advantage 
which  is  derived  from  these  rich  accumulations. 
A  large  manure  tank  is  sunk  at  the  bottom  end  of  this 
big  dung-dish,  into  which,  with  every  rain,  is  pouring 
the  richest  manure-water  which  it  is  possible  to  have. 
This  cemented  tank  is  furnished  with  an  efficient 
pump,  which  is  made  use  of  very  frequently  in  soft, 
mild,  rainy  weather,  and  the  manure-water  carried 
by  labourers  in  cans  to  the  different  houses  or  quarters  of 
the  garden,  as  required.  Thus  recently  150  gallons  were 
carried  to  our  large  bushes  of  Camellias,  and  given  in 
abundance  direct  to  the  roots,  which  are  gross  feeders 
at  certain  times  of  year,  since  hundreds  and  thousands 
of  bloom-buds  are  dependent  on  a  liberal  supply  of 
water,  either  pure  or  in  a  manured  state  ;  and  as  the 
year  developes,  and  light  and  heat  increase,  other 
plants  will  be  invigorated  and  improved  in  fruit  and 
flower  by  similar  measures.  H,  Knight^  Floors. 

Potatos. — Last  year  I  purchased  at  a  nursery- 
man's sale  a  small  quantity  of  seed  Potatos,  which 
came  to  me  with  the  name  of  Early  Eclipse.  They 
were  planted  March  20,  and  we  had  very  fine  young 
ones  on  June  20.  It  is  a  splendid  cropper,  delicious 
in  flavour,  and  mealy.  Some  of  them,  in  September, 
on  taking  up  the  bulk,  weighed  \\  lb.  It  is  a  kind  of 
flattish  (but  not  long)  kidney.  As  it  is  really  a  very 
superior  kind  of  tuber,  and  I  cannot  find  the  name 
among  all  the  lists  I  have,  I  shall  be  obliged  by  any  ot 
your  correspondents  giving  me  any  clue  to  it.  It  is 
possible  it  may  be  the  Early  Climax,  being  very  like  it 
in  shape.  --/  Subscriber,  Isle  of  Man. 


Foreign   Correspondence. 

Madras,  East  Indies.  —  I  have  noted  the 
emark  of  Mr.  MacPherson  at  p.  1133  in  your  issue  of 
September  2,  and  he  is  correct  in  giving  Dodabet  as 
8760  feet  above  the  sea  ;  my  letter  was  intended  to  have 
been  *'about"  and  not  "above  9000  feet."  Regard- 
ing the  Aerides  which  he  called  my  attention  to  near 
Meetapolliam,  I  am  sorry  to  say  I  could  not  find  it. 
I  am  inclined  to  think  it  must  have  been  a  plant 
of  Vanda  Roxburghii,  which  grows  in  some  pro- 
fusion at  the  foot  of  the  ghaut,  and  in  the  surrounding 
jungles. 

Before  giving  an  account  of  my  trip  to  the  western 
slopes  of  the  Neilgherries  I  cannot  pass  the  paragraph 
in  your  paper  of  August  20,  p.  1098,  wherein  you 
express  wonder  at  the  account  of  a  New  Jersey  Apple 
treehavingnearly  full  ripe,  half-grown  fruit,  and  blossoms 
on  at  the  same  time.  Now,  1  perfectly  believe  this, 
:ind  for  the  following  reasons  : — I  arrived  in  Madras 
in  January,  from  which  time  up  to  September  I  have 
had  a  constant  supply  of  Apples,  well  grown  and  ripe. 
In  the  garden  of  the  house  in  which  I  was  residing  in 
Coonoor,  an  Apple  tree  in  September  last  was  bearing 
fruit  full  grown,  half  grown,  and  blossom.  In  Banga- 
lore I  have  gathered  ripe  fruit  from  an  Apple  tree 
when  in  blossom.  The  New  Jersey  Apple  tree  is  not 
therefore  such  a  wonderful  phenomenon  after  all. 

Sufificient  allowances  are  not  always  made  for  the 
effect  of  climate  on  plants,  and  scepticism  of  the  asser- 
lions  of  others  (although  made  from  actual  observation), 
100  often  arises  from  restricted  experience,  and  the 
inability  of  impartially  viewing  a  subject  otherwise 
than  in  the  dress  of  its  immediate  local  surroundings, 
and  the  preconceived  ideas  connected  with  it. 

I  do  not  deny  but  that  this  is  natural,  and  a  certain 
caution  is  necessary  before  adopting  each  fresh  theory, 
i  am  therefore  not  surprised  at  the  doubt  which  arises 
when  plants  are  stated  to  be  subject  in  their  own 
habitat  to  great  and  sudden  variations  in  temperature. 
Now  before  committing  myself  to  the  statement  that 
un  the  Neilgherries  there  is  within  the  24  hours  a 
variation  of  90°  or  so,  I  considered  it  as  well  to  make 
the  above  prefatory  remarks.  When  giving  these 
extremes  of  temperature,  I  wish  it  to  be  understood 
that  this  is  the  variation  to  whicli  indigenous  plants 
may  be  subject  during  the  24  liouis,  according  to 
their  growing  situation,  and  the  relative  movements  01 
the  sun   theretoi     The   descent   ol    the  ghauts   from 


Ootacamund  to  the  Wynad  jungles  may  be  said  to  com- 
mence at  Neddiwuttum.  I  had  hoped  to  meet  with 
some  novelties  on  these  western  slopes — to  have  come 
across  that  mysterious  plant,  Aerides  Schrcederi— of 
which  only  one  plant,  I  have  been  told,  was  found  by 
that  indefatigable  collector,  Mr.  Lobb,  somewhere  in 
these  parts.  But  my  luck  was  not  good,  for  not  only 
was  Schrcederi  not  found,  but  little  worthy  of  par- 
ticular  mention. 

Below  Neddiwuttum  a  great  deal  of  the  jungle  has 
been  cleared  for  coffee  and  Cinchona  plantations,  and 
numbers  of  Orchids  must  have  fallen  with  old  primeval 
forest  trees.  However,  the  following  are  the  Orchids 
which  I  gathered  during  my  trip  : — Coelogyne  nervosa, 
corrugata,  angustifulia,  Aerides  cylindricum,  Cirrho- 
petalum  grandiflorum,  Dendrobium  Jerdonianum,  Pla- 
tanthera  inantha,  Calanthe  Perrottetii,  and  Habenaria 
montana. 

In  reviewing  these  plants,  I  will  take  them  in  the 
order  of  merit  in  which,  in  my  opinion,  they  deserve  to 
be  ranked.  Well,  then,  first,  Platanthera  inantha 
must  be  noticed.  Properly  speaking,  it  is  an  Orchis  of 
the  tribe  Ophrydea;,  and  not  only  a  very  elegant  but 
also  useful  specimen  of  a  tuberous  Orchid.  Its  lower 
leaves  are  somewhat  large  and  ovate,  clasping  the  stem, 
decreasing  in  size  on  ascending  the  stem.  Its  inflor- 
escence is  highly  characteristic  of  a  Hyacinth,  forming 
a  compact  spike  of  lilac  flowers  (some  white  and  lilac), 
with  tinted  leaves  of  the  same  colour,  thus  making  it 
an  object  of  attraction  and  beauty  as  a  garden  plant. 
Its  economic  value  is  as  a  medicine.  Its  tubers  are 
prepared  in  like  manner  to  those  of  the  Arrowroot, 
and  administered  in  cases  of  emaciation,  as  it  is  sup- 
posed to  possess  great  nutritive  properties.  I  have 
myself  tasted  the  meal,  prepared  in  milk,  and  found 
its  taste  not  unpleasant.  Its  native  name  is  "Salah 
maistre,"  or  "  the  health-maker  or  restorer." 

The  next  plant  I  shall  notice  is  Calanthe  Perrot- 
tetii. If  its  beauty  were  to  be  judged  by  the  euphony 
of  its  name,  it  would  to  my  ear  be  ugly  indeed  !  Such, 
however,  is  not  the  case,  for  it  is  a  glorious  plant,  with 
its  dark  green  bold  elliptical  leaves,  with  a  scape  above 
2  feet  in  height  rising  from  their  centre,  bearing  a 
terminal  raceme  of  lilac  flowers  with  a  deep  purple 
lip.  It  is  in  its  habit  of  growth  partially  terrestrial, 
sending  its  rhizomal  roots,  so  to  speak,  well  into  the 
ground  below  the  roots  of  trees  or  stones  upon  which 
it  locates  itself 

The  next  plant,  Coelogyne  nervosa,  is  a  fine  plant, 
bearing  a  raceme  of  pure  white  flowers  with  a  dullish 
red  bract.  It  is  found  chiefly  on  rocks.  The  speci- 
mens I  gathered  were  from  a  large  rock  about  half-way 
between  Neddiwuttum  and  Gardaloor,  in  the  Wynad. 

The  last  Orchid  from  amongst  those  I  have  men- 
tioned above,  if  not  the  most  beautiful  is,  in  appearance, 
the  most  grotesque,  and  for  its  curious  fantastic  shape 
and  ugly  form  is  worthy  of  cultivation.  To  my  mind 
it  resembles  a  death's  or  ghost's  head,  with  a  pair  of 
lank,  uncombed  "Dundreary"  whiskers.  It  is  of  a 
white-greenish  colour  ;  but  yet,  with  all  its  disadvan- 
tages, it  shows  prettily  in  masses  on  the  rocks,  and 
is  well  suited  for  rockeries  in  conservatories  where 
aquatic  plants  are  kept. 

I  cannot  conclude  this  letter  without  mentioning  a 
most  lovely  Exacum.  I  have  observed  three  varieties  ; 
of  these  three,  this  one  excels  in  beauty  all  the  others. 
It  grows  almost  as  a  weed,  on  the  slopes  facing  the 
west  ;  it  has  a  somewhat  umbelliferous  character  of  in- 
florescence, dense  heads  of  delicately-tinted  mauve  and 
white  flowers,  having  its  elegance  and  beauty  further 
enhanced  by  its  bright  yellow  centred  stamens. 
Unfortunately  it  was  not  in  fruit.  I  have,  however, 
transplanted  some  specimens  in  a  garden  at  Coonoor, 
from  which  I  hope  to  gather  seed.  A'.  HensoUy 
Colonel. 


Societies. 

Edinbuhgu  Botanical:  January  11. —  Professor 
Wyville-'lhomson,  [^resident,  in  the  chair.  The  following 
communications  were  read  : — 

I.  Obituary  Notice  of  James  Boyd  Davics.  By  Professor 
Balfour. 

II.  On  the  Velocity  of  Sap.  By  W.  R.  M'Nab.  M.D., 
I*:dinburgh.  — If  the  amount  of  fluid  transpired  by  a  plant 
in  a  given  time  be  measured,  and  if  the  size  of  the  stem 
through  which  the  fluid  lias  passed  be  known,  it  becomes 
possible  to  calculate  the  velocity  witli  wliich  the  fluid 
moved.  As  alt  the  tissues  in  the  stem  do  not  ser\c  as 
canals  for  the  passage  of  sap,  it  becomes  necessary  to 
deduct  the  area  occupied  by  the  non-conducting  tissues 
from  thL'  total  area  of  the  stem.  Hales  observed  that  a 
Sunflower  transpired  in  12  hours  34  cubic  inches  of  water, 
the  transverse  section  of  the  stem  having  an  area  of  i 
square  inch,  a  column  of  water  34  inches  high  would  have 
passed  through  the  stem  if  it  had  been  a  simple  tube. 
Hales  allowed  one-third  of  the  stem  to  be  non-conducting 
tissue,  which  would  thus  raise  the  column  to  45^  inches. 
Calculating  the  velocity  of  the  fluid  from  these  data,  we 
find  that  the  rate  was  .001 181 1  inch  per  second,  or  still 
further  reducing  the  conducting  tissue,  as  Males'  calcu- 
lation was  too  large,  we  have  a  velocity  of  .0015748  inch 
per  second.  Saclis  {Hofmeistcr  Ha?id.  der  Phys.  Botan., 
vol.  iv.,  p.  234)  gives  an  account  of  an  expen'ment  on  a 
branch  of  White  Poplar  which  transpired  480  cubic  cent, 
of  water  in  no  hours.  After  making  the  necessary  de- 
ductions for  the  non-conducting  tissues  in  the  stem,  Sachs 
calculates  the  rale  of  movement  to  be  .064  m.m.,  .oo2c;i96 
inch,  per  second.  In  experiments  made  by  me  to  deter- 
mine the  velocity  of  the  sap  in  the  Cherry  T.Jiurd,  hymenns 


of  Lithium  and  Thallium  citrate  and  the  spectroscope, 
the  following  results  were  obtained: — 

1.  .0020232  inch  per  second,  ir  a.m.,  cloudy. 

2.  .0029436     „      ,,         „  3  1'.  M.,  cloudy. 

3.  .0035277     ,,      ,,         ,,  3  P.M.,  cloudy. 

4.  .0051108     ,,       „  ,,  II  A.M.,  bright  sun. 

5.  .0078324    ,,      ,,         ,,  12  noon,  bright  sun. 
Mean  .0047292     ,,      ,,         ,, 

The  mean  of  the  five  experiments  giving  a  velocity  of 
,0047292  inch  per  second.  The  greatest  velocity,  expe- 
riment 5,  was  obtained  in  bright  sun-light  at  noon  ;  the 
lowest  rates,  experiments  i  and  2,  were  observed  in  the 
forenoon  and  afternoon,  the  sun  being  more  or  less  ob- 
scured by  passing  clouds.  As  Sachs  has  calculated  the 
velocity  on  the  amount  transpired  in  no  hours,  the  mean 
is  lower  than  that  obtained  by  spectroscopic  observation — 
the  short  duration  of  the  experiments,  together  with  the 
time  of  day,  increased  temperature  and  brighter  light, 
easily  accounting  for  the  difference.  I  am  indebted  to 
the  Rev.  J.  Constable,  M.A.,  Principal  of  the  Royal 
Agricultural  College,  Cirencester,  for  some  of  the  calcu- 
lations required  in  this  paper. 

III.  TeiidrilsofAmpclopsis  Veitchii.  By  W.  R.  M'Xab, 
M.D.,  Edinburgh. — While  visiting  I.  Anderson-Henry, 
Esq.,  of  Hay  Lodge,  in  August  last,  he  directed  my  atten- 
tion to  the  peculiar  tendrils  of  Ampelopsis  Veitchii.  These 
tendrils  are  furnished  with  disc-like  suckers -several  of 
them  occurring  on  one  tendril  and  forming  a  very  strong 
support.  At  first  these  appear  as  bodies  resembling  very 
much  the  head  ofa  small  pin,  and  afterwards  they  develope 
into  flat  discs.  Sachs,  Lehrbuch  der  Botaiiik,  p.  672, 
mentions  that  in  Ampelopsis  hederacea  the  tendrils 
develope  discs  which  secrete  a  sticky  substance,  and  these 
adhere  to  walls,  &c.  Darwin  found  that  the  old  dry  discs 
would  support  a  great  weight— one  tendril  with  five  discs 
supporting  no  less  than  10  lb.  The  tendrils  of  Ampe- 
lopsis are  like  those  of  the  Vine— modified  portions  of  the 
stem.  They  branch,  and  when  examined  in  transverse 
section  the  ring  of  fibro-vascular  bundles  is  seen  to  be 
complete.  At. the  end  of  each  of  the  branches  of  the 
tendril,  a  slight  club-shaped  swelling  is  observed.  This 
rapidly  grows  into  a  disc  by  the  develoiiment  of  a  large 
branching  hair  from  every  cell  of  the  epidermis  of  the  part 
of  the  club-shaped  end  of  the  tendril  which  is  next  the 
body  to  be  adhered  to,  and  therefore  that  part  which  is 
most  shaded  from  the  light ;  as  every  cell  produces  a  hair, 
the  original  epidermis  is  entirely  lost.  These  hairs  are 
glandular  and  secrete  a  sticky  substance,  which  enables 
the  disc  to  adhere  to  the  wall  or  other  support.  The  cells 
in  the  centre  of  the  disc  rapidly  enlarge  and  become 
thickened,  the  dry  walls  having  a  well-marked  pitted 
appearance.  These  tendrils  have  but  little  tendency  to 
coil  round  any  fixed  object,  but  are  markedly  influenced  by 
light.  They  turn  away  from  the  light,  as  do  also  the 
whole  branches,  and  tlierefore  afford  a  very  well-marked 
example  of  negative  Heliotropism.  The  interest  in  these 
tendrils  is  considerable — first  on  account  of  their  being 
negatively  heliotropic,  or  turning  away  from  the  light,  and 
second  on  account  of  their  morphological  nature.  They 
are  stem  organs,  the  apex  of  each  branch  developing  a 
series  of  hairs— each  epidermal  cell  on  one  side  of  the 
club-shaped  extremity  developing  a  large  glandular 
branching  hair,  and  thus  losing  all  the  appearance  of  an 
epidermis.  In  the  cells  of  the  tendril  both  rounded  and 
acicular  crystals  of  Calcium  oxalate  are  to  be  met  with.  I 
am  mdebted  to  I.  Anderson-Henry,  Esq.,  of  Hay  Lodge, 
for  the  specimens  examined. 

IV.  Notes  on  the  Stem  of  Isoetes.  By  Dr.  M'Nab.— 
Professor  Williamson  and  others  have  directed  attention 
to  the  cambmm  layer  of  Isoetes.  Having  an  opportunity 
of  examining  sections  of  fresh  specimens  of  Isoetes,  kindly 
sent  to  me  by  my  father,  I  am  now  able  to  show  these 
sections  to  the  Society  ;  and  I  trust  I  shall  be  able  to  con- 
vince most  of  you  that  no  cambium  layer  comparable  to 
that  in  ordinary  dicotyledonous  plants  exists.  At  the 
meeting  of  the  British  Association  held  in  Edinburgh  in 
August  last.  Professor  Williamson  stated  that  cambium 
was  a  fluid  in  which  free  cells  floated.  I  have  not  been 
able  to  find  anything  like  that  in  Isoetes,  or  in  any  other 
plant  I  have  ever  examined  ;  and  it  is  not  likely  that  any 
indications  of  such  a  form  of  cambium  could  be  met  with 
in  fossil  plants.  In  the  section  of  Lime  which  I  exhibit, 
you  will  be  able  to  see  the  cambium  layer  stained  with 
carmine,  and  giving  you  an  almost  diagramatic  view  of  it. 
In  Isoetes  we  have  a  layer  of  cells  in  the  periphery  of  the 
stem,  which  multiply  by  division,  but  they  are  really  the 
meristen  cells  of  Naegeli,  developed  in  the  primitive 
tissue,  and  not  a  portion  of  the  fibro-vascular  bundle. 
The  bundles  are  only  slightly  developed,  and  run  through 
the  cellular  (primitive)  tissue  to  the  roots  and  leaves. 
Professor  Williamson  has  thus  mistaken  the  meristen 
layer  of  the  primitive  tissue  for  the  cambium  layer  of  the 
united  fibro-vascular  bundles  of  dicotyledons. 

V.  Histological  Notes,  II.  By  W.  R.  M'Nab,  M.D.. 
Edinburgh.— 3.  On  a  modification  of  Schult/ZsprocesF. — In 
order  to  separate  the  cells  of  plants,  Schultz  recommended 
that  portions  of  the  tissue  should  be  placed  in  chlorate 
of  potash  and  nitric  acid.  No  quantities  whatever  art» 
stated,  and  the  strength  of  the  acid  is  also  omitted  in  all 
accounts  of  Schiiltz's  process  that  I  have  read.  I  tried 
taking  a  little  chlorate  of  potash  and  a  little  nitric  acid, 
as  adviied  in  Naegeli  and  Schwendener's  book  on  tlie 
microscope,  and  in  placing  the  portions  of  tissue  to  be 
operai.d  on  into  the  test  tube  I  had  the  satisfaction  of 
seeing  them  instantly  dissolved,  abundance  of  nitrons 
fumes  being  at  the  same  time  given  oft".  Professor  Church 
kindly  came  to  my  assistance,  and  by  placing  the  tissue  in 
a  test  tube,  with  2  drachms  of  nitric  acid  of  sp.  gr.  i.io, 
with  3  grains  of  chlorate  of  potash,  a  mixture  w.t,s 
obtained  which  gave  good  results.  The  action  was  slow, 
and  after  keeping  portions  of  tissue  in  the  solution  for  a 
fortnight  the  cells  could  be  separated.  No  nitrous  fumes 
are  given  off,  and  as  the  action  is  slow  it  is  quite  under 
control.  Specimens  of  scalariform  vessels,  prepared  in 
this  way,  are  exhibited.  They  are  from  Pteris  aquiiina, 
and  show  tli.U  each  cell  forming  the  vessel  cnn  be  sepa- 
rated. It  is  also  to  bf  noticed  that  the  ends  are  not 
hexagonal  pyramids,  but  ilie  cells  arc  obliquely  cut  across, 
the  ve«sel  iliiis  being  coniiiuiou'i.      In    r:ome    spfrinmn^   I 


Feliruary  lo,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and    A,u:ricultural    Gazette, 


'83 


lune  observed  that  no  cell  wall  exists  at  the  junction, 
merely  the  bars  of  thickening  matter  giving  a  sort  of 
gridiron  appearance,  while  a  free  channel  must  exist 
between  the  component  parts  of  the  scalariform  vessel. 

4.  On  the  Fibre  in  the  Stem  of  Muntingia. —  In  August 
last,  I.  Anderson-Henry,  Esq.,  of  Hay  Lodge,  direc^ted  my 
attention  to  an  Australian  plant,  Muntingia,  which,  ht- 
informed  me,  yielded  a  useful  fibre.  Having  just  con- 
cluded the  investigation  of  New  Zealand  Flax,  I  thought 
it  might  be  interesting  to  compare  the  Muntingia  fibre 
with  that  of  Flax,  Hemp,  Manilla  Hemp,  and  New  Zea- 
land Flax,  all  of  which  1  liad  just  examined.  On  making 
sections  of  the  stem  of  Muntingia,  abundance  of  bast  cells 
were  observed  between  the  cambium  and  the  epidermis. 
The  epidermis  of  the  stem  produces  numerous  Iiairs, 
underneath  it  are  a  few  layers  of  sub-epidermal  cells,  tlien 
the  bast  cells  in  bundles,  alternating  with  soft  bast  and 
divided  by  the  expanded  ends  of  the  medullary  rays.  The 
wood  cylinder  was  well  developed,  and  had  a  well  marked 
pith  in  the  centre.  The  walls  of  the  bast  cells  are  thin, 
and  of  comparatively  little  strength,  and  from  the  close 
way  in  which  they  are  imited  into  bundles,  it  would  be 
(juite  impossible  to  separate  the  ultimate  bast  cells  so  as  to 
render  the  plant  available  for  llie  manufactureof  fine  fabrics. 
The  quantity  of  fibre  in  the  stem  is  very  considerable,  but  I 
do  not  think  it  could  be  used  except  forthe  manufacture  of 
ropes. 

5.  On  the  Adventitious  Roots  of  the  Cherry  Laurel. — In 
a  paper  on  the  adventitious  roots  of  the  Cherry  Laurel, 
jjublished  in  the  Bofat/icul  Society  s  Tmusiicf/'offs,  vol.  x., 
p.  314,  I  stated  that  there  seemed  to  exists  a  peculiar 
matrix  between  the  loose  cells  of  the  pileorhiza  which 
could  be  brightly  coloured  by  the  long  action  of  carmine. 
This  was  considered  to  be  owing  to  the  gelatinous  dege- 
neration of  the  walls  of  the  cells  at  the  growing  point. 
This  view  turns  out  to  be  quite  correct,  as  it  has  been 
obsen-ed  by  other  authors.  Hofmeister,  Hand,  der  P/ivs. 
Bot.,  vol.  i.,  p.  425,  mentions  that  the  walls  of  neigbour- 
ing  cells  become  gelatinous  in  the  pileorhiza  of  many 
plants,  such  asSecale,  Allium  Cepa,  andAngiopteris  evecta. 
In  some  plants  the  cells  of  the  pileorhiza  do  not  separate 
but  always  remain  attached,  as  in  Lemna,  Pistia,  and 
Cuscuta. 

6.  On  the  Stem  of  Cynara  Scolymus. — Professor  Dyer 
recently  directed  my  attention  to  the  stem  of  Cynara 
Scolymus.  At  first  sight  the  stem  exactly  resembles  that 
of  a  monocotyledon,  the  bundles  being  all  isolated  and 
scattered  up  and  down  in  the  cellular  tissue  {primitive 
tissue)  of  the  stem.  In  the  ordinary  dicotyledonous  stem 
the  fibro-vascular  bundles  are  all  united  to  form  a  solid 
cylinder,  and  no  distinction  is  to  be  noticed  between  the 
fibro-vascular  bundles  proper  to  the  stem,  and  those  run- 
ning to  the  leaves.  In  other  dicotyledonous  stems,  how- 
ever, these  bundles  are  often  separate,  and  if  instead  of 
forming  a  cylinder  with  a  ring  of  cambium,  the  individual 
bundles  remain  separate,  then  the  stem  will  resemble 
very  much  the  stem  of  a  monocotyledon.  In  dicotyle- 
dons, according  to  Sachs  Lehrbuch,  p.  542,  we  have 
the  secondary  fibro-vascular  bundles  of  the  stem 
forming  either  outside  the  leaf  bundles  (exogenous), 
or  internally  to  them  (endogenous).  In  Mirabilis, 
Amaranthus,  Atriplex,  &c.,  the  secondary  fibro-vascu- 
lar bundles  of  the  stem  form  outside  the  leaf  bundles. 
The  leaf  bundles  are  therefore  near  the  centre  of  the 
stem,  and  these  remain  separate,  while  the  stem  bundles 
unite  and  form  a  close  cambium  ring.  In  other  stems 
tlie  leaf  bundles  unite,  and  have  a  closed  ^cambium 
ring.  This  ring  of  cambium  soon  ceases  to  grow,  and 
a  new  one  grows  outside,  which  in  turn  disappears.  In 
this  way.  numerous  circles  of  fibro-vascular  bundles  are 
formed.  Many  Bauhinias,  Phytocrenes,  &c.,  have  a  stem 
of  this  kind.  In  Cynara,  the  secondary  stem  bundles 
form  after  the  leaf  bundles,  and  more  intenially  all  the 
bundles  remain  separate,  and  do  not  form  a  cambium 
ring.  These  bundles  anastomose  with  each  other,  and 
when  the  stem  is  examined  in  transverse  section  the  appa- 
rently monocotyledonous  nature  of  the  stem  is  very 
evident.  The  same  kind  of  stem  is  found  in  Cucurbita 
and  Nymphteacea?.  In  Piperacere,  Bignoniacea?,  and 
Aralia,  the  internal  ascending  bundles  remain  isolated, 
while  the  leaf  bundles  form  a  cylmder,  having  a  closed 
cambium  ring,  a  very  interesting  modification  of  the  form 
found  in  Cynara.  Such  stems  would  be  very  puzzling  to 
the  PaJasontological  botanist,  and  might  lead  to  their 
being  placed  in  a  wrong  division  of  the  flowering  plants. 

7.  On  the  Periderm  of  Acer  campestre. — The  young 
stems  of  Acer  campestre  give  a  very  good  demonstration 
of  periderm.  In  the  autumn,  the  shoots  of  the  first 
year  become  more  or  less  invested  with  a  cover-  ■ 
ing  of  cork,  periderm.  On  examining  the  stem  in 
transverse  section,  the  pith,  wood  cells,  and  cambium 
layer  are  distinctly  visible.  Outside  the  cambium, 
layers  of  soft  bast  and  thickened  bast  cells  are  observed, 
then  the  cork  cambium  and  numerous  cork  cells,  forming 
a  thick  external  layer.  The  epidermis  with  its  appendages 
is  thrown  off.  The  periderm  is  in  general  cracked  longi- 
tudinally, because  the  cells  remain  of  uniform  diameter  ; 
hence,  as  the  cells  at  the  periphery  are  of  the  same  size 
as  those  next  the  cork  cambium,  splittmg  must  take  place. 
The  formation  of  the  periderm  is  very  well  seen  in  the 
young  shoots  of  the  black  Currant.  If  a  section  be  made 
in  the  autunm,  then  a  layer  of  cork  cells  can  be  observed 
below  the  epidermis.  A  transverse  section  of  the  black 
Currant  shows  pith,  wood  cells,  and  cambium  layer. 
Outside  the  cambium  comes  a  quantity  of  soft  bast,  no 
thickened  bast  cells  being  visible.  Externally  the  epidermis 
is  to  be  seen  covered  with  hairs,  then  several  rows  of 
sub-epidermal  cells  and  then  the  cork  cells.  After  the  forma- 
tion of  the  cork  cells,  the  epidermis  with  all  its  appendages 
is  thrown  off  in  the  same  way  as  in  the  Acer  campestre. 

8.  On  the  thickened  Cells  in  the  Leaves  of  Pines.—  Under 
the  epidermis  of  the  leaves  of  Pines  peculiar  elongated 
thickened  cells  are  to  be  met  with,  which  resemble  bast 
fibres  in  their  general  character.  On  a  careful  examina- 
tion of  a  transverse  section  of  the  leaf,  the  fibro-vascular 
bundles  can  be  obser\'ed,  but  no  bast  cells  are  visible,  the 
bundles  being  surrounded  by  soft  cellular  tissue.  While 
underneath  the  epidermis,  and  therefore  widely  separated 


from  tlie  fibro-vascular  bundles,  these  peculiar  thickened 
cells  are  to  be  seen.  As  the  true  bast  cells  always  form  a 
portion  of  the  tissues  of  the  fibro-vascular  bundles,  it  is 
evident  that  from  their  position  these  thickened  cells  are 
not  to  be  considered  as  bast,  but  rather  as  sub-epidermal 
cells.  Dr.  Hooker  describes  and  figures  numerous  bast 
cells  in  the  scales  of  the  cones  of  W'elwitschia.  In  that 
plant,  liowever,  the  fibro-vascular  bundles  in  the  scales 
are  only  very  slightly  developed,  and  do  not  form  any  of 
the  true  bast  cells,  while  the  thickened  cells  occurring  so 
abundantly  under  the  epidermis  seem  to  be  only  thickened 
sub-epidermal  cells.  These  thickened  sub-epidermal  cells 
occur  in  Lycopods,  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  what  Pro- 
fessor Williamson  and  others  call  liber  in  Lepidodendron, 
must  be  considered  as  only  a  series  of  greatly  developed 
and  thickened  sub-epidermal  cells. 

VT.  On  the  Ejects  of  Pnni ing  on  Certain  Coniferous 
Trees  and  Shrubs.  By  Mr.  M'Nab,  Curator,  Royal 
Botanic  Garden.— [See  p.  179.] 

\'II.  Miscellaneous  Communications, — Mr.  M'Nab  laid 
before  the  meeting  a  variety  of  Hellebores  raised  from 
seed  by  Mr.  G.  M.  Butler,  nurseryman,  Finnart,  Greenock, 
being  crosses  between  Helleboms  purpurascens  and 
atro-sanguineus.  The  habit  of  the  plants,  as  well  as  the 
size  of  the  flowers,  approaches  H.  purpurascens,  while 
the  colour  is  intermediate  between  the  two.  These 
hybrids  will  pro\e  great  acquisitions,  as  adding  to  our 
stock  of  hardy  winter  flowering  plants,  now  so  much 
wanted.  Mr.  Butler  does  not  give  any  detailed  account 
of  their  parentage,  but  it  seems  evident  that  the  seed  has 
been  taken  from  the  H.  purpurascens,  crossed  with 
H.  atro-sanguineus.  Professor  Balfour  exhibited  a  grow- 
ing specimen  of  the  Ipecacuan  plant,  bearing  ripe  fruit. 
The  Ipecacuan  plants  have  flowered  freely  in  the  hot- 
houses at  the  Botanic  Garden  for  several  years,  but  none 
of  them  have  hitherto  borne  perfect  fruit.  The  pollen 
was  applied  to  the  stigma  artificially. 


Florists'  Flowers. 

Those  who  saw  the  new  Show  Pelargoniums  of 
Foster's  and  Hoyle's  raising  at  Nottingham  in  June 
last,  will  readily  fall  in  with  the  statement  that  they 
were  generally  of  superb  quality.  Such  flowers  as 
Achievement,  Charlemagne,  Blue  Bell,  Chieftain,  Pre- 
late, Royal  Bride,  and  Zephyr  are  grand  additions  to 
these  useful  summer-flowering  plants  ior  house  decora- 
tion ;  and  they  serve  to  show  that  the  constant  labours 
of  the  raisers  receive  their  fitting  reward.  Enterprise 
promises  to  be  a  very  useful  forcing  variety.  No  new 
Fancy  Pelargonium  came  to  the  fore  during  1S71,  but 
of  the  other  classes,  each  was  pretty  well  represented. 
The  doubles  have  become  quite  numerous,  and  some- 
thing distinct  and  fine  is  needed  to  show  a  marked 
advance.  These  characteristics  are  well  summed  up  in 
Laxton's  Jewel,  the  glowing  reddish-crimson  of 
which,  added  to  the  fulness  of  the  flowers,  and 
their  peculiarly  reflexed  form,  gives  them  the  appear- 
ance of  very  miniature  blooms  of  the  Senateur  Vaisse 
Rose.  A  high-coloured  flower,  named  Le  Progres, 
also  reaches  us  from  the  Continent  with  a  good  reputa- 
tion. Mr.  George'sbatchof  new  Nosegay  Pelargoniums 
certainly  give  some  splendid  varieties,  notwithstanding 
the  wealth  of  these  useful  decorative  plants  we  already 
possess.  Magnificum,  Progress,  Fred  George,  T. 
Caven  Fox,  Flame,  and  Polly  King,  are  likely  to 
become  great  favourites.  Nor  must  Mr.  Pearson's  set 
be  overlooked,  for  the  Chilwell  flowers  are  not  inferior 
to  anything  else  offered.  Of  the  ordinary  Zonal  type, 
lanthe,  Sir  C.  Napier,  and  Wellington,  of  Dr.  Denny's 
raising,  are  deserving  an  extended  cultivation.  Dr. 
Livingstone,  Monica,  Troubadour,  and  White  Swan, 
the  last  reported  to  be  the  best  white  yet  offered,  are 
also  good  additions.  The  three  striped  varieties  offered 
by  Mr,  Cannell  will  be  looked  for  with  much  interest ; 
and  there  is  no  doubt  they  will  be  frequently  exhibited 
should  their  published  characters  be  maintained. 
Among  Golden  Tricolors,  a  great  many  of  which  after 
all  are  little  better  than  toy  plants, — Baroness  Bur- 
dett  Coutts,  Gem  of  Tricolors,  Lady  Manvers,  Mr. 
Rutter,  and  William  Sandys,  were  finely  coloured. 
Lady  Manvers  and  William  Sandys  are  of  sturdy 
growth,  and  form  excellent  beds,  colouring  well  in  the 
open  air,  and  being  of  robust  constitution.  .Such  Silver 
Tricolors  as  Alice  Maud  Mary,  Countess  of  Flanders, 
Lady  Dorothy  Nevill,  and  Mrs.  Rousby,  were  shown  in 
a  high  stateof  perfection,  finely  grown  and  well  coloured. 
Notwithstanding  the  charge  of  sameness  brought 
against  the  Gold  and  Bronze  Pelargoniums,  new 
varieties  are  freely  produced.  The  leading  ones  are 
Bronze  Banner,  Bronze  Queen,  Dreadnought,  Emperor 
of  Brazil,  Maid  of  Kent,  Mar(?chal  McMahon,  and  the 
Rev.  C.  P.  Peach.  The  old  variegated  type  (leaves 
green  and  white)  is  reinforced  by  Mont  Blanc,  the 
Bride,  and  Virgin  Queen,  all  highly  promising  as  bedders. 
And  then  the  Pentstemon,  the  most  rapidly  improved 
flower  of  the  past  five  years — that,  too,  receives  grand 
additions  from  our  English  raisers,  saying  nothing 
about  the  fine  Continental  flowers  imported  annually. 
Their  praises  arc  now  so  often  sung,  in  consequence  of 
their  great  usefulness  as  hardy  border  flowers,  that 
there  is  no  necessity  of  enlarging  farther  on  their 
merits  in  this  relation. 

In  Petunias  Coquette,  Pantaloon,  and  Princess 
Louise,  we  get  useful  additions  to  these  charming  plants. 
The  first  and  last  are  double  varieties  ;  the  second,  one 
of  the  fringed  varieties  raised  by  Mr.  A.  F.  Barron,  of 
Chiswick,  a  variety  that  sets  at  defiance  the  rounded 
edge  that  used  to  be  regarded  as  an  essential  charac- 
teristic of  a  good  Petunia. 


We  are  no  longer  altogether  dependent  on  the  Con- 
tinent  for  additions  to  our  lists  of  herbaceous  Phloxes. 
as  Mr.  Laing  has  succeeded  in  raising  at  the  Stanstead 
Park  Nurseries  some  varieties  of  great  merit.  These 
belong  to  the  decussata  section,  and  are  characterised 
by  large  stout  flowers  and  fine  hues  of  colour. 

A  vivid  scariet  forcing  Pink  must  be  an  acquisition. 
This  is  found  in  Lee's  Princess  Louise,  the  colouring 
bright,  and  it  is  said  to  force  remarkably  well. 

The  beautiful  and  unique  Primula  japonica  and  its 
varieties  are  among  the  most  valued  products  of  the 
year  ;  and  now  that  supplies  of  seed  are  reaching  us 
from  Japan,  the  species  will  soon  be  widely  distributed. 
P.  sinensis  Princess  Louise,  white,  flushed  with  lilac  ; 
and  Waltham  White,  snow-white,  are  two  fine  varieties 
of  the  Chinese  Primrose,  capable  of  being  reproduced 
by  seed.  The  new  crimson-flowered  variety  of  the 
common  Primrose  is  a  gem  for  early  spring  work. 

In  Rhododendron  The  Bride  there  is  obtained  a 
remarkably  fine  white  hybrid  Bhotan  variety,  singularly 
chaste  and  beautiful  ;  and  in  Helen  Waterer,  Kate 
Waterer,  Loquendum,  MadameCarvalho,  Perfruendum, 
and  Victurum,  Messrs.  Waterer  &  Son  possess  some 
magnificent  varieties  of  R.  catawbiense  of  great  merit. 

That  nine  Roses  should  obtain  First-class  Certificates 
in  one  year,  is  a  pretty  conclusive  proof  that  there  is 
no  falling  off  in  the  new  forms  of  the  queen  of  flowers. 
Climbing  Victor  Verdier  and  Princesss  Louise  arc 
two  good  climbing  varieties.  Belle  Lyonnaise  and 
Earl  of  Eldon  belong  to  the  Tea-scented  section  ; 
and  Comtesse  d'Oxford,  Louis  Van  Iloutte,  Marquis 
de  Castellane,  Mons.  Paul  Neron,  and  Princess  Bea- 
trice, to  the  Hybrid  Perpetuals. 

Tropseolum  Mr.  Bowmann  is  one  of  the  Lobbianuni 
section,  short-jointed  in  growtli,  and  free  blooming  ; 
the  colour  reddish-orange. 

Verbenas  are  not  quite  so  numerous  as  usual,  but 
they  comprise  some  very  fine  flowers.  Such  varieties 
as  Emma  Weaver,  Lady  Braybrooke,  Lady  Edith, 
Lady  Gertrude,  Mauve  Queen,  Pluto,  Queen  of  Pinks, 
and  Sandy  Gibson,  fully  sustain  the  reputation  of  our 
two  leading  raisers. 

Looking  back  through  the  two  former  portions  of 
this  paper  (pp.  80,  147)  we  see  that  there  is  no  lack  of 
new  flowers  of  good  promise.  The  resistless  energy 
that  prevails  in  all  the  departments  of  everyday  life 
keeps  up  a  never  failing  supply  of  these  "gems  pf 
earth  ;''  and  so  it  will  be  as  long  as  a  love  for  flowers 
lives  in  the  hearts  of  men,  R.  D. 


THE  WEATHER, 

STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  BLACKHEATH,  LONDO.\\ 
For  the  Week  ending  Wednesday,  Tub.  7,  1872. 


1872, 
Feb. 


29 

2'  29, 
3:  20 
4   29- 

T 

6,  zg. 
71  29- 


-0.27  51.641.7'  9.946-3 


,56   — o.20S4-239-7'4-5 


46.0 


o      I   o    1  I  In. 

■I-  S.sUo.sl     79     iS.byW.'o.oo 
<-  8.342.51    87     i    S.W.    |o.o3 

j0.02 


I  75  j — 0.02  46.038.1    7.9  42.0  -I-  4.2  40.51  94 

.67  — 0.1047-641 -3    6-3'43-5i  f  S-5'4i.9J  94     '      S.        

'— 0.23  49-04I-5    7-5|)S-5  4-  7.24^.5'  86|    s.S.'\V.  !°-00 

'— ai8  51.746.0    5  7148.7  f  10. 1  44.3'  85 

1.81  '+0.04  53.0  43  8  10. 1  46.8  f  8.o;4l.3  81 


S.  : 
I  S.S.W.  o-™ 

variable  0.18 


—Cloudy  till  the  afternoon,  tiieii  the  clouds  broke,  and  the 
amount  varied  slightly  from  time  to  time.  A  little  rain 
fell  in  the  afternoon. 

—Rain  fell  in  early  niorninR,  and  the  sky  was  also  over- 
cast. The  amount  of  cloud  gradually  decreased  till 
night,  when  it  became  cloudless. 

—Generally  overcast  till  night ;  then  very  variable.  Fine 
evening. 

—Cloudy  till  night ;  then  variable.  A  liulc  thin  rain  fell. 
Very  fine  aurora  at  night,  accompanied  by  great 
magnetic  perturbations. 

—Overcast  throughout.     Thin  rain  fell  frequently. 

—Generally  overcast.     Thin  rain  fell  in  morning. 

—A  \CT\  fine  day.  Light  clouds  prevalent  till  the  evening. 
Overcast,  and  rain  fell  afieroP.M. 

(AMES  GLAISHER. 


©fit'tuatB. 

We  have  with  much  regret  to  record  the  demise 
of  James  Neilson,  Esq.,  of  Rose  Hall,  Falkirk, 
at  the  age  of  62  years.  This  sad  event  occurred 
on  the  23d  nit.,  after  a  very  short  illness.  In  his 
profession  as  an  auctioneer  he  has  made  himself  a 
name  that  will  long  be  remembered.  He  was  the 
architect  of  his  own  fortune,  and  was  possessed  of  indo- 
mitable diligence  and  perseverance,  which  no  obstacle 
could  turn  aside  :  his  motto  was  self-reliance.  His 
beautiful  residence  of  Rose  Hall  will  remain  a  monu- 
ment of  his  taste  and  architectural  skill,  and  even  more  so 
his  garden  and  pleasure  grounds,  which  are  models  of 
the  art  of  landscape  gardening.  His  taste  and  intense 
love  for  hardy  trees  and  shrubs,  and  hardy  plants  of 
all  kinds,  was  unbounded,  and  led  him  to  form  one  of 


i84 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[Febraary  lo,   1872. 


the  chuicest  coUeclions  anywhere  to  be  found.  His 
principal  hobbies  were  Roses,  Rhododendrons,  Coni- 
fers, Hollies,  Ivies,  Clematis,  hardy  Ferns,  and  hardy 
herbaceous  plants.  Variegated  plants  formed  also  a 
great  feature  in  his  collection. 

To  Mr.  Neilson  belongs  the  merit  of  inventing  the 
most  approved  stand  for  exhibiting  Pansies,  of  which 
more  than  25  years  ago  he  was  both  a  famed  raiser  and 
successful  exhibitor  ;  he  likewise  invented  the  best  shade 
for  protecting  Hollyhock  blooms  that  has  yet  been  seen, 
also  a  transplanting  machine  (described  in  our  columns 
at  p.  147,  1863),  improved  trainers  for  plants,  improved 
watering-pots,  and  many  other  garden  implements  :  in 
fact,  wherever  he  touched  he  left  the  impression  of  a 
master  hand.  It  was  at  Rose  Hall  where  the  grandest 
spike  of  Lilium  auratum  that  has  yet  been  produced 
was  grown,  there  being  upwards  of  seventy  blooms  ex- 
panded at  one  time  on  one  spike. 

Mr.  Neilson  was  selected  by  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee to  act  as  one  of  the  judges  at  the  Great  Interna- 
tional Show  of  1866.  He  was  possessed  of  a  fine  com- 
manding exterior,  and  was  of  a  warm,  genial  tempera- 
ment, which  made  his  company  always  welcome  ;  and 
now  that  he  has  gone  from  amongst  us  the  friends  of 
Horticulture  may  well  shed  a  tear,  for  he  was  one  of 
her  steadiest  patrons,  and  one  of  her  most  attached 
friends. 


(for  the  ensuing  fortnight.) 
PLANT  HOUSES. 

Greenhouse  Hard-wooded  Plants. — If  the  dif- 
ferent soils  got  under  cover  for  use  during  tlie  present 
month  are  not  diying  so  well  as  could  be  wished,  turn 
them  over  and  lay  them  sufficiently  thin  for  the  air  to 
act  upon  them.  Repeat  the  turning  over  every  week 
until  the  whole  is  sufficiently  dry  for  use.  To  those 
■whose  practice  has  hitherto  been  confined  to  the 
culture  of  soft-wooded  and  free-growing  plants,  I 
would  more  particularly  impress  the  necessity  of  great 
care  in  this  matter.  The  soil  should  be  broken  in 
pieces  proportioned  to  the  size  of  the  plants  it  is 
intended  to  be  used  for  {say  in  pieces  about  as  large  as 
moderate-sized  acorns  in  the  case  of  small  plants,  up 
to  fragments  of  the  size  of  pigeon's  eggs  in  the  case  of 
larger  ones);  mix  these  with  the  necessary  quantity  of 
sand,  and  take  as  much  as  the  hand  will  hold,  squeeze 
it  firmly,  then  place  it  gently  down  on  the  potting- 
bench  :  if  it  partially  falls  to  pieces,  it  may  be  con- 
sidered in  a  fit  condition  for  use,  if,  on  the  other  hand, 
it  adheres  together  it  is  too  wet.  Any  plants  that 
appear  to  be  coming  on  for  flowering  earlier  than  they 
are  wanted,  should  be  removed  from  the  general  stock, 
and  placed  where  they  will  not  be  under  the  influence 
of  the  sun.  There  is  no  plant-house,  in  any  garden, 
that  is  more  useful  than  a  lean-to  house  with  a  north 
aspect.  The  length  of  time  that  the  blooming  season 
of  all  kinds  of  greenhouse  plants,  soft  as  well  as  hard- 
wooded,  can  be  prolonged  by  placing  a  portion  of  the 
stock  in  a  house  of  this  description  would  surprise  any 
one  who  had  not  previously  tried  it.  By  this  means 
such  things  as  Azaleas  can  be  kept  for  blooming  as  late 
as  July,  which  it  will  be  seen  is  of  considerable  import- 
ance. The  back  wall  of  such  a  house  ought  not  to  be 
less  than  12  feet  high,  and  away  from  the  near  shade 
of  trees ;  otherwise,  by  their  obstruction  or  absorption 
of  light,  they  will  induce  weak  growth.  As  the  days 
lengthen  and  the  sun  gets  more  power,  give  air  in 
proportion,  and  earlier  in  the  morning  ;  and  where  the 
object  is  to  induce  early  growth,  close  whilst  the  sun  is 
yet  on  the  glass.  Unless  the  roofs  of  the  houses  are  in 
very  good  repair,  drip  will  occur  during  such  drenching 
weather  as  we  have  had  lately.  Keep  a  good  look-out 
that  no  plant  stands  in  a  position  to  receive  such,  or 
the  soil  will  soon  become  saturated.  T.  Babies, 
Souikgaie, 

Azaleas. — There  are  two  seasons  in  the  year  in 
which  grafted  Azaleas  succeed  well — the  present  month, 
just  before  they  begin  to  grow,  and  again  about  July 
or  August,  when  their  young  wood  is  half  matured. 
Any  one  who  happens  to  have  any  plants  of  inferior 
kinds,  and  is  desirous  of  improving  them,  can  easily  do 
so  if  he  has  the  convenience  of  a  moist  stove.  Any 
free-growing  kind  may  be  worked  upon,  excepting  the 
old  indica  alba^  or  those  nearly  allied  to  it.  Tliese 
being  almost  deciduous,  it  will  not  answer  to  graft  on 
them  any  of  the  hybrids  which  retain  their  leaves  to  a 
greater  extent  than  the  whites  do.  The  method  of 
procedure  is  this  : — Select  for  the  stocks  such  plants  as 
are  in  healthy  condition,  thin  two-thirds  of  the  shoots 
out,  leaving  the  strongest  and  best  placed  ;  then  make 
your  selection  of  such  sorts  as  you  wish  to  grow.  The 
grafts  are  to  be  made  of  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a-half 
of  the  points  of  the  shoots.  They  require  nothing 
more  than  paring  down  about  half  their  length,  cutting 
away  one-third  of  their  thickness,  reducing  the  shoots 
of  the  stock  in  a  similar  manner  about  the  same  dis- 
tance from  their  points  as  the  length  of  the  grafts, 
making  the  two  parts  so  cut  fit  together,  and  then  tying 
them  moderately  tight  with  worsted,  which  is  the  best 
material  I  have  tried.  As  soon  as  a  plant  is  finished, 
immediately  remove  it  to  a  warm  moist  stove,  and  keep 
it  syringed  overhead  lightly,  once  or  twice  a  day. 
Shade  the  plant  from  the  sun,  and  exclude  air  from 
the  end  of  the  house  where  the  plants  are  placed.     If 


all  goes  well  the  grafts  will  take,  and  begin  to  grow  in 
the  course  of  five  or  six  weeks.  The  shoots  of  the 
stock  will  most  likely  start  first.  Keep  this  young 
growth  pinched  off,  but  do  not  entirely  take  away  the 
points  of  the  stock  until  the  grafts  are  fairly 
making  growth,  when  the  ties  may  be  slack- 
ened a  little,  and  the  points  of  the  stock  shoots 
cut  back  to  where  they  are  worked.  Keep  tlie 
plants  growing  on  in  a  genial  atmosphere,  and  dili- 
gently cut  off  any  shoots  that  start  from  the  stock  lower 
than  where  the  grafts  are  placed.  When  the  grafted 
shoots  have  pushed  about  3  inches,  pinch  out  their 
soints,  which  will  have  the  effect  of  preventing  them 
from  setting  their  flower-buds  sooner  than  they  are 
wanted.  Grafting  is  the  system  I  always  adopt  when  com- 
mencing with  any  really  good  new  sort,  as  it  does  not 
take  a  third  of  the  time  to  get  a  plant  up  that  would 
be  required  to  grow  it  on  by  the  ordinary  method. 
T.  BaincSf  Southgate. 

Camellias. — The  soil  must  be  thoroughly  examined, 
so  as  to  insure  a  healthy  state  of  moisture  at  the  root. 
Such  as  are  planted  out  should  be  seen  to,  and  the  soil 
tested,  and  if  at  all  dry  one  or  two  thorough  waterings 
with  tepid  water  should  be  given,  so  as  to  penetrate  to 
every  part.  To  those  in  pots  the  same  careful  super- 
vision must  be  given,  as  an  implicit  observance  of  this 
is  specially  necessary.  Those  in  small  pots  that  are 
pot-bound,  with  but  a  limited  area  from  which  to  draw 
their  food,  providing  the  pots  be  well  drained,  can 
scarcely  be  over-watered.  Any  of  the  early  sorts  that 
may  require  repotting  should  be  attended  to  immediately. 
They  are  seldom  benefited  by  too  frequent  shiftings, 
providing  that  the  soil  and  drainage  are  good.  Plants 
that  are  pot-bound  or  for  their  size  in  small  pots, 
should  have  the  drainage  carefully  removed  and  the 
roots  disentangled,  and  in  doing  so  it  is  requisite  to 
exercise  extreme  care  so  as  not  to  break  the  fibres, 
which  are  extremely  brittle  and  easily  damaged  ;  con- 
sequently it  is  best  to  shift  seldom  and  rather  liberally, 
in  accordance  with  the  size  of  the  plants.  Use  clean 
pots,  thoroughly  drained,  pressing  the  soil  firmly  about 
the  roots,  and  afterwards  place  them  in  a  nice  humid, 
growing  temperature  of  from  50°  to  55°,  using  the 
syringe  overhead  morning  and  evening.  The  best  soil 
to  plant  in  is  a  fibrous  loam,  from  the  sandstone  forma- 
tion, and  the  next  in  point  of  merit  is  a  rich  soft  peat, 
cut  thin  and  stacked  for  some  time  previously  to  using. 
To  neither  of  these  should  any  admixture,  with  the 
exception  of  sharp  sand,  be  used.  If  it  is  found  neces- 
saiy  to  use  the  soil  in  a  green  state,  it  should  be  sub- 
jected to  a  drying  heat,  so  as  to  destroy  insect  life  and 
ameliorate  to  a  certain  extent  the  texture  of  the  soil  ; 
more  particularly  is  this  necessary  as  regards  the  loam, 
which  when  so  treated  I  would  prefer  fresh,  I  would 
here  observe  that  loam  of  a  calcareous  nature  is  to  be 
avoided,  as  Camellias  v'iU  not  grow  in  it.  G.  WesthiJid, 
Withy  Court 

Palms. — As  these  plants  are  not  particular  when 
they  are  potted,  it  will  be  well  to  shift  those  requiring 
it  before  the  busy  season  comes  round.  Always  pot 
them  in  strong  loam  only.  Those  who  do  not  wish 
their  plants  to  grow  too  fast  are  not  obliged  to  pot 
them,  though  they  may  be  pot-bound,  as  they  will  do 
very  well  if  they  get  plenty  of  water.  For  cool 
houses  small  plants  of  Raphis  flabeUiforviis  and  Cka- 
mcrrops  humilis  are  good  subjects  at  this  season  of  the 
year  to  mix,  either  in  the  hall  or  conservatory,  with 
Primulas,  Cyclamens,  and  bulbs.  After  they  have 
served  their  time  for  that  purpose  they  come  in  useful 
for  sub-tropical  work  in  the  flower  garden,  or  as 
centres  for  vases.  Both  species  may  be  increased  by 
division.  In  the  tropical  house  water  may  be  given 
freely,  y.  Ci'Oitchcr,  Hammers niith. 

Orchids. — As  soon  as  you  Inve  a  sufficient  com- 
mand of  heat,  be  careful  to  put  as  much  front  air  on  as 
possible,  without  having  to  use  additional  fire-heat  in 
consequence  :  Orchids  cannot  bear  a  close  unhealthy 
atmosphere.  Dendrobiums,  which  are  growing,  such 
as  chrysanthum,  Wardianum,  chi-ysotis,  Cambridge- 
anum,  infundibulum,  and  Falconeri,  will  require  more 
water  than  hitherto,  also  the  macranthum  and  serratum 
section  of  Oncid'mms.  As  regards  the  main  collection 
great  care  must  still  he  exercised  in  not  giving  too  much 
water.  Where  Stanhopeas^  Acinetas^  and  Coryanthes 
are  grown  they  should  be  seen  to  at  once,  or  the  spikes 
of  flower  will  be  protruding  through  tiie  bottom  of  the 
baskets  ;  give  them  a  mixture  of  Moss,  peat,  and  plenty 
of  potsherds.  Pleiones  must  also  be  repotted  at  once, 
pressing  the  material  very  firmly.  Look  to  the  collection 
of  Miltonias,  potting  firm  in  Moss  and  very  small 
potsherds  mixed  ;  push  on  with  tiie  Catthyas,  using  the 
best  peat,  in  all  cases  drain  carefully.  Phahcuopsis, 
Lycastes^  and  Odontoghssmns  will  now  want  a  little 
shade  in  the  middle  of  the  day,  at  least  where  the 
houses  lean  to  the  south.  See  that  all  Insects  are 
banished  before  the  hot  weather.  .Sca/e  can  easily  be 
got  rid  of  by  simply  nibbing  the  leaves  over  with  soft 
soap,  but  it  must  be  washed  off  the  next  day,  taking 
care  to  keep  the  soapy  water  from  the  roots.  Stau- 
hopeas  and  Sobralias  will  be  the  better  for  having  their 
foliage  syringed  daily.  For  list  of  Orchids  in  flower, 
seep.  181.     \V.  Domingo  Grimston  Park,  Tadcaster. 

Heaths. — Pay  strict  attention  to  watering,  and  wash 
the  glass  where  it  has  become  dirty,  as  well  as  any  pots 
that  may  require  it.  If  mildew  should  make  its 
appearance  amongst  the  plants,  dust  the  affected  parts 
with  flowers  of  sulphur.  Those  plants  most  in  need  of 
a  shift  should  now  be  attended  to.     I>et  the  soil  used 


be  of  a  good  fibry  quality,  and  sufficiently  moist  lo 
work  freely  without  sticking  to  the  hands  when  break- 
ing it  up  into  small  pieces.  Add  to  this  a  liberal 
amount  of  sharp  silver  sand,  and  mix  well  together. 
Let  the  pots  used  be  clean,  and  have  broken  crocks 
placed, in  the  bottom  until  about  one-sixth  of  the  depth 
is  filled,  let  the  pot  be  what  size  it  may,  and  cover  the 
crocks  with  some  fibry  peat.  Avoid  large  shifts  ;  it  is 
best  to  give  only  sufficient  room  to  allow  of  the  opera- 
tion being  properly  performed.  A  stout  lath,  cut  to 
the  required  length,  should  be  used  in  order  to  press 
the  new  soil  firmly  round  the  old  ball,  and  if  the  soil 
used  is  in  the  condition  above  recommended,  there  will 
be  but  little  fear  of  making  it  too  firm.  More  Heaths 
are  killed  from  want  of  attention  to  firm  potting  than 
from  any  other  cause.   H.  Chilman,  Somerley. 

Succulents. — Those  who  wish  to  see  the  beauty  of 
such  plants  as  Gasten'as  and  ITaworthias  should  water 
them  overhead  once  a  week,  as  this  is  their  growing 
period.  It  is  the  practice  with  many  to  keep  them 
quite  dry  at  this  season,  but  this  is  a  mistake.  In 
their  native  habitat — the  Cape  of  Good  Hope- — ^they 
grow  and  throw  up  their  long  flower-stalks,  shaded  by 
the  gi-ass,  after  which  the  latter  become  scorched,  and 
the  plants  then  get  the  sun  as  well  as  their  dry  season 
when  they  are  at  rest.  The  Aloe,  which  grows  in  more 
exposed  positions,  is  softer,  and,  consequently,  more 
apt  to  rot  from  damp  ;  therefore,  be  very  careful  in 
watering,  and  see  that  the  foliage  is  kept  dry.  Agaves 
may  have  water  when  they  are  quite  dry,  and  the  same 
will  apply  to  Crassuhis  and  that  tribe.  Cacti  must  be 
kept  quite  dry.  The  wet  weather  continuing,  care 
must  be  taken  oi  Echei'crias  in  frames.  The  seed  will 
be  ripening  on  some  of  the  plants  of  E.  metallica,  and 
these  must  be  kept  from  damp.  The  temperature  of 
the  house  should  not  be  allowed  to  fall  below  40°,  and 
every  advantage  should  betaken  to  give  air  when  mild. 
y.  CroKcher,  Hafitjuerspitth. 

Flowers  for  Market. — Push  on  the  late  batches  of 
Bulbs.  Lily  0/ tlie  J'alley,  Spincas,  Bases,  Hydrangeas^ 
should  also  be  pushed  on,  if  possible,  on  bottom-heat, 
as  where  this  is  attainable  so  much  more  ventilation 
can  be  given.  Early  Pelargoniums  will  be  fast  throw- 
ing up  their  buds,  and  must  receive  great  attention  to 
prevent  drawing  ;  occasional  waterings  of  weak  soot- 
water  will  do  much  good.  Fttchsias  will  also  be  fast 
coming  on,  and  should  also  receive  manure — weak  ; 
bottom-heat  where  attainable  is  of  great  benefit  to 
this  plant.  Ulrs.  Marshall  is  the  kind  I  find  still  the 
best  for  early  work,  and  Lady  Heytesbury  and  War 
Eagle  for  summer.  Cyclamens  should  be  pushed  on  in 
a  good  warmth,  and  receive  every  attention,  to  prevent 
the  young  bulb  becoming  stunted  ;  I  do  not  think  any 
plant  repays  the  cultivator  better  than  this.  Camellias 
and  Azaleas  that  have  flowered  should  be  pushed  into 
growth  with  all  speed,  for  if  they  are  not  ripened  early 
it  is  useless  to  expect  winter  bloom.  Propagation  of 
all  kinds  must  now  be  done.  //.  Bailey,  Feltham, 


FLOWER  GARDEN.  ETC. 

The  Parterre  and  Mixed  Garden. — To  gi^ow 
Bedding  Plants  well,  the  beds  must  annually  have  a 
dressing  of  manure.  I  generally  use  the  old  manure 
from  the  Mushroom  beds  for  Pelargoniums,  and 
more  solid  manure  for  Violas,  Pansies,  Iresines,  &c. 
No  time  should  be  lost  in  manuring  and  digging  up 
the  beds  and  borders,  if  not  already  done.  Annuals 
that  were  sown  in  autumn,  and  are  standing  too  close 
together,  should  be  thinned  out  sufficiently  to  allow 
each  plant  plenty  of  room  to  fully  develope  itself. 
V\^ni  Anemones,  Raminculnses,  See,  indeed  all  bulbous 
roots  kept  out  of  the  ground  for  late  bloom,  should  be 
planted,  to  succeed  tliose  planted  in  former  months. 
Mice  are  often  very  troublesome  at  this  season  of  the 
year,  especially  amongst  the  Croenses  ;  a  little  powdered 
rosin  sprinkled  over  the  ground  is  a  most  effectual 
protector,  but  the  better  way  is  to  trap  them,  in  the 
old  way,  with  a  figure-of-four  trap.  Preparations  for 
the  summer  display  must  now  have  constant  attention. 
Pot  off  cuttings  at  every  convenient  time,  and  when 
the  first  potted  plants  are  well  rooted,  remove  them 
to  a  cooler  temperature  and  replace  them  with  others. 
Propagate  all  kinds  according  to  the  demand.  The 
planting  of  all  kinds  of  Deciduous  Shrubs  and  Orna^ 
mental  Trees  should  now  be  brought  to  a  close.  This 
is  a  good  time  to  edge  the  margins  of  walks, 
borders,  &c.,  with  an  edging-iron.  Sweep  and  roll 
both  turf  and  gravel,  and  keep  everything  clean  and 
in  order.   Edward  Bennett,   Enville. 

Spring  Garden. — There  are  several  fragrant  and 
early  blooming  shrubs  which  may  worthily  be  asso- 
ciated with  the  flowers  of  spring,  and  especially  where 
the  shelter  of  a  wall  or  that  of  a  bank  of  evergreens 
can  be  afforded.  Pre-eminent  for  its  fragrance  is  the 
Winter  Honeysuckle,  Lonicera  fragrantissima.  Not 
being  evergreen,  like  the  Winter  Honeysuckle,  Cliimo- 
nanthus  fragrans  is  less  attractive  ;  but  its  powerful 
fragrance  makes  it  very  desirable,  and  the  early  period 
at  which  it  appears  in  bloom  is  a  merit  of  no  mean 
consequence.  yasminum  nndijlornm  is  even  too 
precocious,  producing  in  the  greatest  profusion  its  bril- 
liant yellow  flowers  early  in  February,  in  open  winter. 
Bright  and  beautiful  as  it  is,  it  lacks  the  quality  of 
fragrance.  Rhododendron  dahuricuni  atroT'ircns  is 
already  bursting  into  bloom;  its  leaves  and  blossom- 
buds  have  a  rich  aromatic  odour  ;  its  deep  crimson 
flowers,  produced  in  great  abundance,  make  it  espe- 
cially attractive  and   valuable  as  an  early   blooming 


February  10,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


185 


shrub.  Rliododaidron  pnecox  superbum  is  even  more 
showy  than  the  foregoing ;  its  habit  is  better,  and  it 
flowers  longer  ;  it  is  a  week  or  two  later  than  R,  dahu- 
n'cuf/i^  but  often  too  early  for  the  frost,  that  too 
frequently  follow  sunny  spring  days.    IV.  /. ,  Belvoir. 

FRUIT  HOUSES. 
Pines, — The  fruit  which  is  now  appearing  will  be 
valuable  for  the  London  season  and  the  exhibitions. 
(Queens  and  Providences,  ripening  first,  will  give  the 
earliest  supply ;  Envilles,  Prickly  and  Smootli  Cayennes, 
and  Charlotte  Rothschilds,  requiring  more  time  to  finish, 
will  give  a  successional  supply.  Particular  attention 
is  required  to  the  state  of  the  roots,  for  without  good 
healthy  roots  fine  heavy  fruit  cannot  be  obtained. 
Maintain  the  temperature  as  before,  with  a  steady 
bottom-heat,  and  water  freely  when  necessary  with 
tepid  weak  guano-water,  but  avoid  syringing  over- 
head. Keep  Siwcessionah  growing  slowly  at  present, 
with  the  temperature,  ijcc,  as  before  advised.  If  a  new 
bed  has  to  be  prepared  for  Suckers,  now  is  the  time  to 
get  the  materials  ready,  by  well  fermenting  them 
beforehand.  I  like  an  old  tan-bed  refreshed  with  some 
new  tan,  because  the  suckers  can  be  plunged  imme- 
diately after  they  are  potted.  Have  some  good 
fibrous  loam  got  into  one  of  the  sheds  near  the  boiler- 
houses,  where  it  will  get  warm  without  becoming  too 
dry ;  also  cut  a  few  loads  of  turf  an  inch  thick,  which 
should  be  stacked  for  use  next  autumn.  G.  T.  Miles, 
irycorni>e  AbOey. 

Orchard  House. — Give  an  abundance  of  air  night 
and  day,  so  as  to  retard  the  buds  as  much  as  possible. 
This  long- continued  mild  weather  is  bringing  them 
forward  too  fast.  We  may  yet  have  very  cold  and 
severe  weather,  when,  if  the  buds  are  much  advanced, 
they  will  be  very  liable  to  injury.  All  Pruning,  if  not 
done,  should  be  finished  immediately.  Plants  in  pots 
should  be  looked  over  occasionally,  to  see  that  they  do 
not  suffer  for  want  of  water.  Dryness  at  the  root  is 
A-ery  frequently  the  cause  of  buds  dropping  off.  Again 
I  say,  give  air.  B. 

Peaches  and  Nectarines. — As  soon  as  the  fruit 
in  the  early  house  is  properly  set,  increase  the  tempera- 
ture by  letting  it  range  from  60"  to  63°  at  night,  and 
65°  to  70°  by  day,  according  to  the  state  of  the  weather. 
Resume  syringings,  with  clear  soft  water,  at  about  the 
temperature  of  the  house,  twice  a  day.  Where  the 
young  fruit  have  set  thicker  than  is  required  for  a  crop 
it  should  be  thinned  freely  before  they  attain  the  size 
of  Peas.  Continue  the  disbudding  process,  taking  care 
to  preserve  those  placed  lowest  all  over  the  tree,  that 
is,  those  spruaging  from  the  base  or  heel  of  the  previous 
season's  growth,  for  on  these  mainly  depend  the  supply 
of  successional  wood.  The  "fore-right"  shoots  or 
breastwood  should  be  entirely  rubbed  off,  reserving, 
however,  such  shoots  of  this  character  where  blank 
spaces  are  likely  to  occur.  Where  the  trees  are  grow- 
ing in  outside  borders,  continue  to  maintain  a  genial 
heat  in  the  border  by  relays  of  fermenting  material 
when  necessary,  or  as  soon  as  the  heat  at  a  few  inches 
below  the  surface  of  the  border  has  declined  to  60*. 
See  that  inside  borders  are  not  suffering  from  want  of 
water.  Late  houses  should  be  kept  as  cool  as  possible. 
Wm.  Gardiner. 

Figs. — In  houses  were  the  plants  are  already  in  leaf 
maintain  a  moist  and  genial  atmosphere.  Figs  whilst 
growing  delight  in  moisture  and  heat,  therefore  give 
them  an  abundance  of  each.  The  greater  the  heat  the 
more  the  moisture  required,  especially  when  it  is  fire- 
heat.  As  soon  as  the  shoots  have  extended  3  or 
4  inches  pinch  out  the  point,  this  will  induce  the  rapid 
formation  of  the  second  crop.  Where  there  is  a  good 
supply  of  pot  plants  a  few  might  be  very  advantage- 
ously placed  in  any  vinery  or  pine-pit  to  force  on  a 
little.  B. 

Forcing  Frames. — The  Strawberry  plants  lately 
placed  upon  a  vinery  shelf  or  some  similar  position  will 
now  be  sufficiently  advanced  to  introduce  into  the 
forcing  frame— an  excellent  place  for  them,  whether  the 
grower  is,  through  circumstances,  constrained  to  place 
them  there,  or  otherwise.  If  the  temperature  exceed  a 
mean  of  about  62'  to  65*  at  this  stage,  place  a  good 
layer  of  cocoa-nut  refuse,  leaf-mould,  or  old  tan  upon 
the  bed,  and  subsequently  place  the  pots  containing 
the  Strawberry  plants  thereon.  Give  air  freely  at  the 
back  for  the  first  week,  and  until  the  flower-spikes 
show,  and  the  plants  have  become  used  to  their  fresh 
abode.  Then  gradually  reduce  the  air,  and  so  increase 
the  internal  heat  to  aid  the  flower-stalks  to  develope 
sturdily.  At  this  stage  apply  manure  waterings  alter- 
nately, and  damp  the  whole  plant  over  once  or  twice 
daily  during  any  bright  weather  we  may  be  favoured 
with.    William  Farley,   Valentines. 


KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Forcing  Department.— With  the  increase  of  light 
Asparagus  will  now  come  strong  and  fine,  provided 
the  bottom-heat  does  not  exceed  70°,  and  plenty  of  air 
be  given.  Pull  the  lights  off  in  fine  weather,  to  give 
colour  to  the  shoots,  and  make  fresh  beds  to  keep  up 
a  succession.  Kidney  Beans  will  improve  as  the  days 
lengthen.  When  the  plants  have  advanced  from  6  to 
7  inches  in  height,  small  branches  should  be  stuck  in 
the  pots  for  their  support.  Water  twice  a  week  with 
manure-water,  and  syringe  twice  a  day.  Make  another 
sowing  in  pots  or  pans.  Keep  up  a  succession  of 
Seakale  and  Rhubarb,  according  to  the  requirements  of 


the  family.  Sow  Carrots  and  Radishes  on  slight  hot- 
beds ;  and  also  Mustard  and  Cress  weekly  in  boxes, 
according  to  the  demand.  Plant  Mona's  Pride  or 
Veitch's  Improved  Kidney  Potatos,  to  succeed  those 
planted  last  month,  on  a  gentle  heat  in  frame.  Sow  in 
pots  or  boxes  Capsicums^  Totnatos,  and  Egg  Plants,  as 
well  as  Canlijicnuers,  Lettuce,  Celery,  and  Oniom,  and 
put  into  a  little  heat  ;  when  up,  remove  to  a  cool 
frame,  to  harden  'off  gradually.  Of  Tarragon,  Mint, 
and  Sorrel  put  in  a  few  more  roots.  Sow  a  pinch  of 
Sweet  Basil  and  Sweet  Marjoram  in  pots  for  early  use, 
and  toget  plants  forward  for  planting  out.  /V^i- should 
be  sown  in  boxes,  small  pots,  or  on  turves,  and  placed 
into  a  little  heat.  When  up,  remove  to  a  cool  house  ; 
they  must  not  be  allowed  to  get  drawn,  but  have  an  abun- 
dance of  air  at  all  favourable  times.  Caulijlower, 
Lettuce,  Endive,  and  other  things  under  protection  in 
cold  frames,  will  require  an  abundance  of  air  when 
possible ;  no  decayed  leaves  should  be  allowed  to 
appear,  and  the  surface  soil  should  be  kept  stirred. 
A  dusting  of  dry  wood  ashes  will  be  beneficial.  David 
Lumsden,  Bloxhohn. 

FORESTRY. 
The  common  practice  in  planting  wastes  and  bleak 
moorlands  is  by  the  process  of  the  slit  or  T  system, 
and  the  plants  generally  selected  for  it  are  those  which 
have  been  transplanted,  and  are  from  two  to  four  or 
five  years  old,  the  roots  being  inserted  into  the  open- 
ings, and  made  secure  and  firm  by  the  heels  of  the 
planters.  This  method  has  considerable  advantage  over 
that  of  pitting  in  such  places,  in  consequence  of  the 
small  expense  in  plants  and  labour  to  plant  an  acre. 
There  is,  moreover,  another  important  consideration  to 
recommend  it,  viz.,  a  better  chance  of  success,  the 
small  size  of  the  plants,  with  roots  in  better  proportion 
to  their  tops,  and  through  being  snugly  sheltered 
under  heather  or  herbage  for  a  few  years,  the  consti- 
tution becomes  gradually  hardened  and  inured  to  the 
situation  by  the  time  the  growth  reaches  to  full  expo- 
sure. The  Corsican  Pine,  Pinus  Laricio,  and  Pinus 
austriaca,  are  both  well  adapted  for  similar  treatment. 
Some  large  patches  were  planted  here  some  years  ago 
in  a  very  bleak  and  cold  situation,  amongst  Larch 
and  Scotch  Fir;  both  sorts  are  thriving  well,  especially 
JUiJ'icio,  which  has  got  considerably  in  advance  of  the 
Scotch  Fir  surrounding  it.  Thin  out  and  prune  young 
plantations,  and  give  Oaks  plenty  of  room.  Keep  in 
view  that  crooked  Oaks  are  always  most  prized  by 
ship  and  boat  builders.  J.  Webster,  Gordon  Castle. 


ENTOMOLOGY. 
Besides  continued  attention  to  the  matters  recom- 
mended last  month,  it  will  be  well  to  remove  all  dead 
leaves  hanging  on  Gooseberry  or  Black  Currant  bushes 
as  a  precaution  against  the  Abraxis  grossulariata,  the 
Magpie,  or  Currant  Moth  {fig.  80).  The  perfect  insect  is 


Fig.  So.  -ABR.^\-Is  grossi'LAkiata. 

only  too  common  in  our  gardens,  and  is  easily  distin- 
guished by  its  yellow  and  black  body,  and  white  wings 
with  blotches  of  black,  and  a  few  yellow  markings.  In 
autumn  the  grub  spins  the  edges  of  a  leaf  together,  and 
theft  fastening  it  to  the  bough,  awaits  securely  inside 
the  first  appearance  of  spring  leaves  to  renew  its 
attacks,  selecting  the  Gooseberry  and  Black  Currant, 
and  occasionally  the  Red  Currant,  for  its  food.  The 
dead  leaves  should  be  carefully  picked  into  a  basket 
and  burnt.  The  Red  CuiTant  also  suffers  from  the 
attacks  of  the  Currant  Clearwing,  Sesia  tipuliformis, 
the  larvrc  of  which,  living  on  the  pith  of  the  shoots 
during  the  winter,  gradually  destroy  the  twigs  which 
harbour  them.  The  bushes  should  be  examined  as  soon 
as  the  sprouting  leaves  on  the  live  shoots  show  which 
parts  have  been  destroyed,  and  the  infested  twigs  cut 
away,  and  burnt  with  the  contained  grubs.  Where  it 
is  possible,  the  Apple  trees  should  be  examined,  and 
all  pupae  or  larvae  bmshed  away  and  destroyed , 
especial  care  being  taken  to  destroy  the  eggs  of  the 
Lackey  Moth,  CHsiocampa  Neustria,  easily  known 
by  their  arrangement  in  a  ring  on  the  twigs.  A.  M. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Anastatica  hierochuntina  :    An  Old  Subscriber  is 

right. 
Blue  Bedders  :  J.    T.     Ageratum  Tom  Thumb,  as  a 

half-hardy  summer  bedder,  or  Campanula  carpatica, 

if  for  permanent  beds. 


Books  :  C.  H.  C,  Cannock.  Read  and  note  the  articles 
on  the  subject  under  our  heading  of  "  Garden  Opera- 
tions.* It  is  not  unlikely  that  these  may  be  reprinted. 
~h.  A.  H.  Williams"  Select  Ferns. 
Discount  :  Garden  ami  Farm  Seed  Merchant.  Where 
is  your  Trade  Association  ?  While  some  firms  recog- 
nise a  5  per  cent,  discount  as  a  trade  practice,  and 
others  do  not,  while  others  again  will  overbid  their 
fellows  for  the  sake  of  getting  custom,  it  is  not  fair  to 
lay  all  the  blame  on  the  gardeners'  shoulders.  Em- 
ployersl  should  pay  proper  wages,  and  then  dis- 
countenance all  payments  of  this  nature.  A  trade 
association,  honestly  conducted,  might  regulate  this 
matter  of  discount  ;  and  a  gardeners'  society  might, 
without  having  resort  to  any  of  the  obnoxious  features 
t>f  a  trade  union,  secure  better  wages,  according  to  a 
man's  value  as  a  workman. 
EucALYJ'TUS  :  C.  B.  It  is  not  possible  to  name  your 
leaves  with  certainty,  particularly  as  the  forms  vary  on 
the  same  tree. 
FuKCiNG  Pit  :  H.  H.  H.  We  cannot  say  that  we 
admire  your  proposed  plan  of  heating  by  flues  : 
"One  fired  placed  in  the  middle  of  the  end  of  the 
house,  branching  into  two  flues,  one  on  either  side,  and 
having  a  chimney  similarly  placed  at  the  other  end," 
will  not  answer.  The  smoke,  which  is  the  heating 
power,  will  not  divide  ;  the  draught  will  be  all  in  one  Hue, 
so  that  only  one  side  will  be  heated.  With  respect  to 
top-heat,  having  your  flues  buried,  you  will  obtain  very 
little.  That  from  inside  openings,  next  the  centre 
pathway,  is  in  the  wrong  place,  and  will  do  little  good. 
The  heating  power  should  be  near  the  coldest  point, 
viz.,  the  two  sides,  not  in  the  centre,  as  you  propose. 
For  top  ventilation,  a  very  cheap  and  efficient  construc- 
tion is  that  of  a  sort  of  flap  or  shutter  attached  by 
hinges  to  the  centre  ridge— a  single  board,  9  inches  wide, 
on  either  side,  which  can  be  easily  opened  by  any 
ordinary  lever. 
Heating  :  Conifer.  Hot-water  pipes  are  better  than 
flues  for  heating  Cucumber  pits.  A  good  saddle- 
boiler,  well  set,  is  as  efficient  as  any.  The  flued 
boilers,  and  the  Improved  Cornish  boilers  are  also  good, 
and  so,  indeed,  are  most  of  the  boilers  put  up  by 
respectable  firms.  We  should  therefore  recommend 
you  to  choose  that  which  your  engineer  understands 
best,  so  that  you  may  get  it  properly  set. 
Incu.me-Tax:  A  Nurseryman  writes: — "I  have  just 
had  to  pay  my  Income-tax.  on  which  I  consider  I  am 
very  unjustly  assessed.  Before  appealing  against  the 
tax,  I  want  to  know  if  it  is  customary  to  tax  nursery 
lands  on  schedules  A,  B,  and  D  together.  I  take  it 
that  schedule  A  is  on  the  rental  of  land,  or  landlord's 
tax  ;  B,  on  the  produce  or  profits  made  off  the  lands 
by  tenant  or  occupier ;  and  D,  on  the  profits  of  trade 
derived  from  any  source  except  land.  As  I  am  owner 
and  occupier,  also  trade  as  a  nurseryman,  my  lands  are 
charged  under  A,  B,  and  D.  making  me  pay  an  In- 
come-tax of  ij.  3t/.  in  the  pound.  This  of  course  comes 
very  heavy,  and  is  an  intolerable  burden  when  one  has 
to  pay  it  in  a  lump  sum.  more  especially  at  the  time 
that  Christmas  bills  are  due.  It  appears  to  me.  if  I  am 
liable  on  schedule  B.  I  should  be  exempt  on  D,  or  vice 
versa  ;  as  it  is,  I  am  paying  a  double  tax,  viz..  gd.  in 
the  pound  on  my  profits  derived  from  the  nursery 
business,  whilst  a  farmer  only  pays  ^d.  in  the  pound 
under  B.  Can  any  one  advise  me  how  the  law 
stands?" 
"  Lychees"  :  Old  Sub.  The  fruit  you  saw  in  Covent 
Garden  the  other  day  under  this  name  is  the  "  Litchi," 
one  of  the  celebrated  Chinese  and  Malayan  fruits  in- 
cluded in  the  genus  Nephelium.  We  believe  they  are 
principally  found  near  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  about 
Singapore,  and  in  Java,  and  are  .bought  in  large 
quantities  by  the  Portuguese  traders,  and  sent  as 
presents  to  the  mandarins,  who  are  very  fond  of  them. 
The  red  shells,  covered  all  over  with  rough,  wart-Uke 
protuberances,  are  very  brittle,  and  contain  a  sweet 
jelly-like  pulp  of  a  blackish  colour,  surrounding  a  good- 
sized  shining  brown  seed. 
Mint  :  E.  K.  H.  Consult  such  general  works  as 
^XoXxvio^' %  Book  of  the  Garden,  Thompson's  Gardener's 
Assistant.  Loudon's  Horticulturist,  &c. 
Mushrooms  :  A  Constant  Reader.  Write  to  Mr.  Earley, 

Valentines,  Ilford. 
Names  of  Fruits:  J.  Watson.  Pears:  Ko.  i  we  do 
not  know  ;  No.  2  is  Ne  Plus  Meuris,  examples  of  which 
you  sent  for  comparison.  The  Pear  named  Prince 
Albert  is  not  correct.  Is  it  not  old  Colmar?— ////rj^ 
\if  Sons.  Your  Apple  seems  to  us  to  be  the  Whorle  or 
Horle  Pippin,  kept  until  long  after  its  season. — yohtt 
May.  I,  King  of  the  Pippins  ;  3,  Herefordshire  Pear- 
main. 
Names  of  Plants  :  A  Constant  Reader,  Forres.  Juni- 
perus  recurva,  A.  M.—  J.  H.  H.  i,  Adiantum 
formosum  ;  2,  Cyanotis  vittata  ;  3.  Asplenium  bulbi- 
ferum. — J^  C,  Sliadwcll.  Lastrea  Filix-mas  crispa. — 
A.  R.  H.,  Caterham.  i,  Candollea  cuneiformis.  a 
plant  we  do  not  very  often  see;  2.  Hardenbergia  mono- 
phylla ;  3.  Brachysema  lanceolatum — all  natives  of 
Australia. — E.  K.  H.  Alsophila  australis. 
Pines  :  Foreman.  If  your  plants  are  well-rooted  pot 
them  firmly  into  lo-inch  pots  immediately  they  show 
signs  of  fruiting,  and  water  freely.  See  that  they  are 
thoroughly  moist  when  potted. 
Potatos  :  Ignoramus.  An  old  story,  often  discussed  and 
ultimately  given  in  our  favour  by  the  referee,  Dr.  R.  G, 
Latham  ;  at  any  rate,  the  question  is  an  open  one.  A 
standard  book  now  before  us  has  in  the  title-page 
"volcanos" — not  volcanot's.  We  write  potato  in  the 
singular,  and,  as  the  judge  remarked,  we  have  theoreti- 
cal propriety  on  our  side,  and  shall  not  be  long  before 
we  have  custom  also. 
Primulas  :  J.  Tomkius.  Your  Primula  Mai-quis  of 
Lome  is  the  finest  of  the  high  coloured  fringed  purples 
we  have  yet  seen,  and  a  worthy  companion  for  your 
Princess  Louise,  of  which  the  blossoms  now  sent  are 
magnificent  in  size  and  lovely  in  colour.  The  flowers 
of  both  measure  upwards  of  two  inches  across,  and  are 
beautifully  fringed,  and  so  full  as  to  be  very  prettily  un- 


i86 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[Kebiuary  lo,  1872. 


tlulaled.  The  red  one  is  of  little  importance  ;  the 
others  are  grand. ^//.  Af.  Tliere  are  a  number  of  belter 
marked  varieties  in  cultivation  than  the  flowers  you 
sent.     No  doubt  the  "  marking  will  stand." 

Sanchezia  nuhilis  vakiegata  :  Constant  Reader. 
This  plant  may  be  grown  well  in  a  mi.xture  of  about 
equal  parts  of  fibrous  peat  and  light  loam,  and  a  little 
silver  sand.  You  ought  to  keep  them  in  a  temperature 
of  50'  during  the  winter. 

S~ooLY  Qua  Cucl'Mhkr  ;  R.  V.,  Oswarhy.  This  Cucum- 
ber,is  not  much  as  a  vegetable,  but  interesting  as  a 
curiosity.  We  should  like  to  know  how  you  prepare 
the  skeleton  specimens. 

Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  fok  Winter 
BLOOMrNG:  E.  E.  Stove:  Euphorbia  jacquiniasflora, 
I'Aicharis  amazonica.  Gesnera  exoniensis,  Gardenia 
florida,  G.  citriodora,  Luculia  gratissima,  Poinsett  la 
pulcherrinia,  Plumbago  rosea,  Kranthemum  pulchel- 
lum.  GrceiihoHsc  :  Bouvardia  leiantha  compacta, 
Azalea  vittata,  Acacia  Drummondii,  Daphne  indica 
rubra,  Epacris  Lady  Panmure,  E.  Sunset.  Monochastum 
sericeum  nuiltiflorum,  Camellias  of  sorts,  Chinese 
Primulas, 

White  Mustard  :  An  Enquirer,  We  are  not  acquainted 
with  the  names  of  the  largest  "growers  ol  White  Mus- 
tard in  the  North  of  England."  Apply  to  some  of  the 
large  wholesale  firms. 

Winter  I*eaks  :  J.  T.  Glou  Morceau,  Monarch  or 
Winter  Nelis,  Josephine  de  Malines,  Easter  lieurrc. 

Cummun'ications  Ri-xiiivEn.— C.  B.  -Rev.  W.  Ellis.— F.  W.  B. 
— H.  K.— J.  S.  H.— Rob.— [.  D.-C  L.— G.  C— A.  J.— 
— H.  &  Co.— P.   M.  C— E.    M.— G.   ri.    (thanks).— W.  E.— 

'  A.  S.— T.  J,  H.— J.  H.  H.-J.  M.-H.  G.  Rchb.— A.  C. 


ilarkels* 


(  Ol'E\r  GARDE X.~Fd>.  9. 
A  steady  general  trade  is  experienced,  and  fair  average 
juices  are  realised,  most  of  the  choice  vegetables  being 
cleared  from  the  stands  at  last  week's  quotations. 
Among  other  items  from  St,  Michael's  there  has  been  at 
auction  a  very  fine  parcel  of  smooth-leaved  Cayenne 
Pines,  much  cleaner  and  better  than  those  of  last  spring, 
the  prices  ranging  from  25J.  to  35J,  each.  New  frame 
Potatos  are  making  their  appearance.  T.he  trade  in  old 
samples  is  particularly  dull,  at  former  quotations. 
Flowers. 


s.  d.     s.  d. 

Aziileas.p.dox.sprayso  g  to  i  o 

Camellias,  per   doz, 
blooms 

Heliotropes,  p.  duz. 
sprays      ..  .. 

Hyacinths,  each    . . 

lily   of  the  Valley, 
p.  doz.  sprays    . . 

Pelargoniums, 

French.p,  12  sprays 

Pelargoniums,  Scar- 
let, p.  12  sprays.. 


60  —  90 


s,  d,     s,  d. 
Poiiisettias,  each   . .      . .  to  . . 
Roses,  per  doz.       , .   40  —  90 
Tropa;olum'^,  p.  bun.     ..  —  03 
Trumpet  Lilies.each     ..  —  06 

Tulips,  per  doz —  10 

White  Lilac,  p.  doz. 

sprays       . .  . .       ,^^90 

Cyclamen,p.i2spks.  03 —  06 
Violets.p,  13  bunches  ..  —  16 
Do.,  Neapolitan,   p. 

bunch       . .  ..      ..  —  06 


..  —  16 

Fruit. 

J.  d.     s.  d.  j  J.  d.    s.  d. 

Apples,  per  i\  sieve  c  o  to  5  o  ■  Melons,  each  , .  o  o  to  o  o 
Cobs,  per  ICO  lb.  ..600 — 65  o  '  Oranges,  per  100  ..  60 — 100 
Filberts,  per  lb.  ..08  —  10  Pears,  per  dozen  . .  40  —  80 
Grapes,  per  lb,  ..50  — 10  o  Pine-apples,  per  lb.  6  o  — 10  o 
Lemons,  per  100   ..70  — 10  o     Pomegranates,  each  04—08 

Vegkt.\bles. 
s.  d.  s.  d. 
Artichokes.grcen,  ea.  o  6  to  o  8 
Asparagus,  per  100  6  o —  8  o 
Pcet,  per  doz,  . .  i  o —  2  o 
Broccoli,  purple,  per 

bundle  . .     10 —  I  3 

IiTussels  Sprouts,  p, 


half  sieve..  ..    t  6 —  2  6 

Cabbages,  per  doz. . .  10 —  i  3 
Cardoons,  each  . .  2  o —  4  o 
Ciirrot-s,  p.  bunch  . .  o  5 —  o  7 
—  French,  do. . .  1  o —  i  6 
Cauliflowers,  p.  do/.  2  o —  6  o 
Celery,  per  bundle  .  1  o—  2  o 
Cucumbers,  each  , ,  2  o^  3  o 
French  Beans,  new, 

per  100     . .         . ,  4  o —  6  o 

J-lerbs,  per  bunch   ,.  o  2 —  o  4 

Potatos,  Regents,  looj.  to 


French  Shaws,  60s.  to  70J. 


s.  d.  s.  d. 
HorseRadish,  p.bun.3  oto  5  o 
Leeks,  per  bunch  . .  o  2 —  o  4 
Lettuces,  perscorc, .  1  6 —  2  o 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.  1  o —  2  o 
Onions,  per  bunch  .  o  4 —  o  9 
Parsley,  p.  bunch  . .  o  2 —  o  4 
Peas,  new,  per  pun.  . .  —  30 
Potatos, newframe, II).  2  o —  4  o 
Radishes,  per  bunch  o  2 —  . . 

—  French,  do.  . .  o  4 —  o  6 
Rhubarb,  p.  bund.  .  . .  —  16 
Salsafy,  per  bun.  . ,  o  9 —  i  3 
Scorzonera,  per  bun.  o  9 —  1  3 
Seakale,  per  punnet  i  o —  2  o 
Shallots,  per  lb.  ..  08—  .. 
Spinach,  per  bushel  3  o—  4  o 
Turnips,  p.  bunch.,  o  2 —  o  4 
Flukes,  1205.  to  150.C.  ; 


VEGETABLE      and      FLOWER     SEEDS, 
GLADIOLI  and  ROSES. 
Priced  Descriptive  CATALOGUKS  sent  post  Tree  on  application. 
DRUMMONU    BROTHERS,    Seedsmen,  &c  ,  52,  George  Street, 
Edinburgh.     ^^^__  ______^^_^__^___ 

S^"eLEcFvEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS.— 
Amateurs  and  others  who  jnay  be  at  a  loss  in  making  a  suitable 
selection  of  SEEDS  for  the  GARDEN  will  be  Rrcaily  aided  by 
referring  to  our  Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  VEGETABLE  and 
FLOWER  SEEDS  lor  1872. 

THOMAS    KENNEDY  .\N-D  CO.,   Seed  and   Nursery  Establish- 
ment, Dumfries.  


SEEDS  NOT  to  be  SURPASSED  for  QUALITY 
and  Cheapness  combined.— All  Orders  amounting  to  51.  sent 
carriage  free  to  any  Railway  Station  in  England,  Scotland,  or  Wales, 
or  to  any  seaport  town  in  Ireland.  No  charge  is  made  for  packing  or 
packages.     Your  earlv  orders  will  greatly  obliKc. 

CATALOGUE  free  on  application. 
G.   M.    KEMP-WELCH,    Nurseryman,    Seedsman    and    Florist, 
Cotham,  Bristol. ^^^ 


F 


OREIGN  FLOWER  SEEDS.— The  most  beautiful 

French  ASTER  grown  is  Truffaut's  Reine  Marguerite,  in  Fleur- 

Perfection,  liombeO  and  Pivoinc  varieties  ;   500  seeds,  in  i6  line  double 
colours,  mixed,  is. 

The  Imcst  STOCK  in  cultivalion  is  the  new  Goliath  Pyramidal  Ten- 
week,  height  2  feet,  surpassing  all  others  in  the  size  ofthe  plants  and 
flower-spi!(es  ;  250  seeds,  in  eight  fine  double  colours,  is, 

PHLOX  DRUMMONDII,  of  the  best  quality,  in  12   colours;  500 
seeds,  6rf.     Post  free. 
ALFRED  HAMMOND,  Foreign  Seedsman,  Bedwin  Street,  Salisbury 

BUTLER,  Mcculloch,  and  co.'s  spring 
CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS  for  1872  is  now  ready.  It  contains 
many  Novelties  of  merit  and  worth  consideration  Sent  free  and 
post  paid  on  application. 

27,  South  Row,  Cuvent  Garden  Market,  London,  W.C. 
Established  upwards  uf  a  century. 

New  Japanese  Lilies,  Orchids,  Maples,  Conifer  Seed,  &c. 

MESSRS.    TEUTSCHEL    and     CO.,     Colchester, 
Agents   for   Messrs,  KR.\MliR  &  Co.,  Seedsmen  and  Nursery- 
men, Yokohama,  Japan. 

CATALOGUE  includes  three  New  Lilies,  Lilium  callosum  and 
I.eichtlinii,  Cypripedium  japonicum,  Plalanthera;,  Seed  of  Abies 
I'irma,  Veitcini,  Primula  japonica,  *tc. 


II^AST  LOTHIAN  INTERMEDIATE  STOCKS.— 
_J  Febniary  is  the  best  month  for  sowing  lliese  celebrated  Stocks, 
acknowledged  to  be  the  best  cif  all  1  ntermcdiate  .Stocks,  and  unrivalled 
both  for  Flower  Gardening  and  for  Pol  Culture.  May  be  had  true  in 
separate  packets  of  white,  purple  and  scarlet,  at  i;.,2s.  6if.,and5(.  each, 
from 
THO-MAS    METHVEN   AND   SONS.  15,  Princes  Street,  Edinburgh. 

Orchids. 

JAMES  BROOKE  and  CO.,  Nurseries.  Fairfield, 
near  Manchester,  have  a  choice  lot  of  ORCHIDS  in  first-class 
condition,  at  really  moderate  prices.  Orders  for  £10  and  upwards,  if 
left  to  J.  U.  &  Co.,  will  be  liberally  and  carelully  selected,  an.^ 
additional  plants  put  in  to  cover  carriage.  CATALOGUES  on 
ann'iraiion  ti  ift  and  tS.  Victoria  Street.  Manchester 


British  Fern  Catalogue. 

ROBERT   SIM    will   send   post   free   for  six  postage 
stamps,  Part  I,   (liritish   Ferns  and   their  varieties,  36  pages, 
including   prices  of  Hardy   Exotic   Ferns)  of  his  Priced  Descriptive 
CATALOGUE  of  HRITISH  and  EXOl  IC  FERNS,  No.  7. 
Foot's  Cray  Nursery,  Sidcup  Hill,  Kent, 

-    —  —  -^  ^^  ^^^  Trade.  __ 

BETA    CHILENSIS    (True),    the   variety  grrown  so 
extensively   in   all   the   London    Parks  and   Public   Gardens. — 
The   Undersigned   have  a  small  quantity  to  offer.     Price  per  ounce 
on  application. 
BUTLER,  McCULLOCH,  and  CO.,  Covent  Garden  Market,  W.C. 


BETA  CHILENSIS  (Tme,  seIected),~This  choice 
variety  is  superlatively  beaulilul,  and  cannot  be  surpassed  ;  it  is 
well  suited  for  all  ornamental  purposes.  No  Garden  should  be  with- 
out it.  A  small  quantity  only  can  be  supplied.  Price  on  application 
to  the  Grower. 

H.  J.   HARDY,  Slour  Valley  Seed  Grounds,  Kures,  Essex. 
rOTA'TOS,  choice  sorts  for  Seed,  all  of  H.  J.   H.'s  own  growing. 
Prices  gi\en  nn  application. 


MAURICE  YOUNG'S  NEW  TRADE  LIST  of 
CONIFERi^,  HARDY  EVERGREEN  TREES  and 
SHRUBS,  ROSES,  RHODODENDRONS,  lAPANESE  PLANTS, 
NEW  AUCUBAS,  &c,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  on 
application. 

Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalmmg,  Surrey. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  LIST  of  all  the  EVERGREEN 
FIR  TRIBE,  suitable  for  Britain,  giving  sii^e,  price,  popular 
and  botanical  names,  derivations,  description,  form,  colour,  foliage, 
growth,  timber,  use  in  arts,  native  country  and  size  there,  situation, 
soil,  and  other  information,  with  copious  index  of  their  synonyms. 
Free  by  post  for  six  stamps. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


EVERGREENS,  including  all  the  choicest  and  best, 
and  all  other  Nursery  Stock,  of  all  ages  and  sizes,  and  in  the  best 
possible  condition  for  safe  removal,  being  "  full  of  roots,"  the  result  of 
carelul  and  regular  transplanting.     Priced  LISTS  post  free. 

JAMES  DICKSON  .^ND  SONS,"  Newton  "  Nurseries,  Chestei 


BOROUGH  MARKET, 
Wholesale  Phices. 


1872. 

Savoys. 

Greens. 

Parsnips. 

Umccoli. 

Feb,       3,. 

Per  doz. 
.c.    d.      s.  d. 
0      (i  to  0     9 

Per  doz.  bun. 
s.    d.      s.  d. 
2     6  to  3     0 

Per  score. 
s.    d.      s.  d. 
0     6  to  0     g 

Per  sieve. 
s.   d.      s.  d. 
I     0  to  I     6 

—      6.. 

0    a  —  0    g'l     6  —  2     6!o     7  —  0    9 

09  —  1     6 

—      8,. 

06—09 

06  —  09 

I     0  —  I     6 

POTATOS.—Sout/ncark,  Feb.  5. 
Dtiring  the  past  week  the  arrivals  coastwise  have  been 
lii^ht.  but  very  heavy  by  rail,  and  the  trade  has  been  worse 
than  at  any  previous  part  of  the  season.  Quotations; — 
Yorkshire  Flukes,  per  ton.  loos.  to  130J.  ;  Yorkshire 
Regents,  60s.  to  loos.  ;  Dunbar  and  East  Lothian  do., 
loos.  to  11,0s.  \  Perth,  Forfar,  and  Fifeshire  do.,  85,?.  to 
looJ.  ;  do.  Rocks,  8o.r.  to  qoj.  ;  Kent  and  Essex 
Regents,  605.  to  iooj,  ;  do.  Rocks,  bos.  to  Zos.  ;  French 
Whites,  $Qs.  to  jos. 


For  WANT  Places,  &c.,  see  pat^c  203. 


Leicester  Seeds 

.   .\re  obtaining  a  great  reputation  in  all  jt.irts  of  ilie  country 

HARRISON'S      CAT  A  LOG  U  E     of     first-class 
GARDEN  and  FARM  SEEDS  of  their  own  growing,  is  now 
ready,  post  free  on  application. 

Myatt's  Ashleaf  POTATOS,  a  selected    stock,  beautiful  sample. 
Price  per  cwt,  or  ton  10  the  Trade  on  application. 

See  advertisement,  page  173  of  this  day's  Gardnjcn''  Chronicle 
HARRISON  AND  SONS,  Seed  Growers,  Leicester. 


CEDRUS  DEODARA.— Fresh  new  SEED  from  India. 
We  have  received  bill  of  lading  of  a  small  parcel  of  seed,  to 
arrive  per  steamship  Yorkshire,  Tm  Suez  Canal.  Samples  and  price 
on  applicatitm, 

HENRY  CLARKE  and  SONS,  30,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
London,  W,C. 


O 


AKS,    CHESTNUTS,    BliECH,    ELMS,    suitable 

for  planting,  305.  per  1000  :  55.  per  100. 
WALNUTS, SYCAMORES,  LABURNUMS,  LARCH,  SPRUCE. 
SCOTCH   and  ?*1LVER    FIR,  ROSES,  and  any   other  NURSERY 
STOCK.     Carriage  free  to  London. 
WILKIN,  Tiptree,  Kelvedon. 


STRONG  Tran-splanted  LARCH,  2  to  4^  feet  ;  OAKS, 
SPRUCE  KIR.  SCOTCH  FIR,  HAZELS,  and  other  FOREST 
IREES;  strong  and  extri  strong  (JUICK.  The  Larches  being 
flfrnwn  on  newly  broken-up  land,  in  an  e.vposed  situation,  areextra good 
reoied.very  stout,  with  hne  leaders.  Prices  very  reasonable,  w?iich 
can  be  had  by  applying  to 

C.   WHITEllOUSE,  Erereton  Nursery.  Rugeley,  Staffordshire. 


rpO    BE  SOLD,  Cheap.— Common  LAURELS,  2  to 

X  3  feet :  HORSE  CHESTNUTS.  6  to  7  feet  ;  Standard  PLUMS 
and  PEARS  :  Pyramid  PLUMS,  PEARS,  APPLES,  and  CHERRIES  • 
Dwarf-trained  PEAKS,  PLUMS,  and  CHERRIES,— all  good  and 
clean,     RASPRERRY  CANES;  strong  Fruiting  VINES. 

1:.   MALLER,  The  Nurseries,  Lee,  and  Lewisham,  Kent,  S.E, 


Surplus  Stock. 
TOHN     CARTER,      Nurseryman,     Keij 

f^J     Yorkshire,   offers  to  Gentlemen    and    the   Trade  the   following, 
aualitv  good  in  every  respect  : — 

Ash,  common,  7  to  8  feel.  [  FIR,  Scotch,  i}'^  to  3  feet. 

EI.M,  ^Vycll,  %  107  feet.  j      ,.     Spruce,  iV,  to  2!^  feet, 

SYCAMORE,  3  to  4  feet,  and  5  tu  7  feet. 

WILLOW,  Huntingdon,  3  to  s  feet. 

2-yr.  Seedling  BKRJIERIS  AOUIFOLIUM. 
s^and  3-yr.j\SPARAr,US  J  ARTlCHOKES,Jcru.salem, 

Special  Offer  to  the  Trade. 

GEO.     R.     DAVIDSON,      Nurseryman,      Newry, 
Ireland,   has   the   following   to   offer   for  cash,   or    satisfactory 
reference  :  the  Trees  are  well  rooted,  and  in  line  condition  : — 
200,000  Transplanted  LARCH,  I'j  to  2  feet,  stout, 
too.ooo  ,,  ,,         2     to  a'j  ,,        ,, 

50,000  ,,  OAK,        :■     toa'j  ,,        ,, 

1,000,000  ,,  FOREST  TREES,  in  varielv,  .nil  si^cs. 

1,000,000  2  yr.  SEEDLING  THORNS,  ver>'  fine. 
500,000  Transplanted  ditto,  2  to  2*i  feet,  stout. 
30,000  ,,  common  Lai'  RELS,  s  to  3  feet,  bushy. 

1,000  „  LIMES,  s  to  6,  and  7  to  8  feet. 


CHARLES  NOBLE  has  some  thousands  of  magnifi- 
cent Hybrid  Seedling  RHODODENDRONS,  ranging  from  1  to 
4  feet.  Such  Plants  arc  scarcely  to  be  equalled,  and  the  Lnprecedcnted 
prices  at  which  they  are  now  bein;;  sent  out  are  seriouslj  alarming  the 
Nursery  Trade,  Pagshol. 


BULBS,  SEEDS,  &c.,  for  SALE.— A  Botanist  in 
Chili,  well  acnuainted  with  the  natur.il  productiojis  of  that 
country,  wishes  to  DlSl'OSE  OF  a  large  quantity  ofthe  above.  The 
Advertiser  prefers  doing  business  with  a  Wholesale  Nurseryman, 
Apply,  post  paid,  to 
E.  C.  REED,  Casella  No.  131.  Santiago  de  Chil^. 


New  Foreat. 

TO  BE  SOLD,  about  205,000  2-yr.  Seedling  OAKS  ; 
160,000  Transplanted  OAK   Plants,  2  to  4  feet  high,  and  30,00a 
Transplanted  Durmast  OAK  Plants,   2  to  3  feet  high. 

Jilr.  J.   HOLLOWAY,  Holmsiey  Lodc'e.  Hurley.  Ringwood. 

RICHARD  SMITH'S  FRUIT  LIST  contains  a 
sketch  of  the  various  forms  of  Trees,  -with  Directions  for 
Cultivation,  Soil,  Drainage,  Manure,  Pruning,  Lifting,  Cropping, 
Treatment  under  Glass,  also  their  synonyms,  quality,  size,  form, 
skin,  colour,  flesh,  flavour,  use,  growth,  duration,  season,  pricCt  &c. 
Free  by  post  for  one  stamp. 
RICHARD  SM ITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 

J     SANDY   AND    SON    beg    to  offer    the    following 
•  articles,  of  which  they  have  a  large  stock  :  — 

APPLES,  two  years  grafted,  5  to  8  tcet,  not  cut  back,  all  the  best 
Standard  varieties.    Names  and  price  per  100  or  1000  on  application. 
YEWS,  English,  transplanted  two  years   since,  perfectly  lurnished, 

2  to  3  feet. 
BOX,  Tree,  very  good,  i  to  i^j  foot. 

LAURELS,  Common,  1!^  to  2  feel,  two  years  transplanted,  bushy. 
Prices  per  100  or  1000  on  application  ;  and  samples  of  two  Yews,  two 
Bo.\,  and  three  Laurels  forwarded  on  receipt  of  2S.  6.f.  in  stamps. 
The  Nurseries,  Stafford. 

Forest  Trees. 

MITCHELL  AND  YOUNG,  Brechin,  N.B.,  offer  the 
following,  which  are   all  well   grown   and  healthy,  at  special 
low  prices  : — 
LARCH,  transplanted,  i  to  ifj  foot,  and  if  j  to  2  feet. 
SCOTCH   FIR,  do.,  native,  9  to  12  ins,,  12  to  15  ins.,  and  ij;  t0  3  ft, 
PINUS  CEMRRA,  i'^  to -J*;  feet. 
CUPRESSUS  LAWSONIANA,  ifoottOTfeet. 
LARCH,  2-yr.  Seedling. 
BEECH,  2-vr.  Seedling. 
RASPBERRIES  and  CURRANTS. 

Samples  sent  on  application. 


STRONG  FOREST  TREES,  for  planting  in  sheltered 
places,  fur  immediate  effect :— Austrian  Fir,  2  to  3  feet;  Scotch 
Fir,  2  to  4  feet ;  Larch,  2'i'  to  3' i  feet  ;  Oak,  2!^  to  3  fee't ;  Alder,  3  to 
5  feet ;  Sycamore,  f,  to  7  feet ;  Norway  Maple,  5  to  7  feet ;  Mountain 
Ash,  5  to  6  feet  ;  Birch,  4  to  5  feel  ;  Ontario  and  Lombardy  Poplars, 
3  10  5  feet;  Huntingdon  Willow, 4  feet  ;  Weymouth  Pine,  ij^  'o  a  feel; 
Cembra  Pine,  i]i  to  2  feet. 

LITTLE      AND      EALLANTYNE,     The     Carlisle     Nurseries, 
Knowetleld,  Carlisle. 


Forest  and  Ornamental  Planting. 

PETER    LAWSON    and    SON    respectfully    solicit 
early    orders    for    FOREST     TREES     and     ORNAMENTAL 
TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  they  can  supply  to  great  extent. 

The  large  breadths  of  LARCHES,  from  i  to  ^^  feet,  SCOTCH 
FIR,  NORWAY  SPRUCE,  AUSTRIAN  PINES,  and  other  leading 
sorts  of  FOREST  TREES,  are  unusually  fine,  and  worthy  of  inspec- 
tion. CATALOGUES  and  special  ofi"ers  will  be  furnished  upon 
application. 

Edinburgh  and  London. — December,  1871. 


To  Thicken  Plantations  and  Shady  Walks. 

HEMLOCK  SPRUCE.— This  gracetul,  beautiful  Fir, 
so  Jrequenlly  described  in  American  travels, — 
4  to  5  feet,  51.  per  dozen,  30^.  per  100. 
^  to  6  feet,  Si.  per  dozen,  501.  per  loa 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


Evergreen  Hedge  or  Screen. 

THUJOPSIS  BORKALIS.  — This  beautiful  silvery 
Conifer,  in  appearance  between  the  Cypress  and  Siberian  Arbor- 
vitK,  is  fast-growing,  compact,  and  bears  clipping  well;  it  is  so  hardy 
that  no  frost  can  hurt  it  in  Britain. 

Upright,    well-grown    shrubs,   7    feet    high    and   upwards,    at    the 
extremely  low  price  o(  30s.  per  dozen. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester, 


Planting  Season. 

DICKSONS  AND  CO.,  Nurserymen  and 
Seedsmen,  i,  Waterloo  Place,  Edinburgh,  beg  to  call  the 
attention  of  those  about  to  plant  to  their  very  large  and  healthy 
Stock  of  FOREST  TREES,  FRUIT  TREES,  ORNAMENTAL 
TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  are  now  in  tine  condition  for  trans- 
planting. They  are  arowing  on  very  exposed  ground,  are  fmely 
rooted,  and  their  wood  is  thoroughly  ripened.  Samples  and  Cata- 
logues  on   application.      Special   prices   will   be  quoted  where  large 


quantities  arc  taken.     (Established  1770.) 

Experienced        FORESTERS,       GARDENERS,      and 
STEWARDS  recommended. 


LAND 


"PVERGREEN  SHRUBS  for  COVER  PLANTING, 

SCOTCH  FIRS,   3    to  4  feet,  transplanted  spring,   1871,  7s.  Qd.  per 

100 ;  655.  per  1000. 
SPRUCE  FIRS,  3  to  4  feet,  loi.  per  too;  805.  per  1000. 
LARCH  FIRS.  3  to  4  feet,  51.  per  100;  40Jf.  per  1000. 
Evergreen  PRH  ET,  4  to  5  feet,  5s.    per  100;    3o.'-.   per    1000;    2   to 

3  feet,  2J.  (>d.  per  100;  205.  per  loco. 
LAURELS,  Common,  3  to  4  feet,  bush)',  20J,  per  too. 
BERBERIS  MAHONIA  AQUlFOLlA,  i 


foot,  loj.  per  100, 


Victoria  PLUMS,  Dwarf  Trained. 

APPLES,  Dwarf   Espalier    Trained,   best    sorts,    at    equalK-    low 
prices.     The  above  are  all  well-grown  bushy  Plants,  and  suitable  for 
immediate  effect.     For  samples,  &c,,  apply  to 
FREDERICK  PERKINS,  Nurscr>man.  Regent  Street,  Leamington 

TO  PLANTERS.— STRONG  FOREST  TREES,  &c. 
LARCH,  2  to  3,  3%  to  3'^,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
SCOTCH,  ij^  to  2,  2  to  2%,  and  2'^  to  3  Icet 
SPRUCE,  i*-j  to  2,  2  to  2%,  2%  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
ENf.LlSH  OAKS,  ajj  to  3!;,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  s  to  6,  and  6  to  7  ft. 
BIRCH,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  tos,  and  5  to  6  feet. 
ELMS  (Wych),  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
HAZELS,  2  to  3,  3  to  4.  and  4  to  5  feet. 
MOUNTAIN  Ash,  2  to  3,  3  to  4.  and  4  to  5  feet. 
SYCAMORES,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  fett. 
With  many  others,  all  of  the  best  quality.     The  Larch  arc  clean, 
stout,  well-grown  stuff,  and  have  never  been  injured  by  frost. 
JOHN   HILL,  The  Nurseries,  Spot  Acre,  near  Slone,  Staffordshire. 


Northampton  Nurseries. 

To  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  and  OTHERS,  ENGACrit 
in  PLANTING. 

JOHN     PERKINS,     Sen.,    begs    to    call    particular 
attention   to  his   large  STOCK    of  the  following,  the  whole   ul 
which  have  been  transplanted,  are  stout,  and  well  rooted  :— 
PJNUS  AUSTRIACA,  if;  to  2  feet,  75J.  per  1000;  2  to  a^'  feet,  i.mm. 

per  1000;  2?;  to  3  feet,  20J.  per  too.    Alt  fine  fibrous  roots. 
BIRCH,  2  tu  3  lect,  ws.  per  1000;  310  4';  feet,  30J.  per  1000 
1;LM,  Wych,  2  tu  3  feet,  251.  per  1000;  3  to  4  feet,  35s.  ))cr  looo 
OAKS,  English,  3  to  4  feel,  (x>s.  per  1000,  hne  transi"ilaiitcd  ;  4  to5  feel, 

tcxu.  per  1000 
KIR,  Spruce,  2  to  2]'.  feet,  jos.  per  1000 
ItEKBERlS  AOUlFOLL\,  i  to  ij-j  foot,  301.  per  1000 
BLACKTHORN,  i.'j  to  2  feet,  151.  per  1000 ;  2  to  3  feet,  oos.  per  1000, 
BOX,  Green,  i?j  to  2  feet,  120s.  per  lotw 
HAZEL,  line,  i  to  2  feet,  it;i.  per  1000 
HORNliF.AM,  2  to  3  fept,"3oJ.  per  1000 
i.AUREL,  Common,  i,'i  to  2  feet,  looj.  per  1000 
PRlVETj  Evergreen,  2  to  a'j  feet,  20f,  per  1000 
YEWS,  English,  I'j  to  2  feet,  401   per  100;  2  to  3  feet,  70*.  per  100 

CATALOGUES  of  GENERAL  NURSERY  STOCK  free  by 
post  on  application  to  52,  Market  Square,  Northampton,  where  all 
communications  are  to  be  addressed 


February   10,    1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


187 


SUTTONS' 

GRASS     SKEDS 

FOB  ALL   SOILS, 
CARRIAGE    FREE. 

^"  Fof  nearly  forty  years  we  have  given  the  subject  of 
Lizvi/tg  down  Lund  to  Pasture  our  most  careful 
attention,  and  from  a  long  and  practical  experi- 
cnee  of  the  Soils  of  this  and  other  countries,  we 
are  euabkd  to  prepare  Mixtures  for  every  descrip- 
tion of  Soil,  which  need  only  be  mentioned  in 
sendirtp  ike  order. 


FOR    PERMANENT    PASTURES. 
Wc  specially  prL-pare  Mixtures  for  the  following  Soils  : 


STIFF  CLAYS 
HK.VVY  LOAMS 
MKOIUM   LOAMS 
Lic'.HT  LOAMS 


1  LIGHT  SANDY  SOILS 

SHARP  GRAVLLS 
CHALK  SOILS 

I         SHEEI'  DOWNS 
GOOD  BLACK  PEATY  SOILS. 


V.KS  r  (JUALITV.  30s.  to  32s.  per  acre.  Carriage 
I'rec.  Two  Bushels  of  Grass  Seeds  and  12  lb.  of  Clovers 
supplied  per  acre. 

SECOND  QUALITY  (good),  22s.  to  28s.  per  acre. 
Carriage  Free. 


FOR    PARK    GROUNDS. 

SUTTONS'  CRYSTAL  PALACE  MLXTURE.  which 
produced  the  beautiful  Turf  in  the  grounds  of  the 
Crystal  Palace  Company. 

20s.  per  bush.     Sow  2i  bush,  per  acre. 


UNSOLICITED    TESTIMONIALS, 

SHOWING  THE  SUl'ERiqR  QUALITY  OK 

Suttons'  Grass  Seed  Mixtures, 

As  supplied  to 

HER  MAJESTY  THE  QUEEN, 
H.R.H.  THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES, 
H.M.  THE  KING  OF  DENMARK. 
H.M.  THE  KING  OF  PORTUGAL, 
&c.    &c.     &c. 

Fi-oni],].  Mechi,  Esq.,   Tiptrec  Hall,  near  ICelvcdou. 
"February   S-— Your    Grass   Seeds  are  so   pure   and  well  selected 
that  I  have  often  spoken  of  them  to  those  who  required  them." 

From].  L.  Williams,  Esq..  Poync  I'ierv,  Navan, 
Aleath,  Ireland. 
"  Afarch  30.— Last  year  I  got  from  you  Permanent  Pasture  Grass 
Seeds  for  10  acres,  with  which  I  laid  down  one-half  of  a  zo-acrc  field 
ttrish).  I  am  ver,'  much  pleased  with  the  way  the  Grass  Seeds  have 
answered,  and  I  now  want  to  lay  down  the  other  half  of  the  field  in 
the  same  manner," 

From].  Ward,  Esq.,  Found  Oak,  Greenham,  Newbury. 

"  7«^v  4.— The  Permanent  Gra^^s  Seeds  for  about  21)  acres,  supplied 
by  you  last  year  (the  prcater  part  sown  with  Barley),  have  civcii  me 
;,'reat  ^aiisfaciion,  and  produced  a  crop  (this  dry  season)  of  about  4c 
tons  of  KDod  hay,  4',  acres  of  which  have  fed  five  head  of  cattle  durJne 
the  spring.  '  '^ 

From  Mr.  Henry  Awcock,  Agent  to  Lady  Geary. 

r^^ ''^  S'^^l^iS'^^.*  >:o"  sent  last  year,  for  seven  acres  in  the  middle 
of  Oxen  Heath  Park,  is  the  best  herbage  I  ever  saw." 


M 


Wood  Engraving. 
R.  W.  G.   SMITH,   Artist  and   Engraver  on 

Wood,  la,  North  Grove  West,  Mildmay  Park,  London,  N. 

O       S""   E"~F~H  N        E   "W~T       O    ~N, 

Landscape  Architect, 

Office  :  42,  Bishopsgate  Street  Without,  E.C. 

Private  Address  :  74,  Oxford  Terrace,  Hyde  Park,  W. 


A/rk.    JAMES    ERASER,    Horticultural    and 
X    Agricultural  Valler  and  AucriosiitiK,  Maylands  Farm, 
Romford,  Essex  ;  late  of  the  firm  ot  J.  &  J,  Eraser,  Lea  Bridee  Road. 

fro    BE    DISP"OSKD  "of,' on  very  reasonable  temis. 

-L    the  stock,  LEASE,  and  GOOD-WILL  of  a  small  Established 
NURSERY.     A  good  opportunity,  not  often  met  with. 
JAMES  WHOMES,  Royal  Nursery,  Windsor. 


'PO  BE  SOLD,  the  LEASE  of  TWO  ACRES  and  a 

-L      QUARTER  of   LAND,   covered   with   Fruit   and    Flowers,   at 
Little  Sutton,  ill  the  parish  of  Chiswick,  suitable  for  a  Florist  and 
Nursery.     Lease,  unexpired,  87  years. 
A.  U.,  21,  Whittington  hoad,  Asylum  Road,  Peckham. 


^yO  BE  SOLD,    the   LEASE   of  a    NURSERY  and 

X  convenient  DWELLING  HOUSE,  within  eight  miles  of  Covcnt 
Garden  Market.— It  contains  nearly  a  Acres  of  Ground,  Five  well- 
built  Greenhouses  heated  bv  Hot  Water,  Pit  Liyhts,  and  good 
Stabling.  A  lirst-class  Jobbing  Trade  might  be  easily  established. — 
For  particulars  address 
A.  /..,  Oardftifrs'  Clpvnide  OfJijc,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


To  Com  and  6eed  Merchants. 

TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  in  consequence  of  the 
Proprietor  retiring  from  the  Trade,  a  most  lucrative  CORN  and 
SEED  BUSINESS,  capable  of  being  greatly  extended.  Excellent 
Business  Premises,  situate  in  a  ihrivmg  market  town  in  one  of  the 
Southern  Counties.  A  very  old  and  extensive  Connection.  An  enter- 
prising man  of  business,  with  the  command  of  C^ooo  to  ;C3ooo.  would 
find  this  a  splendid  opportunity —Z.,  Messrs.  VVaitc,  Burnell,  Hug- 
gins  &  Co.,  Seed  Merchants,  Southwark  Street,  London,  S.  E. 


Excellent  Farm. 

TO  BE  LET  (entry  to  the  Fallow  Land  immediately, 
and  to  the  Arable  Land  at  Michaelmas  next),  WEST  DEAN 
FARM,  in  the  Parish  of  West  Dean,  and  County  of  Sussex,  extending 
to  610  Acres  or  thereabouts,  of  which  about  390  Acres  are  Arable, 
49  ^leadow,  175  Down,  and  16  Coppice.  The  Farm  is  in  a  high  state 
ol  cultivation.  It  was  for  many  years  occupied  by  the  late  Mr 
Pinnex,  who  thci'e  bred  and  kept  his  celebrated  flock  of  Southdowns. 
It  is  at  present  occupied  by  his  executors  pending  the  termination  of 
his  lease.  The  Chichester  Railway  Station  is  distant  about  5  miles. 
Every  encouragement  will  be  given  to  an  enterprising  tenant  with 
capital. 

Mr.  HEMING,  at  West  Dean,  will  give  directions  for  showing  the 
boundaries,  and  further  particulars  may  be  learned  upon  application  to 
Mr-  Mcculloch,  Gatlon  park,  Rcigate. 


SUTTONS' 
Mixtures  of  Grasses  and  Clovers, 

To  produce  enormous  crops  of  Hay  during  the  speci- 
fied periods  they  are  to  remain  down  : — 

For  One  Year's  Lay,  15s.  per  acre. 
For  Two  Years'  Lay,  18s.  6d.  per  acre. 
For  Three  or  Four  Years'  Lay,  24s.  per  acre. 
Second  quality  Mixtures  cheaper. 


LAYING  DOWN  NEW,  OR  IMPROVING  OLD, 
GRASS  LANDS. 

For  the  best  practical  information  on  the  above  subject,  see 

Suttons'  Farmers'  Year  Book  for  1872, 

With  which  is  incorporated  "  Pi:rmanknt  Pasturi:s"; 
By  M.  H.  SUTTON,  F.R.H.S.,  &c. 

"If  you  want  to  ^row  the  right  sorts  of  plants,  you  must  sow  the 
right  sorts  of  seeds,  and  you  cannot  do  belter  than  read  Mr.  St;  r  ion's 
Paper  on  Laying  Down  Grass,  which  you  will  get  by  sendinc  to 
Reading. "~^fr/VH//»m/  Ga^^lic,  ** 

"I  do  nol  know  of  anything  toetjual  it  "—Professor  Blxkman. 

Price  6d.,  Post  Free.      Gratis  to  Customers. 


SUTTON  AND  SONS, 

SEEDSMEN  BY  SPECIAL  APPOINTMENT  TO 

THE   QUEEN   and   H.R.H.  THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES, 

READING,   BERKS. 


SALES     BY    AUCTION. 

SALE  THIS  DAV,  AT  HALF-PAST  TWELVE  O'CLOCK. 

Consignment  of  Plants  from  Ghent. 

MR.  J.  C.  STF:VENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  on 
SATU  R  DAY,  February  10,  at  half-past  12  o'CIock  precisely, 
CAMELLIAS,  Indian  AZALEAS,  Sweet  BAYS,  ORANGE 
TREES,  MAGNOLIAS,  LATANIAS,  ARALIAS,  PANDANUS, 
SELANGINELLAS,  ERICAS,  CHAM.'EROPS,  DRACCNAS. 
ASPIDISTRAS,  AGAVES,  YUCCAS,  and  other  GREENHOUSE 
PLANTS  from  Ghent;  Pyramid  HOLLIES,  Standard  and  Dwarf- 
trained  FRUIT  TREES,  kOSES, specimen  CONIFERS,  LAURELS. 
RHODODENDRONS,  GLADIOLI,  &c. 
On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Xrec  Ferns 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C.  on 
TUESDAY,  Februar>-  13.  THIRTY  fine  PLANTS  of  DICKSONIA 
SQUARROSA,  fromc  to  7  feet. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Coniferous  Seeds. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  on 
TUESDAY,  Febrnary  13,  at  half-past  i2  o'CIock  precisely,  420  lots  of 
CALIFORNIAN  TREE  SEEDS,  of  Picca  amabilis,  Libocedrus 
(lecurrens,  Abies  Pattoniana,  Wellingtonia  gigantea,  Pinus  ponderosa, 
P.  Torreyana,  P.  Jeffreyii,  P.  insignis,  P.  Lambertiana,  P.  monticola, 
Cupressus  macrocarpa,  &c, 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Hardy  Plants  and  Bulbs. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C, 
on  WEDNESDAY,  February  14,  at  hall-past  i2  o'CIock  pre- 
ciselv.  First-class  Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES.  FRUIT  TREES, 
Specimen  CONIFERS,  HOLLIES,  LAURELS,  RHODODEN- 
DRONS, BERBERIS,  FOREST  TREES,  CAMELLIAS,  AZA- 
LEAS.CARNATIONSand  PICOTEES.  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS, 
3000  GLADIOLUS  from  France,  RUSTIC  SEATS,  STOOLS 
VASES,  BASKETS,  &c. 

On  view  rhc  Morning  ol  Sale,  and  C.italogues  had. 


Mt 


Highly  Important  Sale  of  specimen  Stove  and 

GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  the  PROPERTY  of  a  GENTLEMAN 
who  has  RANKED  amongst  the  MOST  SUCCESSFUL 
EXHIBITORS  during  past  years. 

J.  C.  STEVENS  is  favoured  with  instructions 

from  Mr.  T.  C;rr,  of  Bvtieet  Lodge,  Weybridge,  to  offer  for 
SALE  by  AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent 
Garden,  on  FRIDAY,  March  15,  at  half-past  j=  o"Clock  precisely, 
without  the  least  reserve,  the  whole  of  his  EXHIBl'ITON 
SPECIMENS,  consisting  of  splendid  plants  of  all  the  best  varieties  of 
Heaths,  Azaleas,  Ornamental  Foliage  Plants,  Exotic  and  British 
Ferns.  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  &c.,  which  have  formed  a  leading 
feature  in  the  various  metropolitan  exhibitions  during  several  past 
years.  "The  plants  are  all  in  the  finest  possible  condition,  and  can  be 
seen  at  Byfleet  one  week  previous  to  the  Sale,  and  on  the  day  of  Sale 
at  Mr.  J.  C.  STEVENS'  Horticultural  Sale  Rooms,  38,  King  Street, 
Covent  Garden,  W.C,  and  Catalogues  had. 

~        ~  Andover,  Hants. 

IMPORTANT  to  GENTLEMEN  and  Others  PLANTING. 

MR.  W.  .ABRAH.AM  is  instructed  to  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  in  the  Corn  Exchange,  Andover,  on  TUESDAY. 
February  13.  at  i  o'CIock  punctually,  a  large  and  varied  assortment  ol 
Dwarf,  Standard,  Pyramidal,  Trained,  and  Bush  FRUIT  TREES, 
also  a  quantity  of  ornamental  E\'EUGREEN  CONIFER.-E,  and 
DECIDUOUS  TREES  and  SHRUBS,  Hardy  CLIMBERS 
ROSES,  &c. 

Catalogues  to  be  obtained  at  the  Exchange,  or  of  the  Auctioneer  and 
Valuer,  Goldwjrth  Nurseries,  Woking,  Surrey.     


Reading,  Berks. 

IMPORTANT  to  GENTLEMEN  and  Others  PLANTING. 

MR.  W.  ABRAHAM  is  instructed  to  SELL  by 
AUCTION  in  the  Corn  Exchange,  Reading,  on  THURSD.VY, 
February  15,  at  i  o'CIock  punctually,  a  large  and  varied  assortment  of 
Dwarf,  Stantiard,  Pyramidal,  Trained,  and  Bush  FRUIT  TREES; 
also  a  quantity  of  ornamental  EVERGREEN  CONIFER.^;,  and 
DECIDUOUS  TREES  and  SHRUBS,  Hardy  CLIMBERS, 
RUSES,  &c. 

Catalogues  to  be  obuiiicd  at  the  Exchange,  or  of  the  Auctioneer  and 
^'aluer,  Goldworlh  Nurseries,  Woking,  Surrey. 

Hassock's  Gate  Nurseries,  Sussex! 

IMPORTANT     SALE    of    SURPLUS    STOCK. 

MR.  W.  KENSETT  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  on 
THURSDAY,  I'ebruary  15,  by  order  of  Mr.  G.  Parsons, 
SURPLUS  STOCK,  consisting  of  choice  CONIFERS  and  other 
EVERGREENS,  ROSES,  FRUIT  TREES,  *ic.,  including  many 
line  specimen  SHRUIiS. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  a  week  previous  to  Sale,  from  the  Nurseries, 
and  27  and  28,  \Vestern  Road,  Brighton;  or  of  the  Auctioneer,  Sir. 
W.  KENSETT,  Ditchling,  Sussex.  The  Lot<i  will  be  on  view  on 
February  12.  I 

N.B.  The  Nurseries  are  within  five  minutes'  walk  of  the  Hassock's  I 
Gate  Station  on  the  London  and  Brighton  Railway. 


choice      AMERICAN 
EVERGREEN      SHRUBS, 


Sale  this  day,  at  half-past  12  o'CIock  precisely, 

'^^^^.J'Jc  ^"^^i  ^^f-^l^}}}  '■"■«'"  l^P^"  :  450  Standard  and  Dwnrf 

RObEb,     selected      FRUIT       rRE'""        

PLANTS.      CONIFER.^-:       and 
GLADIOLI,  &c. 

"lY/TESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  SELL 

i-TX  the  above  by  AUCTION,  without  rcsen-c.  at  the  City  Auction 

Rooms,  38  and  39,  Graccchiirch  Street,   E.C.,  at  ha'l-past  13  o'clock 

precisely. 

On  view  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Sale  of  English-grown  CamelllasrAzalearindica,  Ac  . 

postponed  to  MONDAY,  February  ig 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  the  Auction  Mart,  Tokenhouse  Yard,  near 
the  Bank,  City,  EC,  on  MONDAY,  Februar\-  iq.  at  half-past 
12  o'clock  precisely,  without  reserve,  230  CAM  ELLIAS  and 
AZALEA  IN  DiCA,  remarkably  well  set  with  bloom -buds,  and  in 
perfect  health  :  400  Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES,  CONI  FER.E  and 
EVERGREEN  SHRUBS,  choice  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  LILIUM 
AURATUM,  from  Japan,  ERICAS,  E1'.\CRIS,  &c.,  in  bloom. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart  as  abore, 
and  of  the  Auctioneers  and  Valuers,  Leytonstone,  E. 


Bagshot,  Surrey, 

IMPORTANT  and   EXTENSIVE    SALE  of  VALUABLE 
NURSERY  STOCK. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  arc 
instructed  by  Messrs.  G.  Baker  &  Son  to  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  without  reserve,  on  the  Premises,  the  American 
Nurseries,  Windlesham,  near  Bagshot,  Surrey,  one  mile  from  the 
Sunningdalc  Station,  on  the  South-Western  Railway,  on  MONDA'Y, 
February  ig,  and  two  following  days,  at  12  o'CIock  each  day,  many 
thousands  of  VALUABLE  NURSERY  STOCK,  including  hand- 
some and  effective  specimens  from  6  to  15  feet,  comprising  'I'huiopsis, 
Cupressus,  Thujas,  Taxus,  Piceas,  Abies  of  sorts,  ^50  line  specimen 
Hollies  of  sorts^  also  5000  Cupressus  Lawsoniana,  2  to  4  feel; 
Thujopsis  borealis,  200  Picca  Nordmanniana,  i  to  \K  foot ;  100  Ccdru^i 
Dcodara,  2  feet;  1000  Thuja  gigantea,  2  to  5  feet;  Juniperus  anil 
Retinosporas  of  sorts  ;  5000  bushy  Portugal  Laurels.  2  to  4  feet;  1000 
fine  Pampas  Grass;  rooo  Euonymus  radicans  Jol.  var.,  500  Yuccas, 
2000  Green  Hollies,  i  to  j  feet ;  150  Standard  Rhododendrons,  3  to  4 
feet  stems  and  good  heads,  of  the  best  named  varieties;  3000  hybrid 
and  pontica  Rhododendrons,  2  to  3^3  feet  ;  2000  named  hardy  Heatlis, 
4000  Pinus  Laricio,  austriaca  and  others;  1500  Spruce  Firs,  300 
standard  Roses.  Copper  Beech,  quantity  of  Aucubas,  Andromedas, 
and  thousands  of  choice  Coniler^  and  Evergreen  Shrubs. 

May  be  viewed  three  dajs  prior  to  the  Sale.    Catalogues  may  be  had 
on  the  Premises,  and  of  the  Auctioneers  and  Valuers,  Leytonstone,  E. 

Spring  Sales  of  Pure-bred  Shorthorns,  Sheep,  Figs,  &c. 

MR.    JOHN     THORNTON     will    SELL    by 
AUCTION  the   undermentioned    HERDS  of   PUREBRED 
SHORTHORNS,    &c..  further    particulars    of   which    will   be  duly 
announced  ; — 
FRIDAY,  March  8.— .-X.nnuat  .Sale  at  Berkeley  Castle,  Gloucestershire. 

of  20  first-class   Young   Bulls,   and    about   30   choice   Cows  ana 

Heifers  ;  also  some  very  superior  young  Berkshire  Pigs. 
TUESDAY,  March  13— Sale  of  about   30  head  of  Young  Bulls  and 

In-calf  Heifers,  the  property  of  W.  Bolton,  Esq.,  at  The  Island, 

Co.  Wexford,  Ireland. 
FRIDAY.  March  22. — Sale  of  the   very  superior   Herd   belonging  to 

Miss  Barroby,  Dishforth.  Thirsk,  Yorkshire. 
THURSDAY,   April   4.— The   late   Mr.     Pawlelt's    entire    Herd,    at 

Hecston,  Sandy.  Bedfordshire. 
THURSDAY,  April  11   (not   the  i8lh,  as  formerly  advertised).— The 

valuable  Hera  belonging  to  J.  N.  Beasley,  Esq  ,  Chapel  Brampton, 

Northampton. 
TUESDAY,  April  16.— Messrs.  Atkinson's  large  Herd,  bred  for  half  a 

century  at  Bywell  Hall  Farm,  Stocksfield,  Nswcastle-on-Tyne. 
THURSDAY,  April  18.— The  entire  Herd  belonging  to  J.  Copland, 

Esq.,  at  Mainshead,  Terregles,  Dumfries  j  ana  about  400  Half  and 

Cross-bred  Sheep. 
TUESDAY,  April  23. — Mr.  Crowdson's  entire  Herd,  at  Urswick,  near 

Ulverston,  Lancashire. 
FRIDAY,  April  26. — The  extensive  Herd  belonging  to  Messrs.  Arkell, 

at  Draycott,  Swindon,  Wilis. 
TUESDAY,  May  7. — The   entire   herd  belonging  to  Gerard  Barton, 

Esq.,  at  Fundcnhall.  Wymondham,  Norfolk  ;  also  the  small  Herd 

belonging  to  G.  E.  Frere,  Esq.,  Roydon  Hall,  Diss. 
Catalogues,    with     Pedigrees,    will    soon    be    issued,    and    further 
particulars  may  be  obtained  of  Mr.   THORNTON,  15,  Langham 
Place,  Regent  Street,  London,  W. — February  3. 


BIRMINGHAM  AGRICULTURAL  EXHIBITION 
SOCIETY.— The  FOURTH    ANNUAL   E.XHIDITION  and 
SALE   of  PURE-BRED   SHORTHORN  CATTLE  ivjll  be  held  in 
Bingley   Hall.    Birmingham,   on   THURSDAY,   March   7,  when   the 
followinc  PRIZES  will  be  offered  :— 
For  SHORTHORN    BULLS,  above   12  and 

under  20  months  old        ^t/o,  /^i^,  and  jCs. 

For    BULL-CALVES,  above   six   and   under 

12  months  old        j^20,  ;CtOt  ^nd  £5. 

Prizes  will  also  be  given  in  Classes  for  COWS,  HEIFERS,  and 
older  BULLS. 
The  ENTRIES  CLOSE  on  SATURDAY,  February  17. 

JOHN  B.  LYTHALL,  Secretary. 
Offices.  89,  New  Street,  Birmingham. 


Notice. 

GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICUL- 
TURAL GAZETTE.— The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready! 
price,  in  cloth,  £1  6s.  6.y. 

W.  RICHARDS,  4t,  Wellinslon  Street,  Strand,  W  C. 


C|e|^j:riaItoaI§a^eWe, 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  lo,  1872. 


A 


N   embryo   political  economist,  who  thought 


Wealth  of  Nations,  was  disconcerted  to  find  that, 
in  recent  editions,  many  of  the  doctrines  in  the 
text  are  disputed  by  modern  editors.  Having; 
bent  his  mind  to  his  task,  followed  step  by  step  a 
difficult  train  of  reasoning  till  light  broke  and 
the  argument  became  clear,  it  was  startling  to 
read  in  a  note  "  the  whole  of  this  is  open  to 
doubt,"  or  "  there  can  be  no  question  that  our 
author  is  here  entirely  in  the  wrong.'' 

It  is  possible  that  the  correctors  of  Ada.m 
Smith  may  have  some  day  to  be  themselves 
corrected.  It  is  an  advantage,  no  doubt,  that  a 
great  many  minds  should  be  employed  on  the 
same  subject,  but  the  eyes  that  are  on  the 
highest  eminence  see  furthest,  and  so  docs 
the  master  mind.  And  it  may  happen  that 
the  boundary  lines  laid  down  in  the  original 
survey  are  correct,  and  that  the  "  many  minds  '' 
are  mistaking  their  vocation  in  scratching  out 
and  altering  ;  they  ought  to  confine  themselves 
to  filling  in  details.  Among  other  lines  laid  down 
by  Adam  Smith  is  the  axiom,  Agriculture  is  the 
Imost  productive  of  all  occupations  ;  but  this  has 


1 88 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


[February  lo,   1872. 


been  scratched  out,  as  leaning  too  much  to  the 
system  of  the  economists :  instead  thereof  we 
are  to  read,  "  what  is  most  advantageous  to  the 
individual  must  be  so  also  to  tlie  State,  wliich 
is  a  collection  of  individuals." 

This  dogma  of  the  correctors  of  ADA^t  Smith 
might  have  passed  unchallenged  20  yearsago  ;  but 
it  has  been  proved  to  be  dangerous,  and  therefore 
common  sense  rejects  it.  Society  is  getting  tired 
of"  individual  advantageousness."  It  objects  to 
the  adulteration  of  food,  for  instance,  and  to  the 
pouring  of  volumes  of  smoke  and  sulphur  from 
"  individual "  chimneys  into  "  collective  "  dwel- 
lings ;  it  objects  to  the  employment  of  young 
children  in  factories  ;  and  in  this  and  many 
other  instances  it  has  interposed  Acts  of  Par- 
liament between  the  exercise  of  individual  liberty 
and  the  consequences  to  the  community.  With 
all  respect  for  the  "many  minds,"  we  must  hold 
to  the  view  which  Adam  Smith  laid  down  in 
theory  a  hundred  years  ago,  and  which  expe- 
rience has  shown  to  be  correct.  We  believe 
that  in  the  complex  relations  of  modern  life, 
restraints  on  individual  liberty  of  action,  in  many 
particulars,  will  become  more  and  more  necessary 
to  the  well-being  of  the  State. 

No  doubt  trade  was  formerly  oppressed  by 
restraining  laws.  There  was  a  time  when  the 
servants  of  husbandry  were  prohibited  from 
wearing  hose  above  loii.  a  yard,  on  pain  of  being 
put  in  the  stocks  for  three  days,  and  when  every 
little  farmer  was  compelled  by  law  to  sow  one 
acre  in  sixty  of  Flax,  to  encourage  the  spinning 
of  linen. 

Perhaps  the  remembrance  of  such  restraints 
has  made  us  impatient  of  reasonable  restraints  ; 
and  it  may  have  been  the  fear  of  "fettering 
industry "  that  has  sometimes  prevented  our 
tying  the  hands  of  individuals  who  were  mis- 
chievously inclined.  But  it  is  evident  that  where 
the  cjuestion  of  public  interest  is  concerned,  as 
for  instance  when  a  man  is  going  to  be  hanged, 
the  individual  is  the  worst  possible  judge  of  the 
question  of  advantageousness.  It  has  been  con- 
sidered that  certain  combinations  of  labourers 
and  some  of  the  forms  of  trades'  unions,  are 
against  the  public  interest,  which,  according  to 
the  theories  of  Adam  Smith's  correctors,  cannot 
be  the  case,  since  trades'  unions  are  formed  for 
the  benefit  of  the  unionists.  In  all  cases  the 
community  is  the  rightful  judge  of  the  effect  of 
individual  undertakings,  and  the  interest  of  the 
few  must  be  made  subordinate  to  the  interest  of 
the  many  ;  so  that  the  question  of  advantageous- 
ness cannot  be  defined  in  an  axiom,  and  Adam 
Smith  may  be  right  after  all. 

Adam  Smith  not  only  gave  the  preference  to 
agriculture  as  the  most  productive  employment, 
but  he  considered  the  home  trade  more  produc- 
tive than  a  direct  foreign  trade,  and  the  latter 
more  so  than  the  carrying  trade.  This  has  been 
disputed,  on  the  ground  that  "  labour  is  the  only 
source  of  wealth,"  and  equally  productive  of  it 
whether  employed  in  the  cultivation  of  the  land 
or  in  manufactures  and  commerce.  Again,  we 
say,  let  the  community  judge  between  the  master 
mind  and  the  many  minds.  We  are  aware  that 
no  purely  agricultural  country  was  ever  opulent 
or  powerful,  and  we  do  not  recommend  Arcadian 
life  in  the  nineteenth  century  in  England,  nor  do 
we  recommend  rural  life  to  that  portion  of  the 
"intelligent  pubhc "  which  habitually  rides  in 
omnibuses,  because  we  know  thev  could  not 
appreciate  its  advantages.  The  '  "  intelligent 
public ''  which  one  meets  by  chance  in  large 
cities,  is  generally  incapable  of  existing  out  of  its 
usual  small  bustle  of  city  life.  Poverty  of  ideas, 
the  want  of  sound  information,  and  a  merely 
imitative  habit  of  mind  usually  unfit  "  town 
people  "  for  country  life.  Men  who  never  breathe 
the  fresh  air  of  the  country  are  in  general  strangers 
to  the  energy  of  character,  the  self  reliance, 
individuality  and  healthful  robustness  of  mind 
and  body  which  are  common  among  shepherds 
and  horsemen  and  the  upper  worktnen  of  the 
farm,  and  among  the  rural  population  generally. 
But  it  is  on  material,  not  on  moral,  grounds  that 
the  paramount  importance  of  agriculture,  even  in 
a  great  commercial  country,  is  laid  down  as  a 
principle  by  the  master  mind  of  the  author  of 
IVcallh  of  Nations ;  and  yet  at  the  present 
moment,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the 
slightest  reaction  in  trade  immediately  brings 
the  gaunt  figure  of  starvation  into  our  streets  and 
alleys,  how  many  people  in  this  country  are 
convinced  of  the  importance  of  earnest  and 
patient  attention  to  the  question  of  increasing 
the  agricultural  production  of  the  country  't  On 
the  contrary,   "  everybody  "  is  convinced    that 


agriculturists  may  safely  "  trust  to  sun  and 
shower,"  and  that  the  principle  of  "  individual 
advantageousness  "  is  sufficient  to  gain  for  agri- 
culture every  possible  development,  consequently 
no  special  attention  to  agricultural  questions  is 
thought  necessary  on  the  part  of  the  public  ;  and 
although  a  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade 
cannot  be  dispensed  with,  a  Minister  of  Agri- 
culture is  believed  to  be  quite  unnecessary. 

Nothing  but  public  opinion  and  legislative 
enactment,  and  probably  public  expenditure  on 
no  small  scale,  can  arrest  that  drain  on  the 
sources  of  fertility  which  arises  from  the  food 
supply  of  towns.  But  this  subject,  though  it  is 
by  far  the  most  momentous  question  connected 
with  the  commissariat  of  the  nation,  is  at  present 
entirely  neglected  by  the  public,  and,  strange  to 
say,  it  is  looked  on  coldly  by  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Society,  which  ought  to  identify  itself 
with  agricultural  interests,  and  to  take  the  initia- 
tive in  endeavouring  to  rouse  the  public  mind. 

A  PAPER  on  "  The  Uses  of  Method  and 
Observation  in  the  Management  of  a 
F.ARM  "  was  read  at  the  meeting  of  the  London 
Farmers'  Club  on  Monday  evening  last,  by  the 
Rev.  G.  D.avies,  Hall  Place,  Romsey,  but  it  was 
not  very  well  received  by  the  large  body  of 
practical  farmers  who  were  addressed. 

Among  the  speakers  during  the  discussion  which 
ensued  were  the  Rev.  E.  Smythies,  and  Messrs. 
Trask,  Neild  and  Trethewy,  all  well  known 
as  public-spirited  members  of  the  Club.  The 
Rev.  E.  Smythies  was  disappointed  to  find  that 
no  allusion  had  been  made  by  Mr.  Davies 
to  farm  buildings,  which  he  considered 
a  very  important  point  in  relation  to  suc- 
cessful farming,  and  one  which  in  every 
way  was  deserving  of  thoughtful  consideration. 
He  instanced  the  wasteful  and  expensive 
arrangements  existing  on  the  generality  of  farms 
in  the  midland  counties,  where  the  buildings 
were  scattered  about  as  if  dropped  from  the 
clouds.  Some  years  ago,  before  commencing  to 
build  a  new  homestead  for  himself,  he  had 
experienced  great  difficulty  in  getting  any  really 
good  practical  information  on  the  subject.  In 
his  opinion,  the  cardinal  objects  of  any  plan  for 
the  arrangement  of  farm  buildings  should  be 
to  enable  them  to  keep  and  maintain  the 
greatest  number  of  cattle,  and  to  make 
and  preserve  the  maximum  amount  of  manure 
at  the  least  possible  expense  of  labour. 
Straw,  the  bulkiest  of  all  the  articles  in  use  at 
the  homestead,  should  be  passed  once  only 
through  the  buildings.  On  his  farm  this  was  the 
case  ;  the  straw  was  passed,  from  the  place 
where  it  was  threshed,  continuously  through  the 
various  stages  of  consumption  and  decom- 
position, until  it  reached  the  manure  sheds  ready 
for  carting  on  to  the  land.  The  liquid  manure 
from  the  cattle  was  also  drained  off  in  the  same 
direction,  and  this  enabled  him  to  pump  it  on  to 
the  manure  to  its  great  benefit.  In  all  cases 
manure  should  be  prepared  and  preserved  under 
covered  sheds  ;  and  the  open  yards,  which  in  too 
many  instances  now  were  up  to  the  knees  in 
manure,  should  be  paved  and  kept  like  a 
street,  so  that  carrying  and  other  work 
could  be  done  with  a  minimum  expenditure 
of  labour.  Another  point  having  direct  con- 
nection with  the  subject  was  the  important  one 
of  the  relation  of  grass  and  arable  lands  to 
buildings.  In  order  to  save  labour  they  ought  to 
have  the  greatest  amount  of  arable  land  near  to 
the  buildings,  not  the  greatest  proportion  of  the 
grass  land,  as  was  at  present  almost  universally 
the  case. 

Mr.  Trask,  of  Hampshire,  asserted,  notwith- 
standing the  observations  of  the  lecturer,  that 
although  chalking  was  expensive  it  was  still 
practised  even  where  there  was  a  chalk  subsoil  ; 
and  he  considered  that  no  money  was  better 
spent,  where  there  was  a  good  understanding 
between  landlord  and  tenant.  He  also  demurred 
to  the  statement  that  the  average  rateoflabourers' 
wages  in  Hampshire  was  so  low  as  had  been 
mentioned  ;  it  would  be  nearer  the  mark  to  say 
I5J-.  and  i6j'. 

Mr.  Neild  did  not  agree  with  Mr.  Davies  as 
to  either  his  facts  or  his  principles.  He  thought 
they  were  not  so  much  behind  their  forefathers 
in  agricultural  knowledge  as  had  been  made  out, 
or  he  did  not  know  how  they  could  farm  for  profit 
in  the  face  of  the  high  prices  they  had  to  pay  for 
everything  now.  He  considered  the  use  of 
observation  and  experiment  to  be  of  great 
practical  value,  and  in  his  county  (Lancashire) 
the  farmers  were  in  the  habit  of  making  various 


experiments,  the  results  being  communicated  to 
each  other. 

Mr.  H.  Trethewy  agreed  with  Mr.  Trask 
that  the  practice  of  chalking  land  was  by  no 
means  abandoned,  and  he  was  convinced  that 
nothing  was  more  conducive  to  good  farming, 
even  in  those  cases  where  the  chalk  forms  the 
subsoil,  and  lies  near  to  the  surface.  He  doubted 
if  .Mr.  S.mvthies'  remarks  respecting  the  arable 
land  being  near  to  the  building  could  be  generally 
carried  out,  because  on  most  large  farms  there 
was  a  variety  of  soils,  on  some  of  which  you 
could  not  depend  for  a  root  crop.  As  regards  the 
skeleton  maps  of  farms,  showing  the  situation  of 
drains,  upon  which  some  stress  had  been  laid, 
he  thought  that  there  were  few  land-agents 
that  would  allow  drains  to  be  laid  without  a  plan 
showing  where  they  were,  and  the  sharp  ones 
took  care  that  the  outfalls  were  well  seen  to. 

After  a  few  remarks  from  Mr.  Cheffins,  the 
Chairman  for  the  year,  and  a  short  reply  in 
conclusion  from  the  Rev.  G.  Davies,  votes  of 
thanks  were  passed  to  these  two  gentlemen,  and 
the  meeting  adjourned. 

Mr.  D.4VIES'  paper  will  be  found  on  another 
page. 

■  At  Mark  Lane  on  Monday  there  was  a  small 

supply  of  English  Wheat,  the  condition  thereof  being 
generally  wretched.  The  few  dry  samples  sold 
readily  at  the  exlremest  prices  of  the  previous 
Monday,  but  the  remainder  was  unsaleable.  Wednes- 
day's trade  was  quiet,  and  the  supply  of  English 
Wheat  limited,  though  improved  in  condition,  and  no 

concessions  were  made  on  Monday's  rates. There 

was  a  large  supply  of  beasts  at  the  Metropolitan 
Cattle  Market  on  Monday,  but,  as  the  demand  was 
reduced,  prices  were  lower  for  all  kinds  ;  however, 
they  were  nearly  all  disposed  of.  Choice  descriptions 
of  sheep  experienced  little  alteration  in  price  ;  the 
general  trade  was  not  brisk.  Trade  in  beasts  was  dull 
at  Thursday's  market,  and  some  remained  unsold. 
The  prices  for  sheep  were,  on  the  average,  lower,  and 
very   little    business   was    done.       Calves    are    much 

cheaper. The  weather   still  continues  to  influence 

the  Seed  Market,  though  the  'general  tone  is  firm. 
With  the  advent  of  better  weather  a  brisk  demand  is 
anticipated. 

Among  the  notices  given  by  Members  of  the 

House  of  Commons  on  Tuesday  last  were  those 
of  Mr.  William  Fowler  to  submit  a  resolution 
condemning  the  law  of  entail,  on  the  ground  that 
it  tended  to  prevent  the  employment  of  capital 
in  agriculture,  and  in  the  cuftivation  of  real 
estate  ;  of  Sir  H.  Selwin-Ibuetson,  to  introduce  a 
Bill  to  provide  for  the  better  carrying  out  of  the  laws 
relating  to  public  health  in  rural  <listricts,  also  to 
bring  in  a  Bill  to  amend  the  laws  relating  to  game  ;  of 
Mr.  Smyth,  to  move  for  a  return  of  absentee  Irish 
landlords,  stating  the  number  of  acres  possessed  by 
each,  and  their  estimated  value  ;  of  Mr.  P.  A.  Tay- 
lor, to  bring  in  a  Bill  to  abolish  the  Game  Laws  ; 
and  of  Mr.  Wren  Hoskyns,  to  call  attention  on 
March  6  to  the  present  state  of  the  Ordnance  Survey, 
especially  as  regards  England. 

At  the  monthly  meeting  of  the  Council  of  the 

Royal  Agricultural  Benevolent  Institution, 
on  Tuesday,  Feb.  6 — present,  the  Marquis  of  HuNTLY 
(in  the  chair),  Mr.  Cantrell,  Mr.  Baldwin,  Mr. 
Battcock,  Mr.  Shaw,  Mr.  Brown,  Mr.  Garrett, 
Mr.  Collins,  and  Mr.  Naish — it  was  unanimously 
agreed  that  at  the  forthcoming  election  33  names  be 
added  to  the  present  list  of  pensioners,  viz.,  8  male, 
15  female,  and  10  married  candidates  ;  thus  raising  the 
total  number  of  pensioners  to  nearly  300. 

At  a  meeting  of  the   Central  and   Asso- 

cuted  Chambers  of  Agriculture,  held  at  the 
Salisbury  Hotel,  Fleet  Street,  on  Tuesday  and  Wed- 
nesday last  (Mr.  E.  Heneage  in  the  chair)  the  fol- 
lowing business  was  transacted  : — On  the  motion  of 
Sir  Michael  E.  Hicks  Beach,  M.P.,  seconded  by 
Mr.  Arthur  Stariin,  the  Council  approved  and 
adopted  the  report  of  the  local  taxation  committee,  and 
urged  all  the  Chambers  of  Agriculture  to  support  the 
policy  and  course  of  action  indicated  in  that  report. — • 
On  the  motion  of  Mr.  H.  George  Andrews, 
seconded  by  Mr,  C.  M.  Caldecott,  it  was 
resolved  : — 

"  That  in  the  opinion  of  this  Council,  many  charges 
now  paid  from  funds  raised  under  the  poor-rate  assess- 
ment ought  to  be  transferred  to  funds  raised  by  Imperial 
taxation,  but  tli.at  such  transfer  will  not  justify  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  exemption  from  the  poor-rate  assessment 
of  income  arising  from  personal  property." 

— On  the  motion  of  Sir  George  S.  Jenkinson, 
M.  P.,  seconded  by  Mr.  C.  Bramlev,  it  was 
resolved  : — 

"  I.  That  this  Council,  having  heard  the  reply  of  Mr. 
Glaostone  to  the  second  application  made  to  him  to 
receive  a  deputation  from  the  Chambers  of  Agriculture 
on  the  subject  of  the  Contagious  Disea^^es  (Animals)  Act, 
regrets  that  the  Prime  Minister  still  declines  to  receive 
such  deputation,  as  the  subject  is  of  vital  importance  to 
the  agricultural  interests.     2.  That  as  the  recent  Orders 


February  lo,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Aj^ricultural    Gazette. 


189 


of  the  Privy  Council  do  not  meet  the  requirements  of  the 
case,  this  Council  adheres  to  the  resolutions  passed  at  its 
meeting  in  November,  to  the  effect  that  the  failure  of  the 
Contagious  Diseases  (Animals)  Act  has  demonstrated  the 
necessity  tor  compulsory  slaughter  or  sufficient  quarantine 
of  all  imported  foreign  animals,  and  that  the  Govern- 
ment should  make  their  present  inspection  of  all  cattle 
and  sheep  previous  to  embarcation  in  Ireland,  and  of  all 
vessels  engaged  in  conveying  animals  between  Ireland 
and  Great  Britam,  as  complete  and  effectual  as  possible." 

— On  the  motion  of  Mr.  H.  Neild,  seconded  by  Mr. 
F.  Arkell,  it  was  resolved  that,  in  the  opinion  of 
this  Council,  the  agricultural  interest  is  entitled  to 
relief  in  the  matter  of  the  malt  tax,  either  by  repeal  or 
by  commutation,  as  may  appear  most  advisable  to  the 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer.  On  the  motion  of 
Mr.  T.  WiLLsoN,  seconded  by  Mr.  G.  Cooper,  it 
was  resolved  that  this  resolution  be  forwarded  to  the 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  and  that  Colonel 
Barttelot  be  requested  by  this  Council  to  bring  the 
subject  of  the  malt  tax  before  the  House  of  Commons 
at  an  early  day.  The  subjects  for  consideration  at  the 
Council  meeting  on  March  5  are  :  i.  Sanitary  Legisla- 
tion ;  and  2,  Turnpikes  and  Highways ;  and  at  a 
future  meeting  will  be  discussed  the  proposed  appro- 
priation of  educational  endowments. 

We  have  received  a  letter  from  Mr.  William 

Hope,  V.  C,  commenting  at  some  length  on  that  of 
Mr.  H.  J.  Morgan  in  p.  153.  Referring  to  that  gentle- 
man's assertion  that  his  History  of  the  Metropolis 
Sewage  Company  was  incomplete,  he  says  : — '*It  is 
true  that  my  history  of  the  company  was  incomplete, 
but  you,  sir,  know  that  when  I  wrote  it,  it  was  com- 
plete enough.  The  missing  portion  was  excised  by 
your  legal  adviser,  from  doubts  as  to  whether  there  was 
a  sufficient  'justification'  for  publishing  it.'' — It  is  not 
necessary,  we  think,  to  give  the  farther  criticism 
now  sent  us  of  this  company  ;  but  Mr,  Hope  adds,  in 
reference  to  Mr,  Morijan's  attack  upon  him,  "  the 
secretary  who  writes  so  confidently  about  my  Romford 
farm  has  never  seen  it  ;  and  of  my  scheme,  adopted  by 
the  Corporation  of  Birmingham,  he  knows  practically 
nothing." 


disinfection  of  the  landing-place  before  the  second 
cargo  passed  over  it.  The  second  cargo  of  animals,  itwas 
said,  after  being  detained  12  hours  on  the  same  boards 
over  which  the  first  had  passed  were  allowed  to  leave 
the  wharf  to  go  in  any  direction  ;  whereas  the  second 
cargo  was  not  detained  on  the  same  boards  at  all,  but 
in  another  part  of  the  wharf,  separated  from  the  first 
cargo  by  a  street,  in  addition  to  intervening  walls  and 
fences  ;  and  instead  of  12  hours,  they  were  detained  for 
at  least  4S,  and  only  then  allowed  to  leave  because 
there  was  no  reasonable  pretext  for  their  further 
detention.  Mr.  Waller,  in  a  letter  to  the  Mark 
Ltijw  Express,  says  that  if  he  had  known  all  the  facts 
whicli  we  published,  his  opinion  would  not  have  been 
affected  thereby,  and  the  editor  of  the  Chamber  of 
AgrkitUitre  yournal  considers  that  Mr.  Waller 
would  have  attributed  very  little  importance  to  the  dis- 
infection as  a  security  against  the  subtile  virus  of  foot- 
and-mouth  disease.  Possibly  he  would  not  ;  but  far 
higher  authorities  attach  great  importance  to  the  appli- 
cation of  disinfectants  as  a  means  of  destroying  the 
activity  of  subtile  virus.  This,  however,  is  outside  our 
province  ;  we  merely  contended  that  Mr.  Waller's 
account  of  the  landing  and  subseciuent  treatment  of 
animals  at  Brown's  Wharf  has  calculated  to  convey  a 
totally  wrong  impression,  atid  we  proved  our  position 
by  a  reference  lo  facts  which  no  amount  of  special 
pleading  can  alter. 


A    Dorsetshire    farmer    writes    thus    to    Mr. 


Mechi  : 

"  Many  farmers  in  this  county  are  meeting  with  very 
heavy  losses  just  now  from  their  ewes  slipping  lamb, 
caused  1  have  no  doubt  from  overfeeding  them  with  roots. 
The  root  crop  is  so  heavy  that  most  farmers  are  quite  at  a 
loss  how  to  get  the  ground  cleared  of  them,  and  I  notice 
ihey  are  giving  the  sheep  far  more  than  they  can  eat.  A 
farmer  near  here  has  already  had  over  300  of  his  ewes  slip 
lamb,  and  lost  upwards  of  40  ewes  out  of  a  flock  of  900." 

Mr.  Mechi  remarks  on  the  above  : — 

"  How  can  any  other  result  be  looked  for  when  we 
compel  our  ewes  to  drink  9  pints  of  water  with  every  pint 
of  dry  food.  If  they  were  on  Nature's  food,  grass,  they 
would  only  get  3  pints  of  water  with  i  pint  or  pound  of  dry 
food,  and  that  is  quite  as  much  as  they  ought  to  have. 
Succulent  Turnips  contain  90  per  cent,  of  water." 

At  a  banquet  lately  given  to  the  Marquis  of 

Hertford  by  his  Warwickshire  tenantry,  at  Alcester, 
upon  his  coming  to  reside  on  his  estates  at  Ragley,  his 
lordship  intimated  that  he  had  decided  to  offer  to  his 
tenantry  a  Form  of  Agreement  which  would  leave 
them  free  from  all  restrictions  as  to  Cropping,  would 
enable  them  to  dispose  of  their  produce  in  the  way  that 
would  pay  them  best,  and  would  secure  to  them  a  return 
for  any  outlay  upon  their  farms  of  which  they  might  not 
have  had  time  to  reap  the  benefits.  In  short,  he  pro- 
posed to  grant  them  an  equivalent  to  the  custom  which 
had  worked  so  well  In  Lincolnshire,  without  its  restric- 
tions as  to  cropping  and  consumption  of  the  produce 
upon  the  farms.  His  lordship  spoke  in  favour  of  im- 
proving the  dwellings  of  the  labouring  classes,  on 
reducing  the  number  of  beer-houses,  and  on  the  import- 
ance of  enforcing  the  attendance  at  school  of  the  chil- 
dren of  the  labourer. 

Our  excellent  contemporary,  the  Journal  of  the 

Chamber  of  Agriculture^  defends  Mr.  John  Waller, 
the  Secretary  of  the  Home  Cattle  Defence 
Association,  from  an  adverse  criticism  in  our  pages 
of  January  20.  We  would  gladly,  had  it  been  pos- 
sible, have  transferred  this  defence  to  our  columns  now, 
for  we  had  no  personal  object  whatever  to  serve  by  the 
remarks  we  made  three  weeks  ago.  Mr.  Waller  is, 
we  cordially  admit,  the  efficient  officer  of  a  most  useful 
society.  It  is  quite  right  that  all  the  risks  we  incur 
should  be  constantly  exposed  to  view ;  and  those  arising 
outof  the  movement  of  live  stock  from  marketto  market, 
whether  seas  intervene  or  not,  are  considerable  enough 
to  deserve  a  special  organisation  to  expose  them.  There 
is,  however,  no  good  done  either  by  exaggeration  or 
misrepresentation,  but  the  contrary ;  and  we  there- 
fore thought  it  light  to  reprint  Mr.  Waller's  letter 
on  a  recent  importation  of  foreign  cattle  at  Brown's 
Wharf  as  an  example  of  both,  and  our  own  account 
of  what  took  place  was  printed  alongside  of  it.  As 
we  are  now  asked  for  a  detailed  justification  of 
our  charge,  we  may  point  out  that  Mr. 
Waller's  letter  conveyed  the  impression  of 
great  carelessness  on  the  part  of  the  ofiicials  who 
were  charged  with  the  landing  and  inspection  of  the 
animals.  Two  cargoes,  it  was  said,  were  landed,  one 
directly  after  the  other,  no  mention  being  made  of  the 


OUR  LIVE  STOCK. 

CATTLE. 

The    following    animals    were    consigned   to    Mr, 

Augustus   Whitman,  of  Fitchburg,  Massachusetts,  and 

sailed  from  Liverpool  on  the  l6th  ult.,  on  board  the 

Nyanza : — 

Scrap/lie,  a  roan  cow,  and  a  good  breeder  and  milker, 
calved  June  25,  1866  ;  bred  by  Mr.  W.  Woodward, 
Northway  House,  Tewkesbury;  by  Makmauukk  2D 
(22,287),  clam  Scraphiiia  wth  by  May  Duke  (13,320), 
g.-d.  ScraphhHi  jfh  by  Duke  of  Sussex. 

Lady  Scraphiu.a  ^(h,  a  sweet  roan  heifer,  with  fine  liead 
and  character,  calved  April  28,  1868 ;  bred  by  Lord 
Southampton,  Whittlebury  Lodge,  Towcester ;  by  Duke 
OF  Barkington  (21,565),  dam  Seraphina  i7//e  by  John 
o'Groat  (18,115),  S--d.  Seraphina  2d  by  Sweet  Wil- 
liam (7571). 

Ncmmie.  a  red  and  white,  promising,  heifer,  calved 
May  5.  1S68.  bred  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Goode,  Pewsey ;  by 
Florist  (23,962),  dam  Young  Empress  ^tIi\iy'X\i^¥..\\\\. 
(23,034),  g.-d.  Empress  by  Alfred  (6732). 

A'ati/ika,  a  rather  small,  very  even,  sweet-headed,  and 
symmetrical  roan  heifer,  calved  February  15,  1869  ;  bred 
by  Mr.  H.J.  Sheldon,  Brailes  House,  Shipston-on-Stour  ; 
by  Duke  of  Brailes  (23,734),  da.m  Miss  /Cnig/it/evhy 
Bull's  Run  (19,368),  g.-d.  Gumdta  by  Sarawak 
(15,238),  g.-g.-d.  Smock  Frock  by  Earl  of  Dublin 
(10,178).     This  heifer  is  in  calf  to  Duke  of  Kingscote. 

Honey  zs^k,  a  fine-sized,  roan  heifer,  with  plenty  of 
hair  and  coat,  calved  May  16,  1869  ;  bred  by  Colonel 
Kingscote,  Kingscote,  Wootton-under-Edge  ;  by  3D 
Duke  of  Clarence  (23,727),  dam  Honevless  by  Caleb 
(15.718),  g.-d.  Heienhy  Oregon  (8371).'  She  is  in  calf 
to  Duke  of  Hillhur.st. 

We  have  received  a  catalogue  of  an  exceedingly 

good  lot  of  cattle  of  very  uniform  character,  full  of 
quality  and  flesh,  with  plenty  of  hair,  and  of  good 
Shorthorn  colours.  These  animals  were  shipped  on 
board  the  Northumberland  from  Grays  on  December 
29,  and  were  consigned  to  Mr.  Wm.  McCulIoch  af 
Melbourne,  Australia.  The  catalogue  contains  abun- 
dant information  both  as  to  the  breeding  and  achieve- 
ments of  these  animals.     The  first  on  the  list  is — 

Zero  (30,347)  calved  in  June,  1870  ;  bred  by  Mr.  H.  D. 
Bartlay,  of  Easturck  Park,  Leatherhead  ;  by  Zealot 
(25,480),  and  descended  both  on  his  sire  and  dam's  side 
from  the  stock  of  the  Rev.  T.  Harrison,  of  Firby,  York- 
shire. This  is  A  very  excellent  roan  bull,  and  a  prize 
winner. 

Royal  GeoSoe  is  a  very  grand  bull,  finely  made, 
smart,  and  good-looking.  He  was  bred  by  Mr.  Hugh 
Aylmer,  ot  West  Dereham  Abbey,  Norfolk,  and  was  got 
by  Royal  Broughton  (27,352),  from  Industryhy  Prince 
Leopold  (20,557).  This  is  a  well-bred  Booth  animal,  his 
sire  being  by  Commander-in-Cuirf,  and  his  dam  being 
a  scion  of  the  well  known  "  Isabella  "  tribe. 

Thorndale  Duke  (30,159)13  a  fine  headed  bull,  of 
good  character  ;  bred  by  Mr.  C.  Barnard,  of  Hariowbury, 
by  Thorndale  Thorndale,  and  from  Echo  by  Archi- 
tect (19,240).  The  sire  combines  Bates  and  Butterfly 
hlood,  out  of  Miss  Thorndale  by  Young  Oxford 
(22,477),  g.-d.  Lady  Thorndale  by  3D  DuKc  of  Thorn- 
dale (17,749),  &c.,  and  descended  from  Lord  Spencer's 
"No.  54  "  family,  from  which  tribe  the  celebrated Osberton 
prize  animals  were  bred.  Echo  comes  of  a  tribe  still 
represented  in  Her  Majesty's  herd  at  Windsor, 


Launcelot,  a  very  even,  fine  coloured  bull,  possessed 
of  excellent  quaUty,  was  bred  by  Mr.  W.  Woodward,  of 
Hardwick  Bank,  Tewkesbury.  He  is  by  Mr.  Wood- 
ward s  Drummer  (25,919),  a  well-bred  bull  by  the  Duke 
of  Devonshire's  Chicago,  dam  Delilah  by  Clarence 
Royal  (17,571),  g.-d.  Drmilh  bv  Royal  Harbinger 
(18.770).  Launcelots  dam  is  /-.i-^cz/flVr  bv  Leandrr 
(22,085),  a  cow  bred  by  the  Hon.  H.  Noel  Hill,  of 
Berrington,  Salop,  and  her  sire  (Lkander)  wi^s  a  son  of 
Mr.  Booth's  Lord  of  the  Hills,  and  m  direct  descent 
from  Sir  Charles  Tempest's  cow  Lavender  by  the  prize 
bull  Dan  O'Connell,  which  realised  the  highest  price 
at  the  Broughton  sale,  1849. 

Besides  these  bulls  there  are  also  a  Ketura  and  a 
Red  Duchess  heifer.  The  first,  Ketu>a  ^(h  by  2D 
Duke  of  Wetherbv,  is  a  fine  stylish  4-year-old, 
bred  at  Winterfold,  and  in  calf  to  President  (27,088), 
bred  by  Mr.  Adkins,  of  Milcote.  The  second.  Duchess 
4//;,  is  a  very  even,  broad-horned,  well  backed  heifer, 
with  a  truly  femininehead,  and  good  milking  proclivities. 
She  was  bred  by  Mr.  H.  Aylmer,  of  West  Dereham  ; 
is  by  General  Hofewell  2n  (2402),  and  from 
Duchess  zd  by  Norfolk  Thorndale  Duke  (24,656). 
She  is  in  calf  since  July  to  Mr.  T.  C.  Booth's  Roval 
Broughton  (27,352),  by  CoMMANOER-iN-CiirEi-- 
(21,451). 

We  have  received  a  favourable  report  of  the 

Carperby  herd  (Bedaie),  so  long  and  successfully  bred 
by  Mr.  T.  Willis.  Three  births  have  occurred  since 
the  publication  of  the  catalogue  we  noticed  last  week  ; 
viz.,  a  roan  b.c.  from  Windsor's  Gem,  by  Windsor 
Fitz- Windsor;  a  red  b.c.  from  Charlotte  Bronte  by 
ditto,  and  a  red  and  white  c.c.  from  Jl'iudsor's  Bride, 
by  Windsor  Prince.  Several  more  calves  are 
expected  during  the  next  two  months  to  Windsor 
Prince.  Windsor  Fitz-Windsor  is  working  well ; 
he  and  Booth's  Royal  Seal,  a  young  bull  of  Mr. 
Bruere's  "Vesper"  tribe,  are  at  present  in  i;se  in  the 
herd.  Mr.  Willis  has  had  several  applications  to 
hire  Windsor  Fitz- Windsor,  but  he  does  not 
intend  to  part  with  him,  as  he  is  so  much  pleased 
with  his  stock  that  he  intends  using  him  to  everything 
he  can.  The  herd  consists  of  five  families  or  tribes, 
four  of  which  have  been  bred  at  Carperby  for  from  20 
to  30  years.  The  "  Confidence  "  of  Wilsons  "Cer- 
tainty "  tribe  was  purchased  from  the  Hon.  H.  Noel 
Hill.  For  many  years  past  they  have  been  crossed  by 
the  best  Booth  bulls,  so  that  the  herd  has  now  assumed 
very  much  of  the  Warlaby  type  and  character.  The 
Manor  House  Farm  is  situated  at  a  high  altitude  -700 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  is  consequently 
liable  to  severe  weather,  with  rapid  changes  of  tempera- 
ture. An  endeavour  has  been  made  to  preserve  great 
substance,  with  plenty  of  hair  and  hardiness  of  constitu- 
tion, as  delicate  light-fleshed  animals  would  never  bear 
the  exposure  of  the  cold  northern  clime  of  the  locality. 
The  young  bulls  now  on  sale  are  very  promising. 


The  following  letter  on  in-and-breeding  in  fowls, 
from  J.  S.  Ives,  of  Essex  County,  Mass.,  appeared  in 
the  last  number  of  the  American  Cultivator : — 

"To  answer  to  an  inquiry  as  to  close  breeding  in  fowls, 
one  should  know  the  point  aimed  at  by  the  breeder.  If  a 
particular  colour  or  form  is  required,  it  can  be  attained 
much  sooner  and  better  by  selecting  nearer  and  nearer  to 
the  style  required  from  the  same  family,  but  to  follow  this 
rule  for  more  than  three  or  four  times  will  degenerate  the 
stock  in  size  and  strength.  In  commencing  with  the  light 
Brahmas,  some  20  years  since,  I  considered  myself  fortu- 
nate if  one-half  my  flock  was  free  from  buff  feathers,  single 
combs,  or  vulture  hocks.  These  points  I  determined  to 
eradicate,  and  by  in-and-in  breeding  for  10  years,  care- 
fully selecting  each  season  fowls  entirely  free  from  the 
above  objections,  I  attained  the  desired  object,  but  not 
without  reducing  the  size  of  my  fowls.  1  then  crossed  a 
coarse  ungainly  cock  (not  akin  to  my  stock)  with  my  com- 
pact pullets,  and,  by  each  season  breeding  my  stock  pullets 
from  one  flock  and  the  cocks  trom  another,  ha\e  now 
produced  as  near  perfection  as  I  expect  to  get.  My 
yearling  hens  now  weigh  from  9  lb.  to  12  lb. — short 
legged,  with  perfect  colours.  In  raising  300  the  past 
season,  I  have  not  seen  a  single  comb,  buff  feather,  or  a 
hocked  bird." 


WOOD'S  MOWER  AND  REAPERS 
FOR   1S73. 

The  annexed  three  illustrations  represent  the  new 
mower,  combined  mower  and  reaper,  and  Champion 
Self-Delivery  Reaper,  of  Walter  A.  Wood,  Loudon, 
and  Hoosick  Falls,  New  York,  U.S.A.,  for  the  current 
season  (1872). 

Woods  Moivcr  (fig.  Si)  has  recently  been  greatly  in 


ACHMET.  bought  from  Mr.  T.  Rose,  of  Melton  Magna,    proved.      Iron   framing  has  been  substituted  for  the 

-    "    "  "      ■      ■   --  *  wooden  framing  of  the  old  machines.      Bolts  and  nuts, 

which  are  always  getting  loose,  thereby  throwing  the 
working  parts  out  of  sheir  proper  position  and  working, 
are  dispensed  with — the  bearings,  which  are  of  the  best 
composition  brass,  and  closely  fitting,  needing  nothing 
to  hold  them.  All  the  principal  journals  are  "emery 
ground,"  and  perfect,  and  continuously  lubricated  with 
oil  from  patent  oil  feeders.  The  framing,  as  will  be 
seen  from  the  diagram,  is  of  the  simplest  kind  possible, 
the  parts  being  fewer  than  in  any  other  machine,  and 
they  are  subject  to  little  tear  and  wear,  and  easily 
replaced  when  woiti  out  or  broken  by  accident.  The 
knife  is  driven  from  one  or  both  main  wheels,  so  as  to 


was  bred  by  Mr.  G.  K.  Cowper,  Bowbeck  House,  Suffolk, 
He  is  of  rich  colour,  good  quality,  and  well  covered  with 
hair.  He  is  by  Hogarth  2D  (24,148),  from  Amanda 
by  AsriiROlD  (21,193),  and  is  a  grandson  of  Ada  by 
Highthorn  (13,028).  Hogarth  2D  was  by  Colonel 
Towneley's  Royal  Butterflv  17TH  (22,774),  a  well- 
known  prizetaker  ;  and  Asteroid,  the  sire  of  Amanda, 
was  a  son  of  Mr.  Booth's  R.wenspur  and  Belle  Etoile,  a 
cow  descended  from  the  Warlaby  "  Bliss  "  tribe. 

My  Lord,  a  short-legged,  good  x-earUng  bull,  was 
bred  by  Mr.  T.  G.  Curtler,  Bevere  House,  Worcester,  by 
CoNQiJEROK  (25.823),  dam  Lady^y  Sir  James  (16,980), 
and  therefore  combines  some  of  the  best  Knightley  and 
Booth  blood.  I 


190 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


[Februaiy  lo,   1872. 


cut   when   turning  either   to   the   right  or   left.     The 
crank  is  low,  nearly  on  a  level  with  the  knife,  so  as  to 
elTect  a  "  direct  thrust,"  and  shielded  to  protect  it  from 
grass,  dust,  6cc.     The  bearings  of  the  crank-shaft  are  so 
placed  as  to  reduce  vibration  to  a  minimum,  and  from 
the  length  of  the  connecting  rod  or  pitman  it  works  at 
a  less  angle  than  those  machines  which  work  with  a 
short  connecting  rod.     And  the  mode  of  regulating  tlic 
height  of  the  cut  and 
of  raisino;  the  knife  at 
the  land  s-end,  and  to 
clear  obstructions,  are 
so   plainly   shown    in 
the   illustration  as  to 
render  description  su- 
perfluous. 

VVootfs  Combined 
Jilozvc}-  and  Reaper^ 
when  used  as  a  mower, 
bears  a  close  resem- 
blance to  hg.  Si. 
The  illustration  of 
this  machine,  fig.  82, 
shows  it  fitted  up  with 
tipping  platform, 

land-wheel,     divider, 
and      hand-rake     for 
reaping.  The  dividing 
shoe,  with  wheel  and 
track-clearer    of    the 
mower,  are  removed, 
and  the  land  or  grain 
wheel      and      reaper 
divider    put    on,     as 
shown  in  fig.  82.    The 
small    land-wheel,    it 
will  be  seen,  is  nearly 
in    a    line,    or    right 
opposite  the  two  main 
carriage     wheels,     so 
that   it   works    freely 
without  ploughing  in 
soft    land     or    extra 
friction  on  hard  sur- 
faces in  turning  right 
or  left  ;  consequently 
the   machine   can   be 
easily  backed  or  other- 
wise   turned   with   the    same   facility   as    a    common 
cart.     This  is  a  great  advantage  over  those  machines  ; 
in  which  the  land-wheel  is  a  long  way  in  the  rear  of  the 
main  carriage  wheels,  and  where  complicated  castor 
wheels  are  being  used  to  obviate,  as  far  as  possible, 
ploughing  and  other  objections  alluded  to.     At  Man- 
chester, 1869,  and  all  the  more  recent  trials,  Wood's 
machines,  from  the  position  of  the  land-wheel,  simple 
and  even  incredible  as 
this    may    appear    to 
some,  have  enjoyed  a 
very  great  advantage 

over   those    machines  '\._z  -_- 

in  which  the  land- 
wheel  is  a  long  way 
behind  the  main 
wheels  ;  and  to  those 
acquainted  with  ap- 
plied mechanics  the 
ratioyiale  of  this  will 
be  understood,  for  in 
turning  to  the  right 
hand  it  will  plough 
one  way,  and  in  turn- 
ing to  the  left  another. 
And  as  to  the  work- 
ing of  complicated 
castors,  the  less  said 
about  it  the  better, 
for,  practically  speak- 
ing. Wood's  machine 
requires  no  such  com- 
plicated mechanism. 
The  two  seats  will 
readily  be  understood 
as  being,  the  one  for 
the  driver  and  the 
other  for  the  raker  ; 
their  position  being 
such  as  to  give  both 
workmen  entire  con- 
trol over  their  respec- 
tive tasks,  by  means 
of  foot  levers,  &c.,  as 
shown  in  the  illustra- 
tion (fig.  82),  and  to 
relieve  the  horses  of 
pole-weight,  &c.  The 

small  wheel  in  front  guides  the  knife  over  ridge-and- 
furrow  land  successfully.     To  farmers  of  limited  capital 
this  is  a  promising  machine,    having  now   been  per-  ' 
fected  in  its  working  details. 

Wood^s  C/iam/>ion  Self-dcUvery  Reaper  (fig.  83)  is  one  1 
of  the  peculiar  novelties  of  the  season,  being  different 
in  many  respects  from  all  other  self-delivery  reapers 
now  in  the  harvest  field.  It  was  out  in  sufficient  time 
last  year  to  have  above  30  machines  thoroughly  tested 
on   the   different   kinds  of  crops,   as  Wheat,  Barley, 


Oats,  and  Beans,  considerably  diversified  by  the  effects 
of  the  weather,  soils,  &c.,  and  also  over  ridge-and- 
furrow  land,  and  the  reports,  public  and  private,  are  I 
in  each  case  favourable.  One  thing  may  require  to  be 
confirmed,  v\i.  "draught,"  which  is  reported  to  be 
'*  the  lightest;"  but  although  there  is  a  mechanical 
sacrifice  in  one  point,  vi^.,  "the  endless  leverage  of  the  \ 
wheel,"  there  is  a  gain  in  another,   /.  ^.,  the  weight  of 


Fk;.  Si.— wood's  mower. 


the  machine  acts  in  conjunction  with  the  motive-power, 
so  that  the  balance  may  be  in  favour  of  the  team.  To 
both  sides  of  this  question  we  shall  allude  in  our 
description. 

There  are  three  peculiar  novelties  in  the  construc- 
tion, each  of  which  involves  a  principle.  1st.  The 
main  carriage-wheel  rotates  on  three  friction  rollers, 
and  is  without  spokes,  hub,  and  axle,   as  will  be  seen 


Fig.  82. — wood's  combined  mower  and  reaper.. 


from  the  engraving  ;  consequently  the  weight  of  the 
machine,  including  the  weight  of  the  driver  and  crop 
on  the  platform,  presses  or  rests  on  the  two  lower 
friction  rollers,  a  small  portion  of  this  weight  resting  on 
the  land-wheel.  2d.  The  absence  of  spokes  permits 
the  framing  and  working  parts  that  actuate  and  control 
the  knife  and  rakes  to  pass  through  the  wheel,  and  to 
be  reduced  in  number  ;  and  3d,  the  rake-standard  has 
a  friction  roller-wheel  below,  driven  by  a  worm  or 
screw,  whilst  the  arms  balance  in  a  peculiar  crown  or 
saddle-wheel   above,    the   standard  being  of  medium 


length.  These  three  novelties  may  therefore  be  more 
conveniently  described  separately,  under  the  wheel, 
knife,  and  rakes,  with  their  respective  mechanisms  and 
movements. 

A  wheel  rotating  on  friction  rollers  is  a  common 
mechanism,  but  applied,  as  it  now  is,  to  the  reaping- 
machine,  the  case  is  otherwise.  Had  the  rollers  been 
equidistant,  the  triangle  would  have  been  equilateral, 
and  hence  the  side  be- 
tween the  two  points 
ofcontactof  the  lower 
rollers  would  have 
been  equal  to  the 
chord  of  120°.  The 
sacrifice  of  the  spoke* 
leverage  of  the  wheel 
would  in  this  case 
have  been  equal  to  the 
cosine  of  60",  the 
actual  leverage  being 
reduced  to  the  versed 
sine,  liut  the  friction 
rollers  do  not  form 
an  equilateral  triangle, 
whilst  the  fulcrum  is 
not  a  point  of  the 
ground  immediatel  y 
below  the  centre  of 
the  wheel,  as  is  too 
frequently  assumed  ; 
but  that  portion  of 
the  ground  on  which 
the  wheel  acts  in  ad- 
vance of  this  point,  as 
will  be  more  fully 
shown  underthe knife, 
so  that  the  above  rea- 
soning does  not  ex- 
actly apply.  There 
is,  however,  a  sacri- 
fice, which  must  ap- 
proximate to  it.  On 
the  other  hand,  as  the 
power  is  applied  to 
the  leading  friction 
roller,  this  will  to 
some  extent  remove 
pressure  from  the 
other.  The  pressure 
on  the  foremost  one  will  thus  be  increased,  which 
increase  will  act  in  conjunction  with  the  motive-power 
j  in  turning  the  wheel,  on  the  principle  of  a  tread- 
mill. In  drawing  a  practical  balance  between  the  two, 
a  great  deal  might  be  said  in  favour  of  either,  but  it 
■  would  require  sectional  drawings  to  render  such  details 
'  intelligible  to  the  reader,  even  from  a  statical  point  of 
view,  whilst  the  dynamical  question,  the  real  one  at 
issue,  is  influenced  by 
every  inequality  of  the 
ground — the  depth  to 
which  the  wheel  sinks 
in  it,  and  so  on.  And 
this  is  not  all  that  has 
to  be  said  touch- 
ing the  question  of 
draught,  for,  as  will 
be  shown  under  the 
next  two  heads,  the 
saving  of  power  in 
actuating  the  knife 
and  rakes  has  to 
be  deducted  from 
draught,  consequently 
the  true  balance  is  a 
complicated  one,  the 
solution  of  which  must 
be  left  to  the  harvest- 
field. 

The  central  position 
of  the   knife   is   uni- 
versally  admitted    to 
be  favourable,  and  as 
this    is  effecied  with- 
out   shortening     the 
connecting  rod  or  pit- 
man, so  as  to  increase 
the    angle   of  thrust, 
this  machine   has  an 
advantage     over     its 
rivals.      The    expres- 
sion "direct  thrust,'' 
which  has  crept  into 
practice,        although 
convenient,    is   a  fal- 
lacy,   for  in   crossing 
centres    there    is    no 
direct  thrust  or  pull. 
The  thrust  and  pull  arc  on  cither  side  this  line,  and 
as   the   crank  is  the  sine  of  the  angle,  so  to  speak, 
and   the   connecting   rod  the    radius,    it   follows   that 
the  shorter  the  connecting  rod  is,  the  greater  the  angle 
at  which  it  works.     No  doubt  a  long  connecting  rod 
has  greater  weight  than  a  shorter  one,  and  hence  more 
tear  and  wear  on  the  journals,  caused  by  weight.     But 
this  is    rather  a  fireside  set-off  than  weight  of  argu- 
ment in  field  practice,  for  when  journals  wear  new  ones 
can   be  supplied    at   a   trifling   expense  ;   and  besides 
working  at  a  greater  angle,  increases  the  tear  and  Wear 


Feliruary  lo,    1S72.I 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


191 


of  the  journal  in  a  greater  degree  than  the  difterence  in 
the  weight  of  the  connecting  rod.  Add  to  this  the 
increased  tear  and  wear  of  the  "slide"  when  worked 
to  and  fro  at  a  greoter  angle,  and  the  difiercuce  will  be 
found  decidedly  in  favour  of  Wood's  machine.  One 
question  more  requires  notice,  viz.,  if  the  wheel  bites 
from  4  to  10  inches  before  it  gains  a  fulcrum  resistance 
sufhcient  to  drive  the  knife  and  rake,  and  if  this 
fulcrage  is  in  advance  of  the  central  line,  as  doubtless 
it  is,  what  is  the  best  position  of  the  knife?  If  the  line 
of  centres  and  the  line  of  fulcrage  are  two  different 
lines— say,  for  the  sake  of  practical  argument,  6  inches 
apart—which  of  tlie  two  lines  is  the  best  for 
the  knife?  If  the  knife  in  this  new  open  wheel  is 
placed  in  the  centre  (and  the  curvature  of  the  wheel 
almost  enforces  this,  to  get  the  connecting  rod  suf- 
ficiently low  to  work  on  either  side  the  line  of  centres 
with  an  equal  angle,  or  rather  equi-angular  force,  velo- 
city, and  cutting  power)  then  it  may  be  as  far  behind 
the  line  of  fulcrage  as  the  knife  of  those  common  ma- 
chines is  in  advance  of  this  line — machines  whose 
connecting  rods  work  in  front  of  the  driving  wheel,  as 
in  Wood's  own  mower  and  combined  reaper.  True, 
this  may  not  be  exactly  the  case  at  present  ;  but  as  we 
are  now  discussing  a  new  principle  of  mechanism,  in 
contrast  with  an  old  one,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that 
the  connecting  rod  may  be  placed  closer  to  the  wheel 
in  front,  and  hence  be  brought  nearer  to  the  line  of 
fulcrage.  In  short,  the  question  opens  a  wider  field  for 
discussion  than  our  space  will  permit. 


WOOLSTON  AND    TIPTREE. 

PERMir  me  to  thank  Mr.  Mechi  for  his  very  friendly 
letter.      I  will  take  it  bit  by  bit,  and  reply  to  it. 

First  :  '*  I  approve  of  his  concentrating  the  whole 
force  of  his  S-horse  engine  on  a  single  ridging-plough, 
followed  in  its  track  by  the  deep  subsoiler,  thus  accom- 
plishing nearly  the  same  result  as  the  late  worthy  Rev. 
Samuel  Smith,  of  Lois  Weedon,  who  kept  the  top  soil 
uppermost  and  laid  bare,  manured,  and  cultivated  the 
I  hitherto  uuaerated  subsoil." 

,      Mr.  Mechi  and  I  do  not  understand  the  Loi-;  Weedon 
!  practice   alike.       Thirteen    years    ago    I    visited    Lois 
'  Weedon,  and  to  put  the  matter  quite  plain  I  will  tjuote 
from  a  letter  that  I  published  in  May,  i86o  :— 

"  In  July,  1S58.  I  did  myself  the  pleasure  of  accepting 
,  a  private  and  kind  invitation  fioni  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smith  to 
inspect   his  Wlieat  and  system.     I  found  his  Wheat  a 
\  full  plant,  strong  in  straw,  with  a  fine  head  upon  it,  and 
!  with   the  aid  (as   he  told   me)  of  earthing  it   up,  not  a 
'  single  straw  was  blown  down.     To  my  mind  it  pro\ed 
I  beyond  question  the  mine  of  mineral  wealth   stored   up 
I  in  our  clay  subsoils.     I  examined  his  Beans,  roots,  and 
other  crops,  but  did  not  see  any  value  in  those  experi- 
ments,   they  being  double  manured,    double   dug,  in  a 
doubly  expensive  \\:\v.     I  then  took  particular  notice  of 
the  soil  and   subsoil,    and  with  Mr.  Smith's  permission 
brought  a  lump  of  the  subsoil  away.    The  adjoining  grass 
field  (very  much  in  quality  wUh  the  experimental  tield) 
showed  a  very  nice  sweet  turf,  and  is,  in  my  opinion,  over 
an  average  in  ih-j  country's  quality  of  grass  land.     This 


that  is  the  only  crop  worth  talking  about  there  ; 
manure  never  was  used  for  Wheat — at  all  events,  as  I 
understood  the  matter,  and  I  think  I  understand 
rightly. 

Now,  I  will  show  that  I  do  keep  the  top  soil  upper- 
!  most,  and  lay  bare,  manure,  and  cultivate  the  "  hitherto 
;  uuaerated  subsoil ;  "  for  instance,  take  my  No.  3  heavy 
j  land,  24  acres  after  Wheat,   that  comes  in  for  Barley 
!  this  year.      In  October  last  this  land  was  manured  at 
,  the  rate  of  8  tons  per  acre,  then  thrown  into  ridges, 
!  covering  in  the  manure,  and  subsoiled  at  one  opera- 
tion     by     steam-power;      thus,      the     "top     soil" 
I  is     "  kept     uppermost,"     and     the      "  subsoil  '*     is 
"cultivated"    by    the  subsoiler,    and    "laid    bare." 
I  In  this  way  it  laid  for  more  than  two  months,  and 
I  through  the  sharp  frost  we  had  before  Christmas,  the 
subsoil   getting  well  aerated.     Since  then  the   ridges 
have   been   split  by   four   horses  drawing  a  subsoiler 
along  each  of  these  to  a  depth  of  15  inches,  pulling 
subsoil  up  from  the  middle  of  the  ridges  to  get  aerated 
till  seeding  time,  and  the  8  tons  of  manure  get  scattered 
in  all  directions,  the   "furrows"  coming  in  for  a  full 
■  share  of  it ;  therefore  I  do  comply  with  Mr.  Mechi's 
i  suggestion,    it  being  a  part  of  my  practice  to  do  so. 
Next  year  this  same  field  after  the  liarley  is  harvested 
i  will  get  manured  with  12  toni  of  dung  to  the  acre,  then 
!  it  will  be  ridge-ploughed  and  subsoiled  again.     There- 
j  fore    aerating    the    broken     subsoil     in    the    furrows 
through    the    winter    will    go    on    again    next    year 
for   the    Beans.     The  Beans  will  be  planted  on  each 


Fig.  8^, — \vood's  champion  self-delivehy  reaper. 


The  peculiar  mechanism  of  the  rake,  we  imagine, 
will  be  readily  understood  from  the  engraving.  Its 
jiosition  is  favourable  for  side  delivery,  and  the  short- 
ness of  the  arms  and  the  manner  in  which  they  are 
raised  and  lowered  require  less  power  to  work  them 
than  the  longer  arms  of  high  standard  machines.  The 
working  parts  are  also  free  from  the  objection  of 
catching  and  getting  entangled  with  cut  com, 
lo  which  some  of  the  low  standard  machines  are 
subjtct,  as  the  height  of  its  standard  permits  the 
screw  friction  roller  wheel,  &c.,  all  being  closely 
shitlded  in. 

The  friction  roller  wheel,  after  cutting  upwards  of 
130  acres  last  year,  showed  a  less  amount  of  tear  and 
wear  than  might  have  been  expected  from  its  peculiar 
cor  struction.  The  position  of  the  driver's  seat, 
while  it  balances  the  weight  on  the  wheel,  is  suf- 
ficiently high  to  give  the  driver  lull  control  of  his 
team,  and  the  position  of  the  small  outside  grain  or 
land  wheel  is  favourable  for  working  at  the  land's-end 
in  cutting  round  either  to  the  right  or  left,  or  in  back- 
ing, finishing,  or  cutting  angles,  iS:c.  The  rake  is 
under  the  control  of  the  driver,  the  size  of  the  sheaf 
can  be  regulated  at  pleasure,  and  the  cut  corn  on  the 
platform  carried  when  turning  corners.  The  height  of 
the  cut,  it  should  be  stated,  is  adjusted  without  loss 
of  time,  and  the  throwing  out  and  into  gear  is  simply 
perfect. 

We  may  nole  that  one  and  two-horse  machines  are 
made  on  tlie  same  principle,  with  drop  platform  and 
hand-rake  in  place  of  the  self-delivery  rake,  as  shown 
in  the  illustration  r)f  the  ("Iiampiun  Self-delivery 
Reapar,  fig.  83.   /K  /A 


gives  some  idea  of  the  value  of  the  top  soil  of  the  trial 
field  at  the  start,  15  years  back.  The  lump  of  subsoil  that 
I  took  I  examined  the  most  minutely,  and  am  of  opinion 
that  it  contained  full  an  average  quantityof  mineral  muck 
and  a  very  considerable  quantity  of  hnie.  Thesf  with  air 
are  the  best,  and  Mr.  Smith's  Tnuck,  for  growing  Wheat." 

The  practice  at  Lois  Weedon  was  to  summer  fallow 
4  feet,  and  grow  Wheat  upon  4  feet  throughout  the 
plot,  tlie  fallow  coming  in  for  Wheat  the  next  year,  and 
so  on  for  ever  (that  is,  during  Mr.  Smith's  term  of  trial) 
without  any  manure.  The  Wheat  stubble  portions 
were  dug  up  deeply  in  the  autumn,  bringing  up  a  por- 
tion of  the  subsoil  yearly,  aerating  top  and  subsoil 
through  the  winter  together.  In  the  summer  the  4  feet 
fallow  strips  got  worked  about  and  kept  clean  in 
various  ways  ;  the  earthing  up  of  the  Wheat  was  done 
by  ploughing  the  strips  towards  the  Wheat.  Thus, 
according  to  tills,  the  Lois  Weedon  manure  for  Wheat 
was  air,  ike,  acting  upon  mineral  muck,  not  "manure," 
in  the  sense  in  which  I  read  Mr.  Mechi's  letter  ;  and 
the  Lois  Weedon  system  was  not  to  "keep  the  top 
soil  uppermost,"  but  lo  mingle  the  top  and  subsoil  to- 
gether. Mr.  Mechi  probably  means  this  when  lie  says, 
"  thus  gaining  year  by  year  a  great  increase  of  fertilised 
soil  ;"  but  we  must  remember  that  Mr.  Smith  did  not 
lay  "  bare"  the  subsoil  and  keep  the  top  soil  uppermost 
only  by  mingling  the  two  together  on  the  top.  Mr. 
Mechi  then  goes  on  thus  :  — "  Mr.  Smith  (myself) 
would  also  do  still  better  by  manuring  the  furrows  (as 
well  as  the  top  soil).  This  is  wliat  helped  to  produce 
the  enormous  Lois  Weedon  cnjp." 

Mr.  Mechi  certainly  is  wrong  when  he  talks  about 
■  "  manure  "  a'?  a  help  at  Lois  Weedon.     Take  Wheat, 


side    the    ridge,    thus    about     iS  inches     from    jow 

to  row  throughout  the  field.      After  planting  by  hand, 

at  3?.  ()if.  per  acre,  the  ridges  will  be  harrowed  dov\n 

to  cover  in  the  Beans.     In  March  or  April  the  ridges 

will  get  a  horse-hoeing,  and  then  the  field  gets  harrowed 

I  across  the  ridges  ;  this  brings  the  land  upon   the  flat 

I  with  the  manure  mingled  amongst  the  soil  all  over  the 

viand,    therefore     "furrows"    as    well   as    ridges    get 

j  manured  again. 

After  the  Beans  come  off,  this  land  will  get 
I  smashed  for  Wheat,  and  that  crop  will  get  no  manure 
I  whatever.  This  land  hxs  been  in  my  occupation  two 
j  years  only,  yet  with  the  operations  above  shown  the 
I  land  will,  I  affirm,  be  clean  when  the  next  three  crops 
I  are  taken  from  it,  and  will  go  on  Barley,  Beans,  and 
!  Wheat  for  the  next  three  year.s,  &c.,  yet  it  must  and 
1  will  remain  clean. 

I  Mr.  Mechi's  next  point  is,  "  Mr.  Smith  averages 
I  4.^  qr.  of  Wheat  per  acre,  mine  exceeds  that  con- 
siderably, and  in  1865  and  1S68  averaged  fully  7  qr. 
per  acre  on  poorer  land  than  Mr.  Smith's."  This 
4,^  qr.  was  my  second  crop  on  this  land,  and  I  am  well 
content  with  it  ;  for  last  year's  crop  Mr.  Mechi  fetches 
up  two  good  producing  years  on  his  land  that  has  been 
mucked  deeply  for  20  or  more  years  against  my  last 
bad  producing  year :  that  is  not  quite  fair.  If  1 
remember  rightly,  Mr.  Mechi  told  us  a  short  time  back 
that  his  1S71  Wheats  would  not  be  over  4^  qr.  per 
acre — your  pages  would  show,  but  I  am  too  busy  to 
look  ;  but  then  Mr.  Mechi  says  that  his  land  is  poorer 
than  mine.  Th.it  may  be,  I  cannot  tell,  for  1  have 
never  seen  liis,  but  I  can  tell  him  that  mine  was  valued 
some  years  ago  at  8j.  an  acre,  nnd  I  myself  30  years 


192 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  10,  1872. 


ago,  before  it  got  worked  by  steam,  thought  it  scarcely 
worth  occupying. 

I  need  not  trouble  you  with  Mr.  Mechi's  remark 
about  my  own  cropping,  for  that  is  well  known  ;  if  not, 
it  is  the  people's  own  fault,  for  you  have  told  them 
times  out  of  number.  But  then  he  says  170  acres  of 
my  land  are  arable  and  130  in  permanent  pasture,  and 
then  he  goes  on  thus: — "Surely  it  will  some  day 
answer  his  purpose  to  convert  the  pasture  into  arable." 
Of  this  pasture  land,  30  acres  are  flooding  meadows  by 
the  river  side  ;  it  would  not  do  to  plough  that  up.  A 
lo-acre  home  close  at  the  back  of  my  house,  and  a 
2-acre  one  in  the  front ;  it  would  not  do  to  plough 
them  up.  A  5-acre  grass  field,  situated  by  itself — an 
old  brick-yard  ;  it  would  be  a  lot  of  plague  as  arable 
land.  Tliree  5-acre  fields  at  my  new  building  in  the 
field  will  be  of  too  much  value  as  accommodation  fields 
to  plough  them  up  ;  indeed,  I  have  just  laid  two  of 
them  down  as  such.  Five  acres,  a  part  of  an  old 
rough  grass  field,  will  be  ploughed  up  this  spring  ;  the 
other  half  of  this  field  was  ploughed  up  last  year, 
and  cropped  with  Potatos.  It  is  now  planted 
witli  WIreat.  The  6^  acres  on  the  flat  lying  between 
my  heavy  and  light  land  are  good  useful  grass  land, 
more  suitable  for  the  latter  than  they  are  the  former  ; 
therefore  I  am  not  likely  to  plough  them  up,  and  I  can 
assure  Mr.  Mechi  that  I  use  all  my  land  for  the  purpose 
for  which  I  am  of  opinion  I  think  it  the  best  adapted 
and  most  paying. 

Here  is  Mr.  Mech's  next  point  : — "  I  wish  he  would 
be  kind  enough  to  give  us  a  statement  of  the  live  stock 
on  his  farm,  and  a  general  statement,  like  my  balance- 
sheet,  always  assuming  that  it  might  be  perfectly 
agreealjle  and  uninjurious  to  him  to  do  so."  The 
stock  on  my  farm  now  is — 4  horses,  i  nag,  i  yearling 
colt,  bred  from  a  mare  on  my  farm  ;  6  milking  cows, 
17  cows  and  oxen  for  feeding  next  summer,  90  tegs 
feeding  on  my  6  acres  of  Swedes,  60  ewes  in  lamb, 
fed  upon  bean-straw  in  a  yard  in  the  field, 
at  nights  nmning  out  into  one  of  the  grass  fields  ;  in 
the  day  time  50  tegs  feeding  in  a  yard  on  bean-straw, 
in  the  field  at  nights,  running  out  into  two  of  the  grass 
fields  in  the  day  time  ;  and  I  have  eight  yearling  cow 
kind,  growing  on  for  fatting  another  year.  My  cow 
stock  live  upon  chaff,  half  straw  and  half  hay,  with 
some  pulped  Mangel  and  bean-flour  mixed  together. 
My  horses  live  mainly  from  the  same  kind  of  food, 
and  are  loose  in  a  yard  in  the  day  time  very  frequently, 
as  they  are  not  half  employed  in  the  winter  months.  I 
grow  and  feed  to  the  weight  of  8  to  10  scores  each, 
16  or  20  pigs  a-year,  and  I  buy  in  about  100  tegs  to 
fatten  yearly.  Ttie  60  ewes,  with  their  lambs, 
will  be  fed  this  summer. 

Now,  about  my  balance-sheet,  I  tell  you  at  once  that 
I  am  too  busy  to  keep  accounts  to  make  one  ;  besides, 
mine  is  such  a  mixed  matter  between  landlord  and 
tenant,  I  being  both,  that  I  should  find  it  a  great 
plague  to  try  to  make  one.  My  banking  account  is 
my  indicator  as  to  how  matters  stand  at  the  end  of 
each  year.  My  accounts  are  kept  as  to  operations  and 
costs  per  acre  ;  those  I  publish  yearly,  and  that  is  all 
that  can  be  of  use  to  the  public,  who  know  all  about 
hoeing,  harvesting,  threshing,  &c.,  per  acre  as  well  as 
I  do,  and  it  may  be  that  Mr.  Mechi  and  others  can 
make  greater  profits  at  feeding  stock  than  I  can,  but 
that  is  beyond  the  point  with  me.  My  point  is,  deep 
and  clean  culture  at  the  lowest  cost  per  acre.  The 
public  are  told  all  about  it  yearly. 

Mr.  Mechi  then  says  that  I  am  "perfectly  wel- 
come" to  "bore  as  many  holes  as  I  please  "  in  his 
"balance-sheets;  for,  as  they  are  filled  only  with 
truth,  that  is  all  he  will  get  out  of  them."  Well,  I 
cannot  understand  the  "  truth  "  of  Mr.  Mechi's  making 
63c  9</.  a  quarter  of  his   Wheat,    RiveKs   included,  in 


every  particular  in  my  power  upon  the  spot.  This,  I 
think,  gives  all  the  information  Mr.  Mechi's  letter 
requires,  for  the  interest  of  money  question  has  long 
since  been  explained.  JVi^liani  Smit/i,  If'oo/sto;r, 
Bleichl^  Station,  Bucks,  Febi-uary  3. 


1S5S,  when  all  England's  farmers  only  made  54^.  a 
quarter.  Then  it  is  only  half  a  "truth"  to  tell  us 
that  45  acres  of  Chapel  land  stand  at  rent  £^^,  when 
the  cost  of  draining  in  a  lump  at  starting  ought  to  have 
been  added. 

I  need  not  follow  Mr.  Mechi  through  my  cropping, 
but  I  must  tell  him  how  I  dispose  of  my  straw.  Until 
within  the  last  two  years  I  used  to  rot  a  lot  of  my 
wheat-straw  down  and  send  it  back  to  the  land — straw 
and  water  as  it  was.  Two  years  ago  I  bought  a  3-acre 
grass  field  adjoining  the  canal,  and  adjoining  my  heavy 
land  ;  since  then  I  have  sold  a  portion  of  my  wheat- 
straw  to  the  London  market,  buying  London  dung  in 
return.  Here  is  what  I  have  done  upon  that  score  down 
to  now.  IniS70strawsold,nettcash,  ;^8i  ig-i.  \\d.  ;dung 
bought,  actual  payment,  delivered,  ^^84  \s.  \Oii.  In  1871 
straw  sold,  ^68lo.f.  \od.  ;  dung  bought,  /146  \^s,%d.  A 
lot  of  my  barley-straw  gets  cut  into  chaif,  the  rest,  with 
some  wheat-straw  goes  for  litter  ;  my  bean-straw  is 
eaten  by  sheep  (that  is,  all  of  it  that  is  good  for  food),  and 
the  sheep,  with  a  run  out  daily,  do  vastly  well  upon  it. 
This  move  of  selling  straw  and  buying  dung  enables  me 
to  keep  out  of  the  artificial  manure  market,  although  I 
do  grow  cora  on  all  my  heavy  land  yearly.  The  bean- 
stalks and  roots  may  be  seen  upon  the  surface  of  my 
land,  and  the  Wheat  appears  to  look  well,  for  all  that 
I  never  use  a  horse-hoe  for  Wheat,  but  I  get  it  hoed  by 
hand  at  from  \s.  dd.  to  is.  Gd.  an  acre  ;  2J-.  6d.  has 
has  been  my  top  price  for  years,  but  I  get  the  greater 
portion  done  for  less  than  that,  and  the  people  get  well 
paid  at  those  prices.  I  do  keep  my  Bean  crop  hoed 
very  clean — never  less  than  three  times  over,  with  hand 
weeding  the  last  time  over  ;  and  I  should  be  especially 
pleased  to  show  Mr.  Mechi  over  my  farm,  giving  him 


THE  DUCHESS  SHORTHORNS. 

[We  continue  from  p.  157  our  reprint  of  the  lecture  on   the 
Breeding  of  Cattle.  ] 

As  this  Duchess  tribe  has  become  so  famous,  and 
sells  at  such   euormous  prices,  I  may  here  give  a  few 
particulars  regarding  them.     The  first  of  the  family  we 
hear  anything  of  was  bought  by  Charles  Colling  from 
the  Duke  of  Northumberland's  agent  at  Stanwick,  in 
1784,  for  the  modest  sura  of  £1^^  sterling.     She  was  a 
massive  short-legged  cow,  of  a  yellowish  red  colour, 
with  the  breast  near  the  ground,  had  a  wide  back,  and 
was  a  great  grower.      Colling  called  her  Duf/iess,  and 
had  often  described   her  to  Bates  as  a  very  superior 
animal,  particularly  in  her  handling,  and  told  him  that 
he  considered  lier  the  best  cow  he  ever  saw,  but  that 
he  never  could  breed  so  good  a  one  from  her.     She 
was  descended  from  the  old  stock  of  Sir  Hugh  Smyth- 
son,  of  Stanwick.     Thomas  Bates  bought  from  Colling 
one  of  the  descendants  of  this  cow  in  1804  for  too  gs., 
being  the  same  I  mentioned  as  being  such  a  fme  dairy 
animal  ;  and  he  bought   another  at  CoIIing's   sale  in 
1810.     For  the  latter  he  paid  183  gs.,   and  styled  her 
Duchess  tlic  J'li-st,  and  from  her  all  the  present  family 
have   descended.     Bates   tells  us   he   was  induced   to 
select  this  tribe  from  having  found  that  they  were  great 
growers,  quick  feeders,  with  fine  quality  of  meat,  con- 
suming little  food  in  proportion  to  the  progress  they 
made,  and  also  from  finding  that  they  were  equally 
remarkable  as  great  milkers.     Bates  asserted  that  the 
tribe  improved  under  his  care  in  regard  both  to  growth, 
aptitude  to  fatten,  and  small  consumption  of  food  ;  but 
admitted  they  gave  less  milk  than  the  first  cow  of  the 
tribe  A\  hich  he  bought  from  Colling  in  1S04,   although 
what  they  did  give  was  richer  in  butter.     I  have  seen 
no    statement   of  the   actual   produce   in    milk    from 
any  of  them,    except  the  first  one  of   1804,  and  am 
unable    to  say  to  what  extent  the   present  Duchesses 
excel    as   dairy  cows.     We    may    readily    allow    that 
Bates    improved    the   breed    in    regard    to    form  and 
aptitude  to     fatten,    for    several    of    those     he    pro- 
duced, especially  after  the  cross  with  Belvidere,  were 
remarkably  fine  animals  ;  and  at  the  first  show  of  the 
Royal  Agricultural    Society  of  England,  which    took 
place  at  Oxford  in   1839,  he  carried  off  all  the  prizes  in 
the  Shorthorn  class  except  one,  for  which  he  had  not 
an  animal  present.     Bates'  herd  was  sold  off  in  1850, 
shortly  after  his  death,  and  the  animals  were  dispersed, 
and  fell  into  various  hands.     Some  of  the  best  of  the 
Duchess  tribe  were  bought  by  I^ord  Ducie,  and  when 
that  nobleman's  herd  came  to  the  hammer,  in  1S53,  the 
Americans  carried  off  several  of  the  choicest  at  great 
prices.    At  the  present  time,  I  believe,  Colonel  Gunter's 
herd  contains  the  purest  representatives  of  the  family  in 
England,  and  his  Duchess  TJlh  well   maintained    the 
fame  of  the  breed  by  beating  all  and  sundry  at  Leeds 
and  elsewhere,  carrying  off  no  less  than  19  prizes  and 
seven  challenge  cups ;  but  the  Colonel,  having  experi- 
enced  some   of  the   evils   resulting  from  the  state   of 
fatness   in   which   it    is   necessary   to    bring    out    the 
animals  at  these  shows,  I  believe  wisely  declines  now  to 
exhibit.     We  see  that,  although  Bates  improved  the 
breed  in  other   respects,  he  admitted  that  he  was  un- 
able to  keep  up  the  produce  of  milk  to  the  same  degree 
he  got  it  in  his  first  purchased  Duchess.     Not  only  could 
he  not  improve  it,  although  he  paid  much  attention  to 
this  point,  as  he  sold  much  butter,  and  reared  his  calves 
from  the  pail,  but  he  allows  that  the  quantity  fell  off, 
although  the    tribe    improved    in   aptitude   to    fatten. 
This,  then,  in  so  far,  is  a  point  in  favour  of  CuUey's 
opinion.     But  I  thiidc  it  may  be  accounted  for  by  the 
close  breeding  which  Bates  pursused,  and  which  expe- 
rience   shows  has   the  effect  of  impairing  the  yield  of 
milk.     Bates  had  a  most  exalted  opinion  of  the  excel- 
lence of  his  own  cattle,  but  other  people  didn't  always 
coincide   with    him    in    thinking    them   so    fine.     His 
father,    George  Bates,    ridiculed   his  purchase   of  the 
Duchess  at  the  Ketton  Sale,  and  termed  her  a  shabby 
animal,  saying  he  had  many  better  himself,  which  his 
son   might  have   had   for   nothing.       George    Coates, 
editor  of  the  Herd  Book,  also  thought  she  was  only 
"fair," — rather  faint  praise,  it  must  be  allowed,  and 
she  seems  to  have  generally  considered  inferior  to  the 
Duchess  he  previously  purchased  in  1 804.     The  fact  is 
that  Bates  had  his  own  notions  as  to  what  constitlited 
a  good  animal,  and  he  often  railed  at  the  decisions  of 
the  judges  at  our  national  shows  when  they  didn't  coin- 
cide with  his  own  views. 

By  following  Sir  Hugh  Smythson's  system  of  periodi- 
cally weighing  the  food  he  gave  his  animals,  and  ascer- 
taining what  increase  they  made  upon  it  (a  plan  he 
followed  for  17  years),  he  educated  himself  into  a 
knowledge  of  what  really  were  the  best  sort  of  beasts, 
and  he  recommends  every  one  to  examine  their  stock 
by  this  criterion,  for  it  was  in  this  way,  he  tells  us, 
that  he  was  led  to  perceive  the  great  difierence  that 
exists  in  the  various  kinds  of  cattle,  and  to  know  the 
external  character  which  indicated  their  real  merits. 
Bates  laid  much  value  on  the  milking  property,  and 
on  the  style,  quality  of  hair,  and  handling.  Good 
form  did  not  in  his  estimation  compensate  for  defects 
in  these  points.     He  was  a  very  different  man  from 


Charles   Colling,    who   seems    to   have    been   a  very 
reserved  character,  but  a  consummate  judge  of  cattle. 


Colling   kept   his    eyes    open    and   his   mouth   shut, 
and  seems  to  have  invariably  declined    throwing  any 
light    upon    his    proceedings.     His     chief    object    in 
breeding  cattle  seems  to  have  been  to  make  money, 
whereas  Bates  was  full  of  enthusiasm  on  the  subject, 
ready  to  impart  his  knowledge,  and  fond  of  impressing 
on    others    his    own    peculiar    notions    as    to    what 
constituted  the  points  of  a  good  animal.     He  firmly 
believed  that  he  had    the  best  tribe  of  cattle  in  the 
world,  and  wished  to   have  them  adopted  everywhere 
for   the  good   of  the    nation   and   mankind  at  large. 
When  he  thought  a  good  use  would  be  made  of  them, 
he  was  sometimes  very  liberal  in  disposing  of  his  beasts, 
but  where  he  thought  the  intending  purchasers  would 
cross  them  with  inferior  tribes,  and  thereby  spoil  the 
breed,    and   bring  his   stock   into  disrepute,  he  would 
occasionally  refuse  to  sell   at    any  price.      Bates,  as  I 
have  already  mentioned,  said  that  Charles  Colling  told 
him  that  the  first  cow  of  the  Duchess  tribe  which  he 
bought  from  the  Duke  of  Northumberland's  agent  at 
Stanwick  was  the  best  he  ever  saw,  and  that  he  could 
never  rear  so  good  a  one  from  her.     Whether  it  was 
owing  to   this  that  her  produce  turned  out  so  much 
worse  than  herself,  or  for  some  other  reason,  it  is  clear 
that  Colling  did  not  cultivate  the  breed  to  any  great 
extent,  and  on  this  account  it  seems  to  me  diflicult  to 
believe  that  he  thought  so   very  much  of  them.     On 
looking   over   his   sale   catalogue,    we  find   only   two 
animals    of   the  Duchess   blood    in    it,   one  of  them  a 
2-year-old  heifer,  and  the  other  a  yearling  bull.     None 
of  the  older  breeding  stock   seems  to  have  contained 
any  of  the  blood,  and  it  does  not  appear  that  Charles 
Colling  ever  used  a  bull  of  the  Duchess  blood.     Now, 
as  his  first   purchase   of  the   tribe  was  in   1 7S4,   and 
his  sale  in  iSio,  he  had  26  years'  experience  of  their 
qualities,  and  ample  time  to  have  propagated  them  in 
larger  number  if  he  had  thought  it  for  his  advantage  to 
do   so.     Most  of  the   animals   at   his   sale   were   de- 
scendants of  the  "  Lady  Maynard  "  tribe,  and  I  think 
we  must  from  this  infer  that  the  Duchesses  were  not  his 
favourites,    or   he  certainly  would  have  had  more  of 
them.     On  turning  to  the  sale  catalogue  of  his  brother 
Robert,  who  was  only  second  to  Charles  as  a  breeder, 
and  who  did  not  sell  off  his  stock  until  :Sl8,  we  look 
in  vain  for  any  trace  of  the  Duchess  blood  ;  and  as  the 
two  brothers  acted  very  much  in  concert,  we  have  here 
another  proof  that  it  was  not  the  tribe  they  thought 
most  of     All  Bates'  Duchesses  trace  back  to  what  he 
called  Duchess  isl,  which  was  the  cow  he  purchased  at 
the  Ketton  sale  in  1810.     Now,  when  we  examine  her 
pedigree,  we  find  that  75  per  cent,  of  her  blood  belongs 
to  CoUing's  well-known  bull  Favourite,  and  little 
more  than  three  percent,  to  the  original  "Duchess" 
element.     Even  taking  Bates'  first  cow  of  the  tribe, 
which   he  bought  in    1804,  we  find  that  her  sire  and 
dam   were  both  by  Fa\'0Urite  ;  and  her  own  calf, 
Ketton,  was  also  by  F'avourite.     This  shows  how 
strongly  the  blood  of  Favourite  was  infused  into  the 
best    Shorthorns   of  those    days.      As    we  trace   the 
"Duchess"   tribe    downwards,    we    find    the    blood 
derived  from  the  Stanwick  cow  dwindling  rapidly  to 
so  fine  a  fraction  that  we  can  hardly  appreciate  its  being 
drowned  out  by  other  strains,  in  all  of  which  the  blood 
of  Favourite  preponderates.  Sothatifany  confidence 
is  to  be  placed  in  the  recorded  pedigrees,  the  excellence 
of  even  the  earlier  individuals  of  Bates'  herd  must  be 
attributed  to   the  influence  of  F'avourite   far   more 
than  to  any  other  animal ;  and  it  would  seem  almost 
absurd    to   assign  any  appreciable   effect   to   the    in- 
finitesimal  quantity  of  the    original    Stanwick    blood 
now  remaining.     Although    the   family  soon    became 
Dijchesses  only  in  name,  yet   they   continued   to   be 
animals  of  very  select  blood,  for  Bates  was  very  parti- 
cular in  regard  to  pedigree,  and  took  good  care  to  use 
none  but  well-bred  sires  of  the  choicest  families.     Of 
all    the  sires  he  used   Ketti:in   1st   had  most  of  the 
original  Duchess  blood,  and  yet  it  amounted  to  only 
12.1  pef  cent.,  75  per  cent,  belonging  to  Favourite  ; 
for  Ketton,  as  we  have  already  seen,  was  not  only, 
got   by  Favourite,  but  his  grandsire  and  grand-dam 
were  so  too,  which  shows  to  what  an  extent  in-and-in 
breeding  was  sometimes  carried  in  those  days. 

Bates  had  another  sort  which  he  held  out  as  an 
example  of  the  combhiation  of  great  milking  and 
feeding  properties.  These  were  the  progenitors  of 
his  Oxford  tribe.  Malchem,  his  first  cow  of  this 
family,  he  tells  us,  never  gave  less  than  12  quarts 
of  milk  at  a  meal,  when  on  the  grass  after  she  dropped 
her  calf  She  was  the  dam  of  an  excellent  cow, 
which  Bates  called  Oxford  Premium,  because  she 
carried  the  1st  prize  at  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society's  show  at  Oxford  in  1S39.  She  also  gained 
the  highest  premium  at  the  Yorkshire  Society's  show- 
in  the  year  following.  This  Oxford  Premium  was  also 
a  good  dairy  beast,  often  giving  milk  the  whole  year 
round,  without  being  put  dry  for  calving.  I  have  dwelt 
at  some  length  on  Bate^  and  his  herd,  as  these  two 
tribes  of  his — the  Duchess  and  the  Oxford — have  been 
more  run  after  than  any  other  races  in  existence.  (Jur 
American  cousins  are  generally  reckoned  an  acute  and 
enterprising  race,  with  a  good  judgment  in  the  practical 
affairs  of  life.  It  was  their  bid  of  700  gs.  for  Duchess 
(>&/h,  at  Lord  Ducie's  sale,  that  first  opened  the  eyes  of 
the  British  public  to  the  value  of  Bates'  blood  in  the 
market.  The  present  rage  for  animals  of  fashionable 
pedigree,  and  the  extravagant  prices  of  late  given  for  " 


February  lo,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and    A^g^ri cultural    Gazette. 


193 


the  so-called  grand  Dukes  and  Duchesses,  remind  us  of 
the  Tulip  mania  in  Holland,  which  happened  more 
than  two  centuries  ago.  The  Dutchman,  solid  and 
phlegmatic  as  he  is  usually  reckoned,  yet,  on  that  occa- 
sion, showed  he  had  a  fine  vein  of  enthusiasm  in  him, 
and  the  passion  for  these  interesting  plants  became  so 
strong  that  nothing  else  seemed  to  the  Dutchman 
worth  living  for.  High  and  low  were  carried  away 
by  it.  Not  only  speculative  merchants,  but  steady 
farmers,  and  men  of  all  classes,  from  the  nobleman  to 
the  chimney-sweep.  Single  bulbs  sold  for  2000  florins, 
just  as  we  see  an  innocent  calf  now  sell  for  1000  gs.  ; 
and  there  were  fashionable  strains  of  Tulips  in  those 
days  just  as  there  are  Shorthorns  now.  One  sort, 
called  the  Semper  Augustus,  seemed  so  enviable,  that 
a  man  offered  for  a  single  root  of  it  no  less  than 
4600  florins,  together  witli  a  new  carriage  and  a  pair 
of  horses,  with  harness  complete.  Another  madman 
agreed  to  give  12  acres  of  laud  for  a  root,  and  gambling 
in  Tulips  became  for  a  time  a  consuming  passion,  just 
as  gambling  in  railway  scrip  was  many  years  ago  in 
this  country.  Who  knows,  therefore,  but  we  may  see 
a  further  development  of  this  excitement  regarding 
pedigree  Shorthorns  ?  for  enthusiasm,  once  awakened, 
is  catching,  and  no  one  can  tell  how  far  a  Briton  may 
go  for  a  Shorthorn,  when  we  see  to  what  length  the 
Dutchman  went  in  his  passion  for  Tulips.  Pedigree  is 
no  doubt  all  very  \vell,  but  a  long  pedigree  on  paper 
is  not  always  a  good  one  in  fact.  Many  of  these 
fashionably-bred  animals  are  notoriously  bad  beasts  ; 
they  have  in  many  cases  been  bred  so  long  with- 
out proper  judgment,  and  from  nearly  related  blood, 
that  vigour  of  constitution  seems  10  have  been  irretriev- 
ably lost.  They  have  become  ewe-necked,  weasel- 
waisted,  leggy,  and  consumptive,  can't  stand  bad 
weather,  and  give  little  milk  ;  and,  doubtless,  there  are 
occasional  flaws  in  the  pedigree  that  don't  appear  in 
the  Herd  Bcok^  or  in  the  sale  catalogues.  Our  improved 
races  of  domestic  animals  have  attained  their  high 
degree  of  excellence  by  being  bred  from  carefully  se- 
lected animals,  with  a  constant  weeding  out  of  the  bad 
ones,  and  it  is  only  in  this  way  that  they  can  be  kept 
up  ;  but  to  do  this  requires  a  degree  of  judgment  and 
perseverance  that  few  possess.  It  is  men  like  Charles 
Colling,  Thomas  Bates,  and  Richard  Booth  that  have 
made  our  cattle  what  they  are,  and  it  is  by  men  of  a 
similar  stamp  that  we  may  expect  to  see  them  further 
improved,  or  even  kept  from  deteriorating. 


LOSS  OF  FORCE  IN  AGRICULTURE. 

ICimcliided/>\nnp.  156.; 

I  CO.ME  now  to  the  second  question  of  how  to  apply, 
or  in  what  state  to  use,  manure  to  minimise  loss  and 
develope  its  power  of  production  to  the  uttermost. 
Besides,  plants  cannot  consume  raw  food.  Manures 
should  be  partially  cooked — that  is,  decomposed — 
before  they  are  set  before  the  roots.  We  have  now 
reached  the  question  of  where  should  manure  be 
applied — on  the  surface  or  under  it ;  near  the  top  or  at 
the  bottom  of  the  tilth.  Perhaps  the  best  answer 
would  be,  to  incorporate  it  as  thoroughly  as  possible 
with  the  whole  soil.  See  to  it  that  it  is  all  covered, 
and  that  some  of  it  reaches  to  the  bottom  of  the  culti- 
vated earth. 

We  now  reach  the  last  point,  the  best  time,  or  when 
to  apply  manure.  The  answer  is  mostly  determined 
by  convenience,  weather,  &c.  Dry  or  frosty  weather 
should  be  chosen  if  possible.  Another  point  or  two 
are  worth  notice  here  ;  such  as  the  mechanical  effect  of 
the  manure  on  the  tilth,  its  direct  influence  on  the 
special  crop  and  the  character  of  the  manure  itself. 
Hitherto  I  have  spoken  only  or  chiefly  of  farmyard 
manure.  All  artificial  manures,  such  as  guano,  super- 
phosphate, &c.,  are  probably  most  effectual  when 
applied  as  top-dressing.  To  develope  to  the  full  the 
mechanical  effects  of  bulky  manures  the  earlier  in  the 
autumn  they  can  be  applied  the  better.  The  entire 
tilth  is  thus  converted,  as  it  were,  into  a  sort  of  com- 
post heap.  Slow  decomposition  proceeds,  and  the 
gases  liberated  are  held  fast  in  the  fine  sieve-like  net- 
work of  the  pulverised  earth.  Those  who  cannot  pre- 
pare and  store  their  manures  under  cover  can  hardly 
do  better  than  cover  it  in  as  speedily  as  possible  in 
their  fields.  Securely  buried  there,  it  is  so  far  safe 
against  waste.  Should  the  rain  wash  out  its  juices,  as 
they  will,  these  only  enrich  the  lower  strata,  and  fit 
them  for  surface  work  by-and-by.  Thus  early  autumn 
or  winter  manuring,  tends  to  deepen  and  enrich  the 
entire  tilth.  These,  therefore,  are,  I  believe,  the  best 
times  for  general  manuring.  Still,  special  crops,  such 
as  Turnips,  need  a  special  stimulus  at  special  periods 
of  growth,  and  perhaps  the  present  general  practice  of 
applying  the  manure  directly  to  the  crop  at  the  time 
of  sowing  is  that  best  adapted  to  them.  Or,  should 
the  land  for  green  crops  be  manured  in  the  autumn, 
the  plants  might  have  a  special  fillip  in  the  form  of  a 
dressing  of  guano,  phosphate,  or  bones,  to  hurry  them 
through  their  early — that  is,  their  dangerous — period. 

Doubtless  there  is  also  a  considerable  loss  of  force  in 
agriculture  arising  from  the  misapplication  of  manures. 
A  few  years  ago  farmyard  manure  was  the  be-all  and 
end-all  of  farming.  It  never  will  lose  its  supremacy  as 
the  backbone,  the  marrow,  and  fatness  of  true  fertility. 
Still,  it  has  many  rivals  now,  and  almost  daily  the  list 
of  artificial  manures  is  lengthening.  Special  manures 
are  also  offered  for  almost  every  separate  crop.  This 
is  as  it  should  be,  and  is  full  of  hope  for  the  future. 


To  feed  all  the  various  plants  of  the  farm  with  the 
same  food  is  about  as  unreasonable  as  to  set  the  same 
food  before  everybody.  "One  man's  meat  is  another 
man's  poison,"  saith  the  proverb,  and  it  is  almost  equally 
true  of  plants.  Liebig's  classification  of  plants,  as  lime, 
silica,  potash-eaters,  and  his  tables  of  the  percentages 
of  each  found  in  Wheat,  Peas,  and  Beet,  did  great 
service  in  the  matter  of  selecting  manures.  Of  course, 
they  were  not  meant  to  be  strictly  exact,  as  nearly  all 
plants  need  all  three,  more  or  less.  But  they  were 
more  suggestive  of  the  use  of  special  manures  for 
special  crops.  The  more  recent  experiments  of  Mr. 
Lawes,  Dr.  Gilbert,  Dr.  Voelcker,  and  others,  extend- 
ing over  a  period  of  nearly  20  years,  afford  valuable 
evidence  in  the  same  direction,  and  also  establish  the 
fact  that  the  permanent  fertility  of  the  land  can  be 
kept  up  by  artificial  manures  as  well  as  by  farmyard 
dung.  In  the  Wheat  experiments  the  average  of 
26  successive  crops  grown  by  farmyard  dung,  at  the 
rate  of  14  tons  to  the  acre,  was  1 1  barrels  of  Wheat  per 
Irish  acre.  With  artificial  manures,  and  a  moderate 
amount  of  ammonia  the  average  was  12  barrels  per 
acre,  and  where  a  larger  amount  was  used,  13  barrels. 
With  Barley,  the  farmyard  manures  gave,  on  the 
average,  19  barrels,  and  the  artificial  manure  about  the 
same.  On  permanent  pasture,  by  the  use  of  23  tons  of 
dung  per  Irish  acre,  the  yield  was  3  tons  9  cvvt.  of  hay  ; 
with  the  artificial  manure,  4  tons  6  cwt.  The  average 
yield  of  a  permanent  pasture,  manured  for  six  years  in 
succession  with  14  tons  of  farmyard  dung  per  acre, 
was  434  cwt.  The  average  produce  of  mineral  manure 
and  400  lb.  of  ammonia  salts  every  year  for  14  years, 
54  cwt.  of  hay  per  acre.  Again,  the  average  of  crops 
of  grain  for  iS  years  with  mineral  manures  alone  was 
173  bush.  The  average  grown  by  ammonia  salts  was 
31I  bush.,  or  nearly  14  bush,  peracre  per  annum  more. 
By  doubling  the  amount  of  ammonia  the  produce  of  the 
Barley  rose  from  45^  to  495  bush.  Further,  after  a 
liberal  application  to  a  root  crop,  which  proved  a 
partial  failure,  of  rape  cake,  salts  of  ammonia,  and 
mineral  manure,  the  crops  amounted  to  60.^  bush,  of 
Barley,  43.^  bush,  of  Beans,  and  46  bush,  of  Wheat 
per  acre.  These  figures  demonstrate  that  land  may  be 
kept  in  good  condition  either  by  artificial  or  farmyard 
manures — that  active  nitrogenous  manures,  such  as 
guano,  ammonia  salts,  and  nitrate  of  soda,  are  almost 
wholly  utilised  by  the  first  crop  ;  while  rape  cake, 
bones,  and  other  organic  substances,  decompose  slowly 
and  benefit  the  crops  through  the  whole  rotation,  and 
that  the  effects  of  farmyard  manure  are  equally  or 
more  lasting. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  when  the  science  and  practice 
of  manuring  is  thoroughly  understood  it  will  serve  to 
place  the  cultivator  of  plants  on  the  sure  and  certain 
basis  of  principle,  rather  than  leave  him,  as  now — to 
the  uncertain,  though  often  to  the  marvellously  success- 
ful guidance  of  empiricism  ;  or,  in  other  words,  the 
farmer  of  the  future  may  be  able  to  order  his  manure 
in  for  his  different  products,  as  you  do  now  your  liquors. 
Do  you  want  timber,  fibre,  food,  colour,  medicine, 
sugar.  Clover,  grain,  hay,  fruit,  or  flowers — order  the 
raw  material  of  such  from  the  manure  doctor — and 
behold  it  may  be  forthcoming.  This  is  a  vision  of  the 
future,  but  it  is  coming  nearer  to  us  every  day.  Already 
we  have  Vine,  Peach,  flower.  Wheat,  Clover,  Turnip, 
Mangel,  and  other  specific  manures  :  and  the  time  is 
at  hand  when  manures  for  each  crop  will  probably  be 
offered  as  freely  as  feeding  cakes  for  your  bullocks. 
When  that  day  arrives,  and  we  have  thoroughly  mastered 
the  likes  and  dislikes  of  plants,  the  seasoning  and  com- 
poundings  of  their  food,  then  will  one  of  the  great 
sources  of  waste  of  raw  material  in  agricultural  pro- 
duction— the  misapplication  of  manures — be  dried  up. 

But  it  is  not  only  that  we  misapply  manure,  but  the 
best  part  of  it  is  thrown  away  by  wholesale.  When 
you  have  a  boiled  leg  of  mutton,  or  shin  of  beef,  what 
would  you  say  to  your  wives  if  they  threw  away  the 
broth  ?  That  is  what  thousands  of  agriculturists  do 
with  their  manure  soup.  It  is  full  to  repletion  with  all 
the  raw  material  of  growth,  produce  ready  for  imme- 
diate use.  But  what  of  that — it  is  only  liquid  ?  there- 
fore away  with  it  to  the  horse-pond,  ditch,  river,  any- 
where,  everywhere  but  on  the  land.  Only  liquid  ? 
Why,  plants  live,  grow,  ripen,  on  no  other  food  but 
liquid,  and  yet  more  attenuated  gases.  Liquids  are 
the  richest  food  in  the  most  consumable  form.  In 
Russia  and  other  cold  countries  manure  used  to  be  got 
rid  of  by  being  carted  on  to  the  ice  during  the  frost. 
When  the  thaw  came  the  nuisance  was  swept  away  by 
the  flood.  We  condemn  such  reckless  waste  ;  but 
they  were  wiser  than  we.  Their  manure  was  useless 
husks  compared  to  the  enriching  sewage  we  pour  into 
the  silver  streams  that  dram,  and  the  great  deep  that 
engirdles,  our  isle.  \'es,  and  while  the  great  problem 
of  the  age  is  the  utilization  of  town  sewage  by  the  lands 
of  the  country,  almost  every  farmyard  is  the  theatre  of 
reckless  waste.  The  liquid  excrements  are  not  hus- 
banded, and  the  richest  portions  of  the  solid  manures 
are  mostly  washed  away  by  the  rain,  or  whipped  into 
space  by  the  wind.  The  land  is  half-starved  that  the 
water  may  be  polluted  or  choked  up  with  rank  weeds 
and  Horse-tail,  whose  size  and  strength  are  at  once  a 
nuisance  and  a  protest  against  the  prodigality  of  our 
waste.  A  maximum  yield  will  never  be  reaped  until 
all  this  is  altered,  and  this  wasted  force  turned  in 
fructifying  streams  on  to  the  land,  ilanure— liquid, 
solid,  gaseous— is  the  keystone  of  the  great  arch  of 
agriculture.      It  is  the  goose  that  lays  the  golden  eggs 


of  bountiful  harvests.  It  is  golden  grain,  monster 
lurmps,  25  to  30  tons  per  acre  of  Sugar-Beet,  Christ- 
mas beef,  prize  mutton,  fat  pigs,  your  banker's  balance 
m  a  raw  state.  Use  it  wisely,  husband  it  carefully  it 
will  be  all  this  to  you  and  more.  The  deepened  earth 
IS  calling  out  for  more  manure  and  richer.  Thousands 
of  half-fed  men  and  women  are  re-echoing  that  cry  in 
another  form  as  they  demand  more  food  and  cheaper. 
And  it  is  not  too  much  to  add  that  the  health,  happii 
ness,  strength,  stability  of  the  State  is  largely 
dependent  upon  the  will  and  ability  of  agriculturists  so 

to  use  those  inexhaustible  supplies  of  raw  material 

the  earth  and  manure— as  to  silence,   by   satisfying 
these  cries.  D.  T.  Fnh. 


loM  Comspnknte. 

Sewage       Utilisation.  — Instead      of      "angry 
«  rangles  "  doing  any  good  to  this  all-important  subject 
for  the  British  public,  they  only  prejudice  it,  and  raise 
a  wish  for  the  poor  kicked-about  sewage  question  to 
be  committed  to  the  hands  of  practical  farmers,  whose 
information  the  agricultural  public  could  receive  and 
trust.     Mr.  Hope,  amongst  other  things,  takes  care  to 
mention  Birmingham  as  having  adopted  his  plan,  and, 
curiously  enough,    we   also    find    Mr.    Bailey  Denton 
before  the  Society  of  Arts,   claiming  it  as  his  plan  ; 
and  again,   more   curious   still,    the  "  Sewage  Inquiry 
Committee,"  or  the  promoters  of  the  scheme,  give  out 
that  Messrs.  Hope  and  Company  were  called  in  only 
to  support  and  suit  some  dovetailing  arrangethent  to 
preconceived  ideas,  "  foregone  conclusions  "  of  its  own 
on  the  subject.     I  cannot  give  a  better  idea  of  the  difli- 
culties  these  gentlemen  are  bringing  upon  themselves 
than    by    relating   what    was   witnessed    Wednesday, 
January  24,  on  a  part  and  counterpart  of  the  scheme 
in  question.     The  Birmingham  sewage  farm  at  Saltley, 
which  is  about  126  acres,  occupies  a  most  unfortunate 
position,  being  on  the  site  of  the  surroundings  of  the 
meeting  of  the  streams  at  the  lowest  part  of  the  town. 
There  are  altogether  10  watercourses  through  it.    After 
eight  hours  rain  these  streams,   two  of  which  skirt  the 
low  sides  of  Birmingham,  were  the  other  day  in  their 
January's  flood,  which  in  a  short  time  covered  nearly 
the  whole  surface  of  this  sewage  irrigation  farm  in  one 
sheet    of  water,    leaving     nothing,     save    a    solitary 
chimney     stack    and    its     belongings,    to    mark    its 
existence.       Had    some    of    the     Romford    brethren 
been  present  to  behold  it,  when  from  side  to  side  it  was 
one  sea,  running  four  to  five  knots  an  hour,  it  must 
have    struck    them    as    peculiarly  situated,  from    an 
engineering   point   of  view,    for   an   irrigation  farm— 
"  model "  or  otherwise— in  the  purification  or  utilisa- 
tion of  sewage.     The  farm  is  subject  to  inundation  four 
or  five  times  a  year,  and  yet  Mr.  Hope  has,  to  suit  the 
view  of  one  of  the  "  Sewage  Farm  Committee,"  dove- 
tailed in  another  scheme,   which   is  to   put    it  under 
market  gardening,    lissex  fashion,   and  with  embank- 
ments,  ditches,  and   Romford  carriers,   to  occupy  the 
surface  for  which  the  Corporation  pays  ;^io  an  acre, 
including  taxes.     If  the  efifect  of  the  late  flood  on  an 
odd  field  of  green  stuff  did  not  frighten  such  schemers 
from   eating   vegetables   from    the    farm,    certainly  it 
would,  at  least,  have  put  them  past  attempting  growing 
them  on  it,  and  instead  of  breaking  up  its  surface  for 
low  gardening  to   find   they  had   recommended  it  to 
remain  in  grass— its  safest  and  most  remunerative  crop. 
Whoever  may  be  the  author  of  the  new  scheme,  it  is 
exactly  a  counterpart  of  this  Saltley  farm,  only  that  it 
is  removed  and  situated  10  or   12  miles  farther  down 
the   wash   of    the   same   valley,    with    floodings    and 
troubles  all  the  same,   but   on  a  more  enlarged  and 
colossal  scale,  and  of  its  surface  two-thirds  were  actually 
covered  by  the  late  floods.     This  "selected"  land  is 
to  be  connected  with  Birmingham  by  a  one-sided  dis- 
tributing conduit,  7  feet  by  54   feet,   from  which  the 
farmers  along  its  route  are  to  be  tempted  to  take  the 
sewage  chalybeate,  or  iron  refuse  water  of  the  town, 
wdiich  will  choke  up  their  drains,  and  poison  both  their 
stock  and  crop.     It  is  high  lime,  I  think,  that  corpora- 
tions, local  boards,  and  such-like  individuals  sink  their 
jumped-at  conclusions,  and  by  independent  competition 
invite  those  to  guide  them  who  give  the  subject  in  all 
its  phases  their  exclusive  study.  John  Martin. 

Brick  Machines.— The  Agriailtnral  Ga~.dle  (1S71, 
p.  752)  contained  an  illustrated  notice  of  the  "Self- 
delivery  Cutting  Table  and  Brick-making  Machine  "  of 
H.  Clayton  &  Co.,  as  exhibited  in  the  International. 
The  advantages  of  the  table  are  there  summed  up  as 
realised  in  the  brickfield.  Since  then  a  patent  law- 
suit has  been  decided,  in  which  it  was  argued  that  this 
"  self-delivery  cutting  table  "  is  an  infringement  of 
another  project,  somewhat  similar  in  a  few  of  its  details, 
patented  by  a  Mr.  Murray  ;  but  the  latter  fell  through, 
as  being  anticipated  by  a  prior  patent,  No,  49,  1863,  the 
principle  being  thus  public  property.  Indeed,  upwards  of 
20  years  ago  Henry  Clayton  made  various  attempts  at  the 
solution  of  the  problem,  some  of  them  closer  hits  than 
either  of  the  other  two  projects  just  quoted,  so  tli.at, 
practically  speaking,  his  present  table  is  only  an  im- 
provement of  his  earlier  one.  The  Judge  in  the  recent 
decision  barely  does  justice,  in  this  respect,  either  to 
H.  Clayton  and  Co.,  or  to  the  general  cause  of  pro- 
gress. No  doubt,  from  a  legal  point  of  view,  he  acteil  ■ 
wisely  in  confining  his  judgment  to  the  prior  patent 
of   1S63,  the  parallel   being   so  close  as  to  leave  no 


194 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle 


and 


Agricultural   Gazette 


[I'cbruavy  lo,   1S72 


doubt  on  the  matter.  From  the  practical  value  of  his 
table  and  the  prominent  position  which  Henry 
Clayton  has  long  held  in  the  manufacture  of  brick 
machines,  and  the  car&  with  which  he  specifics  his 
patents,  this  law  -  suit  has  excited  a  very  lively 
interest  in  a  large  number  of  brickfields  directly  and 
indirectly,  and  tlie  decision  will  be  attended  with 
much  good  in  more  ways  than  one.  Thus,  when  a 
landowner  of  unquestionable  authority  comes  forward 
and  gives  evidence  that  one  of  these  tables  is  worth 
^^300  a-year  to  him,  the  practical  conclusion  of  large 
brick  companies,  who  use  8  and  10  tables  daily,  is 
simple.  In  another  sense  brickmakers  will  now  see 
what  is  patentable  and  what  public  property,  and,  as  the 
principle  is  public  property,  further  improvements  and 
rivalry  as  to  manufacture  and  price  may  be  looked 
for.    ir.  B. 


ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  OF  ENGLAND. 

Monthly  Council  :  U'eduesdav,  fcb.  7,  1S72. — 
Tresent,  Sir  Watkin  W.  Wynn,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Presi- 
dent, in  the  Chair  ;  Lord  Chetham,  Lord  Kesteven, 
Lord  Vernon,  the  Hon.  Wilbraham  Egerton,  M.P., 
the  Hon.  H.  G.  Liddell,  M.P.,  Sir  T.  Dyke  Acland, 
JJart.,  M.P.,  Sir  A.  K.  Macdonald,  Bart.,  Mr.  Bald- 
win, Mr.  Barnett,  Mr.  Clive,  Colonel  Challoner,  Mr. 
Davies,  Mr.  Dent,  M.  P.,  Mr.  Druce,  Mr.  Kdmonds, 
Mr.  Brandreth  Clibbs,  Mr.  Hornsby,  Mr.  J.  Bowen 
Jones,  Colonel  Kingscote,  M.  P.,  Mr.  Leeds,  Mr.  D. 
Mcintosh,  Mr.  Masfen,  Mr.  Milward,  Mr.  Pain,  Mr. 
Randell,  Mr.  Rawlence,  Mr.  White  Ridley,  M.P., 
Mr.  Shuttleworth,  Mr.  Statter,  Mr.  Thompson,  Mr. 
Torr,  Mr.  Jabez  Turner,  Mr.  Wakefield.  Mr.  Earle 
Welby,  M.P.,  Mr.  John  Wells,  Mr.  W.  Wells,  M.P., 
Mr.  Whitehead,  Major  Wilson,  Mr.  Jacob  Wilson, 
and  Dr.  Voelcker. 

The  following  new  members  were  elected  : — 

Backhouse.  R.  Onions,  Westwood,  Bridt^tiorth. 

Bailey.  J.  B.,  4.  Coley  Hill,  Reading. 

Ball,  James.  Peterstone  Mills,  Cardiff. 

Benley,  J.  Noble,  Pitsford  Hall,  Northampton. 

Benson,  C,  98,  Bull  Street,  Birmingham. 

Blockstock,  John,  Hayton  Castle,  Marypoit. 

Cadle,  Miles,  Stockton-on-Tees. 

Danson,    John     Towne,     Carnsdale     Farm.      Barnston, 

Birkenhead. 
Edwards.  D.  T.,  TaffWell,  Cardiff. 
Edwards,  Richard,  Trewern  Hall,  Welshpool. 
Farmer,  Charles  Haywood,  Comberford  Hall,  Tamworth. 
Farrer,  H.  R.,  Green  Hanmerton,  Noak. 
Fisher,  Edward,  Grove  Hill,  Beverley. 
Fitz-Herbert,  W.,  Swynnerton,  Stone. 
Foster,  Matthew  Henry,  Little  Wymondeley,  Stevenage. 
Hodgkinson,  F.,  Kirkby  Hardwick,  Sutton  in  Ashfield. 
HodsoU,  J.  H.,  Loose  Court,  Maidstone. 
Holmes,  William,  Cloverdale  Island,  Magee. 
Jackson,  G.,  Higher  Peover.  Knutsford. 
Jackson,  T.  Finch,  Tattenhall  Hall,  Chester. 
Keightley,  A.  D.,  Old  Hall,  Milnthorpe. 
Kings,  W.  Padbury,  Lower  Heyford,  Banbury. 
Leney,  Edward,  Hadlow  Place,  Hadlow. 
Lloyd,  R.  T.,  Aston  Hall,  Oswestry. 
McCalmont.  A.  Leighton,  Broodgate  Farm.  Romsey. 
McDougall,  J.  T.,  158,  Leadenhall  Street,  E.C. 
Mansell,  T.  J.,  .Adcott  Hall,  Baschurch. 
Minton,  John,  Forton,  Shrewsbury. 

Montford.  W.  G.  S.,  Vanbrugh  House,  Blackheath.  S.E. 
Morley,  R.  N.,  Leadenham,  Grantham. 
Oldham,  Tom  Edward,  Loddington  Hall,  Kettering. 
Paddison,  C.  T.,  Stapleford,  Newark. 
Peart,  Isaac,  Tavin  Bury,  Hertford. 
Pidgeon.  Hubert  H.,  Torrington. 
Proby.  W.,  Glen  Art,  Arklow,  Ireland. 
Proctor,  H.  Matthews,  Hill  House,  Wykeham,  Spalding. 
Proctor,  M.  M.,  49,  ThornhiU  Square,  Barnsbury,  N. 
Read,  James,  Salisbury. 

Smith,  Henry  F,,  Lamworth  House,  Sutton,  Yorkshire. 
Stewart,  W.  M.,  Culhoon  House,  Stranraer. 
Thompson,  James.  Castle  Meadows.  Kendal. 
Tisdall,  E.  ('.,  Holland  Park  Farm,  K,ensington,  \V. 
Trethewy,  William,  Tregoose,  Probus. 
Turbervill,  Major  Picton,  Ewenny  Abbey,  Bridgend. 
Tyler,  John  Hawkins,  Tylherington,  Falfield,  Gloucester. 
Vachell,  Edwin,  Penarth,  Cardiff. 
Wallace,  Henry,  Trench  Hall,  Gateshead. 
Williams,  Lewis,  Redwick  House,  Chepstow. 
Willson.  y.  Larkham.  Kimbolton. 
Wright,  Frank,  Hill  Top  Farm,  Ashbourne. 
Wyley,  H.J.,  Bridgnorth. 

Finances. — Colonel  Kingscote,  M.P.,  presented 
the  report,  from  which  it  appeared  that  the  Secretary's 
receipts  during  the  past  two  months  had  been  examined 
by  the  committee,  and  by  Messrs.  Quiller,  Ball  &  Co., 
the  Society's  accountants,  and  were  found  correct. 
The  balance  in  the  hands  of  the  bankers  on  January  31 
was;r^ii76  i8j.  5'/.  Tlie  balance-sheet  for  the  quarter 
ended  December  31,  187 1,  and  the  statement  of  sub- 
scriptions and  arrears,  were  laid  upon  the  table  ;  the 
amount  of  arrears  then  due  being  ;^II5I.  Seventy- 
five  members  have  given  notice  during  the  past  year  of 
their  withdrawal  from  the  Society. 

Journal. — Mr.  Thompson  (chairman)  reported  that 
the  judges  of  the  competing  farms  had  all  signified 
their  acceptance  of  the  appointment,  and  that  arrange- 
ments were  made  for  the  first  tour  of  inspection°to 
commence  the  last  week  in  January.  The  committee 
recommended  that  250  copies  of  the  list  of  members 
be  printed  in  a  separate  form,  and  sold  at  dd.  each. 
They  referred  it  to  the  ('ouncil  to  decide  whether  the 


publication  of  the  next  Journal  should  be  delayed,  if 
necessary,  for  a  few  days,  in  order  to  admit  of  the 
publication  of  forms  of  guarantees  of  artificial  manures 
and  feeding-stuffs. — This  report  was  adopted,  and  the 
publication  of  the  Journal  was  ordered  to  be  deferred 
accordingly. 

House. — Col.  Kingscote,  M.P.,  reported  that  the 
resolution  passed  in  December  last,  respecting  the 
retirement  of  the  hall  porter  be  carried  out,  and  that 
he  should  receive  a  pension  of  ;>{, 20  per  annum,  paid 
quarterly  in  advance.  The  committee  further  recom- 
mended that  the  secretary  be  requested  to  engage 
another  porter,  who  should  undertake,  in  addition  to 
the  present  duties,  the  packing  and  posting  of  the 
Journal ;  and  that  his  salary  be  ^^i  \s.  per  week,  with 
clothes  and  other  allowances  as  at  present.  This 
report  was  adopted,  after  some  discussion,  and  the 
rejection,  by  18  votes  against  12,  of  an  amendment 
moved  by  Col.  Challoner  and  seconded  by  Lord 
Tredegar,  that  the  pension  of  the  retiring  porter  be 
£2.'^  per  annum. 

General,  Cardiff.  —  Lord  Vernon  (chairman) 
reported  that  the  conditions  under  which  the  Marquis 
of  Bute  and  Major  Picton  Turberville  proposed  to  offer 
prizes  for  cottages,  in  connection  with  the  Cardiff 
meeting,  had  been  submitted  to  the  committee.  They 
recommended  that  an  entrance  fee  of  los,  be  paid  by 
competitors  ;  that  plans  and  specifications  should  be 
sent  in  to  the  secretary  by  July  i  ;  and  that  the  secre- 
tary be  authorised  to  advertise  the  competition  in  the 
usual  papers,  and  in  those  that  are  connected  with  the 
building  trade. — This  report  was  adopted. 

Election. — Mr.  Thompson  (chairman)  reported 
the  recommendation  of  the  committee  that  the  Earl  of 
Leicester  be  elected  a  member  of  Council,  to  fill  the 
vacancy  caused  by  the  election  of  Sir  A.  K.  Mac- 
donald as  a  trustee. — This  report  having  been  adopted, 
the  Earl  of  Leicester  was  unanimously  elected  a 
member  of  the  Council,  on  the  motion  of  Mr.  Thomp- 
son, seconded  by  Lord  Tredegar. 

Special  Committee  on  Receipts  and  E.\pen- 
DITURE.  —  Lord  Vernon  (chairman)  reported  that 
reports  had  been  received  from  the  implement,  stock, 
prizes,  and  showyard  contracts  committees,  and  from 
the  honorary  director,  consulting  engineers,  and 
secretary.  These  reports  had  been  ordered  to  be 
printed,  and  circulated  amongst  the  members  of  the 
committee. — This  report  was  adopted. 

Chemical.— Mr.  W.  Wells,  M.l*.  (chairman), 
reported  that  the  committee  had  drawn  up  forms 
of  guarantees  which  vendors  of  manures  and  feeding 
stuffs  can  be  invited  to  sign.  These  forms,  when 
printed,  will  be  sent  to  members  of  Council  for 
consideration  ;  and  if  approved  of  at  the  next  Council 
meeting,  it  is  suggested  that  tliey  be  issued  on  appli- 
cation, at  a  trifling  charge  to  members  of  the  Society. 
— This  report  was  adopted. 

Stock  Prizes. — Mr.  Milward  (chairman)  reported 
that  letters  had  been  read  from  several  persons  com- 
plaining of  malpractices  with  regard  to  the  exhibition 
of  pigs,  and  that  the  committee  recommended  that  the 
attention  of  the  stewards  and  judges  be  called  to  this 
subject,  and  that  any  persons  found  guilty  shall  not  be 
allowed  to  exhibit  in  future.  The  committee  also 
recommended  the  following  addition  to  the  rules  of  the 
Cardiff  prize-sheet  :— "  No  mare  will  be  eligible  for  a 
prize  unless  certified,  either  at  the  date  of  entry,  or 
between  the  date  of  entry  and  that  of  the  show,  to  have 
had  a  living  foal, — or  that  the  foal,  if  dead,  was  born 
at  its  proper  time, — in  the  year  of  the  show.  Or  in 
the  event  of  a  mare  being  exhibited  without  a  foal  at 
foot,  a  certificate  shall  be  given  at  the  time  of  entry 
that  she  has  been  served,  and  the  prize  sliall  be 
withheld  till  a  certificate  be  produced  of  her  having 
produced  a  foal." — This  report  was  adopted. 

Imi'LEMEn't, — Col.  Challoner  (chairman)  reported 
that  the  committee  recommended  that  the  secretary  be 
instructed  to  ask,  in  the  Country  Meeting  Queries  for 
1S73,  for  not  less  than  eighty  acres  of  land,  in  such 
proportions  of  tillage  as  the  Society  may  require. — This 
report  was  adopted. 

Veterinary. — Mr.  Thompson  reported  that  the 
Governors  of  the  Veterinary  College  had  not  yet 
elected  a  Principal  in  tlie  place  of  the  late  Professor 
Spooner,  and  that  the  committee  were  therefore  unable 
to  report  further  on  the  relations  between  the  Society 
and  the  Royal  Veterinary  College.  It  was  also 
reported  that  the  committee  had  received  a  report 
from  Professor  Simonds  on  the  subject  of  Hardon's 
Patent  Cake,  and  lamb  disease  in  Lincolnshire,  and  had 
recommended  it  for  publication  in  the  next  Journal. — 
This  report  was  adopted. 

Letters  were  read  from  the  authorities  of  Newcastle, 
Hull,  and  Darlington  inviting  the  Society  to  hold  its 
country  meeting  for  1873  in  those  localities  ;  and  from 
the  authorities  of  Vork  and  Durham  declining  to  invite 
the  Society  on  this  occasion.  Mr.  Thompson  gave 
notice,  that  at  the  next  monthly  Council  he  would 
move — 

*'That  towns  competing  for  the  country  meetings 
of  the  Society  be  no  longer  required  to  send  deputations 
to  attend  the  monthly  Council  in  May." 

The  prize-sheet  of  the  International  Exhil)itinn  of 
Agricultural  Implement?,  Machinery,  &c.,  to  be  Iield 
at  the  Hague  in  September  next,  in  celebration  of  the 
25th  anniversary  of  the  institution  of  the  Dutch  Agri- 
cultural Society,  was  laid  before  the  Council. 


Farmers*   Clubs. 

SMITHFIELD. 

Feb,  6. — A  Council  meeting  was  held  this  day.  Pre- 
sent :  Lord  Tredegar,  President,  in  the  chair  ;  Earl  of 
Powis  (Vice-President),  J.  D.  Allen,  J.  N.  Beasley, 
Josh.  Druce,  Samuel  Druce,  Walter  Farthing,  Brand- 
reth Gibbs  {hon.  sec),  John  Giblett,  Thomas  Horley, 
jun.,  K.  Hornsby,  Robert  Leeds,  E.  W.  Moore,  R.  J. 
Xewton,  James  Quartly,  William  Rigden,  William 
Sanday,  T.  L.  Senior,  C.  Stephenson,  Josh.  Stratton, 
William  Torr,  H.  Trethewy,  J.  S.  Turner,  H.  Webb, 
Jacob  Wilson. 

The  minutes  of  the  last  Council  meeting  were  read 
and  confirmed. 

The  report  of  the  stewards  on  animal  No.  215,  exhi- 
bited at  the  late  show,  was  read,  when  it  was  unani- 
mously resolved  : — 

"That  the  Council  considers  Mr.  Warner  Coleman, 
farmer  and  dealer,  of  Hackford,  near  Wymondham,  to  be 
highly  blameable  in  having  filled  up  and  signed  the 
breeders"  certificate  without  the  breeder's  aiUhority,  and 
that  no  certificate  signed  by  him  be  received  in  future." 

A  letter  was  read  from  the  Earl  of  Darnley  relative 
to  an  animal  excluded  from  the  show  in  consequence  of 
the  veterinary  surgeons  of  the  show  having  reported 
that  it  was  affected  with  foot-and-mouth  disease,  and 
the  Council  directed  a  copy  of  Professor  Simonds' 
report  on  the  same  to  be  communicated  to  his 
lordship. 

The  report  of  the  judges  who  decided  on  the  merits 
of  the  instruments  exhibited  for  the  Earl  of  Powis* 
prize,  for  the  best  instrument  to  supersede  the  use  of 
the  poleaxe  in  the  slaughter  of  cattle,  was  read.  The 
prize  being  withheld,  it  was  resolved  to  accept  the 
offer  of  the  Earl  of  Powis  to  renew  the  prize  this  year. 
It  was  resolved  to  defer  the  consideration  of  the  two 
following  subjects  :  —  I.  Whether  animals  exhibited 
elsewhere  within  a  limited  period  before  the  date  of 
the  Club's  show,  should  or  should  not  be  admitted  in 
future,  during  the  prevalence  of  the  foot-and-mouth 
disease.  2.  Whether  any,  and  if  so,  what  modifica- 
tions shall  be  sought  to  be  obtained  from  the  Privy 
Council  in  reference  to  the  regulations  afiecting  the 
foot-and-mouth  disease  generally.  And  it  was  resolved 
that  if  the  President  and  stewards  shall  consider  it 
expedient,  a  special  Council  meeting  shall  be  called  by 
the  President  at  such  time  as  he  and  the  stewards  shall 
consider  necessary  previous  to  November  i  next,  and 
that  if  no  such  meeting  be  called  the  matter  shall 
remain  as  heretofore. 

Mr.  Henry  Webb,  of  Streetly  Hall,  West  Wickham, 
Cambridge,  and  Mr.  Wm.  Fookes,  of  Tarrant  Monk- 
ton,  Blandford,  were  unanimously  elected  stewards  of 
live  stock  for  the  ensuing  three  years. 

Mr.  Joseph  Druce  and  Mr.  Robert  Leeds  were 
unanimously  re-elected  stewards  of  implements  for  the 
present  year. 

The  following  additions  and  alterations  were  made 
in  the  prize  sheet  for  the  next  show  : — A  new  class  for 
Sussex  steers,  not  exceeding  2  years  and  6  months  old  : 
1st  prize,  ;i^20 ;  2d,  £,\o.  The  other  classes  of  steers 
to  be  as  follows,  not  exceeding  3  years  and  3  months  ; 
above  3  years  and  3  months ;  and  a  3d  prize  of  £^  was 
added  in  the  Sussex  heifer  class,  and  also  in  the 
Sussex  cow  class.  It  was  resolved  to  omit  the  word 
**  west  ■'  in  the  division  for  West  Highland  cattle; 
also  to  abolish  the  class  for  *' light  weight"  Leicester 
sheep  ;  also  to  abolish  the  class  for  the  old  sheep  in  the 
(Oxfordshire  breed. 

Also,  to  increase  the  1st  prize  for  Ryeland  Cheviots, 
Dorsets,  &c.,  to  ;i^20. 

Also,  to  increase  the  prize  in  extra  stock,  viz.,  for 
steers  or  oxen,  to  ^20  ;  for  heifers  or  cows  to  ^20. 

It  was  resolved — "That  any  animal  that  has  once 
won  the  champion  plate  shall  not  compete  for  it  again. " 

It  was  resolved — "That  in  the  classes  for  ewes  in 
the  different  divisions,  the  restrictions  making  it  com- 
pulsory for  them  to  have  had  lambs  be  abolished." 

Also,  that  there  be  a  2d  prize  of  £<^  in  each  of  the 
classes  for  ewes. 

Letters  were  laid  before  the  meeting,  and  answers 
directed  to  be  sent  thereto,  in  accordance  witli  the 
decision  of  the  Council  in  the  respective  cases. 

The  following  were  duly  elected  members  of  the 
Club  : — Francis  Sherbour,  of  Bedfont,  Hounslow  ; 
Earl  of  Feversham,  of  Duncombe  Park,  Hemsley, 
Yorkshire  ;  R.  H.  S.  Vyvyan,  of  Trewan,  St.  Colomb, 
Cornwall. 

The  thanks  of  the  meeting  were  voted  to  the  Right 
Hon.  Lord  Tredegar,  President,  for  his  lordsliip's  able 
conduct  in  the  chair. 


LONDON. 
Feb.  '^.^Thc  Use  of  Method^  AryauiU'ment,  and 
Observation  in  the  Mi^nagcment  of  a  Farm.  — The 
following  paper  was  read  by  the  Rev.  Georce  Davies, 
Hall  Place,  near  Romsey.  We  can  only  give  extracts 
from  it  : — 

We  certainly  liave  progressed  most  wonderfully  in  all 
matters  connected  with  the  cultivation  of  land,  and 
nowhere  more  than  in  Hampshire,  because  the  dis- 
covering of  dis'^olving  bones,  combined  with  tlie  intro- 
duction in  the  last  50  years  of  Turnips  and  Swedes,  has 
enabled  us  to  cultivate  hill  farms  which  before  were 
worthlei^s  (except  as  sheep-walks),  l>ecause  iliey  were 


Febraary  lo,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


195 


inaccessible  to  the  dung-cart).     At  the  same  time,  are 
there  not  some  things  in  which  we  have  gone  back  ? 

I  often  hear  the  complaint  on  heavy  lands,  "  Our  clays 
cap  so— run  together  after  heavy  rains — even  more  than 
they  used  to  do."  What  wonder?  We  shave  our 
wheat-straw,  and,  indeed,  all  our  straw  crops,  off  so  close 
to  the  ground  with  the  reaping  machines,  that  in  distant 
fields  perhaps  no  vegetable  matter  is  ever  returned  to  the 
ground.  But  in  olden  times,  when  they  reaped  high,  and 
xlien  began  winter-fallowing,  there  was  after  every  straw 
crop  about  6  inches  of  straw  distributed,  and  not  only 
distributed,  but  placed  in  a  most  even  way,  so  that  it 
was  restored  to  the  ground ;  and  not  only  that,  but 
the  under  side  of  the  turned-over  furrow  was  by  this 
means  wedged  up,  as  it  were,  to  let  the  frost  and  air 
circulate  underneath.  If  you  consider  t)iis  going  on 
for  a  long  scries  of  crops,  can  you  wonder  that  the  land 
changes  character?  1  admit  our  forefathers'  stubbles 
were  foul,  and  that  we  have  learned  the  value  of  straw 
for  stock  and  also  for  feeding  stuffs ;  still,  that  does 
not  alter  the  fact.  Let  a  man  cart  out  for  his  sheep  to 
kiy  on  of  a  wet  night  ever  so  little  refuse  straw,  and  see 
the  difference  in  tiie  work  of  that  part  of  the  field  com- 
pared with  the  rest  of  the  field.  Take  again  the  instance 
of  chalking  land.  You  will  excuse  my  illustrations  being 
in  a  great  measure  local  ;  I  am  speaking  of  hea\'y  land  in 
the  south  of  Hampshire,  which  is  strong,  good  Wheat 
land,  about  30  to  36  inches  from  the  chalk.  Now,  in 
walking  over  that  part  of  the  country,  you  will  see  in 
every  field  one  or  more  chalk-pits.  I  have  in  a  40-acre 
field  a  pit  from  which  an  acre  of  chalk  has  been  dug,  and 
put  on  the  land — mind,  a  chalk-pit,  the  area  of  which  is 
an  acre,  and  the  depth  30  or  40  feet.  Tliat  field  must 
have  been  in  times  gone  by  chalked  over  and  over  again, 
because  3  or  4  rods  of  area  at  that  depth  would  chalk  it 
all  over  once.  And  I  conclude  none  was  taken  into 
other  fields,  because  all  the  surrounding  fields  have  their 
chalk-pits,  and  people  would  naturally  cart  from  the 
nearest  pit.  I  observe  these  chalk-pits  have  not  been 
nmeh  used  of  late  years,  because  in  all  my  pits  I  find 
gun-flints  and  the  stones  chipped  off  them  at  the 
mouth  of  the  pits.  At  the  time  of  the  Teninsular 
War  the  flints  of  these  chalk-pits  were  largely  used 
for  gun-flints.  It  has  been  said  to  me  more  than  once 
by  strangers  looking  into  these  pits,  "  Why,  what  absurd 
people  you  Ham  pshire  folk  must  have  been  ;  it  surely  never 
could  have  been  intended  that  chalk  should  be  put  upon 
this  soil  because  Providence  has  placed  it  so  close  ;  why, 
it  is  only  3  feet  from  the  surface."  On  the  same  principle 
one  might  say  in  the  midland  counties  the  coal  could 
never  have  been  meant  to  smelt  the  iron  ore,  because  it  is 
so  near.  The  test  would  naturally  be  this  :  take  a  piece 
of  land  just  broken  up  out  of  a  wood,  which  has  never 
been  chalked,  although  it  has  a  chalk  subsoil  ;  trv  it  with- 
out and  with  chalk,  and  you  will  soon  find  the  \^■i£dom  of 
our  forefathers.  I  will  quite  admit  the  immense  progress 
of  the  age— steam-engines  and  the  solution  of  phosphates 
were  not  problems  for  the  infancy  of  farming  ;  but  yet  our 
forefathers  worked  well  with  the  materials  they  had  at 
hand.  Our  returns  are  enormously  more  than  our  ances- 
tors' on  the  same  farms  50  years  ago  ;  but  then  our 
expenses  are  enormously  more  also.  When  they  had  no 
roots,  because  roots  were  not  known,  the  labour  bill  was 
small.  There  was  no  necessity  to  employ  labourers, 
because  there  were  only  cottages  for  the  carter,  the  shep- 
herd, and  the  thresher,  and  these  three  functionaries  did 
the  work  of  the  farm  ;  and  so  it  used  to  be  a  local  proverb 
that  a  man  wanted  an  active  carter  to  get  over  the  fallows, 
a  lazy  shepherd  to  make  the  sheep-feed  last  out,  and  a 
spiteful  thresher  not  to  leave-any  corn  in  the  straw.  The 
labour  accounts  such  as  we  have — equal  to  the  rent,  tithe, 
and  taxes  on  a  farm— they  knew  nothing  of,  nor  had  they, 
I  imagine,  the  enormous  bills  we  have  from  blacksmith, 
wheelwright,  harness-maker,  engineer,  iS;c.  Thus,  to 
make  a  fair  estimate  of  an  improved  position,  we  must 
look  at  both  sides  of  the  balance-sheet  —expenditure  and 
returns. 

I  have  been  led  into  these  remarks  by  two  stories 
respecting  past  and  present,  which  I  shall  venture  to  put 
before  you.  They  both  relate  to  50  years  ago.  In  the 
year  1870  I  was  talking  to  a  labourerwho  had  lived  in  the 
village  all  his  life,  and  was  76  years  old.  We  were  in  a 
Wheat  field,  at  harvest  time.  I  said,  "  I  suppose  you 
don't  recollect  so  long  ago,  though  you  are  old  enough, 
what  sort  of  corn  crop  this  farm  carried  50  years  ago  ?" 
He  rephed,  ' '  This  very  field  was  Wheat  50  years  ago, 
and  I  mind  it  particularly  because  I  was  going  to  be 
married  that  autumn,  and  1  worked  early  and  late  to  earn 
money  to  furnish  my  home  with."  "Well,"  I  said, 
"and  compared  with  the  present  crop,  what  sort  of  a 
piece  of  Wheat  was  tliere?"  He  said,  "  Rather  more 
straw,  and  quite  as  much  com  as  there  is  now."  Now, 
my  crop  in  which  we  were  standing  was  a  good  crop — 
after  Swedes  grown  with  superphosphate,  and  fed  off  by 
sheep,  eating  a  little  corn  and  cake.  Supposing  the  sheep 
to  pay  for  the  artificial  food,  there  would  be  still  the 
expense  of  the  root  crop,  say  ^'4  an  acre.  "  How  was 
the  crop  grown  50  years  ago?"  I  said.  "  It  was  a 
fallow,  well  knocked  about  for  nine  or  ten  months,  and 
then  a  ewe  flock,  receiving  SainToin  and  Clover  leys, 
folded  at  night  on  the  naked  fallow."  There  is  a  picture 
of  the  same  field  under  the  same  crop  in  the  autumn  of 
I S20  and  the  autumn  of  1870.  The  old  style  was  much  less 
expensive,  and  the  resultasgood.  Thequestion,  then,  arises. 
Are  webetter  than  our  ancestors?  The  other  anecdote  is  of 
a  very  different  kind.  A  gentleman,  who  farmed  some 
thousands  of  acres  of  land,  close  to  the  town  of  Stock- 
bridge,  retired  last  autumn  from  farming,  and,  at  his  sale, 
he  said,  "  I  commenced  this  flock  of  Hampshire  Down 
sheep,  which  will  now  be  offered  under  the  hammer,  on 
this  same  estate  in  the  year  1821  ;  but  half  a  century  has 
altered  prices  very  much.  We  must  make  great  allow- 
ances for  the  exceptionally  high  prices  of  this  particular 
season,  but,  after  making  this  allowance,  what  a  fearful 
difference !  In  1821  I  purchased  the  ewes  from  which 
this  flock  is  descended  for  12^.  each,  and  the  lambs 
at  8^.  each.  The  ewes  are  now  worth  48J.  to  50^.,  and 
t  le  lambs  40J.  to  44J."     Here  is  a  wonderful  picture- 


corn  farming  not  much  progressed  ;  stock,  quadrupled  in 
value  within  half  a  century— or,  to  take  off  one-fourth  for 
the  exceptional  year,  three  times  the  old  value.  I  was 
telling  this  to  a  very  experienced  man,  Mr.  Westbury,  of 
Andover,  a  well-known  valuer,  and  asked  him  if  my 
figures  were  correct.  He  said,  "  I  myself  am  old  enough 
to  recollect  something  of  the  same  sort.  A  man  once 
offered  me  some  couples  (ewes  and  lambs),  quite  sound 
and  healthy,  at  -js.  6d.  ;  '  But,'  he  said,  'it  is  2.(.  6d.  a-head 
more  than  they  are  worth  in  the  fair,  and  therefore,  as  a 
friend,  I  should  not  like  to  sell  them  to  vou.'  "  Of  course, 
these  figures  apply,  in  matters  of  profit,  to  the  breeder 
only— not  to  a  man  who  buys  a  lean  sheep  and  fats  him, 
because  this  year  the  profit  is  to  the  breeder,  and  the 
fatter  may  even  have  to  sell  at  a  loss  ;  certainly,  if  he 
bought  in  late,  his  profit  will  not  be  great. 

Mdhod, — \Vith  respect  to  the  method  which  a  man 
will  pursue  in  farming,  he  will  probably,  to  a  certain 
extent,  be  bound  down  by  his  lease  ;  and  his  lease,  to 
a  certain  extent,  may  be  a  safe  guide,  because  it  is 
generally  drawn  from  experience  of  the  tillaj^e  most 
suitable  to  that  particular  locality. 

Still,  I  think,  after  a  time,  landlords  will  grow  less 
stringent  in  their  leases,  and,  m  fact,  now  the  covenants 
are  seldom  kept  strictly,  except  in  the  last  two  years.  If 
a  man  is  bound  down  not  to  sell  hay,  straw,  or  roots  off  a 
farm,  he  cannot  hurt  it  much  ;  if  he  is  bound  to  keep  so 
much  stock  per  acre,  he  cannot  hurt  a  farm  much.  Some- 
times there  are  covenants  in  a  lease  which  are  very 
injurious  to  the  tenant,  without  helping  the  landlord.  In 
some  leases  in  my  neighbourhood  the  covenant  is  inserted 
never  to  have  two  white  straw  crops  in  succession.  That 
is  now  changed  for  this  greatly  improved  clause — "  Not 
to  grow  two  white  straw  crops  in  succession,  unless  after 
two  root  crops  just  preceding."  Ours  is  a  heaN'y  Wheat 
country.  If  Wheat  is  followed  by  a  root  crop,  fed  off 
with  sheep,  and  Barley  put  in  afterwards,  the  Barley  goes 
to  straw,  and  exhausts  the  ground,  without  producing  a 
good  sample  ;  whereas,  Barley  sown  on  a  Wheat  stubble 
is  often  much  more  productive,  and  always  of  a  better 
quality.  Then,  with  a  breeding  flock,  we  are  obliged  to 
keep  back  our  roots  till  March,  April,  and  the  first  ten 
days  of  May,  in  order  to  support  our  lambs  till  the 
grass  is  ready.  This  land,  so  fed  off,  is  often,  if  put  in 
with  corn,  in  bad  tilth,  and  too  late  to  expect  any  yield  ; 
whereas,  by  ploughing  up  the  late-fed  Swedes,  and 
putting  in  Rape,  or  Mustard,  or  \'etchcs,  or  some  other 
catch  crop,  for  sheep  to  be  fed  off  in  the  autumn,  the 
cultivation  suits  the  season,  and  then  it  comes  well 
twice  folded,  for  Wheat  in  October  and  November,  and 
that  Wheat  followed  by  Barley  or  Oats.  This  greater 
latitude  in  the  leases  is  now  being  introduced  in  deference 
to  common  sense.  As  a  general  rule,  I  think  a  man 
coming  to  a  new  county  cannot  do  better  than  fol- 
low the  system  of  that  county,  at  all  events  at 
fifst  let  him  look  over  the  hedge,  and  see  what 
his  neighbours  are  doing,  and  try  to  improve  upon 
that  ;  but  still,  let  him  take  the  farming  of  the  dis- 
trict as  his  basis.  Lock  how  different  is  the  cultivation 
of  Hampshire  chalks  to  heavy  land  in  Essex,  for  instance. 
In  Essex,  all  your  tackle  made  to  fit  a  lo-turn  ridge,  so 
that  your  horses  may  always  walk  in  the  furrow  ;  in 
Hampshire  no  furrows,  and  the  more  your  horses  tread 
the  ground  the  better  ;  in  fact,  for  Wheat,  we  often  drive 
flocks  of  sheep  over  the  newly-sown  corn  to  get  the  ground 
firm,  and  follow  the  plough  with  a  presser.  It  is  a  bad 
compliment  to  any  locality  for  a  new  man  coming  from 
1  another  county  to  imagine  the  people  who  have  lived 
i  there  all  their  lives  know  nothing  about  farming,  yet 
I  many  a  new-comer  proclaims  this^vhen  he  sets  at  nought 
all  the  old  views  of  tillage,  implements,  and  cattle.  I 
did  this  to  a  certain  extent  myself,  and  there- 
I  fore  I  see  the  folly  of  it.  I  thought  I  could  intro- 
duce long-woollcd  sheep,  instead  of  the  Hampshire  Down  ; 
but  I  soon  found  that  the  improved  Hampshire  Down 
was  the  sheep  of  the  district  and  the  sheep  for  the  dis- 
trict. They  work  hard  for  their  food,  and  fold  well,  and 
from  an  even  distibution  of  lean  in  a  fat  sheep,  are  always 
saleable?  In  fact,  the  camel  is  not  more  peculiarly  fitted 
to  be  the  ship  of  the  desert,  than  the  Hampshire  Down 
sheep  for  its  own  locality.  In  the  same  way  I  tried  hoe- 
ing Wheat  on  the  strong  land,  but  the  hoe  flies  off  the 
stone,  and  cuts  out  the  Wheat  quite  as  much  as  it  would 
cut  the  weeds.  Again,  look  at  the  Hampshire  way  of 
making  the  Sainfoin  ricks  in  the  fields  close  to  the  roots, 
and  then  cutting  out  the  hay  and  feeding  the  sheep  in 
cages  made  of  the  common  ash-poles  of  the  hedgerows. 
It  seems  to  a  stranger  a  very  antiquated  and  wasteful 
way.  But  it  is  not.  The  stock  ewe  kept  hungry  to 
follow  the  fatting  sheep  is  the  best  clearer  up  I  ever  saw. 
1  knew  a  farmer  who  came  from  a  distant  county,  who 
with  new-born  zeal  set  to  work  to  carry  all  his  hay  home, 
cut  it  into  chaff,  bagged  it  up,  brought  it  back,  and  gave 
it  to  the  sheep  in  oxen  troughs.  They  did  not  eat  it  any 
cleaner,  because  they  wasted  none  before. 

Arrangement. — Now,  when  I  say  a  few  words  on 
arrangement  in  matters  of  detail,  I  speak  again  {I  am 
aware)  of  those  minutio?  which,  though  seemingly 
beneath  the  dignity  of  essayists,  may  contribute  a  great 
deal  to  the  successful  and  pleasant  working  of  a  farm. 

I  believe  very  much  in  the  "power  of  tittles,"  in  agri- 
culture as  well  as  in  other  things,  and  that  the  education 
of  the  farmer  cannot  be  too  practical,  cannot  too  much 
embrace  the  early  stages  of  learning,  the  lower  depart- 
ments of  knowledge,  what  will  correspond  to  the  cate- 
chism and  primers  of  literary  education.  Let  me  illustrate 
by  a  very  small  matter.  It  was  with  us  a  very  wet  and 
catchy  time  at  harvest :  one  man  seeing  his  men  stopped 
from  cutting  corn  by  a  shower,  set  all  hands  to  work  to 
throw  off  the  dry  straw  to  catch  the  descending  moisture, 
afterwards  to  draw  the  straw  ready  for  thatching.  The 
next  day  sets  in  hot,  and  a  \Vlieat  rick  was  made  in  the 
afternoon,  and  next  day  thatched  and  safe.  Another  man 
tells  his  men  to  stand  still  ;  that  makes  them  dissatisfied  at 
losing  half  a  day.     When  after  a  while  he  throws  out  his 


straw  for  thatching  water  has  to  be  fetched  in  a  water- 
cart  some  distance  from  a  pond.  When  his  Wheat  ricks 
arc  finished  a  delay  occurs  in  the  thatching,  no  straw 
being  drawn.  Here  are  three  points  lost  at  a  very 
important  time,  and  a  wet  Wheat  rick  as  a  final  result, 
all  from  what  might  by  good  management  have  been 
avoided.  Take  another  case :  one  man  has  his  Turnip 
and  Swede  crop  in  half-a-dozen  different  fields  ;  another 
man  has  managed  to  throw  his  four  or  five  course  shift 
pretty  much  together.  Look  at  the  difference  in  the 
moving  tackle  from  field  to  field,  and  after  that  in  shifting 
hurdles,  cages,  &c.,  when  the  sheep  are  folding  off  the 
roots.  I  pass  on  to  the  third  and  last  head  lo^  be  con- 
sidered, viz.  ; — 

Observation. — The  observant  man  I  take  it  to  be  one 
who  thoroughly  enjoys  liis  farm,  as  the  gardener  enjoys 
his  vinery  or  his  greenhouses-one  who  spends  his  time 
on  it,  watching  it  and  the  plants  that  grow  on  it  at  all 
times  of  the  day  and  in  all  seasons. 

We  all  know  {and  some  of  us  in  this  room  have  heard) 
those  admirable  statistics  which  Mr.  John  Bennet  Lawes 
has  drawn  from  the  experimental  observations  in  various 
plots  of  ground,  stimulated  and  fed  with  different  manures. 
Now,  what  he  has  so  well  done  for  the  public,  is  what 
each  man  ought,  however  unconsciously,  to  be  working 
out  evermore  for  himself.  And  that  he  can  do  without 
expense  ;  only  let  him,  as  he  walks  about,  keep  his  eyes 
open  and  his  mind  at  work.  How  much  will  accidents  do 
to  inform  him  ?  It  was  but  last  summer  that  I  noticed  a 
square  piece  in  the  middle  of  a  Wheat  field,  where  the 
corn  was  a  few  inches  shorter  than  the  rest  of  tlie  field. 
As  the  piece  was  about  the  size  of  a  sheepfold,  and  the 
line  of  demarcation  ran  as  regularly  as  the  hurdles  would, 
I  went  to  the  shepherd,  and  said,  "  I  see  such  a  piece 
looks  as  if  the  sheep  had  broken  out  from  their  fold  when 
the  Mustard  was  penned  for  Wheat  last  autumn."  He 
said,  "  Yes,  one  night  I  suppose  a  strange  dog  must  have 
run  by  the  fold — for  they  did  break  out  of  that  particular 
fold,  and  lay  under  a  kedge  in  another  field — and  it  could 
not  have  been  long  after  I  left  them  in  the  fold  at  sunset, 
for  in  the  morning  I  found  they  had  scarcely  eaten  up 
their  bait." 

We  know  the  value  of  bringing  a  ewe  flock  in  full  off 
Clover  leys  and  folding  them  thick  between  hurdles,  as 
well  as  any  one,  but  it  was  never  brought  home  to  me  so 
clearly  as  by  that  accident.  Those  sheep  had  been  one 
hour  in  that  fold,  and  12  hours  on  the  next  ;  and  it  was  to 
be  seen,  by  difference  in  straw  and  corn,  exactly  (as  in 
Mr.  Lawes"  plots)  what  was  the  value  of  a  sheepfold  for 
corn  ;  whereas,  otherwise,  it  would  have  been  only  known 
in  a  general  way.  If  I  had  had  a  farming  pupil  with  me, 
I  think  that  would  have  taught  him  more  tlian  volumes  on 
the  same  subject.  Again,  suppose  one  of  our  stock 
farmers  to  divide  his  lambs  and  fold  them  in  the  same 
field  ;  the  ewe  lambs,  being  for  stock,  we  do  not  want  to 
feed  ;  the  wether  lambs  we  do.  I  did  this  three  years 
ago,  and  penned  them  over  roots  side  by  side.  The  ewe 
Iambs  had  only  hay  ;  the  wethers,  with  only  a  hurdle 
between,  went  down  the  same  field  in  parallel  lines,  and  I 
allowed  them  about  4  sacks  per  acre  of  Oats  in  addition 
to  the  hay.  I  put  that  field  in  with  Oats  in  the  spring, 
and,  as  near  as  I  could  reckon,  there  were  4  sacks  an  acre 
more  on  the  part  where  the  wether  lambs  were  fed,  so 
that  I  exactly  got  back  my  4  sacks  given  in  feed.  If  I 
had  fed  the  whole  field  with  slieep  eating  Oats,  I  should 
not  have  been  able  to  say  whether  the  corn  given  had 
improved  the  crop  or  not.  It  was  the  accident  which 
helped  me.  But  the  same  thing  holds  good  whenever 
there  is  only  a  partial  distribution  of  manure. 

Supposing  a  farmer  to  be  trying  any  top-dressing,  it  is 
always  well  to  try  some  on  a  crop  of  which  a  ridge  here 
and  there  is  left  unmanured  :  otherwise  what  is  attributed 
to  the  manure  may  perhaps  be  due  to  the  season  or  the 
tilth,  with  which  the  crop  was  put  in.  It  is  our  custom  to 
drill  all  our  root  crops,  Swedes,  Turnips,  and  Mangels, 
with  ashes  and  sujierphosphate.  My  custom,  as  my  land 
is  heavy,  is  to  drill  never  less  than  roo  bush,  of  sifted 
ashes  and  3  cwt.  of  dissolved  bones.  I  find  by  getting  the 
dissolved  bone  either  from  Mr.  Lawes  or  Messrs.  H.  &  T. 
Proctor,  I  am  never  disappointed  in  a  crop.  The  expense 
of  the  bone  and  ashes  is  about  30^.  an  acre.  It  very  often 
happens,  owing  to  the  ashes  bemg  damp,  that  the  manure 
drills  get  stopped  for  a  few  yards  while  the  seed  barrel 
delivers  the  seed.  The  Turnips  or  Swedes  get  hoed  in 
these  patches  where  the  manure  has  not  run  the  same  as 
the  rest  of  the  field.  In  the  autumn  the  exact  value  of  the 
manure  is  easily  estimated  by  taking  a  dozen  roots  from 
the  manured  and  the  unmanured  drills,  and  estimating 
their  weight.  I  am  inclined  to  think  the  crops  would  stand, 
on  an  average,  as  15  tons  per  acre  on  the  manured  drills 
and  5  tons  on  the  unmanured.  The  average  weight  of 
roots  with  manure  would  be  as  6  lb.  to  2  lb.,  the  bone  and 
ashes  making  a  seed-bed.  and  giving  the  plant  a  great 
start  in  the  early  season  of  its  growth.  I  may  add,  that  I 
prefer  old  ashes  which  have  been  exposed  to  a  winter's 
wet  and  cold,  because  they  are  damp,  which  new  ashes 
are  not  ;  and  in  our  dry  soils  the  damp  of  the  seed-bed 
often  brings  up  a  plant,  which  with  dry  ashes  would  not 
start  till  a  rain.  If  this  calculation,  which  is  open  to  your 
criticism,  be  correct,  as  I  belie\e  it  is.  the  cost  of  the  extra 
10  tons  per  acre  is  to  be  achieved  at  the  rate  of  3^.  a  ton. 
Suppose  a  man  to  have  a  sliepherd  who  has  tended  sheep 
on  your  farm  for  20  or  30  years,  how  much  may  be 
learned  from  him,  or  from  your  carter  or  drillman's 
experience  and  observation  in  times  past?  "  To  pick  the 
brains  and  inherit  the  experience  of  such  as  these  is  the 
practical  way  to  learn  of  the  past  and  inquire  of  the  days 
that  are  gone."  Thus  it  is  that  accident  often  tries 
experiments  for  us,  which  we  have  not  the  energy  to  set 
about  for  ourselves.  But  if  we  observe  them  when  they 
do  occur,  what  matter?  I  have  another  one  in  my  mind 
at  this  time.  There  is  half-an-acre  of  ground  in  the  corner 
of  one  of  my  fields  which  was  let  as  an  allotment  garden 
with  some  cottages  for  several  years,  and  cultivated  with, 
spade  husbandry.  It  has  now  been  cropped  for  six  years.. 
in  the  usual  course  of  husbandry  with  the  rest  of  the  tield 
under  the  plough.     But  I  can  see  the  boundary  line  to  ^^ 


196 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  10,   1S72. 


inch—  in  every  crop  now  after  six  years — which  I  suppose 
we  should  attribute  partly  to  deep  cultivation  of  tlie  spade, 
partly  to  the  manure,  but  chiefly  to  its  having  Iiad 
entire  rest  for  many  years  from  cereal  crop.  If  land  gets 
(as  the  saying  is)  Clover-sick  by  sowing  Clover  oftener 
than  once  in  eight  years,  does  not  land  get 
Wheat-sick  and  Barley-sick  which  has  had  a  white 
straw  crop,  on  a  low  estimate.  30  times  in  50  years? 
One  can  see  the  results  ten  years  afterwards  of  where  a 
dung-heap  has  stood,  but  I  never  could  get  any  one  to 
tell  me  why  it  is  that  where  a  hay-rick  or  straw-rick  has 
stood  the  crop  shows  the  place  years  afterwards.  Ad- 
mitted tliat  small  particles  of  vegetable  matter  may  fall 
through  ;  but  even  where  there  has  been  a  bottom  of 
faggots,  and  everything  has  been  cleared  up.  still  the 
effect  is  evident.  And  it  almost  seems  as  if  the  exclusion 
of  air  and  light  had  the  contrary  effect  to  that  which  we 
usually  attribute  to  it.  Out  of  this  close  observation 
arises  a  sort  of  mental  arithmetic,  by  which  conclusions 
may  be  quickly  formed.  And  nothing  is  more  valu.able 
— some  such  hahit  as  this,  in  the  management  of  a  farm. 
The  mind  of  the  experienced  man  in  this  way  is  like  the 
table  of  a  ready  reckoner.  The  other  day  a  person  said 
to  me,  "  I  have  got  a  chance  to  supply  a  stable  with 
straw.  Had  I  better  exchange  the  straw  for  the  manure 
made  by  that  straw,  even  ;  or  had  I  better  sell  the  straw 
at  ^3  per  ton,  and  buy  back  the  manure  at  i4.r.  a  waggon 
load?  I  don't  suppose  there  is  muchdifference,  it  will  come 
to  much  the  same  thing."  I  said,  you  liad  better  weigh  out 
a  ton  of  straw,  use  it  in  your  own  stable,  and  then  load 
the  proceeds,  as  rotten  manure,  into  a  waggon,  and  you 
will  see  tliere  is  a  very  great  dilTerence — I  believe  consider- 
ably more  than  half,  which  would  be  ^i  los.  out  of  ^^3. 
I  believe  more  than  that  even,  and  that  j^3  of  straw  at 
present  price  would  come  back  in  about  a  waggon  and  a 
cart,  as  well-rotted  compost.  I  have  tried  it.  and  I  have 
had  the  experience  of  others  who  have  tiied  it,  and  I 
believe  those  whom  I  have  asked  put  it  at  even  a  greater 
difference  than  I  do.     In  the  same  way  one  may  think  to 


sions  which  closely  touch  their  interests.  Hence  we 
might  conclude  that  no  section  of  the  community  were 
better  off — none  clearer  of  government  or  other  griev- 
ances, were  it  not  for  the  complaints  which  from  time 
to  time  we  hear  muttered  in  private,  in  a  way  alto- 
gether futile.  The  position  of  tenant-farmers,  no  doubt, 
has  its  bright  side,  but  I  venture  to  assert  that  it  has 
sad  drawbacks  which  not  only  affect  the  men  who 
occupy  it,  but  the  community  at  large. 


keep  Mangel  or  Carrots  till  the  spriiig.  and  get  35.  or  4J. 
ton  more  for  them,  and  the  inexperi^ced  man  may  fancy 
he  has  done.  But  take  the  expense  of  clamping,  the  risk 
of  decay,  and  chiefly  the  loss  in  weight,  we  should  admit 
the  earliest  sale  made  on  the  ground  in  the  autumn,  even 
if  it  was  25  per  cent,  less,  would  be  the  most  profitable.  It 
is  time  now  in  a  few  more  lines  to  bring  this  paper  to  a 
conclusion.  What  I  have  offered  has  been  written  for 
plain  practical  men.  and.  as  I  said  in  the  beginning,  falls 
rather  below  the  dignity  of  a  Club  like  this,  which  contains 
many  men  of  high  position  and  great  knowledge.  In  fact, 
this  Club  is,  to  a  certain  extent  a  sort  of  agricultural 
House  of  Commons,  and  would  come  within  the  meaning 
of  Tennyson's  expression  in  "  Locksley  Hall." 

"In  the  parliament  of  man— the  federation  of  the  world." 

1  have  endeavoured  to  show  that  no  education  of  col- 
leges or  of  books,  excellent  as  they  are,  can  supersede 
continual  habits  of  observation,  method,  and  arrange- 
ment. And  herein  exists  the  answer  to  the  often-asked 
question,  How  is  it  gentlemen  farmers  don't  make  money? 
Because  they  never  began  to  leam  at  the  bottom  of  the 
question.  They  are  in  the  hands  of  other  people  ;  and 
how  large  a  margin  exists  between  the  balance  of  a  man 
who  buys  and  sells  well  and  one  who  does  not  !  The 
hook-educated  man  would  not  have  picked  out  the  cow 
offered  at  dairy  price  in  Devizes  market,  and  yet  I  should 
like  to  have  for  a  fortune  the  money  that  one  animal 
produced  when  Mr.  Stratton's  obser\'ant  eye  fixed  upon 
her  as  the  basis  of  a  long  line  of  illustrious  Shorthorns. 
A  practical  man  can  tell  more  about  how  sheep  are  doing 
by  looking  into  the  wool  over  a  hurdle,  than  an  unpractical 
man  would  by  handling  every  sheep. 


At  the  annual  meeting  of  this  Club,  C.  G.  Grey, 
Esq.,  presiding,  the  annual  report  was  adopted.  It 
stated  that  the  number  of  members  on  the  books  is 
254,  being  an  increase  of  20  for  the  12  months.  It 
expressed  thanks  to  the  gentlemen  who  have,  during 
the  past  12  months,  introduced  subjects  for  discussion, 
viz.,  to  Mr.  T.  P.  Dods,  for  his  paper  on  "  Local  taxa- 
tion ;"  to  Mr.  J.  J.  Ilarle,  for  his  paper  "On  feed- 
ing in  its  relation  to  cropping ; "  to  the  Rev.  Canon 
Dwarris,  for  his  paper  "  On  increasing  the  facilities  of 
education  for  farmers'  sons  ; "  to  Mr.  T.  J.  Bold,  for 
his  paper  "  On  insects  injurious  to  the  Turnip  plant ; " 
to  Mr.  Thos  Bell,  for  his  paper  "  On  the  relative  inte- 
rests of  landlord,  tenant,  and  people  in  the  soil." 

Tenant-right  Nationally  Considered. — We  must 
abridge  the  long  and  valuable  paper  by  Professor 
Wrightson  on  this  subject,  which  appeared  in  the 
Hexham  Cowant  of  January  13.     He  said  : — 

Tenant-right  has  been  too  often  discussed  to  allow 
of  my  coming  before  you  armed  with  new  .arguments. 
Such  is  not  my  intention  :  neither,  I  venture  to  say,  is 
it  what  you  expect.  The  Government  of  this  country, 
and,  as  more  immediately  affecting  a  meeting  of 
farmers,  the  landlords  of  this  countiy,  are  in  a  great 
measure  ruled  by  public  opinion,  and  it  is  as  guiding 
public  opinion  that  such  meetings  as  the  present  are 
valuable.  Would  that  the  farmers  of  this  country  better 
understood  the  value  of  their  individual  and  united 
opinions.  How  often  are  Members  of  Parliament  in- 
fluenced in  their  views  by  contact  with  well-informed 
farmers  ?  Mow  often  are  Game  Bills,  Local  Taxation 
Bills,  Contagious  Diseases  (.A.nimals)  Acts,  modified  by 
the  motions  of  agricultural  associations  such  as  this? 
I  think  it  necessary  to  remind  you  of  this  fact,  because 
the  great  mass  of  farmers  are  not  yet  roused  to  a  sense 
of  the  importance  of  united  effort.  Unlike  the  members 
of  other  professions  or  callings,  and  in  spite  of  the 
means  now  at  their  disposal  for  combined  influence, 
they  remain  isolated,  and  refuse  to  take  part  in  discus- 


It  is  not  my  object  to-day  to  open  up  all  the  diffi- 
culties which  beset  the  farmer  in  developing  his  business 
to  the  utmost  of  his  means.  We  have  to  do  with  one 
of  them  only,  which  may  be  expressed  as  follows  :  An 
enterprising  farmer  may  lay  out  hundreds  or  thousands 
of  pounds  in  cleaning,  fertilising,  draining,  and  other- 
wise improving  his  land.  Several  years  may  elapse, 
during  which  time  the  business  has  been  carried  on  at 
a  loss  or  very  small  profit,  and  yet  the  grateful  land  is 
ready  to  give  back  with  interest  the  capita!  already 
incorporated  with  it. 

It  is  exactly  at  this  point  that  the  need  of  tenant- 
right  makes  itself  evident.  The  tenant  may  die, 
leaving  a  wife  and  young  children,  who  must  speedily 
quit.  The  landlord  may  be  succeeded  by  a  needy, 
greedy,  or  unprincipled  person,  who  at  once  proceeds 
to  raise  rents  or  eject  tenants  :  political  difficulties, 
game  disputes,  and  offences  of  various  kinds  may  arise, 
any  of  which  are  sufficient,  at  a  six  months'  notice,  to 
sever  the  connection  between  landlord  and  tenant,  and, 
except  in  certain  favoured  localities,  the  unfortunate 
tenant  is  robbed  much  in  proportion  as  his  occupation 
has  been  improved  by  his  management.  The  position 
of  the  tenant-farmer  is  the  reverse  of  satisfactory  in  all 
this.  It  may  be  summed  up  in  the  word  "insecure." 
We  have  heard  much  lately  about  the  land  question, 
the  land  monopoly,  peasant  proprietors,  large  and 
small  farms,  entail,  primogeniture,  and  such  like. 
Much  might  doubtless  be  improved,  but  I  am  far  from 
viewing  sweeping  changes  with  favour.  The  English 
rural  economy  in  which  the  land  is  owned  by  one  class, 
farmed  by  a  second,  and  actually  tilled  by  a  third,  has 
resulted  in  the  finest  farming  in  the  world.  Whatever 
theoretical  reasons  may  be  urged  against  this  old- 
established  system,  for  God's  sake  let  us  be  careful 
how  we  change  it  for  new-fangled  notions,  which  might 
not  be  found  suitable  to  our  national  constitution. 
England  is  nearly  all  let  to  farmers,  and  cultivation 
is  brought  to  the  highest  perfection  upon  large  farms 
and  upon  large  estates.  The  immense  mass  of 
food  produced  annually  in  England  is  produced  by 
tenants,  and  I  maintain  that  whatever  shackles  the 
farmers  of  this  country  diminishes  the  food  supply. 
;,!^io  and  ^I2  per  acre,  and  even  larger  sums  (iMr. 
Mechi  says  £iS),  may  be  profit<ably  expended  in  ordi- 
nary farming  business.  This  is  equal  to  from  one-third 
to  one-fourth  of  the  entire  value  of  the  land,  and  yet 
look  at  the  legislative  enactments  for  protecting  the 
landlords,  and  contrast  them  with  the  helpless  legal 
incapacity  of  the  tenant. 

"  I  recently  read  a  paper,"  says  Mr.  Mechi,  "  before 
the  Midland  Counties  Farmers'  Club  at  Birmingham, 
where  I  met  the  most  wealthy,  intelligent,  and  enter- 
prising farmers  of  an  extensive  district.  In  the  dis- 
cussion which  followed,  it  was  painful  to  me  to  hear 
from  every  speaker  that  the  want  of  security  of  tenure 
and  valuation  for  improvements  sat  upon  them  like  a 
heavy  cloud."  The  same  feeling  prevailed  throughout 
the  country,  and  demands  our  most  serious  attention. 
We  have,  indeed,  come  to  this  point.  Knowledge  and 
wealth  have  increased,  new  improvements  liave  been 
invented,  new  means  for  increasing  the  fertility  of  the 
land  have  been  discovered,  stock  has  been  improved, 
and  yet  the  old  relations  between  landlords  and  tenants 
are  tenaciously  preserved.  I  say  it  is  impossible  to 
apply  the  knowledge  now  possessed  by  farmers,  unless 
they  are  secured  from  loss  by  a  lease,  a  comprehensive 
tenant-right,  or,  better  still,  a  combination  of  both. 

I  have  been  much  struck  with  the  unanimity  of 
opinion  which  exists  with  regard  to  this  subject  of 
tenant-right.  Landlords  and  tenants  appear  to  be 
agreed  as  to  the  principle  of  compensation,  and,  while 
it  is  by  no  means  uncommon  to  hear  men  of  experience 
declaim  against  leases,  it  is  rare  to  hear  this  other 
means  of  security  condemned. 

[A  number  of  opinions  were  quoted,  and  details 
stated  on  this  point,  and  Professor  Wrightson  pro- 
ceeded.] 

Having  glanced  at  the  history  and  present  position 
of  tlie  question,  we  have  next  to  consider  what  tenant- 
right  really  is,  to  strip  it  of  its  ambiguities,  and  finally 
to  see  whether  any  practical  basis  of  action  can  be  fixed 
upon  in  order  to  accelerate  its  more  general  adoption. 
Firstly,  we  must  not  confound  English  with  Irish 
tenant-right.  The  Irish  tenant  not  only  requires  pay- 
ment for  the  improvements  but  for  the  "good-will"  of 
giving  up  possession.  Such  a  tenant-right  not  only 
locks  up  the  capital  of  a  young  tenant  commencing 
business  and  diminishes  the  rental  value  of  land,  but  it 
can  hardly  be  supposed  in  any  sense  to  develope  agri- 
culture. Neither  must  we  use  that  ambiguous  expres- 
sion "Custom  of  the  countiy"  as  quite  tantamount  to 
this  right.  Tenant-right  might  be,  and  to  some  extent 
has  been,  grafted  upon  the  "customs"  of  various  dis- 
tricts, but  too  often  the  customs  do  little  more  than 
protect  the  waygoing  tenant  from  loss  upon  any  ne- 
cessary labour  he  may  have  performed  for  the  bene^t 


of  the  incomer.  1  cannot,  however,  agree  with  jMr, 
Corbet  in  maintaining  a  strict  and  definite  distinction 
between  customs  and  tenant-right.  I  rather  view  the 
customs  as  the  existing  machinery  by  which  improved 
ideas  as  to  tenant-right  are  to  be  carried  out.  Neither 
do  I  think  that  we  have  reason  to  be  altogether  de- 
pressed w-ith  regard  to  the  progress  of  tenant-right. 
The  principle,  as  we  have  already  seen,  has  been 
granted  by  eveiy  leading  agriculturist,  namely,  that 
the  tenant's  capital  should  be  made  secure  upon  his 
leaving  his  occupation.  It  is  also  desirable  that  a  way- 
going tenant  should  have  sufficient  inducements  to  farm 
well  up  to  the  end  of  his  tenancy.  I  would  also  urge 
that  in  advocating  tenant-right,  which  is  essentially  the 
payment  by  the  landlord  for  improvements  made  by 
the  tenant,  we  are  bound  to  allow  that,  in  case  the 
farm  can  be  shown  to  have  been  damaged  during  the 
occupancy,  the  tenant  should  be  equally  willing  to 
reimburse  the  landlord  for  such  damage. 

The   exact    state    of    tenant-right    throughout    the 
country  has  been  too  little  investigated.     Lincolnshire 
tenant-right  is  in  every  one's  mouth,  and  it  no  doubt  is 
the   oldest   and   probably  the   most   perfect  system  in 
existence  in  this  country.     This  right  is,  however,  in- 
corporated in  the  customs  of  the  county,  and  can  only 
be  viewed  as  an   extension  of  them  in  a  direction  ac- 
cording with  modern  improvements.     With  regard  to 
other   counties  we  have  in  some   cases  a  liberal  way- 
going crop  with  an  allowance  in  addition.     In  Mon- 
mouth the  outgoing  tenant  takes  an  awaygoing  crop  of 
Wheat  on  one-third  or  one-fourth  of  the  arable  land, 
and  has  liberty  to  sell  Clover,    hay,  straw,  and  roots. 
Usually  when  a  waygoing  crop  is  allowe  di  tappears  to 
stand  in  the  place  of  other  ordinary  allowances.     In 
Derbyshire  there  is  a   limited    compensation  ;   bones, 
lime,  guano,   rape  dust,   &c.,   are  allowed   for.     The 
allowance  for  i-inch  bones  extends  over  six  years  ongrass 
land  when  pastured ;  if  inown  for  three  years  ;  on  some 
farms  one-third  or  one-half  of  the  cost  of  the  oilcakes 
consumed  during  the  last  year  is  allowed.     In  Hunt- 
ingdonshire the  allowance  for  lime  is  in  equal  propor- 
tions over  four  years  ;  one-third  is  allowed  for  linseed 
cake,  or  other  artificial  food  used  the  year  before  quit- 
ting.    The   outgoing  tenant  is  allowed  for  carriage  on 
materials  for  building  and  on  drainage  tiles,  and  also 
five  years  in  equal  proportions  for  draining.     In  Kent, 
Surrey,  and  Sussex,  the  amount  to  be  paid  to  outgoing 
tenants  has  been  complained  of  as  excessive.     In  Lei- 
cestershire and  Rutlandshire,  in  a  Michaelmas  entry, 
the  incomer  pays  for   all  acts  of  husbandry,    bought 
manures  and  their  carriage,  and  one  year's  rent  and 
rates  on  the  summer  fallows.     He  has  to  take  the  root 
crop  at  consuming  price,  the  bought  manures  and  car- 
riage being  also  charged.     On  Lady-day  entries  the 
summer  fallows  are  paid  for  as  at  Michaelmas.     For 
drainage   there  is   an   allowance   of  four  or  six  years 
according  to  circumstances.     Linseed  and  cotton  cake 
are  allowed  for  at  the  rate  of  one-fourth  for  the  last  two 
years,  and  the  same  allowance  is  made  for  lime,  but 
without  the  cost  of  the  carriage  for  the  second  year.   In 
Nottinghamshire,  on  a  Michaelmas  entiy,  the  incoming 
tenant  pays  on  the  dead  or  summer  fallows  for  the  acts 
of  husbandry,    the    rent,    rates,    and    taxes,  also  the 
manure  or  lime  applied,  and  the  labour  for  supplying 
them.     He  also   pays  for  the  Turnips  at  a  consuming 
price,  together  with  two-thirds  of  the  cost  price  of  the 
bones  or  other  approved  artificial   manures.     On  the 
grass  land  he  has  to  pay  for  one-third  of  the  value  of 
the  cake  consumed  in  the  preceding  summer,  and  for 
the  hay  and  straw  of  the  last  summer  at  a  consuming 
price.     On  the  Lady-day  takings  the  outgoing  tenant 
is  allowed  liberally  for  the  Wheat  on  fallows  and  for 
Turnip  fallows.     He  receives  consuming  price  for  hay 
and  straw,  also  for  manure  made  from  produce  of  pre- 
ceding summer,   and  labour  thereon  ;    one-fourth  the 
cost  for  the  linseed  cake  consumed  in  the  last  two  years, 
which  payment,  however,  is  not  quite  to  be  classed  as 
customary.       Staffordshire,    raw   bones   and   lime   are 
allowed  for  extending  over  three  years.     Draining  is 
paid  for,  the  allowance  extending   over  seven   years. 
The  outgoing  tenant  also  has  an  awaygoing   crop  of 
Wheat.     In  the  North  and  East  Ridings  of  Yorkshire 
the  principle  of  compensation  is   spreading.     In   the 
West  Riding  custom  varies   considerably.      In   some 
instances  the  outgoing  tenant  is  even  allowed  on  the 
Turnip  or  summer  fallow  one  year's  rent  and  taxes,  as 
well  as  for  all  manure  purchased,  the  dressings  of  the 
fallows,  and  the  manure,  making  a  deduction  for  the 
.green  crops.       On  the    "half  tillage"    land   (seeds, 
bean  and  pea  stubble)  he  is  allowed  half  the  rent  and 
taxes,  the  dressings,  half  the  m.anure,  three-fourths  for 
bones,  and  one-third  for  guano,   less  half  the  deduction 
for  the  last  green  crop.      In  other  parts,  purchased 
manures  are  paid  for  at  full  cost  if  no  crop  has  been 
taken,  but  after  a  crop  the  outgoer  receives  half  the 
value."     The   above  information,  abridged   from  Mr. 
Cadle's  able  essay  on  the  Farming  Customs   of  Eng- 
land, shows  us  clearly  that  tenant-right,  or  regard  for 
tenant's   capital    invested,    is  extending.       The    very 
terms  oilcake,  bones,  drainage,  are  too  recent  m  agri- 
culture to  allow  of  tliis  being  doubted,  and  such  allow- 
ances have  evidently  become  engrafted  with  the  old 
system  of  custom.     In  other  counties,    unfortunately, 
no  such  reasonable  allowances   are   made,    but   there 
is  little  doubt  that  the  good  examples  already  quoted 
will  spread,    and   that   the   true   value    of  what    are 
sorftewhat    ambiguously  termed  unexhausted  improve- 
ments will  become  better  understood. 


Febi-uary  lo,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Ag'ricultural 


Gazette. 


197 


Before  proceeding  to  speak  upon  the  actual  ad- 
justment of  the  claims  of  an  outgoing  tenant,  who 
is  leaving  his  farm  in  a  high  state  of  artificial  fer- 
tility, directly  brought  about  by  the  investment  of  his 
own  capital,  I  have  a  word  to  say  upon  the  whole 
general  question  as  it  affects  the  country  at  large.  Tlie 
public  have  a  right  to  demand  that  the  country  shall  be 
well  cultivated.  Or  whether  they  have  a  right  or  not  it 
is  not  improbable  that  the  question  of  the  public  or 
commonweal  (commonwealth)  in  this  particular  may 
be  mooted.  No  man,  however,  will  develope  the 
capabilities  of  the  soil  to  the  utmost  (especially  clay 
soils)  unless  he  is  made  secura  to  an  extent  which 
tenant-right  can  scarely  reach  to.  It  is  only  the  puv- 
chaser,  the  owner,  who  can  reap  the  advantages  of  his 
agricultural  improvements  by  the  real  increase  in  value 
of  his  estate,  which  may  be  realised  by  an  opportune 
sale.  Every  one  cannot  be  an  owner  of  land,  and  a 
man  of  small  capital  is  not  to  be  advised  to  lock  up 
money  in  a  3  per  cent,  investment.  It  is,  however, 
only  just  to  the  public  as  well  as  to  the  farmer,  that 
the  tenant's  capital  should  be  secure,  and  security  can 
only  be  obtained  by  giving  the  tenant  a  more  perma- 
nent interest  in  the  land.  I  need  not,  I  think,  argue  in 
favour  of  a  lease  before  the  present  company,  because 
I  believe  most  of  the  gentlemen  present  have  made  up 
their  minds  in  favour  of  this  mode  of  tenure.  A  lease, 
among  other  things,  is  accused  of  favouring  an  "  up 
and  down  "  system  of  farming.  You  improve  for  seven 
years,  you  keep  up  the  fertility  for  seven  years,  and 
you  take  it  out  for  seven  years.  This  is,  I  cannot  help 
thinking,  both  natural  and  commendable,  but  it  is 
nevertheless  unfortunate  for  the  country,  and  may  be 
remedied  by  the  introduction  of  tenant-right  clauses 
into  leases  ;  and  I  believe  this  would  knock  the  ground 
from  under  those  who  make  out  a  case  against  leases. 
These  gentlemen  object  to  leases,  first,  because  under 
them  there  is  this  "  up  and  down  "  system  of  farming, 
and,  secondly,  because  the  end  of  the  lease  gives  an 
opportunity  for  raising  the  rent,  which,  in  the  case  of  a 
yearly  tenancy,  rarely  occurs.  Now,  if  you  introduce 
a  proper  tenant-right,  the  first  of  these  objections 
clearly  gives  way,  and  I  believe  the  second  would  also 
disappear,  because  if  the  farm  were  really  improved  by 
tenant's  capital,  the  tenant-right  should  come  into 
operation  at  the  end  of  the  lease  as  a  set-off  against  any 
proposed  rise  of  rent.  There  is  only  one  other  sugges- 
tion which  I  shall  mention  as  apparently  meeting  the 
case  ;  I  refer  to  the  proposal  to  do  away  with  the  six 
months'  notice  to  quit  altogether  as  far  too  short  a 
period  for  a  farmer  to  transfer  his  business.  Substitute 
a  two  years'  for  the  six  months'  notice,  and  introduce  a 
proper  tenant-right,  and  we  should  soon  witness  an 
immense  improvement  in  the  agriculture  of  the  country. 
I  do  not  mean  to  say  that  this  is  yet  applicable  to  the 
condition  of  backward  districts,  where  the  tenantry  are 
too  poor  and  ignorant  to  be  trusted  with  greater  powers 
than  they  at  present  enjoy,  but  I  do  think  that  the  con- 
dition of  the  greater  part  of  England  justifies  a  greater 
liberty  of  action  being  given  to  the  tenant-farmers. 

There  are  other  men  besides  the  Rev.  E.  Smythies, 
of  the  Central  Farmers'  Club,  who  are  ready  to  tell  us 
that  expressions  of  general  opinion  are  in  this  case  of 
no  use  whatever,  and  that  "  what  farming  men  want  is 
to  know  exactly  what  the  outgoing  tenant  has  to  receive 
— what  proportion  of  the  whole."  There  is  much  truth 
in  this,  and  yet  it  is  of  importance  to  be  thoroughly 
agreed  upon  the  principle  before  proceeding  to  elabo- 
rate a  system.  I  am  also  confident  that  with  our  pre- 
sent knowledge  and  agricultural  organisations  there 
would  be  little  difficulty  in  coming  to  a  decision  as  to 
the  money  value  of  unexhausted  improvements,  such  as 
drainage,  claying,  marling,  building,  &c.  So  far  the 
attempt  has  been  made  without  sufficient  regard  to  the 
united  evidence,  and  I  certainly  would  recommend  that 
any  committee  for  adjusting  the  claims  of  tenant-right 
should  not  only  represent  the  landlord  and  tenant  inte- 
rest, but  also  represent  scientific  knowledge  by  the  in- 
troduction of  a  good  agricultural  chemist,  whose  opinion 
would  be  valuable  in  fixing  the  relative  value  of  manures 
and  foods  as  fertilisers.  In  recommending  this,  the 
only  real  dif^culty  I  see  is  the  few  men  there  are  in  this 
country  who  know  anything  at  all  of  agricultural  che- 
mistry. No  system  of  tenant-right  can  be  sound  which 
is  not  based  upon  truth.  The  estimates  must  be  based 
upon  experience,  upon  direct  experiment,  and  upon 
chemical  evidence,  and  not  upon  the  mere  dictum  of  a 
land  agent.  Glancing  at  some  actual  and  proposed 
schemes  of  compensation,  there  is  sufficient  evidence  of 
confusion.  Mr.  Piper,  before  the  Swindon  Chamber 
{Dec.  1S70),  quoted  from  the  scheme  of  an  eminent 
land  agent  in  Devonshire  as  follows  : — The  tenant  to 
receive  compensation  for  unexhausted  improvements 
according  to  the  following  rules  : — 

1.  Bone  manure  with  Turnips  over  five  years  :  ist 
year  the  tenant  to  be  allowed  20s.  in  the  £1  ;  2d,  10/.  ; 
3d,  5^.  ;  4th,  3J.  ;  and  5th,  2s. 

2.  Guano  over  4  years  :  ist  year  20s,  in  the  £1  ;  2d, 
Sj.  ;  3d,  4^.  ;  4th,  2J-. 

3.  Superphosphate  of  lime  and  other  manure  for 
Turnips  the  same  as  rule  2. 

5.  Corn,  Linseed,  or  oilcake,  fed  in  the  last  year  of 
tenancy  by  fattening  stock  or  sheep,  to  be  repaid  20 
per  cent. 

6.  Purchased  yard,  pig,  or  any  decomposed  manure, 
1st  year,  Ss.  in  the  ;^20  ;  2d  year,  4j-. 

Contrast  this  scale  with  that  proposed  by  Mr.  Bellamy 


to  the  North  of  England  Chamber,  in  which  two-thirdsof 
the  bones  and  guano  are  to  be  paid  for  after  a  green  crop, 
and  if  a  waygoing  crop  is  taken  after  such  green  crop, 
then  one-third  only  of  the  expense.  Dissolved  bones 
only  to  be  allowed  for  at  the  rate  of  one-sixth  of  their 
value  after  a  green  crop,  and  are  supposed  to  be  worth 
nothing  after  a  corn  crop  has  been  taken.  No  mention 
is  apparently  made  by  Mr.  Bellamy  of  purchased  foods 
spent  on  the  land.  In  Lincolnshire  the  whole  of  the 
bones  are  paid  for  after  a  Turnip  crop,  and  one-fourth 
of  the  oilcake  bills  for  the  last  two  years.  Mr.  Masfen, 
in  his  admirable  paper  on  "  A  farm  agreement  "  (Lon- 
don, 1S69),  said,  "Mr.  Cadle  proposes  compensation 
for  artificial  food  and  manure,  and  that  on  a  liberal 
scale,  and  I  think  it  will  meet  with  many  supporters  ; 
as  far  as  the  food  is  concerned,  I  will  go  with  him,  but 
I  am  not  disposed  to  sanction  his  views  as  regards  su- 
perphosphates— the  last  year  but  one  for  a  manufactured 
manure.  The  last  year,  in  my  opinion,  goes  far 
enough."  This  last  opinion  is  supported  by  the  expe- 
riments of  Mr.  Lawes,  of  Rothamstead,  but  controverted 
by  Dr.  Voelcker.  For  my  own  part  I  have  long 
doubted  the  efficacy  of  superphospiiates  and  guanos  as 
a  means  of  really  improving  land  except  indirectly. 
Their  effect  is  generally  ended  with  the  crop  to  which 
they  were  applied.  At  the  same  time  by  increasing 
the  yield  of  Turnips  and  of  straw,  tliey  eventually 
increase  the  "  muck-heap,"  and  that  will  be  of  more 
permanent  advantage  to  the  land  than  any  expenditure 
on  so-called  "artificials."  With  regard  to  the  value 
of  food  residues  they,  as  being  incorporated  with  and 
enriching  the  farmyard  manure,  are  probably  of  greater 
permanent  value  than  guanos  and  superphosphates. 
The  differences  in  the  value  of  the  manure  produced  by 
various  feeding  stuffs  is,  however,  so  great  that  no 
person  is  entitled,  as  in  the  rules  above  cited,  to  class 
corn  and  cake  together.  According  to  Mr.  Lawes, 
the  money  value  of  the  manure  made  from  i  ton  of  de- 
corticated cotton-seed  cake  is  £6  los.,  or  not  much 
below  the  price  of  the  cake  itself ;  that  from  I  ton  of 
rape  cake  is  worth  £4.  iSj.  6d.  ;  and  that  from  i  ton 
of  linseed  cake  £4  12s.  6d.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
manurial  value  of  the  residue  of  I  ton  of  Barley  con- 
sumed is  only  ^i  loc  ;  of  Wheat,  £l  I'^s.  ;  of  Oats, 
£1  l^s.  ;  and  of  malt,  £l  Us.  bd.  The  fixing  of  the 
payments  for  manures  and  feeding  stuffs  is,  then,  the 
most  difficult  part  of  the  problem  before  us,  and  it 
appears  to  me  that  Mr.  Lawes'  opinion  should  be  care- 
fully considered  with  reference  to  it.  Mr.  Lawes  has 
done  much  towards  proving  that  land  may  be  kept  in 
condition  equally  by  artificial  manures  and  by  farm- 
yard dung  :  but  when  he  comes  to  consider  the  perma- 
nency of  effect  from  the  various  classes  of  manures  used, 
he  arrives  at  the  following  conclusion  : — "That  wdien 
active  nitrogenous  manures,  such  as  Peruvian  guano, 
ammonia  salts,  or  nitrate  of  soda,  are  applied  in  only 
the  moderate  quantities  usually  employed  in  practical 
agriculture,  the  unexhausted  residue  left  in  the  soil 
after  the  removal  of  a  corn  crop  has  but  little  effi^ct  on 
succeeding  crops.  That  when  rape  cake,  and  other 
organic  purchased  manures,  which  yield  up  their  ferti- 
lising elements  comparatively  slowly,  are  employed, 
the  unexhausted  residue  left  after  the  removal  of  the 
first  crop  may  yield  an  appreciable  amount  of  increase 
throughout  a  rotation.  That  when  farmyard  dung  is 
employed  the  effect  may  be  apparent  for  a  still  longer 
period.  That  when  mineral  manures,  such  as  phos- 
phates, salts  of  potash,  ic,  are  used,  the  eflects  of  any 
unexhausted  residue  are  too  slow  and  gradual  to  admit 
of  any  determination  of  their  value."  Again,  "  It  has 
been  shown  by  reference  to  direct  results  that  some  im- 
portant constituents  of  manures  either  leave  little  or  no 
unexhausted  residue  in  the  land,  or  leave  it  so  combined 
within  the  soil,  or  so  distributed  throughout  it  that  it 
produces  little  or  no  appreciable  effect  on  succeeding 
crops.  Some  manures,  on  the  other  hand,  have  been 
shown  to  produce  marked  effects  for  several  years  after 
their  application.  It  is,  obvious,  therefore,  that  it 
would  require  a  very  complicated  sliding  scale  to  enable 
us  to  estimate  the  value  of  unexhausted  manures  under 
the  many  varying  conditions  that  would  arise."  It  is 
considerations  such  as  these  which  led  Mr.  Lawes  to 
the  following  very  practical  expression  of  opinion  : — 
"It  would,  I  think,  be  more  satisfactory  that  all  valua- 
tions should,  if  possible,  relate  only  to  what  is  above 
ground .  Nor  do  I  see  any  difficulty  in  doing  full  justice 
to  the  outgoing  tenant  without  taking  into  account  the 
value  of  the  unexhausted  residue  of  manures  which  have 
already  yielded  a  crop."  The  three  items  upon  which 
Mr.  Lawes  would  rely  as  the  basis  of  a  valuation  in 
favour  of  the  outgoing  tenant  are — the  farmyard  ma- 
nure made  during  the  last  year  of  the  occupancy  ;  the 
manure  from  purchased  food  which  has  not  grown  a 
crop  ;  and  the  straw  of  the  corn  crops  of  the  last 
harvest."  This  conclusion  of  Mr.  Lawes  has  been  cri- 
ticised {especially  by  Mr.  Smith,  of  Woolston),  as 
providing  an  insufficient  remuneration  for  the  outgoing 
tenant.  It  is,  however,  capable  of  expansion,  and 
appears  to  me  to  be  based  upon  a  sound  principle,  for 
after  all  the  expenditure  in  various  fertilisers  is  of  less 
importance  than  the  effect  of  such  an  expenditure. 
What  better  claim  can  a  tenant  have  for  compensation 
than  by  showing  that  he  has  raised  the  yield  of  the  corn 
crops  and  the  quantity  of  manure  upon  the  farm  ?  If 
this  has  been  done  by  proper  means,  I  cannot  see  how 
a  simpler  basis  for  calculation  can  be  obtained  than  by 
the  results  of  such  good  cultivation  as  above  indicated. 
Here,    then,    is   one   means  by  which  nearly  all  the 


tenant's  land  improvements  may  be  compensated  to 
him.  It  is  not,  however,  perfect,  because  it  does  not 
provide  for  the  outlay  of  money  upon  drainage,  liming, 
marling,  claying,  &c.,  which  may  have  been  done  by 
the  waygoing  tenant,  and  which  still  have  a  prospective 
value.  These  improvements  must  still  be  paid  for  on 
a  sliding  scale  which  is  not  difficult  to  construct.  Im- 
provements to  house  and  buildings,  roads  and  fences, 
will  readily  be  valued  by  experienced  men,  and  thus  a 
complete  system  of  tenant-right  may  be  elaborated. 
[The  "discussion"  is  unavoidably  postponed.] 


Farm  Memoranda. 

Brassey  Green,  Tarporley. — We  reproduce  Mr. 
Aston's  statement,  in  the  Chester  Chronicle,  of  his  ex- 
perience here  in  pig-feeding  on  the  whey  from  large 
dairy  farms  : — Since  the  factory  system  has  been  mooted 
in  England  some  landlords  and  tenant-farmers  have 
objected  to  any  change  being  made  in  cheese-making, 
on  account  of  the  value  of  whey  and  injury  the  land 
would  sustain  if  robbed  of  the  pig  manure.  This 
matter  was  freely  discussed  in  the  early  part  of  last 
spring,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Cheshire  Chamber  of  Agri- 
culture, held  at  the  Crewe  Arms  Hotel,  in  Crewe,  when 
I  resolved  on  keeping  accounts  of  pig-feeding  for  the 
])ast  season,  and  publishing  the  result.  The  experiment 
dates  from  March  iS  last,  when  cheese-making  com- 
menced, and  terminated  on  December  15,  when  all  the 
milk  was  taken  for  churning  butter.  The  average 
number  of  dairy  cows  kept  through  the  season  was  58. 
The  whey  is  pumped  out  of  the  cheese  tubs  by  one  of 
Mr.  Manock's  patent  pumps,  into  slate  cistems,  elevated 
nearly  2  feet  above  the  level  of  the  floor,  and,  after 
remaining  for  about  24  hours,  is  then  topped  and  run 
off  into  other  cisterns  convenient  for  feeding.  I  never 
bred  a  score  of  pigs  since  commencing  farming,  conse- 
quently am  dependent  on  purchasing  from  others.  The 
following  are  the  particulars  of  last  season's  fatting, 
showing  the  profit  derived  from  the  before-mentioned 
cows  in  whey,  independent  of  the  butter  : — 

Payments. 
Cost  of  46  pigs        . .         . .         . .  . .         . .  . ,     ^^56     5     o 

To  feeding  stuffs  in   palm-nut  meal,  Indian  Corn,  pol- 
lard, and  Beans  55  18     z 

To  9  bush,  of  coarse  salt  ..  ..  ..         ..         ..         046 

To  7  cwt.  of  ashes  ..         ..         ..         ..         ..         ..        000 

/;"»  7  8 

Receipts.  

To  32  pigs ^19414     o 

To  five  unsold,  as  price  offered  by  butcher    ..         . .        16     5     o 

To  seven  stores,  as  per  price  of  by  dealer        . .  . .        10  10    o 

Dead  two      ..  ..  ..         ,.  ..         ..  ..  000 

To  balance  of  feed  left       ..         ..         ..  ..  ..  150 

£,^■22.     It       o 

It  will  at  once  be  seen  that  a  little  over  £\  iSj.  w-as 
the  clear  profit  derived  from  each  cow  in  whey  by 
feeding,  besides  the  manure,  which  has  not  been  taken 
into  consideration,  and  which  I  shall  leave  for  some 
more  competent  agriculturist  to  value.  To  prevent 
the  waggoner  from  taking  the  food  for  the  horses,  I 
mixed  it  with  ashes,  but  have  recently  ascertained  that 
one  or  two  attempts  were  made  to  separate  them  by  a 
fine  sieve.  Still  the  fastidious  steeds  refused  the  swines' 
meat.  However,  the  poultry  were  not  so  particular, 
and  were  fed  from  the  bulk  for  a  considerable  time, 
and  for  which  no  deduction  is  made,  as  some  little  offal 
from  the  house  made  up  the  loss.  With  the  exception 
of  seven  or  eight  calves  fed,  the  others  were  sold  ofl 
soon  after  being  dropped,  and  altogether  realised  ^^40 
within  a  few  shillings.  Last  year  was  over  the  average 
season  for  cows  milking,  but  under  for  fattening  pigs, 
on  account  of  the  low'price  of  bacon  and  the  high  value 
of  feeding  stuffs.  About  17  years  ago  I  realised  -^^is. 
clear  profit  on  each  cow  in  whey  by  my  feeding,  and 
only  produced  four-fifths  of  the  cheese  made  in  1871, 
Butter  is  a  very  important  item  in  a  farmer's  accounts, 
and  ought  to  be  taken  into  consideration  when  com- 
puting the  result  of  dairying.  I  have  realised  upwards 
of;!^ioo  during  the  late  cheese-making  season  from 
this  source,  and,  though  a  good  portion  was  derived 
from  cream,  still  more  was  got  from  the  tops  of  whey. 
I  estimate  £a,%  \os.  was  made  from  the  former,  and 
£^2  \Qs.  from  the  latter.  The  cheese  was  skimmed 
freely  during  the  months  of  April  and  May,  which 
lessened  its  value,  and  I  considered  more  was  lost  by 
the  experiment  than  was  gained  by  the  increased 
quantity  of  butter.  Weighing  milk  has  been  regularly 
practised  by  some  dairy  farmers  in  Cheshire  last  year. 
I  have  only  scaled  mine  twice,  and  the  following  figures 
show  the  results  :— From  14914  lb.  of  milk,  weighed 
on  April  25,  I  had  152^  lb.  of  green  cheese  ready  for 
the  drying-room,  and  from  6674  lb.,  weighed  on 
October  26,  there  were  91  lb.  of  ditto.  I  was 
astonished  to  find  that  74  lb.  of  milk  should  have  pro- 
duced I  lb.  of  green  cheese.  This  proves  its  high  value 
for  dairying.  The  amounts  realised  per  cow  in  whey 
and  butter  appears  rather  large,  still  I  have  preferred 
being  a  little  under  the  mark  than  over,  and  shall 
decline  offering  any  further  remarks  on  these  profits. 


Miscellaneous. 


A  Government  Agricultural  Department. — 
Our  contemporary  A^/«r^ thus  ably  comments  upon  the 
scope  for  Government  action  in  the  work  of  agricultural 
improvement.  In  a  review  of  the  United  States  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  and  its  publications  it  says  : — 


198 


The   Gardeners*   Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


[February  10,   1872. 


"  It  is  true  that  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  Eng- 
land, with  less  than  6000  members,  does  more,  probably,  in 
its  special  walk  than  any  other  private  society  in  the  world  ; 
but  it  is  still  nothing  more  than  a  private  society,  and  it 
cannot  possibly,  therefore,  cover  the  whole  ground  required 
by  the  progressive  agriculture  of  the  present  day.  Indeed, 
it  is,  by  its  charter,  expressly  prohibited  from  interfering 
in  matters  which  are  questions  of  either  law  or  politics. 
Its  efforts  are  therefore  confined  to  *  practice  "  and 
'  science, '  and  it  supports  a  large  staff  of  scientific  officers, 
including  a  chemist,  botanist,  veterinary  inspector,  engi- 
neer, and  others,  absolutely  without  Slate  aid  ;  it  also 
expends  at  least  ^^2000  per  annum  in  testing  machinery  ; 
gives  away  j^30oo  per  annum  in  prizes  for  _  the  best 
animals  ;  promotes e.xperimental investigations;  and  incurs 
very  serious  risk  in  exposing  adulterations  of  manures 
and  feeding  stuffs.  It  may,  doubtless,  be  urged  that  if 
English  farmers  can  do  so  much  for  themselves  they 
require  no  help.  But  practically  our  Government  has 
found  out  that  there  are  things  to  be  done  which  only  a 
Government  can  do.  Thus,  after  the  nation  had  suffered 
fearful  losses  by  the  ravages  of  cattle  plague,  it  ordered 
an  investigation  of  the  subject,  and— published  a  blue 
book.  After  the  condition  of  the  agricultural  labourer, 
and  especially  of  women  and  children  employed  in  agri- 
culture, had  been  stigmatised  as  a  blot  on  our 
civilisation,  it  issued  a  Royal  Commission,  and 
the  result  of  this  excessive  effort  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  agriculture  was — a  series  of  blue 
books.  But  who  reads  blue-books  ?  Farmers  cannot 
perform  successfully  a  feat  which  almost  baffles  the  best- 
trained  member  of  Parliament.  What  they  want  is  a 
Department  of  Agriculture  which  shall  improve  the  laws 
of  the  land,  as  well  as  investigate  obscure  subjects,  and 
circulate  the  official  reports  in  the  manner  of  the  United 
States  department,  in  editions  of  a  quarter  of  a  million. 
The  United  States  Commissioner  not  only  expounds  the 
laws  of  the  federation  on  roads,  fences,  &c. ;  but  he  learns, 
for  instance,  that  the  beet-sugar  industry  of  Europe,  and 
the  system  of  agricultural  education  in  Germany  and 
other  countries,  present  instructive  features  to  the  intel- 
ligent agriculturist,  and  he  therefore  sends  a  qualified 
commissioner  to  report  on  each  of  these  subjects. 
American  farmers  are  thus  enlightened  on  European  agri- 
culture sooner  and  more  authoritatively  than  we,  who 
are  separated  from  the  Continent  by  nothing  more  than  a 
'streak  of  silver  sea.'  There  are  our  colonies  also  ;  and 
we  would  on  their  behalf  inquire  whether  an  intending 
emigrant  to  Canada,  New  Zealand,  Australia,  or  the 
Cape,  can  obtain  as  much  tnistworthy  information  on 
their  agriculture  as  the  American  farmer  now  possesses 
about  his  country's  recent  purchase,  Alaska?  It  thus 
seems  clear  that  the  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture presents  features  which  may  be  profitably  copied 
by  our  executive  Government,  and  others  which  are 
equally  instructive  both  to  our  [agriculturists  and  to  our 
men  of  science." 


^t  mtzKB  maxk 

South  Northumberland. — 

Jan.    25. — Fair,  but   dull.     Threshing  Wheat  and  Oats,    and 
carting  Turnips  from  store  to  turnip-houses. 
„     26.— Showery  forenoon,  very  wet  afternoon.     Ploughing 
lea  in  forenoon.     Crushing  kainit,   &c.,  in  after- 
noon. 
,j     27.  — Close  damp  day.     Finished  lea  ploughing. 
„     29. — Showery    and     wet   towards   evening.       Ploughing 

stubble  for  Peas,  and  carting  c.ike  from  station. 
,,     30.  —  Fine  day.     Finished  stubble  ploughing  and  carting 

coals. 
„     31. — Fine  day.     Threshing  and  delivering    Barley  ;  cut- 
ting straw  for  cattle  and  hay  for  horses, 
Feb.    1. — Very  fine  day.     Ploughing  Turnip  land  for  Wheat. 
„     2.— Fine  day.     Sowing    Wheat    (Hunter's)  and  cutting 

hedges. 
„     3. — Fine  day.     Same  as  yesterday. 

„     5. — Very  wet  forenoon,    fine  afternoon.      Carting  farm- 
yard dung. 
,,     6. — Fine  day.     Carting  farmyard  dung. 

General :  Cattle  feeding  and  cutting  Swedes  for  hoggets. 
Trospective  :  Finish  Wheat  sowing.  .-/.   JV.  D. 

West  Gloucester :  Jan.  30. — Wet  every  day 
throughout  the  week,  therefore  cannot  report  any 
progress  towards  spring  sowing.  Ploughing  very  much 
behindhand.  Teams  engaged  carting  out  dung. 
Labourers  forking  up  odd  corners  on  fallows,  and 
opening  additional  water- furrows.    T.  W. 

Chatteris  :  Feb.  3. — Threshing  Wheat  two  days ; 
deliver  40  qr.  at  the  station  ;  finish  underdraining  for 
the  winter ;  clip  hedges  ;  cut  down  Quicks  ;  two  men 
three  days  digging  Twitch  on  20  acres  before  ploughing 
for  Oats  ;  riddle  and  deliver  Potatos  at  station  ;  deliver 
Carrots  to  boats  ;  three  ploughs  part  of  week  for  Oats  ; 
dig  some  patches  of  Twitch  on  land  designed  for  roots 
in  the  spring.  Better  weather  the  last  few  days.  A.S.R. 
Vale  of  Gloucester  :  Feb.  5. — The  weather  the 
last  week  has  been  better,  still  unfavourable  for  getting 
on  with  farm  work,  which  is  very  backward  ;  all  that 
has  been  done  has  been  ploughing  (on  fine  days)  for 
Beans  and  Peas.  There  is  still  an  unusually  large  breadth 
of  Wheat  to  be  sown  in  this  neighbourhood.  The 
manual  labourhas  consisted  of  hedging,  ditching,  chaff- 
cutting,  grinding,  and  attending  to  stock,  which  are 
doing  satisfactorily.  The  ewes,  having  just  begun  to 
lamb,  are  now  getting  hay  in  the  place  of  bean-haulm, 
with  which  they  have  been  foddered  ;  in  a  yard  at 
nights  for  the  last  five  weeks,  running  out  upon  a  dry 
pasture  by  day,  with  a  few  Swedes,  upon  which  they 
have  done  well.   H. 

Northamptonshire:  Feb.  $.  —  Field  operations 
have  been  nearly  at  a  standstill  during  the  past  month, 
owing  to  the  excessive  rainfall,  although,  as  the  amount 
measured  here  is  only  3.32  inches,  as  against  5. 82  inches 
reported   by   Dr.   Allnatt   from    Frant,  we    must    not 


complain.  It  has  been  impossible  to  keep  the  sheep 
on  Turnips  except  on  the  very  driest  spots,  and  as  the 
crop  is  a  heavy  one,  there  is  a  superabundance  of  roots  ; 
in  fact,  they  have  been  given  away  to  be  eaten  on  the 
land,  without  any  stipulations  as  to  corn  or  cake. 
Autumn  Wheats  are  looking  almost  too  gay,  and  unless 
we  have  fair  weather  it  will  be  difficult  to  sow  Wheat 
for  the  present.  Fat  stock  have  been  selling  well,  but 
stores  of  every  description  command  extreme  prices — 
in  fact,  can  hardly  be  bought  at  all.  We  are  all 
hoping  for  more  seasonable  weather,  and  a  week's  frost 
would  be  very  beneficial.  J.  Borlase  Tibbits,  Barton 
Smgi'ai'c^  Kettering. 

Chalk  Land  Farm,  Berkshire  :  Feb.  6. — We 
have  been  enabled  to  do  rather  more  during  the  past 
week,  having  had  much  less  rain,  and  one  or  two  very 
fine  days.  The  weather  continues  very  mild  and 
growing  for  the  time  of  year.  The  Turnips  and 
Swedes  are  beginning  to  run  to  green,  thus  adding  to 
the  too  abundant  keep  for  sheep.  The  stock,  how- 
ever, is  beginning  to  increase  from  the  fall  of  lambs, 
which  is  going  on  satisfactorily,    "J.  H. 

Ross-shire:  Feb.  6, — W^eather  uncommonly  fine,  and 
wondrously  suitable  for  outdoor  work.  Wheat,  grass, 
Turnips  a-field,  beautifully  green,  and  indicating  a  far 
more  advanced  period  of  the  year.  In  the  early  part 
of  last  week  carting  manure,  and  the  after  part  of  it 
ridging  the  ground  a  second  time  for  Barley  after 
Turnips  eaten  off  with  sheep.  For  several  years, 
instead  of  ploughing  close,  I  have  drilled  the 
ground,  and  afterwards  split  the  drills  again,  and  left  it 
thus  till  sowing  time.  Then  it  is  harrowed,  grubbed, 
and  sown.  It  is  a  great  improvement  to  soil  clayey, 
stiff",  and  damp. 


Notices  to   Correspondents. 

Farm  for  Agricultur.a,l  Pupils  :  An  Anonymous 
Correspondent.  The  gentleman  to  whom  you  refer  would 
probably  decline,  on  the  score  of  age,  to  receive  a  pupil. 
Anyhow  we  must  not  publish  his  name  without  his 
permission.  We  are  happy,  however,  to  of^er  you  an 
introduction  to  him. 

Tenant-Right  :  Constant  Subscriber  says  : — I  am  leav- 
ing my  farm  at  Michaelmas  next.  In  my  agreement  I 
am  not  allowed  to  sell  hay,  straw,  or  roots  ;  the  tithes 
are  commuted  and  paid  for  by  me.  The  tithe-owner  not 
being  my  landlord,  the  question  is,  can  I  sell  the  tenth 
of  hay  or  straw  ?  I  am  leaving  many  improvements 
behind.  [You  will  probably  be  bound  by  the  rule  to 
which  you  consented,  and  by  which  you  were  benefited 
when  you  entered  the  farm.  The  point  you  raise  is, 
however,  one  which  we  would  imagine  must  have  been 
already  raised  and  settled ;  but  not  being  learned  in  the 
law  we  cannot  advise.] 


iarluts* 


SEED  MARKET. 

Firmness  of  tone  but  inactivity  of  demand  continue  to 
characterise  the  agricultural  seed  trade.  Advices  from 
New  York  describe  red  Clover  as  being  very  steady. 
Alsike,  white  Clover,  and  Trefoil  are  without  alteration. 
Foreign  Italian  and  Perennial  Rye-grass  move  off  at 
recent  currencies.  Mustard  and  Rape  are  for  the  moment 
neglected.  Hemp  and  Canary  are  unchanged  in  value. 
There  is  some  inquiry  for  spring  Tares,  but  the  trade 
has  hardly  yet  begun.  A  spell  of  fine  weather  would  soon 
cause  our  market  to  assume  a  brisk  appearance. 

John  Shaw  &  Sons,  Seed  Merchants, 
■^7,  Mark  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


MARK    LANE. 


Monday,  Feb,  5. 

The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this  morning's  market 
was  again  very  small,  and  the  condition  generally 
wretched  ;  the  few  dry  samples  were  readily  sold  at  the 
extreme  prices  of  this  day  se'nnight,  but  out-of-condition 
was  unsaleable.  There  was  a  fair  attendance  at  market, 
including  several  country  millers,  and  a  moderate  amount 
of  business  resulted,  chiefly  in  American  and  lower 
descriptions  of  Russian,  at  late  rates.  Barley  was  rather 
easier.  Beans  and  Peas  unchanged  in  value.  Oats 
declined  6d.  to  js.,  and  Maize  6d.  per  qr.  There  was  no 
change  in  the  value  of  Flour. 

Price  per  imperial  Quarter.          s.     s.\  ^  s.     s. 

Wheat,    Essex,  Kent,  Suffolk.  .White  55—60  Red 55—58 

—  fine  selected  runs do.  58 — 62jRed 57^59 

—  Talavera 60— 64I 

—  Norfolk    —      Red 

—  Foreign    51 — 69 

Barley,  grind&dist.^26i  t03ij..Chev.  38—40  Malting  ..  33—38 

—  Foreign,  .grinding  and   distilling  28 — 31  Malting  . 
Oats.  Essex  and  Suffolk   20 — 23 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire,  .Potato  25—27  Feed    . . , 

—  Irish. Potato  24—26  Feed    ... 

^     Foreign Poland  and  Brew  22 — 26  Feed    . . . 

RvE 31—33  Foreign  . 

Rye-meal,    Foreign  

Beans,  Mazagan..  ..335.  to  34J. .  .Tick  34 — 49  Harrow  .,  34-49 

—  Pigeon 37 J.  to  58J... Winds      —      Longpod 

—  Foreign Small  40 — 44  Egyptian.    33—34 

pRAS,  White,  Essex.and  Kent. .Boilers  39 — 41  Suffolk    ..  41 — 44 

—  -     Maple,  —s.  to  s Grey      —      Foreign  . .  36—44 

Maize —      Foreign  ..  31—33 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered.. per  sack 

—  2d  ditto  ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 


Country  . 

Per  sack. 


40—42 
38-60 


44- 
40- 

24- 

Wednhsday,  Feb.  7. 
The  grain  trade  ruled  very  quiet  to-day.  The  supply 
of  English  Wheat  on  sale  was  very  limited,  but  there  was 
some  improvement  in  the  condition,  while  the  show  of 
foreign  was  good.  The  demand  ruled  ver\'  dull,  but 
factors  refused   to   make   any    concession    on  the  rates 


current  on  Monday  last.  The  Flour  trade  was  very 
inactive,  and  the  tendency  of  the  quotations  was  down- 
wards. Malting  Barley  was  less  active,  but  values  were 
unchanged,  while  grinding  sorts  sold  slowly.  Malt  was 
firm,  but  without  animation.  Beans  and  Peas  were 
neglected.  Good  sound  Oats  sold  to  a  fair  extent,  on 
former  terms,  but  inferior  corn  was  dull.  Maize  was  not 
inquired  after  to  any  extent,  and  values  tended  down- 
wards. In  the  seed  market  there  was  nothing  doing,  but 
Linseed  and  Rape  seed  ruled  fair  in  value.  Cakes  met  a 
quiet  demand,  at  stationary  quotations. 


Arrivals  of  Grain,  &c.,  into  London  bv  Wate 

r  Carriage. 

Wheat 

Barley. 

Oat=. 

Flour. 

English  & 

Scotch . . 

Irish        .. 

Foreign  . . 

Qrs. 
2030 

4140 

Qrs. 
5470 

Qrs. 

20,890 

Sacks. 

(      400 

"(      —    brls. 

6170 

5470 

20,890 

Hull,  Feb.  6.— At  our  market  to-day  there  was  a  fair 
show  of  English  Wheat,  and  a  good  attendance  of 
buyers.  There  was  no  change  in  price,  dry  samples 
making  fully  late  rates,  while  damp  parcels  were  imsale- 
able.  English  white  Wheat  was  quoted  at  59J.  to  62s.  per 
qr.  ;  red,  53J.  to  56J.  ;  Dantzic  and  Konigsberg  white, 
60J.  to  62s.  ;  mixed  and  high  mixed,  57J-  lo  bos.  ; 
Baltic  red,  54.J.  to  57J.  Spring  corn  of  all  descriptions 
met  a  slow  sale,  without  change  m  value.  In  Linseed 
but  little  business  was  done  ;  holders  would  give  way  to 
effect  sales,  but  crushers  are  not  anxious  buyers.  Black 
Sea,  60^-.  to  6rj.  per  qr. ;  Bombay  64J.;  Calcutta,  62s.  to 
63J.  ;    fine   Petersburg,  $ys.  to  60s. 

Averages. 


Wheat. 

Barley. 

Oats. 

Dec.  30  .. 

Jan.     6  ..          .. 

—  13  •■ 

—  20  . . 

—  27  .. 
Feb.     3  .. 

55*  41^ 

54  II 

55  I 
55     8 

55  10 

56  0 

36s  5rf 

t^ 
37     2 

37  10 

38  2 

22i   Ck/ 
22      2 

226' 
22      8 
22      6 

Average 

55     6 

37     2 

22      5 

METROPOLITAN  CATTLE  MARKET, 

Monday,  Feb.  5. 
We  have  a  large  supply  of  Beasts,  and  the  demand  is 
smaller,  consequently  prices  are  lower  for  all  kinds  ;  how- 
ever, they  are  nearly  all  disposed  of.  Sheep  are  more 
plentiful,  and  trade  is  not  so  brisk,  yet  choicest  descrip 
tions  are  scarcely  lower  in  price.  Calves  are  considerably 
cheaper.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  900  Beasts, 
3970  Sheep,  and  100  Calves ;  from  Scotland  there  are 
160  Beasts  ;  from  Ireland,  100  ;  from  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk,  1300 ;  and  570  from  the  Midland  and  Home 
Counties. 

s.  d.    s.  d.  '  s.  d.    s  d. 

Best  Scots,    Here-  \  Best      Long-wools     6     6to6     8 

fords,  S:c.  . .     5     2105     4     Do.  Shorn  . ,        . .  —  . . 

Best  Shorthorns  . .     5     0—5     2     Ewes  &  2d  quality     4     6—5     8 
2d  quality  Beasts       3     4 — 4     6     Do.  Shorn  . .        .  .  —  . . 

Best    Downs     and  Lambs       ..         ..        ..  —  .. 

Half-breds  ..  6  8—7  o  Calves  ..  ..4  4 — 6  6 
Do.  Shorn  . .        . .  —  . .       Pigs  - .  . .     3     8—4     8 

Beasts,  3030  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  15,930  ;  Calves,  163  ;  Pigs,  So. 
Thursday.  Feb.  8. 

We  have  a  good  supply  of  English  Beasts,  and  a  few 
more  foreign  than  last  Thursday.  Trade  is  very  dull,  and 
although  we  retain  Monday's  quotations,  they  are  with 
great  difficulty  obtained,  and  several  lots  remain  unsold. 
The  number  of  English  Sheep  is  very  small,  but  there  is 
a  considerable  increase  of  foreign  ;  there  is  very  little 
business  doing,  and  on  the  average  prices  are  lower.  The 
trade  for  Calves  is  unaltered.  There  are  110  Milch  Cows 
on  offer,  making  about  the  same  prices  as  last  week.  Our 
foreign  supply  consists  of  350  Beasts,  3240  Sheep,  and 
88  Calves. 

s,  d.    s.  d.  s.  d.   s.  d. 

Best  Scots,  Here-  Best     Long-wools      6     4106    6 

fords,  &c,          ..     5     2t05     4     Do.  Shorn             ..        ..  —  .. 
Best  Shorthorns  ..     5     o — 5     2     Ewes  &  2d  quality     4     4 — 5     6 
2d   quality   Beasts     3     4 — 4    6     Do.  Shorn            . .       . .  —  . .  , 
Best    Downs    and  Lambs       —  . . 

Hall-breds  ..  6  S— 6  10  Calves  ..  ..  44-66 
Da.  Shorn  ..        ..  —  ..       Pigs  ..  ■■3     4 — 4    6 

Beasts,  1075  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  5790;  Calves,  140  ;  Pigs,  56. 


Clover,  old     . . 

.1155.10120^ 

Inferior  do.     .. 

..70          QO 

Prime  2d  cut  do. 

Inferior  do.     . . 

,    —         — 

//AY.—Per  Load  0/26  Trusses. 
Smithfield,  Thursday,  Feb.  8. 
Prime  MeadowHay,  Sos.togos. 

Inferior  do 60        70 

Rowen      40        65 

Inferior  do —        — 

Straw       10         18 

Cumberland  Market,  Thursday,  Feb.  8. 
Sup.  Meadow  Hay  92j.toioos.  i  Inferior  Clover      ,.  84^.101105. 

Inferior  do 70  84        Prime  2d  cut  do.  . .  —  — 

New  do —  —       New  do.     ..  ..  —  — 

Inferior  do,   ..      ..  —  —        Straw      42  46 

Superior  Clover    ..120         130     1  Joshua  Bakmu. 

METROPOLITAN  MEAT  MARKET,  Feb.  8. 

Best  Fresli  Butter         lyj.  per  dozen  lb. 

Second  do.  do.  ..  ..         ..     17^-         t> 

Small   Pork,  45.    4^/.  to  45.    %d.  \  Large  Pork,   35.  bd.  to 
4^.  od.  per  8  lb. 

HOPS. 
BoROLtGii  Mahket,  Feb.  7. 
Messrs.  Pattenden  &   Smith   report    that  the  general 
trade  is  quiet,  and  the  tone  of  the  market  firm. 

COALS.— Feb.  7. 
West  Hartley,    21s.  \    Brancepeth  Cannel,    iqt.    6d.— 
Ships  at  market,  22  ;   sold,  17  ;  at  sea,  35. 


February  lo,  1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Aoi'ricultural    Gazette. 


199 


aS"  Muci  Money  Is  Saved  and  tlie  best  Quality 
secured  by  purcliasing  Seeds  direct  from  the 
original  Producer.  


^^t  ROkf. 


CARTER 


■^f£DSMt5>-^       FOR 


Descriptive  Lists^J^W 
Oratis  :R)stFrecJ-<^t||^ 


WV 


V 


lifi 


N^ 


As  supplied  to 

H.M.  Tlie  Queen. 

H.R.H.  Tlie  Prince 
of  Wales. 

H.I.M.  The  Empe- 
ror of  Germany. 

H.I.M.  The  Empe- 
ror of  Russia. 

The   United  States 
Government. 

Her  Majesty's  War 
Department. 

Hilsca  Lines. 

Aldershot  Camp. 

The      Severn      De- 
fences. 

The  Crystal  Palace, 

Lord's  and  the  Oval 
Cricket  Grounds. 

Christ's         Church. 
Oxford. 

&c.,     &e.,     &c. 


CARTER'S 

MIXTURES   OF 

'G-EASS 
SEEDS 

FOR    PERMANENT 
PASTURES, 

Carefully  arranged 
to  suit  the  various 
conditions  of  soils. 


For  Li.E^ht  Soils,  30J. 
to  32jr,  per  acre. 

For  Medium  Soils, 
30.(.  to  3  2 J. 


For     Heavy     Soils, 
30/.  to  32^^. 

Second  quality,  22J. 
to  28^. 


Before  Laying  Down   Land  to  Grass,  see 
CARTER'S    ILLUSTRATED 

FARMERS'  CALENDAR  for  1872, 

Containing  an  epitome   of  the  various  soils  prevailing 
ihronghout  the  country,  with  reliable  information  as  to 

WHAT  TO  SOW, 


WHEN  TO  SOW, 
HOW  TO  SOW. 


Now  ready,  post  free,  6d.  ;  Gratis  to  Purchasers. 


JAMES  CARTER  and  CO., 

THE   ROV.\L   .SEEDSMEN, 
237  and  238,    HIGH    HOLBORN,    LONDON,    W.C. 


Caro  Guano. 


/^HE.APEST    ANIMAL    GUANO,   rich    in    Soluble 

^"'^  Phosphalcs  and  Nitrogenous  Organic  Matter.  See  Chemical 
Reports  and  Testimonials  of  Results,  especially  for  Grain  and  Root 
Crops,  for  which  it  has  been  found  to  be  superior  to  Peruvian. 
Samples  and  Circulars  on  application. 

MOCKFORD  AND  CO.,  Billiler  Street,  London,  E.C. 


'■PHE     LONDON     MANURE     COMPANY 

-L  (E=iTABLISHED   1840), 

Have  now  ready  for  deliver^',  in  fine  dry  condition — 
PURE  DISSOLVED    BONES. 

CONCENTRATED  AMMONIACAL  MANURE,forTop.Dressing 
PURSER'S  BONE  TURNIP  MANURE. 
SUPERPHOSPHATE  of  LIME. 
NITROPHOSPHATE 

MANGEL,  HOP,  and  POTATO  MANURES.    Also 
PERUVIAN    GUANO   {as   imported   by   Messrs.  Thomson,   Bonar, 
S:Co.),  NITRATE  of  SODA,  SULPHATE  of  AMMONIA,  &c 
no.  Fenchurch  Street.  EDWARD  PURSER,  Secretary. 


LAWES'S  MANURES  for  GRASS  L.A.ND  should 
be  applied  durinti  the  months  of  February  and  March.  Nitrate 
of  Soda  supplied  e.\  Ship  or  from  Stocks  at  Docks  at  London,  Liver, 
pool,  and  other  ports,  at  lowest  market  prices. 

JOHN    BENNET    L.WVES,  59,  Mark  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

Branch    Offices :— Market    Street,    Shrewsbury:     22,    Eden    Quay, 
Dublin;     Womanby    Street,    Cardiff:     Cumbcrfand    Road,    Bristol; 
63.  Constitution  Street,  Leith  ;  and  34,  Market  Street,  Aberbeen. 
LAWES'S   PATENT   TURNIP   MANURE. 
LAWES'S   DISSOL^■ED    BONES. 
LAWES'S   SUPERPHOSPHATE  of  LIME. 

LAWES'S   WHEAT.  BARLEY,  GRASS  and  MANGEL  MAN  URE. 
LAWES'S   CONCENTRATED   CORN   and   GRASS    MANURE. 

These  Manures  can  be  obtained  at  any  of  the  above  addresses  or 
through  any  of  the  appointed  Atjents  throughout  the  United  Kingdom. 

PERUVIAN  GUANO,  NITRATE  of  SODA,  SULPHAl'E  of 
AMMONIA,  and  other  CHEMICAL  MANURES;  AMERICAN 
and  other  CAKES,  at  market  prices. 


ODAMS'S  NITRO-PHOSPHATE,  or  BLOOD  MANUR,E 

for  CORN  CROPS. 
ODAMS'S  NITRO-PHOSPHATE,  or  BLOOD  MANURE, 

for  ROOTS  and  GREEN  CROPS  GENERALLY. 
ODAMS'S  DISSOLVED  BONES. 
ODAMS'S  SUPERPHOSPH.\TE  of  LIME. 
ODAMS'S  NITRO-BIPHOSPH.VIEtor  Prepared)  GUANO. 
ODAMS'S  SPECIAL  BARLEY  MANURE. 
ODAMS'S  SPECIAL  MANGEL  MANURE. 
ODAMS'S  TOP-DRESSING  MANURE. 


MANUFACTURED 

PATENT      NITRO-PHOSPHATE, 
OR 

U  L  O  O  D      MANURE      COMPANY     (LIMITED), 

Consisting  of 
TENANT  FARMERS  occupying  upwards  of  80,000  acres  of  Land. 

Chief  OfI'ICE— log,  Fenchurch  Street,  London,  E.C. 

Western  Counties  Branch — Queen  Street,  Exeter. 

Irish  Branch— 40,  Westmoreland  Street,  Dublin. 

DlRECTOKS.|] 
CAa I >-»;wH— Robert  Leeds,  Castlcacre,  Norfolk. 
Z?.//(/^-CAai'r«i.iH— John  Collins,  255,  Camden  Road,  N.W. 
Edward  Hell,  48,  Marine  Parade,  Brighton. 
Richard  Hunt,  Sianstead  Abbot,  Hens, 
Robert  Leeds,  Wicken  House,  Brandon,  Norlolk. 
George  Savill,  Ingthorpe,  near  Stamford. 
Charfes  Dorman,  21,  Essex  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 
Thomas  Webb,  Ilirdcrsham,  Cambridecshirc. 
Jonas  Webb,  Alelton  Ross,  Lincolnshire. 
C.  J.  Lacy,  60,  West  Sraithfield,  E.C. 
J.  C.  Jonas,  Cambridge- 
Herbert  Bird,  Shortacres,  Peterborough. 

Matt<\gins  Director. — James  Udams. 
Several  Hundred  Thousand  Tons  of  the  Manures  have  been  supplied 
to  the  Agricultural  Public,  and  the  increasing  demand  that  exists  lor 
them  is  the  best  proof  of  the  appreciation  in  which  they  are  held, 
Particulars  will  be  forwarded  on  application  to  the  Secretary,  or  may 
be  had  of  the  local  agents.  C.  T.  MACADAM,  Secretary. 
Chief  Offices,  109,  Kenchurch  Street,  London,  E.C. 


BIPHOSPHATED  PERUVIAN  GUANO 
(registered  Trade  Mark,  "  Flying  Albatross  "),  is  now  ready  for 
delivery  in  quantity  and  in  fine  condition.  The  best  fcniliser  yet 
produced.  Its  base  is  Peruvian  Government  Guano.  It  contams 
21  per  cent,  of  Soluble  Phosphates,  6  per  cent,  of  Ammonia,  with  Sails 
of  Potash.  See  Reports  of  Dr.  Voelcker,  Dr.  Anderson,  Professor 
Way,  Mr.  Ogston,  Mr.  Sibson.  Delivered  in  2  cwt.  bags,  each  of 
wlii^h  is  secured  by  a  leaden  seal  bearing  the  Company's  Trade 
Mark.  TUc  analysis  is  guaranteed  so  long  as  the  seals  remain 
unbroken. 

BIPHOSPHATED  OL'ANO  COMPANY,  20,  Billlter  Street,  E.C 


The  Clieapest  and  Best  insecticide. 
OOLEY'S       TOBACCO       POWDER. 
Of  all  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen^ 


TOBACCO    CLOTH    and    PAPER.— The    cheapest 
and  best  article  for  Smoking  Greenhouses  and  Destroying  the  Fly. 
Price  IS.  a,d.  per  lb.  ;  over  10  lb.,   is.  id.     Tobacco  Paper,  is.  per  lb. ; 
;C4  4s.  per  cwt.     Post-oflice  Orders  payable  at  Fleet  Street,  E.C. 
JOSEPH  BAKER,  14,  Nelson  Square,  Blackfriars  Road,  S,E. 


Notice  to  Nurserymen  and  Florists. 

TO    BE    SOLD,    very    Cheap,    a     quantity    of    very 
superior   TOBACCO    CORD     and    TOBACCO     PAPER,   for 
cash  only.    For  testimonials  and  price  per  stone,  cwt. ,  or  ton,  apply  to 
J.  G.,  Tobacconist,  66,  High  Street,  Putney,  Surrey. 

T0"bACC0  tissue,  for  FUMIGATING  GREEN- 
HOUSES.—Will  destroy  Thrip,  Red  Spider,  Green  and  Black 
Hy,  and  Meaty  Bug,  and  burns  without  the  assistance  of  blowing, 
and  is  entirely  free  from  paper  or  rags.  Price  31.  6ii.  per  lb.,  carriage 
free.     A  reduction  in  price  for  large  quantities. 

To  be  had  of  Messrs,  ROBERTS  and  SONS,  Tobacco  Manufac- 
turers, 112,  St-  John  Street,  Clerkenweli,  E.C.,  of  whom  Copies  of 
Testimonials  may  be  obtained  ;  and  of  all  Seedsmen  and  Nurserymen, 


G 


To  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 

The  OLDEST  ESTABLISHED  WAREH<.HISE    in   LONDON   for 
GENUINE  ROLLED  TOBACCO-PAPER,  CLOTH,  or  CORD,  is 

H       PERK  INS,     i5,    Cambridge    Circus,     Hackney 
«    Road,  N.E.,  who  has  a  large  STOCK  of  the  best  quality  on 
hand  for  the  ensuing  season. 

Orders  by  Post  promptly  attended  to. 

_.-,__  ____________ 

COMPOUND. 

Used  by  many  of  the  leading 
Gardeners  since  1859,  against 
Red  Spider,  Mildew,  Thrips, 
Green  Fly,  and  other  Blight,  in 
solutions  of  from  i  to  2  ounces 
to  the  gallon  of  soft  water,  and 
ot  from  4  to  16  ounces  as  a 
Winter  Dressing  for  Vines  and 
Fruit  Trees.  Has  outlived  many 
preparations  intended  to  super- 
sede it. 

Sold  Retail  by  Seedsmen,  in 
boxes,  If.,  3s.,  and  \os.  f>d. 

Wholesale  by 

PRICE'S   PATENT 

CANDLE       COMPANY 

(Limited), 

Batterseat  London,  S.W. 


Free  to  London  ;  Five  Casks  and  upwards  to  any  Station  in  England, 

Eor  15  per  Cent,  Discount. 
PPSS  SELECrED  PEAT.— Patronised  by  the 
leadmg  Horticulturists  and  Amateurs  in  the  three  kingdoms. 
Sec  testimonials.  Packed  in  4-bushel  barrels,  8s  each,  inclusive: 
selected  for  Orchids,  qs.  Special  olTers  for  Truck-loads  for  general 
purposes,     Terms,  cash. 

PEAT,  SAND,  and  LOAM  STORES,  Lewisham,  S.E. 


C 


OTTAM'S     PATENT     PORTABLE 
COW    FITTINGS 


UNITED 


Their  advantajjes  are — Portability,  not  fixtures,  removable  at 
pleasure ;  no  Wfiodwork  o;  Partitions  to  impede  \'cntilation  or  breed 
Vermin;  Hay  Rick  dispensed  with  qs  unnecessary;  increased  width 
and  depth  of  Feeding  Troughs,  Water  Cistern,  and  Patent  Drop 
Cover  to  prevent  over-gorging.  Cleanly,  durable,  and  imper\'ious  to 
infection,  being  all  of  Iron.     Price  of  Fitting)  per  Cow,  551. 

Prospectuses  Iree  of  COTTAM  and  Co.,  Iron  Worxs,  2,  Winsley 
Street  (opposite  the  Pantheon),  Oxford  Street,  London,  W,,  where  the 
above  are  exhibited,  together  with  several  important  Improvements 
in  Stable  Fittings  just  secured  by  Patent. 


FOWLER'S     PATENT     STEAM     PLOUGH 
and    CULTIVATOR    may    be    SEEN    at    WORK    in    every 
Agricultural  County  m  England. 

For  particulars  apply  to  JOHN    FOWLER  AND  CO.,  71,  Cornhill, 
London,  E.C.  ;  and  Steam  Plough  Works,  Leeds. 


BY  ROYAL  LETTERS  PATENT. 


HE 


SIDNEY 

SOWER. 


SEED 


For  all  sorts  and  siites  of  ^'egctab!c 
and  Flower  Seeds. 


21,  61/.   and  5s.   each. 


Sold  by  all  Secdsmt 
Wholesale  Dealers. 


Messrs.      POLLARD,     JEPHSON 
AND  CO.,  Bear  Garden,  Southwark. 

Messrs.     CARTER,    DUNNETT, 
AND  BEALE,  Holborn. 

Messrs.     SUTTON      AND     SONS, 
Reading, 
and  Ironmongers.     The  Trade  supplied  by  all 


QECATEURS,    or    FRENCH    PRUNING 

O  SClSSOIiS, 

As  recommended 
in    the     Gardeners' 
■^'^  j  \  Chronicle,    Dec.    2, 

1871. 


Mr.  Knight, 
Floors  Castle,  writes 
us  : — 

"  I  use  tliis  Seca- 
teur in  preference  to 
all  others,  and  have 
done  so  for  a  num- 
ber of  years ;  and 
until  I  see  some- 
thing better  and 
more  efficient,  shall 
continue  to  do  so." 


Price,  post  free, 
js.  6d.  each. 

STUART  AND  MELN, 
Seedsmen  to  the  Queen,  Kelso,  N.B. 

Rosher's  Garden  Edging  Tiles. 


HE  above  and  many  other  PATTERNS  are  made  in 

-i-  materials  of  great  durability.  The  plainer  sorts  arc  especially 
suited  for  KITCHEN  GAR- 
DENS, as  they  harbour  no  "^ 
Slugs  or  Insects,  take  up  little 
room,  and,  once  put  down, 
incur  no  further  labour  or  ex- 
pense, as  do  "  grown  "  Edg- 
ings, consequently  being  much 
cheaper. 

GARDEN  VASES,  FOUNTAINS,  &c-,  in  Artificial  Stone,  very 
durable  and  of  superior  finish,  and  in  great  variety  of  design 

F.  AND  G.  ROSHER,  Manufacturers,  Upper  Ground  Street,  Black- 
friars, S.E. ;  Queen's  Road  West.  Chelsea,  S.W. ;  Kingsland  Road,  E. 
Agents  for  LOOKER'S  PATENT  "ACME  FRAMES,"  PLANT 
COVERS    and    PROPAGATING    BOXES  ;     also    for   FOXLEY'S 
PATENT  BEADED  GARDEN  WALL  BRICKS. 

Illustrated  Price  Lists  free  by  post.      The  Trade  supplied. 


ORNAMENTAL  PAVING  TILES  for  Conservatories, 
Halls,  Corridors,  Balconies,  &c,,  from  3s.  per  squ-ire  yard 
upwards.  Pattern  Sheets  of  plain  or  more  elaborate  designs,  with 
prices,  sent  for  selection. 

WHITE  GLAZED  TILES,  for  Lining  Walls  ofDairies,  Larders, 
Kitchen  Ranges,  Baths,  &c.   Grooved  ana  other  Stable  Paving  of  greal 
durability,  Wall  Copings,  Drain  Pipes  and  Tiles  of  all  kinds,  Roofing 
Tiles  in  great  variety,  Slates,  Cements,  &c. 
F.  AND  G.  ROSHER,  Brick  and  Tile  Merchants.— See  addresses  above. 


Red 
Spider. 


Magni- 
fied. 


SILVER  SAND,  fine  or  coarse  grain  as  desired. 
Fine  145.,  Coarse  17J.  perTon.  In  Truck  Loads  15.  perTon  less. 
Delivery  by  Cart  within  three  miles,  or  to  any  London  Railway  or 
Wharf,  2s.  per  Ton  extra.     Samples  of  Sand  free  by  posL 

FLINTS  and  BRICK  BURRS  for  Rockeries  or  Ferneries.    KENT 

PEAT  or  LOAM  supplied  at  lowest  rates  in  any  quantities. 

F.  AND  G.  ROSHER.— Addresses  sec  above. 

N.B.    Orders  promptly  executed  bv  Rail  or  to  Whar\'e-'. 

A  liberal  discount  to  tne  Trade. 


200 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  lo,   1S72. 


Secure  your  Peaches  by  Covering  your  Walls 

WITH 

UIR      J.       PAXTON'S       HOTHOUSES 
^  FOR    THE    MILLION, 

Which  are  cheap,  substantial,  and  portable,  and  effectually 
protect  Peaches  and  Wall  Fruit  against  spring  frosts,  without 
artificial  heat.     Ricduced  Price  List  still  adhered  to. 

HEREMAN  AND  MORTON, 

14,  Tichborne  Street,  Recent  Quadrant,  London,  W. 

Works  in  London,  and  at  Gloucester,  Coventry,  Ulvcrslone,  Paisley, 

and  Aberdeen  only.  

The  Patent  Imperlsliable  Hothouse. 

AYRES'S  PATENT. 

GLASS,  IRON,  and  CONCRETE. 
Before   building  a   Plant  or    Fruit   House   of  any   kind,   send   six 
stamps,  and  obtain  the  Illustrated  Prospectus  of  the 

IMPERISHABLE  HOTHOUSE  COMPANY, 

,  Newark-on-Trent,  Notts. 

MANAGER— W.  P.  AYRES,  C.M.R.H.S.. 

Imperishable  Hothouse  Company,  Newark-on-  J'rcnt. 

Plans.  Specifications  and  Estimates  supplied  upon  the  shortest  notice 


Change  of  Address. 

I  BEG  respectfully  to  intimate  that,  after  February  i. 
the  Hot-water  Apparatus  branch  of  my  Business  will  be  carried 
on  by  Mr  THOMAS  JONES,  David  Strcet,.Manchester, the  Inventor 
of  the  "TERMINAL  SADDLE  BOILER,"  to  whom  I  have  handed 
over  the  Business.  In  thanking  my  Patrons  for  past  favours,  may  I 
ask  a  contiuance  of  the  same  to  Mr.  Jones,  who  will,  I  am  sure,  give 
enlire  satisfaction  ? 

J.  IRELAND.  Edward  Street,  Broughton  Lane,  Manchester. 

HAVING  TAKEN  to  the  BUSINESS  of  HOT- 
WATER  APPARATUS  MANUFACTURER,  hitherto 
carried  on  by  Mr.  J.  Ireland,  Edward  Street,  it  will  in  future  be 
conducted  by  me  at  the  following  address.  Beinp  the  Inventor  and 
Patentee  of  the  "  Terminal  Saddle  Boiler,"  and  having  made  the  sub- 
icct  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  my  special  study  for  many  years,  I 
trust  by  personal  attention,  and  promptitude  in  executing  all  com- 
mands with  which  I  may  be  favoured,  to  secure  a  continuance  of  the 
Patronage  so  long  enjoyed  bv  my  predecessor. 

THOMAS  JONES,  David  Street,  Manchester. 


PI 


Ititfovvcd   Conical. 


OT- WATER  APPARATUS 

erected  complete,  or  the  Materials  sui-pi'ed  for  Hcatn;, 

GKEENUOUSES,  j,  b   lar  B    Uf     uith 

HO  I  HOUSES,  \^  at     Bats 

CONSERVATORIES, 
CHURCHES, 
PUBLIC 
BUILDINGS,    &c. 
H  O  T  -  W  A  T  E  R 
Ill'ES     at     wholesale 
priLCs  ;      Elbows      and 
T   Pieces,  Syphons,  and 
every  other  connection 
kept  in  stock. 

\V  R  O  U  G  H  T  and  ^ji 
I  AST-IRON  CON!-  ^ 
I  t  \L,  SADDLE,  and 
IMPROVED  CONI- 
CAL, also  ELLIPTIC 
BOILERS,  from  245. 
each. 

Improved  and  extra  strong  CA.ST-IRON  TUBULAR  BOILERS, 
with  or  without  Water-bars,  from  53J.  6rf.  each 

CAST     and    WROUGHT-IRON     PORTABLE     BOILERS,    on 
Stand,  for  use  without  brickwork,  from  60s,  each. 


f^f'^^lm^ 


I'ortable  Boiler. 


Saddle  Boiler,  7i'illi   M'ater 
Bars. 


Patent 
THROTTLE 
Lud  other  VALVES, 
FURNACE 
DOORS.  BARS, 
and       FURNACE 
WORIv  of  every 
description  and  size. 
INDIA-RUBBER 
,  RINGS      for       Pipe 
IJoinIs;    Sockets    re- 
quire no  other  pack- 
ing, and  are  pcrlcctly 
water-tiyht. 

(Joods,   of  ihe    very   best   manufacture,   delivered    at    Railway    or 
Wharf  in  London. 

LYNCH  WHITE,  Old  Barge  Iron  Wharf,  Upper  Ground  Street, 
London,  S.E.  {Surrey  side  of  Blackfriars  Bridge). 
Price  List  on  application. 

JONES'S    PATENT      "DOUBLE     L"    SADDLE 
BOII.KR. 


PU^^^^:^^' 


These  Boilers  possess  all  the  advantages  ol  the  old  Saddle  Boiler, 
with  the  following  improvements,  viz.,  the  water-space  at  back  and 
over  top  of  saddle  increases  the  heating  surface  to  such  an  extent 
that  a  "Patent  Double  L  Saddle  Boiler"  will  do  about  twice  the 
amount  of  work  with  the  same  quantity  of  fuel  ;  the  cost  of  setting  is 
also  considerably  reduced,  and  likewise  the  space  occupied;  at  the 
same  time  these  Boilers  are  simple  in  construction,  and,  being  made 
of  wrought  iron,  are  not  liable  to  crack.  They  are  made  of  the  following 
sizes : — 


VIRGIN  CORK    for   ROCKERIES,   FERNERIES, 
&c.,   can   be   had  wholesale  of  J.  G.  VAN   WEEDE,  41,  Great 
Tower  Street  Buildings.  London,  E.C. 


/CRYSTAL    PALACE  VIRGIN  CORK  FERNERY, 

\~J  adjoining  Christmas  Tree,— erected  by  CLARK  and  CO  , 
Seedsmen,  the  original  artists,  and  manufactured  in  Cork, — where 
various  designs  are  exhibited.  For  its  adaptability  to  Waterfalls. 
Cascades,  and  Scenic  Effects,  see  Pantomime,  "Ali  Ba-Ba." — For 
particulars  and  Estimates  of  Ferneries,  &c.,  apply  to 

City  Establishment,  42,  Bishopsgate  Street  Whout,  E.C. 


Horticultural  and  Window  Glass  Warehouses. 

JAMES    MILE  S,    6,    lli-h  Stix'ut,   and  12  and 
n,  Elosson  Street,  ShorcdJl,  li,  Loiulun.  E. 
CONSERVATORY  and  ORCHAKD-IlOUSE  GLASS. 
Genuine    White  Lead,    Oils,    Colours,  Brushes,   &=c. 
GARDEN  ENGINES.  PUMPS,  SYRINGES,  INDIA-RUBBER 
HOSE,  TAPS,  CONNECTIONS,  &c. 

Prices  upon  application. 


Siies. 

To  heat  of 
4-in  Pipe. 

Price. 

High. 

Wide. 

Long. 

Feet. 

£    s.d. 

20  in. 

20   „ 

18  in. 
■8  „ 

18  in. 
34   II 

300 
450 

goo 
5    0    0 

20  „ 

30  „ 

600 

700 

34    II 

24  1. 

24   1, 

700 

800 

24    M 

34   „ 

30   II 

850 

10    0    0 

34    l> 

24   » 

3O   „ 

1,000 

12      0      0 

»!;: 

'ii: 

&: 

I'.Soo 

15      0      0 
20      0      0 

30 .1 

30    n 

72  ., 

2,600 

30    0    0 

36  „ 

36    „ 

96  .. 

4.S00 

50      0      0 

48  „ 

48    „ 

108  „ 

7,000 

75    0    0 

48 ,, 

48    „ 

144  .. 

10,000 

100    0    0 

And  are  kept  in  Stock  and  sold  only  by  the  Invcn 

tors  and  Patentees, 

J 

Jones  &  So 

NS. 

C  O. 


JAMES        PHILLIPS       AND 
beg   to   submit   their  prices  as   follows; — 
GLASS  for  ORCHARD  HOUSES, 
As  supplied  by  them  to    Mr.   Rivers,   to   the    Royal   Horticultural 
Society,  and  to  most  of  the  Nobility,  Clergy,  and  Gentlemen  of  the 
United  Kingdom. 

Each  Box  contains  100  feet.     The  prices  only  apply  to  the  sizes  stated. 
SQUARES  20  by  12,  20  by  13,  20  by  14,  20  by  15,  20  by  16,  20  by  18. 
16  oz.  to  the  foot.  21  oz. 

Fourth  quality  ..         ..     i^s.  od.     ..■        ,.         ..     20s,  od. 

Third  quality 181.  od 23J.  orf. 

Seconds  ..         ..         ..     20s.  od 2Ss,  od- 

English ..     22s.  od.     ..         ..         ..     30s.  orf. 

The  above  prices  include  the  boxes,  which  are  not  returnable. 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS. 

Stock  sizes,  i6-oz.,  in  100  feet  boxes,  boxes  included. 

These  prices  only  apply  to  the  sizes  stated. 


ri  by   Q  12  by    9  '3  by   9  14  by   g\ 

12  by  10'  13  by  10 '  14  by  10  15  by  10  V    ; 

13  by  II  14  by  ir        ..       I       ..       J 

14  by  12  15  by  12 1 15  by  II  16  by  11  -i 
18  by  13  19  by  i2|i6  by  iz'17  by  12  I 
16  by  13  1 7  by  13  20  by  1 2        . .        > 

16  by  14  20  by  13  18  by  13        ..        I 

17  by  14  18  by  1420  by  14'       ..      -' 


4ths. 


3rds. 
s.  d. 
16    o 


2nds 


Best. 


J2S.    6rf. 


SMALL   SHEET   SQUARES   (in  100  feet  Boxes), 
by  A        6]4  by  j'A        7  V  5        7^  by  sj^l 
by  6        8^  by  6%        9  by  7        gV,  by  7%  { 

10  by  8      loj^  by  8)^         ..     131.  6rf. 
Boxes  as.  each,  returnable  at  full  price. 
London      Agents     for     HARTLEY'S     IMPROVED     PATENT 
ROUGH  PLATE. 

LINSEED  OIL,  Genuine  WHITE  LEAD,  CARSON'S  PAINTS. 
PAINTS  of  various  colours  ground  ready  for  use. 

SHEET  and  ROUGH  PLATE  GLASS,  SLATES  of  all  sizes, 
BRITISH  PLATE,  PATENT  PLATE,  ROLLED  PLATE, 
CROWN,  SHEET,  HORTICULTURAL,  ORNAMENTAL, 
COLOURED,  and  every  description  of  GLASS,  of  the  best  Manu- 
facture, at  the  lowest  terms.  Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates 
forwarded  on  application  to 

IAS.  PHILLIPS  AND  CO.,  180,  Bishopsgate  Street  Without,  E.C. 


THE    CELEBRATED    GRANITIC     PAINT. 
Manufactured    Solely    and     Only     by     the     Silicate     Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Company. 

For  Price   Lists,  Testimonials,  and   Patterns  of  Colours,  apply  to 
THOMAS  CHILD,  Manager,  39A,  King  William  Street,  London,  E.C. 

THE  SILICATE  ZOPISSA  COMPOSITION. 
To  CURE  DAMP  in  WALLS,  and  Preserve  Stone,  &c..  from 
Decay.  Manuiactured  Solely  and  Only  by  the  Silicate  Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Company. 

For   Particulars  and   Testimonials   apply   to   THOMAS    CHILD, 
Manager,  39A,  King  William  Street,  London,  E.C^^ 


RUSSIA    MATS,    for   Covering  Garden  Frames.— 
ANDERSON'S   TAGANROG   MATS    are  the   cheapest   and 
most  durable.     Price  List,  which  gives  the  size  of  every  class  of  Matt 
forwarded  post  free  on  application. 
JAS.  T.  ANDERSON,  7.  Commercial  Street.  Shorcditch.  London. 


Russia  Mat  Merchants. 

MESSRS.  G.  D.  MARENDAZ  AND  FISHER, 
importers  of  ARCHANGEL  and  ST.  PETERSBURG  MATS, 
dealers  in  TANNED  GARDEN  NETTING,  TIFFANY,  LABELS, 
TARRED  and  other  TWINES,  LINES,  &c. 

9,  James  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.  C. 


RUSSIA  MATS.—A  large  stock  of  Archangel  and 
Petersburg,  for  Covering  and  Packing,  Second  sized  Arch- 
angel, lOQJ, ;  Petersburg,  60s.  and  8or.  ;  superior  close  Mat,  451.,  50J., 
and  sjj.  ;  packing  Mats,  zos.,  30J.,  and  35s.  per  100;  and  every  other 
description  of  Mats  at  equally  low  prices,  at 

J.  BLACKBURN  and  SONS,  Russia  Mat  and  Sack  Warehouse, 
4  and  5,  Wormwood  Street,  E.C.  __^^_ 


ET.  ARCHER'S  "  F  R  I  G  I  D  O  M  O." 
•  — Patronised  and  used  for  Frogmore  and  Kew  Gardens.  It  is 
made  entirely  of  Prepared  Wool,  and  a  perfect  Non-conductor  of  Heal 
or  Cold  where  it  is  applied. 

PROTECTION  AGAINST  the  COLD  WINDS  and  MORNING 

FROSTS. 

WOOL   NETTING,  2  yards  wide,  is.  6.^.  per  yard. 

"  FRIGI    DOMO"    CANVAS. 

Two  yards  wide li.  lorf.  per  yard. 

Three  yards  wide 21.  lorf.  per  yard. 

Four  yards  wide 3s.  icrf.  per  yard. 

SCRIM  CANVAS,  72inches  wide, yoyards  long, 5'^d  to8'^rf.  per  yard. 
HESSIAN  CANVAS,  do.,  do.,  54  and  72  inches  wide,  6^^*^.  and 
S^d.  per  yard. 

ELISHA   T.   ARCHER,  Only  Maker  of"  Frigi  Domo,"  3,  Cannon 
Street,  City,  E.C. ;  and  of  ail  Seedsmen  in  I-ondon  or  the  Country. 
Notice.— REMn\'E[)  from  7,  Great  Trinity  Lane. 


The  Opening  of  Parliament  and  tlie  London  Season. 

NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  and  MEMBERS  of  PARLIAMENT 
having  their  CUT  FLOWERS.  FRUIT,  VEGETABLES,  &c., 
forwarded  to  their  TOWN   HOUSES,  should  USE 

CHAPMAN'S  PATENT  WATER  TUBE  TRANS- 
MISSION CASES,  pronounced  by  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society  "  the  best  now  in  use." 

These  Cases  are  now  leduced  in  price  for  cash,  and  can  be  obtained 
from  the  Agents  or  Patentee,  Gloucester,  to  whom  all  communications 
should  be  addressed. 

Intending  Exhibitors  in  the  Patent  Cases  should  give  their  orders 
at  once,  to  insure  the  Paint  and  Varnish  being  thoroughly  dry. 

The  No.  12,  The  "M ALTON"  Plant,  Flower,  &c..  Protector, 
Varnished,  packed  and  forwarded  on  the  receipt  of  8j.,  in  postage 
stamps,  or  order. — Gloucester,  January  17. 


St.  Pancras  Iron-work  Company. 


CONSERVATORIES,    GREENHOUSES,    &C. 

ARCHITECTS'    DESIGNS    CAREFULLY   CARRIED    OUT. 


APPLY   FOR   ESTIMATES  TO 


OLD   SAINT   PANCRAS   ROAD,   LONDON,   N.W. 


Price  Lists  of  HOT-WATER  PIPES  and  Connections,  with 
Boilers,  of  alt  sizes  and  shapes;  or  ESTIMATES  for  HOT-WATER 
APPARATUS,  erected  complete,  will  be  sent  on  application. 

J.  JONES  AND  SONS,  Iron  Merchants,  6,  Bankside,  Soulhwark, 
London,  S.E. 


THE    STEAM-ENGINE    TRIALS 
ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIErfof  ENGLAND,  OXFORD,  1870. 

The  FIRST  PRIZES  at  this  SHOW  were  again  AWARDED  to  CLAYTON  and  SHUTTLEWORTH,  viz.  :— 
First  Prize  for  Horizontal  Fixed  Engine  of  lo  H.  P.  ;  First  Prize  for  Steam  Engine,  with  Boiler  combined. 

At  the  prf./ious  Tn.nls  of  Slcam  Encines.  at  Burv,  1S67.  CLAYTON  AND  SHUTTLEWORTH  took  ALL  the  FIRST  PRIZES  for 
ENGINES;  also  a  PRIZE  of  ^£15  for  THRESHING  MACHINES,  and  the  Society's  SILVER  MEDAL. 

CLAYTON  AND  SHUTTLEWORTH  have  received  FIRST  PRIZES  at  all  Trials  of  the  Rojal  Acricultural  Society  of  Enfiland  at 
which  they  have  competed  since  1849.  N.B.— All  the  principal  Makers  of  Portable  Encines,  file.  Compete  for  this  Society  s  Prizes,  bcinj; 
the  only  Trials  in  Great  Itrilain  conducted  by  com^ietent  and  impartial  Engineers,  and  where  the  capability  and  value  of  e.ich  Engine  IS 
ihorouRhly  tested  by  practical  e.\perimcnls.     C.  AND  S.  therefore  do  not  Compete  at  any  other  Shows. 


CLAYTON 


&    SHUTTLEW^ORTH 

Having  for  the  Third  time  made  a 

REDUCTION     IN     PRICES, 

Revised  Catalogues  can  now  be  obtained  at 

STAMP  END  WORKS,  LINCOLN;    78,  LOMBARD  STREET,   LONDON,  E.G.; 

and  TARLETON   STREET,  LIVERPOOL. 

Free  by  Post. 


Febraary  lo,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and    Ag-rlcultural    Gazette 


201 


Save  your  Plants  from  the  Frost. 


MIDLAND  HORTICULTURAL  and  HOT-WATER  ENGINEERING  WORKS,  iM^„\ST;iI„  .^^lf, registering 


LOUGHBOROUGH. 


T.  G.  Messenger 

.Begs  to  call  attention  to  his  Patented  mode  of  Construction,  now  being  adopted  in  every  part  of  the  country, 
which  combines  extreme  lightness  and  durability,  and  being  Manufactured  by  Steam-power  Machinery,  can  be 
supplied  at  very  moderate  rates. 

T.  G.  M.  will  be  happy  to  prepare  Plans  and  Estimates  from  instructions  by  Post,  or  he  will  be  happy  to  wait 
upon  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  to  assist  them  in  the  arrangements,  and  take  particulars  for  Plans  and  Estimates. 

Architects'  Designs  carried  out  according  to  their  details,  or  with  his  principles  of  Construction  adapted  to  their 
Designs.     The  satisfactory  completion  of  all  work  undertaken  is  guaranteed. 

A  richly  Illustrated  CATALOGUE  forwarded  Post  Free  for  33  Stamps. 

PHOTOGRAPHS    of    HOUSES    RECENTLY    ERECTED     SENT    FREE   for    INSPECTION. 


tellin.rh-.??.'^'^,"r^'^"^'^*''°'  Marking  how  Cold  it  hi 

telhng  the  Present    rempcrature.     No  Gardener  should  b 

Price  ij.,  or  by  post,  ii.  4rf. 

MARRATT.  Optician.  jg^King  William  Street.  London  Bridge,  E.C, 


^  .     las  been,  and 

Oardener  should  be  without  it. 


GREENHOUSES    from    the    FINSBURY    STEAM 

w   IT  W^J^I^r^^c'^y^^-^^'    "'■    EunhiURow,    London,    E.C. 
W.  li.  l^ASLKLLES,  Proprietor.     Lists  sent  on  application 

Prices  for  Houses,  asabove,mndeof  best  red  deal,  and  sashes  2  inches 

thick,  glazed  with  16  01.  good  sheet  glass,  delivered  and   fixed  within 

30  miles  of  London,  painted  four  coats  in  best  oil  colour,  including 

locks,  gutter,  down-pipe,  and  gearing  for  opening  the  ventilators  at 

one  time,— heating,  staging,   brickwork  not  included  :— 

20  ft  by  12  ft.        40  ft.  by  16  ft.        60  ft.  by  20  ft.        100  ft.  by  24  ft. 

/.40    00  Ln    o    Q  jCisz    o    o  £p-xZ  10    o 

GARDEN  LIGHTS  AND  BOXES 

3  It.  by  <j  ft.  lights,  2  in.  thick,  unglazcd 31.  each 

M  ■»    glazed,  16-0Z.  good  sheet  glass      ..         ..      %s      ,, 

0  ft-     »  „    2  in.  thick,  unglazed cj. 

_  _  ^i    ,  "     .  .  Blaied,  16  oi.  good  sheet  glass  ..'    11*!    " 

Portable  box  containing  one  6  ft.  by  4  ft.  light,  painted  four 

coats,  ready  for  use        . .  ^q^ 

Portable  box  containing  two  ditto,  6  ft.  by  8  ft.  . .         '.'.     55J*     " 

Estimates  given  ior  Conservatories  or  Greenhouses  to  aiiy  Desi^ 


BY  HER   MAJESTY'S   .ROYAIj   LETTERS   PATENT. 

CANNELL'S    COMPLETE    HOT-WATER    CIRCULATOR, 


OR  THE 


NEW     WASTELESS     AND     PERMANENT     BOILER. 


TESTIMONIALS  and  LIST  of  PRICES 


SENT     POST     FREE 

ON   APPLICATION. 


COMPLETE  HOT-WATER  CIRCULATOR. 


AMATEUR'S  CONNECTIVE  BOILER 


An  INSPECTION  of  the  ABOVE  at  WORK  and  OTHERWISE 

IS 

RESPECTFULLY  SOLICITED. 


MESSRS.    CANNELL    and    CO.'S    BOILER    and    HOT-WATER    WORKS, 

KING  STREET,  WOOLWICH,  S.E.  (opposite  Dockyard  Station). 


HORTICULTURAL    AND     FLORAL    WIRE    WORK. 


Suspending  Baskets.  Rose  Fence.  Balloon  Trainer. 

R.  HOLLIDAY,    Practical   Wire   Worker, 

2A,  PORTOBELLO  TERRACE,  NOTTING  HILL  GATE,  W. 

CONSERVATORIES    FITTED    UP    WITH    TRELLIS    WORK,    FLOWER    STANDS,    BASKETS,    WIRES,    &c. 
ILLUSTRATED    CATALOGUES    OF    HORTICULTURAL   WIRE    WORK    FREE    ON    APPLICATION. 

GARDEN    ARCHES     ARCADE&\    VERAlm^HS,    OR^^  FENCING,    TRELLIS    WORK    for    CREEPERS,    FLOWER    STANDS,    SUSPENDING 

BASKElb,  AVIARIES,  PHEASANTRIES,  &c.       Every  description  of  WIRE  WORK  for  GARDENS,  CONSERVATORIES,  &c. 


202 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  lo,   1872. 


BANKING    COMPANY. 

ESTABLISHED  1836. 

Subscribed  Capital,   ^^2, 500,000,  in  50,000  Shares 

of  _^50  each. 

Paid-up  Capital,  £1,000,000.    Reserve  Fund,  £500,000. 

Directors. 


Nathaniel  Alexander,  Esq, 
Thos.  Tyringham  Bernard,  Esq. 
Philip  Patton  BIyth,  Est). 
Thomas  Stock  Cowie,  Esq. 
Frederick  Francis,  Esq. 
Frederick  Harrison,  Esq. 


Wiiliam  Champion  Jones,  Esq. 

Edwd.  Harbord  Lushinf^ton,  Esq. 

Tames  Morley,  Esq. 

William  Nicol,  Esq. 

Abraham  Hodgson  PhilIpotts,Esq 

Frederick  Youle,  Esq. 


Ctncral  Manag;er—\J'\\\\zn\  McKewan,  Esq. 

Chief  Inspector— \^ .  J.  Norfolk,  Esq. 

Tmpectors cf  BraMches~-H.  J.  Lemon,  Esq.,  and  C.  Sherring,  Esq, 

Chief  Accountant— ]^mzs  Gray,  Esq. 

Secretary — F.  Clappison,  Esq. 

Head  Office— "21,  Lombard  Street. 

vl/aMflcvr— Whilbread  Tomson,  Eso. 

Assistant  Mana^r-^WXx^vn  Howard,  Esq. 

At     the    Annual    General    Meeting    of    the    Proprietors,    held    on 

Thursday,  February  i,  1S72,   at   the   City   Terminus   Hotel,   CannOn 

Street  Station,  the  following  Report  for  the  half-year  ending  December 

31,  1871,  was  read  by  the  Secretary, — William  Champion  Jones,  Esq., 

in  the  Chair  : — 

The  Directors,  in  submitting  to  the  Proprietors  the  Balance-sheet  of 
the  Bank  for  the  half-year  ending  December  31  last,  have  the  satisfac- 
tion tn  report  that,  after  paying  interest  to  customers,  and  all  charges, 
allowiiiR  for  rebate,  and  making  provision  for  bad  and  doubtful  debts, 
the  nett  profits  amount  to  ;£98,og8  51.  iirf.  This  sum,  added  to 
j(^4,449  17s.  41^,  forward  from  the  last  account,  produces  a  total  of 
j(;io2,548  31.  3^. 

The  usual  dividend  of  6  per  cent,  for  the  half-year  is  recommended, 
together  with  a  bonus  of  3^-^  percent.,  both  free  of  Income-tax,  which 
will  absorb  £q5,ooo,  and  leave  ;C7.S48  3^-  "ifi-  to  be  carried  forward 
to  profit  and  loss  new  account.  The  present  dividend  and  bonus  added 
to  the  June  payment  will  make  iSJ^  per  cent,  for  the  year  1871 

The  Directors  have  to  announce  the  retirement  of  their  esteemed 
colleague.  Lord  Alfred  Hervey,  in  consequence  of  his  acceptance  of 
the  oltice  of  Receiver-General  of  Inland  Revenue.  Abraham  Hodgson 
Phillpotts,  Esq.,  has  been  elected  a  director  in  his  stead,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  provisions  of  the  Deed  of  Settlement. 

The  directors  retiring  by  rotation  are:  Philip  Patton  Blyth,  Esq., 
Tames  Morley,  Esq.,  and  Abraham  Hodgson  Phillpotts,  Esq  ,  who, 
being  eligible,  offer  themselves  for  re-election. 

The  dividend  and  bonus,  together  ^1  i8s.  per  share,  free  of  Income- 
tax,  will  be  payable  at  the  Head  Office  or  at  any  of  the  Branches  on  or 
alter  Monday,  the  12th  inst. 

Balance-Sheet  of  the  London  and  County  Banking 
Dr.  CoMi'ANY,  December  3[,  1871. 

To  Capital  paid  up ^£1,000,000    0    o 

To  Reserve  Fund        

To  amount  due   by  the   Bank  for 

customers'  balances,  &c 

To  liabilities,  on  acceptances,   co- 
vered by  securities 

To  profit  and  loss  balance  brought 

from  last  account 

To  gross  profit  for  the    half-year, 

after  making    provision    lor    bad 

and  doubtful  debts,  viz 


500,000    o    o 


j£t6,ii6,730    5    9 

2,778,016    6    7 


283,231  19  10 


3,894,746  12    4 


287,681  17    2 


Cr.                                                                                          ;C20,&82,428    9    6 
By  cash  in  hand  at  Head  Office  and  

branches,     and     with     Bank     of 

England  /;2,24i,o62    6    8 

By  cash  placed  at  call  and  at  notice, 

covered  by  securities         . .        . .       2,807,571  10    8 


Investments,  vir. : — 
By    Government    and    guaranteed 

stocks  ■■■■■■     ..■-        ..        1,370,980    9    3 
i(y  other  stocks  and  securities       , .  124,845    o    4 


By  discounted   bills  and   advances 

tocustomers,  in  town  andcountry     10,941,833    5    6 
By  liabilities  of  customers  for  drafts 

accepted    by  the    Bank,    as   per 

contra 2,778,016    6    7 


/;5,o^8,633  17    4 


1.504,834    9    7 


By  freehold  premises  in  Lombard  Street  and  Nicholas 
Lane,     freehold    and     leasehold     property    at     the 

branches,  with  fixtures  and  fittings 248,51717    4 

By  interest  paid  lo  customers        52,t>47    9     i 

By  salaries  and  all  other  expenses  at  Head  Office  and 
branches,  including  Income-tax  on  profits  and 
salaries  107,925    4    i 


Dr. 


Profit  and  Loss  Account. 


;C2o,682,428    9    6 


To  interest  paid  to  customers,  as  above JC521647  9  i 

To  expenses,  as  above            107,925  4  i 

To  rebate  on  bills  not  due,  carried  to  new  account     . .  24,561  o  g 

To  dividend  of  6  per  cent,  for  half-year 60,000  o  o 

To  bonus  of  3;^  per  cent 35,000  o  o 

To  balance  carried  forward 7.548  3  3 


Cr. 


;£287,68i  17    2 


By  balance  brought  forward  from  last  account            . .  j£4,449  17    4 
By  gross  profit  for  the  half-year,  after  making  pro- 
vision for  bad  and  doubtful  debts         283,231  19  10 


£287,681     17  2 
We,  the  undersigned,  have  examined  the  foregoing  balance-sheet, 
and  have  found  the  same  to  be  correct. 

(Signed)  WILLIAM  JARDINE,     "1 

WILLIAM  NORMAN,      ^Auditors. 
RICHARD  H,  SWAINE.J 
London  and  County  Bank,  Jan.  25,  1872. 

The  foregoing  report  having  been  read  by  the  Secretary,  the  follow- 
ing resolutions  were  proposed,  and  unanimously  adopted  : — 

1.  That  the  Report  be  received  and  adopted,  and  printed  for  the  use 
of  the  Shareholders. 

2.  That  a  dividend  of  6  per  cent.,  together  with  a  bonus  of  3J5  per 
cent.,  both  free  of  Income-tax,  be  declared  for  the  half-year  ending 
December  31.  1871,  payable  on  and  after  Monday,  the  12th  instant. 
and  that  the  balance  01  £jy^\^  3*-  3^.  be  carried  forward  to  profit  and 
loss  new  account. 

3.  That  Philip  Patton  Blyth,  James  Morley,  and  Abraham  Hodgson 
Phillpotts,  Esquires,  be  re-elected  Directors  of  this  Company. 

4.  That  the  thanks  of  this  meeting  be  given  to  the  board  of  directors 
for  the  able  manner  in  which  they  have  conducted  the  affairs  of  the 
Company. 

5.  That  William  Jardine,  William  Norman,  and  Richard  Hinds 
Swaine,  Esquires,  be  elected  auditors  for  the  current  year,  and  that 
the  thanks  of  this  meeting  be  presented  to  them  for  their  ser\'iccs 
durin)»  the  past  year. 

6.  'ihat  the  thanks  of  this  meeting  be  presented  to  the  General 
Manager,  and  to  all  the  other  officers  of  ihe  bank,  for  the  zeal  and 
ability  with  which  they  have  discharged  their  respective  duties 

T-u    r^^    ■       (^'t'"''^*         .      W.  CHAMPION  Jones,  Chairman. 

T  he  Chairman  having  quitted  the  chair,  it  was  resolved  and  carried 
unanimously  : — 

7-  That  the  cordial  thanks  of  this  meeting  be  presented  to  William 
Champion  Jones,  Esq.,  for  his  able  and  courteous  conduct  in  the 
Chair.  (Signed)        WILLIAM  NICOL,  Deputy  Chairman. 

Extracted  from  the  minutes. 
(Signed)         '  F.  CLAPPISON,  Secretary. 

LONDON  and  COUNTY  BANKING  COMPANY 
—Notice  is  Hereby  Given  that  a  DIVIDEND  on  the  Capital  of 
the  Company,  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent,  for  the  hall.vcar  cndinr' 
December  31,  1871,  with  a -BONUS  of  3J^  per  cent.,  will  be  PAID  to 
the  Proprietors,  either  at  the  Head  Oftice,  21,  Lombard  Street,  or  at 
any  of  the  Company's  Branch  Banks,  on  or  after  MONDAY,  the 
i2lh  instant.  By  order  of  the  Board, 

^       ^     ^  ^  ^  .  W.  McKEWAN,  General  Manager. 

21,  Lombard  Street,  Feb.  2,  1872. 


rHE      LANDS      IMPROVEMENT      COMPANY. 
(Incorporated  bv  Special  Acts  of  Parliament.) 
DRAINAGE,  RECLAMATION,  FARM   BUILDINGS, 
LABOURERS'  COTTAGES,  TRAMWAYS,  RAILWAYS,  &c. 
Directors. 

Granville  R.  Ryder,  Esq, 
GranvilleR.H.Somerset,Esq.,Q.C. 


John  Glutton,  Esq. 
Frederick  L.  Dashwood,  Esq, 
Henry  Farquhar,  Esq. 
Lord  Garlies,  M.P. 
John  Horatio  Lloyd,  Esq. 


Henry  W.  West,  Eso,,  M. 

Charles  Watkin  Williams  Wynn, 
Esq.,  M.P.  (Chairman). 


The  Company  advances  money,  unlimited  in  amount,  for  all  purposes 
of  Agricultural  Improvement,  including  the  Erection  of  Cottages  and 
Farm  Buildings,  to  the  Owners  of  settled  and  other  Estates,  and  to 
the  Clergj'  in  respect  of  their  Glebe  Lands. 

Tenants  may,  with  the  consent  of  their  Landlords,  execute  the 
necessary  Improvements  upon  the  Farms  which  they  occupy,  charging 
them  with  the  cost. 

UTILISATION  of  SEWAGE.— The  Company  also  advances 
money  for  the  purpose  of  Works  of  Sewage  Irrigation. 

The  whole  outlay  and  expenses  are  liquidated  by  a  rent-charge  upon 
the  land,  redeeming  principle  and  interest,  over  25  years. 

No  investigation  of  title  is  required. 

For  Forms  and  further  information,  apply  to  GRANVILLE  R. 
RYDER,  Esq.,  Managing  Director,  No,  i.  Great  George  Street, 
Storey's  Gate,  Westminster.  S.W. 


EMIGRATION  to  CANADA. 

THE    EASTERN    TOWNSHIPS. 

I  speak  from  the  experience  of  many  years'  residence  in  the  country 
when  I  earnestly  advise  respectable  English  Emigrants  coming  to 
Canada  to  SETTLE  in  the  EASTERN  TOWNSHIPS,  as  being 
especially  suitable  for  them  in  point  of  Climate,  (Quality  and  Cheapness 
of  Land,  beauty  of  Scenery,  Social  and  Educational  Advantages,  and 
Materia!  Requirements. 

To  genteel  people  of  small  means  this  district  offers,  pre-eminently, 
a  healthy,  cheap,  and  independent  home,  and  association,  on  equal 
terms,  with  those  of  their  own  station  of  life.  To  the  steady 
Yeoman  and  industrious  Agricultural  Labourer  it  affords  a  sure  and 
easy  means  of  settling  in  comfort  and  plenty  on  their  own  property. 

It  is  the  Protestant  district  of  the  province  of  Quebec,  and  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  passes  centrally  through  it,  via  this  place  and 
the  Market  Town  of  Sherbrooke,  which  are  within  three  miles  of  each 
other,  and  distant  a  five  hours'  run  from  Quebec  and  Montreal. 

From  Portland  in  winter,  and  from  Quebec  in  summer,  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway  brings  Passengers  on  their  arrival  by  the  Canadian 
Steamers  from  Liverpool  to  this  place  direct,  without  more  loss  of 
time  than  is  needed  to  change  the  luggage  from  the  Steamer  to 
the  Train. 

AH  particulars  as  to  passage  can  be  obtained  at  the  Office  of  Messrs. 
ALLAN  and  CO.,  Canadian  Line  of  Steamers,  Liverpool. 

Every  further  information  respecting  the  country  will  be  given,  by 
letter,  to  those  who  desire  it  and  let  no  one  hesitate  to  apply  to  me 
for  it :  there  is  no  charge.  JOHN    H.  CHARNOCK. 

I-ennoxville,  Province  o£  Quebec,  Canada,  Jan.  10,  1872. 

There  is  good  Hotel  accommodation  both  here  and  at  Sherbrooke. 


Notice. 

GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE     and     AGRICUL- 
TURAL GAZETTE.— The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready ; 
price,  in  cloth,  £,\  6s.  td. 

W.  RICHARDS.  41,  AVclIington  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


FOR  SALE.— The    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE, 
from  1841  to  1871,     All  half-bound  to  end   of  1870,  in  yearly  vols. 
The  last  year  in  two.     All  in  good  preservation.     Apply  lo 

Mr.  BENNION,.'I.i'T/£;-//jtv-Onice,  Market  Drayton. 


The  Second  Edition  of 

FRASER'S     MAGAZINE    for     FEBRUARY. 
Edited  by  J.  A.  Froude,  M.A. 
Contents  :— 
The  Drink  Traffic.     By  F.  W.  Newman. 
Notes  on  East  Greenland.     By  A.  Pansch,  M,D. 
Religion  as  a  Fine  Art. 
The  Burgomaster's  Family.    A  Dutch  Story.    Translated  by  Sir 

J.  Shaw  Lefevrh. 
Concerning  John's  Indian  Affairs. — No.  III. 
Ireland's  Experiences  of  Home  Rule. 
On  Longevity,     ^y  Professor  Owen. 
An  American  on  Representation. 
The  Kriegsspiel. 

The  Mahometan  Revival.     By  W.  Gifford  Palgrave. 
London:  LONGMANS,  GREEN,  and  CO.,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 


E.  Hughes*  Approved  Elementary  School-Books. 

New  Edition,  with  Eight  Maps,  lamo,  31.  bd.       Questions,  price  td. 

OUTLINES  of  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 
descriptive  of  the  Inorganic  Matter  of  the  Globe  and  the 
Distribution  of  Organised  Beings.  By  Edward  Hughes,  late 
Master  of  the  Royal  Naval  Lower  School,  Greenwich. 

GEOGRAPHY  for  ELEMENTARY  SCHOOLS,    the 

Physical  and  Descriptive  Geography  of  the  Globe.     Prii-c  is. 

SCHOOL  ATLAS  of  BIBLE  LAND?,    containing  12 

coloured  Maps,  engraved  on  Steel.     Price  is,  (}d. 

SELECT  SPECIMENS  of  ENGLISH  POETRY,  with 

Prose    Introductions,    Notes,   and    Questions.      Latest    Revised 
Edition,  in  lamo,  price  3s.  6rf. 
London:  LONGMANS,  GREEN,  and  CO,,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 


The  Genuine  Edition  of  Mangnall's  Questions. 

A  New  Edition,  in  ismo,  price  4s.  6ii,  cloth, 

MANGNALL'S     HISTORICAL      and      MISCEL- 
LANEOUS QUESTIONS,  for  the  use  of  Young  Persons; 
with  a  Selection  of  British  and  General  Biography. 

New  Edition  of  the  Only  GENUINE  and  Perfect  Edition,  as 
finally  corrected  by  the  Author  ;  but  remodelled  throughout,  enlarged, 
and  improved, 

"  The  most  comprehensive  book  of  instruction  existing,  and  to  be 
preferred  to  all  others,  to  which  it  has  served  as  a  xnoAcX,— Quarterly 
Revierii}. 

"  A  new  edition  of  a  very  familiar  and  useful  school-book,  entirely 
remodelled,  enlarged  and  improved,  in  order  to  embody  the  informa- 
tion derived  in  the  progress  of  discovery  in  history  and  science." — 
Yorkshire  Post. 

S^  Messrs.  LONGMANS  &  Co.'s  Edition  should  be  ordered. 


Notice. 

[Bv  Appointment  to  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society.) 

To  HORTICULTURAL   IMPLEMENT   MAKERS,   NURSERY- 
MEN, FLORISTS,  and   OTHERS. 

ADAMS   AND    FRANCIS    INSERT   ADVERTISE- 
MENTS in   all  the  London,  Country,   Colonial,   and   Forcifjn 
Newspapers,  Magazines,  and   Periodicals,  without  extra  charge 
to  the  Advertiser. 
ADAMS  and  FRANCIS,  Advertisement  Agents,  59,  Fleet  Street,  E.C. 


Works  on  Botany,  by  Dr.  Lindley. 

THE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM;  OR,  The 
Structure.  Classification,  and  Uses  of  Plants.  Illustrated 
upon  the  Natural  System.  In  One  Volume,  8vo,  cloth,  price  36s.,  with 
upwards  of  500  Illustrations. 

DESCRIPTIVE    BOTANY:    OR,  The  Art  of 
Describing  Plants  correctly,  in  Scientific  Language,  for  Self 
Instruction  and  the  Use  of  Schools.     Price  is. 

SCHOOL    BOTANY;    or,    The    Rudiments    of 
Botanical  Science.     In  One  Volume,  8vo,  half  bound,  with  400 
Illustrations,  price  5s.  6d. 

MEDICAL  and  CECONOMICAL  BOTANY;  or  An 
Account  of  the  Principal  Plants  employed  in  Medicine  or 
Domestic  tEconomy.  In  i  vol.  8vo,  with  numerous  Woodcuts,  price 
7J,  td. 

THE    ELEMENTS     of     BOTANY,     Structural 
AND    Phvsiologicau     With  a    Glossary  ot   Technical  Terms, 
and  numerous  Illustrations.     \2s.  cloth. 

This  completes  the  series  of  Elementary  Botanical  Works  by 
Professor  Lindlev,  of  which  "  School  Botany,"  and  "  The  Vegetable 
Kingdom,"  form  the  other  parts. 

The  first  two  Parts  of  The  Elements  of  Botany,  comprising 
Structur.1l  and  Physiological  Botany,  and  a  Glossary  of  Technical 
Terms,  are  published  in  one  octavo  volume,  price  i3S. 

These  three  parts  form  a  complete  manual  of  Botany  for  Medical 
and  other  Students  who  have  made  themselves  acquainted  with  the 
Author's  "  School  Botany." 

N.  B.  The  Glossary  may  be  had  separately,  price  31. 
London  :  BRADBURY.  EVANS,  and  CO..  10.  Bouverie  Street,  E.C. 


Just  published,  8vo,  128  pages,  neatly  bound,  3^., 

THE    FAIRFIELD    ORCHIDS;    a  Descriptive 
Catalogue     of    the     Species    and    Varieties    grown    by    JAS. 
BROOKE  AND  CO.,  at  Fairfield,  near  Manchester,  with  Preliminary 
Chapters  on  the    History,  Structure,  and  Cultivation  of  these  Plants, 
and  a  Copious  Glossary  of  the  Significations  of  the  Names. 
BRADBURY,  EVANS,  and  CO..  London;  and 
JAS.   BROOKE  and  CO.,  Victoria  Street,  Manchester. 


HCANNELL'S  (F.R.H.S.)  ILLUSTRATED 
•  FLORAL  GUIDE  for  1872  is  now  ready,  containing  a  mass 
of  valuable  Information  on  Soft-wooded  and  Bedding  Plants,  &c., 
H.  C.'s  Nursery  Business  being  strictly  confined  to  the  above  and 
choice  Florist  Hower  Seeds.  Sent  post  free  for  Eight  Penny  Stamps. 
New  Florist  Flower  and  Florist  Flower  Seed  Merchant.  Woolwich,  S.E. 


Now  ready,  price  is.,  free  by  post  for  13  stamps,  with  9  Illustrations, 

ITALY  in  ENGLAND  ;  a  Practical  Treatise  on  the 
Cultivation  of  choice  Fruits,  Flowers  and  Vegetables  with  the  aid 
of  Looker's  Horticultural  Appliances  in  Earthenware  and  Glass, 
which  defy  the  Winter  and  assist  the  Summer. 

HOULSTON  and  SONS,  65,  Paternoster  Row,  E,C.  ;  through  all 
Booksellers,  and  of 

BENJ.  LOOKER,  Kingston-on-Thames. 


Now  ready, 

THE    SALIX,    or    WILLOW.      By    W.    SCALING, 
Willow   Nurseryman,   Basford,  Notts.     A  revised  and  enlarged 
edition,  containing  Instructions  for  its   Planting  and   Culture,  with 
Observations  upon  its  Value  and  Adaptability  lor  the  Formation  of 
Hedges  and  Game  Coverts. 
Post  free  is.  ;  orof  SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL,  and  CO,,  London. 


THE  NEW  METHOD  of  GROWING  FRUIT  and 
FLOWERS  (by  the  Rev.  John  Fountaine,  Southacrc, 
Brandon),  being  a  practical  combination  of  Vinery,  Orchard  House 
and  Conservatory,  as  now  worked  in  a  New  House  erected  for  the 
purpose  at  Chiswick.  Third  Edition,  Illustrated.  Free  for  seven 
stamps  to  the 
"  Journal  of  Horticulture  "  Office,  171,  Fleet  Street ;  or  to  the  Author. 


TIMBER  WANTED,  suitable  for  CLOG  BLOCKS 
and    BRUSH    HEADS.      Quantity  no    object.      Terms  cash. 
Address,  stating  price  and  full  particulars, 

British  Timber  Co.,  Limited,  North  Carriers'  Dock,  Liverpool. 


TANNED  GARDEN  NETTING,  One  Penny 'per 
square  yard,  for  Protecting  Seed  Beds,  Peas,  Fruit,  Straw- 
berries, &c.,  Irom  Birds,  Frost,  Blight,  &c.,  and  as  a  Fence  for 
Fowls~in  1,2.  3.  and  4  yard  widlhs.  HEXAGON,  TIFFANY, 
and  other  NETTING;  GALVANISED  WIRE  NETTING,  PEA 
HURDLES,  SEED  PROTECTORS,  &c. 
C.  WRIGHT  and  CO.  (late  376,  Strand,  London),  Newark-on-Trent. 


NETTING  for  FRUIT  TREES.  SEED  BEDS, 
RIPE  STRAWBEKKIES,  &c,— TANNED  NETTING  for 
Protecting  the  .above  from  Frost,  Blight,  Birds,  &c.,  2  yards  wide, 
7.d  oer  vard,  or  100  yards,  20s.  ;  4  yards  wide,  (>d.  per  yard,  or  50  yards, 
5J.  NEW  TANNED  NETTING,  suited  for  any  of  the  above 
purposes,  or  as  a  Fence  for  Fowls,  2  yards  wide,  td.  per  yard  ;  4  yards 
wide,  IS.  per  yard  ;  3|-inch  mesh,  4  yards  wide,  is,  6ti,  per  yard.  Also 
TIFFANY.  Can  be  had  in  any  quantity  of 
EATON  AND  DELLER,  6  &  7.  Crooked  Lane,  London  Bridge,  E.C. 


R 


ALPH      WALLER      AND      CO., 
45,  Dale  Street,  Manchester. 
MANUFACTURERS  of  all  kinds  of  GARDEN   NETTING,  &c. 

The  serious  injury  done  every  spring  to  Fruit  Crops  by  frost  has 
proved  to  every  Gardener  the  absolute  necessity  of  providing  some 
Protection  to  the  Trees  early  in  thelyear.  If  the  blossom,  in  its 
earliest  development,  be  but  slightly  weakened  by  frost,  the  vitality  of 
the  fruit-germ  is  destroyed,  and  the  fruit  lost.  In  this  climate,  on  the 
average  of  a  century,  there  is  not  more  than  one  year  in  nineteen  when 
the  protection  is  unnecessary.  Many  fabrics  have  been  tried  for  this 
purpose  of  protection,  with  more  or  less  success:  and  we  may  now 
say,  without  fear  of  contradiction,'that  we  have  succeeded  in  manu- 
facturing the  only  fabric  which  is  altogether  unobjectionable  for  this 
purpose.  Without  unduly  nursing,  it  effectually  protects  the  young 
germ,  and  does  not  impede  the  action  of  light  and  due  circulation  of 
air.  Some  other  fabrics  do  this,  and  thus  weaken  the  vitality  of  the 
tree  altogether.  Almost  every  large  grower  in  the  three  Kmgdoms 
can  testify  to  these  facts. 

HOTHOUSE  SHADING  of  various  thicknesses,  superior  to  any 
other  yet  discovered  for  lightness,  strength  and  durability,  standing, 
as  it  docs,  all  weathers. 

Testimonial  from  Robert  Warner,  Esq. 

"  I  have  had  the  netting  No.  6  on  my  Orchid-house  for  eighteen 
months,  and  I  find  it  now  in  very  good  order,  and  Hkely  to  last  as 
many  more  months,  and  I  intend  to  use  it  on  all  my  houses  in  future, 
being  well  satisfied  both  as  to  its  lasting  qualities  and  also  as  to  the 
shade  it  gives,  which  is  sufficient  to  prevent  burning,  and  yet  not  thick 
enough  to  keep  out  the  light,  as  the  ordinary  strong  shading  stuffs  do; 
indeed,  it  is  suitable  for  shading  any  kind  of  plants, — Broomjield, 
Feb.  13,  1871." 

TIFFANY  of  various  kinds  always  on  hand.  NETTING  and 
SHADING,  in  nieces  30  yard  long,  \%  yard  wide  TIFFANY,  in 
pieces  20  yards  long,  38  inches  wide.  For  prices,  &c.,  apply  to  the 
above  address—         45,  Dale  Street,  Manchester. 


THE 

COTTAGER'S  CALENDAR  OF  GARDEN  OPERATIONS. 

EY  THE  LATE  SIR  JOSEPH  PAXTON,  M.P. 

REPRINTED  from  the  GARDEtfERS'  CHROmCLK  AND  AGRICULTURAL  GAZETTE,  with  ADDITIONS. 

Price  3d.  each,  or  5s,  for  25  Copies   for  distribution  amongst  Cottage  Tenantry. 

Delivered  Free  anywhere  In  London  on  receipt  of  a  Post  Office  Order,  payable  lo  WM.  RICHARDS,  at  tlie 
King  Street  Office,  Covcnt  Garden,  W.C. 

PUBLISHED  at  the  OFFICE  of  the  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  and  AGRICULTURAL 
GAZETTE,  41,  WELLINGTON  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN,  W.C. 


February  lo,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


203 


Indestructible  Terra-Cotta  Plant  MarHera. 

MAW  AND  CO.'S  PATENT.  — Prices,  Printed 
Patterns,  and  Specimens  sent  post  free  on  application  ;  also 
Pallerns  of  Ornamental  Tile  Pavements  for  Lonservalones,  Entrance 
Halls   &c  MAW  AND  CO.,  Benthall  Works,  liroseley. 


Labels,  Labels.— Parcbment  or  Clotli  Labels. 

TREE  or  PL.^NT  L.XBELS.  punclied  parchment, 
J  inches  lonp,  JJ.  per  looo.  or  10,000  for  355.,  cash  on  delivery. 
Also  PUNCHED  ClO  ril  LAIiEI.S,  Assorted  Size,  10,000  for  15J. 
All  Sizes  in  Plain  and  Printed  Labels  made  to  order  at  ver>'  low  prices. 
Sample  Label  sent  on  receipt  of  a  postage-stamp.  Orders  delivered 
Iree  in  London  by  ,  ,     ,  . 

JtlHN  FISHER  AND  CO.,  Label  Works,  Boston,  Lincolnshire. 


T, 


H.     FOX     AND     SON'S     Original    SEED 

PROTECTORS,    8r.   per  dozen,   with  ends;     !^-inch   mesh, 
'.  ;  5a. inch   mesh,  gs.  ^d.  ;  ^^-irich  mesh,  3s.  per  dozen. 


•.'■;'■■ 


:-''^--'?'? 


->(»■.-  ■    ■■'  ■.■■  1     ■■■•■■■■■■".,■  1    -■■■.■  ,■  ■A»  VTi, 

GARDEN  ARCHES,  from  lar.  each. 

Galvanised    NETTING,   Hd.  per  foot.      All  orders  for  40J.  and 
upward  carriage  paid. 

Viaduct  House,  126.  Newgate  Street,  E.C. 
Illustrated  CATALOGUES  free. 


Ci  UTLERY,  Warranted. — The  most  varied  assortment 
'  of  T.^BLE  CUTLERY  in  the  world,  all  warranted,  is  on  sale  at 
WILLIAM  S.  UURTON'S. 


The  Blades  are  all  of  the  finest 
Steel. 

Table 
Knives. 

Dessert 
Knives. 

Carvers, 
per  Pair. 

3^-inch  ivorj'  handles         .  .per  doien 

3J^  do.  balance  do do. 

^^      do.                 do do, 

4      do.  fine  ivory    do.           . .       do. 
4      do.  extra  large  do.         . .       do. 
4      do.  finest  African  ivory-  do.  do. 

Do.      with   silver   ferules        do. 

Do.      with  silvered  blades      do. 
Nickel  electro  silvered  handles     do. 

s.d. 
32     6 

30  • 

34    • 

^?: 

n  ■ 

J.  d. 
It    6 
13     6 
16    6 
20    . 

22     . 

11  : 
33  . 
19  . 

s.  d.- 
S    ■ 
5    - 
S    9 

I    6 

12  . 

.3    6 

13  6 
7    6 

WILLIAM  S,  BURTON,  Furnishing  Ironmonger,  by  appointment, 
to  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  sends  a  CATALOGUE,  cont.iining 
upwards  of  850  Illustrations  of  his  unrivalled  Stock,  with  Lists  of 
Prices,  and  Plans  of  the  20  large  Showrooms,  post  free. — 30,  Oxford 
Street,  W.  ;  I,  lA,  2,  3,  and  4,  Newman  Street  ;  4,  5,  and  0,  Perry's 
Place;  and  i,  Newman  Yard,  London,  W.  The  cost  of  delivering 
Goods  to  the  most  distant  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom  by  Railway 
is  trifling.  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  will  always  undertake  delivery 
at  a  small  fixed  rate. 


AGRICULTURAL  PUPIL.— A  Land  Agent,  having 
the  management  of  Estates  in  several  parts  of  Cheshire,  has  a 
VACANCY  fora  PUPIL— G.  R.  T,,  Post  Oflice,  Norlhwich. 


"\' 


VACANCY. — A    Gentleman     Farming    300    Acres, 

'  Pasture  and  Arable,  South  Shropshire,  has  a  VACANCY  for  a 
PUPIL,  with  every-  home  comfort,  and  excellent  Fishing  and  Shooting, 
Terms  ;(Jao9. — Apply  for  further  particulars  to  P.  H.  R.ODEN, 
High  Ercall. 

WANTED,   a    good    HEAD    GARDENER,    where 
three  others  are  kept.     Residence  in  lodge.     Wife  to  attend  to 
Dairy,  and  open  lodge  gate. — Mr.  J.  C,  38,  Wigmore  Street,  W. 


WANTED,    as  GROUND    FOREMAN,    a   steady, 
industrious    Man.     State   experience,   references,   and    salary 
required.— R.  THORNHILL,  Eowdon  Nurseries,  Bowdon,  Ch eshire 


WANTED,  a  GARDENER,  a  few  miles  from  Town, 
to  live  in  the  house,  and  to  make  himself  useful.  Must  well 
understand  Vines,  and  Flower  and  Kitchen  Gardening, — Address,  by 
letter  only,  Z.,  Mr,  Vickers,  2,  Cowper's  Court,  Cornhiil,  E.C. 


WANTED,  a  good,  steady,  honest,  and  industrious 
married  Man  as  GARDENER  ;  he  must  thoroughly  under- 
stand the  Mana.tfemcnt  of  \'incs.  Flowers,  and  Vegetables,  and  the 
keeping  up  of  a  mce  Lawn  and  Greenhouses.  The  wages,  to  a  com- 
petent person,  £1  per  wck.  and  a  cottage,  with  one  man  under  him  ; 
no  perquisites.— V-  '/..,  Post  "ifice,  Liphook,  Hants. 


Ground  Foreman. 

J  CARTER,  Nurseryman,  Keighlcy.  Yorkshire,  is 
•  in  IMMEDIATE  WANT  of  an  experienced  man  for  a 
Nursery  of  about  18  Acres,  where  Forest  and  Fruit  Trees,  Roses,  and 
Hardy  Shrubs  are  grown  in  quantity.  J.  C.  hopes  that  none  but 
steady,  trustworthy,  and  competent  Men  will  apply. 


WANTED,  a  MAN,  middle-aged,  who  thoroughly 
understands  Market  Gardening,  for  the  neighbourhood  of 
Chicago,  United  States  of  America. — Apply  with  references,  &c.,  to 
DO\V^JIE,  LAIRD,  .^ND  LAING,  Forest  Hill,  S.E. 


WANTED,  for  the  Houses,  a  Young  Man,  used  to 
Nursery  Work,  Must  be  a  g^ood  hand  at  Potting  and 
Tying.  One  who  has  some  knowledge  ol  Packing  preferred.  Good 
character  indJspensible.— Messrs.  FELTON  and  SONS,  Birmingham 
Nursery,  56,  Harborne  Road,  Birmingham.        


WANTED,  as  SECOND  HAND,  a  young  Man,  who 
understands  Forcing  lor  Market.  Must  be  single,  with  good 
reference,  also  state  age.— Mr.  S.MITH,  Market  Gardener,  Back 
Common,  Acton  Green,  Middlesex,  W, 


WANTED,    a   YOUTH,  or    YOUNG    MAN    not 

over  25,  who  is  experienced  in  general  Indoor  Propagating, 

particularly   Ericas,   to  work   under  the   Foreman.  —  B.    MALLER, 
Lcwisham,  S.E. 


DOWNIE,  LAIRD,  AND  LAING  are  m  WANT  of 
a  good  PACKER.      Wages  20J.  per  week.     State  references. — 
Stanstead  Park,  Forest  Hill,  S.E. 


ANTED,  a  young  MAN,   in  a  Country  Seed  Shop 

near  London, — One  who  knows  something  of  the  Retail  Trade. 


w 

— Apply,  by  letter,  staling  previous  occupation  and  wages  required, 
to  G.  W.,Gi      '  '  '"        ■  •   ""■        ■"  -*■ 


,  Gardeners'  Chronicle  Office,  W.C. 


Seed  Business. 

WANTED,  an  ASSISTANT  in  the  SEED 
DEPARTMENT  of  Mr.  WILLIAM  BULL'S  Establish- 
ment. To  a  respectable  and  intelligent  young  Man  the  situation  will 
be  permanent.  Wages  to  commence  with,  25s.  per  week. — Apply,  in 
own  handwriting,  stating  where  last  engaged.  Sec.  Establishment  for 
New  and  Rare  Plants,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  London,  S.W. 


TEAMSMAN  WANTED,  in  the  County  of  Sussex. 
A  first-class  Man,  from  Cambridgeshire,  Suffolk,  or  Lincolnshire. 
Wage*  17J.  per  week,  with  cottage  and  garden  on  the  farm  rent-free. 
—Applications  by  letter  only,  addressed  to  Messrs.  THOMAS  GIBBS 
AND  CO,  Seedsmen  to  the  Koyal  Agricultural  Society  of  England, 
Comer  of  Half-Moon  Street,  Piccadilly-,  W. 


WANT  PLACES.-Letters  to  be  Post  Paid. 

Gardeners  and  Under  Gardeners. 

WM.  CUTBUSH  AND  SON  beg  to  state  that  they 
have  at  all  times  on  their  books  MEN  of  variousqualifications, 
whose  characters  will  bear  the  strictest  inquiry.  Any  Gentleman 
making  application  would  save  time  by  clearly  stating  the  duties  to  be 
undertaken,  wages  effered,  &c.,  so  that  suitable  Men  may  be  selected, 
— Highgate  Nurseries,  London,  N. 


EXPERIENCED  GARDENERS  (or  as  GARDENER 
and  BAILIFF),  of  various  qualifications,  recommended  to 
Gentlemen.— Further  particulars  given  on  application  to  Messrs.  E,  G. 
HENDERSON  AND  SON,  WelUngtonNursery.St.  John's  Wood.N.W. 


/:j.ARDENER   (Head). —Age  45,    married;    under- 

vJ    stands  the  profession  in  all  its  branches;   ii   years   in   present 
situation.     Can  be  highly  recommended. — J.  M.,  Stanmorc,  Middlesex. 

GARDENER^(Head).  —  MarriedTljr  steady    and 
religious  principles;  has  served  in  some  good  establishments. — 
The  GARDENER,  Wood  Hall,  Wetherby. ^ 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  ^2,  married  ;  practical 
and  energetic ;  well  versed  in  EarL^  and  Late  Forcing ;  good 
Plantsman.  Five  years'  character. — Mr.  CHASE,  2,  Winslade  Road, 
Upper  Clapton,  N.E. 


GARDENER  (Head). — Age  35,  married,  one  child  ; 
understands  the  profession  thoroughly.  A  first-class  Plant 
Grower.  References  to  some  of  the  first  Gardeners  of  the  day, — X,  L., 
Mr.  Hester,  I'ine-apple  Nursery,  Maida  Vale,  London,  W, 


('^ARDENER  (Head).— Age  36,  married,  one  child  ; 
JT  thoroughly  practical  in  all  branches ;  can  be  highly  recom- 
mended. Two-and-a-half  years'  character. — G,  B.,  Post  Office, 
Ilanworth,  near  Hounslow. 

/^ARDENER  (Head). — Twenty  years'   e.vperience  in 

V!T  England  and  Scotland  in  the  Management  of  Stove,  Green- 
house Orchids,  and  Ferns.  Seven  and  a  h.iif  years  in  last  situation, 
good  references. — W.  S.,  Post  Office,  Gateshead. 

/~.J.ARDENER  (Head).— Age  27,  about  to  be  married  ; 

VJ  understands  Pines,  Vines,  Stove,  Greenhouse,  and  Flower, 
Fruit,  and  Kitchen  Gardening.  Three  and  a  half  years'  good  character 
from  present  situation. — T.S.,g,  Albert  Place, High  Road, Tottenham, N. 

/^AR~DENER  (Head).— Age  40  thoroughly  practical 

V^-^  in  all  branches  of  the  profession,  also  knows  Land  and  Slock 
well.  No  single-handed  place  accepted.  Wife  good  Manager  ol 
Fowls.  Three  years' good  character,  and  can  be  highly  recommended, 
—A.  It.,  Post  Office,  St.  Albans,  Herts. 


GARDENER  (Head),  age  30,  married.— Joseph 
DiLLiSTONE  offers  his  services  to  any  Lady  or  Gentleman  re- 
quiring a  First-class  practical  Gardener,  Every  department,  both  In 
and  Outdoor,  is  thoroughly  understood.  No  objection  to  Superintend 
a  Small  Farm.  Wife  a  thorough  Dairymaid,  if  required. — 3,  Cliurch 
Lane,  Cheshunt,  N. 


GARDENER  (Head),  age  26. -Mr.  Gray,  Gardener 
to  the  Earl  of  Zetland,  Uplcatham,  Marske-by-the-Sea, Yorkshire, 
can  with  confidence  recommend  his  Foreman,  James  Bourne,  to 
any  Lady  or  Gentleman  requiring  the  services  of  a  good  general 
Gardener.  He  has  been  twelve  years  in  the  profession,  in  good 
establishments,  and  his  chamcterwill  bear  strict  inquiry 


CI  ARDENER  (Head).— Age  40  ;  thoroughly  practical 
^  in  Forcing  Fruits,  Flowers,  and  \'egetables,  and  first-class  Kitchen 
and  Flower  Gardener.  Has  had  great  experience  in  the  Cultivation 
of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  Dinner-table  Decorations,  the 
Erection  and  Heating  of  Horticultural  Buildings.  Seven  years' 
character. — A.  B.,  13,  Charles  Street,  Portman  Square,  W. 

ARDENER    (Head),  lige  29.— Thos.    Knowles, 

Foreman  in  the  Kitchen  Garden  and  Forcing  Department  at 
Ashton  Court,  offers  his  services  to  any  Nobleman,  Gentleman,  or 
Lady  requiring  a  eood  practical  Gardener  ;  has  had  12  years'  experience 
in  the  Culture  of  Pines,  Vines  in  and  out  of  pots,  Melons,  Mushrooms, 
Cucumbers,  Kitchen  and  Flower  Gardening,  Stove  and  Greenhouse 
Plants,  &c.  For  character  and  general  ability,  is  kindly  permitted  to 
refer  to  Mr.  Kimj),  Gr.  to  Earl  of  Jersey,  Middleton  Park,  and  Mr. 
Dodds,  Gr.  to  Sir  Greville  Smytn,  Bart.,  Ashton  Court,  Bristol. 
Address  as  above. 


GARDENER  (Head),  or  GARDENER  and 
BAILIFF.— ,\ge  3^,  married ;  thoroughly  understands  the 
branches  of  both  professions.  Wife  can  undertake  Dairy  or  Poultry, 
or  Baking  for  the  family.  Good  character  and  testimonials, — H.  T,, 
Post  Oriice,  Sittingbourne,  Kent. 


/:i  ARDENER  (Head,  Working).- Age  28,   married, 

vj  one  child  ;  good  practical  knowledge  of  the  profession  generally. 
Good  character —H.  COOK,  i8,  Mary  Street,  Bromley-by-Bow,  E. 


GARDENER  (Head,  Working).— Age  30,  married; 
active  and  energetic.  Thorough  practical  knowledge  of  the 
profession  in  all  its  branches.  First-class  character,  fitc. — T.  W.  R., 
I,  Elizabeth  Street,  Northampton. 


GARDENER  (Head,  Working).— Age  31,  married; 
has  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  Growing  of  Pines,  Vines, 
Peaches,  Orchids,  Ferns,  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  Flower  and 
Kitchen  Gardening,  &c.  Three  years'  excellent  character  from  last 
situation. — A.Z.,5i.Circncestcr  Street, Harrow  Road,Paddington,N.W. 

GARDENER  (Head),  where  two  are  kept.— Age  27  ; 
respectable.     Eight  years'  good  character  from  last  employers. — 
J.  L.,  Hcathlands,  Wimbledon  Common,  London,  S.W, 


GARDENER.— James      Hamilton,      Gardener    at 
Berry  Hill,  Mansfield,  Notts,  is  open  for  re-engagement, 

GARDENER,  to  any  Nobleman  or  Gentleman 
""quiringathoroughly  energetic,  trustworthy  Man. — Thoroughly 
competently  all  the  requirements  of  Gardening.  Good  character.— 
W.  L.,  Iv>'  Lawn,  cl.uHleigh,  Devon. 


GARDENER.— A  Gentleman  is  desirous  of  recom- 
mending to  any  Nobleman  or  Gentleman  a  thoroughly  practical 
Gardener,  who  has  had  extensive  experience  in  every  bianch  of  the 
profession,  and  is  fully  competent  to  undertake  the  Management  of  ii 
good  place.  Five  years'  excellent  character, — H.  D,  D.,  no,  Cannon 
Street,  E.C. 


GARDENER  (Superior),  or  GARDENER,  FARM 
BAILIFF,  or  AGENT.— Has  held  similar  situations,  and  is  a 
First-class  Judge  of  Slock;  also  understands  the  Management  of 
Woods,  Valuing  Timber,  Draining  and  Improving  an  Estate;  would 
go  to  Ireland  or  America.  Wife  a  First-class  Poultry  Woman. — 
DELTA,  Pine-apple  Nursery,  Maida  Vale,  London,  W. 


GARDENER  (Single-handed).— Age  30,  married; 
thoroughly   understands   the   profession  in   all   its   branches. — 
""   '^     Post  Office,  Carshalton,  Surrey. 


GARDENER   (Under),    or    in    a  Nursery. - 
highly    respectable.       Good     character— E.    S.,     A 
Newsagent,  North  Finchley,  N.W. 


-Single  ; 

r.    Green, 


F 


OREMAN   (General).— Good    reference.— T.    W., 

^ Argus  Office,  Bath. 


FOREMAN  (General),  in  a  Nobleman's  Garden. - 
Leaving  through    reducing  establishment.     Good    references,- 
A.  B.  C,  Post  Office,  Battle,  Sussex. 


N;URSERY  FOREMAN  (General),  in  a  Provincial 
Nursery. — A  thoroughly  practical  industrious  Man.  Good 
references  as  to  ability  and  general  character. — A.  B,  C,  Barbourne 
Nurseries,  Worcester. 


PROPAGATOR  (Soft-Wooded),  and  GROWER.— 
Married,  without  family;  has  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
profession,  and  can  Grow  for  Exhibition  or  Market,  if  required.  Nine 
years'  good  character. — A,  B,,  4,  Coningham  Terrace,  Shepherd's 
Bush,  London,  W.  _^_______^_____^^_ 


PROPAGATOR  (Second).  —  A  young  Man,  well 
cxperienccti  in  Soft  and  Hard-wood,  especially  in  Roses,  Rhodo- 
dendrons, Clematis,  Conifera;,  &c  Good  reference, — G.  G.,  Post 
Oltice,  Bagshot,  Surrey. 


IMPROVER,  in  a  Nobleman's  or  Gentleman's  Garden. 
—Age  20.     First-class  references.— E.  C.  HILL,  St.  Andrew  Street, 
Hertford,  Herts. 


BAILIFF,  or  BAILIFF  and  GARDENER.-Age  36, 
married,  respectable ;  thoroughly  understands  the  Cultivation  of 
all  kinds  of  Land,  the  Breeding,  Rearing,  and  Grazing  of  Stock.  Good 
Accountant,  also  understands  i^epairs.  Measuring  of  Land,  Timber, 
&r.  Wife  good  Dairy  and  Poultrj-- woman.  First-class  references, 
and  satisfactory  reasons  for  leaving  last  place. — Z.,  i.  Elm  Road, 
Woodside,  Croydon,  Surrey,  


SHOPMAN,  Wholesale  or  Retail.— Age  22;  has  a 
good  knowledge  of  Plants  and  general  Nursery  Stock  ;  six  years' 
experience.  Good  references, — G.  H.,  Messrs.  Thomas  Gibbs  &  Co., 
Corner  of  Half-Moon  Street,  Piccadilly,  W. 


HOTHOUSE  CLOCKS,  in   Ornamental  Iron  Cases. 
Bronzed,  Japanned,   Enamelled,  &c.     No  glass  being  used  in 
the  construction  of  these  C.locks,  they  are  not  liable  to  damage.     Also, 
the  cases  bemg  of  Iron,  they  are  are  not  injured  by  heat  or  damp; 
and,  the  keyholes  being  bushed,  no  dust  or  water  can  possibly  enter. 
,  Going  13  days, 

Going  12  days,  and  striking 

„  .  .  but  not  striking.  hours  and  half-hours. 

Price,  medium  size    . .        . .  ^o  15    o £110 

Price,  large  size  ,.         ..too 160 

Box  and  Package  free  of  charge. 

In  ordering  say  if  Clock  is  required  to  hang  or  stand 

J.  I-  WAINWRIGHT  and  CO.,  Cambridge  Street,  Birmingham. 


Protection  from  Fire. 


.TRADE  ^^^Rm^ 

! LIGHT  ONlfoN  THE  box! 

^^^|\  ""ADE  ifl^^^L'  M*Rir  yifc^ 
.THE  PDBUC  ARE  CAUnONED  AGAINST 

DANGEROUS  IMITATIONS. 


WM.       YOUNGER        and        CO.'S 
EDINBURGH,  INDIA  PALE  and  DINNER  ALES. 
Sparkling,  refreshing,  nourishing  and  economical, 
'lo  be  had  of  the  principal  retailers. 
Observe  Trade  Marks,  as  other  brands  are  frequently  substituted. 
Breweries,  Edinburgh.  Established  1740.    I.ondon  Stores,  Belvedere 
Road^  S.E. ;    Liverpool,  i,  Seel   Street;   Ijristol,   14,   Narrow   Quay; 
Dubim   Stores,  7,    Lower   Abbey   Street ;    Swansea,    Quay    Parade ; 
Glasgow,  Queen  Street;  Birmingham,  13,  Temple  Street, 


K 


I  N  A  H  A  N'S 


Ii  L 


WHISKY. 


This  celebrated  and  most  delicious  old  mellow  spirit  is  the  very 
CREAM   of   IRISH   WHISKIES,    in  quality   unrivalled,    perfectly 
pure,  and  more  wholesome  than  the  finest  Cognac  Brandy,     Note  the 
words,  "  KINAHAN'S  ,  L  L  ."  on  seal,  label,  and  cork. 
New  Wholesale  Depot,  6a,  Great  Titchlield  Street,  Oxford  Street,  W, 


Lea  &  Ferrlns'  Sauce, 

THE  "WORCESTERSHIR  E," 

pronounced  by  Connoisseurs  "the  only  good  Sauce."     Improves 
the  appetite,  and  aids  digestion.     Unrivalled  (or  piquancy  and  flavour. 

ASK  FOR  LEA  and  PERRINS'  SAUCE. 

Beware  of  Imitations, 

and  see  the  Names  of  LEA  and  PERRINS  on  all  Bottles  and  Labels. 

Agents— CROSSE  and    BLACKWELL,  London,  and  sold  by  all 

Defers  in  Sauces  throughout  the  World. 


A. 


Grateful— Comforting, 

EP      P      S   '    s  c      o      c 

BREAKFAST. 
"  By  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  natural  laws  which  "ovem  the 
operations  of  digestion  and  nutrition,  and  by  a  careful  application  of 
the  fine  properties  of  a  well  selected  cocoa,  Mr.  Epps  has  provided  our 
breakfast-tables  with  a  delicately-flavoured  beverage  which  may  save 
us  many  heavy  doctor's  bills." — Civil  Seruice  Gasette. 

Made  simply  with  boiling  water  or  milk. 

Each  packet  is  labelled, 

JAMES  EPPS  AND  CO.,  Homoeopathic  Chemists,  London. 


D 


INNEFORD'S 


FLUID         MAGNESIA. 


The  best  remedy  for  Acidity  of  the  Stomach,  Heartburn,  Headache, 
Gout,  and  Indigestion  ;  and  the  best  mild  Aperient  for  delicate  consti- 
tutions, especially  adapted  for  Ladies,  Children  and  Infants, 

DINNEFORD  AND  CO.,  172,  New  Bond  Street,  London,  W.  ; 
and  of  all  Chemists  throughout  the  World. 


G 


OUT    and     RHEUMATISM.— The    excruciating 

pain  of  Gout  or  Rheumatism  is  quickly  relieved  and  cured  in  a 
.rw  days  by  that  celebrated  Medicine,  BLAIR'S  GOUT  and 
RHEUM.\TIC  PILLS. 

They  require  no  restraint  of  diet  or  confinement  during  their  use, 
and  are  certain  to  prevent  the  disease  attacking  any  vitai  part. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  15.  i%d.  and  2s,  gd,  per  box,  or 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


c 


OCKLE'S    ANTIBILIOUS    PILLS. 

THE    SAFEST    FAMILY    APERIENT. 
In  boxes,  at  u.  ilid.,  2j.  cjd.,  45.  6d.,  and  115. 


COCKLE'S  ANTIBILIOUS  PILLS.— 
These  Pills  consist  of  a  careful  and  peculiar  admixture  of  the 
best  and  mildest  vegetable  aperients,  with  the  pure  extract  of  the 
flowers  of  the  Camomile.  They  will  be  found  a  most  efficacious 
remedy  for  derangement  of  the  digestive  organs,  and  for  torpid  action 
of  the  liver  and  bowels,  which  produce  indigestion  and  the  several 
varieties  of  bilious  and  liver  complaints.  They  speedily  remove  the 
irritation  and  feverish  state  of  the  stomach,  allay  spasms,  correct  the 
morbid  condition  of  the  liver  and  organs  subservient  to  digestion, 
promote  a  due  and  healthy  secretion  of  bile,  and  relieve  the  constitu- 
tion of  all  gouty  matter  and  other  impurities,  which,  by  circulating  in 
the  blood,  must  injuriously  affect  the  action  of  the  kidneys  ;  thus,  by 
removing  the  causes  productive  of  so  much  discomfort,  they  restore 
the  energies  both  of  body  and  mind.  To  those  who  indulge  in  the 
luxuries  of  the  table,  these  Pills  will  prove  highly  useful,  occasioning 
no  pain  in  their  action,  unless  they  meet  with  an  unusual  quantity  of 
acrid  bile  and  acid  matter  in  the  stomach  and  bowels.  It  must  be 
understood  that  these  Pills  are  not  recommended  as  containing  any 
new  or  dangerously  active  ingredients;  on  the  contrary,  they  are 
characterised  by  a  remarkable  simplicity  of  combination,  and  whatever 
merit  they  may  be  found  to  possess  depends  as  much  upon  the  selec- 
tion of  pure  drugs,  and  the  unusual  labour  and  attention  bestowed 
upon  their  subsequent  preparation,  as  upon  the  acknowledged  pecu- 
liarity of  their  composition.  They  are  not  recommended  as  a  panacea, 
nor  are  they  adapted  to  all  complaints;  but  as  a  mild  and  efticacious 
aperient  and  tonic  in  the  various  forms  of  indigestion  it  will  not  per- 
haps be  an  exaggeration  to  state  that  they  have  been  resorted  to  under 
all  systems  of  diet,  changes  of  climate  or  atmospheric  alterations,  with 
an  extraordinary  degree  of  success,  for  72  years.  This  celebrated 
family  aperient  may  be  had  throughout  the  United  Kingdom  in  boxes 
at  IS.  I  U'i- ,  2S.  gd. ,  4s.  6d.,  and  i  is. ,  as  well  as  in  India,  China,  New 
Zealand,  and  the  Australian  colonies. 


c 


OCKLE'S    ANTIBILIOUS    PILLS. 

THE    OLDEST     PATENT     MEDICINE. 
In  boxes  at  xs.  i]^d.,  zj.  9dt.,  4s.  6d.,  and  iw. 


204 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


[Febraary  lo,   1872. 


GREEN'S    PATENT    BOILERS, 

WITH    INVERTED    CYLINDER    ENGINES    COMBINED. 

Engines  and  Boilers  fitted  ivith  Governors,  Equilibrium  Throttle  Valve,  Stop  Valve,  SafetyValve,  FeedPump,  Water  and  Steam  Gauges,  S^c,  complete. 


Consumption  of  Fuel— 7A  lb,  of  Coal  per  Horse 

Power  per  H 

)ur. 

II 

Water,  1  Cubic  Foot 

II             II 

Horse 
Power. 

Diameter  of 
Cylinder. 

Stroke                         Height  of 
^'™''^-                           Boiler. 

Diameter. 

Price. 

I 

3i  in. 

8  in.  ...        4ft.  oin.  ... 

I  ft.  8  in. 

••       £2,1* 

2 

4 

10       ...        5       0 

2       4 

■■       ^55t 

0 

..        4l 

10       ...        5        6 

2       4 

..       .^"65t 

4 

••       5i 

12        ...        7       0 

2       4 

.^90 

6 

..       6i 

14       ...       8       0 

2       8 

••     .^125 

8 

8 

16       ...       9       0 

3       0 

-     /165 

10 

..       9i 

16       ...      10       0 

3       4 

..     .^200 

12 

..      10 

18       ...      II       0 

3       8 

..     .1^220 

14 

1 1 

18        ...      II        6 

3     10 

•  •      ^^245 

16 

12 

20       ...      12       0 

4       0 

•  ■      .^275 

18 

..         I2f 

20       ...      12        6 

4       2 

■•     .^290 

20 

..     i3i 

22        ...      13       0 

4       4 

••     ^315 

25 

..      i4f 

28        ...      14       0 

4       8 

..     ;^38o 

30 

•■      i5i 

28        ...      15       0 

5       0 

••      ;^450 

35 

..      16J 

28        ...      16       0 

5       4 

••      ^520 

40 

..      18 

28        ...      17       0 

5       8 

..      ^585 

*  Tile  i-Horse  Power,  if  lifted  with  Water  Tanlc,  Sole  Plate  and  Governors,  ;^5  extra. 
t  The  2  and  3-Horse  Pov  .-^r,  if  fitted  with  Governors,  ^^5  extra. 

The   Foundation   Plate   answers  the  purpose  of  Feed-water  Tank,    in    which   the  Water  is   Heated  before  passing  into  the   Boiler  ;    and 
also  of  an  Ash  Pit,  and  NO  BRICK  WORK  or  FOUNDATION  is  REQUIRED. 

Upwards  of  650  of  these  Engines  and  Boilers  are  now  at  work,   giving  entire  satisfaction.       References  if  required. 

GREEN'S   PATENT  SILENS  MESSORS, 

OR  NOISELESS  LAWN  MOWING,  ROLLING,  AND  COLLECTING  MACHINES  FOR  1872. 

T/ie  Winner  of  Every  Prise  in  all  Cases  of  Competition. 


SINGLE-HANDED    LAWN    MOWER. 


To  cut    8  inches £2 


3  10    o 


To  cnt  12  inches. 
,.      14      ..      • 


•Z4  10 
.     S  10 


DOUBLE-HANDED    LAWN    MOWER. 


To  cut  16  ins.,  £G  10    Tliis  can  be  worked  bv  One  Man  on  an  even  lawn. 

,,      18    ,,        7  ro    By  Man  and  Boy.  I  To  cut  22  ins.,  ^8  10    By  Man  and  Boy. 
..      20    ,,        80  ,,  ,,  1       ,,      24    ,,        90  ,,  ,, 


DONKEY  and   PONY   MACHINES. 


To  cut  26  inches 
,,       28      ,, 
„       30      .. 


■Z13 
.  IS 
■     17 


Leather  Boots  for  Donkey 
Ditto  for  Pony 


^o  18 


HORSE    MACHINES. 


To  cut  30  inches 
„       36      „ 
„       42      .. 


.^21 
.  24 
.     27 


To  cut  48  inches 
Leather  Boots  for  Horse 


•Z30 


GREEN'S     PATENT     ROLLERS 

FOR   LAWNS,    DRIVES,     BOWLING   GREENS,     CRICKET   FIELDS,     AND    GRAVEL    PATHS,     SUITABLE    FOR    HAND   OR   HORSE    POWER. 

PRICES    OF    ROLLERS    FITTED    WITH    SHAFTS. 


PRICES    OF    HAND    ROLLERS    IN    TWO    PARTS. 

Diam.  Lcngtli.  Diam.  Length. 

30  inches  by  32  inches . .         ..   ^710    o  I  20  inches  by  23  inches..         ..  ^310    o 

24      M           26      4  IQ    o  1  16      ,,           17      2  IS    o 

IN    ONE    PART. 

24  inches  by  26  inches. .          ..           ..           ..           ..           ,,           ,,         .,  £^    o    o 

=2 326 

17      ..          ..          ..          ..          ..         ..  2  10    o 


16 


Suitable  for  Pony  or  Horse  Power. 


Diam.               Length. 

Diam.               Length. 

30  inches  by  32  inches . . 

..£io    0 

0 

30  inches  by  60  inches  . . 

■■£'S  10    0 

30      .,          36      ,.     •• 

..     10  IS 

0 

30      „           72       „     .. 

..     17  10    0 

30      „           42      ,,     .. 

..     11  IS 

0 

30      ,.           84       „     .. 

..     19  10    0 

30      „           48      ,,     .. 

..     13  10 

0 

N.B.    Parties  having  LAWN  MOWERS  to  REPAIR  will  do  well  to  send  them  either  to  our  Leeds  or  London  Establishments; 
then  they  will  have  prompt  attention,  as  an  efficient  Staff  of  Workmen  is  kept  at  both  places. 

THOMAS    GREEN  and  SON, 

SMITHFIELD  IRON  WORKS,  LEEDS;    54  and  55,  BLACKFRIARS  ROAD,  LONDON,  S.E, 


Editorial  Com  I 

Printed  by  .  ,_.__.___,., , _ ,  _.._,    ,.  . 

Richards,  at  the  Office,  No.  41,  WeHington  Street,  Parish  of  St.  Paul's,  Covenl  Garden,  in  the  said  County.— Saturday,  February  10, 1872, 


'ommunications  should  be  addressed  to  "The  Editor;"  Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "The  Publisher,"  at  the  Office,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Covcnt  Garden,  London,  W.C. 

William  Richards,  at  the  Office  of  Messrs.  Bradbury,  Evans.  &  Co.,  Lombard  Street,  Precinct  of  Whitefriars,  City  of  London,  in  the  County  of  Middlesex,  and  Published  by  the  said  WiLLiAJrf 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL   GAZETTE. 


No.  7. — 1872.] 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  17. 


I     Registered  at  the  General 
I  Post  Office  as  a  Newspaper. 


Price  5d. 

Post  Fkee,  s^^/. 


CONTENTS. 


LEADING  ARTICLES,  fe-c-      ■ 
Annual    meeting   of    Roj'al 

Horticulmral  Society  ....  2p 
French  AcricuUiiral  Society  2a6 
Game     question,    statistics 

of  the 2=6 

Kelso  Farmers' Club  226 

Manures  for  Swedes    225 

Meteorology  of  the  week  ..  2n 

Mr.  Henry  Stephens    226 

OutgoinR      tenants,    allow- 
ances to     326 

Royal    Parks   and   Gardens 
Hill 213 

NEW  GARDEN  PLANTS— 
Cclosia  lluttoni   (with  cuts)  215 
Lycasie  lasioglossa 215 

OUR  LIVE  STOCK— 

Cattle 226 

Toultry 237 

ORIGINAL  ARTICLES— 
Bouvardiajasmiiiillora  (with 

cut) 21=; 

Conilers,  notes  on. 216 

Cattle    pens    at    Deptford 

(with  cuts)    228 

Grafting:  its  consequences 

and  ctTccts    2i< 

Ice-making  in  the  tropics  . .  21S 
Land  question,  the  coming  227 

HOME  CORRESPONDENCE- 

Black  Prince  Grape 217 

Christmas  Rose,  the    ai3 

Council  of  the  Royal  Horti- 

cullural  Society 218 

Cowdung  flower-pots ai8 

Earl  of  Warwick's  Sewage 

Farm ss) 


HOME  CORRESFONDENCE— 
Germination  of  Tropa;olum 

{with  cuts)    218 

Grass  as  a  mental  agent ....  229 

Horse  breeding 229 

Men  and  women  stokers    . .  219 
Originality  in  garden  litera- 


Preparation  of  Tobacco  ....  217 
The  Royal  Belfast  Botanical 

and  Horticultural  Gardens  219 
Tecophilea        cyano-crocus 

(with  cut) 219 

Variegated  leaycs 217 

FOREIGN  CORRES.— 
Wcstonhall.Yamhill  County, 
Oregon,  U.S 210 

NOTICES  OF  BOORS- 

Farmers'  Year  Books 230 

The  Fairfield  Orchids  ....  223 
Wheat  Diagrams 229 

SOCIETIES— 

Hexham  Farmers'  Club  ..  232 
Highland  and  Agricultural  23t 
Kingscote  Farmers' Club  . .  233 
Lavcnham  Farmers'  Club  . .  231 
Royal  Horticultural 220 

FARM  MEMORANDA  — 

Kinsale,  Oswestry    235 

Mrs.    Sankey's  Farm,   near 
Wellington,  Salop; 234 

CALENDAR  OFOPERA  TIONS 

Farming  operations 235 

Garden  operations    222 

Weather  I'ABLES 222 


Fines. 

BS.  WILLIAMS  has  now  a  fine  stock  of  splendidly 
•  grown  Plants,  of  all  the  best  kinds,  including  both  suckers  and 
successions  of  the  CHARLOTTE  ROTHSCHILD,  Prices  on 
application. 

Victoria  and  Paradise  Nurseries,  Upper  HoUoway,  N. 


Vines. 

FRANCIS  &  ARTHUR  DICKSON  &  SONS 
have  to  offer  STRONG  planting  CANES  of  BLACK 
HAMBURGH.  MUSCAT  of  ALEXANDRIA,  LADY  DOWNE'S, 
BLACK  ALICANTE,  and  otherleading  kinds,  LIST,  with  prices. on 
application.  The  "Upton"  Nurseries,  Chester. 


ES. — Fruiting  and  Succession,  Smooth  Cayennes, 

amaicas,  and  Queens,  very  fine,  from  a  Slock  that  never  had 
scale."  M.  ROCHFURD.  Page  Green,  Tottenham.  N. 


PINES. 
Jamaic 


FRUITING     PINES.— A    Gentleman    wishes     to 
DISPOSE  OF  his  entire  stock  of  Fruiting  and  Succession  Pines. 
WILLIAM   BUNTING.  Nurseryman,  Colchester. 


FOR     IMMEDIATE  iSALE,    strong    Succession 
PIN  ES,  n  months  old.  jos.  per  do: 
Vi    AND    KINGSBUR\',    " 


WINDEDANK 
Soulhampti 


Bevois    Valley   Nurseries, 


Ij^RUITING  VINES.— Excellent  strong  Fruiting  Canes 
.  of  Black  Hamburgh  and  other  Vines  can  be  supplied  at 

Mr,  WILLIAM   BULL'S  Est.iblishment  for  New  and  Rare  Plants, 
King's  Road,  Cht-lsea,  London,  S.W 


ORCHARD-HOUSE    TREES,    Fruiting    in   Pots.— 
Peaches,    Nectarines.    Plums,    Pears,    Apples,    Figs,   Apricots, 
Cherries,  Mulberries,  and  Oranges. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurser^'man  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


The  finest  stock  of  Tea,  Noisette, 

hina,  and  other  Roses  to  select  from,  all  strong  and  healthy,  in 
pots.     Descriptive  Priced  LIST  on  application  to 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


CHOICE  ROSES. - 
Ch 


R 


OSE 


Notice  to  Subscribers, 

SUDSCKIPTIONS,    piiyabU    m    adi\ini-e,    including 
Postage  to  'iny  part  of  the  United  Kingdom  : — 
T/iree  Montlis    ..  5^.  iihd.  |  Six  Afont/is     ..     iis.  iid. 
Twelve  Montlts     . .     f^i  35.  lot/. 
Post   Ofice   Orders  to  be  wade  payable  to  WILLIAM 
Richards,  at  the  King  Street  Post  Office. 

Publishing  Office,  4r,    Wellington  Street,    W.C. 


Notice. 

(GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICUL- 
T  TURAL  GAZETTE.— The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready  ; 
price,  ia  cloth,  £1  6i.  6d. 

W.  RICHARDS,  41.  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


v 


"EGETABLE      and      FLOWER     SEEDS, 

GLADIOLI  and  ROSES. 

Priced  Descriptive  CATALOGUES  sent  post  free  on  application. 

DRUMMOND   BROTHERS,    Seedsmen,  &c.,  52,  George  Street, 

Edinburgh.  _^____ 


Transit  Agency  for  Plants,  Seeds,  &c. 

CJ.    BLACK  IT  H    AND    CO.,    late    Betham    & 
•    Blackith,    Cox's    and    Hammond's   Quays,     Lower    Thames 
Street,  London,  S.E. 

Forwarders  to  all  parts  of  the  World. 


Choice  New  Seeds,  Gladioli,  &c, 

WILLIAM     CUTBUSH    AND    SON'S     Descriptive 
Priced  CATALOGUE  contains  every  requisite,  of  the  finest 
quality  only.     Post  free  on  application. 

Ilighgate  Nurseries,  London,  N. 


LITTLE  AND  BALLANTYNE,  Carlisle,  have  just 
issued  their  SPRING  SdWERS'  GUIDE  for  1872,  containing 
prices  and  descriptions  of  GARDEN  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  FARM 
SEEDS,  &c  ;  copies  of  which  will  be  sent  free  on  application. 


NIARECHAL     NIEL     (Noisette).— Fine 

Standard  and  Half-standard  plants, 
ROSES  (Tea-scented).— Choicest  varieties,  tine  Standard  and   Half- 
standard  plants.     Offered  by 
JOHN  CRANSTON,  Nurseries,  King's  Acre,  near  Hereford. 
Price  on  application. 


of     VEGETABLE 

,  and  63s.     Packing  and 


CARTER'S      COLLECTIONS 
SEEDS.— Price  12s.  6d.,  21s.,  305.,  4 

237  and  238,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 

CARTER'S      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS  will  produce  a  constant  supply  of  the  best  vegetables 
all  the  year  round. 

C^  ^RTER'S      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS. 
For  Cottage  Gardens,  1  For  Small  Gardens,  I  For  Medium  Gardens, 
price  I2S.  6d.  \  price  21s.  |       price  30s.  and  42s. 

Packing  and  carriage  free.     Five  per  cent,  for  cash  payment, 
237  and  238,  High  Holborn.  London,  W.C. 


To  the  Trade. 

ASPARAGUS     PLANTS,    very    strong    and    good; 
grown  on  our  own  farms.    Lowest  price  on  application. 
JAMES  CARTER,  DUNNETT,  and  BEALE,  237  and  238,  High 
Holborn,  London,  W.C.  

i[3ELl7s~MARkET    FAVOURITE    CUCUMBER. 

J3  —The  best  and  most  prolific  While  Spine  in  cultivation.    Averse 

length  sjin. ;  easy  culture,  fine  form,  colour  and  flavour,  Sixseeds,  it.  oa. 

JOHN   BELL,  Seedsman,  Exchange  Street,  Norwich. 


B 


IRD'S  KING   of  the   CUCUMBERS,   is.   6d.  per 

packet.    The  hcst  for  exhibition. 
BIRD'S    QUEEN    of   the    MELONS,    is.    per   packet.     The  best 
green-fleshed  variety.     May  be  had  of  all  the  Seed  'i'rade,  and  of 
JAMES  BIRD,  Nurserj'man  and  Seedsman,  Downham. 

T15~N^''        ^G^R^A     S     S 
FOR    ALL     SOILS. 


SEEDS 


Show  Roses. 

A  PRICED  LIST  of  the  best  Hybrid  Perpetual  Show 
ROSES;     also     a     PRICED    LIST    of     choice    Variegated 
GERANIUMS,  post  free,  on  application  to 

ALFRED  FRYER,  The  Nurseries.  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire. 


B 


New  Garden  Seeds. 

OLTON  AND  CO.  have  a  fine  stock  of  all  kinds  of 

NEW  GARDEN  SEEDS,  at  moderate  prices. 
BOLTON  AND  CO.,  Seed  Merchants,  Wood  Oreen,  London,  N. 

STOCKS"  and     CLEMATIS 
supplied  by 
nbridge  Wells,  Kent. 


RHODODENDRON 
ROOTS,  fi 
Messrs.  CRIPI*S  an 


ROOTS,  fit  for  immediate  use,  can  be  supplied  by 
D  SON,  The  Nurseries,  Tunbridge  We! 


LILIUMAURATUM.— Flowering    roots,    i.r.    each; 
strong  roots,  is  6ii.  each.     Free  by  post  for  extra  id.  stamp. 
W.  G.  CLARKE,  Great  Western  Nurseries,  Wellington,  Somerset. 


CHEAP  LAURUSTINUS.— Strong,  bushy,  and  weU 
rooted;    delivered  free  to  Liverpool,  Bristol,  or  Dublin.      For 


prices,  apply  to 


J.  HARPUR,  The  Nurseries,  Wexford,  Ireland. 


DOUBLE     WHIN,     or    GORSE,     nice 
31.  per  dozen,  15s.  per  100.     See  Catalogue. 


plants, 

JAMES  SMITH,  Da'rley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 


for     Covert. 


BERBERIS     AQUIFOLIA, 
12  to  18  inches,  Si  per  100',  401.  per  too. 
15  to  20  inches,  los,  per  100,  605.  per  100.     See  Catalogue. 
JAMES   SMITH,  Darley    Dale    Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 

LARCH  for  SALE. — A  large  quantity  of  fine  Trans- 
planted  Larch,  from  1.'^  to  3H'   feet, — For  price  and  samples, 
apply  to  H.  CARRIER,  Dodington,  Siltingbourne,  Kent. 


STRONG  Transplanted  LARCH,  2  to  5  feet.     Buyers 
of  the  above  or  other  Trees  will  be  treated  liberally. 
JAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS,  Newton  Nurseries,  Chester. 


QTRONG    THORNS    and 

lO  above  will  be  liberally  dealt  with. 


LARCH.— Buyers  of  the 


THE       PINE-APPLE      NURSERY       COMPANY, 
32,  Maida  Vale,  Edg^vare   Road,  W. 
JOHN  BESTER,  Manager  of  the  Nursery  and  Seed  Department, 
rhc  Company  guarantee  to  their  Customers  Punctuality,  Liberality, 
and  Genuine  Articles.     The  favour  of  a  visit  is  earnestly  solicited. 


To  the  Trade  and  Others. 

BEST    BEDDING    GERANIUMS,    strong    summer 
and  autumn  struck,  from  store  pots,  at  125.  per  100;  cuttings, 
half-price. 
T.  L.  MAYO,  Flora]  Nurseries,  Hereford. 


GER.\NIUM  CUTTINGS,  strong.- Mdme.Vaucher, 
Dr.    Lindley,  Le  Grand,  Wiltshire  Lass,  Excellent,  Bijou,  Rosa 
Mundi,  Amy  Hogi^,  Christine,  Mdme.  Rose  Charmeux,  Duchess,  &c., 


,  Christine,  Mdme.  Rose  Charmeu 
,  Wellesbourne,  near  Warwick. 


WM.  KNIGHT  is  now  sending  out  12  Varieties 
of  the  NEW  FUCHSIAS  of  iS;i,  selected  as  the  best  of  the 
season,  in  e.\tra  strong  Plants  for  Exhibition,  for  10s.  6d.  the  set, 
package  included. 

Floral  Nurseries,  Hailsham,  Sussex. 


CALCEOLARIA  (Herbaceous),  choice  strain,  good 
plants,  12  for  2s,,  24  for  v.  6d.,  50  for  65.,  100  for  los.,  free  by 
post ;  strong  and  healthj-,  established  in  pots,  20s.  per  100  for  any 
quantity.— H.  AND  R.  STIRZAKER,  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster. 


WEBB'S     PRIZE    COB     FILBERTS,     and    other 
PRIZE    COB    NUTS    and  FILBERTS.       LISTS   of  these 


varieties  from 


Mr.  WEBB.  Calcot,  Reading. 


WEBB'S  NEW  GIANT  POLYANTHUS, 
Florist  Flower,  and  GIANT  COWSLIP  SEEDS  ;  also  Plants 
of  all  the  varieties,  with  Double  PRIMROSES  of  different  colours; 
AURICULAS,  both  Single  and  Double:  with  every  sort  of  Eariy 
Spring  Flowers.     LIST  on  application.— Mr.  WEBB,  Calcot,  Reading. 


Eltcheii  Garden  Seeds. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  Seed  Merchants,  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
SEEDS  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free.  uDon  aoDli- 
cation. 


For  samples  and  prices  apply  to 
RUSH    AND    YEATS    (late    Chivas    &    Weaver),    Eaton    Road 
Nurseries,  Chester. 


EXTRA  fine,  clean  grown,  Transplanted  ENGLISH 
OAKS.  3,  4,  5,  6.and7'feet;  fine  Transplanted  SCOTCH  and 
LARCH  FIRb,  2  to3fect. 

WM.  WOOD  AND  SON,  The  Nurseries,  Marcsfield,  near  Uckfield, 
Sussex. 


X    DE 


BE     SOLD,     Cheap,    about     70    CEDRUS 

DEODARA,  from  10  to   14  feet  high,  well   grown,  and  properly 
rooted  ;  now  standing  on  land  that  must  00  cleared  by  March  20  next. 
ANTHONY  VVATERER,  Knap  Hill,  Woking,  Surrey. 


QUTTONS'      GRAS 

Sec  p.  ?44  of  this  day's  Ganiinirs'  ChnmicU 

O    U    T   T   O    N   S'      ^H    OME      GROWN 

iO  FARM    SEEDS. 

See  p.  244  of  this  day's  Gardeners'  Chronicle. ^ 

Q  U  T  T  O  N  S'"~I~M"P  R0~V  ED     MAM  MOTH 

O  LONG   RED  MANGEL, 

The  heaviest   croppinR   variety   ever  introduced. 
See  p.  244  of  this  day's  Gardcturs'  ChtonicU. 

IS.  ^d.  per  lb-,  cheaper  by  the  cwt. 


Mangel  Wurzel  and  Kohl  Rahi. 

MR.    S.   A.    D.-VINTREE.   ot   Kendrayton,   St.    Ives. 
Hunts,  has  fine  stocks  of  the  ahnvc  SEEDS  for  SALE,  of  his 
own  "rowlh  and  selection,  from  Lirgc  bulbs,  at  vcrj'  modcr.Uc  rates. 


Turnip  and  Mangel  Wurzel  Seeds-1871  Crop. 

JOHN  SHARPE  will  on  application  furnish  his  LIST, 
with  prices,  of  the  princip.1l  SEEDS  he  is  growing  this  year. 

Bardney  Manor,  Lincoln. — July6.  

VERY         G  A  R  D  E  N  "~  R  E  Q  U  I  STT  E 

KEPT  in  STOCK  at 
CARTER'S  New  Seed  Warehouse,  237  &  238,  High  Holborn,  London. 

C1ABBAGE  PLANTS  (select  sorts)  for  SALE,  by  the 
-'  hundred    or    rod;     also    some    Eariy    Shaw    Seed    POTATOS, 
Bedfordshire  stock. 

Elms  Farm,  Barnes,  Surrey,  S.W. 


BOLTON  AND  CO.,  having  a  large  stock  of  all  kinds 
of  Peas,  are  offering  them  at  very  moderate  prices. 
BOLTON  AND  CO,,  Seed  Merchants,  Wood  Green,  London,  N. 

McLean's  Little  Gem  Pea. 

ALFRED      LEGERTON.    Seed     MERCHANT, 
5,  Aldgate,  London,  E, ,  has   the  above   to  offer   to   the   Trade. 
Sample  and  price  on  application. 


QURPLUS  STOCK,  of  PEAS. —All  the  leading  kinds 

O  of  Peas  can  be  olTered,  in  large  or  small  quantities.     Samples  and 
prices  on  application  to 
ALFRED   LEGERTON,  Seed  Merchant,  5,  Aldgate,  London,  E. 


New  Varieties  of  Peas. 

BOLTON    AND   CO.    have  all   the  new  varieties  of 
PEAS  in  stock.     Early  orders  are  advisable. 
BOLTON  AND  CO.,  Seed  Merchants,  Wood  Green,  London,  N. 

RICiiARD  WALK"ERrcan  supply  the  following  for 
cash  :— Best  SEA  KALE  for  forcini^,  7^.  per  100;  SEAKALE 
for  planting-out,  35.  per  100;  ASPARAGUS,  ;ti  per  1000;  WHITE 
qpant';h  ONION  SEED,  all  new  and  genuine. 

The  Market  Gardens.  Biggleswade,  Beds. 


>OTATOS,    ONIONS,   and    TARRAGON    ROOTS. 

Surplus  stock  to  be  SOLD,  Cheap. 
JOHN  MITCHINSON,  Seed  Merchant,  Truro,  Cornwall. 


POTATOS.— Quantity    of    Myatt's  Ashleaf, 

Dalmahoys,  and  Early  Shaws,  for  Sale. 
SKINNER  &  SONS,  Potato  Salesmen,  Covent  Garden  Market,  W.C. 


S^ 


RED-SKINNED  FLOURBALL  POTATOS,  /'e  per 
ton,   7S.  per  cwt.  ;   EARLY  ROSE,  £3  per  ton,   105.   per  cwt.  ; 
EARLY  GOODRICH  and  CLIMAX,  121.  per  cwt. 


FOR  SALE,  a  large  quantity  of  2  to  3  feet  SPANISH 
CHESTNUT,  LARCH,  ASH,  and   BIRCH,  stout,  well  rooted, 
transplanted:  also  200,000  Seedling  SPANISH  CHESTNUT. 
Mr.  G.  CHORLEY.  Midhurst,  Sussex. 


LIMES,    LIMES. — Handsoine    specimen    Limes,  for 
PARKS  or  AVENUES,  by  the  doicn  or  too. 
PONSFORD  AND  SON,  Nurserj-men,  Brixton,  Surrey. 


TRUE  LONDON  PLANE  TREES,  15  feet  high,  and 
Straight  as  eun-rods,   d2s.    per   dozen;   also   a  great  variety  of 
STANDARD  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  for ParkorAvenL     " 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurserymen,  Worcester. 


riety 

;  Planting. 


EVERGREENS,  including  all  the  choicest  and  best, 
and  all  other  Nursery  Stock,  of  all  ages  and  sizes,  and  in  the  best 
possible  condition  for  safe  removal,  being  "  full  of  roots,"  the  result  of 
careful  and  regular  transplanting.     Priced  LISTS  post  free. 

JAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS,  "  Newton"  Nurseries,  Chester. 


HENRY  ORMSON,  Horticultural  Architect, 
Builder,  and  Hot-Water  Apparatus  Manlfacturer, 
Stanley  Bridge,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  S.W. 
Plans,  Specifications,  and  Estimates  on  application. 


WANTED,    BOX    EDGING.— Send    sample  yard, 
and  state  price  and  quantity  to 
THOMAS  BUNYARD  and  SONS.  Maidstone,  Kent. 


WANTED,  120  Transplanted  SPRUCE  FIR,  7  feet 
high,  well  furnished.     State  lowest  cash  price. 
GEORGE  SMITH.  Nurser>-man,  Wilton  Road,  Salisbury-. 


POTATOS.— WANTED, 
Ashleaf,  Suttons'   Redskin 


Milky    Whites,     Myatt's 

Flourball,   American   Early    Rose, — 

Apply,  stating  lowest  price  per  cwt.  or  ton,  to 

T.  L.  mayo,  Floral  Nurseries,  Hereford. 


HEAD  POTATOS  for  SALE,  at  £6  per  ton. 
Tons  of  the  old  citecmcd  Early  Ashleaf  POTATOS,  a 
Tons  of  Early  American  Rose  POTATOS. 

W.  BROOKES,  Seedsman,  Long  Sutton,  Lincolnshire. 


Five 
and  Five 


FOUR  TONS  of  Early  Shaw  POTATOS  (true  stock) 
for  SALE,     For  price,  apply  to 
Z.,  Messrs.  Prolhcroe  Sc  Morris,  Leytonstone.  E. 


PO  I'ATOS,  at  reduced  prices. — Fifty  Tons  good  sound 
Seed  of  Kidneys,  Early  Ashleaf,  M>-att's  and  Lemon,  Early 
Handsworth.  Golden  Dwarf  and  Dalmahoy.  Pricespcrcwt.  andtonvery 
moderate. — H.  and  R.  STIKZAKER,  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster. 


To  tlie  Trade. 

J  AND  W.  MYATT,  Mile  End,  Colchester,  have  to 
•  ofTer  a  few  of  Myatt's  Early  Prolific  Ashleaf  POTATOS. 
Laxton's  Supreme  PEAS,  and  a  few  pounds'of  Snow's  BROCCOLI 
Seed.     Price  on  application. 


YATT'S 

POTATOS. 


Lincolnshire. 


EARLY     PROLIFIC     KIDNEY 

-A  few  Tons  to  dispose  ot,  good  sample  and  true ; 
'rec  on  Rails,  Boston  Station,  nett  cash. 
[  AND  SON,  Nurser>'men  and  Seedsmen,  Boston, 


M 

price  £s  5^-  P^r  ton,  free  on  Rails,  Boston  Station,  nett  cash. 
W.  W,  JOHNSON  .  "■  '  "      ' 


POTATOS.— MYATTS  PROLIFIC  ASHLEAF,  4s. 
per  bush,  of  56  lb.,  very  true,  and  a  fine  sample.  Purchasers 
must  send  sacks  or  pay  for  them.  Prepayment  from  unknown  corre- 
spondents. 

JOHN  GROVES,  Shellingford  Rector>-.  Faringdon.  Berks. 


Seed  Potatos. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO..  Seed  Growers 
and  Seed  Merchants,  Slealord.  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  SEED  POTATOS  is 
now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  application. 


206 


The  Gardeners'   Chronicle  and  Agricultural   Gazette. 


[February  17,  1872, 


Flower  Seeds. 

STUART,  MAC  DONALD.  AND  CO.'S 
strain  of  CARNATION,  PICOTEE,  CALCEOLARIA, 
CINERARIA,  and  PRIMULA  SEED  is  the  linest  in  cultivation. 
LIST  of  SEEDS  on  application. 

Wholesale  Seed  Merchants  and  Seed  Growers,  Southampton  Row, 
London.  WC. „ 

New  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  Plants,  Fruits,  && 

ROBERT  PARKER  begs  to  announce  that  his  NEW 
CATALOGUE,  containing  select  Descriptive  and  Priced  Lists 
of  Agricultural,  Flower,  and  Vegetable  Seeds,  Fruit  Trees,  Miscel- 
laneous Plants,  Sweet  Violets,  Sec,  is  now  published,  and  will  be 
forwarded  to  applicants. 

The  stocks  of  seeds  have  all  been  procured  Irom  the  best  possible 
sources  ;  all  are  warranted  genuine,  and  are  offered  at  the  lowest  pos- 
sible  prices.     Intending  purchasers  are  requested    to   compare    the 
prices  with  those  of  other  houses. 
Exotic  Nursery,  Tooting,  Surrey,  S.W. 

SELECT  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS.— 
Amateurs  and  others  who  may  be  at  a  loss  in  making  a  suitable 
selection  of  SEEDS  for  the  GARDEN  will  be  greatly  aided  by 
referring  to  our  Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  VEGETABLE  and 
-FLOWER  SEEDS  for  1872. 

THOMAS  KENNEDY  and  CO.,  Seed  and  Nursery  Establish- 
ment, Dumfries. 

Collections'of  Vegetable  and  Flower  Seeds. 

JAMES      DICKSON     and      SONS'     are     the     most 
liberally   supplied    and    best   "  Made-up   COLLECTIONS  "   oi 
GARDEN  and  fLoWER  SEEDS. 

VEGETABLE  SEEDS,  i2j.  6./,,  21s,,  31s.  W.,  42s,,  631.,  and  1051. 
FLOWER  SEEDS,   los.  6d.,  121.  6d.,   15s.,  2ii.,  30J,,  and  42s.,  con- 
taining selections  of  the  choicest  German,  English,  and  other  Flowers. 
Carriage  free.     Descriptive  priced  LISTS  post  free. 

lAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS,  102  and  108,  East>;ate  Street,  and 
Newton  Nurseries,  Chester, 

EEDS    NOT  to  be  SURPASSED   for   QUALITY 

and  Cheapness  combined. — All  Orders  amounting  to  5s.  sent 
carriage  free  to  any  Railway  Station  in  England,  Scotland,  or  Wales, 
or  to  any  seaport  town  in  Ireland.  No  charge  is  made  for  packing  or 
packages.     Your  early  orders  will  greatly  oblige. 

CATALOGUE  free  on  application. 
G.    M.    KEMP-WELCH,    Nurseryman,    Seedsman   and    Florist, 
Gotham,  Bristol. 

FOREIGN  FLOWER  SEEDS.— The  most  beautiful 
French  ASTER  grown  is  Truffaut's  Reine  Marguerite,  in  Fleur- 
Pcrfection,  Bombee  and  Pivoine  varieties;  500  seeds,  in  i6  fine  double 
Colours,  mixed,  is. 

The  finest  STOCK  in  cultivation  is  the  new  Goliath  Pyramidal  Ten- 
week,  height  2  feet,  surpassing  all  others  in  the  size  of  the  plants  and 
flower-spikes  ;  250  seeds,  in  eight  line  double  colours,  u. 

PHLOX  DRUMMONDII.of  the  best  quality,  in  12  colours;  500 
seeds,  6d.     Post  free. 
ALFREDHAMMOND,  Foreign  Seedsman,  Bedwin  Street,  Salisbury 

XT  AST   LOTHIAN   i?nrMMEDTATE~STOCKS.— 

-1— J    February  is  the  best  month  for  sowincj  these  celebrated  Stocks, 

acknowledged  to  be  the  best  of  all  Intermediate  Slocks,  and  unrivalled 

both  for  Flower  Gardening  and  for  Pot  Culture.      May  be  had  true  in 

separate  packets  of  white,  purple  and  scarlet,  at  is,, us.  6d.,and$s.  each, 

from 

THOMAS    METHVEN   and   SONS,  15,  Princes  Street,  Edinburgh. 

Superb  Ranunculuses. 

CTYSO,  Florist,  iic.  Wallingford.  Berks,  is 
•  offering  assortments  of  this  beautiful  hardy  Flower  at  31.  and 
51.  per  doien  sorts,  post  free  for  cash  with  order.  He  will  send  a 
CIRCULAR  with  descriptions  of  a  Collection  of  50  named  sorts,  on 
application;  also  a  TREATISE  on  CULTURE,  price  6d.,  free  to 
purchasers  of  lOi.  worth 

ChoiceDoUlJLE  ANEMONES,  21.  and  31.  per  dozen, named  sorts, 
with  full  directions  for  culture. 

GERMAN  SEEDS  of  superior  quality,  in  assortments  of  iJ,,25.  f>d., 
and  Si.  ANNUAL  FLOWER  SEEDS,  iz  packets,  post  free,  ss.  6d. 
CATALOGUES  gratis.         

Spring  Flowers. 

LEWIS      WOODTHORPE     begs    to    offer    the 
following  : —  Per  dozen — s.  d. 

AURICULAS,  finest  mixed  alpines,  very  choice  strain    . .         ,.     2    6 

II        good  named  varieties      ,.         ..         ..         .,         ..         ..60 

VIOLETS,   The   King,  The  Queen,  The  Czar,  Giant,  Double 

Crimson,  Neapolitan,  Devoniensis,  and  Obliqua  striata    . .     30 
HEPATICAS,  duuble  red,  single  blue,  pink,  and  red        . .         ..40 

DAISIES,  in  six  distinct  named  varieties       .,         ..         ..         ..30 

J,        aucubarfolia,  the  Golden  Blotched,  and  Daisy     ..         ..40 

ROCKETS,  double  *'hite  and  double  purple 30 

POLYANTHUS,  in  very  choice  laced  varieties 26 

PANSIES,  finest  named  border  varieties        ..         ..         ..         ..40 

PAMPAS  GRASS,  in  pots 30 

WALLFLOWERS,  double  golden  and  black  40 

CHRISTMAS  ROSE,  Hellcborusniger        2    0 

IVIES,  12  of  the  best  golden  and  silver  tricolor        10    o 

CLEMATIS,  20  distinct  ncimed  varieties        10    o 

PRIMROSE,  double  white  and  double  yellow  60 

„        double  purple  and  crimson       ..         ,,         ..         ..         ..60 

,,  double  salmon,  a  new  and  splendid  variety  . .  ,.120 
HELIAN THEMUM,  the  Sun  Rose,  named  varieties,  in  pots  4  o 
CARNATIONS  and  PICOTEES,  superb  named  varieties,  in  pots  4  o 
A  Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  NEW  and  CHOICE  PLANTS  Iree 
Munro  NursLTy,  Sible  Iledinghain,  Essex. 

To  Thicken  Plantations  and  Shady  Walks. 

HEMLOCK  SPRUCE.— This  gracetul,  beautiful  Fir, 
so  Irequently  described  in  American  travels, — 

4  to  5  feet,  «.  per  dozen,  30^.  per  100. 

5  to  6  feet,  8s.  per  dozen,  505.  per  100. 
.RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 

Evergreen  Hedge  or  Screen. 

THUJOPSIS  bOKEALlS.  — This  beautiful  silvery 
Conifer,  in  appearance  between  the  Cypress  and  Siberian  Arbor- 
vitae,  is  fast-growing,  compact,  and  bears  clipping  well ;  it  is  so  hardy 
that  no  frost  can  hurt  it  in  Britain. 

Upright,   well-prown    shrubs,  7    feet    liigh    and  upwards,   at    the 
extremely  low  price  of  30J.  per  dozen. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 

■jyr    ILFORD         NURSERIES, 

near  Godalming. 

For  NEW  and  RARE  HARDY  PLANTS  and 
CONIFEIL'E.  see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  DescripUve 
CATALOGUE. 

For  HARDY  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  and  SHRUBS, 
EVERGREENS,  &c,,  see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For    RHODODENDRONS    and    other    AMERICAN 

PLANTS,    sec    MAURICE    YOUNG'S    New    Descriptive 
CATALOGUE. 

For  STANDARD    and    HALF  STANDARD   ROSES, 

see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  NEW  JAPANESE  AUCUBAS,    see    MAURICE 

YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  JAPANESE   N  OVELTI  ES.  see  MAU  RICE 

YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE, 

For  Cheap  EVERGREENS  and  SHRUBS  Tor  COVER 

PLANTING      or       SHRUHBERIES,       see       MAURICE 
YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  PLANTS  suitable  for  WINTER    BEDDING     see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  TRANSPLANTED    FOREST  TREES     see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For   EXTRA   TRANSPLANTED   or   QUARTERED 

FOREST   TliEES    for   Planting    Bells   or   Shrubberies,   see 
.MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  Catalogue. 
Forwaided  on  application  enclosing  stamp. 
Miiford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming. 


GALLOWAY    PIPPIN    APPLE. 


New,  large,  handsome,  long-keeping,  and  of  "high  quahty "  as  a  Kitchen  Apple.  Tree  hardy,  and  an 
abundant  bearer.  First-class  Certificate  Royal  Horticultural  Society,  February  r4,  1871.  E.\hibited  again 
January,  1872,  and  further  commended  by  the  Horticultural  Press. 

Standards  and  Half-standards,  3s.  6d.  each.     D-warfs  and  Maiden  Plants,  23.  6d.  each. 

Usual  Discount  to  the  Trade. 

GOOD     TREES    FOR    PRESENT    PLANTING. 


JAMES     BACKHOUSE   and   SON,     YORK     NURSERIES. 


NEW    BEDDING    PLANT    FOR    1872, 

GNAPHALIUM   LANATUM,  fol.  eleg.  var. 

This  remarkably  fine  variegated  form  of  a  most  popular  bedding  plant  originated  at  the  country  seat  of 
Mr.  Edm.  de  Ghellinck  de  Walle,  the  Honourable  President  of  the  RoyalHorticuUural  Society  of  Ghent,  who  has 
kindly  passed  the  entire  stock  into  the  hands  of  JEAN  VERSCHAFFELT  for  distribution.  The  leaves  of  this 
beautiful  plant  are  of  the  usual  greyish  white,  as  in  the  type,  but  are  largely  margined  with  golden-yellow  ;  some  are 
also  striped  with  yellow.  The  general  appearance  of  the  plant  is  really  fine.  It  has  been  tried  in  open  borders  for 
two  years  (1870  and  1871),  and  has  excited  the  admiration  of  all  who  have  seen  it. 

JEAN  VERSCHAFFELT  has  much  pleasure  in  announcing  this  fine  Novelty  tto  the  Horticultural  world  ;  it 
will  be  sent  out  in  March  next.  Orders  are  being  booked  now,  and  will  be  sent  out  in  Strict  rotation  at  the  under- 
mentioned low  prices,  viz.  : — Extra  strong  plants,  8j.  each  ;  good  plants,  4J.  each,  2%s.  per  dozen,  485.  ior  25,  and 
i5oj.  per  100.  These  prices  are  applicable  only  to  the  quantities  mentioned.  Early  orders  are  respectlully 
solicited  by 

JEAN  VERSCHAFFELT, 
THE  NURSERIES,  134,  FAUBOURG  DE  BRUXELLES,  GHENT,  BELGIUM. 


E.  G.  Henderson  &  Son'S 

DESCRIPTIVE  AND  ILLUSTRATED  SEED  CATALOGUE. 

See  PRICED  LIST  of  FIRST-CLASS  FLORIST  FLOWERS, 

See  PRICED  LIST  of  NOVELTIES  for  1872, 

See  PRICED  LIST  of  RARE  and  DESIRABLE  FLOWERS, 

In  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  January  20,  p.  66. 


riiORIST      FLOWERS. 

The  continued  advance  and  improvement  which  has  taken  place  in  Horticulture  amongst  that  class  of  Florist 
Flowers  which  contribute  to  the  decoration  of  the  greenhouse,  conservatory,  and  flower  garden,  demand  that  the 
selection  of  seed  in  each  section  should  be  made  with  proportionate  skill  and  care,  with  respect  to  the  peculiar 
properties  of  each,  whether  in  form,  substance,  colour,  or  doubleness,  to  which  qualities  E.  G.  HENDERSON  AND 
SON  have  devoted  special  attention  in  the  selection  of  varieties  for  the  present  season.  Many  of  the  most  orna- 
mental groups  are  their  own  production,  selected  and  harvested  under  their  personal  inspection,  and,  as  the  bond  fide 
produce  of  their  own  cultivated  plants,  are  not  only  guaranteed  to  be  genuine,  but  obtained  from  the  most  extensive 
and  valuable  collections  for  variety  and  beauty  in  their  respective  sections.  ''■  *  ■  •  =■'■■"- 


WELLINGTON  NURSERY,  ST.  JOHN'S  WOOD,  LONDON,  N.W. 


N     E    ^V 


PALMS. 


VEITCHIA    CANTERBURYANA    (Wendland). 

KENTIA    AUSTRALIS    (Wendland). 

KENTIA    FORSTERIANA    (Wendland). 


Messrs.  James  Veitch  &  Sons 

Have  much  pleasure  in  offering  for  the  first  time  the  above  three  splendid  Novelties,  received  by  them  from 
Lord  Howe's  Island. 

These  Palms  are  perfectly  distinct  from  any  varieties  hitherto  in  cultivation,  and  succeeding  thoroughly  in  a 
temperate  house  they  cannot  fail  to  be  generally  grown. 

As  Palms  suitable  either  for  decorative  or  exhibition  purposes  they  will  be  invaluable. 

VEITCHIA     CANTERBURYANA. 

Probably  the  most  robust-growing  dwarf  species  yet  introduced.  The  stem  and  leaf-stalks  are  very  stout,  and 
the  leaves,  which  are  divided  much  as  in  Seaforthia  elegans,  are  more  robust  than  in  that  kind.  They  are  of  a 
beautiful  bright  green  colour. 

From  its  line  habit  and  robust  constitution  we  are  confident  this  Palm  will  become  one  of  the  \ery  best  either  for 
exhibition  or  decorative  purposes  yet  known.       Price,  good  plants,  31s.  6d.  each. 

KENTIA    AUSTRALIS. 

This  is  a  much  more  slender-growing  species  than  the  preceding,  and  will  probably  eventually  prove  to  be  the 
dwarfer  grower. 

It  IS  a  plant  of  exceedingly  giaeelul  habit,  the  leaves  being  finely  divided  and  elegantly  arranged.  They  are  of  a 
beautiful  dark  greePi  colour. T,       7-,-y,,^  Good  young  plants,  21s.  each. 

KENTIA    FORSTERIANA. 

This  proves  tci  be  a  very  fine  Palm,  in  habit  somewhat  resembling  K.  austr.alis,  but  being  a  stronger  grower  than 
that  species,  and.  perfectly  distinct  from  it  in  all  respects.  The  leaves  are  more  robust  and  of  a  darker  green,  and 
not  quite  so  finely  divided.     We  believe  this  will  prove  to  be  the  larger  grower  of  the  two.     Good  plants,  21s.  each. 

The   set  of  three   together,    63a.  - 


PRICES     TO     THE    'TRADE    ON    APPLICATION. 


ROYAL,    EXOTIC    NURSERY,    KING'S    ROAD,    CHELSEA,    LONDON,    S.W. 


February  17,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


207 


Nobility. 


Mobility. 


"THE    COMBAT    THICKENS." 

The  Battle  of  the  Medals  again  seems  Ukely  to  become  in  its  small  way  as  fajnous  and  as  fierce  as  Swift's  "  Battle  of  the  Books."  Each 
vendor  of  his  small  wares,  instead  of  humbly  saymg  with  Touchstone — "An  ill-favoured  thing,  Sir,  but  mine  own!"  resembles,  as  the 
<  '.i^rman  epigrammatist  has  It,  "  a  barndoor  fowl,  which,  having  !aid  an  egg,  goes  forth  cackling,  to  announce  to  all  the  world  its  wondrous  feat. " 

It  is  thus  the  rival  Medallists  in  the  Gatdeners'  Chronicle  put  forth  their  claims,  sounding  their  horns,  that  the  seed-time  is  at  hand— that 
sowing  must  precede  reaping,— and  that  a  bountiful  harvest  is  dependent  upon  the  quality  of  the  seeds  sown.  Thus  the  Heralds,  garnished  with 
medals,^  proclaim  "This  is  the  Shop!!"  Even  our  illustrious  paper,  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  in  its  columns  becomes  a  Vade  Mecum 
and  a  Guide  to  the  selection  of  medals,  and  the  justification  of  medallists  in  the  cultivation  of  the  golden  grass. 

The  paucity  in  the  variety  of  Medals  used,  has  forcibly  impressed  us  that  there  might  be  a  very  great  improvement  in  this  direction.  We 
have,  therefore,  occupied  ourselves  for  half  an  hour  with  the  contents  of  our  Cabinet  of  Medallion -subjects  (so  appropriately  and  forcibly  referred 
to  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  as  the  peculiar  possession  of  Seedsmen),  and  have  culled  therefrom  a  few,  whichweofFer  as  suggestive  for  the  forth- 
coming International  Exhibition  ;  and,  as  we  do  not  wish  that  there  should  be  a  Battle  of  Dorking  over  the  anticipated  bentfits,  wc  take  this 
opportunity  of  publicly  announcing  that  our  selection  of  subjects  is  freely  placed  at  the  service  of  any  of  those  who  are  disposed  to  enter  the  lists. 

THE     GRASS     OF     DISCORD.     ; 


Our  Illustration  repre.sents  a  humble 
plant,  but  one  which  yields  a  heavy  crop 
of  good  and  evil.  The  Philosopher  has 
in  vain  striven  to  ascertain  its  origin,  and 
the  Statesman  has  laboured  to  secure  its 
produce.  The  Hebrews  in  their  earliest 
history  discovered  its  value  and  import- 
ance, cultivating  it  with  great  assiduity, 
and  leaving  it  as  a  special  inheritance  to 
the  Jews   of   all    times.      In   the   middle 


THE     GRASS     OF     CONCORD. 


In  Egypt's  palmy  days  this  plant  was  exten- 
sively cultivated,  diffusing  happiness  amongst  the 
myriads  of  that  ancient  land,  and  extending  its 
benefits  to  the  ends  of  the  then  known  world.  The 
Poet  sang  Its  praises,  and  the  Philosopher  set  forth 
its  advantages  ;  the  poor  man  rejoiced  in  his  daily 
portion,  and  the  rich  man  in  the  number  and  extent 
of  his  wcU-filled  granaries.  We  have  heard  much 
of  the  Mummy  Wheat  and  the  Pedigree  Wheat, 
but  the  grass,  as  developed  by  our  artist,  represents 
the  greatest  advance  capable  of  a  cereal,  obviating 


ages,  after  much  transplanting  from  one 
province  to  another,  it  became  one  of  the 
staple  products  of  Lombardy  ;  from  thence 
it  was  transplanted  to  Londinium,  and  has 
since  flourished  with  unabated  luxuriance  'c 
in  the  centre  of  our  "great  Metropolis." 
At  times  the  produce  is  used  for  the 
alleviation  of  distress,  but  more  frequently 
as  a  source  of  discord  and  wrangling,  as 
illustrated  in  the  case  of  the  rival  Medallist?. 


the  intervention  as  well  of  tlie  baker  as  of  his  oven. 
Neither  the  Holcus  saccharatus  nor  the  Sorghum 
tartaricum,  which  were  promised  to  supersede  the 
Wheat,  can  be  compared  to  the  subject  of  thb 
Medallion,  w^ich  wc  suggest  to  be  used  as  a 
Trophy  Medal  ^'^  ^^  Seedsman  who  from  his  shop 
will  produce  the  finest  and  most  extensive  collection 
of  Seeds  at  our  next  Great  International  Show. 

The  possession  of  either  of  these  Medallions 
will  leave  it  no  open  question  as  to  who  holds  the 
Medal  of  Discord  or  Concord. 


The  Seedsmen's  Anns. 


Free  on  application, 

THE     LONDON     DESCRIPTIVE     SEED     CATALOGUE     FOR     1872 

(Described    as    "The  Czar  of  All  the  Catalogues"). 
Those  keaders  of  the  *'  Gardeners^  Chroiicle"  who  did  not  have  a  copy  sent  to  them  the  first  loeek  in  yanuary  are  invited  to  forward  their  clddresse:\ 

BAER   &   SUGDEN,    12,    KING    STREET,    COVENT    GARDEN,    W.C. 


2o8 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  17,   1872. 


Imported  Seed  of 


PRIMULA  JAPONICA    (New    Crimson   Primrose), 
in  six  varieties. 
ytdt  Mr.  WILLIAM  BULL'S  NEW  SEED  CATALOGUE,  p,  84. 
Establishment  for  New  and  Rare  Plants,  King's  Koad,  Chelsea, 
London,  S.W.  


New  Seeda— "  Only  the  Best.' 


MR.     WILLIAM      BULL'S      CATALOGUE 
is  now  ready. 
SEEDS  of  NEW  VEGETABLES, 
SEEDS  of  NEW  FLOWERS. 
"Only  the  best."      Vide  descriptions  in  Mr.  WILLIAM  BULL'S 
CATALOGUE.     "  Every  article  priced." 

It  is  particularly  requested  that  orders  be  sent  on  the  order  sheet 
that  accompanies  the  Seed  Catalogue,  as  soon  after  its  receipt  as 
possible.  This  is  desired  with  a  view  to  prevent  any  delay  in  the 
execution  of  orders,  for,  althouKh  a  large  and  efficient  staff  is  em- 
ployed, yet,  in  the  height  of  the  season,  the  pressure  is  extremely 
great,  and  hence  the  work  is  much  facilitated  if  the  orders  are 
received  early. 

Establishment  for  New  and  Rare  Plants,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
London,  S.W.  


Hardy  Scarlet  and  otHer  Choice  Named 

RHODODENDRONS. 


WH.  ROGERS,  Red  Lodge  Nursery,  Southampton, 
•  can  offer  a  splendid  collection  of  the  above,  at  low  prices  j 
also  fine  Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES,  beautiful  specimen  CONI- 
FERTE,  FRUIT  TREES  (true  to  name).  FOREST  TREES, 
EVERGREEN  and  FLOWERING  SHRUBS  of  every  description, 
extending  over  60  Acres. 

The  whole  of  the  extensive  Stock  in  this  Nurseryis  frequently  trans- 
planted, to  insure  its  being  well  rooted. 

Priced  CATALOGUES  and  every  information  may  be  had  on 
application 


New  and  Gentiine  Seeds  ot  Superior  Stocks. 


1872. 


SEEDSMEN  TO  THE  QUEEN. 

FRANCIS  &  ARTHUR  DICKSON  &  SONS, 
The  Old  Established  Seed  Warehouse.  106,  Eastgate  Street,  and 
The  "  Upton"  Nurseries.  Chester,  beg  to  intimate  that  their  Priced 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  NEW  and  SELECT  VEGETABLE 
and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  &c.,  with  Cultural  Directions  for  1872,  is 
now  published.  Copies  will  be  sent  gratis  and  rosT  free  on 
application. 

Vegetable   and    Flower    Seeds   oi    the   value   ol    £t   and    upwards 
CARRIAGE  FREE  to  any  part  of  the  Kingdom. 


RICHARD  SMITHS  LIST  of  all  the  EVERGREEN 
FIR  TRIBE,  suitable  for  Britain,  giving  size,  price,  popular 
and  botanical  names,  derivations,  description,  form,  colour,  foliage, 
growth,  timber,  use  in  arts,  native  country  and  size  there,  situation, 
soil,  and  other  information,  with  copious  index  of  their  synonyms. 
Free  by  post  for  six  stamps. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


NEW   AND    GENUINE    SEEDS, 

CARRIAGE    FREE. 


B.  S.  WILLIAMS, 

NURSERYMAN  and  SEED  MERCHANT, 

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES, 

UPPER  HOLLOWAY,  LONDON,  N. 


COMPLETE  COLLECTIONS  of  KITCHEN  GAR- 
DEN SEEDS,  to  suit  Gardens  of  various  sizes, 
21J. ,  42J. ,  63J. ,  and  84^.  each. 

NEW  and  CHOICE  VEGETABLE  SEEDS. 

Per  packet— r.  d. 

Williams'  Alexandra  BROCCOLI         16 

Williams'  Improved  Dwarf  BRUSSELS  SPROUTS        ..         ..  i 

Williams' Early  Nonsuch  CABBAGE 1 

Williams'  Matchless  Red  CELERY i 

Veitch's  Autumn  Giant  CAULIFLOWER z 

Telegraph  CUCUMBER  (Woolley's  Improved) 1 

Turner's  Blue  Gown  CUCUMBER 2 

Williams'  Gloria  Mundi  ENDIVE        i 

Burnell's  Alexandra  White  Cos  LETTUCE i 

Williams'  Victoria  Cos  LETTUCE i 

Webb's   Climax    MELON,  the    finest  flavoured  green-fleshed 

variety  out  i 

Williams'  Paradise  Gem  MELON,  scarlet-fleshed,  the  earliest  in 

cultivation  t 

Williams'   Emperor  of  the   Marrows   PEA,   a  white    wrinkled 

variety,   very  prolific,  and  of  exquisite   flavour,  the   finest 

wrinkled  marrow  Pea  in  cultivation  . .         . .  per  quart  . .  5 

Earley's  Defiance  TOMATO,  the  earliest  in  cultivation,  per  pkt.  i 


NEW  and  CHOICE  FLOWER  SEEDS. 

Per  packet — s.  . 
Williams'  superb  strain  of  PRIMULA,  Red,  White,  or  Mixed 

IS.  6d.,  2J.  6d.,  31.  6d,,  and  5 

Williams'  superb  strain  of  BALSAM is.  6d.  and  a 

Ncill's  extra  choice  strain  of  CALCEOLARIA 

15.  6d.,  3s.  6d.,  37.  61^.,  and  5 
Weatherill'a  extra  choice  strain  of  CINERARIA 

IS.  6d. ,  is.  6d.,  3s.  6d.,  and  5 

WiRgin's  prize  strain  of  CYCLAMEN. .            ij.  6d.,  ai.  6d.,  and  3 

WiRgin's  prize  strain  of  POLYANTHUS       ..         ..           is.  and  i 

GLOXINIA,  finest  erect  varieties        .,         ..         ..         .,         ,.  i 

GLOXINIA,  finest  drooping  varieties. .         ,-        .,         ..         ..  i 

AGERATUM,  Imperial  Dwarf ,        i 

AMARANTHUS  SALICIFOLIUS u.  6rf.  and  z 

CENTAUREA  CLEMENTEI i 

COLLINSIA  VIOLACEA          i 

DELPHINIUM  NUDICAULE          2 

PRIMULA  JAPONICA,  in  six  beautifulvarieties          ..    each  2 


Ixed 


East  Lothian  STOCKS,  per  collection  of  three  colours     . .         . .     2 

VIOLA  CORNUTA,  Enchantress 2S.  Ctd.  and    3 

VIOLA  CORNUTA,  var.  Perfection 15.  6d.  and     2 

ZINNIA  HAAGEANA,  flore  pleno i 

B.  S.  W,'s   Illustrated    CATALOGUE   is   now  ready,  post  free  c 
application, 

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES, 
Upper  Holtoway,  London,  N. 


PREMIER  HORTICULTURAL  PRIZE  AND  TWO  GOLD  MEDALS 

FROM    INTERNATIONAL    EXHIBITION,  1871. 

William  Paul 

RESPECTFULLY     SOLICITS     ORDERS     FOR     HIS 

COLLECTION    OF    ROSES, 

The    largest,     cheapest,     and    best    stock    in    the    country. 

VEGETABLE    AND    FLOWER    SEEDS 

Oi  the  most  select  and  improved  races,  many  of  which  have  been  worked  up  under  his  own  eye  and  hand  ; 
the  carriage  of  which  may  be  deducted  from  the  account. 

FRUIT    TREES, 

Standards  and  Dwarfs,  Trained  and  Untrained  ;    also  many  thousands  of  handsome  Fniiling 
Pyramids,  well  set  with  flower-buds. 

GRAPE    VINES. 

A  large  Collection,  including  all  the  newest  sorts,  in  excellent  condition  of  root  and  top. 

EVERGREENS  and  FLOWERING  TREES  and  SHRUBS. 

Many  acres  in  splendid  condition  for  removal,   well  worthy  of  inspection  by  any  gentleman  planting. 


Carriage  of  all  Goods  Free  to  London.       Priced  Catalogues  Free  by  Post. 
PAUL'.S  NURSERIES  and  SEED  WAREHOUSE,  WALTHAM   CROSS,  LONDON,  N. 


"  The  Best  Catalogue." — See  opinions  0/  the  Press. 

Just  Published,  Gratis  and  Post  Free, 


Dick  Radclyffe  &  Co.s 

SPEIIG    CATALOGUE    OF    SEEDS 

FOR   THE 

KITCHEN    GARDEN,    FLOWER    GARDEN,   and    FARM; 

Garden   Requisites   and   Horticultural   Decorations. 


THE  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
ORCHARD 


CONTENTS  {Illustrated)  :— 
FARM  I      GARDEN  SUNDRIES,    IMPLEMENTS,  &c. 

FLOWER  GARDEN      j      HORTICULTURAL  DECORATIONS. 


Seed  Merchants  and  Garden  Furnishers, 

129,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  LONDON,  W.C.         SEED  GROUNDS— ERFURT,  PRUSSIA. 

N.B.    Wholesale  Catalogues  for  the  Trade  only  on  application.       Seed  packed  for  export. 


Richard   Smith, 

NURSERYMAN  AND  SEED  MERCHANT, 

WOECESTEE. 


ROSES— Standard,  Dwarf  and  Climbing. 
FRUIT  TREES  of  every  description. 
CREEPERS,  for  Trellises  and  Walls. 
FOREST,  SCREEN,  and  TIMBER  TREES. 
SHRUBS  for  GAME  COVERTS. 
QUICK  and  other  STOCK  for  HEDGES. 


CONIFEROUS  TREES  and  SHRUBS. 

EVERGREEN 

FLOWERING 

ORNAMENTAL      „ 

AVENUE 

GARDEN  and  FARM  SEEDS  of  all  kinds. 


DESCRIPTIVE  PRICED  CATALOGUES  to  be  had  on  application. 


PRELIMINARY      NOTICE. 


Messrs.  Geo.  Jackman  &  Son 


INTENn   DISTRIBUTING   IN    MAY   NE.XT 


A  SET  OF  THEIR   HARDY  FREE-FLOWERING  CLEMATIS, 

VIZ.  :- 

C.  THOMAS  MOORE,  pucy  violet,  white  stamens,  passiflora-like.     ist  Class  Certificate. 
C.  MRS.  JAMES  BATEMAN,  pale  lavender,  fine,     ist  Class  Certificate. 
C.  VITICELLA  RUBRA  GRANDIFLORA,  bright  claret-crimson,     ist  Class  Certificate. 
C.  ALE.XANDRA,  pale  reddish  violet,     ist  Class  Certificate. 
C.  VELUTINA  PURPUREA,  rich  blackish  mulberry.     1st  Class  Certificate. 
15s.  each.      The  set  of  five  varieties  for  60s. 

Orders  booked,  and  sent  out  in  rotation. 


See  CATALOGUE  for  a  general  collection  of  CLEMATISES  in  stock. 
N.B.    A  Priced  and  Descriptive  C.'\TALOGUE  of  HARDY  TREES  and  SHRUBS  free  on  application. 

WOKING    NURSERY,    SURREY. 


February  17,  1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


209 


TWELVE  fine  RHODODENDRON  CHIANOIDES, 
fine  white,  2  feet,  125.  L  i-    <i- 

12  fine  RHODODENDRON  J.  C.  Stevens,  fine  scarlet,  2  ft.    o  12    o 
12      „  „  fine  named,  3  feet  . ,     o  18    o 

12  ,,  Hybrids,  choice,  3  feet . .        ,.090 

12  ABIES  DOUGLASII,  gfc" 090 

12  THUJA  L0BIiir.3fcet o    Q    o 

12  FICEA  PINSAl'O,  I  foot  090 

12  PICEA  NORDMANNIANA,  I  foot  090 

la  Paul's  New  Double  Scarlet  THORNS,  4  feet        ..         . .     o  12    o 

100  BERBERIS  DAR\VINII,2fcot         o  10    o 

100  ENGLISH  YEWS.  2  feet  i  10    o 

12  AILANTUS  GLANDULOSA  (Silkworm  tree),  6  feet..     060 
100  finest  named  Hybrid  Perpetual  ROSES,  dwarfs,  2  feet    ..     2  10    o 

100  FASTOLF  RASPBERRIES,  4  feet 010    0 

100  fine  named  GOOSEBERRIES o  10    o 

Dwarf-trained    PEACHES,    PLUMS,    CHERRIES,    APRICOTS,  \ 
PEARS,  and  APPLES. 

HENRY  MAY,  The  Hope  Nurseries,  Bedale.  Yorkshire.  I 


Spring  Planting. 

THOMAS  BUNYARD  and  SONS,   Maidstone,  offer 
the  following.     For  particulars,  see  their  TRADE  LIST,  which 
may  be  had  gratis. 


Kentish  Filberts 
Kentish  Cob  Nuts 
Layer  Vines 
Standard  Quinces 
Standard  Roses 
Arbutus 
Bcrberis  Beallii 
Bcrberis  aquifolia,  fine 
Double  Furze 
Garrya  elliptica 
luniperus  sinensis 
Evergreen  Oaks 
Thuja  aurea 
Thuja  elegantissima  vera 


Yuccas 

Elms,  Chichester 

Horse  Chestnuts 

Laburnums 

CLIMBERS. 
Ampelopsis  Veitchii 
Ceanothus  azureus,  true 
Clematis,  of  sorts 
Irish  Ivies 
Lonicera  flexuosa 
Pyracanthas 
Wistarias, 

&c.  &c.  &c. 


The  Old  Established  Nurseries,  Maidstone,  Kent. 


32,   Maida    Vale,   Edgware  Road,  IV. 

THE    PINE-APPLE    NURSERY 

(one  of  the  Oldest  Nurseries  extant) 

IS    NOW    CONDUCTED    BY    A    COMPANY,    WHO    ARE 
PREPARED    TO 

WAEEANT    GENUINE 

EVERY   ARTICLE   SUPPLIED   TO   THEIR    CUSTOMERS. 
THEIR  STOCK  AND  RESOURCES  ARE  ALMOST 

INEXHAUSTIBLE; 

AND 

THEIR   MOTTO   IS   "LIBERALITY." 

Please  vvrile  for  their  ROSE  and  FRUIT  TREE  CATALOGUE,  andalso  for  their  SEED    CATALOGUE, 

just  published. 


Address,  JOHN  BESTER  (Manager), 
PINE-APPLE     NURSERY,      MAIDA      VALE,      LONDON,     W. 


YEITCH'S   ATJTUH  HAIT   CAULIELOWEE. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  LIST  of  EVERGRIlKN  and 
DECIDUOUS  SHRUBS, RHODODENDRONS, STANDARD 
ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  CLIMBING  and  TWINING  PLANTS, 
with  their  generic,  specific,  and  English  names,  native  country, 
height,  time  of  flowering,  colour,  &c.,  and  general  remarks,  free 
by  post. 

RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  Worcester. 


James  Veitch   &   Sons 

Desire  to  call  attention  to  this  extremely  valuable  CAULIFLOWER,  which  is  without  doubt  the  FINEST  in 
CULTIVATION.  If  sown  in  April  and  May  it  will  succeed  the  Walcheren,  and  coming  in  between  that  variety  and 
Snow's  Winter  Broccoli,  is  a  great  acquisition  to  all  gardens.  Numerous  Testimonials  in  favour  of  this  grand 
Cauliflower  appeared  in  the  leading  Horticultural  Papers  during  the  autumns  of  1870  and  1871,  and  we  cannot  too 
strongly  recommend  it.  It  was  awarded  a  First-class  Certificate  by  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society,  November  2, 
1870,  and  again  a  Special  Certificate  in  1871.     Per  packet,  2s.  6d. 


ILLUSTRATED  PRICED  CATALOGUES  of  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS 

Forwarded  Post  Free  on  application. 


ROYAL     EXOTIC     NURSERY,      KING'S     ROAD,     CHELSEA,     S.W. 


KITCHEN 


GARDEN     SEEDS, 

CARRIAGE   FREE. 


A  Complete  Collection  for  a  large  Garden         

A  Complete  Collection  for  a  medium-sized  Garden  .. 

A  Complete  Collection  for  a  Small  Garden        

None  but  the  most  approved  sorts  of  Vegetables  are  included  in  the  above  Collections. 
LIST,  Free  on  apphcation. 


63s. 
42s. 
21s. 

For  sorts,  see  SEED 


The  GUINEA  COLLECTION   of  KITCHEN   GARDEN  SEEDS,   Carriage  Free, 

Is  composed  of  the  following  most  approved  kinds  : — 


PEAS— Dilli stone's  Earliest,  i  quart 

Suttons'  Early  Champion,  i  quart 

Champion  of  Enpland,  i  quart 

Veitch's  Perfection,  i  quart 

Payne's  Conqueror,  i  pint 

Advancer,  i  pint 

Blue  Scimitar,  i  pint 
BEANS— Johnson's  Wonderful,  i  quart 

Broad  Windsor,  i  quart 

French  Robin's  Egg,  i  pint 

Scarlet  Runners,  i  pint 
BEET— St.  Osyth,  i  oz. 
BORECOLE,  or  KALE— Asparagus,  i  pkt. 

Hearting,  i  packet 

Cottagers',  i  packet 
BRUSSELS  SPROUTS— Finest,  I  packet 
BROCCOLI— Adams'  Early,  i  packet 

Snow's  Winter  White,  t  packet 

Purple  Sprouting,  i  packet 

AValcheren,  i  packet 


BROCCOLI— Dwarf  Late  White,  i  packet 
CABBAGE— Early  Nonpareil,  i  packet 

Enfield  Market,  i  packet 

Worcester  Incomparable,  i  packet 

Red  Pickling,  i  packet 
CARROT— Early  Horn,  i  oz. 

Tames'  Intermediate,  i  oz. 

Improved  Allringham,  i  oz. 
CAULIFLOWER— Early  London,!  packet 
CELERY— Matchless  Red,  i  packet  ■ 

Cole's  Crystal  White,  i  packet 
CRESS— Broad  leaved,  2  oz. 

Curled,  2  oz. 

Australian,  1  07. 
CUCUMBER— Smith's  Frame,  i  packet 

Stockwood,  I  packet 
ENDIVE— Moss  Curled,  i  packet 
LEEK— Musselburgh,  1  packet 
LETTUCE— Paris  White  Cos,  i  packet 

Paris  Green  Cos,  i  packet 


LETTUCE— Worcester  Cabbage,  i  packet 
MUSTARD— 4  oz. 

MELON — Hannam's  Hybrid,  i  packet 
ONION— White  Spanish,  i  oz. 

James'  Keeping,  i  oz. 
PARSLEY— Myatt's  Garnishing,  i  packet 
PARSNIP— Improved  Hollow  Crown,  i  02. 
RADISH— Long  Scarlet,  2  oz. 

Red  Turnip,  2  oz 

White  Turnip,  2  oz, 

Olive  Shapecf,  2  oz. 
SAVOY— Green  Curled,  i  packet 
SPINACH— Round,  4  oz. 

Prickly,  4  oz. 
TURNIP— Early  Snowball,  1  oz. 

American  Redtop,  i  oz, 
TOMATO— Red.  i  packet 
VEGETABLE  MARROW,  i  packet 
POT  HERBS,  4  packets 


BICHAED    SMITH, 

SEED     MERCHANT    AND     NURSERYMAN,     WORCESTER, 


SURPLUS  STOCK,  to  be  SOLD,  Cheap,  of 
Prince  Albert,  Linnarus,  and  Victoria  RHUBARB,  Fastolf 
RASPBERRIES,j-yr.-old,ASPARAGUS,  China  ROSES,  SKIM  MI  A 
JAPONICA,  CLEMATIS  LANUGINOSA,  CUPRESSUS  LAW- 
SONIANA,  PERNETTYA  SPECIOSA,  AUCUBA  LIMRATA, 
BICOLORand  VIRIDIS;  RIBES  of  sorts  ;  SALIX  SALOMONII, 
the  new  Hardy  WEEPING  WILLOW;  WEIGELAS  of  sorts. 
Prices,  &c.,  on  application. 

ISAAC  DAVIES,  Nurser>-man,  Ormskirk. 

TilHiiTn  auratum. 


The  ANNUAL  IMPORTATIONS  having  just  arrived  f-om  Japan, 

MR.  WILLIAM  BULL  can  supply  good  BULBS, 
by  the  dozen,  hundred,  or  thousand.  The  Bulb.s  are  remark- 
ably sound  and  good  this  season,  and  can  be  supplied  at  very  low 
prices. 

Establishment  for  New  and  Rare  Plants,  King's  Road,  Chelsea^ 
London,  S.W, 

/^ERMAN      FLOWER      SEEDS,    in    the    original 

V.X  Imported  Packets.  i.  d. 

ASTERS,  Paeony-flowered  Pcrleclion,  is  colours,  100  seeds  each    2    o 

„     Victoria,  verj- fine,  12  colours.  100  seeds  each 36 

,,  Shakespere,  dwarf,  fine,  10  colours,  100  seeds  each  ..  ..  a  o 
,,     Globe-nowered,  8  colours,  100  seeds  each  ..         ..         ..20 

STOCKS,  fine  German  dwarf,  12  colours,  100  seeds  each    .         ..20 

BALSAMS,  Camellia-flowered,  10  colours,  50  seeds  each  . .         ..20 


LARKSPURS,  Hyacinth-flowered,  la  colours 

Double  German  WALLFLOWERS,  8  colours,  100  seeds  each 


2    6 


MARIGOLD,  double  orange  and  double  yellow  African  . . 

,,     Miniature  striped  French,  fine        ..         ..         00 

,,     Miniature  brown  French,  fine        ..  ,.         ..         ..06 

,,     Fine  striped  French     ,.         ,.         ..         ..         ..         ..         ..06 

Cliveden  PANSIES,  dark  blue,  light  blue,  white,  yellow,  black.,  o    6 
AM AR ANTHUS  SALICIFOLIUS,  beautiful  for  pot  culture  ..   i     6 

Choice  CALCEOLARIA,  in  packets 26 

Choice  PRIMULA,  in  packets 26 

Choice  CINERARIA, in  packets 16 

And  all  other  choice  FLOWER  SEEDS,  from  the  best  sources, 
post  free. 

HENRY  MAY,  The  Hope  Nurseries,  near  Bedale.  Yorkshire. 


RHODODENDRON      PONTICUM,       fine     bushy 
plants  :— 
Per  100.  Per  roM. 

iJt  to  2  feet. .        . .        25^.  . .        . .  £,\2    OS. 

2oto3oinches        ..        351.  ..         ,.     t6  10 

2  to  2;^  feet  , .         . .        4tw.  . .         . .     ig    o 

■2%  to  3  feet . .         . .        7SJ 33    0 

RHODODENDRON  HYBRIDUM. 
15  to  20  inches        . .        30J.  . .        . .  ^^14    o 

2  to  2.'3  feet  . .        . .        40J.  . .        . .     19    o 
RHODODENDRON  MAXIMUM  ALBUM  (White). 

3  to  -2%  feet  . .         . .        40s.  . .         .  .£  19    o 

For  smaller  sizes,  see  CATALOGUE. 
JAMES  SMITH,  DaHey  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 


Forest  Trees,  Slirubs,  &c. 

MARTIN  AND  SON,  Seed  Growers,  Merchants, 
and  Nurserymen,  Cottingham,  and  7,  Market   Place,  Hull, 
respectfully  offer  as  under  :- 


2,000,000  Larch,  i  to  ij^,  and  2  to 
2i4  feet 
10,000  Alder,  3  to  12  feet 
200,000  Ash,  2  to  3,  and  6  feet 
10,000  Purple    Beech,    2,  3,  4, 
and  5  feet 
100.000  Elms,  3,  4,  5,  and  6  feet 
150,000  Oaks,  2,  3,  and  4  feet 
150,000  Austrian  Pine,  i  to  2  ft. 
150,000  Sycamores,  2,  3,  and  4  ft. 
2,000,000  Quick  Thorns,  2  to  3  ft. 
10,000  Arbor-vit^,    2,    3,  4,  5, 

and  6  feet 
20,000  Aucubas,  fine,  all  sizes 
20,000  Mahonia,  strong 
10,000  Berberis   japonica,   i  to 

2  leet 
10,000  Tree  Box,  i  to  2  feet 
5,000  Thuiopsis  borealis,  i  to 

6  feet 
5,000  Biota  elegantissima,  fine 
1,000  .,  sempcraurescens,  fine 
,1,000  Clematis,  of  kinds 
1,000  Lapageria  rosea 


z,ooo  Deutzias,  2  to  5  feet 
200,000  Laurels,  r  to  2J7  feet 
3,000  Lilacs,  3  to  4  feet 
5,000  Phillyrea,  i  to  3  feet 
200,000  Privet,  1^  to  2  feet 
5,000  Ligustrum  japonica,  I  to 

2  feet 
20,000  H.P,   and   other   Roses, 

strong 
100,000  English  Yews,  i  to  2!^  ft. 
10,000  Irish  Yews,  2  to  5  feet 
1,000  CryptomeriaeIegans,fine 
20,000  Cupressus    Lawsoniana, 
^  to  5  feet 
5,000  Chmese  Juniper,  I  to  sit 
5,000  Thuja  giganica,  i  to  5  ft 
2,000  Pinus  Cembra,  2  to  3  ft. 
5,000  Juniper,  excelsa  striata, 

fine 
3,000  Gold-leaf  Ivy,  fine 
2,000  Standard  Pears,  brts.  per 
100  [Plums 

8,000  E.xtra    strong    standard 
5,000  Maiden  Cherries 


The  following  Seeds  are  of  fine  sample,  and  maybe  obtained  cheap  :— 

PEAS  — Prizetaker,  Flack's  Imperial,  Hairs\  Eugf-nie,  Napoleon, 
Veitch's,  Yorkshire  Hero,  Champion  of  England,  Pnnce  and  Princess 
of  Wales,  Ringleader. 

SCARLET  RUNNERS,  ALTON  CARROT,  Long  Scarlet 
RADISH.  MIGNONETTE,  DRUMHEAD  LETTUCE,  TRIPOLI 
ONION,  &c.   MYATT'S  KIDNEY  POTATOS,  i;7  per  ton. 

Special  offers  and  CATALOGUES  given  on  application  for  Trees  or 
Seed?;, 


FROEBEL  AND  CO.,  Neumunster  Nursery,  Zunch, 
Switzeriand.  call  the  attention  of  the  Trade  to  the  following 
NEW  PLANTS,  which  will  be  ready  for  SALE  on  April  i  :— 

SALVIA  SPLENDENS  COMPACTA  FL.  ALBO -The  white- 
blossoming  Salvia  splendens  compacta,  with  quite  white  bracts  (so 
that  the  whole  of  the  panicles  are  white,  not  the  flowers  only),  till  now 
only  known  with  scarlet  flowers,  but  producing  the  same  effect  in 
while  as  the  other  type  in  scarlet. 

Our  new  plant  attains  less  height  than  the  red  one,  and  is  exiremcly 
suitable  for  borders  to  beds  of  scarlet  Salvia  It  is  unnecessary  to 
commend  the  advantages  and  various  uses  which  the  pure  white 
Salvia  splendens  compacta  offers.  It  will,  without  doubt,  meet  with 
immediate  appreciation.     One  plant,  price  7s.  ;  6  plants,  price  30J. 

SAXIFRAGA  PELTATA  (Torr,,  MS.  ex.  Bcnth.  in  "Plant. 
Hartwcg."  n.  1740,  p.  311).— Called  by  the  natives  on  the  Sacramento 
River,  "  Umbrella  Plant." 

We  offer  for  the  first  time  this  gigantic  Saxifraga,  hitherto 
only  known  from  the  manuscripts  of  Bentham,  and  in  the  hortus 
siccus  of  Hartweg.  and  only  found  in  the  district  ot  the  Sacramento. 

We  feel  assured  that  this  unique  Saxifraga  will  be  received  with 
interest  by  Botanists  and  Gardeners.  The  leaves  arc  circular  and 
sculiform,  the  margin  with  round  flaps,  the  stalk  joins  to  the  middle  of 
the  leaf.  ,.  ,  .... 

The  leaves  arc  from  ij^  to  2  feet  in  diameter,  and  are  used  by  the 
natives  on  the  Sacramento  as  umbrellas. 

They  are  dark  green,  glossy,  and  of  a  solid  leathery  consistence. 
The  peduncles  are  straight,  solid.  1'^— 2  feet  long,  and  crowned  with  a 
fine  rose-coloured  flower-umbel.  This  plant  has  stood  out  unharmed  all 
the  severe  winters  of  1870-72,  an  amount  of  hardiness  which  makes  ils 
value  quite  incontrovertible.  As  this  plant  likes  welground.il  is  most 
fit  for  shady  grass  plots,  grottos,  ponds;  whilst  its  most  permanent 
leaves  make  it  especially  viiiuabic  for  decorating  rooms,  vestibules,  and 
conservatories.  .    ,  , 

Bentham  says  of  this  plant :— "  Species  from  all  those  we  know  very 
distinct,  still  retaining  in  its  flowers  all  the  characters  of  a  Saxifraga. 

The  rhizome  of  this  plant  is  solid  and  creeping,  like  that  of  S.  cras<ii- 
folia,  cordifolia,  and  Megasea  ciliata.  This  plant  will  be  sure  tocreate 
as  much  sensation  as,  in  their  time,  Gunners  scabra  and  Acanthus 
macrophyllus  did,  to  which  it  will  prove  a  successful  rival.  One 
Plant,  price  201.  ;  six  Plants,  ^5. 

CROSSOSOMA  TRILOBATA  (Roezl)— From  Wahsatch  Moim- 
tains,  Utah,  one  of  the  Rosaceous  plants,  a  neat  evergreen,  most  dis- 
tinguished shrub.  The  upper  surface  of  ihc  leaves  is  of  a  glossy 
green,  the  under  surface  tomentosc,  and  of  a  silvery-grey.  A  vcrj- 
singular  and  original  novelty,  and  perfectly  hardy,  having  withstf>od, 
witTiout  any  protection,  the  severe  cald  of  this  winter  with  absolute 


impunity. 


One  plani ,  price  6s.  ;  3  plants,  price  15*' 


2IO 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette!, 


[Februaiy  17,  1872. 


ORNAMENTAL  GAME  COVERT. 
A  Collection  of  Plants,  consislinK  of  SYRINGA,  RIBES, 
ELUER,  SPIR^A.  SNOWBERRY,  &c.,  will  be  supplied  at  £7  per 
1000.     See  Catalogue. 

JAMES  SMITH,  Darley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 


ONE    HUNDRED    THOUSAND    HARDY 
HEATHS. 
100,  in   10  varieties,  20J,  ;    100,  in  20  varieties,  301.  j    or  100,  in   40 
varieties,  45s.     See  Cataioeue. 
JAMES  SMITH,  Darley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 


LARGE      SPECIMEN      EVERGREENS. 
To  be  SOLD,  Cheap. 
100  WET.LINGTONIAS.B  feet  high,  magnificent  plants. 
100  THUJOPSIS  BOREALIS,  10  feet. 
100  CUPRESSUS  LAWSONIANA,  gfcet. 
100  THUJA  LOBBII.pfeet. 
All  grown  singly  in  an  exposed  situation  on  stiff  clay  soil,  and  will 
nove  with  compat  balls  of  earth.     For  price  apply  to 

E.  COOLING.  Mile  Ash,  Derby,  where  the  plants  may  be  seen. 


FIVE  HUNDRED  THOUSAND  LARCH,  1^  to  2, 
z  to  2^^.  2^  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet.    I    MANETTI  STOCKS. 
200,000  SCOTCH  FIR,  IS  to  24  inches,  thrice  transplanted. 
200,000  SPRUCE  FIR,  2  toaj^,  2'^  to  3,  and  3  to^J^  feet. 
300,000  OAK,  English,  r^j  to  zj^,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  0  feet. 
100,000  HAZEL,  15  to  24  inches,  and  2  to  3  feel. 
200.000  SYCAMORE,  2'4  to3,  3  to4,  4  to  6,  and  6  to  8  feet. 
200,000  THORNS,  3,  4,  and  5-yr.  transplanted. 
100,000  ELM,  Wych,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet. 
100,000  ASH,  Common  and  Mountain,  z  to  3, 3  to  4,  and  5  to  7  feet. 

20,000  OAK,  Turkey,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  7  feet. 

50,000  BIRCH,  i'.^  to  2,  2  to  3,  4%  to  6,  and  6  to  8  feet. 

30,000  AUSTRIAN  PINE,  i  to  2,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 

10,000  YEW,  English,  i  to  I'i,  j}4  to  2,  and  4  to  7  feet. 

50,000  ALDER,  I  to  2,  2  to  3,  and  3  to  5  feet. 

10,000  ELM,  English,  grafted,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 

20,000  SILVER  FIR,  1  to  iM,and  i'^  to  z  feet. 


40,000  BEECH,  2K  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
30,000  PRIVET,  Evergreen,  ij^  to  i 


2  to  2,  and  2  to  3  feet. 
We  also   hold   a   large    general   Stock   of  all   other  FOREST    and 
ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  &c.,  which  will  be  offered  at  very  moderate 
prices,     CATALOGUES  on  application. 

H,  AND  R.  STIRZ.\KER.  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster 


Yoimg  Palms,  Cheap. 

"Palms  for  the   million  is  no  idle  word  here." — "  D.,  Deal,"  in 
Gardeners'  Chronicle, -p.  1393,  Oct.  yZ,  1871. 

JEAN  VERSCHAFFELT  has  much  pleasure  in 
offering  the  fol'owing  first-rate  PALM  sorts,  that  can  be  obtained 
from  his  Establishment  in  large  quantities  at  the  undermentioned  low 
prices,  viz,  : — 

CORYPHA  AITSTRALIS,  in  store  pots,  48s.  per  too,  ;i;2o  per  1000. 
ARECA  RUBRA,  in  single  pots,  2or.  per  25. 
,,        SAPIDA,  in  store  pots,  24s.  per  dozen. 
,,        VERSCHAFFELTI,  in  store  pots,  40J.  per  dozen. 
CHAM.'EROPS  EXCELSA,  in  single  pots,  48s.  per  100,  ^^20  per  1000. 

,.  FORTUNEI,  48s.  per  100,  £,20  per  1000. 

rOCOS  MAXIMILIANA,  60s.  per  dozen,  £<,  per  25. 
TUB.^iA  SPECTAIULIS,  161.  per  dozen,  £,6  per  roo, 
"LATANIA  BORBONICA,6oi-  per  100. 
PANDAN  US  UTl  LIS,  \2s.  per  dozen,  20s.  per  25,  6is.  per  too. 

„  VANDERMEERSCHI,3ZJ.  per  dozen. 

PHCENIX  RECLINATA   (true),   i-yr.    Seedlings,  in   store  pots,  805. 

Eer  100. 
e  above  are  all  most  useful  for  Table  Decoration,  and  those  in 
store  pots  can  be  sent  at  very  little  expense,  as  they  will  easily  travel 
without  pots,  and  by  shaking  oft  the  larger  part  of  the  soil  a  large 
number  may  be  packed  in  a  comparatively  small  package,  and  sent  per 
Continental  Parcels  Express.  Early  orders  solicited,  to  be  directed  to 
JEAN  VERSCHAFFELT,  134,  Faubourg  dc  Bruxelles,  Ghent, 
Belgium. .^__^^_^ 


JOSEPH     SMITH,    JUN.,    Moor     Edge     Nurseries, 
Tanslcy,  near  Matlock,  Derbyshire,  offers  as  follows,  at  per  1000 ; — 
ALDER,  i%  to  2  feet,  i+r. ;  2  to  3  feet,  iZs. ;  3  to  4  feet,  231. 
ASH,  Mountain,  2  to  3  feet,  iZs. ;  3  to  4  feet,  20s.  ;  4  to  5  feet,  251.  ; 

5  to  6  feet,  40J,  ;  6  to  7  feet,  6oj. 
BEECH,  1%  to  2  feet,  i8s.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  331. 
BERBERIS  AQUIFOLIUM,  9  to  12  inches,  205.  ;  1  to  iJ4-foot,  30s.  ; 

2-yr  ,  3s. 
BIRCH,  i!^  to  2  feet,  10*.  to  i(ts.  ;  a  to  3  feet,  15J.  to  21s. ;  3  to  4  feet, 

20S.  to  30J. 
BOX,  Tree,  q  to  15  inches,  60s 
BROOM ,  Common ,  2  to  3  feet,  151.  ;  3  to  4  feet,  151.  ;  Seedlings,  31.  fiii. 

,,  White,  I  and  2-yr. ,  3J,  (>d.  to  5s. 

COTONEASTER  MICROPHYLLA,  25s.  10401. 
ELM,  t%  to  2  feet,  145,  ;  2  to  3  feet,  i8j.  ;  3  to  4  feet,  231. 
FIR,  Scotch,  I  to  iM  foot,  14s.  ;  ij^  to  2  feet,  loj.  ;  3  to  4  feet,  30J. 
„     Spruce,  1  to  1%  foot,  151. ;  i!4  to  a  feet,  aoi. ;  3  to  3  feet,  301. ; 

3  to  4  feet,  50s. 
„  ,,      American,  a  to  3  ft.,  70s.  ;  3  to  4  ft.,  laor.  t  4  to  5  ft,,  150^. 

,,      Larch,  g  to  15  ins  ,  loi. ;  1  to  ij^  foot,  13S.  6d. ;  ij^  to  2  feet,  i6j.  ; 
2  to  3  feet,  2$s. 
FURZE  or  Gorse,  Seedlings,  is.  6d. 
LIMES,  1  to  ij^  fool,  501,  ;  iJ4  to  3  feet,  70s.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  iios.  ;  3  to 

4  feet,  140J. 
OAkS,  I  to  ij^  foot,  7s, ;  iJ4  to  2  feet,  12s.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  20s.  ;  3  to  4  ft. 

285.  ;  3  yr  ,  as.  6d. 
PINUS  AUSTRIACA,  6  to  12  inches,  13s,  ;  9  to  15  inches,  25s.  ;  1  to 
1^  foot,  30s. 
„       MARITIMA,  2  feet,  los. 
POPLAR,  Ontario,  i  to  ij^  foot,  los. ;  ij^  to  2  feet,  12s.  6d.  ;  2  to  3  ft. 

20S.  ;  4  to  5  feet,  45s,  ;  6  to  8  feet,  70s. 
QUICKS,  a-yr,  transplanted,  8s,  ;  3-yr.  do.,  lOJ. 
RHODODENDRONS,  2  and  3yr.  Seedling,  ^20  per  100,000. 
,,    3-yr.  selected,  £^7  10s.  per  100,000. 

,,    a-yr.  i-yr.  transplanted,  i6s, ;  2-yr.  and  a-yr,  transplanted,  24J. 
SYCAMORE,  1%   to  a  feet,  14s.;  2  to  3  feet,  16 r. ;  3  to  4  feet,  25s,  ; 

4  to  5  feet,  35s. 
WILLOW,  Bedford,  i  to  iJi  foot,  71. ;  ij^  to  2  feet,  lor.  ;  2  to  3  feet, 
15J.  ;  3  to  4  ft.,  a3s. ;  4  to  S  ft,,  aw. ;  6  to  8  ft.,  70s.  ;  8  to  10  ft.,  100s. 
PRIVET,  Evergreen,  i-yr,,  4s.  ;  ij^to  2  feet,  151. 
LAUREL,  Common,  i-yr,  fine,  15s. 
SEAKALE,  2-yr.  251,  ;  i-yr,  155. 

FLOWERING  SHRUBS,  in  50  varieties,  i  to  4  feet,  lOOS 
With  many  others,  of  which  a  Priced  LIST  will  be  sent  on  application. 


W  VIRGO  AND  SON,  Wonersh  Nurseries,  near 
•  Guildford,  Surrey,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  Noble- 
men, Gentlemen,  Nurserymen,  and  Others,  to  the  under-mentioned 
slock,  the  whole  of  which  is  particularly  strong  and  healthy,  and  in 
excellent  condition  for  removal  :— 

Standard  and  Half-Standard  ROSES,  upwards  of  300  varieties; 
Standard,  Pyramid,  and  Dwarf  APPLES, extra  fine ;  ditto  PEARS: 
ditto  PLUMS;  GOOSEBERRIES;  Black,  Red,  and  White 
CURRANTS;  FILBERTS, extra  fine. 

EVERGREENS. 
Common  Laurel,  2  to  4  feet. 
Portugal  Laurel,  2  to  4  feet. 
Green  and  Variegated  Bi 


,  2  to 
[4  feet. 


Green  Holly,  2  to  3  feet. 

Yew,  2  to  4  feet, 

Siberian  and  Chinese  Arfjor-vitae, 

j3  to  4  feet. 
Pinus  austriaca,  2  to  5  feet, 

ORNAMENTAL  TRRES. 


Spruce  Fir,  2  to  6  feet,  fine  and 

bushy. 
Berbens  aquifolia,  1  to  i\  foot. 
American  Arbor-vitcc,  for  hedges, 

3  to  6  feet. 
Evergreen  Privet,  2  to  3  feet,  fine. 
Cupressus  Lawsoniana,3 104  feet. 


Spanish      and      Horse    Chestnut, 

6  to  8  feet, 
Wych  Elm,  6  to  8  feet 
Double,       Scarlet,     White^     and 

Paul's  New  Thorn,  6  to  8  feet. 
Black  Italian  Poplar.  6  to  8  feet 
Turkey,  English  ana  ScarletOak. 

Transplanted  FOREST  TREES,  for  Covert  and  Copse  Planti 


Hornbeam,  Laburnum,  Lime, 
Norway  Maple,  Lombardy, 
Ontario,  White  or  Abele, 
Balsam,  &c. 

Sycamore,  Sumach,  Acaeia.Weep- 
ing  Willow  and  Birch,  6  to 
8  feet. 


Scotch    Fir,    i    to   iJ4    foot, 

2I4  to  354  feet. 
Hazel,  2  to  3  feet. 
English  Oak,  2'4  to  3  feet. 


Alder.  3  to  5  feel.  Scotch    Fir,    i    to   iJ4    foot,     and 

Beech,  2  to  3  feet. 

Horse  Chestnut,  3  to  5  feet. 

Spruce  Fir,  a  to  3  feet. 

Sycamore,  3  to  4  feel, 

10,000  clean-grown  CRAB  STOCKS. 

Priced  C.\TALOGUR  and  samples  on  application. 

The  Nurseries  arc  i%  mile  from  Bramley  Station,  London,  Brighton, 

and  South  Coast  Railway  :  2'^   miles   from  Shalford   Station.  South* 

Eastern    Railway:  and  4  milea  from  Guildford   Station,  London  and 

Soulh-Westem  Railway.     Goods  delivered  free  to  the  above  station*. 


DOBSON     AND    SONS'     CHOICE    SEEDS, 
in  sealed  packets,  post  free. 
CALCEOLARIA,  splendid  Hybridised,  is.  6d.,  2S.  6d.,  3J.  6d.,  Jf. 
CINERARIA,  extra  fine,  is.  6d.,  as,  6d.,  3s,  6rf,,  5s. 
PRIMULA  SINENSIS  FIMBRIATA  ALBA,  i5.&i.,as  &i.,3J.6<f.,5s, 

„  „  „  RUBRA,  IS,  6af.,2S.  6rf.,3S.  6rf.,5s. 

,,  ,,  ,,  Mixed,  IS.  6d.,  as.  6d.,  3s.  6d.,  5s. 

CYCLAMEN,  superb  mixed,  is.,  2S.  6d. 
BALSAM,  eight  splendid  varieties,  is.,  as, 
INTERMEDIATE  STOCK,  fine,  6<f.,  is. 
PVRETHRUM  GOLDEN   FEATHER,  W.,  is. 
BETA  CHILENSIS,  6rf,,  IS. 
LOBELIA  SPECIOSA,6rf,,is. 
PANSY,  Mixed,  IS.,  as. 
HOLLYHOCK,  is.,  as.  6d.,  Ks. 

SPRING-FLOWERING  PLANTS,  &c,,  per  dozen. 
AUBRIETIA,  3s.;  CANTERBURY  BELLS,  as. 
DELPHINIUM   FORMOSUM,  as,  4S.,  6s. 
DAISIES,  Red  and  White,  is,,  2s. 
HOLLYHOCKS,  Seedlings,  4s. ;  24*.  per  100. 
LUPINUS  POLYPHYLLUS,  2S.  6<i. 
MYOSOTIS,  3s.  ;  POLYANTHUS,  4s. 
PANSY,  Cliveden  Blue,  4s.  ;  Yellow  do.,  as. 
SILENE  PENDULA,  2s.  6d.  ;  WHITE  ALYSSUM,  2S.  6d. 
ASPARAGUS,  I,  2,  3,  and  4-yr,,2s.  6.1,  3s.  6d.,  5s.  per  100. 
SEAKALE,  strong,  for  plantmg,  "55.  per  100. 
Woodlands  Nursery,  Isfeworlh,  W,,  and  High  Street,  Hounslow,  W. 

n^b  PLANTEliST^StRONG  FOREST  T^EES,'&a 

X     LARCH,  2  to  3,  zj^  to  3%,  and  3  to  4  feet. 

SCOTCH,  i!^  to  2,  2  to  2^4,  and  aj^  to  3  leet. 

SPRUCE,  1%  to  2,  2  to  2I4,  2]4  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet. 

ENGLISH  OAKS,  2%  103?^,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  5  to  6,  and  6  to  7  ft. 

BIRCH,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet. 

ELMS  (Wych),  2  to  3,  3  to  a,  and  4  to  5  feet, 

HAZELS,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  ana  4  to  5  feet. 

MOUNTAIN  ASH,  2103,  3104,  and  4  to  5  feet. 

SYCAMORES,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet. 
With  many  others,  all  of  the  best  quality.     The  Larch  are  clean, 
stout,  well-grown  stuff,  and  have  never  been  injured  by  frost. 
JOHN  HILL.  The  Nurseries,  Spot  Acre,  near  Stone,  Staffordshire. 


Nortbampton  Nurseries. 

To  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  and  OTHERS,  ENGAGED 
in  PLANTING. 

JOHN     PERKINS,     Sen.,    begs    to    call    particular 
attention   to  his   large  STOCK    of  the  following,  the   whole   ol 
which  have  been  transplanted,  are  stout,  and  wel!  rooted  : — 
PINUS  AUSTRIACA,  1%  to  2  feel,  751,  per  1000;  2102?^  feet,  i20S, 

per  1000;  2j^  to  3  feet,  20s.  per  100.     All  fine  fibrous  roots. 
BIRCH,  2  to  3  feet,  20s,  per  1000  ;  3  to  4*3  feet,  30s.  per  1000 
ELM,  Wych,  2  to  3  feet,  25s.  per  1000;  3  to  4  feet,  35s.  per  1000 
OAKS,  English,  3  to  4  feet,  60s.  per  1006,  fine  transplanted  ;  4  to  5  feet, 

100s.  per  looo 
FIR,  Spruce,  2  to  2^2  feet,  sos,  per  1000 
EERHERIS  AQUIFOLIA,  1  to  t!<  foot,  30s.  per  1000 
BLACKTHORN,  i'^  to  2  feet,  15s,  per  1000;  2  to  3  feet,  201. "per  1000. 
BOX,  Green,  i}4  to  2  feet,  laos.  per  1000 
HAZEL,  fine,  i  to  a  feet,  15s,  per  1000 
HORNBEAM,  a  to  3  feet,  30s.  per  1000 
LAUREL,  Common,  ij^  to  a  feet,  loos.  per  1000 
PRIVET,  Evergreen,  a  to  zJX  feet,  aos,  per  1000 
YEWS,  English,  1^3  to  2  feet,  40s.  per  100;  2  to  3  feet,  70s,  per  100 

CATALOGUES  of  GENERAL  NURSERY  STOCK  free  by 
post  on  application  to  52,  Market  Square,  Northampton,  where  all 
communications  are  to  be  addressed 


Eltham  Nursery,  Kent,  S.E. 

two    MILES    from    BLACKHEATH    STATION; 
ONE  MILE  from  ELTHAM,  LOOP-LINE. 

rpHIRTY  ACRES  of  healthy,  well-grown  NURSERY 

J.    STOCK,  of  every  description,  comprising  Specimen  CONIFERS 
and  EVERGREENS  of  all  sizes.  Standard  ROSES,  FRUIT  TREES, 
&c.     Gentlemen  who  intend  planting  this  season  are  invited  to  come 
and  select  (or  thewselves. 
JAMES  W.  TODMAN,  Eltham  Nurse^i^  Kent,  S.E. 


DOUGLAS  FIR  SEED  (True).— Price,  including 
postage,  7s.  6d.  per  oz,  A  limited  portion  of  Seed  of  this 
hardy,  quick-growing,  and  noble  Evergreen  Spruce  Fir,  may  be  had 
from  Messrs.  BEN  REID  and  CO.,  Aberdeen  Forest  Tree  Nurseries, 
Aberdeen,,  Scotland. 

%"  Growth  of  bulk  tested  25  per  cent.,  yielding  from  500  to  600 
ripened  seeds  per  oz.         The  Trade  also  supplied. 


"PVERGREEN  SHRUBS  for  COVER  PLANTING, 

SCOTCH  FIRS,  3   to  4  feet,  transplanted  spring,  1871,  7J.  td.  per 

100;  65J.  per  1000. 
SPRUCE  FIRS,  3  to  4  feet,  lOS.  per  100;  80s.  per  1900. 
LARCH   FIRS,  3  to  4  feet,  ss.  per  100;  40s.  per  1000. 
Evergreen  PRI\  ET,  4  to  5  feet,  5s.    per  100;    30s.  per   1000;    2   to 

3  feet,  2J.  td.  per  100 ;  aos.  per  1000. 
LAURELS,  Common,  3  to  4  feet,  bushy,  aos.  per  too. 
BERBERIS  MAHONlA  AQUIFOLIA,  i  to  1%  foot,  los.  per  100. 


Victoria  PLUMS,  Dwarf  Trained. 

APPLES,  Dwarf  Espalier    Trained,   best    sorts,    at    equally    low 
prices.     The  above  are  all  well-grown  bushy  Plants,  and  suitable  for 
immediate  effect.     For  samples,  &c.,  apply  to 
FREDERICK  PERKINS,  Nurseryman,  Regent  Street,  Leamington 


FOX  and  GAME  COVERTS.— The  BITTER 
WILLOW  is  the  cheapest,  most  easily  reared,  and  most  usetul 
plant  yet  offered  for  forming  new  coverts,  or  improving  those  already 
made.  Birds  are  especially  partial  to  Willow  plantations.  Bitter 
Willow  stakes,  3  to  4  feet  long,  will  make  a  really  good  covert  the  first 
year,  and  perfectly  secure  from  the  attacks  of  rabbits.  Anxious  to 
make  the  value  of  this  plant  better  understood,  W.  Scaling  will  supply 
cuttings  or  stakes  at  the  following  extremely  low  rales  for  the  remainder 
of  the  planting  season  : — 

10  inches  long,  igs,  per  1000         I        36  inches  long,  40s.  per  1000 

15  inches  long,  aos  per  1000  48  inches  long,  50s.  per  1000 

24  inches  long,  30s,  per  1000         |        60  inches  long,  60s.  per  1000 

Increasing  in  thickness  as  they  increase  in  length,  and  all,  except  the 

10  inches,  cut  from  3-yr.  old  snoots.     The   two   larcer  sizes  are  well 

adapted   to   make   hedges,  in   place  of  Thorn  or  Quick-reared.     See 

article  in  Rural  Almanac,  1872,  p.  37,  published  at  the  Field  oflice. 

WILLIAM  SCALING,  Willow  Nurseryman,  Basford.  Notts. 


Would  You  lie  Surprised  to  Heax 

^E  UNDERMENTIONED  can  now  be  purchased 

at  immensely  reduced  prices  ?    Apply  to 
CHARLES  NOBLE,  Bagshot. 
Standard  APPLES,  PEARS,  and  PLUMS 
Pyramid  ,,  ,,  ,, 

Dwarf-trained  PEACHES 
Standard  i-yr.  trained  PEACHES 
RED  CURRANTS,  in  variety 

RHODODENDRONS,  Hybrid  Seedlings,  2  to  4  feet 
SPRUCE  FIR,  3  to  4  feet 
CUPRESSUS  LAWSONIANA,  Jto  lofeet 
PICEA  NORDMANNIANA,  3to6feet  - 
PINUS  CEMBRA,  ito4feet 
RETINOSPORA  .SIjUARROSA,  ij,'  to  a'-:  feet 

„  EKICOIDES,  i;^  tosfcct 

„  PISIFERA,  i"^  to6leet 

„  OBTUSA,  3to6fcet 

THUJA  AMERICANA,  3  to  6  feet 

LOEBII,  iKtoSfeet 
THUIOPSIS  EOREALIS,  4to8feet 

,,  DOLABRATA,  Q  inches  to  iK  foot 

ARUNDO  CONSPICUA,  strong 
BERBERIS  AQUIFOLIA 

„  DARWINII,  i^  to  2'^  feet 

„  JAPONICA,  I  t0  2fcet 

LABURNUMS,  3  to6  feet 

DEUTZIA  CRENATA  FLORE-PLENO,  3  to6  Iccl 
DOUBLE  FURZE,  pots 
ENGLISH  OAKS,  2  to  6  feet 
LAURELS,  Colchic,  iK  to35j  feet 
,,  Common,  1%  to  2!^  feet 

,,  Portugal,  I  to  2  feet 

LARCH  FIR.  6  tog  feet 
SCOTCH  FIR,  4  to  6  feet 
MENZIESII  PO  LI  FOLIA,  strong 
Paul's  New  Scarlet  THORN,  Standard  and  Pyramid 
PURPLE  LABURNUMS,  4  to  8  feet 
POPLAR,  ONTARIO,  6  to  12  feet 

„  BLACK  ITALIAN,  6  to  12  feet 

„  LOMBARDY,  6  to  12  feet 

SPIR^AS,  of  sorts,  3  to  4  feet 
VIBURNU.M  PLICATUM,  3  to  3  feet 
VIOLETS,  in  best  varieties 
YUCCA  FLACCI DA,  strong 
CLEMATIS,  of  sorts 
IVIES,  of  sorts 
GYNERIUM  ARGENTEUM 


TO  PLANTERS  of  FOREST  TREES.— The 
handsomest  and  also  the  most  profitable  Forest  Trees  to  grow 
are  the  two  NEW  WILLOWS,  SALIX  BASFORDIANA  and 
SALIX  SANGUINEA  S.  Basfordiana  is  the  most  vigorous  growing 
Willow  yet  introduced  ;  the  timber  is  exceedingly  tough  and  valuable ; 
the  branches  are  of  a  bright  orange  colour,  deepening  into  a  red 
towards  the  points,  and  shine  in  the  sun  as  if  varnished.  S.  sanguinea 
is  not  quite  such  a  rapid  grower,  but  the  timber  is  equally  tough,  and 
the  branches  throughout  of  a  deeper  red,  and  very  bright.  The  colour 
is  the  most  brilliant  when  the  trees  are  destitute  of  leaves.  They  arc 
spiry  topped  trees,  and  attain  a  large  size,  perfectly  hardy,  and  will 
grow  in  the  poorest  soils  or  most  exposed  situations.  They  would 
form  handsome  groups  in  a  landscape,  or  mix  with  and  relieve  the 
sombre  appearance  of  our  woods  in  winter.  It  is  very  rarely  that  a 
valuable  novelty  like  the  above  has  been  offered  at  such  extremely  low 
rates.  Strong  rooted  plants,  6  to  9  feet  high,  6s.  per  dozen,  or  405.  per 
100;  g  to  13  feet  high,  71.  bd.  per  dozen,  or  50J.  per  100;  selected 
specimens  over  13  feet.  las,  per  dozen,  or  805.  per  roo. 

For  the  value  of  the  Willow  as  a  Timber  Tree/  see  thtCarde»^ 
December  9,  1871. 

WILLIAM  SCALING,  Willow  Nurser>'man,  Barford,  Notts. 


Leicester  Seeds 

Are  obtaining  a  great  reputation  in  all  parts  of  the  country. 

HARRISON'S      CATALOGUE     of     first-class 
GARDEN  and  FARM  SEEDS  of  their  own  growing,  is  now 
ready,  post  free  on  application, 

Myatt's  Ashleaf   POTATOS,  a  selected    stock,  beautiful  sample. 
Price  per  cwt.  or  ton  to  the  Trade  on  application. 

See  advertisement,  paRc  211  of  this  day's  Gardeners'  Chronicle. 
HARRISON  AND  SONS,  Seed  Growers,  Leicester. 


JOHNSTONE'S     ST.     MARTIN'S     RHUBARB.— 
Strong  roots,  is.  6if,  each.     Price  to  the  Trade  on  application. 
The  above  is  undoubtedly  the  best  variety  of  RHUBARB  in  culti- 
vation,  whether    for    Forcing    or     Out-door    culture.      The    leading 
Nurserymen  in  Britain,  and  also  most  of  the  London  Trade,  have  had 
supplies  direct  from  us, 

W.  P.  LAIRD  AND  SINCLAIR,  Nurserymen,  Dundee,  N.B. 


WRIGHTS  GROVE  WHITE  CELERY,  one  of 
the  largest  and  best-flavoured  bleaching  varieties  ever  intro- 
duced; after  the  same  character  as  the  Grove  Red,  sent  out  by  me, 
but  blanches  about  a  fortnight  earlier.  It  has  been  awarded  the  First 
Prizes  at  the  two  Celery  Shows  held  at  Retford,  the  average  weight  of 
the  sticks  exhibited  being  6  lb.  each.  It  was  raised  by  mysell,  and 
will  be  found  one  of  the  best  white  Celeries  in  cultivation.  This  is 
the  second  season  I  have  sent  it  out,  and,  as  the  stock  of  seed  is 
limited,  early  orders  are  requested.  Price  is  p.  packet,  or  6s.  p.  doz. 
W.  WRIGHT,  Seed  Merchant,  East  Retford. 
Agents  :  HURST  and  SON,  6,  Leadenhall  Street   London,  E.C. 


HLANE  AND  SON  beg  leave  to  call  the  attention 
-  of  Planters  to  the  following  SPECIAL  LIST— having  large 
quantities  to  ofl^cr  of  fine,  well-grown  specimens,  regularly  trans- 
planted, and  such  as  cannot  fail  to  give  satisfaction.  A  personal 
inspection  is  solicited, 
ARAUCARIA  IMBRICATA,  6  to  14  feet,  very  handsome,  and  safe 

for  removal,  ars.  to  105s.  each. 
CEDRUS  ATLANTICA,  3  to  5  feet,  is,  6d.  to  3s.  td.  each. 

„  DEODARA,  7  to  13  feet,  lOs  6.^.  to  42s.  each. 

CUPRESSUS  LAWSONIANA,6  to  9  feet,  is,  bd.  to  ss.  each  ;  extra 

fine  specimens,  7s  td.  to  los.  dd.  each. 
JUNIPERUS  CHINENSIS,  3to7feet,  IS.  6J   toys,  6d.  each. 

,,  HIBERNICA,  fine,  3  to  6  feet,  is.  6d.  to  3s,  td.  each. 

ABIES  DOUGLASII,  0  to  12  feet,  specimens,  los,  6rf.  to  21s.  each. 
„         MENZIESII,6  toi2feet,  2s.  6.f.  to  7s.  td.  each. 
„         MORINDA,  4  to  12  feet,  2s.  td.  1075.  td.  each. 
PICEA  FRASERII,  3  to  6  leet,  is.  toss.  each. 
„  GRANDIS,  7  to  12  feet,  los.  td.  to  21s.  each.  "i         Fine 

,,  NOBILIS,  2  to  7  feet,  2s.  6d.  to63S,  each,  >  handsome 

„  NORDMANNIANA,  2  to  10  feet,  3S.6rf,  to63J.each.J  specimens. 
PINUS,  in  variety, 
RETINOSPORAS,  in  variety. 

THUJA  GIGANTEA,  very  fine,  3  to  6  feet,  31.  td.  to  los.  td.  each. 
„        LOBBII,  fine,  4  to  8  feet,  u.  td.  to  7s,  td.  each. 
,,        Siberian,  good,  4  to  6  feel,  21.  td.  to  5s.  each. 
THUJOPSIS  BOREALTS,  3  to  10  feet,  is.  6rf,  to  los.  6rf.  each. 

DOLABRATA.fine,  5s.  to  21s,  each. 
WELLINGTONIA  GIGANTEA,  extra  fine  specimens,  constantly 

transplanted,  4  107  feet,  5s.  to  31s.  td.  each, 
YEW,  common  specimens,  2  to  4  feet,  is.  td.  to  S^-  each. 

,,    gold  and  silver  striped,  in  large  quantities,  is.  td.  to  7s,  td.  each, 
DECIDUOUS  and  EVERGREEN  TREES  and  SHRUBS  in  great 

variety. 
RHODODENDRONS,  finest  named  varieties,  from  30J.  to  loos.  per 

dozen. 
ROSES,  Standards,  best  varieties,  151.  to  i8s,  per  dozen 
,,      Dwarfs,  best  varieties,  os  to  12s.  per  dozen, 
,,      in  pots,  for  forcing  or  exhibition,  from  i8s.  to  pos,  per  dozen. 
Orders  over  ;£5  delivered  free  by  cart  within  30  miles  (thus  saving 
expense  of  packing  and  package)  ;    carriage   paid   to    London    upon 
orders  over  £1. 

Descriptive  CATALOGUE  free. 
The  Nurseries,  Great  Berkhampstead,  Herts. 


THE  WARDIE  VARIEGATED  KALE.— We  beg 
to  offer  the  above  (seed  direct  from  Miss  Hope),  which  is  by  far 
the  finest  strain,  and  invaluable  for  Winter  Gardening.  The  colours 
arc  beautifully  bright  and  distinct,  and  may  be  had  separately  or  in 
mixed  packets,  post  free,  as  follows  : — 


Per  packet—*,  d. 

White 16 

,,    cut-leaved         ..        ..16 
Mixed  packet  of  all  ..         ..26 


Per  packet — s.  d. 
Purple 16 

,,    cut-leaved         . .         ..16 
Cabbage-hearted,        purple 

and  white     ..  , .     i    6 

Priced  LISTS  of  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS  post  free 
on  application. 

JAMES    DICKSON     and    SONS,    "Newton"    Nurseries,     and 
102,  Eastgate  Street,  Chester. 


/  1ABBAGE    PLANTS,   CABBAGE   PLANTS, 

V_-/  strong,  healthy,  vigorous. 

1,000,000  Robinson's  Drumhead,  at  3s.  per  1000. 

500,000  Early  Battersea,  Enfield  Marlcet,  and  Little  Pixie,  at  3s.  td. 

per  1000. 
100,000  Red  Pickling  Drumhead,  5s,  per  1000. 
Sutton's  Red-skinned  Flourball  POTATO,  at  6s,  per  bushel. 
Paterson's  Bovinia,  or  Cattle-feeder  POTATH,  at  6s.  per  bushel. 
Samples  on  application. 
Remittances  to  accompany  Orders  from  unknown  Correspondents. 
W.  VIRGO  AND  SON,  Wonersh  Nursery,  near  Guildford, Surrey. 


NOTICE  is  HEREBY  GIVEN,  that  by  deed  duly 
executed  by  both  the  Partners,  and  dated  the  i6th  day  of 
December,  1871,  the  PARTNERSHIP  theretofore  subsisting  between 
CHARLES  ONESIMUS  BURLEY  and  JAMES  WINDSOR 
MARTIN,  as  Nurserymen,  at  the  Town  of  Brentwood,  in  the  County 
of  Essex,  under  the  style  of  Burley  and  Martin,  was  DISSOL\'ED 
by  MUTUAL  CONSENT. 

A,  SCOTT  LAWS0N,3i,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields, 

Solicitor  in  the  matter  of  the  said  Dissolution. 


^PHE  TRUSTEES  of  the  Business  recently  carried  on 

X  by  Messrs,  Chivas  &  WF^VEH  beg  to  intimate  that  they  have 
DISPOSED  OF  the  entire  STOCK-IN-TRADE,  consistmg  of 
IMPLEMENTS,  SEEDS,  &c.,  to  Messrs,  J  AMES  DiCKSON  and 
SONS,  of  No.  102,  Eastgate  Street,  and  the  "  Newton"  Nurseries, 
Chester,  who  have  taken  the  Premises  No  108,  Eastgate  Street ;  also 
the  adjoining  Implement  Warehouse  underneath  the  Chester  Corn 
Exchange,  and  to  whom  the  Trustees  have  much  pleasure  in  referring 
the  Friends  and  Customers  of  the  above-mentioned  Business. 


JAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS  beg  to  direct  attention 
to  the  above  notice,  and  to  say  that  Purchasers  of  AGRICUL- 
TURAL IMPLEMENTS  and  MACHINERY  will  have  every 
information  and  facility  of  selection  afforded,  and  be  most  liberally 
treated  at  the  Corn  Exchange  Implement  Warehouse, 
Priced  LISTS  and  all  information  furnished  post  free. 
102  and  108,  Eastgate  Stret,  and  "Newton"  Nurseries,  Chester, 
aUo  Corn  Exchange  Implement  Warehouse,  Chester.— Feb.  i. 


February  17,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


211 


Best  of  All  Pea. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  having  gro^^Tl  for  trial  all  the 
New  Peas  which  have  lately  been  introduced  by  Dr.  McLean, 
Mr-  Laxton,and  others,  have  no  hesitation  in  recommendiiiK  McLean's 
BEST  OF  ALL,  AS  richly  worthy  of  its  name. 

Sutton  &  Sons  have  always  on  hand,  ready  for  Sale,  all  the  new 
sorts  of  PEAS,  POTATOS,  and  other  SEEDS,  which  they  supply  at 
the  same  Prices  as  charged  by  the-raisers  who  introduced  them;  as 
see  Priced  LISTS. 

Roj-al  Berks  Seed  Establishment,  Reading. 


PENZANCE     EARLY    WHITE     CORNISH 
BROCCOLI.— The  undersigned  has  a  few  potinds  of  True  Early 
Pcniancc  White   BROCCOLI    SEED.      This   invaluable   variety;  if 
sown  early  and  planted  in  a  generous,  warm  soil,  will  produce  hne 
heads  in  February',    Price  lai.  per  lb  ,  or  gs.  per  dozen  packets,  post  free, 
JOHN  MITCHINSON,  Seed  .Alerchant.  Truro,  Cornwall. 


Turzilp  Seed. 

BOLTON  AND  CO.  have  to  offer  very  fine  stocks  of 
the   above,  at    moderate   prices,   which  can    be  obtained    on 
application. 

BOLTON  AND  CO.,  Seed  Merchants,  Wood  Green,  London.  N. 


TELEGRAPH     CUCUMBER     (Rollisson's    varietv, 
true). — The  best  variety  of  Tclcgraph'Cucumber  grown,  and  the 
best  all-the-year-round  Cucumber  extant ;  guaranteed  the  pure  stock. 


small  packet,  ii.  ;  larger,  is.  6d.  each. 
FORTYFOLD  CUCUMBER  (Cue 


__     _  _  _  _    .Lucumis  Anguria),  the  new  hardy 

ridce  Gherkin  :  the  best  known  for  pickling.     Per  packet,  td:  and  u. 
\y.  G.  CLARKE,  Great  Western  Nurseries,  Wellington,  Somerset. 


Extra  fine  Forcing  and  Planting  Seakale. 

GEORGE   CLARKE  has   many   thousnnds,  very  fine 
clean   stuff,   ihis  season,   which   he   begs  to-  offer  as.  uuder  :— 
Plantinp^size,   $i.   per   lOO :    forcing,   lOf.,   121.,   and   some   Superfine 

;  and  MottJngham,  Kent,  S.E 


"^, 

selectctT Crowns,  15J.  per 

Brixton  Hill,  London,  S.W 


Nurseries:  Bri 


CABBAGE    PLANTS.— Enfield   Market,    2s.  6d.    per 
1000,  20J.  per  10,000 ;  Early  York,  3s.  per  1000;  251.  per  10,000. 
POTATOS. 


Per  bush. 

of  56  lb. 

4*. 

6s. 


Per  cwt. 
71. 


Per  sack  of 
16  stones. 


Myatt's  Prolific      ..         .. 
Early  Rose    . . 

llushcl  bags  yd.  each,  2  bushel  bags  io.f.  each,  4  bushel  bags  u.  Zd. 
each.     Remittances  toaccompanyall  orders. 

CHRISTMAS  QUINCEV.  Seedsman,  Peterborough. 

To  the  Tralde. 

EARLY    SEED     POTATOS.— A    few    tons    of   the 
following  to  DISPOSE   OF  :— Mona's  Pride,  Milky  White,  and 
Early  Shaw.     Also  a  few  quarters  of  Laxton's  Supreme  PEA. — For 
prices,  &c.,  apply  to 
-  JAMES"  MY  ATT,  Offenham,  Evesham^ 

EARLY  WALNtrf- LEAVED  OXFORD  ROUND 
POTATOS.— The  most  valuable  of  all  varieties  for  forcing 
purposes ;  the  haulm  being  very  short  and  compact,  and  producing 
very  handsome  shaped  tubers  of  excellent  quality  earlier  than  any 
other  sort.  The  Trade  can  be  supplied  with  a  few  of  the  above  at 
ai.  6d.  per  peck.         H.  and  F.  SHARPE.  Wisbech. 


RICHARD  WALKER  has  to  offer  the  following  for 
cash:  — The  real  American  Red-skinned  Flourball  POTATO, 
10s.  per  cwt.;  always  free  from  blight,  the  heaviest  cropper  in  England. 
Richard  Walker  was  the  first  man  who  introduced  it  into  the  Trade, 
vrhich  all  in  the  Trade  know.  Early  American  Goodrich,  141,  per  cwt.  ; 
Peach  Blow  POTATO,  just  arrived  from  the  United  States,  45.  per 
peck  ;  Variegated  Golden  Gem,  3s.  6d.  per  peck. 
^ The  Market  Gardens,  Biggleswade.  Beds. 


To  the  Seed  Trade. 

MALDEN  AND  SON  have  a  considerable  quantity  of 
WHITE  PORTUGAL  ONION  SEED  to  DISPOSE  of,  grown 
by  themselves,  from  fine  large  selected  Onions  r  no  better  stock  or 
quality  in  England.  Also  a  few  sacks  of  WHITE  GLOBE  ONION 
SEED,  from  re-selected  Onions.  The  above  Seeds  warranted  true  to 
Stock  and  all  Nett  Crop  1S71.  For  price  state  quantity  required. 
Also  from  40  to  50  tons  EARLY  SHAW  POTATOS,  true  to  Stock. 
MALDEN  and  SON.  Seed  Growers,  Biggleswade,  Bedfordshire. 


New  Varlegatfld  Golden  Gem  Potato. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  recommend  this  interesting 
novelty  to  all  Potato  growers.  Through  the  early  part  of  the 
season  the  foliage  presents  an  exceedingly  beautiful  variegation  of 
green  and  gold,  renclering  it  exceedingly  ornamental,  while  it  is  very 
prolific,  and  of  excellent  flavour. 

Price,  51.  per  peck ;  i8j    per  bushel.     Particulars  of  other  choice 
sorts  on  application. 
SUTTON  and  SONS,  Roj-al  Berks  Seed  Establishment,  Reading- 


s 


New  American  Seed  Fotatos 


UTTON     AND     SONS    strongly     recommend     the 

following    NEW    AMERICAN    VARIETIES,   as    being   well 


worthy  of  cuituation  ; — 

-Bresec's  King  of  the  Earlies 
Bresee's  Peerltiss 
Bresee's  Prolific  -  -1 

Bresee's  Climax 


Early  Rose 

Early  Goodrich 

Late  Rose  ,    ,  _  .. 

Hundredfold  Fluke  ^..  ii,„.., 


Lowest  price  per  bushel,  sack,  or  ton,  on  application. 
Royal  Berks  Seed  Establishment,  Reading. 

The  Dew  American  Fotatos. 

TO  THE  TRADE. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Merchants, 
Sleaford,  can  offer  the  following  varieties  of  POTATOS,  fresh 
imported  Seed.     Price  on  application. 

NEW  AMERICAN  LATE  ROSE 

EARLY  ROSE 

EARLY  GOODRICH 

EARLY  SOVEREIGN 

BRESEE'S  PROLIFIC 

BRESEE'S  KING  of  the  EARLIES 

BRESEE'S  PEERLESS 

BRESEE'S  CLIMAX 

PEACH  BLOW. 
^ —^ I ■■■•-"^''- 


LEICESTER    SEEDS 

ARE  OBTAINING  A  GREAT  REPUTATION  IN  ALL  PARTS 
,      ■  OF  THE  COUNTRY. 

'descriptive  and  priced  catalogue 

now  ready.  Post  Free,  on  application  to 

HARRISON    &    SONS, 

ROYAL  MIDLAND  SEED  WAREHOUSE, 

LEICESTER. 

ESTABLISHED  1764. 


CHOICE  AND  SELECT  VARIETIES   OK 

GARDEN    AND    FARM    SEEDS, 

Trade  prices,  &c.,  on  application. 

Useful  Collections  of  GARDEN  SEEDS,  from  io.r.  6*/. 
each  td  £^,  Carriage  FVee. 

Upwards  of  looo   varieties    of    FLOWER    SEEDS, 
comprising  the  most  ornamental  kinds. 

Collections  from  2s.  6cf.  to  £2  is. 


HARRISON'S  FAVOURITE  CUCUMBER.— A 
beautiful  White-Spine,  unsurpassed  for  general  use 
and  exhibition.     Per  packet,  2J.  6j/. 

LEICESTER  RED  CELERY.— The  best  Celery  ever 
sent  out,  distinct  in  growth  and  of  matchless  quality. 
Per  packet,  is. 

HARRISON'S     IMPROVED    WHITE     COS     LET- 
TUCE,— A  fine    selection    from    Paris   White   Cos. 
Nothing  better  could  be  desired.     Per  packet,  is. 
The  above,  post  free,  for  48  stamps. 


HARRISON'S  IMPROVED  FARM   SEEDS, 

Of  their  own  growing,  warranted  as  pure  as  harvested 
from  the  field,  and  cleaned  with  great  care. 

The  best  MANGEL  WURZEL, 
And  the  best  SWEDE  :— 

HARRISON'S  NORMANTON  GLOBE  MANGEL 
has  again  proved  its  superiority  over  all  other  kinds. 
Per  lb.,  I  J.  4rf.  ;  cheaper  by  the  cwt. 

HARRISON'S  DEFIANCE  PURPLE-TOP  SWEDE. 
A  new  variety,  and  a  great  improvement.  Per  lb., 
IS.  ;  cheaper  by  the  bushel. 

Read  our  Customers'  opinions  in  SEED  CATALOGUE, 
now  ready. 


Permanent  Pasture  Grasses, 

TO  SUIT  ALL  SOILS. 

HARRISON'S   MIXTURES   of  GRASSES  are  made 
■  •   with  great    care,   and  the  praise  we  have  received 
assure  us  of  their  success  in  almost  every  case. 
Price  and  particulars  on  application. 


Orders  above  £i  Carriage  Free. 

Trade  prices,  &c.,  on  application. 


HARRISON  AND  SONS,  Seed  Gro-wers, 
LEICESTER. 


■,"!1."  )    PiT   ?-_ 


POTATOS. 


.lUcfnujKi' 


,hfl  ."S.r    9rrfifff)*iXtnXJt  • 


H.   &   F.  Sharpe'S 

WHOLESALE    LIST    OE    SEED    POTATOS 

COMPRISES,    AMONGST   OTHERS,    THE   FOLLOWING   FINE  VARIETIES,    VIZ.  ; — 


EARLY  SANDRINGHAM  KIDNEY,  fet  Early 
MONAS  PRIDE  KIDNEY 
AMERICAN  EARLY  ROSE 
OLD  ASHLEAF  KIDNEY 
WALNUT-LEAVED  KIDNEY 
RIVERS'  ROYAL  ASHLEAF  KIDNEY 
MYATTS  PROLIFIC  KIDNEY 
DAINTREE'S  EARLIEST  ROUND 


AMERICAN  EARLY  GOODRICH 

EARLY  DALMAHOY  ROUND 

EARLY  OXFORD  ROUND 

DRUMMONDS  EARLY  PROLIFIC  ROUND 

EARLY  FLOUNDER,  very  prolific 

PATERSON'S  VICTORIA,  True 

FLUKE  KIDNEY 

RED-SKINNED  FLOURBALL,  True 


The  above  varieties  have  been  carefully  ^elected,  and  the  quality  is  excellent.     For  prices  (which  are  very  low), 
and  other  particulars,  apply  to ; 

H.  ANJbtc  SHARPS*  S£ED  GRO'WING  ESTABLISHMENT,  -WISBECH,  CAMBS. 


B„ Mangel  Wurzel. 

OLTON  AND  CO.  have  to  ofler  SEED  of  very  fine 
slocks  of  the  above,  includini;^ 
I.ONt;  KE1» 

M;\.MMorH    LONG  RED 
YELLOW  i;LOBE 

FISHER   Unlins'  ORANGE  GLOBE 
RED  GLOBE 
Prices  forwarded  on  application 
nOLTON  ASP  CO.,  Seed  Merchants  ,  Wood  Green,  London,  N. 

BUTTONS'       CLEAN       CLOVER       SEEDS 

O  New  and  Unadulterated,  at  Market  Prices 

RED.  I  Al.SIKE,  I       COW    GRASS. 

WHITE.  I  TREFOIL.  SUCKLING 

NEW  GIANT  HYBRID    RED.      |  MALDEN'b  WONDER. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Seed  Merchants.  Readine. 

35.*.^-,:^^  EstabUshed  1793. 

—       "^  JOHN    K.  KING,    Seed 

tt      Grower,    CoRpeshall,     Essex, 
will  be  happy  to  supply  his  unrivalled 
illiW     Hardy    Prize    Stocks   of    MANGEL 
ulll     WURZEL,     SWEDES,    and     other 
'/o  I    TURNIP  SEEDS  (carefully  selected 
l'^\\         ^^^^         //"//    ffom  large  roots),  at  moderate  prices. 
\^^         ^^r  ff     II        Large     Purchasers     supplied     at 

^ Y  ^itK  V  yKksV       special  moderate  prices. 

•*' \-SA%i.  J_-iS^«/ -t"'       I'-ARM  SEED  LISTS  post  free. 
"Txv^    /5ffTFv!^^^»?*  Carriage  paid  on  orders  of  20J.  and 

^^''^sj;;^!     L^^i:^^^^  upwards.      Five    per   cent,   discount 

V    ^^^SjiJlUS:^^  "  for  cash. 

T       C.      WHEELER      and       SON, 

Seed  |Growers, 
Gloucester,  and  59,1  Mark  Lalie,  London,  ' 

OfTcr  the  following  packets,  post  free  :  — 

Per  packet. — s.  d 
Wheplers'  Cocoa-Nut  CAMBAUE..     1 
„   IKingsholm  Cos  LETTUCE.,     i 
„    !Tom  Thumb  LETTUCE       ..     o 
^"^■^6htat-.axc'  M    Croquet GK ASS  SEED,  sample  f 

ig^^^^^^j^  sufficient  for  tri.nl  on  a  small 

,    C  l_  E  JD^^?'  Lawn  or  Croquet  Ground  i     o 

'vVfe==^5^  /\  M    LITTLE  BOOK  for  i872,eacli    o    6 

'iCy/<  ^Lx'Jn^       Paterson's  Superb  ^^ELON..         ..10 

^//  \^\V     Sweet  Spanish  CAI'SICUM..         ..06 

\     \\    Collection  of  12  choice  varieties  of 
OlHI/fi)l(rf>l'^iriP"(t>l r  in        sweet-scented  FLOWER  SEEDS     4    6 
"J||^Mjr^MlPJ)cflJ    Or    uilh     an     extra    .quantity    of 

O//         IVIi;:;nonette      ,.          ,.          ..  ..go 
'^1/      Wheelers'   Gloucestershire    Kidney 
•^/y          POTATOS      ..         ..   per  bushel  ro    o 
Ashmead's   Kernel   APPLE   (Pyra- 
mids)          each    2    o 

Erockworlh        Park        PEARS 
(Maidens)        each    7    6 

J.   C.    WHEELER    and    SON, 
Seed   Growers,   Gloucester;  and  59.  Mark  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

Fine  Lawns  and  Croquet  Groiinds 


BY   SOWING 

SUTTON'S  LAWN  GRASS  MIXTURE,  which 
forms  a  choice  velvety  turf  in  a  very  short  time.  For  making 
New  Lawns  or  Croquet  Grounds,  3  bush.,  or  60  lb.,  is  required  per 
Acre,  or  i  gallon  to  every  6  rods  (or  perohcs)  of  ground. 

For    improving  those  already  in  Turf,  20  lb.  should  be  sown   per 
Acre. 

March,  April,  and  May  are  the  best  months  for  sowing.    Price  i*.  3^. 
per  lb. ;  31.  per  gallon  ;  a^s.  per  bush,  (carriage  free). 

From  Mr.  J.  Merrick,  Gardener  to  S.  Foster,  Esq  .  Le  Court. 

January  21. 
"  The  seed  you  sent  me  last  year  turned  out  uncommonly  well. 
Several  gentlemen  who  came  to  Le  Court  could  scarcely  credit,  from 
the  appearance  of  the  lawn,  that  it  was  only  sown  in  May.  In 
August  it  was  as  fine  and  thick  as  I  have  seen  some  lawns  that  had 
been  laid  down  for  three  year." 

Prom  Mr.  H.  Reynolds,  Gardener  to  Lady  Emily  Foley,  Stoke 
Edith  Fark. 

"  March  9. 
"  The  fine  Lawn  Grass  Seed  purchased  of  you  last  year  has  given 
the  greater?!  satisfaction. 

From  Mr.  Henry  Fuller,  Gardener  to  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 

"  October  8. 
"The  Lawn  Grass  Seed  has  given  the  greatest  satisfaction  to   the 
Masters  and  Seniors  of  the  College. 

■    INSTRUCTIONS  on  the  FORMATION  and  IMPROVEMENT 
of   GARDEN    LAWNS,  CROQUET    GROUNDS,  &c.,  gratis   and 
post  free. 
SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Royal  Berks  Seed  Establishment,  Reading. 

tlHEYNE  BARLEY.— This  celebrated  Barley,  which 
^  could  not  be  found  in  sufficient  quantity  for  seed  last  spring,  at 
any  price,  is  now  offered  by  the  undermentioned  Grower  at  4SS-  per 
quarter.  It  has  been  asserted  that  11  quarters  per  acre  of  this  Barley 
have  been  produced.  fhis  may  or  may  not  be  exacllj'  true. 
However,  any  one  may  ha^f  Chevne  Seed  Barley  by  applying  to 

R.  VALLENTINE,  Wing,  Leighton  Buzzard. 


For  Seed. 


H 


L     1  iL 


TRADE 

PEDIGREE 

MARK. 


CHEVALIER 

B    A    R  .L    E    Y, 

which  was  awarded 

The  FIRST  PRIZE  THREE  YEARS  in  SUCCESSION 

(1867,  1868.  1869,  and  again  in  1871), 

at  the  Birmingham  and  Midland  Counties"  Show, 

Yielded,  at  Brighton,  in  1869,  TEN  QUARTERS  PER 
ACRE,  weighing  57  lb.  per  bushel. 

ALSO 

PEDIGREE     BLACK     TARTARIAN, 

AND 

PEDIGREE  WHITE  CANADIAN 
OATS. 
For   price    and    full    particulars    of    above,    and    of 
PEDIGREE  SEED  WHEATS,  apply  to  the  Originalor 
of  the  System, 

Captain  HALLETT,   F.I. .P.,  Brighton. 


2\2 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


[February  17,   1872. 


CARTER'S      PRIZE      MEDALS, 

AWARDED  for  SUPERIOR  EXCELLENCE  oF  CARTER'S  FARM  and  GARDEN  SEEDS. 


PUBLIC  NOTICE! CAUTION. 

JAMES  CARTER  &-  CO.,  having  had 
their  attention  drawn  to  a  most  unwarrant- 
able appropriation,  by  another  House,  of  the 
Prize  Medal  awarded  at  the  Great  Inter- 
national Exhibition  of  London  in  1862, 
desire   to    announee   that    the    Ofllv    Prize 

Medal  for  a  General  Collection  of  Seeds 
was  awarded  to  JAMES  CARTER  k  CO. 


NEW  AMERICAN  POTATOS 
(fresh  imported  seed).  Special 
quotations  per  Cwt.  or  Ton  will 
be  given  where  large  quantities 
are  required. 

EARLY  ROSE  {fresh  imported  seed 
direct  from  the  raiser).  This 
remarkable  novelty,  introduced 
by  us  some  years  since,  has 
thoroughly  established  its  claims 
to  public  favour.  For  a  combi- 
nation of  productiveness  and 
fineness  of  quality  we  believe  it 
is  without  a  rival.  Per  Peck,  4s, ; 
per  Bushel,  145. 

LATE  ROSE  {a  new  importation, 
offered  for  the  first  time  this 
season),  Per  Gallon,  7s.  dd.  ; 
per  Peck,  14J. 

BRESEE'S  "CLIMAX"  (fresh 
imported  seed  direct  from  the 
raiser).  In  productiveness  it  is 
fully  equal,  if  not  superior,  to 
cither  the  Early  Rose  or  the 
Early  Goodrich,  bears  few  small 
tubers,  matures  nearly  with  the 
Early  Rose,  while  its  keeping 
qualities  are  unsurpassed.  Per 
Gallon,  4s.  ;   per  Peck,  75.  6rf. 

BRESEE'S  KINGoflheEARLIES, 
or  FIFTY-DOLLAR  POTATO 
{fresh  imported  seed  direct  from 
the  raiser).  Per  Gallon,  41.  ; 
per  Peck,  75.  td. 

EARLY  GOODRICH  POTATO 
(fresh  imported  seed  direct  from 
the  raiser).     Per  Peck,  55. 

BRESIE'S  PROLIFIC  POTATO 
(fresh  imported  seed  direct  from 
the  raiser).  Per  Gallon,  4s. ; 
per  Peck,  7s.  6rf. 

Special  low   giiotaiioiis  per 
Cwt.  or  Ton  on  application. 


CARTER'S  NEW  AMERICAN  POTATOS. 

N.B. — ^J.  C.  &  Co.  import  the  Seed  of  these  Potatos  fresh  every  year  from  America,  as  they  are  convinced 
that  change  of  climate  has  a  great  influence  on  their  productiveness. 


BRESEE'S  PEERLESS  POTATO  (Direct  from  the  Raiser).    Per  Peck,  7s.  6d. 


CARTER'S  ASH-TOP  FLUKE 
POTATO.  —  This  variety  has 
now  been  before  the  public  for 
many  years,  and  the  increasing 
demand  for  it,  both  in  private 
gardens  and  amongst  the  Cornish 
growers  for  market,  stamps  it 
as  one  of  the  best  Potatos  in 
cultivation;  for  table  purposes 
it  has  no  equal.  Per  Peck, 
31.  td. ;    per  Bushel,  131. 

CARTER'S  MAIN  CROP 
POTATO. —"D.,  Deal,"  thus 
describes  this  valuable  variety 
in  the  Journal  of  Horiictilture, 
Nov.  9,  1871 : — "  Carter's  Main 
Crop  is  the  heaviest  red  Potato 
I  have  ever  seen,  smooth  as  a 
cricket-ball,  and  without  the 
least  hollowness  of  eye;  no  waste 
whatever."    Per  Peck,  jj. 

RED- SKIN  FLOURBALL 
POTATO.— For  charitable  and 
other  institutions  where  there 
is  a  large  consumption,  this 
Potato  is  invaluable. 

special  Nol-ict.  —  Our  stock 
may  be  thoroughly  depended 
upon,  having  been  obtained 
direct  from  the  original  raiser. 

Price,  per  Bushel,  10s.  W. 
M  uch  cheaper  in  large  quantities. 

CARTER'S  CHAMPION  EARLY 
FORCING  POTATO. —  The 
earliest  frame  Potato  in  cultiva- 
tion ;  described  in  the  Gardeners* 
Chronicle  as  "An  early  kidney 
frame  Potato,  earlier  than  the 
Ashleaf,  with  scarcely  any 
haulm,  and  therefore  very  suit- 
able for  forcing."  Per  Peck, 
5J.  ;    per  Bushel,  i8j, 

CARTER'S  ILLUSTRATED 
POTATO  CATALOGUE  will  be 
sent  Gratis  and  Post  Free  on 
application. 


GREAT  MALVERN,  1871. 


Carter^s  21s.  Collection  of  Vegetable  Seeds  contains- 


GREAT  MALVERN,  1871. 


Awarded  to  JAMES  CARTER  and  CO. 
for  Grass  and  Other  Seeds. 


I  qt.  PEAS  —  Carter's 
First  Crop. 

I  ql.  Advancer. 

I  pt.   Premier. 

I  pt.   Bishop's  Long-pod. 

I  pt.   Prizetakcr. 

I  qt.   Laxton's  Supreme. 

I  qt.  Champion  of  Eng- 
land. 

1  pt.  Carter's  Victoria. 

I  pt.  Veitch's  Perfection. 

1  pt.  BEANS— Nonpareil 

1  pt.   Broad  Windsor. 

I  pt.  best  French. 

I  pt.  Scarlet  Runners. 

lg.pt.   BEET— St.  Osyth. 

Ig.  pt.  KAIL— Cottagers' 

Ig.  pt.  new,  Asparagus, 

Ig.  pt.   Dwarf  Scotch. 

Ig.  pt.  A  L  B  E  R  T 
SPROUTS. 


Ig.  pt.   B  R  U  S  S  E  L  S 

SPROUTS,  best 

lg.pt.  BROCCOLI  — 

Carter's  Champion 
Ig.  pt.  Snow's  Winter. 
Ig.  pt.  Adam's  EarlyWht. 
Ig.  pt.  Purple  Sprouting, 
lg.pt.   CABBAGE  — 

Carter's  Early. 
Ig.  pt.   Enfield  Market. 
lg.pl.   Dwarf  Nonpareil. 
Ig.  pt.  Tom  Thumb. 
Ig.  pt.   Savoy,  best  curled 
!g.  pi.   CAPSICUM, 
I  Dz.  CARROT  —  Early 

Horn. 
I  oz.  James'  Intermediate 
I  oz.  selected  Scarlet. 
lg.pt.  CAULIFLOWER 

— Carter's   Dwarf 

Mammoth, 


.,   .       CELERY    —    In 

comparable    Dwarf 

White. 
Ig.  pt.  Manchester  Giant 

Red. 
4  oz.  CRESS — plain. 
I  oz.  Australian, 
pkt.    CUCUMBER  — 

Carter's  Champion. 
Ig-  pt.  ENDIVE— French 

curled. 
Ig.  pt.   LEEK    —    Ayton 

Castle. 
Ig.  pt.   LETTUCE  — 

Carter's  Giant 

White. 
Ig.  pt.   Drumhead. 
Ig.  pt.  Victoria, 
40Z,  MUSTARD— White 
pkt.    MELON  — Carter's 

Excelsior. 


Carriage  Free.']     Other  Collections,  12s.  6d.,  30s,,  42s.,  and  63a, 


oz.    ONION    —    Giant 
Madeira. 
I  oz.   Reading  Improved. 

1  oz.  PARSNIP— Student 
lg.pt.  PARSLEY— Dun- 

nett's  Garnishing. 
2oz.  RADISH— Wood's 
Frame.  [top. 

2  oz.  Early  Scarlet  Short- 
2  oz.  mixed  Turnip. 
60Z.   RAPE— for  salad. 

!4  pt.  SPINACH  — 
ll  pt  Winter.  [Summer, 
loz.  TURNIP   —  Early 

Six-week. 
I  oz.  Yellow  Malta. 
I  oz.   Red  Sione, 
pkt.   TOMATO— Red. 
pkt.    V  EGETA  B  LE 

CREAM— Moore's 
;  2  pkt.  POT  HERBS. 

each.       {Packing  Free. 


Awarded  to  JAMES  CARTER  AND  CO. 
for  Grass  and  Other  Seeds. 


BLACKPOOL,    1S70. 


Awarded  to  JAMES  CARTER  and  CO, 
for  Grass  and  Other  Seeds. 


BLACKBURN 


Awarded  to  J.  CARTER  and  CO. 
for  Grass  and  other  Seeds. 


CARTER'S 

ILLUSTRATED 

VADE 

iVIECUIVI 

For  1872 

(Described  as 
the  Oueen  of 
C  a  talog  u  e  s), 
containing  up- 
wards of  Two 
Hundred  Truth- 
ful Illustrations, 
Post  Free  \t.. 
Gratis  to 
Customers. 


BLACKPOOL,    1870, 


WIGAN,    1870. 


Awarded  to  J.  CAKIER  and  CO., 
for  Grass  and  other  Seeds. 


Awarded  to  JAMES  CARTER  and  CO. 
for  Grass  and  Other  Seeds. 


JAMES   CARTER  &  CO.,  237  and  238,  HIGH  HOLBORN,   LONDON,  W.C. 


February  l%  1872.^ 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   alnd 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


213 


Seeds  Direct  from  tlie  Growets 

The  BEST  MEANS  of  PREVENTING  DISAPl-OINTMENT. 


SUTTONS'    ;^3  3^.    COLLECTION    of   GARDEN 
SEEDS,  for  a  LarRc  Garden,  carriaRe  free. 


C2  IS.    COLLECTION   of    GARDEN 


QUTTONS'    /2 

yj  SEEDS,  for  a  Medium-siicd  Garden,  carriage  free. 


BUTTONS'    £t   -ls.    C0LLECTI©N    of    GARDEN 
SEEDS,  for  a  Small  Garden,  carriage  free. 


s 


UTTONS'  I2J.   6rf.    COLLECTION    of  GARDEN 

SEEDS,  for  a  Small  Garden. 


BUTTONS'  COLLECTION    of  GARDEN    SEEDS 
for  One  Whole  Year's  Supply.     Complete  particulars   forwarded 
(iratis  on  application  to 

SUTTON  AND   SONS,  Seedsmen   by  Special  Appointment  to  the 
Queen  and  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Reading,  licrks. 


<OOYAL      HORTICULTURAL      SOCIETY, 

'X\i  SOUTH  KENSINGTON,  W. 

■  SHOW  of  CHINESE  I'RIMULAS,  LYCASTES,  &c,  Eebruary  14. 

AWARDS  of  the  JUDGES. 

Class  i.— 6  CHINESE  PRIMULAS,  distinct.    (Open). 

»;st,  Mr.   G.    Goddard,    Gr.    to    H.    Little,    Esq.,    Cambridfic    Villa, 

Twickenham,  {^x, 
(Extra,  Messrs.  J.  Dobson  &  Sons,  Woodlands  Nursery,  Isleworth,  W 
.Class  3.-3  CHINESE  PRIMULAS,  "  Waltham  White."    (Open.) 

(Prizes  offered  by  Mr.  Wm.  Paul,  F.R.H.S.) 
list,  Mr.  J.  Scott.  Gr.  to  J.  H.  Howitt,  Esq.,  Uriyden  Hall,  Enfield,  C$ 

Class  3.-3  DIELY  TRAS,  in  bloom.     (Open,). 
'TSt,  Mr.  J.  George,  Gr,  to  Miss  Nicholson,  Putney  Heath,  £t. 
cd,    Mr.  W.   Dcnnint;,  tlr.  to   Lord   Londcsborouyh,  Grimston  Park, 
Tadcasicr,  Yorkshire,  151. 

Class  4.-6  LYCASTES,  in  bloom.     (Open). 
1st,  Mr.  W.  Denning,  j^i  loi. 

Cl.\ss  5,— dessert  APPLES,  3  dishes,  distinct.     (Open.) 
1st,  Mr.  G.  T.  Miles,  Gr.  to  Lord  Carrington,  Wycombe  Abbey,  Hish 

Wycombe,  15J. 
2d,    Mr.  T.  Parsons,  Gr.  to  R.  Attenborough,  Esq  ,  Fair  Lawn,  Acton 
Green,  W.,  loj. 
Class  6.— DESSERT  PEARS,  3  dishes,  distinct.     (Open). 
ist,  Mr.  T.  Stephenson,  Gr.  jo  F.  C.  Darker,  Esq.,  Leigh  Hill,  Essex, 

2d,    Mr.  J.  Gardner,  Gr.  to  Col.  Astley,  Elsham  Hall,  Brigg,  Lincoln, 

lOJ. 

Notewortliy  Hortlculturlsta  and  Botanists. 

NOTICE.— A  SERIES  of  PORTRAITS  of 
NOTEWORTHY  HORTICULTURISTS  and  UOTANISTS 
is  being  published  in  the  "GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  and 
AGRICULTURAL  GAZETTE."  The  following  have  already 
appeared,  and  separate  Copies  (price  61/,  each),  on  tinted  paper,  may 
,be  had  on  application  to  the  Publisher     '- 


Dr.  Hooker,  C.B.,  F.R.S. 
"iV.  Wilson  Saunders,  F.RS. 
jRev.  M.  J.  Berkeley,  F.L.S. 
ri'^.  Decaisne 
-G.  F.  Wilson,  F.R.S. 
fDr.  lIooRE,  of  Glasncvin 
lProfe«sor  Keichenbach. 


Rev.  S.  R.  Hole,  M.A. 
E.  J.  Lowe,  F.R.S. 
James  McNab. 
Robert  Hogg,  LL.D. 
James  Bateman,  F.R.S. 
Pertiiold  SEt■^rANN,  Ph.D. 
Archibald  F.  Barron. 


Tubl^cd   by    WILLIAM    RICHARDS,    41,  Wellington    Street, 
iCovcat  Garden,  W.C. 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  17,  1872. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Monday,     Feb.   19— Entomolnslcal  7  p.m. 

TiiKn.v  _„  f  Manchester    Botanical     and     Horticultural 

ici.iu.«,      —     -o^     (Exhibition  of  Novelties). 


THE  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Roval 
Horticultural  Society,  held  on  Tues- 
day last,  attracted  but  little  attention  on  the  part 
of  the  Fellows.  The  attendance  was  very  scanty, 
and  the  proceedings  were  not  marked  by  any 
very  striking  incident.  The  report  of  the  Council, 
a  copy  of  which  will  be  found  in  another  place, 
is,  on  the  whole,  so  satisfactory,  that  it  is  no 
wonder  there  was  little  overt  grumbling. 

If  the  Fellows  were  rather  seriously  incon- 
venienced last  year,  and  will  probably  be  even 
more  so  this,  through  the  connection  with  the 
International  Exhibition,  yet  as  that  connection 
resulted  in  a  nett  balance  of  over  ,£5000  being 
handed  to  the  Society,  as  well  as  in  the  conferring 
of  certain  valued  privileges  to  the  Fellows,  it  was 
generally  felt  that  the  gain  was  so  much  greater 
than  the  inconvenience  that  it  was  not  wise  to 
say  much  about  the  latter — and  so  the  Council 
had  things  pretty  much  its  own  way. 

The  Nottingham  Show,  it  seems,  resulted  also 
in  a  good  handsome  profit,  which  is  encouraging 
as  regards  Birmingham  this  year,  of  which 
place,  by  the  way,  and  of  the  spirited  efforts 
there  making  on  behalf  of  the  Society,  not  a 
word  is  said  in  the  report. 

The  item  of  ,£500  on  Mr.  Foley's  group, 
sanctioned  in  the  days  of  reckless  extravagance, 
was  fortunately  not  claimed  by  the  artist  till  last 
year,  when,  owing  to  the  circumstance  we  have 
mentioned,  the  funds  of  the  Society  \vere  in  a 
much  better  state  to  meet  the  demand  than 
would  have  been  the  case  some  years  before. 

The  expenditure  on  the  tents  will,  in  view  of 
their  necessity,  commend  itself  to  most  fre- 
<|uenters  of  the  Society's  shows. 

Some  discussion  took  place  as  to  the  mode  of 
election  of  Prince  Arthur  to  one  of  the  vacant 
seats  at  the  Council,  and  His  Royal  Highness— 
who  is,  we  believe,  deservedly  popular — was 
finally  elected  by  acclamation.     Had  His  Royal 


Highness  been  elected  to  some  honorary  office  in 
the  Society,  we  should  have  heartily  concurred  in 
the  propriety  of  such  a  step,  but  when  he  is  made 
to  fill  the  room  of  working  bees,  we  think  the 
latter  have  a  full  right  to  murmur.  The 
Council,  as  we  take  it,  should  be  a  representative 
body  of  working  horticulturists,  including  mem- 
bers of  all  classes  and  parties  of  the  horticul- 
tural world,  so  far  as  practicable  ;  and  we  hold 
it  to  be  injudicious  and  impolitic  to  ignore  the 
strongly-expressed  opinion  of  a  very  large  and 
influential  section  of  the  Fellows  and  sup- 
porters of  the  Society.  It  is  true  that  they 
were  not  represented  at  the  annual  meeting, 
wliich  comprised  a  very  small  number  of 
Fellows,  and  hence  they  may  be  said  to  have 
allowed  the  matter  to  be  adjudged  by  default  ; 
but  this  does  not  diminish  the  moral  obligation 
of  the  Council  as  nominees.  We  would  not  be 
thought  to  undervalue  the  aristocratic  element ; 
far  from  it  ;  and  when,  as  is  the  case  with  some 
of  the  aristocratic  members  of  the  .Society,  hard 
work  is  combined  with  high  birth,  we  gladly 
acknowledge  that  the  work  done  is  in  proportion 
the  more  valuable. 

We  fear  that  ill  health  may  have  prevented 
the  more  frequent  presence  of  the  ducal  Presi- 
dent of  late  years.  If  so,  we  can  only  regret  the 
circumstance.  Our  only  object  in  alluding  to 
the  matter  now,  is  to  prevent  such  an  unseemly 
occurrence  as  happened  last  year,  when  a  large 
number  of  persons,  including  several  delegates 
from  foreign  Governments,  were  specially  invited, 
in  the  President's  name,  to  a  soinc,  and  when 
the  time  came  there  was  not  a  single  member 
of  Council  present  to  do  the  honours  of  the 
occasion.  We  happen  to  know  that  this  w.as  felt 
as  a  slight  by  some  of  the  distinguished  guests 
on  the  occasion  in  question.  If  a  similar  oppor- 
tunity  should  present  itself  this  year,  we  trust 
that  H.R.H.  Prince  Arthur,  or  some  other 
responsible  dignitary  of  the  Society,  will  be 
found  to  play  the  part  of  host. 

The  only  other  topic  upon  which  we  need  say 
anything  is  as  to  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Dyer 
as  Professor  of  Botany,  in  aid  of  the  Botanical 
I  Director,  the  Rev.  M.  J.  Berkeley,  whose  name 
can  never  be  mentioned  without  recalling  the 
immense  value  of  the  services  he  has  for  so 
many  years  rendered  to  horticulture  and  botany. 
The  general  duties  of  the  new  Professor  are 
thus  broadly  defined :  —  "To  conduct  the 
scientific  business  of  the  Society,  both  horti- 
cultural and  botanical."  No  doubt  the  newly 
appointed  Professor  will  speedily  carve  out  his 
own  mode  of  action,  and  the  Society  will  once 
more  possess  an  accomplished  energetic  man 
at  the  head  of  those  departments  which  have 
been  comparatively  neglected  of  late  years,  or 
left  to  the  amateur  endeavours  of  "  willing 
horses,"  Now  that  a  chief  is  appointed  we 
may  confidently  expect  that  a  general  im- 
provement in  the  conduct  of  those  departments 
of  the  Society  not  immediately  connected  with 
its  financial  operations,  will  ensue.  In  adverting 
to  these  matters  we  may  say  that  many  of  its 
members  would  be  glad  to  see  more  order  and 
method  introduced  into  the  meetings  and  dis- 
cussions of  the  Scientific  Committee,  where 
much  valuable  information  is,  so  to  speak,  dissi- 
pated, front  the  want  of  sufficient  control  over  the 
discursiveness  of  members.  The  general  direc- 
tion of  this  committee  will,  we  presume,  form 
one  of  the  functions  of  the  new  Professor.  Another 
point  we  may  look  forward  to  hopefully  is  the 
placing  of  the  publications  of  the  Society  on  a 
better  footing.  Want  of  funds  has  hitherto 
proved  an  obstacle  to  the  regular  publication  of 
the  Joiinial,  but  as  this  impecunious  state 
seems  happily  passing  away,  we  trust  that  the 
Journal  will  speedily  resume  its  former  interest 
and  importance.  Hitherto,  our  own  columns 
have  afforded  the  only  record  at  all  approaching 
completeness  of  the  doings  at  the  Scientific 
Committee,  and  of  the  papers  brought  before  it. 
It  must  be  obvious  to  all  who  have  watched  its 
proceedings,  that  there  have  been  numerous  and 
important  communications  which  merit  repub- 
lication in  the  Society's  own  Joitnial.  To  this 
day,  for  instance,  the  elaborate  report  of  Mr. 
Glaisher  on  the  meteorological  phenomena  as 
observed  for  so  many  years  at  Chiswick — a 
report  involving  enormous  labour,  and,  we  be- 
lieve, of  commensurate  importance- -has  never 
seen  the  light,  save  in  the  condensed  abstract 
and  diagrams,  which  was  all  that  our  space 
would  permit  us  to  publish. 

The  improvement  in  the  scientific  status  of  the 
Society  is  an  object  whose  importance  we  have 


in  this  journal  always  urged,  and  towards  whicli 
we  have  rendered  such  aid  as  has  lain  in  our 
power.  We,  therefore,  heartily  thank  the 
i  Council  for  the  step  they  have  now  taken,  and 
congratulate  the  Society  on  the  appointment  of 
so  keen  and  able  a  botanist  as  Professor  Dyer. 
has  shown  himself  to  be  in  the  conduct  of  his 
former  offices  in  the  Royal  Agricultural  College, 
Cirencester,  and  in  the  Royal  College  of  Science 
of  Dublin  respectively. 

We  are   requested  to   announce  that  Messrs. 

J.  C.  Wheeler  &  Son,  seed  growers,  of  Gloucester 
and  London,  have  placed  at  tlie  disposal  of  the  Local 
Committee  for  the  Birmingham  show  of  the  Royal 
Horticultural  Society,  the  sum  of  10  gs. ,  to  be  offered 
"  for  the  best  collection  of  plants,  in  pots,  in  bloom, 
ijearing  Sweet-scented  Flu\ver,s,  such  as  Koses, 
Lilies,  Honeysuckles,  Stocks,  Jasmines,  Mignonette, 
Violets,  Carnations,  Pinks,  &c.,  ornamentallygrouped." 

In   the  current   number   of    the    Journal   of 

Bolauy,  Dr.  George  Benneti',  of  Sydney,  has  a 
communication  on  the  Poisonous  Qu.\hties  of  the 
Seeds  of  MacroZ.miia  si'Iralis,  a  plant  common 
about  Sydney,  and  whose  leaves  are  used  for  decorative 
purposes.  The  seeds  are  eaten  by  the  aborigines,  but 
are  poisonous  if  not  steeped  in  water  previous  to  being 
eaten.  The  poisonous  ingredient  has  been  ascertained 
to  be  binoxalate  of  potash,  a  salt  only  soluble  in  water, 
and  decomposed  by  heat ;  hence  it  is  only  in  the  raw- 
state  that  any  injury  is  likely  to  accrue  from  their  use. 

The  "active  and  intelligent  "  members  of  our 

Police  force  are  often  charged  with  some  peculiar 
duties,  but  we  did  not  know  until  nowthat  a  BOTANICAL 
Knowled<.;e  was  a  necessary  qualilication  for  its 
members.  In  a  recent  report,  in  the  Daily  .Vhiv,  of  an 
inquest  held  at  North  Cray,  to  inquire  into  the  mys. 
terious  death  of  a  girl,  it  was  proved  by  medical  evi* 
dence  that  death  had  resulted  from  the  effects  of  White 
Hellebore,  and  the  coroner,  in  adjourning  the  inquiry 
for  a  fortnight,  said  that  "Hellebore  was  sometimes 
mistaken  for  Wild  Celery,  and  he  had  held  an  inquest 
at  Woolwich  in  which  tliirteen  or  fourteen  persons  had 
made  a  mistake  in  that  way  in  Plumstead  marshes. 
Deceased's  mother  had  a  garden,  but  she  did  not  know 
that  there  was  any  White  tdellebore  in  it.  He  advised 
the  police  to  make  diligent  inquiries  amongst  the. 
chemists  and  herbalists  within  a  moderate  range,  and 
to  ascertain  whether  White  Hellebore  grew  in  the 
locality."  Now,  White  Hellebore  is  the  Veratrum 
album,  not  a  British  plant,  but  found  growing  in  the 
South  of  Europe,  where  its  root-stocks  are  collected  for 
medicinal  purposes.  It  belongs  to  an  entirely  different 
order  from  the  title  Hellebores.  Perhaps  the  police, 
under  the  coroner's  suggestion,  may  add  something  to 
botanical  science. 

In  the  House  of  Commons  on  Monday  last  the 

Royal  Parks  and  Gardens  Bill  was  read  a  second 
time.  It  was  opposed  by  Mr.  Vernon  Harcourt, 
who  strongly  objected  to  the  right  of  summary  arrest 
given  to  the  park-keepers  and  to  the  Rangers'  power 
of  making  arbitrary  regulations.  The  aim  of  the  Bill 
apparently  was  to  make  the  parks  a  preserve  for 
"carriage  company,"  and  it  would  put  an  end  to  the 
right  of  public  meeting.  Mr.  Beresford  Hope 
thought  this  description  highly  exaggerated,  and 
pointed  out  that  the  Bill  only  enacted  the  same 
restrictions  for  the  protection  of  the  Royal  Parks  as 
already  prevailed  in  all  town  parks.  Colonel  Hogg, 
as  Chairman  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works, 
bore  testimony  to  the  necessity  for  some  regulations ; 
and  the  second  reading  was  also  supported  by  Lord  J. 
Man  NERS,  Mr.  Mitford,  and  Mr.  Baillie  Cochrane. 
On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Henley,  Mr,  Denison, 
Mr.  White,  and  Mr.  Alderman  Lawrence  opposed 
the  Bill,  which  they  believed  would  restrict  the  enjoy- 
ment of  the  paiks  by  the  lower  classes.  Mr.  Avrton 
disclaimed  all  idea  of  lessening  the  privileges  of  any 
portion  of  the  population,  and  explained  that  his  object 
was  to  protect  the  well-disposed  against  the  violence  of 
the  "roughs."  The  Bill  only  extended  to  the  Royal 
parks,  in  a  limited  degree,  the  principle  which  had  been 
applied  to  all  other  parks  established  by  Parliament. 
There  had  been  a  mistaken  idea  that  the  power  of  the 
Crown  was  sufficient  to  protect  these  parks,  but  the 
Crown  had  no  power  at  all  compared  with  the  power 
of  a  local  body  or  a  private  owner.  He  denied  that 
the  Bill  would  put  an  end  to  the  right  of  public  meeting 
in  the  parks ;  it  would  subject  it  to  regulations,  and  no 
regulations  made  by  the  Ranger  would  be  valid  until 
they  received  the  assent  of  the  First  Commissioner. 

We  may  remind  our  readers  that  the  first  of 

the  proposed  Floral  Meetings  of  the  Manchester 
Botanical  and  Horticultural  Society  will  take  place 
on  Tuesday  next,  in  the  Town  Hall,  Manchester. 
These  meetings  are  intended  to  be  on  the  plan  of  those 
held  fortnightly  by  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society, 
and  have  been  projected  with  the  view  to  extend  the 
taste  for  ornamental  plants,  and  horticulture  generally, 
in  and  around  Manchester.. 

Mr.  Glashier  writes  thus  on  the  State  ok 

the  Weather  during  the  week  ending  February  ro, 
1S72  ; — In  the  vicinity  of  London  the  reading  of  the 
barometer  at  sea  level,  at  the  beginning  of  the  week. 


214 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


[February  17,  1872. 


was  about  29.9  inches.  By  the  morning  of  the  5th;  that  of  the  9th,  when  the  minimum  temperature  was  very  uniform  over  the  country,  there  being  but  4*  dif- 
the  reading  had  decreased  to  29.7  inches.  This  value  i  but  just  above  freezing  point,  viz.,  32I';  the  warmest  ference  between  the  greatest  and  least.  The  mean  of 
proved  to  be  the  minimum  for  the  week,  and  a  gradual  that  of  the  6th,  $6".  The  daily  ranges  of  temperature  1  the  whole  was  41^°.  The  fall  of  rain  was  larger  in 
vise  from  this  point  then  occurred  to  about  30  inches,  ,  varied  between  25"  on  the  9th,  and  5^"  on  the  6th.  |  Scotland  than  in  England  ;  at  two  stations  more  than 


Fig.  S4.— celosia  uuttoni,  natural  size.     (See  p.  215.) 


near  which  the  readings  remained  generally  till  the  end 
of  the  week;  a  tendency  to  decrease  was,   however, 


Fig.  85.— celosia  huttoni,  showin-g  UAniT  (p.  215), 

apparent  on  the  afternoon  and  evening  of  the  loth. 
The  highest  temperature  by  day  ranged  from  about 
47.^"  on  the4th  to  58"  on  the  9th.  The  coldest  night  was 


The  mean  daily  temperatures  were  again  entirely  above 
the  average,  the  departures  in  excess  being  as  follows  : 
—4th,  5°.5  ;  5th,  7'.2;  6th,  10°.  i  ;  7th,  b'' ;  Sth, 
7''.2  ;  9th,  7'';  loth,  11*.  I.  The  differences  between 
air  and  dew-point  temperatures  were  small  on  the  4th, 
and  in  the  evening  and  morning  of  the  7th  and  Sth. 
The  sky  was  generally  cloudy  during  the  greater 
portion  of  the  week,  the  amount  of  cloud  was,  how- 
ever, small  on  the  Stli,  and  at  mid-day  on  tlie  7th. 
Light  south-west  winds  were  again  prevalent  through- 
out the  week.  Rain  fell  on  two  days,  but  very 
sparingly,  the  amount  collected  being  but  2-ioths  of 
an  inch. 

In  England  the  extreme  high  temperatures  ranged 
between  58°  at  Blackheath  and  50°  at  Newcastle-on- 
Tjme,  the  average  over  the  country  being  about  544**' 
The  extreme  low  temperatures  varied  from  39"  at 
Liverpool  to  30"*  at  Hull,  with  a  general  average  of 
about  34^".  The  average  range  of  temperature  in  the 
week  was  about  19./*.  The  mean  for  the  week  of  the 
highest  temperatures  observed  by  day  was  about  504% 
the  highest  being  at  Blackheath,  53°,  and  the  lowest  at 
Newcastle-on-Tync,  47°.  The  average  daily  range  of 
temperature  was  io|°.  The  mean  temperature  for  the 
week  was  about  44.^°,  varying  from  46.!,''  at  Blackheath 
to  42I  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  Rain  fell  on  four,  five, 
or  six  days  at  most  places,  but  the  amounts  col- 
lected were  generally  small,  the  gi-eatest  fall  occurring 
at  Birmingham  (9-ioths  of  an  inch),  and  the  least  at 
Blackheath,  but  2-ioths.  The  average  fall  over  the 
country  was  about  half  an  inch.  A  very  brilliant 
aurora  was  observed  on  the  evening  of  the  4th.  Its 
greatest  brilliancy  occurred  between  6  and  7  r.M., 
though  very  fine  occasionally  up  to  10  r.M.  It  was 
the  finest  that  has  been  observed  in  England  since 
1870,  and  was  accompanied  by  very  large  magnetic 
perturbations. 

In  Scotland  the  highest  temperatures  by  day  varied 
between  54°  at  Perth,  and  47,'/  at  Aberdeen,  the 
general  mean  over  the  country  being  50**.  The  lowest 
temperatures  at  night  averaged  for  tlie  week  about  30*, 
ranging  between  36°  at  Greenock,  and  27°  at  Edin- 
burgh.    The  mean  daily  temperatures  were  generally 


I  inch  fell,  viz.,  at  Aberdeen  and  Greenock,  while  at 
the  stations  amounts  varying  from  8  to  3-loths  of  an 
inch  were  measured.  The  mean  fall  over  the  country 
was  about  7-ioths  of  an  inch. 

At  Dublin  the  maximum  temperature  recorded  was 
58°,  the  lowest  28^°,  and  the  mean  45f.  The  rainfall 
was  3-ioIhs  of  an  inch. 

A  writer  in  the  Ti/fws  points  out  the  danger  to 

which  the  Trees  on  the  Thames  Embankment  will 
be  subjected  on  Thanksgiving  Day,  if  the  Queen's 
procession  should  pass  that  way.     We  do  not  believe 


Fig.    86.--STRUCTUKE  of   I'l.OWIiH    01"  CliLOSIA    UUTTUNI 

(P-    2"5)- 

A,  Siamiu.il  tube  cut  open  ;  n.  Ovary;  c,  Bract.s  and  flowers 
(a  and  I!,  magnified  ;  c,  natural  size). 


in  the  wholesale  wilful  damage  therein  predicted,  but 
we  think  that  the  inevitable  injury  that  would  accrue 
to  the  trees,  now  just  established,  would  be  so  seriousi 


Febraary  17,   1S72.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette, 


215 


as  to  demand  instant  attention  on  the  part  of  those 
with  whom  the  arrangements  rest.  There  was  a  con- 
siderable crowd  on  the  last  Lord  Mayor's  Day,  but 
happily  little  injury  was  tlien  effected.  \Vc  could 
scarcely  expect  so  fortunate  a  result  from  the  dense 
crowd  which  would  be  congregated  on  the  27th.  The 
danger  to  human  life  would  also  be  so  considerable, 
that'^we  earnestly  trust  some  other  route  will  be  chosen. 

We  hear  that  Mr.  MoORE  was  the  successful 

candidate  at  the  recent  examination  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  Assistant  in  the  IlERitARiUM  at  Kew. 


New  Garden   Plants. 

Celosia  Huttoni,  sp,  n.  (seep.  214.) 

Annua,  glabra,  caule  sulcato-strialii  :  foiiis  infimis  ovato-Iancco- 
latisacutis,  basi  atteniiatis,  petioli  vitroque  latere  deciirrentibus, 
foiiis  supremis  lanceolatis  subsessilibus  ;  racemis  spiciformibus, 
cylindralis  oblongis  obtusis  li  poUicanbus;  floribus  brcvissinie 
peduiiculatis  ;  pedunculis  tri-bracteatis :  bracteis  ovatis  acutis 
nifima  ad  basin  pedunculi  minore,  reliquis  ad  basin  floris, 
approximatis  i-nerviis,  nervo  apice  excuncnte  :  perianthii  4  lin. 
longi.  oblongi  erccti  segmcntis  5  oblongo-lanceolatis  plurinerviis 
(ncrvo  medio  proniinente  apice  exciirrente),  basi  carnosulis, 
puniceis  supra  medium  albidis  scariosis  ;  staminibus  5  infi-a 
medium  inseparatis  cupulam  membrJuaceam  efformaiitibus  :  fila- 
mcntis  subulatis  ad  basin  processubus  5  parvis  liiflexis  ad 
marginem  cupulae  sitls  alternanlibus  ;  antheris  oblongis  ;  ovario 
oblate  spha;roideo  5-Iobo  i-loculari,  stylo  columnari ;  pyxide 
submembranaceo  ,  ovulis  x  curvatis. 

This  very  beautiful  plant   was  introduced   by  Mr. 

Hutton  from  Java,  through  the  mediation  of  the  Messrs. 

Veitch,   who   gave  it  the  name  of 

Amaranthus  iluttoni.  As,  how- 
ever, its  floral  structure  is  precisely 

that  of  Celosia,  we  here  publish  it 

under  its  proper  generic  name.     For 

garden  purposes  its  bushy,  well- 
furnished,     pyramidal     habit,    and 

crimson   or    claret -coloured  leaves, 

will   render   it   very  attractive.     It 

is  hoped  it  may  prove  valuable  as  a 

bedding  plant.     In  any  case  its  rich 

colour,    something  resembling  that 

of  Iresine  Herbstii  when  well- 
coloured,  will  ensure  it  a  welcome. 

As  a    species    it    differs    from    C. 

cristata,     var.      coccinea,      in     the 

different  size  of  the  flowers,  different 

arrangement   of  the   nerves   of  the 

perianth,  and  different  shape  of  the 

ovary  ;  from  C.  argentea  in  its  ob- 
long not  lanceolate  perianth  seg- 
ments,   in   its   flattened   ovary  and 

oblong  flower-segments,  in  the  more 

widely  separated  bracts,  which  are 

oblong,  not  lanceolate,  and  unequal 

in  size  ;   from  both  in  the  reflected 

border  to    the   staminal  tube,    not 

previously  remarked  in  Celosia,  and 

shown  in  the  sketch,  fig.  A.    It  must, 

however,  be  owned  that,  as  a  species, 

it  comes  very  near  to  those  we  have 

mentioned,  though  for  garden  pur- 
poses it  is  abundantly  distinct.    The 

lobed  ovary  has  a  peculiar  flattened 

form,  different  from  that  of  its  im- 
mediate allies.     The  style,  which  is 

at  first  shorter   than   the    stamens, 

ultimately  lengthens  so  as  to  become 

equal  to  them,  hence  it  is  clear  the 

flowers   are   not   sell-fertilised,    but 

that   the    pollen   needs,    by     some 

means,  insect  agency  or  otherwise, 

to  be  transferred  from  one  flower  to 

another.  M,  T.  M. 

Lycaste  LASIOGLOSSA,  «.  Sp. 

Aff.  L.  macrophyllx,  Lindl.  Mento  bene  angnlato  :  sepalis 
oblongo-Ugulatis  acutis,  tatcralibus  ima  basi  intus  pilis  appressis 
quasi  arachnoideis ;  tepalis  bene  brevioribus  oblongis  obtusis ; 
labcUo  bene  immobili,  laciniis  lateralibus  elongatls  obtusangu- 
lis  anlrorsis  obliquis,  lacinia  media  porrecta  oblongo-ligulata 
obtuse  acuta  densissime  ac  longe  hyaline  viUosa  ;  callo  inter 
lacinias  laterales  triangulo  serrulate,  apice  bidentato  ;  columna 
brevi  antice  callosa. 

This  very  interesting  species  looks  as  if  intermediate 
between  L.  SchiUeriana  and  L.  macrophylla,  it  having 
the  general  aspect  of  the  lasi,  the  short  petals  of  the  first, 
and  a  totally  peculiar  lip,  with  the  wonderfully  bearded 
middle  lacinia,  which  is  quite  novel.  Bract  exceeding 
the  short  ovary.  Sepals  outside  gieenish,  with  brownish 
borders,  of  a  beautiful  dark  cinnamon-brown  inside,  with 
an  arachnoid  hairy  cover  at  the  very  base  ;  tepals  and 
lip  yellow,  the  last  with  some  purplish  dots  covered  by 
the  beautiful  hyaline  villous  hairs  ;  column  whitish 
yellow,  with  some  purplish  streaks  at  its  base.  It 
was  imported  by  Messrs.  Veitch  from  Guatemala. 
There  is  nothing  quite  like  it  amongst  very  numerous 
Central  American  specimens  of  L.  macrophylla. 
H.  G,  Rchb.  f.  [The  plant  was  exhibited  at  the  last 
Wednesday  meeting  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society.] 


jasmine-like  flowers  very  much  resemble  those  of  li. 
longiflora,  but  the  plant  is  altogether  more  compact  in 
habit  and  more  floriferous  than  that  species.  The  neat 
and  bushy  little  plants  were,  as  we  learn  from  Mr. 
Standish,  produced  in  the  manner  described  below. 

Cuttings  are  struck  in  April  and  May,  and  when 
these  are  well  rooted  they  are  planted  out  in  pits,  the 
soil,  consisting  of  leaf-mould,  rotten  dung,  and  loam, 
being  about  5  inches  deep.  T!ie  plants  are  planted 
6  inches  apart,  and  are  kept  topped  throughout  the 
summer,  to  induce  a  dwarf  and  bushy  habit  of  growth. 
About  the  middle  of  September  they  arc  taken  up  and 
potted,  and  kept  in  a  close  place  for  about  ten  days,  in 
order  that  they  may  get  established,  after  which  they 
are  stored  for  the  winter,  and  brought  out  in  succession 
for  forcing. 

The  plants  sent  to  South  Kensington  had  been 
placed  on  shelves  close  to  the  glass,  in  a  stove,  the 
heat  of  which  was  never  allowed  to  iall  below  70°,  even 
at  night.  The  atmosphere  of  the  house  was,  moreover, 
charged  with  moisture,  and  a  large  quantity  of  ammonia 
was  given  off  from  a  bed  of  dung  and  leaves,  which 
occupied  a  pit  in  the  centre  of  the  house.  In  such  a 
position  they  bloom  continuously  for  three  or  four 
months.  Those  shown  on  Wednesday  last  were  in  full 
flower  in  January,  and  were  then  all  cut  over,  the 
flowers  being  sent  to  London  for  bouquets  ;  and  these 
were  now  fuller  of  blossoms  than  before.  Mr.  Standish 
observes  that  they  grow  B.  jasminillora  in  preference 
to  the  old  B.  longiflora,  as  it  makes  better  plants,  and 


BOUVARDIA  JASMIN/FLORA. 

The  beautiful  little  specimens  of  this  Bouvardia, 
which  have  been  exhibited  at  the  January  and  February 
meetings  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society,  by  Messrs. 
Standish  &  Co.,  of  Ascot,  and  of  which  an  example  is 
represented  .  in  the  accompanying  woodcut  {fig.  S7), 
prove  it  to  be  one  of  the  most  chaste  and  charming  of 
dwarf  plants  for  winter  decoration.     Its  white  and 


BOUVARDIA  JASMINIFLORA. 


is  altogether  freer  both  in  growth  and  bloom. 
The  temperature  noted  above  applies  of  course  to 
the  flowering  of  the  plants  in  December,  January,  and 
February.  At  other  seasons,  when  there  is  an  abund- 
ance of  sun,  a  much  lower  degree  of  artificial  warmth 
will  suffice,  and  in  a  hot  summer  they  will  bloom 
abundantly  for  about  three  months  out-of-doors,  the 
plants  being  of  course  grown  on  for  the  purpose. 
Voung  plants  are  also  much  to  be  preferred  to  old  ones. 


GRAFTING:    ITS    CONSEQUENCES 
AND    EFFECTS. 

Anyone  who  would  write  the  history  of  grafting , 
might  readily  fill  a  volume — a  large  one,  and  one  as  | 
interesting   as   large.     If    he   entered    into    technical  j 
details  a  great  many  volumes  would  be  required.     All  1 
that  we  have   space  to  do  here  is  to  show  that  our 
forefathers  were  not  ignorant  of  the  practice,  that  the  : 
surgeons   adopted   it   from    the   gardeners,  that  John  ' 
Hunter  made  it  the  subject  of  experiment,  and  that  in 
these  days  both  surgeons  and  gardeners  seem  disposed 
to  avail  themselves  yet  more  and  more  of  the  advan- 
tages it  holds  out.     If  we  could  induce  any  reader  of 
a  practical  turn  of  mind,  and  a  bent  towards  physio- 
logical  inquiry,  to   turn  his   attention  to  the  subject, 
we  should  be  glad  ;    for   although,  among  gardeners  , 
especially,  great  use  is  made  of  the  grafting  process,  it 
is   perfectly  clear   that   a  vast   field  remains   yet   for 
research — research,  too,  almost  certain  to  yield  profit-  ' 
able  results  alike  to  science  and  to  practice. 

Though  so  largely  practised  by  nurserymen,  it  is 
really  doubtful  if  we  know  much  more  about  the 
matter    than    did    the    "  Scriptores    Rei    Rusticre." , 


\  Columella  knew  how  to  bud  Roses;   he  describes t; 
many  modes  of  grafting  the  Vine  as  Beau   Brummdl 
had   fasliions   for  adjusting   his  necktie,  while  Virgil 
I  described  the  results  with  a  neatness  of  expression  that 
,  leaves  only  one  regret— that  the  matter  of  his  verse  is 
I  less  correct  than  the  meter.     It  is  the  fashion  to  laugh 
at  these  old  cultivators,  who  could  wield  the  pen  with 
as   great    facility   as    the  pruning-hook,  because  their 
ideas  of  what  could  be  done  by  means  of  grafting  do 
not  coincide  with  our  own  ;    but  we  should   not   be 
much  surprised  if  in  the  future  it  turned  out  that  the 
statements  we  have  been  accustomed  to  ridicule  con- 
tain, nevertheless,  much  more  of  truth  than  is  admitted 
I  at  present.     We  do  not  venture  to  look  forward  to  the 
.  time  when  Apples  shall  grow  on  Plane  trees,  or  ashen 
boughs  enwreath  themselves  in  a  white  mantle  of  Pear 
I  blossoms,*  or  when  hogs  shall  crunch  acorns  that  have 
fallen  from  the  overlianging   Elm.     Possibly  none   oJ 
I  these  things  will  come  to  pass,  and  yet  others  equally 
;  strange  have  happened,  as  we  shall  endeavour  to  show 
;  by-and-by,  wliile  much  at  least  of  what  the  old  writers 
I  tell  us  is  literally  true.     In  hundreds  of  nurseries  at 
I  this  season  Pears  are  being  grafted  on  (Quince  stocks. 
Apricots  on  Plums,  Apples  on  Crcibs,  so  tlicit  Virgil's 
statement, — 

"  Nee  longum  tempus  et  ingen.s 
Exiit  ad  ccelum  ramos  felicibus  arbos 
Miraturqne  novas  frondes  et  non  sua  poma," 

is  as  much  a  matter  of  fact,  as  that  if  we  commit  a  ripe 
seed  to  the  ground  under  favoui'able 
conditions  it  will  spring  up  in  due 
season. 

Who  first  among  snrgeons  adopted 
the  grafting  process  we  do  not  know. 
Tagliacozzi  ( Latinc  Taliacotius), 
wdio  died  in  1553,  is  the  one  most 
held  in  remembrance  for  his  feats  in 
requisitioning  a  portion  of  the  skin 
of  a  bystander  in  order  to  supply 
the  deficient  organism  of  his  patient, 
IIow  this  was  done  is  told  in  Ian- 
guage  more  expressive  than  polite 
by  one  Butler,  and  it  may,  perhaps, 
be  said  with  justice  that  the 
"learned  Taliacotius "  owes  his 
reputation  among  posterity  more  to 
the  rhymes  of  Hudibras  than  to  his 
own  publications,  John  Hunter, 
who  left  very  little  unheeded  as  un- 
worthy his  attention,  illustrated  the 
grafting  process  by  divers  expsri- 
ments,  among  which  the  most 
striking  is,  perhaps,  the  removal  of 
the  spur  of  a  cock,  and  its  success- 
ful implantation  on  the  comb. 
Hunter,  too,  practised  a  method  of 
curing  ulcers  which  has  been 
revived  within  the  last  year  or  two 
by  French  surgeons,  and  carried  out 
with  much  success  in  several  of  our 
own  hospitals.  The  operation  simply 
consists  in  the  removal  of  minute 
pieces  of  healthy  skin,  and  in  their 
transfer  to  the  diseased  surface. 
Under  fitting  conditions,  and  with 
due  precautions,  adhesion  takes 
place,  the  ulcer  heals  over,  and 
what  is  usually  a  long  and  intract- 
able sore  is  by  these  means  rapidly 
and  effectually  cured. 

We  do  not  propose  in  this  paper 
to  enter  at  any  further  length  into 
the  historical  or  chirurgical  portion 
of  the  subject.  Our  intention  is  simply  to  treat  it 
from  a  physiological  point  of  view,  and  to  allude  to 
certain  facts  or  allegations  which,  if  confirmed,  will  ba 
of  no  small  importance  scientifically  and  practically. 

Before  adverting  to  the  artificial  process  as  practised 
by  the  gardeners,  it  may  be  well  to  allude  to  what 
Nature  herself  does  in  this  way  without  assistance  frcm 
man.  The  union  from  branch  to  branch  of  the  same 
tree  is  so  common  a  phenomenon  that  we  need  not 
dwell  upon  it  further  than  to  note  it  as  the  simplest 
and  commonest  case  of  grafting,  at  least  so  far  as 
flowering  plants  are  concerned.  Among  the  Fungi, 
indeed,  or  even  in  the  early  stages  of  growth  of  the 
Mosses,  the  young  plants  become  so  inextricably  inter- 
grafted  that  the  so-called  individual  is  really  a  republic, 
one  and  undivided.  In  the  higher  plants  the  grafting 
process  is  exceptional,  and  is  the  result  of  some 
abrasion  which  removes  the  outer  rind,  and  thus 
allows  the  growing  tissues  of  the  two  abraded  surfaces 
to  come  into  contact,  and,  under  favourable  circum- 
stances, to  adhere  to  each  other.  Union  of  the  con- 
tiguous branches  of  two  trees  of  the  same  species  is  of 
equally  common  occurrence  with  that  just  mentioned, 
and  to  this  occurrence  the  great  size  of  some  trees  is 
attributable. 

We  mention  these  more  familiar  illustrations  with 
nothing  more  than  passing  comment.  They  illustrate 
tlie   power    that   growing   vegetable    tissues   have   of 

*  There  is  oidy  a  difference  of  one  letter  between  the  Greek 
words  ^(X/a^Ash,  and  ^*iAi«=xPcar.  Is  it  possible  that  Virgil, 
recalling  what  some  Greek  friends  had  told  him,  or  what  he  had 
read  in  some  Greek  author,  confused  the  Ash  and  the  Pear? 
This  is  hardly  Ukcly,  and  would  not  account  for  the  other 
anomalous  cases  of  grafting  ;  nevertheless,  the  similarity  is 
suggestive. 


2l6 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Ga^-^ttc. 


[February  17,  1872. 


uniting,  and  that  is  all  we  want  with  their  testimony 
in  this  place.  More  important  for  our  purpose  is  the 
evidence  that  plants  of  different  species  will  unite 
together.  This  has  been  denied,  but  there  are  plenty 
of  cases  on  record,  and  one  facetious  observer  (Charles 
Waterton),  compared  the  union  of  a  .Spruce  Fir  with 
an  Elm,  and  the  consequent  stunting  of  both,  to  the 
incongruous  union  of  Church  and  .State  1  Such  cases 
are  certainly  abnormal  and  exceptional,  but  they  exist 
nevertheless,  as  a  visit  to  Richmond  Park  will  attest. 
There  may  be  seen,  or  might  have  been  a  year  or 
two  since,  a  Thorn  (Crata;gus)  adherent  to  a  Horn- 
beam (Carpinus).  There  are  cases  where  the  contact 
of  the  two  trees  has  been  so  firm  and  so  persistent 
that  at  length  the  two  have  become  actually  in- 
sepavable!  unless  great  force  were  used.  It  must, 
however, '  be  remembered  that  we  cite  these  cases 
simply  as  instances  of  the  union  of  two  distinct  species, 
not  of  grafting  properly  so  called.     The  difference  is 

this a  graft  derives  its  nourishment  through  the  stock 

on  which  it  is  placed,  while,  in  the  cases  just  alluded 
to,  each  plant,  though  firmly  joined  to  its  neighbour, 
is  perfectly  independent  of  it  in  the  matter  of  food. 
The  same  statement,  however,  cannot  be  made  with 
reference  to  the  Mistlelo  or  Lorauthus.  These  are 
different  enough  from  the  trees  on  which  they  grow  ; 
they  adhere  to  their  foster-parents  with  a  tenacity 
greater  than  that  of  any  graft,  and  they  suck  the  very 
life-blood  out  of  them,  ensuring  their  own  destmction 
by  causing  the  death  of  the  trees  on  which  they  grow. 
It  is  worth  while  noting  this  fact  in  connection  with 
the  well-known  tendency  that  grafting,  as  artificially 
practised,  has  of  shortening  the  term  of  life  of  the 
plant.  Other  cases  of  natural  union  are  worthy  of 
remark,  especially  the  union  that  sometimes  takes 
place  in  roots.  For  many  years  it  has  been  known 
that  the  stumps  of  .Silver  Firs  increased  in  diameter 
after  the  trunks  had  been  felled.  Mere  was  a  pretty 
case  for  those  who  lield  the  presence  of  leaves  as  an 
essential  to  the  due  formation  of  wood.  How  would 
they  get  over  this  difficulty  — that  wood  there  was,  and 
yearly  increasing,  and  yet  no  leaves?  Even  quite 
recently  one  of  our  agricultural  societies  has  awarded 
its  prize  to  an  essay  in  which  the  phenomenon  in 
question  is  in  some  way  or  another  explained  by  the 
antiseptic  action  of  peat  1  What  a  delightful  discovery  ! 
Would  that  the  salt  beef  in  the  brine-tub  would  increase 
in  like  manner  !  Jesting  apart,  the  cause  of  the  annual 
gr-owth  of  the  stumps  of  the  Silver  Fir  was  satis- 
factorily shown  some  20  years  ago  by  the  German 
botanist,  Goeppert.*  He  was  enabled  to  jirove  that 
the  roots  of  the  felled  tree  inosculated  with  those  of 
adjacent  trees,  and  that  a  communication  of  the 
nutrient  fluids  from  the  sound  tree  served  to  keep  life 
in  the  maimed  one.  Doubtless,  a  similar  root-union 
exists  in  other  cases,  and  affords  the  explanation  of  the 
formation  of  these  seemingly  detached  knobs  of  Oak 
that  one  occasionally  meets  with. 

Another  instance  of  root-union  is  worth  mention,  . 
not  only  for  its  inherent  singularity,  but  because  it  will 
yield  us  important  evidence  by-and-by.  We  allude  to 
the  case  of  the  red  and  white  Carrot,  recorded  by 
Lindley.  The  two  roots  by  some  means  became 
twisted  one  around  the  other  and  firmly  united 
together.  But  this  was  not  all.  While  the  tops  or 
crowns  of  the  two  Carrots  preserved  their  natural 
appearance  above  the  point  of  union,  it  was  very 
different  below.  In  fact,  the  characteristics  of  the 
roots  below  the  union  were  exactly  transposed. 
What  should  have  been  a  red  root  i^ecame  white, 
while  the  white  root  blushed  with  a  redness  not  its 
own.  We  may  illustrate  what  happened  in  the  case 
of  these  Carrots  by  the  letter  X,  consisting  as  it 
does  of  two  lines,  one  thick  the  other  thm,  crossing  in 
the  centre.  Now,  suppose  the  thick  line  to  become 
thin  below  the  junction,  and  the  thin  line  to  become 
thick,  and  we  shall  have  a  change  analogous  to  that 
which  took  place  in  the  Carrots  aforesaid. 

Another  curious  phenomenon  occasionally  met  with 
is  the  union  of  embryo  to  embryo,  either  within  the 
seed  or  immediately  after  germination.  In  most  cases 
a  seed  contains  but  one  embryo  plant,  but  there  is 
always  a  provision  made  for  more  than  one,  and,  in 
fact,  sometimes  two  or  more  are  produced,  as  in  the 
Orange  (Citrus).  The  Mistleto  is  one  of  these  plants, 
apt  to  produce  twin  embryos,  and,  what  is  more  to  our 
point,  the  twain  are  not  unfrequently  adherent  like 
their  famous  Siamese  counterparts.  We  liave  before 
us  as  we  write,  thanks  to  the  courtesy  of  an  American 
correspondent,  a  case  wherein  two  seedling  plants  of 
the  Osage  Orange  (Maclura)  are  thus  united  together. 
In  this  plant  the  seedling  consists  of  a  root  or  radicle, 
surmounted  by  a  "caulicle"  which  bears  the  two  seed 
leaves  above  which  the  stem  proper  begins.  Now,  in 
our  specimen,  the  roots  are  free  and  the  stems  are  free, 
but  the  two  caulicles  are  intimately  united  throughout 
their  entire  length.  In  America,  where  the  Osage 
Orange  is  largely  grown  as  a  hedge-plant,  such  unions 
are  said  to  be  not  infrequent.  Mr.  Thvvaites,  the 
eminent  director  of  the  Botanic  Gardens,  Ceylon, 
records  f  a  yet  more  curious  instance,  wherein  two 
embryos  were  contained  in  one  seed  of  a  Fuchsia,  the 
two  embryos  possessing,  moreover,  different  charac- 
teristics— a  circumstance  probably  due  to  tiicir  liybrid 
origin,  the  seed  in  question  having  been  the  le.ult  of 


the  fertilisation  of  one  variety  of  Fuchsia  by  the  pollen 
of  another. 

It  would  be  ea.sy  to  multiply  instances,  but  we  have 
said  enough  to  show  that  union  may,  and  does,  occa- 
sionally, take  place  between  different  parts  of  the 
same  individual  plants,  or  between  different  plants  of 
the  same  species,  and  even  between  plants  of  different 
specific  nature. 

Gardeners  have  not  been  slow  to  avail  themselves  of 
this  hint.  About  this  season  of  the  year,  in  our  large 
nurseries,  a  small  army  of  expert  workmen  may  be 
seen  preparing  the  stocks  for  the  reception  of  the 
"  graft,"  adjusting  the  latter  in  its  place,  and  with 
an  amount  of  precision,  dexterity,  and  rapidity  truly 
marvellous,  the'  more  so  as  a  glance  at  the  horny 
hands  of  the  operators  would  not  lead  one  to  credit 
their  owners  with  the  possession  of  the  requisite 
surgical  nicety  of  manipulation.  One  main  object  of 
this  grafting  process  is  the  multiplication  of  desirable 
varieties  of  fruit  or  other  trees,  which  could  not  be  re- 
produced by  other  means  with  suflScient  certainty  and 
rapidity,  and,  in  some  cases,  not  at  all.  Other  reasons 
why  grafting  is  done  will  become  apparent  as  we 
proceed.  In  the  meantime,  we  may  briefly  allude  to 
some  of  the  conditions  for  successful  grafting,  so  far,  at 
least,  as  they  are  yet  known  to  us.  The  first  is,  that 
the  plants  furnishing  the  stock  and  the  scion  respec 
lively  should  be  nearly  related  one  to  the  other.  We 
may  set  aside  as  fables  the  stories  previously  alluded 
to,  or  at  any  rate  we  may  explain  them  by  the  opera- 
tion of  causes  other  than  those  of  grafting  properly  so 
called.  But  there  is  something  more  than  mere 
botanical  kinship  necessary,  and  what  that  is,  is  at 
present  in  great  degree  a  mystery.  It  is  readily  in- 
telligible that  there  must  be  a  certain  conformity  of 
habit  between  stock  and  scion,  that  the  two  must  be 
well  matched  as  regards  vigour,  health,  time  of  start- 
ing into  growth,  and  the  like,  that  the  tissues  of  the 
plant  must  be  sufficiently  alike  to  admit  of  due  contact 
and  union,  and  so  on.  But  these  facts  will  not 
suffice  to  explain  the  sympathies  and  antipathies 
which  plants  manifest.  A  Pear  (Pyrus)  will  graft  on 
another  Pear,  on  a  Quince  (Cydonia),  or  on  a  Haw- 
thorn (Crataegus);  but  there  is  difliculty  in  getting  it  to 
grow  on  an  Apple,  and  a  like  difficulty  in  inducing  an 
Apple  to  grow  on  a  Pear,  closely  as  the  two  are 
related. 

Cultivators  are  often  sadly  puzzled  to  find  a  suitable 
stock  on  which  to  "work,"  as  they  phrase  it,  some 
desirable  variety,  and  it  is  only  by  repeated  trials  with 
various  plants  that  they  succeed.  In  such  cases  they 
have  nothing  to  guide  them  but  the  general  principle 
that  there  must  be  some  near  botanical  affinity,  and, 
as  we  have  just  seen,  even  that  fails  them  occasionally. 
For  years  it  was  a  hard  matter  to  find  a  stock  on  which 
Viburnum  macrocephalum  could  be  grafted,  in  spite  of 
there  being  plenty  of  near  relations  at  hand.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  Loquat  (Eriobotrya)  will  graft  on  the 
Pear,  the  Eriostemon  on  the  Correa,  genera  which, 
under  the  circumstances,  we  should  not  call  very 
closely  allied  ;  while  in  numerous  instances  evergreen 
plants  will  graft  on  stocks  of  deciduous  plants.  A 
perennial  species  of  Convolvulus  grafted  on  an  annual 
species  has  caused  the  latter  to  assume  the  perennial 
habit  of  the  scion — nay,  some  French  nurserymen  have 
even  succeeded  in  grafting  a  bud  on  a  leaf  Not  only 
did  union  take  place,  but  the  leaf  thus  made  to  serve 
as  a  stock,  instead  of  speedily  perishing,  as  it  would 
have  done  under  ordinary  circumstances,  acquired  a 
greater  degree  of  permanence — assumed,  in  fact,  the 
characters  of  a  stem.* 

It  is  evident,  then,  that  much  yet  remains  to  be 
learnt  as  to  the  why  and  wherefore  of  these  sympathies 
and  antipathies. 

In  addition  to  a  certain  not  remote  botanical  affinity, 
and  to  conformity  of  physiological  conditions,  it  is 
obvious  that  nice  adjustment  and  accurate  contact  of 
the  growing  tissues  must  be  secured  and  maintained  if 
the  graft  is  to  be  satisfactory. 

"  On  eacli  lopp'd  shoot  a  foster  scion  bind  : 
Pitli  pressed  to  pith  and  rind  applied  to  rind  ; 
So  shall  the  trunk  with  loftier  crest  ascend, 
Nurse  the  new  bud,  admire  the  leaves  unknown, 
And,  blushing,  bend  with  fruitage  not  its  own." 


A  close  paraphrase,  on  the  part  of  Erasmus  Darwin, 

so  far  as  the  last  lines  are  concerned,  of  those  of  Virgil, 

already  cited.  Dr.  Masters  in  Popular  Science  Rci'inu. 

[To he  Continued.) 


NOTES   ON  CONIFERS,~IV. 
Ccdrus  DeoJara. — Introduced  from  Nepal  in  1822. 


"Ann.  Sc.  Natmclie-i, 
"Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hi 


"  xix.  184:!, 
X  ;•  March, 


184S. 


Is  also  found  in  many  other  parts  of  India,  where  it 
has  a  wide  range.  Is  generally  found  growing  at 
elevations  of  from  6000  to  10,000  feet  above  the  sea. 
This  truly  beautiful  and  well  known  tree  is  considered 
by  many  to  be  one  of  tlie  most  graceful  and  magni- 
ficent Conifers  in  cultivation.  It  should  be  introduced 
wherever  an  ornamental  tree  is  an  object,  being  well 
adapted  (or  grouping,  or  planting  singly  in  parks  and 
pleasure-grounds,  but  should  only  be  planted  freely 
where  it  is  found  to  thrive  well.  As  an  avenue  tree  it 
has  few  equals.  As  seen  in  its  young  state,  the  Deodar 
is  a  fine  spreading  tree,  with  horizontal  branches,  and 
numerous  small  pendulous  branchlets,  the  brandies 
gradually  shortening  towards  the  top,  forming  a  pyramid 
*  Cavikmrs'  Chronicle^  1866,  p.  386. 


with-  a  broad  base.  Old  plants  are  said  to  very  much 
resemble  the  Cedar  of  Lebanon.  In  their  young  state 
and  till'  they  reach  40  or  50  feet  in  height,  as  seen  in 
this  coun-try,  they  are  very  distinct.  To  grow  it  well 
t  will  reqnire  to  be  planted  in  a  good  deep,  rich  soil, 
always  preferring  a  moderately  well  sheltered  situation. 
It  appears  to  thrive  well  wherever  the  Cedar  of  Leba- 
non is  at  honje,  but  will  have  a  much  wider  range,  not 
being  so  fastidious  about  either  soil  or  climate.  The 
extent  to  which  it  is  already  planted  is  the  best  proof 
of  its  merit  as  an  ornamental  tree.  Although  the 
Deodar  prefers  a  deep  strong  soil,  it  grows  in  a  great 
variety  of  soils,  always  preferring  a  dry  bottom,  and  dis- 
liking a  thin  poor  soil,  in  which  it  may  live  for  lo,  20, 
or  30  years,  but  is  sureto  die  of  exhaustion.  This,  indeed, 
is  a  very  common  occurrence,  other  causes  being  fre- 
quently made  to  account  for  the  unsatisfactory  result. 
In  Lower  Kumaon  there  is  an  extensive  forest  of  very 
fine  trees,  from  20  to  27  feet  in  girth.  Major 
Madden  measured  one  tree  in  1830,  which  was 
364  feet  in  cirtumference,  fully  5  feet  from  the  ground; 
and  in  a  subsequent  journey  he  saw  several  on  the 
northern  declivity  of  the  Boonum  and  Roopin  Passes,  not 
under  30  feet  in  girth,  and  from  150  to  200  feet  high. 

To  all  who  are  about  planting  this  fine  tree,  I 
would  say,  avoid  exposed  situations,  as  it  dislikes  high 
winds,  and  if  much  exposed  to  them  it  soon  becomes 
scraggy  and  unhealthy,  although  travellers  tell  us  it  is 
to  be  seen  in  its  greatest  perfection  on  the  snowy  ranges 
and  lofty  mountains  in  the  interior  of  India,  where, 
doubtless,  the  hot  summers  ripen  and  harden  the 
young  growths,  so  as  to  enable  them  to  contend  with 
the  storms  and  frosts  which  prevail  in  these  bleak 
regions  for  the  greater  part  of  the  winter.  In  its 
native  country  its  timber  is  extremely  valuable,  and 
is  used  for  a  great  variety  of  purposes  —  when 
old  becoming  remarkable  for  its  durability.  The 
once  celebrated  gates  of  Somnauth  are  said  to  have 
been  manufactured  from  its  timber.  If  it  should  prove 
of  importance  as  a  timber  tree  with  us — and  the  rapidity 
of  its  growth  in  good  soils  and  situations  justifies  the 
hope — it  can  only  be  to  a  limited  extent  in  the  best 
localities  ;  on  poor  soils  and  in  elevated  situations  it  can 
never  be  profitably  grown  as  a  timber  tree.  Some  of 
the  larger  specimens  have  formed  cones,  yet  in  limited 
quantities— soon,  we  may  hope,  to  be  followed  by 
abundance. 

Cryptomeria  elegans. — Introduced  from  Japan  in 
1863.  This  fine  species  promises  to  be  an  invaluable 
addition  to  our  ornamental  trees,  and  is  not  only 
extremely  elegant,  but  apparently  very  hardy.  Already 
it  has  been  widely  and  very  generally  planted  as  an 
ornamental  tree,  and  even  in  our  northern  climate  is 
growing  rapidly,  unscathed  either  by  winter  or  spring 
frosts.  It  is  quite  distinct  from  the  C.  japonica,  being  less  ' 
robust  in  habit,  and  having  a  more  delicate  appearance, 
somewhat  resembling  a  tender  exotic.  Its  branches 
grow  horizontally,  the  points  and  branchlets  all  turning 
down  ;  the  upper  side  of  its  narrow  sickle-shaped 
leaves  and  small  stems  is  always  tinged  with  a  reddish- 
,  brown  hue,  the  colour  deepening  as  the  winter  advances ; 
the  under  side  is  of  a  bright  green  colour.  The  appear- 
ance of  the  tree,  as  seen  at  a  distance,  is  very  pleasing 
and  very  striking,  particularly  during  the  winter  and 
spring  months,  when  it  appears  to  greatest  advantage 
in  its  dark  dress.  If  it  turns  out  that  in  this  country  it 
will  grow  to  the  height  of  30  or  40  feet,  what  a  charming  ■ 
subject  it  will  be  in  the  hands  of  scientific  planters  to 
work  into  fine  landscapes.  Judging  from  the  progress 
it  is  everywhere  making,  it  is  likely  under  favour- 
able circumstances  to  grow  much  larger  than  this,  and 
does  not  appear  to  be  very  particular  about  soil,  thriving 
in  a  great  variety.  The  largest  specimen  at  Castle 
Kennedy  is  showing  cones,  and  being  easily  propa- 
gated by  cuttings  the  stock  can  be  increased  to  any 
extent. 

Cryptomeria  japonica. — Introduced  in  1S44  by  For- 
tune. Indigenous  to  Japan,  and  also  the  northern  parts 
of  China,  where  it  is  to  be  found  growing  in  immense 
quantities.  It  is  described  as  being  a  tall,  pyramidal 
tree,  with  a  straight  stem  from  60  to  100  feet  in 
height,  and  4  or  5  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  brownish-ted 
bark  :  the  wood  compact,  very  white,  soft,  and  easily 
worked,  and  much  used  for  numerous  purposes,  par- 
ticulary  cabinet  work.  In  this  country  it  forms  a 
handsome  tree  when  grown  in  a  deep,  damp  soil,  either 
loam  or  moss  ;  in  very  dry,  poor,  gravelly  soils  it  does 
not  thrive,  indeed  it  scarcely  lives  ;  moreover,  it  always 
has  a  scraggy,  stunted,  unhealthy  appearance  when 
planted  in  inferior  soils  or  exposed  situations.  When 
seen  in  fine  health,  it  possesses  consideralde  merit  as 
an  ornamental  tree,  and  being  quite  hardy  is  likely 
to  hold  its  ground,  and  be  pretty  generally  planted. 
When  considered  worth  experimenting  w^ith  as  a  forest 
tree,  the  sides  and  bottoms  of  glens  where  the  soil  is 
deep  would  be  a  proper  place  to  plant  it,  always 
avoiding  very  exposed  situations.  As  it  forms  wood 
rapidly,  it  may  yet  have  some  value  as  a  timber  tree. 
A.  pQwUr^  Castle  Kennedy. 


ICE-MAKING  IN  THE    TROPICS. 

The  most  marked  e.xample  of  the  influence  of  radia- 
tion of  heat  on  temperature,  is  its  intluence  on  the 
production  of  artificial  ice  by  the  natives  of  India. 

The  fieUls  in  which  the  ice  is  made  are  low,  Ihit, 
and  open  ;  and  the  ice  is  produced  in  large  quantities 
when  tlie  temperature  of  the  air  is  16"  or  20"  F.  above 


February  17,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


217 


the  freezing  point  ;  and  the  plan  followed  is  an 
interesting  example  of  accurate  observation  applied 
to  practical  purposes  by  a  people  now  ignorant  of 
science.  Tlie  same  process  has  been  employed  from 
time  immemorial  in  India  with  scientific  accuracy  ; 
and  while  the  theory  was  explained  by  Dr.  Wells,* 
the  practical  application  was  not  so  well  understood  ; 
and  this  first  led  me  to  investigate  the  subject  in 
India.f 

The  following  method  is  employed  by  the  natives  of 
Hengal  for  making  ice  at  the  town  of  Hooghly  near 
Calcutta,  in  fields  freely  exposed  to  the  sky,  and 
formed  of  a  black  loam  soil  upon  a  substratum  of  sand. 

The  natives  commence  their  preparations  by  mark- 
ing out  a  rectangular  piece  of  ground  120  feet  long  by 
20  broad,  in  an  easterly  and  westerly  direction, 
from  which  the  soil  is  removed  to  the  depth  of  two 
feet.  This  excavation  is  smoothed,  and  is  allowed 
to  remain  exposed  to  the  sun  to  dry,  when  rice  straw 
in  small  sheaves  is  laid  in  an  oblique  direction  in  the 
hollow,  with  loose  straw  upon  the  top,  to  the  depth  of 
a  foot  and  a  half,  leaving  its  surface  half  a  foot  below 
that  of  the  ground.  Numerous  beds  of  this  kind  are 
formed,  with  narrow  pathways  between  them,  in 
which  large  earthen  water-jars  are  sunk  in  the  ground 
for  the  convenience  of  having  water  near  to  fill  the 
shallow  unglazed  earthern  vessels  in  which  it  is  to  be 
frozen.  These  dishes  are  9  inches  in  diameter  at  the 
top,  diminishing  to  4,},  inches  at  the  bottom,  if^  inch 
deep,  and  ^-,  inch  in  thickness  ;  and  are  so  porous  as 
to  become  moist  throughout  wlien  water  is  put  into 
them. 

During  the  day  the  loose  straw  in  the  beds  above 
the  sheaves  is  occasionally  turned  up,  so  that  the 
whole  may  be  kept  dry,  and  the  water-jars  between 
the  beds  are  filled  with  soft  pure  water  from  the 
neighbouring  pools.  Towards  evening  the  shallow 
earthen  dishes  are  arranged  in  rows  upon  the  straw, 
and  by  means  of  small  earthern  pots,  tied  to  the 
extremities  of  long  bamboo  rods,  each  is  filled  about 
a  third  with  water.  The  quantity,  however,  varies 
according  to  the  expectation  of  ice — which  is  known 
by  the  clearness  of  the  sky,  and  the  steadiness  with 
which  the  wind  blows  from  the  N.N.W.  When 
favourable,  about  S  oz.  of  water  is  put  into  each  dish, 
and  when  less  is  expected,  from  2  to  4  oz.  is  the  usual 
quantity  ;  but,  in  all  cases,  more  water  is  put  into  the 
dishes  nearest  the  western  end  of  the  beds,  as  the  sun 
first  falls  on  that  part,  and  the  ice  is  thus  more  easily 
removed,  from  its  solution  being  quicker. 

There  are  about  4590  plates  in  each  of  the  beds 
last  made,  and  if  we  allow  5  oz.  for  each  dish,  which 
presents  a  surface  of  about  4  inches  square,  there  will 
be  an  aggregate  of  239  gallons,  and  a  surface  of  1530 
square  feet  of  water  in  each  bed. 

In  the  cold  season,  when  the  temperature  of  the 
air  at  the  ice-fields  is  under  50°  F.,  and  there  are 
gentle  airs  from  the  northern  and  western  direction, 
ice  forms  in  the  course  of  the  night  in  each  of  the 
shallow  dishes.  Persons  are  stationed  to  observe 
when  a  small  film  appears  upon  the  water  in  the 
dishes,  when  the  contents  of  several  are  mixed 
together  and  thrown  over  the  other  dishes.  This 
operation  increases  the  congealing  process ;  as  a  state 
of  calmness  has  been  discovered  by  the  natives  to 
diminish  the  quantity  produced.  When  the  sky  is 
quite  clear,  with  gentle  steady  airs  from  the  N.N.W., 
which  proceeds  from  the  hills  of  considerable  elevation 
near  Bheerboom,  about  lOo  miles  from  Hooghly,  the 
freezing  commences  before  or  about  midnight,  and 
continues  to  advance  until  morning,  when  the  thickest 
ice  is  formed.  I  have  seen  it  ^,-,  inch  in  thickness, 
and  in  a  few  very  favourable  nights  the  whole  of 
the  water  is  frozen,  when  it  is  called  by  the  natives 
solid  ice.  When  it  commences  to  congeal  between 
2  and  3  o'clock  in  the  morning,  thinner  ice  is  ex- 
pected, called  paper-ice  ;  and  when  about  4  or  5 
o'clock  in  the  morning  the  thinnest  is  obtained,  called 
flower-ice. 

Upwards  of  250  persons,  of  all  ages,  are  actively 
employed  in  securing  the  ice  for  some  hours  every 
morning  that  ice  is  procured,  and  this  forms  one  of 
the  most  animated  scenes  to  be  witnessed  in  Bengal. 
In  a  favourable  night  upwards  of  10  cwt.  of  ice  will  be 
obtained  from  one  bed,  and  from  20  beds  upwards  of 
10  tons. 

When  the  wind  attains  a  southerly  or  easterly  direc- 
tion, no  ice  is  formed,  from  its  not  being  sufficiently 
dry  ;  not  even  though  the  temperature  of  the  air  be 
lower  than  when  it  is  made  with  the  wind  more  from  a 
northern  or  western  point.  The  N.N.W.  is  the 
most  favourable  direction  of  wind  for  making  ice, 
and  this  diminishes  in  power  as  it  approaches  the 
due  north  or  west.  In  the  latter  case  more  latitude 
is  allowed  than  from  the  N.N.W.  to  the  north. 
So  great  is  the  influence  of  the  direction  of  wind 
on  the  ice,  that  when  it  changes  in  the  course  of  a 
night  from  the  N.N.W.  to  a  less  favourable  direction, 
the  change  not  only  prevents  the  formation  of  more 
ice,  but  dissolves  what  may  have  been  formed. 
On  such  occasions  a  mist  is  seen  hovering  over  the 
ice -beds,  from  the  moisture  over  them,  and  the 
quantity  condensed  by  the  cold  wind.  A  mist  in 
like  manner  forms  over  deep  tanks  during  favourable 
nights  for  making  ice. 


'  Ess-iy  on  De^v,  1814. 

t  Experimental  Essay  ;  Jonr.  As.  Society,  Calcutta,  vol.  ii.,p,  80. 


Another  important  circumstance  in  the  production 
of  ice  is  the  amount  of  wind.  When  it  approaches  a 
breeze  no  ice  is  formed.  This  is  explained  by  such 
rapid  currents  of  air  removing  the  cold  air  before  any 
accumulation  of  ice  has  taken  place  in  the  ice-beds. 
It  is  for  these  reasons  tliat  the  thickest  ice  is  expected 
when  during  the  day  a  breeze  has  blown  from  the 
N.  W.,  which  thoroughly  dries  the  ground. 

The  ice-dishes  present  a  large  moist  external  surface 
to  the  dry,  northerly  evening  air,  which  cools  the 
water  in  them,  so  that,  when  at  61",  it  will  in  a  few 
minutes  fall  to  56**,  or  even  lower.  But  the  moisture 
which  exudes  through  the  dish  is  quickly  frozen,  when 
the  evaporation  from  the  external  surface  no  longer 
continues  radiative  ;  a  more  powerful  agent  then  pro- 
duces the  ice  in  the  dishes. 

The  quantity  of  dry  straw  in  the  ice-beds  forms  a 
large  mass  of  a  bad  conductor  of  heat,  which  pene- 
trates but  a  short  way  into  it  during  the  day  ;  and  as 
soon  as  the  sun  descends  below  the  horizon  this  large 
and  powerfully  radiating  surface  is  brouglit  into  action, 
and  affects  the  water  in  the  thin,  porous  vessels,  them- 
selves powerful  radiators.  The  cold  thus  produced  is 
further  increased  by  the  damp  night  air  descending  to 
the  earth's  surface,  and  by  the  removal  of  the  heating 
cause,  which  deposits  a  portion  of  its  moisture  upon 
the  now  powerfully  radiating  and  therefore  cold  sur- 
face of  the  straw,  the  water,  and  the  large  moist 
surface  of  the  dishes.  When  better  radiators  of  heat 
were  substituted,  as  glazed,  white,  or  metallic  dishes, 
the  cold  was  greater,  and  the  ice  was  tliicker,  and  the 
dishes  were  heavier  in  the  morning  than  the  common 
dishes.  Any  accumulation  of  heat  on  their  surface 
from  the  deposit  of  moisture  is  prevented  by  the  cold, 
diy,  north-west  airs  which  slowly  pass  over  the  dishes. 
The  wind  quickly  dries  the  ground,  and  declines 
towards  night  to  moderate  airs.  The  influence  of 
these  causes  is  so  powerful  that  I  have  seen  the 
mercury  in  the  thermometer  placed  upon  the  straw 
between  the  dishes  descend  to  27**,  when,  3  feet  above 
the  ice-pits,  it  was  48°. 

So  powerful  is  the  cooling  effect  of  radiation  on 
clear  nights  in  tropical  climates,  that  in  very  favour- 
able mornings,  during  the  cold  season,  drops  of  dew 
may  sometimes  be  found  congealed  in  Bengal  upon 
the  thatched  roofs  of  houses,  and  upon  the  exposed 
leaves  of  plants.  In  the  evening  the  cooling  process 
advances  more  rapidly  than  could  be  supposed  by  one 
who  has  not  experienced  it  himself,  and  proves  the 
justness  of  his  feelings,  by  the  aid  of  the  thermometer. 
In  the  open  plain  on  which  the  ice  is  made,  I  have 
seen  the  temperature  of  the  air,  4  feet  above  the 
ground,  fall  from  70^.5  to  57*,  in  the  time  the  sun 
took  to  descend  the  two  last  degrees  before  his 
setting. 

The  tropical  rains  are  succeeded  by  the  cold  season, 
when  the  night  is  cold,  the  sky  quite  clear,  and  the  air 
becomes  a  bad  conductor  of  electricity,  from  the  dry 
northern  winds  which  then  prevail.  This  is  proved 
by  the  rapidity  with  which  evaporation  proceeds,  by 
the  dispersion  of  clouds,  and  by  the  more  evident 
proofs  which  the  hygrometer  exhibits.  During  the 
cold  season  vegetation  proceeds,  and  electricity  con- 
tinues to  be  evolved  by  living  bodies,  and  during  their 
decomposition. 

These  remarks  will  enable  us  to  explain  the  process 
by  which  the  ice  is  prepared  in  Bengal. 

1st.  The  large  quantity  of  dry  straw  and  moist 
dishes  rapidly  become  cold,  by  their  powerfully 
radiating  surfaces,  at  the  same  time  that  the  large 
body  of  dry  straw  strongly  attracts  positive  electricity, 
and  the  descending  currents  of  air  deposit  moisture  in 
the  dishes  of  water.  Hence,  during  a  cold  and  clear 
night,  with  airs  from  the  N.N.W.,  the  cooling  process 
will  advance  more  rapidly  in  proportion  to  the  non- 
electric or  attractive  nature  of  the  body,  which,  with 
the  radiating  power  of  the  surface,  regulates  the  cold 
and  the  quantity  of  dew  deposited  upon  the  body. 

2d.  The  high  and  dry  situation  and  free  exposure  of 
the  ice-fields  to  the  sky,  and  the  absence  of  all  causes 
which  could  interrupt  the  influence  of  the  large  body 
of  non-electrics,  and  the  extensive  surface  of  powerful 
radiating  substances,  sufficiently  accounts  for  the 
degree  of  cold  produced  in  the  ice  plates  ;  and 

3d.  The  cool,  dry,  north-west  airs  slowly  pass  over 
the  ice-beds,  absorbing  the  accumulation  of  moisture 
and  of  heat,  which  is  given  off  by  the  liquefying  of  a 
large  quantity  of  water  that  would  otherwise  accumu- 
late over  the  beds  ;  and,  thus  retaining  the  air  clear 
and  dry,  allows  the  full  operation  of  the  other  causes, 
particularly  radiation.    T.  A.  PVise,  in  Nature, 


Variegated  Leaves. — I  have  more  than  once 
heard  it  stated  by  practical  gardeners  that  variegation 
is  catching  or  infectious,  or,  in  other  words,  that  if  a 
plant  with  variegated  leaves  be  planted  near  another 
plant  with  non-variegated  leaves,  that  the  latter  oft- 
times  becomes  variegated  too  ;  in  fact,  I  believe  the 
same  statement  has  appeared  in  your  columns  more 
than  once,  but  the  idea  has  always  been  scouted  as  an 
absurdity.  I  consider,  however,  that  the  recent  detec- 
tion of  a  Fungus  in  the  variegated  leaves  of  Coleus  by  Mr. 
Howse  {yoiirnal  of  Botany^  n.  s.,  vol.  i.,  1872,  p.  24), 
tends  somewhat  to  confirm  the  correctness  of  the  above 


statement,  absurd  as  it  may  at  first  sight  appear.  If  this 
minute  endophyllous  Fungus  (Synchytrium)  is  always 
present  in  Coleus  leaves  (as  it  really  always  appears  to 
be),  and  as  the  same  Fungus  may  not  improbably  be 
met  with  in  other  variegated  leaves,  it  seems  one  of  the 
simplest  things  possible  to  conceive  of  the  minute 
reproductive  bodies  being  set  free  from  the  infected 
and  variegated  plant,  and  infecting  a  non-variegated 
neighbour.  The  subject  is  evidently  well  worthy  of 
attention.    W.  G.  Sfnith. 

Redskin  Flourball  Potato.  —  Would  some  of 
your  readers  kindly  state  their  experience  of  this 
Potato  ?  I  have  been  in  communication  with  at  least 
a  score  of  people  who  grew  it  last  year,  and  while  all 
admit  that  it  yielded  well  and  resisted  the  disease,  they 
speak  of  it  as  a  very  bad  eater,  at  least  in  the  mean- 
time. I  myself  have  a  capital  crop,  but  no  one  at 
table  will  look  at  them,  they  being  so  wet,  waxy, 
and  ill-tasted.  The  "Flourball"  is  an  American 
production,  whatever  some  may  say  to  the  contrary, 
and  it  seems  to  have  the  fault  that  mostly  all  the 
Potatos  from  that  country  have,  viz.,  a  want  of  per- 
manency of  character.  I  have  had  a  good  deal  to  do 
with  the  Goodrich,  Early  Rose,  and  others,  which,  when 
first  received  direct  from  America,  were  dry  and  good, 
but  now  I  can  hardly  get  any  one  to  speak  well  of  them. 
My  impression  is,  that  the  trade  and  others  are  riding 
the  "Potato  hobby"  to  death  ;  and  the  likelihood  is, 
that  the  good  old  Regent,  which  for  general  use  has 
not  yet  been  surpassed,  will  be  more  thought  of  than 
ever.  A^.  B, 

Lonicera  Standishii. — This  peculiar  introduction 
from  Japan  must  be  classed  with  shrubs,  for  it  seems 
to  possess  but  little  of  the  characteristic  climbing  habit 
of  the  many  other  known  kinds.  It  is  an  exceedingly 
early  blooming  plant,  the  flowers  expanding  at  the 
first  signs  of  genial  warmth,  frequently  as  early  as  the 
middle  of  February.  It  is  not  a  plant  of  strong,  robust, 
or  rampant  growth,  but  seems  disposed  to  form  a 
bushy  head,  and  to  assume  an  average  stature  of  3  or 
4  feet.  Half  a  dozen  of  its  small  spriggy  branchlets, 
with  expanded  blooms,  neatly  arranged  with  two  or 
three  blooms  of  the  Czar  Violet,  make  a  sweet  and 
chaste  button-hole  bouquet.  This  will  give  an  idea  of 
the  size  of  the  blossoms.    WilUain  Eariey,  Vahniines, 

Preparation  of  Tobacco. — A  "Constant  Reader  " 
of  your  paper  (p.  iSi)  should  exercise  a  little  more 
care  with  his  tobacco,  and  then  he  might  even  smoke 
it  himself.  The  leaves  should  be  separately  plucked 
when  ripe,  which  will  be  {in  good  seasons)  when  they 
become  senna-coloured  or  brownish  yellow.  On  no 
account  should  they  be  wet.  As  they  are  gathered 
they  should  be  stnmg  on  strings  of  12 — 20  leaves 
each,  by  passing  a  darning-needle  through  the 
midrib  of  each.  These  strings  of  leaves  may  be 
hung  in  a  vinery  from  which  the  Chapes  are  cut, 
or  under  any  other  glass  roof  where  there  is  a 
similar  amount  of  heat  and  ventilation.  Here  the 
leaves  should  hang  until  the  midribs  are  quite  dry. 
The  strings  may  then  be  taken  down,  and  the  tobacco 
packed  in  two-dozen  cases,  or  similar  boxes,  care 
being  taken  to  prevent  its  contracting  damp  or  mouldi- 
ness.  When  the  whole  crop  is  in,  the  leaves  may  be 
taken  out  during  damp  weather  and  allowed  to  con- 
tract just  sufficient  moisture  to  render  them  soft  and 
pliable,  and  no  more  ;  they  should  then  be  smoothed 
out  and  repacked,  when  fermentation  will  take  place 
rapidly  ;  the  leaves  should  be  examined  to  see  that  the 
fermentation  is  not  too  active,  and  that  they  do  not  rot, 
which  will  not  be  the  case  if  they  are  packed  in  a 
properly  moist  state.  As  the  heat  declines,  the  leaves 
may  be  weighted  down  with  bricks  or  stones,  and  in 
eight  or  ten  weeks  they  will  be  perfectly  cured.  There 
are  many  other  methods,  but  this  is  one  of  the  best. 
James  MacPherso7i. 

Leaves  for  Dishing-up  Fruit. — I  have  no  ex- 
perience in  leaves  for  "dishing-up  fruit,"  but  the 
miniature  palm-like  leaves  of  Helleborus  fnetidus  have 
not  been  named  by  your  correspondents.  The  plant 
would  sow  itself  in  any  wild  shrubbery  or  open  wood. 
There  is  also  the  Heuchera,  than  which  no  leaves 
stand  longer,  and,  especially  when  the  light  shines 
through  them,  they  are  very  beautiful.  Both  the 
Heuchera  and  the  Hellebore  have  firm  clean  foot- 
stalks convenient  for  the  above  purpose  j  both  are 
perfectly  hardy,  and  to  be  had  all  winter,  thus  saving- 
indoor  plants.    F.  y.  Hope  J  IVardie  Lodge^  Edinburgh 

Black  Prince  Grapes. — In  the  notice  of  Keele 
Hall  Gardens  which  appeared  in  your  impression  of 
Jan.  27,  your  correspondent  alludes  to  "  the  enormous 
"bunches  of  Black  Prince  Grapes  that  caused  such  a 
sensation  at  the  exhibitions  of  the  Royal  Botanic 
Society  and  at  the  Alexandra  Palace  show  a  few  years 
ago  ;  on  one  occasion  three  bunches  weighed  13  lb. 
10  oz. "  I  may  be  allowed  to  state  that  I  exhibited  at 
the  show  held  in  the  Sidney  Gardens,  Bath,  last  Sep- 
tember, two  bunches  of  Black  Prince  Grapes,  which 
weighed  respectively  7  lb.  2  oz.,  and  6  lb.  4  oz.  = 
13  lb.  6  oz.  the  two.  They  were  handsome  bunches, 
compact,  and  well-coloured,  but  were  awarded 
2d  prize,  two  bunches  of  Alicante  taking  the  1st — 
compact  and  well-finished  samples,  weight  not  stated, 
but  appeared  to  be  from  2  to  3  lb.  each.  I  also  exhi- 
bited two  bunches  of  Black  Prince  at  the  Bath  shov/ 


2l8 


The    Gardeners'   Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


[Febniary  17,   1872. 


in  the  autumn  of  1S70,  the  united  weight  of  which 
was  II  lb.,  and  I  was  awarded  1st  prize.  In  the 
autumn  of  1868-9  I  took  1st  prizes  with  good  samples 
of  the  same  Grape  at  the  same  show,  but  they  were  not 
so  heavy  as  those  stated  above.  A.  Squires^  Gr.  to  R. 
L.  H.  Phipps^  Esq.,  Leighton  House,  Westbury,  Wilts. 

Cowdung  Flower  Pots.  — Vessels  made  of 
tempered  cowdung  and  peat  have  been  used  by 
hundreds  of  thousands  on  the  plantations  of  Southern 
India,  for  nursing  Cinchona  and  other  plants.  I  believe 
one  person  actually  applied  for  a  patent  for  them. 
They  are  made  in  the  following  manner  : — A  wooden 
frame  or  mould  is  provided  with  a  false  bottom,  and 
elevated  sufficiently  above  the  bench  by  means  of  four 
legs,  to  admit  of  the  full-sized  **pot"  standing  clear 
under  it.  The  mould  is  divided  into  small  squares  of 
the  required  size,  and  is  fitted  with  another  frame, 
fitted  with  plugs  to  correspond  with  the  moulds,  on  the 
inside  of  the  pot.  The  tempered  peat  or  cowdung  is 
partly  worked  in  by  hand,  and  neatly  finished  by 
pressing  down  the  plugs.  The  false  bottom  is  then 
removed,  and  the  plugs  are  again  used  for  forcing  the 
pots  out  of  the  moulds  on  to  the  bench.  This  would 
be  capital  wet  weather  work,  and  save  pot  washing, 
crocking,  knocking-out,  &c.  These  little  square  pots 
may  be  plunged  in  cocoa  fibie,  &c.,  and  are  altogether 
first-rate  for  spring-struck  bedding  plants,  seedlings, 
&c.,  and  if  plunged  in  Moss  or  fibre,  save  a  great  deal 
of  watering.    'James  MacPhersoiu 

Christmas  Rose. — We  have  at  present  (Feb.  6) 
eight  varieties  of  this  invaluable  family  in  flower.  The 
major  variety  of  H.  niger  has  been  in  bloom  since 
October,  and  for  the  last  three  months  we  have  had  a 
supply  of  its  flowers,  some  three  dozen,  weekly.  Why 
do  not  H.  niger  and  its  varieties  seed  ?  My  ignorant 
attempts  have  failed  with  the  large  variety.  Cloches 
are  very  useful  for  protecting  the  blooms,  but  must  be 
used  witli  judgment.  We  injured  our  plants  seriously 
two  winters  ago,  and  as  the  leaves  were  weakened  and 
many  destroyed,  there  was  no  bloom  next  season  on 
the  protected  plants.  In  the  open  border,  in  a  hard 
frost,  the  cloches  get  fixed  to  the  ground,  and  the 
flowers  are  covered  with  mould  when  you  get  the 
glasses  off.  Of  course  this  will  not  happen  "  alongside 
a  plant  stove,"  and  we  deserved  to  suffer  for  our  gross 
mismanagement  ;  the  Hellebores  unfortunately  suffered 
likewise,  and,  hardy  and  easy  of  cultivation  as  they  are, 
my  experience  has  warned  me  that  no  plant  suffers 
longer  from  mde  treatment  of  its  foliage.  But  with 
winter-flowering  plants,  as  with  spring  bulbs,  there  is 
in  most  gardens,  I  observe,  a  very  ruthless  mode  of 
management.  They  are  no  longer  required,  and  are 
therefore  neglected  and  abused,  until  winter  comes 
round  again,  when  their  blank,  which  nothing  else  can 
supply,  is  felt  too  late  to  be  remedied.  Tussilago 
fragrans  is  another  winter-blooming  plant,  not  half 
enough  grown  ;  some  10  or  12  heads  of  bloom  are 
perfuming  our  room  at  present ;  it  looks  best  in  a 
glass  by  itself,  with  its  own  leaves.  F.  J.  Hope. 

Originality  in  Garden  Literature.  —  In  one 
of  your  contemporaries  for  Febniary  10  I  notice 
an  illustration  employed  which  was  originally  taken 
from  one  of  the  plant  stoves  of  the  Jardin  des 
Plantes,  Paris,  and  which  has  been  employed  in 
Figuier's  ]\'getahle  World,  and  other  publications;  but 
it  is  of  the  remarks  on  the  fecundation  of  the  Vanilla, 
in  the  same  journal,  that  I  wish  more  particularly  to 
speak.  Vanilla  planifolia  (Andrews)  was  introduced 
as  early  as  iSoo,  and  nearly  40  years  afterwards 
Prof.  Charles  Morren  pointed  out  the  fact  that 
when  in  a  cultivated  state,  fmit  was  only  to  be  ob- 
tained by  artificial  fecundation.  This  was  in  the 
Ann.  (THlst.  Nat,  1839.  The  next  account  of 
fertilising  this  plant  was  in  the  pages  of  this  paper 
{Gardeners''  Chronicle;  1 841,  p.  499),  by  Mr.  J.  Hen- 
derson, Milton,  near  Peterborough.  Twenty-six  years 
later  we  find  the  same  directions  given  by  a  second 
correspondent  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  Sept.  28, 
1867,  and  now  these  directions  are  repeated 
(without  acknowledgment),  as  before  alluded  to. 
Again,  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  Jan.  30,  i  S69, 
another  writer  gave  m  exienso,  as  his  own,  an  article 
which  prefaced  Backhouse  &  Son's  cool  Orchid  cata- 
logue for  1S65.  [This  was  exposed  at  the  time.]  Every 
right  thinking  person  will  readily  admit  that  this 
unwarrantable  filching  from  the  labours  of  others  is  bad 
in  itself,  and  shows  a  lamentable  want  of  original 
thought  and  application  in  those  who  unblushingly  send 
or  use  *'copy"  and  illustrations  culled  from  former 
writers,  or,  to  use  the  slightly  altered  words  of  Hamlet, 
*' Assume  a  virtue  if  they  have  it  not."  F.  W.  B .  [We 
quite  agree  with  the  spirit  of  our  correspondent's 
remarks,  but  in  practice  it  is  sometimes  advisable  to 
allow  a  little  latitude,  especially  in  the  case  of  matters 
of  so  long  standing  as  to  be  considered  common  pro- 
perty. Again,  in  an  ordinary  newspaper  we  do  not 
expect  the  rigid  citation  of  chapter  and  verse  demanded 
in  a  scientific  communication.  Eds.] 

The  Royal  Horticultural  Society  at  Birming- 
ham,— It  will  have  been  noticed  that  a  resolution  was 
passed  at  the  public  meeting  requesting  the  local  com- 
mittee to  give  their  attention  in  a  special  manner  to 
the  exhibition  of  horticultural  imjilements,  buildings, 
iaz.     If  the  special  prize  committee  should  have  ample 


funds  at  their  disposal  would  it  be  advisable  to  open  a 
few  classes  in  which  prizes  should  be  offered  for  manu- 
facturers only  of  some  of  the  leading  articles,  for 
example,  lawn-mowers,  garden-rollers,  garden-engines, 
garden-seats,  vases  for  different  pui"poses,  flower-pots, 
ornamental  and  othei'wise,  collections  of  spades,  forks, 
hoes,  &c.  ?  In  addition  lo  these  prizes,  the  judges 
might  visit  the  stands  of  all  other  exhibitors  and  dis- 
tribute prizes  to  articles  of  merit  not  included  in  these 
classes.  H. 

Germination  of  Tropaeolum. — Last  year,  when 
looking  through  the  drawings  of  Francis  Bauer's, 
preserved  in  the  botanical  department  of  the  British 


Fin.    S8.— GRRMFNATING   EMBRYO   OF   TROP-I^OLl'M,   SHOWING 

TKi'E  LOLEORHiZA  (maEfnified). 


Museum,  I  was  struck  with  one  which  represented  the 
germinating  seeds  of  Troposolum  as  unmistakably 
endorhizal.     Having  mentioned  the  matter  in  a  letter 


--SECTION  THROUGH  THE  BASE  OF  TME   EMBRYO 
OF  TROPvEOLUM. 

A,  A.  Cotyledon?  ;  b,  b,  Lobes  from  the  base  of  the  cotyledons, 
forming  the  teeth  which  surround  the  radicle  ;  c,  Plumule, 
with  rudiments  of  fibro-vascular  bundles  ;  D,  Primary  radicle, 
wilh  the  persistent  cells  of  the  suspensor  attached. 


to  Dr.  Masters,  he  communicated  it  to  the  Scientific 
Committee  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society.  This 
elicited  a  notice  from  "  M.  J.  B,,"  a  well-known  con- 


Fir,,   90.  — SECTION  THROUGH  BASE  OF  THE  OERMINATINO 
EMBRYO. 

B  and  c,  as  in  Fig.  89  ;  D,  Apex  of  the  primary  radicle  thrown  off, 
forming  part  of  the  coteorhiza  ;  k,  Axillary  bud  ;  1-,  Lateral 
secondary  rootlet. 


tributor,  who  in  the   Gardener's'   Chronicle  for  July  9 
made  the  following  remarks  : — 

"  It  was  Stated  some  time  since,  at  one  of  tlie  Scientific 
meetings  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society,  that  the  seed 
of  TropEEolum  is  endorhizal.  This  surprised  us  so  much 
that  we  immediately  sowed  some  seed,  to  see  how  the  case 
really  stands.     If  a  section  be  made  in  the  seed  through 


the  thick  cotyledons  when  it  is  just  ready  to  germinate,  it 
will  be  found  tliat  the  base  of  the  cotyledons  united  below 
extends  beyond  the  primary  radicle,  which  is  perfectly 
distinct,  forming  a  sort  of  coleorhiza.  This,  indeed,  is 
indicated  in  the  vertical  section  of  TropEeolum  majus  in 
the  Vegetable  Kingdom." 

Coming  from  the  source  from  which  it  did,  I  felt  that 
this  view  of  the  matter  required  consideration,  and  I 
therefore  also  sowed  some  seeds  {as,  indeed,  I  had 
done  before),  and  made  a  very  careful  examination  of 
them  in  different  stages  of  germination.  I  succeeded 
in  ascertaining  that  the  embryos  are  traly  endorhizal, 
and  that  what  *'M.  J.  B."  describes  is  perfectly 
correct,  but  that  the  real  phenomenon  in  question  had 
escaped  his  notice.  The  seed-coats  of  Trop?eolum 
immediately  inclose  the  embryo,  of  which  the  principal 
bulk  consists  of  the  enlarged,  fused-together,  or  con- 
ferruminate  cotyledons.  At  the  base  is  a  very  minute 
cavity,  inclosing  the  plumule,  and  the  extremely  short 
radicle  is  also  inclosed,  and  concealed  by  the  four 
tooth-like  lobes  or  downward  processes  from  the  bases 
of  the  cotyledons  which  "  M.  J.  B."  describes.  These 
four  teeth  separate  from  one  another  in  germina- 
tion, to  allow  the  outward  passage  of  the  radicle, 
and  it  is  these  which  '*  M.  J.  B."  thinks  have  been 
mistaken  for  a  coleorhiza,  but  this  is  not  the  case. 
As  early  as  iSii  Auguste  de  St.  Hilaire  gave  in  the 
Annals  oj  the  Mnseurn  of  Natural  History  at  Paris, 
vol.  xviii.,  pp.  461 — 471,  a  perfectly  correct  account 
of  the  development  of  the  radicle.  He  says  : — "The 
radicxdar  body,  by  its  elongation,  soon  makes  its 
appearance  beyond  the  four  teeth.  Its  extremity  is 
then  ruptured,  and  the  true  radicle  exhibits  itself, 
emerging  from  a  kind  of  sheath  or  cover,  which  forms 
round  it  a  swelling,  of  which  the  irregularly  torn  borders 
quickly  disappear."  (466.)  He  further  states  :  "  If  we 
accept  the  division  of  Phanerogams  into  endorhizal  and 
exorhizal,  Tropo^olum  forms  amongst  the  last  a  very 
remarkable  exception."  (469.)  To  the  same  effect,  in 
1815,  Mirbel  remarks  in  his  Elemcns  de  Botanique 
(vol.  i.,  59)  : — "It  is  very  rare  to  find  the  radicle  pro- 
vided with  a  coleorhiza  in  dicotyledonous  embryos  ; 
we  ought,  therefore,  to  pay  particular  attention  to  that 
of  Tropceolum."  I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  Masters  for 
calling  my  attention  also  to  a  paper  by  Chatin  in  the 
4th  series  of  the  Annales  des  Sc.  Natitrellcs,  vol.  v., 
where  it  is  pointed  out  (p.  295)  that,  **  in  addition  lo 
the  root,  which  in  germination  proceeds  from  the 
radicle  of  the  axis  of  the  embryo,  four  other 
roots  originate  symmetrically  from  its  sides.  This 
makes  a  total  of  five  roots,  each  of  which  pushes  before 
it  and  pierces,  in  order  to  prolong  itself  externally,  the 
root-sheath  with  which  the  embi70  of  Tropa^olum  is 
provided."  Schacht,  who  with  many  other  writers  has 
studied  the  remarkable  processes  from  the  suspensor 
which  are  developed  in  Tropreolum,  speaks  of  the 
radicle  in  the  mature  seed  as  "already  provided  with 
the  commencement  of  a  coleorhiza."  {Ann.  des  Sc.  Nat., 
4th  ser.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  <^i.)  The  radicle  of  Tropcoolum 
is  also  remarkable  for  the  persistence  with  which  the 
cells  of  a  portion  of  the  suspensor  remain  attached  to 
it.  Perhaps,  it  may  be  supposed,  this  contributes  to 
make  the  exterior  of  the  radicle  tough  and  unyielding. 
As  is  well  known,  the  growth  takes  place  within  the 
apex,  elongation  appears  to  be  only  possible  for  the 
future  root  by  bursting  through  the  investing  tissues. 
In  this  way  a  more  or  less  complete  collar  of  the  root 
remains  is  formed,  and  it  is  this  which  is  the  true 
coleorhiza.  The  accompanying  illustrations  have  been 
carefully  drawn  from  specimens  examined  by  myself, 
and  quite  confirm  what  has  been  stated  by  the  writers 
I  have  quoted.    \V.  Thiselton  Dyer. 

The  Council  of  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society.  —  I  heartily  thank  you  for  your  remarks  on 
this  matter  in  last  week's  Gardeners'  Chronicle.  I 
confess  I  was  disappointed,  on  receiving  the  circular 
adverted  to,  to  find  that  the  Council  had  not  nomi- 
nated the  Rev.  Reynolds  Hole,  after  the  spontaneous 
opinion  expressed  at  the  horticultural  dinner  at  Not- 
tingham last  year,  in  favour  of  this  gentleman  being 
placed  on  the  Councih  As  a  means  of  fiUing  up  the 
gulf  that  existed  between  the  Society  and  practical 
men,  it  would  have  been  at  once  graceful  and 
politic  to  have  nominated  Mr.  Hole.  Apart  from 
forming  a  link  of  rare  strength  and  worth  between  the 
two  great  classes  that  constitute  the  strength  of  the 
Horticultural  Society,  he  is  in  every  way  worthy  of  a 
seat  at  the  Council  as  the  distinguished  representative  of 
Rosa.  Knowledge  such  as  Mr.  Hole  possesses  would 
prove  of  incalculable  service  at  the  council  board  of  any 
society  concerned  with  the  advancement  of  horticulture. 
As  you  justly  remarked,  the  Fellows  had  the  matter  in 
their  own  hands.  I  exercised  my  right  of  voting  for 
the  first  time  on  this  occasion,  by  marking  out  one 
name  nominated  by  the  Council,  and  substituting  that 
of  Mr.  Hole  in  his  place.  D.  T.  F.,  F.P.H.S.  [It 
might  prove  to  be  beneficial  if  the  country  Fellows  of 
the  Society  and  the  working  horticulturists  would  more 
often  and  more  pertinently  make  their  voices  heanl. 
Eds.] 

Manure  for  Conifers. — The  commendation  of 
phospho-guano  is  irrelevant,  as  none  was  used  for  tlie 
Larches  referred  to,  and  none  put  on  the  same  ground 
for  two  years  previous  to  May,  1S71,  so  that  it  could 
have  had  nolliing  to  do  with  the  quality  of  the  Larch 
crop  referred  to  by  Mr.  Syme  and  "  M.  J.  B;"     The 


Febniary  17,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Ap^ricultural    Gazette. 


219 


I.avcli  crop  is  risky  enougli  already,  «  itliaut  adding  to 
the  risk  by  the  use  of  phospho-guano.  I  dare  say 
that  most  growers  of  Conifera;  will  agree  with  me  m 
saying  that  well-decomposed  nianine  is  the  best  and 
safest"  manure  for  Conifers,  young  and  old,  when 
required,  and  when  properly  applied.  Allow  me  to 
state  that  your  correspondent,  "  M.  J.  1!.,"  sent  me  a 
copy  of  his  letter,  asking  my  idea  on  the  subject.  I 
simply  referred  him  to  the  remarks  given  in  the 
Gankiurs'  Chroituli,  p.  15,  1S72.  J.  B.  C,  JCJin- 
/'iirgk,  Feb.  10. 

General  Pleasanton  and  his  Vinery. — Wo 
Iiave  had  many  Yankee  notions  foisted  on  us  respecting 
pomological  knowledge,  but  this,  the  latest,  by  General 
Pleasanton,  on  Vine  growing,  is  astounding.  "Jack 
and  the  Beanstalk  "  is  nothing  to  it  ;  and  our  Vine 
extension  supporters  will  now  get  a  wrinkle  to  carry  on 
their  system  in  the  greatest  perfection.  I  know  of  a 
glass  erection,  lately  finished,  which  if  it  had  been 
glazed  on  the  General's  plan,  and  planted  with  Vines, 
and  grown  with  the  same  success  as  the  General's, 
would  have  kept  Covent  Garden  Market  supplied  for 
the  season.  Tliis  erection  is  about  1300  feet  in  length, 
6S  feet  in  width,  and  of  proportionable  height.  I  do 
not  doubt  the  extraordinary  quick  growth  of  the 
General's  Vines  and  their  heavy  crops,  but  I  think  his 
success  must  be  partly  owing  to  some  other  cause  than 
the  glass  used.  Without  entering  on  the  scientific 
question  of  the  refrangible  rays  of  light,  and  their 
effects  on  vegetation,  some  gardeners  know  practically 
that  cuttings  will  strike  quicker  under  blue  or  violet- 
tinted  glass  than  under  white  glass.  This  I  have 
proved  by  putting  pieces  of  violet-tinted  glass  over  the 
cutting-pots,  and  at  the  same  time  covering  other  pots 
with  pieces  of  white  glass,  and  the  difference  in  point 
of  rooting  the  first  was  always  in  favour  of  the  tinted 
glass.  [See  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  1841,  pp.  195,  276.] 
I  do  not,  however,  believe  that  the  violet-tinted  glass 
used  in  vineries  will  have  the  marvellous  effects  in 
Grape  growing  which  General  Pleasanton  has  ascribed 
to  it.  Of  the  advantages  our  agricultural  friends  will 
reap  from  the  General's  discovery  in  rearing  pigs  and 
calves,  I  am  unable  to  speak,  but  doubtless  the  poultry 
exhibitore  will  try  its  effects  in  breeding  large  speci- 
mens for  tlie  different  shows.    Thoth. 

Messrs.  Suttons'  Special  Prizes. — The  system 
of  giving  special  prizes  by  our  seedsmen,  with  special 
conditions  annexed,  grows,  the  Messrs.  Sutton's  being 
the  latest  addition.  Whether  the  system  is  a  wise  one 
or  not  I  will  not  now  enquire,  but  I  think  it  is  not 
unfair  to  ask  the  Messrs.  Sutton  why  their  prizes 
should  be  confined  to  gardeners,  to  the  exclusion  of 
amateur  gi-owers,  who  certainly  have  as  good  a  right  to 
contend,  if  they  think  fit,  as  have  their  professional 
brethren.  Of  course  an  amateur  would  be  scarcely 
likely  to  give  so  large  a  seed  order  as  a  "nobleman's 
or  gentleman's  gardener,"  but  then  such  a  consideration 
cannot  be  for  a  moment  supposed  to  weigh  with  so 
highly  respectable  a  firm.  It  would  rob  the  conditions 
imposed  considerably  of  their  exclusiveness,  if  the 
members  of  the  trade  or  gi'owers  for  sale  only  had  been 
excluded  from  the  competition.  Those  who  intend 
competing  for  the  prizes  for  Peas  at  Birmingham  must 
sow  very  early,  and  even  then  they  will  have  enough  to 
do  to  get  good  samples  of  Best  of  All  and  other  of  the 
finest  kinds  ready  for  showing  by  June  24.  Exhibitors 
from  the  South  will  undoubtedly  stand  the  best  chance. 
Alpha. 

Men  and  Women  Stokers. — In  February,  1S43, 
I  w.as  employed  in  a  London  nursery,  waiting  for  the 
time  coming  to  be  appointed  to  that  high  office,  as  I 
then  thought,  of  head  gardener.  The  time  soon  arrived, 
as  I  one  morning  had  orders  to  attend  at  the  office,  to 
see  the  proprietor  of  the  establishment.  I  was  told 
briefly  the  particulars  of  a  situation  he  wished  me  to  un- 
dertake, and  was  to  go  at  once.  He  gave  me  some  good 
advice  before  leaving,  in  which  he  said,  "  I  have  every 
confidence  that  you  are  able  to  fulfil  the  duties  that 
will  be  required  of  you,  but  as  I  have  not  had  the 
opportunity  to  see  whether  you  are  a  tidy  stoker,  I 
cannot  speak  so  explicitly  of  your  merits  as  I  could 
wish.  I  have  in  my  experience  always  found  those 
gardeners  that  were  tidy  in  their  fires  were  always  tidy 
in  all  their  duties,  and  men  of  superior  merits.  Bear 
this  in  mind. "  .Strange  to  relate,  on  my  way  from 
the  country  to  London  I  had  to  call  on  a  relative, 
commonly  called  by  us  lads  "  Old  Aunt  Jenny,"  but 
always  Aunty  Jane  in  her  presence.  Now  my  old  aunt 
was  a  good,  kind  old  soul,  and  she  was  a  last  year's 
bird,  and  by  her  good  judgment,  as  she  was  wont  to 
say,  she  had  kept  single.  She  was  rather  tall  and 
thin,  and  we  used  to  say  she  looked  straight  up 
and  down.  She  had  a  way  of  sitting  very  up- 
right, her  habits  were  punctual  and  particular, 
freely  giving  advice  to  the  young,  and  she  had  a  way 
of  holding  out  her  forefinger  at  the  end  of  a  sentence, 
as  much  as  to  say,  "  Do  you  understand  me  ?  "  The 
following  dialogue  occurred  between  us  on  the  occa- 
sion of  my  going  to  London; — "I  may  not  see  you 
for  a  time.  I  beg  you  will  use  some  little  judgment, 
and  not  be  blinded  by  a  too  early  marriage.  Guard 
against  those  little  freaks  of  nature  that  are  so  apt  to 
ome  into  the  minds  of  young  people  ;  as,  if  you  do, 
ou  will  be  liable  to  have  your  nose  tied  to  the 
grindstone  for  life.  Before  you  think  of  marriage, 
thoroughly  know  your   intended  wife's   mother ;   for, 


'as  the  mother  is,  so  is  the  daughter.'"  At  this 
point  up  went  the  finger.  "  Now,  if  I  were  a  man, 
and  wanted  a  wife,  I  should  like  to  see  if  she  was  tidy 
in  the  coal-house  ;  as,  if  she  were  untidy,  I  should  say, 
'  Not  for  me.'  How  often  do  I  see  young  women  so 
untidy  as  stokers,  that  they  seem  to  walk  upon  the 
heap  of  coals,  and  fill  from  the  top,  and  afterwards  to 
throw  the  shovel  upon  the  coals,  so  as  to  dirty  the 
handle  for  the  next  time."  Since  that  time  I  have 
been  blinded  by  marriage,  and  wished  one  day  to 
convey  my  aunt's  advice  to  my  wife.  I  soon  saw  a 
storm  arising.  Atmosphere  becoming  cloudy,  teaciips 
washed  up  rather  sharp,  and  put  away  m  a  clattering 
manner,  the  storm  seemed  to  die  away  with  rumbling 
words,  which  sounded  very  much  like  "It  was  a  pity 
the  laws  of  England  did  not  allow  a  man  to  marry  his 
aunt  ! "  R.  II.  D.  [We  suppose  the  moral  here 
intended  is  to  the  effect  that  the  "habit  oft  proclaims 
the  man."  Eds.] 

Echeveria  metallica. — I  have  this  plant  now  in 
flower  in  an  intermediate  house,  and  am  rather  sur- 
prised to  notice  that  the  corolla  never  fully  opens— in 
fact,  the  divisions  adhere  closely  to  the  very  tip.  Is 
this  invariably  the  case  ?  E.  retusa,  in  a  cooler  house, 
opens  its  flowers  perfectly.  Perhaps  some  of  your 
readers  who  have  had  a  longer  experience  of  the  E. 
metallica  will  tell  me  if  under  any  circumstances  its 
flowers  expand  ?  T. 

Tecophilea  cyano-crocus. — Of  this  pretty  little 
half-hardy  bulbo-tuberous  plant,  a  native  of  the  Chilian 
Andes,  Messrs.  Haage  &'  Schmidt  have  favoured  us 
with  the  subjoined  woodcut  (fig.  91).  Dr.  Leybold 
some  few  years  since  proposed  to  erect  the  genus 
Tecophilea  into  a  small  order,  which  he  called  Teco- 
philacea:,  but  Mr.  Miers,  in  a  subsequent  paper  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Linncan  Society,  shows  that  it 
belongs  to  the  Conantherefe,  a  small  but  very  inter- 
esting group  of  LiliaccjE  which  includes  besides  Cum- 
mingia   and  one  or  two  other  genera  of  similar  cha- 


FlG.    gi. — TECOPHn.EA  CVANO-CROCUS, 

racier.  The  present  species,  whose  name  Mr.  Miers 
writes  T.  cyaneo-crocea,  has  fibrous-coated  bulb-tubers 
about  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  From 
these  grow  up  two  or  three  radical  leaves,  which  are 
linear,  carinate,  and  undulated,  while  the  scape  is 
short  and  erect.  The  flowers,  which  are  said  to  have 
a  strong  scent  of  Violets,  are  large  and  conspicuous,  an 
inch  and  a  half  long,  with  a  short  slender  pale  blue 
tube,  and  a  deep  blue  campanulate  limb,  the  two 
upper  segments  being  variegated  with  white  markings. 
These  flowers  are  produced  in  October  and  November. 
The  plant  would  form  a  pretty  object  for  the  gardens 
of  those  who  appreciate  elegant  floral  structure  and 
exquisite  colouring,  qualities  which  are  to  be  very 
frequently  found  in  the  sadly  neglected  class  of  bulbous 
plants. 

The  Royal  Belfast  Botanic  and  Horticul- 
tural Gardens. — These  gardens,  which  now  form  a 
centre  of  great  attraction  to  botanists  in  the  North  of 
Ireland,  have  been  managed  throughout  the  past  year 
with  increased  efficiency  and  care  ;  but  much  remains 
to  be  done  before  they  can  claim  a  position  worthy  of 
the  enterprise  of  the  pubUc,  of  the  taste  they  exhibit, 
or  of  the  inexhaustible  resources  in  the  vegetable  king- 
dom at  their  command.  The  reconstruction  and 
improvement  of  the  heating  apparatus  are  impera- 
tively necesssary,  not  so  much  on  account  of  the  large 
saving  in  coals  that  may  be  effected,  as  of  the  safety  of 
the  plants  themselves,  particularly  the  more  valuable 
specimens,  which  are  subject  to  considerable  risk  in 
winter,  from  the  want  of  proper  means  of  heating. 
This  defect,  however,  will  be  remedied  as  soon  as 
"the  sinews  of  war"  are  forthcoming.  The  show- 
houses  in  the  spring  of  last  year  had  an  abundant 
bloom  of  Camellias  ;  and  although  the  plants  were  not 
large,  four  had  about  2000  flowers  upon  them.  These 
plants  promise  well  for  the  present  year.  The  Tea- 
scented  Roses,  too,  last  summer,  flowered  remarkably 
well  ;  one  plant  of  the  celebrated  Marechal  Niel 
had  about  600  flowers  upon  it.  In  the  out- 
door gardens  the  hardy  spring !'  flowers  were 
late  in  unfolding  their  beauty,  in  consequence  of  the 


severity  of  the  preceding  winter,  and  even  Wall- 
flowers (Cheiranthus  Cheiri)  were  completely  killed  in 
these  gardens.  The  spring  plants  covered  the  ground 
with  such  masses  of  flowers,  that  the  summer  plants 
were  kept  out  in  the  beds  and  borders  a  fortnight  later 
than  usual.  The  summer  flower  garden  contained  a 
greater  variety  of  plants  than  the  gardens  ever  before 
displayed,  by  the  use  of  such  hardy  plants  as  the 
variegated  Ash-leaved  Maple,  Hops,  Virginian 
Creeper,  Adam's  Needle,  New  Zealand  Flax, 
&c.  In  the  rosery  the  plants  had  a  large  quantity  of 
bloom,  and  the  south  side  of  the  rosery  was  planted 
with  70  varieties  of  Ivy.  The  general  collection  of 
plants  was  improved  during  the  year  by  the  addition 
of  723  species  or  varieties,  13  of  which  are  fine  speci- 
men greenhouse  or  stove  plants.  The  donations  in- 
clude a  packet  of  seed  from  Japan,  seven  bulbous 
plants  from  Natal,  15  packets  of  seeds  from  Nepaul, 
seed  from  Australia,  a  collection  of  seeds  from  New 
Orleans,  7000  Snowdrops,  &c.  The  subscriptions 
received  during  the  past  year  were  ^645,  against  ^^405 
in  1S65,  being  an  increase  of  .^^240,  and  larger  than 
any.  /'. 

Preserved  Kidney  Beans. — In  October,  1870 
(p.  1412),  I  directed  attention  to  the  German  method  of 
preserving  Kidney  Beans  for  winter  use,  which  was  by 
simply  slicing  them,  putting  layers  of  the  sliced  Beans 
alternately  with  layers  of  common  salt,  and  when 
done,  or  the  jar  full,  the  whole  was  pressed  down  with 
a  plate  on  which  was  placed  a  heavy  stone.  Now,  as  I 
have  lately  enjoyed  a  dish  of  Beans  which  had  been 
preserved  by  this  method,  I  again  advert  to  the  sub- 
ject. As  Beans  were  very  good  and  very  plentiful  last 
summer,  we  preserved  a  considerable  quantity,  some  in 
the  manner  described,  and  others  by  another  process, 
which  will  be  presently  pointed  out.  Our  German 
friends  make  a  kind  of  feast  of  Bean  slicing,  and  young 
gentlemen  are  invited  to  assist  the  ladies  of  the  house- 
hold in  the  operation — their  reward  being  a  dance,  and 
doubtless  a  little  flirtation  afterwards,  but  it  occurred 
to  me  that  the  whole  Beans  treated  by  the  salt  would 
be  even  better,  as  these  would  present  fewer  edges  to 
become  discoloured.  A  stone  jar  was  then  managed 
in  this  way  : — Beans  merely  stalked  were  put  in  layers, 
and  then  sprinkled  over  with  salt  on  the  top  of  each 
layer ;  when  the  jar  was  full,  the  covering  plate  and 
stone  were  arranged  for  pressure.  When  these  are 
required  for  use,  a  quantity  are  soaked  in  cold  water, 
then  sliced  ,in  the  usual  manner,  ^and  put  to  boil 
with  a  little  soda.  Well,  the  sliced  ones  were  good  in 
point  of  flavour,  but  these  were  even  better  in  this 
respect,  while  their  colour  was  far  more  agreeable  : 
indeed,  even  in  summer  I  have  seldom  eaten  better 
Beans,  or  had  any  that  looked  better  when  brought  to 
table.  Vegetables,  it  is  true,  have  not  been  scarce  this 
winter,  but  a  hard  winter  may  thus  be  provided  against, 
especially  if  it  follows  a  plentiful  summer,  and  our 
winter  roast  mutton  be  enhanced  in  flavour  by  easily 
preserved  summer  Kidney  Beans,  y.  I>. 

Wellingtonia  gigantea,  var. — While  on  a  visit 
to  Chatsworth  during  the  spring  of  last  year  (1S71) 
Mr.  Speed  pointed  out  a  very  distinct,  long-leaved, 
glaucous  variety  of  this  noble  Conifer,  growing  side  by 
side  with  a  specimen  of  the  ordinary  type  near  the 
great  conservatory.  It  has  been  said  that  "  compari- 
sons are  odious,"  and  this  undoubtedly  is  true  in  many 
instances,  but  in  the  case  in  point  it  furnishes  the 
most  reliable  proof  of  the  individuality  of  this  elegant 
variety.  When  viewed  at  a  distance  it  resembles, 
in  colour  and  habit,  a  Pinus  rather  than  a  Wel- 
lingtonia, and  this  is  more  apparent  by  the  near  proxi- 
mity of  the  normal  green  type.  I  have  little  doubt 
but  that  this  variety  originated  in  the  seed-pan,  and  in 
my  opinion  it  is  well  worth  perpetuating  as  a  striking 
variety  of  one  of  our  most  beautiful  Conifers.  I 
should  think  that  it  possibly  may  exist  in  other  places, 
or  in  nurseries  where  seedlings  are  raised,  and  if  so  I 
should  be  glad  of  any  information  respecting  its  his- 
tory.  F.   IV.  B. 


Foreign   Correspondence. 

Westonhall,  Yamhill  County,  Oregon,  U.S. 
— Before  leaving  Scotland,  you  may  recollect  that  I 
wrote  to  you  for  a  certain  number  of  the  Gardeners* 
Chronicle,  in  which  was  given  a  description  of  certain 
horticultural  farms  in  the  neighbourhood  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  for  your  kindness  in  sending  me  the  number 
I  have  never  before  had  time  or  opportunity  to  return 
you  thanks.  Accept  them  now,  though  the  distance 
between  us  may  attenuate  them  vilely. 

My  first  impression  of  this  section  of  the  States  was 
very  favourable,  and  now  that  I  have  been  a  couple  of 
months  here,  I  find  I  am  even  more  taken  with  this 
noble  tract  of  country  the  longer  I  remain.  I  do  not  now 
regi'ct  that  I  have  made  the  extra  effort  to  bring  my 
family  and  myself  past  California  up  north  here  on  the 
Pacific  coast.  Here  might  be  a  gardener's  paradise  ! 
A  climate  similar  to  that  of  the  South  of  England  : 
rain  in  plenty  at  the  proper  season,  with  occasionally 
some  little  snow  and  frost  ;  then  the  most  genial 
forcing  weather  in  spring  and  summer,  and  as  mellow 
an  autumn  as  in  California.  A  soil  than  which  it  is 
impossible  to  fancy  anything  more  rich  ;  deep,  stone- 
less,  and  rich  as  marrow,  waiting  to  be  stirred  up 
sufficiently  to  yield  endless  succession  of  crops.      Such 


220 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


[February  17,    1S72. 


a  subject  for  well-directed  efforts  as  would  throw  a 
Scottish  farmer  or  gardener  with  amazement  into  a 
swoon  for  a  week.  The  present  owners  of  the  soil 
are  not  enterprising ;  they  get  what  they  need  so  easily, 
that  even  all  the  open  prairie  is  not  half  broken  in,  and 
the  modicum  under  the  plough  is  only  scratched  by  it 
to  the  depth  of  from  i  to  6  inches.  Now,  the  soil  has 
practically  no  bottom.  My  farm  is  on  the  banks  of 
the  beautiful  Willamette,  and  I  have  it  sheer  down 
60  feet  resting  on  the  unctuous  soapstone,  It  is  a  most 
peaceable  country,  and  wholly  agricultural,  but  Portland 
offers  to  grow  to  a  town  of  considerable  commercial 
importance  ;  already  a  good  many  big  ships  come  there. 
The  railroads,  too,  are  pushing  up  both  sides  of  the 
Willamette  to  join  the  Californian  lines,  under  the 
energetic  management  of  Ben  llolladay,  a  famous 
character  hereabouts  ;  and  the  river  which  runs  by  my 
door  is  navigable  in  summer  to  this  place,  and  much 
higher  up  now  that  there  is  plenty  of  water  in  its 
channel  ;  so  that  there  will  be  every  convenience  to 
bring  nomadic  Britons  to  possess  the  land,  and  show 
forth  its  great  capabilities.  The  forest  scenery  is  sub- 
lime ;  the  tall  trees  (they  say  here  one  has  to  look  twice 
to  see  the  top  of  them,  /.  c,  you  first  look  to  a  point 
where  you  expect  to  see  the  top,  and  then  look  again 
to  find  the  actual  apex),  and  glorious  jungle,  in  which 
I  have  lost  myself  several  times  when  out  shooting;  the 
fertile  land,  intersected  by  creeks  and  smaller  streams  ; 
the  splendid  rivers,  the  Cascade  and  other  mountains, 
with  far- stretching  prairies  between;  snow-clad  peaks, 
striking  and  beautiful  as  the  Alps  ;  green  trees  and  the 
*'  freshness  of  the  grass  "  all  the  year  round,  save  some 
three  months  in  autumn — these  altogether  recommend 
this  State,  to  a  North  Briton  especially,  over  all  the 
other  divisions  of  territory  I  have  seen  or  heard  of  in 
the  Union  for  a  home. 

I  could  write  much  more,  but  I  shall  add  what  I 
retain  to  what  I  may  gather,  and  send  you  a  much 
longer  letter  next  time.  Allow  me  to  say  that  an 
industrious,  intelligent  Scotch  gardener  is  very  much 
wanted,  at  30  dols.  to  40  dols.  per  month,  with  board. 
He  is  sure  ultimately  to  make  his  fortune,  and  that 
quickly  if  he  is  large-minded,  and  not  hide-bound  to 
his  specialty,  but  willing  and  ready  for  what  is  best  and 
most  profitable.  J.  II. 


Societies, 

Royal  Horticultural:  Feb.  13,  Auniversan'.  — 
O.  F.  Wilson,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  in  the  chair.  The  minutes 
of  the  last  annual  meeting  having  been  read  by  the 
Assistant -Secretary,  and  signed,  Mr.  Fortune  and  Mr, 
Moore  \\'ere  appointed  scrutineers  of  the  ballot  for  the 
election  of  Council  and  officers  for  the  ensuing  year. 
These  gentlemen  subsequently  reported  that  the  nominees 
of  the  Council  had  been  unanimously  elected  (there  being 
only  one  dissentient),  namely,  H.R.H.  the  Prince  Arthur 
(confirmed  by  acclamation);  Arthur  Grote,  F.L.S.  ;  and 
Andrew  Murray,  F.  L.S.  ;  in  the  room  of  Major  R.  Trevor 
Clarke,  Rev.  Joshua  Dix  (deceased),  and  E.  J.  Lowe, 
F.R.S.  ;  while  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  K.G.  ;  Mr.  John 
Clutton,  and  Major-General  H.  Y.  D.  Scott,  C.B.,  were 
respectively  re-elected  as  Presiden  t ,  Treasurer,  a  nd 
Secretary. 

The  Assistant-Secretary  then  read  the  following  report 
of  the  Council : — 

"  T.  The  Council,  in  their  last  year's  report,  expressed 
a  confident  expectation  that  the  International  Exhibition, 
then  about  to  be  opened  under  the  direction  of  Her 
Majesty's  Commissioners,  would  tend  greatly  to  the 
advantage  of  the  Society.  Their  anticipation  has  been 
fully  realised,  and  they  have  the  gratification  of  an- 
nouncing to  the  Fellows  that  the  Society  has  participated 
largely  in  its  success.  Not  only  has  it  profited  by  the 
Exhibition  being  made  accessible  to  them  and  their 
families  on  especially  favourable  terms,  but  the  result  of 
the  arrangement  entered  into  with  the  Commissioners  (by 
which,  in  consideration  of  the  temporary  use  of  the 
arcades  and  other  facilities  given  by  the  Society,  it 
should  receive  a  payment  by  way  of  a  royalty  of  one 
penny  for  every  visitor  to  the  Exhibition),  has  been  to 
place  to  their  credit  a  sum  of  _;^503o  oj.  i\d. 

"2.  It  was  not  to  be  expected,  nor  did  the  Council 
ever  anticipate,  that  so  important  an  operation  could  be 
carried  tlirough,  and  so  large  an  increase  to  their  income 
for  the  year  be  acquired,  without  some  reduction  of 
certain  sources  of  income  on  which  the  Society  had  been 
accustomed  to  rely.  The  amount  of  such  reduction, 
iiowever,  has  been  small,  as  will  be  seen  by  a  comparison 
of  the  different  items  of  receipts  and  expenditure  in  last 
year's  statement  of  accounts,  with  that  which  accom- 
panies this  report. 

"  3.  On  turning  to  the  side  showing  the  receipts,  it  will 
be  found  that  the  sum  received  this  year  for  annual  sub- 
scriptions shows  no  material  difference^;  tlie  amount 
received  this  year  being  /■7115  17J.  as  against  /7177 
last  year.  The  number  of  Fellows  continues  nearly  the 
same.  The  items  where  the  receipts  have  fallen,'  and 
where  the  fall  maybe  directly  traced  to  the  Exhibition, 
are  the  daily  admissions  and  promenades,  the  rent  of 
S[Dace  in  the  arcades,  and  the  produce  of  exhibitions  and 
ycMT.  "Ihe  sum  received  for  daily  admissions  and  pro- 
menades has  fallen  from  ^^463  6j.  91/.  to  ^"172  4^,  it/.  ; 
the  rent  of  space  in  the  arcades,  from  ^424  to  ^388  i8.r.  ; 
.ind  the  produce  of  exhibitions  and  f^es,  from  £\-2j-j  -js. 
1°  .^634  6-f-  i*''-  A  considerable  diminution  in  the  receipts 
for  garden  produce  was  of  course  to  be  looked  for  after 
the  garden  at  Chiswick  had  been  so  much  reduced  in 
size— at  all  events  until  the  new  arrangements  are  in 
working  order.  It  has.  however,  proved  much  less  than 
the  Council  anticipated,  viz.,  from  ^578  51.  luL  to 
;C349  15^-   4^-     The  alterations  at  Chiswick  liave  been 


completed,  and  the  new  walls  built,  the  expenses  having 
partly  been  borne  by  the  adjoining  tenant  and  partly 
defrayed  from  the  sale  of  plants  and  other  produce  in  the 
ground  given  up. 

"4.  The  Council  have  the  pleasure  to  announce  that 
although  in  tlie  year  1870  the  Society  sustained  a  slight 
loss  from  the  show  at  Oxford,  this  last  year  they  more 
than  redeemed  it  at  Nottingham.  Besides  having  pro- 
duced a  show  of  unusual  beauty  and  interest,  they 
realised  a  nett  profit  of  ^^774,  a  result  which  the  Council 
feel  to  be  in  a  great  measure  due  to  the  devoted  and  un- 
tiring labours  of  one  of  their  number,  Mr.  E.  J.  Lowe. 

"  S-  Turning  to  the  other  side  of  the  account,  the 
Fellows  will  find  that  notwithstanding  the  reduction  of 
the  establishment  at  Chiswick,  its  expenses  liave  last  year 
risen  from  /1335  Sj.  'jd.  to  ^^2060  igi.  11J.  The  expla- 
nation of  this  IS  the  large  drafts  made  on  the  garden  at 
Chiswick  by  the  establishment  at  South  Kensington, 
rendered  necessary  by  the  International  Exhibition. 

"6.  On  South  Kensington  Garden  the  expenses  have 
also  been  considerably  increased,  the  amount  this  year 
being  ^^3802  2j-.  6d.,  instead  of  ^2359  loj.  71/.  The 
expenses  of  exhibitions  last  year  were  ^^1484  7J-.  71/.,  this 
year  they  amounted  to  /^iQi6  8-v.  ^d.  This  increase  must 
be  regarded  as  part  of  the  necessary  outlay  required  to 
produce  the  receipt  of  ^5030  os.  \\d.  from  the  Exhibition. 

"7.  It  is  also  to  be  observed  that  the  amount  of  Ken- 
sington Garden  expenses  is  largely  increased  by  the 
payment  of  ;^5oo  to  Mr.  Foley  for  his  exquisite  piece  of 
sculpture,  "The  Boy  at  the  Stream,"  which  was  produced 
under  arrangements  initiated  by  H.R.H.  the  Prince 
Consort,  at  the  establishment  of  the  garden  at  South 
Kensington,  in  1861,  and  which  has  remained  unexecuted 
until  now.  The  work,  though  ordered  in  1862,  was 
delivered  only  in  1870. 

"  8.  Anotlier  large  item  which  the  Fellows  will  observe 
in  the  expenditure  is  /^soo  paid  on  account  of  tents.  This 
is  the  first  instalment  of  a  payment  of  ^1400,  which  those 
two  fine  tents  now  in  the  gardens  will  cost.  These  tents 
had  become  essential  to  the  continued  success  of  the 
Society's  shows. 

"9.  The  foregoing  is  a  brief  summary  of  the  working 
business  of  the  past  year.  It  now  remains  to  say  a  few 
words  in  anticipation  of  that  of  the  coming  year.  The 
Council  have  only  two  alterations  of  any  moment  in  view, 
but  both  are  important.  Many  Fellows  who  were  in  town 
during  the  period  of  the  Exhibition,  and  who  availed 
themselves  of  their  privileges,  may  have  felt  some  degree 
of  inconvenience  from  the  arrangements  with  the  Exhi- 
bition Commissioners  as  to  entrance  into  the  Exhibition 
and  gardens,  and  all  of  them  must  have  agreed  that  it 
would  have  been  a  very  great  boon  had  their  Fellows' 
tickets  admitted  them  to  the  Exhibition  on  the  same 
footing  that  they  did  to  the  gardens.  Feeling  this,  the 
Council  have  endeavoured  to  make  arrangements  with 
the  Commissioners,  by  which  this  privilege  should  be 
acquired,  and  they  have  the  satisfaction  of  announcing  to 
the  Fellows  that  the  Commissioners  have  agreed  to  grant 
the  privilege  sought  by  the  Council  for  the  present  year, 
in  consideration  of  the  use  of  the  quadrant  arcades  by 
visitors  to  the  E.xhibition. 

"  10.  The  other  step  is  the  appointment  of  a  botanical 
Professor,  who,  by  lectures,  answers  to  personal  inquiries, 
and  other  means,  shall  assist  in  establishing  a  more 
correct  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  botany  and  horti- 
culture, and  of  the  names  of  plants,  among  those  of  the 
Fellows  and  their  gardeners  who  are  desnous  to  profit  by 
the  opportunity.  An  abstract  of  the  duties  proposed  to 
be  attached  to  the  position  is  annexed,  and  the  Council 
believe  that  they  have  secured  a  very  competent  botanist 
and  horticulturist  to  undertake  them,  in  the  person  of 
Mr.  Tliiselton  Dyer,  late  Professor  of  Botany  in  the 
University  of  Dublin,     [^oyal  College  of  Science.] 

"■'  Duties  nf  the  Professor  0/  Botany . — i.  General:  To 
conduct  the  scientilic  business  of  the  Society,  both 
horticultural  and  botanical.  To  enter  into  communication 
with  horticultural  and  botanical  establishments  at  home 
and  abroad,  and  especially  with  the  societies  in  union 
with  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society. 

"2.  South  Kensington  :  To  attend  the  meetings  and 
exhibitions  of  the  Society,  and  there  note  carefully,  and 
report  upon  all  objects  of  merit,  for  publication  by  the 
Society  ;  also  to  pay  attention  to  the  correct  naming  of 
the  plants  exhibited.  To  aid  the  Rev.  M.J.  Berkeley  at 
the  Wednesday  meetings.  To  be  at  the  offices  one  after- 
noon in  each  week,  for  the  purpose  of  answering  any 
scientific  inquiries  which  maybe  made  by  the  Fellows.  To 
edit  any  publications  which  the  Society  may  issue.  To 
give  a  series  of  lectures  on  subjects  connected  with  scientific 
horticulture  to  the  Fellows  and  others  during  the  session, 
as  the  Council  may  direct.  To  take  charge  of  the  library 
and  look  to  its  increase. 

"3.  Chiswick  :  To  take  care  that  all  plants  of  botanical 
interest  be  properly  named.  To  inspect  all  scientific 
experiments  made  in  the  garden,  to  report  the  results,  and 
offer  suggestions  for  further  experiments  relative  to 
scientific  horticulture  and  the  growth  of  plants.  To  be 
present  one  afternoon  each  week  to  give  information  on 
such  points  as  may  be  necessary  to  Fellows  and  gardeners 
of  Fellows,  and  to  receive  from  them  plants  which  may 
require  botanical  names.  To  give  a  series  of  lectures 
each  year  to  the  students  in  the  gardens  and  the  gardeners 
of  Fellows  on  scientific  horticulture  and  botany.  To 
report  monthly  on  the  meteorological  observations  made 
in  the  garden.  To  form  one  of  the  Horticultural  Board 
of  Directors." 

The  following  are  extracts  from  the  reports  of  the 
Horticultural  Directors  : — 

"  Sclent ijic  Committee  \sic\ — Under  the  peculiar  cir- 
cumstances of  the  gardens  at  Chiswick  in  1871,  it  was  im- 
possible for  the  Board  of  Direction  to  do  more  than  apply 
all  their  energies  to  the  best  mode  of  carrying  out  the 
necessary  alterations.  In  consequence  of  the  lateness  of 
the  season  at  which  anything  effectual  could  be  accom 
plished,  there  was  considerable  anxiety  as  to  the  fate  of 
the  valuable  stock,  which  could  not  be  removed  till  a 
period  far  later  than  was  desirable.  It  is,  however,  with 
great  pleasure  that  they  are  able  to  report  that  the  removal 
of  ihe  trees  was  most  successful.     Partly  from  constant 


care,  and  partly  from  a  very  favourable  condition  of 
weather,  not  a  single  plant  of  any  value  failed,  and  the 
gardens  must  now  be  considered  as  in  a  most  satis- 
factory condition.  The  Board  will  now  be  prepared  to 
carry  out  any  horticultural  experiments  which  may  be 
suggested,  while  it  is  hoped  that,  under  the  regulations 
proposed  by  the  Council  for  lectures  to  students,  the 
gardens  may  become  a  very  valuable  school  for  horti- 
culture. The  Board  cannot  help  congratulating  the 
Society  in  having  been  able  to  retam  the  services  of 
Mr.  Barron,  which  could  not  possibly  have  been  very  well 
replaced. 

"  Pomological Department.— ^hKX.  has  chiefly  occupied 
attention  in  the  pomological  department  during  the  past 
year  has  been  the  preparation  and  furnishing  of  the 
ground,  in  the  new  arrangement  of  the  garden,  with  the 
fruit  trees  that  were  removed  from  the  old  orchard.  The 
advantages  of  this  reconstruction  are  now  apparent,  and 
not  the  least  important  of  these  is  the  classifying  of  the 
trees,  by  wliich  facilities  are  obtained  for  comparmg  and 
judging  of  the  different  varieties.  The  Board  take  this 
opportunity  of  testifying  to  the  skill  displayed  by  Mr. 
Barron  in  the  way  the  new  arrangements  have  been 
carried  out  and  completed.  Although  the  whole  of  the 
open  space  appropriated  to  the  fruit  department  has 
been  completed,  the  new  boundary  walls  have  yet  to  be 
furnished.  Steps  ha\e  been  taken,  and  are  now  in  pro- 
gress, to  obtain  such  trees  as  are  adapted  for  that 
purpose,  and  ere  spring  has  much  advanced  as  complete 
a  collection  of  Apricots,  Cherries,  Peaches,  and  Nec- 
tarines as  it  is  possible  to  obtain  shall  have  been  secured, 
and  the  former  high  reputation  of  the  Chiswick  garden 
for  its  pomological  collections  will  have  been  restored. 
Up  to  the  present  time  there  exist,  under  the  successful 
re-arrangement  of  these,  about  400  sorts  of  Apples,  350 
of  Pears.  300  of  Plums,  430  of  Cherries,  220  of  Vines, 
and  100  of  Figs.  Of  the  last  there  are  yet  many  varieties 
that  have  not  been  determined. 

"Besides  the  work  of  reconstruction,  an  extensive 
experimental  trial  of  the  numerous  varieties  of  Borecole 
or  Kale  has  been  made,  by  which  the  confusion  so  much 
complained  of  will  be  cleared  up,  and  the  various  names 
by  which  the  varieties  are  known  will  be  referred  to  their 
proper  place.  This  season  arrangements  have  been  made 
for  a  trial  of  Peas,  of  which  the  varieties  have  become  so 
numerous,  and  the  confusion  of  names  so  complicated, 
since  the  last  great  trial  in  the  garden. 

"  In  the  great  vinery  there  is  a  very  marked  improve- 
ment in  the  condition  of  the  Vines  since  the  enlargement 
and  re-dressing  of  the  border,  and  the  heading  down  of 
some  of  the  varieties.  The  new  Grape,  Madresfield 
Court,  which  was  at  first  supposed  to  be  a  variety 
requiring  hot  treatment,  has  pro\ed  to  be  one  of  the  very- 
best  for  a  cool  house,  equalling  if  not  surpassing  the 
Black  Hamburgh  in  the  high  condition  it  attains  under 
such  circumstances.  A  vine  of  this  variety  was  planted 
in  company  with  one  of  the  Black  Hamburgh  in  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Fountaines  vinery,  which  was  erected  in  the  garden, 
and  although  the  house  has  no  provision  of  any  kind  for 
being  artificially  heated,  the  Madresfield  Court  Grape 
ripened  thoroughly,  and  was  considered  to  be  much 
better  adapted  for  such  a  situation  than  the  Black 
Hamburgh. 

"As  usual,  the  Fellows  have  made  good  use  of  the 
privilege  afforded  them  in  obtaining  scions  of  fruit  trees 
and  seeds  from  the  garden.  During  the  past  year  the 
distribution  of  each  has  been  as  follows  :— 60,000  packets 
of  vegetable  seeds;  4500  packets  of  cuttings  of  Figs, 
Vines,  and  other  fruit  trees ;  and  600  plants  of  Figs 
distributed  by  ballot. 

"Floral  Department. —Owing  to  the  alterations  which 
have  been  in  progress  at  Chiswick,  but  little  opportunity 
was  afforded  during  the  season  of  1871  for  carrying  oil 
the  usual  trials  of  flowers.  These  alterations  have  in- 
cluded the  formation,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Council- 
room,  of  a  new  series  of  beds  for  the  growth  of  trial 
plants  ;  and  though  it  was  late  in  the  season  before  thest- 
beds  were  completed,  a  collection  of  bedding  Pelar- 
goniums was  nevertheless  got  together,  and  planted  out 
in  time  to  make  satisfactory  progress.  These  were 
examined  in  the  jnonth  of  August  by  the  Floral  Com- 
mittee, when  the  following  awards  were  made  :  — 

First-class  Certificates. — As  flowering  plants  :  Law- 
rence Heywood,  Charley  Casbon,  Mrs.  Mellows,  Lady 
Kirkland,  Stanstead  Rival,  R.  Bowley,  "Wallham  Seed- 
ling, Louis  Veuillot,  Penelope.  As  foliage  plants  : 
Goldfinder,  Macbeth,  Louisa  Smith,  Black  Douglas. 

"Second-class  Certificates. — As  ilowering  plants  :  De- 
mosthenes, Arthur  Pearson.  Murillo,  Triomphe  de  Stella. 
Augustine  Rougier,  The  Champion,  Mrs.  Menzies,  Mdlle. 
NiUson,  Cleopatra,  Acme,  Madame  Lemoine.  As  foliage 
plants  :  Miss  Batters,  Florence. 

"  In  the  present  season  it  is  proposed  to  continue  the 
trials  of  bedding  Pelargoniums,  and  to  add  in  the  out- 
door department  collections  of  Pentstemons  and  Phloxes, 
and  in  the  indoor  department  of  Fuchsias— all  of  which 
have  been  much  augmented  as  to  the  number  of  varieties, 
and  materially  improved  as  regards  quality,  since  the 
former  examinations  of  them  were  made. 

"On  the  wall  bounding  the  trial-ground  on  the  west  it 
is  proposed  to  grow  examples  of  ornamental  hardv 
climbers,  instead  of  fruit  trees  as  heretofore.  Contribu- 
tions for  this  object  will  be  acceptable.  Notwithstanding 
the  reduction  of  space  in  the  garden,  the  collection  of 
herbaceous  perennials  which  had  been  recently  acquired 
has  been  retained,  and  any  further  accessions  thereto,  or 
to  the  class  of  hardy  bulbs,  especially  Lilies,  would  be 
welcomed. 

"The  Chiswick  garden  has  contributed,  during  the 
past  year,  to  the  garden  at  Kensington  the  following 
supplies,  viz.  : — For  the  decoration  of  the  conservatory, 
about  20,000  plants  ;  and  for  other  purposes  of  furnishing 
and  decoration,  about  50,000  plants. 

"  The  distributions  made  to  the  Fellows  during  the 
year,  in  this  department,  have  comprised  7000  useful 
plants,  allotted  by  ballot,  and  60.000  packets  of  flower 
seeds." 

Mr.  Blenkins  had  much  jileasure  in  moving  the  adop- 


February  17,   1873.] 


The   Gardeners*   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


221 


lion  of  the  report,  which  he  thought  wiis  a  really  satis- 
factorj-  one.  Last  year  he  took  occasion  to  express  his 
opinion  that  a  union  between  tlie  Commissioners  for  the 
Kxliibition  of  1851  and  the  Council  of  the  Royal  Horti- 
cultural Society  would  be  highly  beneficial  to  the  latter, 
kind  he  was  pleased  to  hear  that  this  had  been  the  case. 
He  hoped  this  union  would  long  continue,  and  that  they 
should  receive  from  it  not  alone  their  present  advantages, 
but  the  still  further  privileges  which  the  continuance  of 
exhibitions  must  ensure. 

Professor  Tennant  seconded  the  motion,  at  the  same 
time  making  one  or  two  suggestions.  It  was  well  known 
lliat  the  Society  gave  to  their  members  tickets  which 
admitted  persons  to  the  gardens  on  certain  days  of  the 
^\eek  ;  but,  unfortunately,  these  tickets  were  not  available 
on  Sunday,  the  day  to  which  many  a  one  looked  forward 
during  the  week  for  a  pleasant  day  in  the  gardens.  Wiiat 
was  refused  in  this  Society  was  conceded  in  others.  In 
the  Zoological  Society,  for  instance,  the  members 
received  tickets  to  admit  two  persons  on  Sundays.  The 
Council  should,  he  thought,  take  this  matter  into  con- 
sideration ;  and  he  was  confident,  if  they  did  adopt  the 
plan  xeferred  to,  tlie  Society  would  be  a  considerable 
gainer  by  it.  He  thought  the  best  plan  would  be  to  give 
tickets  regularly  dated,  so  that  no  member  could  give 
more  than  two  admissions  for  any  one  day. 

Mr.  Wooster  took  exception  to  the  expense  of  the  new 
tents  erected  at  the  lower  part  of  the  garden,  which  were  the 
greatest  eyesores  the  Fellows  had  ever  had  to  put  up  with. 
He  presumed  the  Council  had  sanctioned  the  destruction 
of  what  was  a  remarkably  handsome  tent,  and  which  it 
was  a  pity  had  been  destroyed.  He  was  pleased  that  the 
Council  had  decided  upon  the  appointment  of  a  botanical 
l)rofessor,  who  by  lectures,  &c.,  should  assist  in  establish- 
ing a  more  correct  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  botany 
and  horticulture.  That  he  looked  upon  ;is  a  step  in  the 
right  direction,  and  he  thought  the  action  of  the  Council 
in  this  respect  could  not  fail  to  prove  highly  beneficial  to 
the  Society. 

Mr.  Godson  suggested  that  His  Royal  Highness  Prince 
Arthur,  whose  name  stood  on  the  balloting  list  for  the 
Council,  should  be  elected  by  acclamation,  as  was  usual 
in  the  case  of  members  of  the  Royal  family.  With  refer- 
ence to  the  report,  he  said  that  he  found  in  the  capital 
account  an  item  of  ^"700  disallowed  by  the  Expenses  Com- 
mittee, some  reason  for  which  he  hoped  would  be  given. 
As  to  th-;  election  of  the  Council,  he  could  not  help  bring- 
ing under  the  notice  of  the  meeting,  that  one  year  they 
had  a  gentleman  voted  out,  and  the  next  year  they  had 
him  voted  in,  which,  with  all  deference,  he  thought 
looked  too  much  like  a  family  compact.  He  thought  all 
the  Fellows  ought  to  have  a  chance  of  being  placed 
upon  the  Council.  In  the  report  Mr,  E.  J.  Lowe  was 
praised  for  his  exertions  on  behalf  of  the  Society  last 
year,  and  what  was  the  gratitude  shown  him?  Why  was 
he  sent  out  of  the  Council  this  year.  He  thought  that 
gentleman  ought  to  have  been  kept  on  the  Council,  and 
he  believed  the  meeting  would  be  of  the  same  opinion. 
He  also  wislied  to  know  how  was  it  they  were  charged 
/,"2400  for  rent  to  Her  Majesty's  Commissioners  of  1851 
in  respect  to  the  gardens,  and  yet  no  Income-tax  was 
allowed  ?  ^"50  or  ^"60  was,  he  thought,  a  matter  worthy 
of  consideration.  He  did  not  like  making  such  remarks, 
but  he  could  not  help  doing  so  when  he  read  in  the 
report  this  passage  ;^"  The  Fellows  will  find  that  not- 
withstanding the  reduction  of  the  establishment  at 
Chiswick,  its  expenses  have  last  year  risen  from 
^1335  8i.  7i/.  to  /^2o6o  19J".  iiti'.  The  explanation  of 
this  is  the  large  drafts  made  on  the  garden  at  Chiswick 
by  the  establishment  at  South  Kensington,  rendered 
necessary  by  the  International  Exhibition."  Now,  that 
had  never  been  admitted  before.  He  felt  satisfied  that  if 
the  ^^2400  rent  paid  to  Her  Majesty's  Commissioners  of 
1851,  and  other  payments  and  moneys,  were  taken  into 
account,  it  would  be  found  that  the  Society  was  not 
imder  those  great  obligations  to  the  Commissioners  which 
it  was  probably  thought  they  were,  and  he  thought  the 
Commissioners  might  act  more  liberally  than  they  did. 

The  Chairman  said  that  the  matter  of  giving  greater 
facilities  as  to  the  acquisition  of  tickets  to  the  gardens  lay 
entirely  with  the  Fellows  themselves,  the  great  object  the 
Council,  and,  indeed,  all  connected  with  the  Society,  had 
in  view,  was  to  keep  the  gardens  as  quiet  as  possible  on 
Sundays.  Increased  facilities  for  admission  would  bring 
more  people  to  visit  the  gardens  than  might  be  altogether 
agreeable.  Mr.  Wooster  had  spoken  of  the  loss  of  the 
large  tent,  but  he  might  mention  that  it  had  one  disadvan- 
tage—it was  like  a  white  elephant,  very  expensive,  and  it 
was  on  ground  which  the  Society  were  bound  to  give  up 
at  six  months'  notice.  Mr.  Godson  had  suggested  that  His 
Royal  Highness  Prince  Arthur  should  be  elected  on  the 
Council  by  acclamation,  and  he  had  much  pleasure  in 
putting  that  question  to  the  meeting.  —  NIr.  Godson 
seconded  the  motion,  which  was  carried  unanimously. 

Mr.  \\'^ilson  then  observed  that  Mr.  Godson  had  made 
some  remarks  as  to  Mr.  E.  J.  Lowe's  removal,  but  this 
did  not  by  any  means  rest  witli  tlie  Council.  A  bye-law 
existed  which  provided  that  two  members  of  the  Council 
should  go  out  every  year  by  reason  of  non-attendance,  the 
object  being  to  infuse  new  blood  into  the  Council.  Mr. 
Lowe,  on  the  present  occasion,  was  one  of  those  who  went 
out  for  non-attendance,  and  only  on  that  account.  Mr. 
Godson  also  spoke  of  the  ^^2400  rent  paid  the  Commis- 
sioners, without  deduction  ol  Income-tax  ;  he  would  say 
that  that  was  the  sum  fixed  for  rent  without  the  question 
of  Income-tax  being  entertained  ;  moreover,  there  were 
five  or  six  years'  rent  yet  which  they  had  not  paid. 

The  motion  for  the  adoption  of  the  report  was  then 
put  and  carried  unanimously. 

Mr.  Fernyhcugh  had  heard  many  complaints  respect- 
ing the  annoyance  caused  by  children  at  the  musical 
promenades,  and  by  the  fact  that  the  nursemaids  took 
for  themselves  the  very  best  places  to  be  had.  Per- 
ambulators and  hoops  were  undoubtedly  a  nuisance  when 
music  was  being  played,  and  he  thought  the  Council 
might  adopt  some  remedy  for  it. 

Mr.  Wooster  suggested  that  terra-cotta  medallions  of 
the  most  eminent  botanists  and  horticulturists  should  be 
placed  in  the  niches  of  the  arcades.    On  the  capitals,  too, 


he  would  suggest  that  floricultural  groups  should  be 
placed,  as  carried  out  at  Oxford. 

Major-General  Scott  thought  it  would  be  a  mistake  to 
put  the  busts  of  distinguished  botanists  on  the  walls 
referred  to.  He  had  heard  various  opinions  as  to  the 
Oxford  capitals.  In  the  present  instance,  he  could  not 
help  referring  to  an  old  saying,  "  Beggars  must  not  be 
choosers  :"  the  Society  had  not  paid  for  the  capitals, 
and  it  would  indeed  ha\e  been  diliicult  to  get  sculptors 
equal  to  the  task  proposed.  It  should  be  remembered 
that  the  Commissioners  had  gone  to  the  expense  of 
making  all  the  improvements  round  the  gardens,  and 
that  they  were  not  done  by  the  Society  at  all.  There  was 
plenty  of  space  for  busts,  even  busts  of  full  si^e,  when  the 
Society  could  afiford  to  provide  them. 

The  Chairman  said,  wit!i  reference  to  the  remarks  of 
Mr.  Femyhough,  the  Council  would  do  the  best  they 
could  to  reduce  or  abate  the  annoyance  complained  of. 

Monthly  Meeting  :  /'W'.  14. — James  Bateinan, 
Esq..  F.R.S.,  in  the  chair.  The  usual  preliminary  busi- 
ness, which  included  the  election  of  about  50  new  Fellows, 
being  concluded,  the  chairman  of  the  Fruit  Committee 
announced  the  awards  made  by  that  body,  who  he  stated 
had  requested  the  Council  to  forward  a  letter  of  condol- 
ence to  the  widow  of  a  late  member  of  that  committee- 
Mr.  Thomas  Osborn,  as  a  mark  of  their  esteem  of  his 
personal  worth.  The  chairman  then  introduced  to  the 
meeting  the  newly  appointed  botanical  Professor — Mr. 
Thiselton  Dyer,  who,  in  the  absence  of  Mr.  Marshall, 
announced  the  awards  made  by  the  Floral  Committee, 
and  directed  attention  to  one  or  two  objects  of  interest, 
and  especially  to  a  cut  raceme  of  Amherstia  nobilis,  from 
the  Duke  of  Devonshire's  garden  at  Chatsworth  — a 
singular  and  exceptionally  beautiful  member  of  the 
vegetable  kingdom.  Mr.  Bateman,  before  conmient- 
ing  on  the  grand  display  of  Orchids,  wished  to 
say  a  few  words  about  an  object  of  general  interest. 
It  had  long  been  known  that  along  the  antarctic 
zone  various  Beeches  found  a  home,  several  species 
being  also  found  in  Terra  del  I'uego,  Chili,  and  Van 
Diemen's  Land,  and  that  there  was  a  difference  of 
opinion  among  botanists  as  to  how  many  species  there 
really  were.  Dr.  Hooker,  in  his  Botany  0/  //le  Afitarctic 
I'oydgc,  mentions  that  in  Terra  del  Fuego  there  were  two 
Beeches  which  attained  to  a  great  size ;  and  it  was  thought 
that,  on  account  of  the  climate  there  being  so  much  worse 
than  our  own,  these  trees  would  prove  valuable  acquisi- 
tions to  our  gardens,  though  at  the  time  the  late  Sir 
William  Hooker  expressed  his  opinion  to  the  speaker  that 
the  chmate  of  this  country  would  be  too  good  for  them. 
However,  young  plants  were  raised  here,  and  he  pur- 
chased one  for  two  guineas,  which,  he  was  sorry  to  say, 
died  the  first  winter  after  planting,  and  he  had  thought  since 
that  the  species  in  question  had  been  lost  to  the  country. 
But  a  short  time  since  an  example  had  been  brought 
under  his  notice  by  an  old  friend,  Mr.  Dillwyn  Llewellyn, 
of  Penllagare,  near  Swansea,  who  possesses,  about  6  miles 
from  that  town,  a  favoured  nook  on  the  sea  coast,  where 
quite  a  colony  of  trees  had  been  formed,  and  amongst  them 
were  several  that  would  thrive  nowhere  else,  including  this 
evergreen  Beech,  which  had  grown  up  into  an  object  of 
great  beauty.  This  proved  that  what  this  Beech  w^anted 
is  plenty  of  moisture,  and  he  would  urge  upon  those  who 
had  residences  near  the  sea  to  procure  plants  and  plant 
forthwith.  Mr.  Dillwyn  Llewellyn  thought  the  plant  was 
the  Fagus  antarctica,  alluded  to  by  Mr.  Darvvin  in  the 
supplement  to  the  I'oyuigc  of  the  Beagle ;  but  this  could 
not  be,  the  plant  there  noticed  being  described  by  Hooker 
as  deciduous,  whereas  this  was  an  evergreen,  and  corre- 
sponded with  the  description  given  of  F.  betuloides,  which 
it  no  doubt  is.  The  following  notes,  furnished  by  Mr. 
Llewellyn,  were  then  read  :— 

"  Mr.  Darwin,  in  the  supplement  to  the  Voyage  of  the 
Beagle,  tells  us  that  Fagus  antarctia  grows  and  flourishes 
on  the  most  exposed  headlands  of  Terra  del  Fuego.  It 
clothes  the  shore  to  the  edge  of  the  sea,  thriving  where 
no  other  tree  can  exist ;  it  is  shorn  by  the  sea  breeze  so 
closely  that  it  presents  the  appearance  of  tables  of  foliage, 
so  dense  that  a  man  may  almost  walk  on  the  matted 
twigs.  It  looks  as  if  it  had  been  clipped  by  the  hand  of 
man  into  a  regular  symmetrical  form.  This  aptitude  for 
bearing  the  force  of  the  wind,  and  the  saltness  of  the  sea 
air,  in  the  most  tempestuous  climate  in  the  world,  recom- 
mends the  plant  for  experiment  in  exposed  places  on  our 
own  coast ;  and  in  the  year  1853  I  procured  a  plant  from 
Kew,  given  to  me  by  Dr.  Hooker.  It  was  planted  in  the 
comer  of  the  garden  at  Carwell,  only  a  few  feet  from  the 
edge  of  the  tide,  and  near  some  evergreen  Oaks,  which 
had  been  put  there  to  resist  the  west  winds  which  prevail 
on  that  coast.  The  shrub  throve  in  a  remarkable  manner 
from  the  time  it  was  planted,  taking  the  lead  among  the 
Ilexes. 

"In  the  autumn  of  1870,  when  I  last  measured  it,  it 
was  15  feet  high,  with  a  girth  of  11  inches  at  3  feet  from 
the  ground.  The  sketch  will  give  you  some  idea  of  its 
manner  of  growth  and  general  appearance. 

"The  Bamboo  behind  it  is  Arundaria  falcata,  also 
15  feet  high,  a  very  handsome  specimen,  being  a  dense 
mass  of  healthy  %igorous  vegetation.  The  bushes  at  the 
base  in  the  right  hand  corner  of  the  picture  are  Indian 
Azaleas,  Camellias,  and  New  Holland  Metrosideros.  But 
these  being  low  shrubs  are  completely  sheltered  from  all 
the  violence  of  the  wind  by  other  and  hardier  plants,  and 
enjoy  the  mild  temperature  which  the  south-western  sea- 
board of  the  island  aflbrds.  The  feature  most  noteworthy 
is  the  manner  in  which  tlie  evergreen  Beech  in  its  highest 
and  leading  shoots  defies  all  the  force  of  the  storm,  when 
all  the  common  trees  of  this  country  shrink  before  it." 

Mr.  Batenian  then  commented  upon  several  of  the 
Orchids  exhibited,  especially  alluding  to  Odontoglossum 
Alexandres  and  its  several  varieties  as  being  pre-eminently 
adapted  for  floral  wreaths  for  the  decoration  of  ladies'  hair. 

Scientific  Committee. —A.  Murray,  Esq.,  in  the 
chair.  The  proceedings  were  of  a  discursive  character. 
The  subjects  brought  before  the  meeting  were  numerous 
and  varied,  consisting,  among  others,  of  portions  of  cork 
destroyed  by  ants  ;   portions  of  Elm  destroyed  by  the 


maggots  of  Scolytus  destnjctor  (see  p.  45,  figs,  ir,  12)  ;  a 
specimen  of  Fagus  betuloides,  an  antarctic  species ;  a. 
monstrous  plant  of  Cyclamen,  from  Mr.  Webb,  of  Reigate, 
in  which  the  corm  had  sent  up  a  leafed  branch  with  a 
deformed  flower  at  tlie  top.  Dr.  Welwitsch  stated  that  he 
had  seen  similar  malformations  in  Portugal.  Dr.  Wel- 
witsch also  stated  that,  from  a  communication  from  Count 
Salms.  there  was  now  evidence  in  the  Berlin  Museum  that 
the  parasite  producing  the  deformity  figured  at  p.  1425, 
1871,  was  a  true  Loranthus,  as  leaves  still  remained  on 
the  specimen. 

Floral  Committee.— Dr.  Denny  in  the  chair.  This 
was  a  charming  little  show,  the  Council-room  being 
literally  filled  with  as  fine  a  lot  of  Orchids  as  ever  were 
brought  together  in  Febniary,  with  Cyclamens.  Primulas, 
and  various  other  spring-flowering  plants.  The  day  was 
fine,and  there  was  a  very  good  attendance— a  convincing 
proof,  if  any  were  needed,  of  the  snstained  interest  which  is 
being  taken  in  these  pleasant  gatherings.  First-class 
Certificates  were  awarded  to  Messrs.  Veitch  &  Sons  for 
two  very  fine  new  Palms  from  Lord  Howe's  Island — 
Kentia  aostralis,  a  very  graceful  plant,  in  the  way 
of  an  Areca,  the  stem  and  leaves  being  of  a  shining 
emerald-green  colour,  and  Kentia  Canterburyana,  a  dwarf, 
compact-habited  plant,  of  which  we  hope  shortly  to 
furnish  further  particulars,  with  an  illustration  ;  to  Mr. 
B.  S.  Williams,  for  Davallia  Tyermanh,  a  beautiful  new 
Fern,  figured  and  described  at  p.  871,  1870,  and  shown 
here  in  capital  condition  ;  to  Mr.  C.  Noble,  Sunningdale. 
for  Thujopsis  borealis  aurea  variegata,  apparently  a  well- 
marked  form,  which  w^ill  be  very  acceptable  if  the 
variegation  is  permanently  fixed  ;  to  Mr.  C.  Green,  gr,  to 
W.  W.  Saunders,  Esq.,  for  Rhipidodendron  plicatile 
major;  and  to  Mr.  Croucher,  gr.  to  J.  T.  Peacock,  Esq., 
Hammersmith,  for  Agave  Morgani,  a  Mexican  species, 
with  rigid  spear-shaped  leaves,  edged  with  formidable 
whitish  species  ;  and  A.  Gibbsii,  a  dwarf,  compact-grow- 
ing, small  thick-leaved  species  from  Brazil.  To  IVIr.  Bull,  a 
Second-class  Certificate  was  voted  for  Odontoglossum 
odoratum,  the  flowers  of  which  are  medium-sized,  pale 
yellow,  heavily  spotted  with  deep  crimson.  Cultural 
Commendations  were  on  this  occasion  bestowed  upon 
Messrs.  Veitch  &  Sons  for  a  fine  specimen  of  Hip- 
peastrum  pardinum,  on  which  were  17  fully  expanded 
blooms,  and  for  a  remarkably  fine  group  of  Orchids, 
which  included  beautifully  -  flowered  plants  of  the 
several  varieties  of  Lycaste  Skinneri ;  a  specimen  with 
three  fine  spikes  of  Dendrobium  Hillii ;  Coelogyne  cris- 
tata,  a  grand  example,  3 — 4  feet  through,  and  covered 
with  blooms ;  a  flowering  specimen  of  the  new  and  very 
curious  Lycaste  lasioglossa,  described  by  Prof.  Reichen- 
bach  in  another  column  (p.  215) ;  a  nice  example  of  thelovely 
Dendrobium  Wardianum,  the  same  of  D.  heterocarpum  ; 
Restrepia  elegans,  a  beautiful  little  thing,  but  not  so  good 
as  R.  antennifera  ;  Cypripedium  Schlimii,  &c.  The  same 
award  was  also  made  to  Mr.  Speed,  gr.  to  his  Grace  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire,  Chatsworth,  for  cut  flowers  of  the 
lovely  Amherstia  nobilis,  of  which  the  original  plant  was 
introduced  by  Mr.  Gibson  ;  to  Mr.  B.  S.  Williams,  for  a 
group  of  plants  which  included  several  fine  Orchids,  a 
collection  of  improved  hybrid  Solanums,  remarkable  for 
their  neat  bushy  habit  and  vigorous  growth,  and  a  flower- 
ing plant  of  Tillandsia  Lmdeni  major,  which  on  account 
of  its  brilhant  violet-blue  colour  attracted  much  attention  ; 
to  Messrs.  RoUisson  &  Son  for  a  group  of  Orchids  and 
fine-foliaged  plants,  including  good  specimens  of  Phalae- 
nopsis  Schilleriana,  Cct'logyne  cristata,  Cattleya  Triana;, 
Dendrobium  nobile,  which  contributed  much  to  the  high 
character  of  the  display  ;  to  Mr.  Howard,  gr.  to  J.  Brand, 
Esq.,  Balham,  for  a  very  handsome  bouquet  principally  of 
Orchids,  for  two  boxes  of  cut  Camellias,  a  capital  col- 
lection, and  for  two  baskets  of  Lily  of  the  Valley,  shown 
in  exceedingly  fine  condition  ;  to  Mr.  Denning,  gr.  to 
Lord  Londesborough,  for  an  effective  group  of  Orchids, 
which  comprised  a  large  specimen  of  Laelia  anceps,  on 
which  were  from  60  to  70  very  fine  flowers  ;  a  splendidly 
coloured  Cattleya  Trian^  ;  a  nice  specimen  of  the  deli- 
ciously  scented  Pilumna  fragrans,  and  Phalrenopsis 
grandiflora,  a  specimen  on  which  were  eight  remark- 
ably fine  flowers;  to  Mr.  J.  Wiggins,  Isleworth,  for  a 
capital  group  of  Cyclamens  ;  to  Mr.  B.  Johnson,  gr. 
to  T.  T.  Clarke,  Esq.,  Uxbridge,  for  a  remarkably  well- 
grown  specimen  of  Daphne  indica  rubra,  of  six  years" 
growth,  rather  too  severely  tied-in  perhaps,  but  covered 
with  flowers  and  very  sweet ;  to  Mr.  J.  Tompkins,  Spark- 
hill,  near  Birmingham,  for  24  Chinese  Primula  Princess 
Louise,  a  very  good  strain  ;  to  Mr.  Richards,  gr.  to  Baron 
Rothschild,  Gunnersbury,  for  a  very  broad-petaled  variety 
of  Odontoglossum  Alexandrse  ;  to  Mr.  Wilson,  gr.  to  W. 
Marshall,  Esq.,  Enfield,  for  two  specimens  of  MasdevallJa 
ignea,  the  flowers  on  which  were  much  finer  than  had  been 
seen  before—  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  genus,  which 
we  hope  soon  to  be  able  to  figure  in  our  columns;  to  Mr. 
Lawrence,  gr.  to  Bishop  Sumner,  Farnham  Castle,  Surrey, 
for  a  large,  well-flowered  plant  of  Dendrochilum  gluma- 
ceum  ;  to  Mr.  W.  Paul,  for  a  capital  box  of  cut  CameUias  ; 
to  Mr.  T.  S.  Ware,  Hale  Farm  Nursery,  Tottenham,  for  a 
choice  and  interesting  group  of  succulent  plants,  and  for 
a  basket  of  spring  flowers,  which  included  several  of  the 
lovely  varieties  of  Hepatica  triloba,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  &c.. 
and  a  showy  collection  of  the  rich  deep  blue  Iris  reticulata  ; 
and  to  Messrs.  Standish  &  Co.,  for  an  exceedingly  attrac- 
tive group  of  spring-forced  plants,  including  another  batch 
of  those  pretty  little  specimens  of  Bouvardia  jasniini- 
flora  of  which  an  account  is  given  at  p.  215,  some 
capital  Hyacinths  and  Cinerarias — amongst  the  latter 
being  two  very  showy  flowers,  named  in  honour  of  Lord 
and  Lady  Kilmorey,  and  in  colour  a  nearer  approach  to 
crimson  than  any  we  have  yet  seen.  Messrs.  Carter  &  Co. 
sent  six  good  specimens  of  Caladiums,  good  for  the 
season  ;  Mr.  Clarke.  Twickenham,  had  a  fine  collection 
of  Cyclamens;  and  from  Mr.  J.  James.  Isleworth. 
came  some  well-grown  Cyclamens  and  Primulas. 
Mr.  Grant,  gr.  to  J.  B.  Giegg,  Esq.,  Withington 
Hall,  Congleton,  sent  a  capital  lot  of  cut  blooms  of 
Camellias  and  other  spring  flowers,  but  they  unfortu- 
nately arrived  too  late  to  be  brought  under  the  notice 
of  the  committee.    Prizes  were  offered  for  three  Dielytras, 


222 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  17,   1872. 


a  most  useful  plant  in  spring  for  conservatory  decoration, 
but  one  that  does  not  improve  with  travelling,  as  was 
plainly  shown  in  the  case  of  the  otherwise  excellent 
examples  staged  by  Mr.  Denning,  and  which  on  that 
account  only  came  in  for  the  2d  prize — Mr.  J.  George, 
gr.  to  Messrs.  Nicholson,  Putney  Heath,  coming  in  1st, 
with  smaller  plants  in  fresher  condition.  The  ist  prize 
of  si.x  Lycastes  was  won  easily  by  Mr.  Denning,  with  a 
group  consisting  of  varieties  of  L.  Skinneri.  For  six 
distinct  Chinese  Primulas,  Mr.  Goddard,  gr.  to  H.  Little, 
Esq.,  Twickenham,  was  ist  ;  Messrs.  Dobson  &  Son 
receiving  an  extra  prize.  For  the  prize  given  by  Mr. 
William  Paul  for  three  Waltham  White  Primulas,  there 
was  only  one  competitor — Mr.  J.  Scolt,  gr.  to  j.  B. 
Howitt,  Esq.,  Brigden  Hall,  Enfield,  who  took  the  prize 
with  good  specimens,  larger,  in  fact,  than  those  shown 
by  Mr.  Paul  himself. 

Fruit  Committee. — G,  F.  Wilson,  Esq.,  F.R.S., 
in  the  chair.  Mr.  Melville,  The  Royal  Nurseries,  St. 
Lawrence,  Jersey,  sent  very  fine  examples  of  his  improved 
prolific  variegated  ornamental  greens,  highly  coloured  in 
most  instances,  and  particularly  proliferous  ;  a  Cul- 
tural Commendation  was  awarded.  A  new  improved 
sprouting  Borecole  was  also  shown  by  Mr.  James  Allen, 
gr.  to  the  Earl  of  Denbigh,  Newnham  Paddox,  Lutter- 
worth. Prizes  were  offered  for  the  best  3  dishes  each  of 
dessert  Apples  and  Pears.  In  the  former  class  the 
ist  prize  was  taken  by  Mr.  G.  T.  Miles,  gr.  to 
Lord  Carrington,  Wycombe  Abbey,  with  highly 
coloured  examples,  of  a  fair  size,  of  Blenheim 
Orange,  Ribston  Pippin,  and  King  of  the  Pip- 
pins ;  and  Mr.  T.  Parsons,  gr,  to  R.  Attenborough, 
Esq.,  Fairlawn,  Acton  Green,  came  in  2d  with  good 
specimens  of  Eraddick's  Nonpareil,  and  the  two  last 
varieties  above  mentioned.  The  other  exhibitors  in  this 
class  were  Mr.  J.  Gardner,  gr.  to  Colonel  Astley,  Elsham 
iHall,  Brigg ;  and  Mr.  W.  Gardiner,  gr.  to  E.  P.  Shirley, 
Esq.,  Lower  Eatington,  Stratford-upon-Avon.  In  the 
class  for  dessert  Pears,  Mr.  J.  Stephenson,  gr.  to  F.  C. 
Barker,  Esq.,  Leigh  Hill,  Essex,  was  ist  with  Passe 
Colmar,  Winter  Nelis,  very  fine,  and  Glou  Morceau,  Mr. 
J.  Gardner  being  2d.  Mr.  Dixon,  gr.  to  Lady  Holland, 
Holland  House,  Kensington,  Mr.  J.  Watson,  gr.  to 
E.  W.  Harcourt,  Esq.,  Nuneham  Park,  and  Mr.  G.  T. 
Miles,  also  competed.  Mr.  Gilbert,  gr.  to  the  Marquis 
of  Exeter,  Burghley,  exhibited  a  new  form  of  Grape  exhi- 
bition case,  which  contained  some  features  of  merit,  and 
of  which  we  hope  shortly  to  give  an  illustration.  The 
committee  requested  that  one  of  the  largest  size  should  be 
sent  to  Chiswick  for  trial. 


The  Fairfield  Orchids  :  A  Descripfivc  Catalogue  of 
the  Species  and  Varieties  groivn  dy  yames  Brooke  ^ 
Co.,  Fairfield  Nurseries^  Manchester.  London  : 
Bradbury,  Evans  &  Co.  ;  and  Brooke  iV  Co.,  Man- 
chester.    8vo,  pp.  128. 

This,  as  its  title  bears  witness,  is  a  descriptive  cata- 
logue of  the  Orchids  grown  by  Messrs.  Brooke  &;  Co., 
at  Fairfield  ;  but  it  is  something  more.  It  is  a  neatly 
bound  and  nicely  printed  book,  in  which  is  gathered 
together  a  considerable  amount  of  trustworthy  informa- 
tion on  Orchid  culture,  while  the  species  and  varieties 
grown  in  the  F'airfield  collection,  some  38 1  in  number, 
are  familiarly  and  popularly,  but  briefly  described.  We 
have  first  a  chapter  on  the  nature,  uses,  and  life  history  of 
Orchids,  in  which  we  read  that  these  plants  "  are  rapidly 
taking  a  front  position  in  all  high-class  collections  of 
ornamental  plants — the  Rose  alone,  the  acknowledged 
queen  of  flowers  for  2000  years,  retaining  her  ancient 
and  incontestible  place.  In  this  there  is  something 
very  significant.  Appealing  as  they  do  to  the  most 
finished  perceptions  of  what  constitutes  the  bcau-ideai 
of  floral  excellence,  when  the  histoid  of  Orchid-cultnre 
in  England  comes  to  be  fairly  written  out  it  will  testify 
not  more  to  enterprise  and  skill  than  to  the  growth  of 
good  taste."  Another  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  structure 
of  Orchids,  both  plant  and  flower.  A  third  relates  to 
the  culture  of  Orchids,  and  in  this  such  questions  as 
heat,  moisture,  sunshine,  rest,  Sic,  are  freely  discussed, 
and  at  sojne  length. 

We  then  come  to  the  descriptions  of  the  plants, 
under  their  respective  genera,  which  are  arranged 
alphabetically.  Here  each  plant  is  marked  by  a  letter 
indicating  whether  it  requires  hot,  medium,  or  cool 
treatment  ;  the  duration  of  the  flowers  is  also  in  most 
cases  stated.  At  the  end  is  given  a  glossary  of  generic 
and  specific  names  on  a  novel  and  perspicuous  plan, 
and  both  this  and  the  body  of  tlie  work  seem  to  be 
honestly  worked  out.  The  nomenclature  and  ortho- 
graphy are  fairly  accurate,  though  the  first  does  not 
profess  to  be  so  in  a  critical  sense,  but  rather  to  follow 
the  recognised  garden  form.  Thus,  we  find  the  name  of 
Dendrobium  moniliforme  preferred  to  the  more  correct 
D.  Linaw-ianum,  the  latter  rosy-flowered  plant  being 
of  course  totally  different  in  habit  and  in  flower  from 
the  true  white-flowered  D.  moniliforme  of  Japan. 

As  an  example  of  the  kind  of  information  scattered 
through  the  book,  we  quote  the  general  remarks  under 
Pleione ; — 

"The  Pleiones  are  delightful  little  Orchids,  from  the 
mountains  of  Upper  Nepal,  where  they  grow  upon  mossy 
rocks  and  the  moss-covered  trunks  of  trees.  In  slmeture 
of  flower  they  strongly  resemble  the  genus  Coslogyne,  to 
which  they  are  by  some  botanists  referred.  There  is  little, 
indeed,  except  habit,  to  keep  them  apart,  and  the  best 
collective  name  for  them  would  probably  be  Alpine 
Ccelogynes.  The  densely-clustered  pseudobulbs  are  short, 
curiously  marked,  and  prettily  mottled,  and,  unlike  those  of  I 


other  Orchids,  while  the  rhizome  is  perennial,  are  in  them- 
selves (at  all  events  in  certain  kinds)  only  annual.  In  some 
species  the  flower  comes  first,  as  in  the  Colchicum,  and 
the  leaves  do  not  shoot  up  until  the  bloom  is  over  ;  in 
others  the  foliage  appears  at  its  accustomed  period,  but 
is  so  quickly  deciduous  that  the  flowers  are  similarly  un- 
vestured.  The  deficiency  of  leaves  is,  of  course,  soon 
remedied  by  carpeting  the  soil  with  Selaginella.  The 
flowers,  which  are  always  large  and  sprightly,  come  out 
in  great  abundance,  one  to  every  bulb  ;  in  colour  they 
are  purple,  or  lilac,  or  rose,  the  handsome  and  con- 
spicuous lip  luxuriously  ornamented  \vith  crimson  streaks, 
and  with  dentate  lines  of  yellow.  So  powerfully  do  they 
recall  the  English  flower,  so  striking  is  the  resemblance  of 
hue  and  texture,  that  they  have  gained  for  the  beautiful 
genus  the  name  of  the  ■  Indian  Crocus.'  A  well-grown 
panful  will  present  two  or  three  dozen  flowers  expanded 
at  once,  and  as  they  make  their  appearance  in  the  depth 
of  winter,  as  decorative  plants  these  sweet  Pleiones  are 
simply  inestimable.  Nothing  can  excel  them  as  floral 
pleasures  for  the  parlour-table  or  the  boudoir,  and  as  a 
solace  for  the  invalid  they  are  second  only  to  Primroses. 
All  the  species  are  of  very  easy  culture,  requiring  only  to 
be  kept  cool  and  dry  during  their  season  of  rest,  and  to 
be  encouraged  with  a  fair  amount  of  warmth,  moisture, 
and  bright  light  when  inclined  to  grow,  and  while  growth 
is  in  progress." 

The  species  described  are  P.  humilis,  lagenaria, 
maculata,  pr^ecox,  and  Wallichiana.  We  quote  one 
other  passage  from  the  observations  which  preface  the 
glossary,  since  they  agree  entirely  with  our  own  views 
on  that  subject  : — 

"The  question  is  often  asked,  Why  cannot  these 
glorious  flowers  have  '  Enghsh  names  ?  '  In  one  point  of 
view,  to  give  them  Englisli  names  is  impracticable  ;  on 
the  other  hand,  they  are  already  possessed  of  English 
names  !  Appellations  rhyming  with  Daisy  and  Butter- 
cup they  never  can  possess.  To  attempt  to  bestow  such 
appellations  would  prove  a  useless  and  thankless  task  — 
for  no  one  would  be  willing  to  accept  them  ;  and  in  the 
presence  of  Fuchsia  and  Rhododendron,  Iris  and  Chry- 
santhemum, Crocus  and  Narcissus,  and  a  thousand  others 
of  corresponding  fabric  {which  are  as  thoroughly  un- 
English  as  Calanthe  and  Epidendrum),  would  be  simply 
absurd,  since  it  would  be  to  attempt  to  supply  a  want 
which  no  one  really  feels.  The  people  who  talk  of  Lilies 
and  Roses,  yet  complain  of  Calanthe  and  Lcelia,  belong 
to  the  school  of  M.  Jonrdain,  in  Mollere,  who  '  had 
spoken  prose  all  his  life  without  knowing  it,'  for  in  the 
former  names  they  are  quite  as  far  from  Saxon  as  in  the 
latter— Lily  and  Rose  and  Violet  being  themselves 
nothing  more  than  Latin  words  with  the  endings  slightly 
altered.  Here  and  there,  after  the  same  manner,  we  may 
shorten  a  Latin  orchideous  name,  saying  Dendrobe,  Oncid, 
and  Cypripede,  instead  of  Dendrobium,  Oncidium,  and 
Cypripedium  ;  following,  too,  in  that  procedure,  the  plan 
recommended  by  Mr.  Bentham  with  regard  to  the  names 
of  certain  English  wild  flowers ;  but  there  are  many 
names  which  cannot  be  so  abbreviated,  without  sacrifice 
of  euphony,  and  these  will  be  adopted  by  all 
sensible  people  without  a  murmur,  just  as  a 
little  while  ago  they  accepted  the  Fuchsia  and  Rho- 
dodendron, and  the  hundreds  of  similar  names  which 
have  virtually  become  the  English  ones.  A  little  time 
only  is  wanting,  and  Calanthe  will  slide  into  everyday 
speech,  just  as  '  Polyanthus '  has  done — that  is  to  say, 
with  every  one  who  cares  to  know  what  a  Calanthe  is,  our 
own  experience  leading  us  to  the  belief  that  those  who 
object  to  '  Latin  '  names  do  not  want  to  learn  the  English 
ones  either." 

Viewed  as  an  attempt  to  elevate  the  character  of  a 
trade  catalogue,  we  may  regard  the  Fairfield  Orchids 
as  successful  and  deserving  of  commendation.  Such  a 
book,  freely  illustrated,  would  seem  to  be  all  that 
could  be  desired  in  this  direction. 


THE  WEATHER, 

STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  BLACKHEATH,   LONDON, 
For  the  Week  ending  Wednesday,  Feb.  14,  1872. 


Hygrome- 

iBAROMETFR.         'I'^MPERATURE  OF 

from 

Wind. 

Glaisher's 
Tables  5tli 

1873. 

,       ■ 

Edition. 

..J 

Month 

AND 

Day. 

lean   Keading 
Reduced  to 

eparture  from 

Average 
of  18  Years. 

Highest. 
Lowest. 
Range. 

IP 

1 
t 

a 

Average 

Direction. 

z 

="^       1 

1872. 
1-eb.     8 

In. 

2979 

In.        0       0    16 
+  00255.539.3I16.Z 

(6. 1 

+  °7.'!43.3 

90 

3.W.   <„!m 

„       q' 29.78  ]  +  o.oi57-932-8|25-r 

45.9 

+  7.0,43.6 

92  1 

variablelo.oo 

„      10  29,76 

—  0.02  56. 245-3^0 -9 

49.9^+11.1.14.6 

82     1 

S-       10.00 

>.      I'  29.63 

-oiS54743i|"-<> 

17.2'+  3.642.4]    S3    1 

S.  :  S.E. 

0.00 

n       12 

29-47 

—  0.3250-3  39-7''0-6 

(4.31+  5-8 

40.0 

85  i 

S.E. 

0.0( 

M    n 

2959 

— o.20  53-739-6i4.» 

45.9,+  7'6 

4«.3 

87 

S-S.E. 

0.00 

„    14 

29-57 

-0.24  S3.8 38.3(15.5 

i       !       1 

44.b'+  6.6 

,1.0    87(1 

S.S.W. 

0.03 

8. — A  fine  day.     The  amount  of  cloud   variable   till  nighl. 

Generallj'  cloudless,  and  verj'  fine  after  7  I'.M. 
Q._Veri'  foggy  m  morning.    Generally  cloudj',  and  \ery  dull 

througnoHt. 
10.— A  very  fine  day.     Light  clouds  generally  present      Hazj' 

at  night. 
II. — Fine.     Cloudy  till  night ;  then  cloudless. 
12. — The  clouds  gradually  increased  towards  the  latter  portion 

of  the  day.     Overcast  at  night,  and  rain  fell. 
13.— Very   fine,   and   nearly  cloudless  till  evening.     Overcast 

after  8  V.M. 
14.— Cloudy  in   early   morning,  and   thin  rain  fell      A  variable 

butjfme  day.  the  sky  becoming  nearly  free  from  cloud 

towards  night. 

JAMliS  GLAISHER. 


(FOR  THE  E.NSUING  FORTNIGHT.) 
PLANT  HOUSES. 
The  Conservatory. — The  Acacuis  -will  now  be 
coming  into  flower,  and  very  beautiful  and  graceful 
many  of  them  are.  Some  of  them  are  better  adapted 
than  others  for  training  to  the  roof  atld  drooping  down 
from  it  to  the  level  of  the  face,  such  as  the  elegant  A. 
Ixict'ana,  A.  ^randis^  and  A.  x'erticillata.  A,  Dymn- 
W(? //(//>' forms  a  beautiful  pyramid,  and  A.  arinata  will 
assume  the  standard  form.  Previous  to  opening  their 
flowers,  give  liberal  waterings,  that  prolonged  flowering 
may  be  the  reward  of  such  an  act  of  kindness.  Acacia 
dcalbata  is  worth  growing  for  the  finely  bipinnate 
foliage,  which  is  found  so  very  useful  at  all  seasons. 
Cytincs  racemosns  is  another  very  useful  conservatory 
plant.  It  assumes  the  pyramid  form  very  readily,  and 
at  this  season  and  onward  will  fill  the  house  with  its 
grateful  perfume  ;  it  flowers  continuously  when  planted 
out  in  good  loam.  Now  is  an  excellent  moment  to  add 
more  soil  to  the  various  Cordy lines  2.xiADracicnas :  a  pure 
loam,  void  of  lime,  is  the  best  in  which  to  grow  them, 
whether  in  pots  or  planted  out.  The  handsome  Cordy- 
a  lie  indivim^  if  already  in  a  12-inch  pot,  and  having 
about  60  leaves,  and  forming  a  stem,  may  have  another 
pot  two  inches  larger.  Instead  of  adding  peat  to  the 
loam,  if  heavy,  add  coarse  river  sand.  Dracccna  indi- 
zrar,  and  its  darker  companion,  D.  Veilchii,  D.  anstralis, 
much  broader  in  the  leaf,  and  D.  Inxsiliense,  broader 
still,  one  and  all  make  handsome  rare  plants.  These, 
with  the  variegated  Yuccas,  Cycas  revoliita,  a  few  of 
the  hardier  Palms  and  Tree  Ferns,  as  it  were,  give  a 
furniture-like  appearance  to  this  structure,  while  the 
floral  plants  of  any  description,  when  grown  to  perfec- 
tion, are  works  of  art.   //.  Knight. 

Greenhouse  Soft-wooded  VXasA^.  —  Chiysan- 
themums  should  now  be  propagated  without  delay,  if 
good  specimens  are  required.  Take  the  strong  shoots 
off  with  a  heel  (with  roots,  if  possible),  and  place 
them  singly  into  small  pots  in  light,  sandy  soil.  Keep 
them  in  a  little  heat  until  they  are  well  rooted,  then 
shift  them  into  larger  pots  and  grow  as  hardy  as  pos- 
sible. If  extra  large  plants  are  desired  take  as  many 
old  stools  asmaybereipiired,  reduce  the  balls  by  cutting 
back  with  a  knife,  then  pot  them,  and  place  in  a  pit  or 
frame.  As  soon  as  the  shoots  are  about  8  inches  high, 
take  out  the  points  of  the  strongest,  removing,  at  the 
same  time,  all  small  shoots  that  are  not  requhed.  To 
grow  Pompon  Clirysanlheiiiums  successftUly  and  with 
tlie  least  amount  of  labour,  plant  them  out  in  a  border 
exposed  to  the  sun.  They  m.ay  be  successfully  lifted 
and  potted  when  the  buds  are  about  the  size  of  Peas. 
Cuttings  of  Tree  Carnations  may  now  be  taken  and 
put  into  a  brisk  bottom-heat.  As  soon  as  they  are 
rooted,  pot  them  into  a  mixture  of  two  parts  peat  ami 
one  of  loam.  Also  sow  seeds  of  Carnations.  Old 
plants  that  have  done  flowering  should  have  a  shift 
and  be  placed  at  the  warm  end  of  the  greenhouse. 
They  make  fine  objects  when  plunged  out  in  the 
borders  during  the  summer  months.  To  obtain  large, 
bushy  specimens  for  the  winter  take  a  plant  of  one  or 
two  years'  growth,  cut  away  an  inch  or  two  from  the 
bottom  of  the  ball,  place  it  in  a  well-drained  pot  two 
sizes  larger,  putting  a  few  lumps  of  soil  over  the  crocks. 
After  covering  the  ball  with  about  two  inches  of  soil, 
take  hold  of  the  stem  with  both  hands,  give  it  a 
careful  twist  between  each  joint,  and  peg  down  over 
the  ball,  covering  the  stem  with  an  inch  of  soil,  lliey 
will  soon  root  at  the  joints  ;  the  young  shoots  may  be 
stopped  once  or  twice  during  their  growth,  but  not 
later  than  June.  With  care,  plants  may  be  had  3  feet 
through,  aiid  will  give  30  (or  more)  expanded  blooms 
at  one  time.  Cinerarias  coming  into  bloom  should  have 
manure-water  or  a  little  Standen's  manure  shaken  over 
the  surface.  If  kept  in  a  dry,  airy  greenhouse  they 
should  be  damped  overhead  early  in  the  morning  or  in 
the  evening.    G.  Baker,  Clapliam. 

Flower  Forcing. — Let  every  available  space  be 
filled  up  with  Gardenias,  K/iododendrons,  HyaeitUhs, 
Tulips,  S'Mcct  Briers,  Narcissus,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  Spiriea 
japonica,  Kalmias,  Acacias,  Epaeris,  Azaleas,  Roses, 
Andromedas,  and  Carnations.  Get  a  few  more  plants 
of  Eucharis  amar.onica,  to  be  plunged  in  the  warmest 
end,  to  keep  up  a  succession  of  blooms,  which  are  so 
much  sought  after  for  the  hair ;  also  a  few  more 
Amaryllis.  Any  Slatices  that  were  struck  rather  late 
last  autumn,  and  have  been  kept  moving  all  winter,  if 
put  in  now  will  throw  up  good  heads  of  bloom,  and 
stand  a  long  time  in  flower ;  also  when  cut  they  last 
well  in  water.   .4.  IP. 

Stove  Plants. — Poinsettias  that  have  done  blooming 
may  now  be  stored  away  in  any  moderately  warm 
situation,  and  be  kept  dry  to  give  them  a  season  of 
rest.  It  is  rather  early  to  begin  the  general  potting, 
still  there  may  be  a  few  things  that  will  require  it  now, 
such  as  Ixoras,  Gardenias,  Draecenas,  Fraiicisceas,  and 
such  like  things,  that  arc  in  small  pots.  Plunge  them 
in  a  brisk  bottom-heat,  and  syringe  overhead  every  fine 
afternoon.  Keep  them  r.ather  close  till  they  begin  to 
grow.  Two  parts  turfy  loam  to  one  of  peat,  a  few 
bones,  and  silver  sand  will  make  a  good  compost  for 
them.  I  would  advise  beginners,  when  they  commence 
iwtting,  to  see  that  the  pots  are  clean  and  thoroughly 
drained,    and   the    soils    in    good    condition.      .Some 


Febraary  17,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


223 


of  the  GarJcinai  that  rive  set  with  flower-buds  may 
now  be  plunged  in  the  warmest  end  of  the  bed  ;  also 
one  or  two  Eiidiaris  amazoiiica,  one  of  tlie  most  use- 
ful stove  plants  in  cultivation,  about  which  I  shall  have 
something  more  to  say  by-and-by.  The  temperature 
may  now  range  from  60°  to  65°  at  night.  Syrmge 
and  shut  up  early  on  fine  days,  and  make  the  most  of 
sun-heat.  A.  Ingram,  Almuitk. 

Indoor  Ferns. — In  the  warmest  division  continue 
the  night  temperature  from  55°  to  58°,  raising  from  3° 
to  5°  more  in  the  day  time,  and  keeping  more  mois- 
ture in  the  house  than  I  have  before  recommended. 
They  may  safely  be  syringed  overhead  on  fine  morn- 
ings. TfK  Firm  will  be  better  lor  the  stems  being 
syringed  twice  in  the  morning  and  early  in  the  after- 
noon. Any  Ferns  that  require  room  may  either  be 
divided  or  removed  to  another  place,  being  careful  not 
to  move  large  Tree  Ferns  when  they  are  just  making 
the  new  fronds,  or  they  will  cotne  deformed.  Sus- 
pended baskets  must  now  be  lookeil  over.  If  possible 
add  fresh  soil,  or  put  in  larger  baskets.  The  finest  of 
all  Ferns  for  that  purpose  is  GoiiiophlMlini  submiricu- 
hilum,  it  will  make  magnificent  fronds  6  to  10  feet  in 
length  ;  NiphrcUpis  djviilliokics  and  Uibcrosa,  Da-'al/ias 
Polvaiilha,  buUata,  dUsecta,  and  pyxidata,  are  also  fine 
basket  Ferns.  Where  cut  Ferns  are  required  they  are 
invaluable.  I  l<now  of  none  that  keep  fresh  so  long  in 
water.  In  the  cool  ferneiy  40°  to  45°  will  still  be 
sufTicient.  If  any  fresh  moss  has  been  put  between  the 
Ferns,  look  very  closely  after  Slugs,  as  they  are  very 
fond  of  the  young  fronds.  To  trap  them  I  find  nothing 
better  than  fresh  cabbage  leaves,  examining  tliem  in 
the  evening,  and  taking  them  up  in  the  morning.  Use 
the  water-pot  more  freely,  but  guard  against  excess  in 
syringing.  J.  R.  Fdik,  Muitlcv  Hall,  Maiuhestcr. 

Pelargonium  House. — Under  this  head  I  purpose 
treating  of  specimen  plants  of  the  Shinv  and  Fancy 
Pelargoniums  for  exhibition  purposes  ;  all  merely 
decorative  kinds  will  be  noticed  under  the  head  of 
flowers  for  market.  This  is  a  most  important  month 
for  the  plant  under  notice.     The  May  plants,  which,  I 


healthy    shoots   and    fine  blooms   are    required   from 
weak  growers,    close  pruning   is   absolutely  essential. 

K.  n.  P.  

FRUIT  HOUSES. 
Vines. — Airing  should  receive  every  attention,  and 
more  or  less  be  given  daily,  according  to  the  state  of 
the  weather.  The  moisture,  too,  in  all  vineries  at 
work  should  be  in  proportion  to  the  weather,  and  the 
amount  of  air  given.  In  mild,  sunny  weather  this  may 
be  much  increased,  and  the  contrary  on  cold,  sunless 
days.  Thin  Ilamburghs  and  free-setting  sorts  as  soon 
as  they  are  the  size  of  small  shot ;  remove  all  unneces- 
sary lateral  growths,  and  let  the  growths  that  are  left 
have  plenty  of  room,  and  be  neatly  tied  in  their 
permanent  places.  Newly-started  houses  should  be 
syringed  several  times  a  day  till  they  burst  into  bud, 
when  it  is  prepared  by  frequently  sprinkling  the  paths. 
Now  is  a  good  time  for  starting  pot  Vines  for  fruiting 
ne.xt  season.  If  they  can  have  a  bottom-heat  of  80°, 
and  be  kept  near  the  glass,  they  will  come  away  strong. 
The  standard  variety  for  this  purpose  is  undoubtedly 
the  Black  Hamburgh,  although  the  Duchess  of  Buc- 
cleuch  has  proved  an  excellent  companion  to  the 
former.    Ctv.  Johnston,  Glainis  Castle. 

Melons. — Those  that  were  planted  last  month  will 
now  be  growing  freely.  Water  thoroughly  when 
required.  I  am  no  advocate  of  the  starvation  process 
of  Melon  growing,  and  am  inclined  to  think  that  half 
the  failures  in  securing  good  fruit  arise  from  the  belief 
that  to  obtain  them  it  is  necessary  to  use  the  least  pos- 
sible amount  of  water.  Increase  the  air,  to  prevent  a 
thin  flabby  development  of  foliage ;  a  high  night 
temperature  and  an  atmosphere  surcharged  with  mois- 
ture are  niinous.  What  we  require  is  foliage  that  will 
withstand  the  brightest  sunshine  (as  we  never  think  of 
such  a  thing  as  shading  Melons),  and  this  can  only  be 
attained  by  a  moderate  degree  of  moisture,  plenty  of 
an-,  and  the  smallest  amount  of  firing  compatible  with 
the  health  of  tlie  plants.  Allow  the  shoots  to  run 
nearly  to  the  top  of  the  trellis  and  then  pinch  out  the 


KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Outdoors. — Earth  up  and  stake  early  Peas  at  once. 
Nothing  does  them  more  harm  than  searching  winds, 
which  may  now  be  expected.  Sow  successional  crops 
in  open  quarters  of  Peas,  Beans,  and  -Spinac/i.  Plant 
out  autumn-sown  Onions  in  good  rich  land.  Prepare 
trenches,  the  same  as  for  Celery,  for  early  Cattlifioivers. 
Grown  in  this  way,  you  will  have  no  other  trouble  than 
earthing  them  up,  and  the  trenches  come  in  for  late 
Celery  afterwards.  Get  all  vacant  ground  turned  over 
without  delay,  and  when  fixing  the  places  for  the 
different  crops  always  have  an  eye  to  the  ornamental 
side  of  the  question,  as  nothing  looks  more  dressy  than 
single  rows  of  Peas  and  Scarlet  Runners  across  the 
quarters,  when  nicely  staked.  R.  Gilbert,  Burghtey. 


wiirpKsumc,  7eceTved'their  final'  potting  not 'later  than    tops  ;    train  the"  laterals  horizontally.     Sow  again  for 
-      .      ■     •         ,  „  .   ,         .      , ,'         °.  .1         I  succession  as  beiore  directed 


the  beginning  of  October,  should  now  be  pushed  on, 
placing  them  as  close  to  the  glass  as  possible,  and  the 
temperature  should  range  from  50"  to  55°,  with  plenty 
of  air,  closing  early  in  the  afternoon.  Be  careful  to  see 
that  tiie  roots  are  thoroughly  soaked  ;  a  good  watering 
with  tepid  water  I  have  found  of  benefit.  Tie  out  the 
shoots,  and  keep  quite  clean.  Late  plants  must  have 
all  the  air  possible,  and  finish  all  potting  and  stopping 
requisite  at  once.  Fancies  require  in  all  respects 
similar  treatment  ;  they  are  generally  kept  much  closer 
and  warmer  than  requisite,  and  miserable  plants  are  the 
result.  H.  Bailcv.  Fcltham. 


FLOWER  GARDEN.  ETC. 
Hardy  Trees  and  Shrubs. — Newly  planted  trees 
of  a  considerable  size  should  be  secured  against  wind 
waving.  The  most  effectual  plan  to  prevent  any  strain 
upon  the  roots  is  to  place  three  stakes  in  a  triangular 
form,  binding  the  stem  with  hay  or  straw  bands  to  pre- 
vent the  bark  from  chafing.  Trees  of  some  years 
standing,  which  may  be  stunted  or  unhealthy,  ought 
to  have  their  roots  examined  so  as,  if  possible,  to  pro- 
vide a  remedy.  The  disorder  may  arise  from  hidden 
stagnant  water,  or  the  obdurate  state  of  the  soil.  In 
the  former  case  the  water  must  be  liberated,  and  in  the 
latter  the  ground  beyond  the  extremity  of  the  roots 
trenched  deeply  to  give  easy  extension,  leaving  the 
surface  fully  exposed  for  the  admission  of  air.  Another 
impairing  cause  may  occur  :  the  inorganic  food  may  be 
distasteful,  or  in  some  way  offensive,  and  then  no  system 
of  management  will  ever  pi-ove  successful.  In  cases 
where  the  branches  are  over-crowded  have  them 
thinned,  and  all  contending  shoots  shortened  to  direct 
the  current  of  growth  as  much  as  possible  to  the  centre 
of  the  tree.  This  matter  is  too  little  thought  of,  and 
is  the  reason  why  we  so  often  meet  with  ungainly  sub- 
jects. It  would,  however,  be  highly  injudicious  to  inter- 
fere, unless  to  a  veiy  limited  extent,  with  those 
of  mature  age,  as  large  wounds  often  prove  fatal. 
See  that  all  vacancies  in  the  shrubbery  are  filled  up  by 
the  transfer  of  plants  where  too  crowded,  or  by  a 
supply  of  young  ones.  In  either  case  have  the  ground 
broken  up  deeply  several  feet  beyond  the  extremity  of 
the  roots ;  do  not  by  any  means  allow  these  to  be 
cramped.  The  principal  point  is  not  so  much  in  plant- 
ing, success  depends  more  in  lifting — the  preservation 
of  as  many  fibrous  roots  as  possible.  Hobinia  hispida  is 
one  of  our  most  beautiful  shrubs,  but  so  brittle  as  to 
require  to  be  supported  ;  it  will  occasionally  break 
down  by  its  own  weight ;  properly  it  should  be  trained 
to  a  wall.  Alexander  Crainb,  Tortiuorth. 

Roses. — The  pruning  of  Hybrid  Pei-petuals  and 
other  hardy  Roses  may  be  proceeded  with.  Care 
should  be  taken  to  prune  those  varieties  first  which 
are  most  backward  in  flowering.  For  instance, 
Mdme.  Vidot  if  pruned  at  the  same  time  as  MdUe. 
Bonnaire  will  flower  a  fortnight  later ;  indeed,  unless 
it  is  pruned  early  no  blooms  of  that  variety  will  be 
ready  for  the  early  shows.  The  manner  of  pruning 
must  depend  on  whether  the  amateur  "goes  in  "  for 
showing,  or  requires  a  great  display  in  the  rosarium ;  in 
the  former  case  he  must  prune  very  much  closer  than  in 
the  other.  Speaking  generally,  the  weaker  the  habit 
of  growth  the  closer  it  must  be  cut  in.  Amateurs  as  a 
rule  are  too  much  afraid  of  using  the  knife,  but  if  good 


W.  Wildsniith,  Heckfield. 
Cucumbers. — Those  who  commenced  early  last 
month  to  prepare  beds  for  raising  Cucumbers,  will  by 
this  time  have  them  in  a  suitable  condition.  Therefore 
it  may  be  expected  by  this  time  that  the  young  plants 
will  be  nearly  ready  to  repot.  This  is  the  most  trying 
time  of  the  year  (should  severe  weather  set  in)  to  keep 
the  young  plants  in  a  growing  state.  It  is  advisable, 
if  these  are  near  the  glass,  to  cover  at  night  with  double 
mats,  even  if  the  temperature  is  high.  Keep  the 
plants  in  the  seed-bed  until  they  are  nice  and  strong. 
Examine  the  bottom-heat  daily,  and  sprinkle  the  bed 
all  over  when  required,  not  forgetting  the  inside  of  the 
framework.  Take  every  opportunity  of  securing  as 
much  light  as  possible,  and  let  the  sun  shine  on  the 
plants,  giving  air  daily  if  the  weather  will  admit. 
R.  IL  D. 

FRUIT  GARDEN. 
Wall  Fruits. — Push  forward  the  pruning,  nailing, 
and  washing  of  all  kinds  of  fruit  trees  at  every  favour- 
able opportunity,  as  the  buds  will  soon  be  in  a  forward 
state.  Finish  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apricots,  and 
other  trees  on  south  walls  first.  In  pruning  and  nail- 
ing always  endeavour  so  to  arrange  the  branches  that 
the  trees  may  be  well  balanced.  The  pruning  of 
Vines  should  be  completed  this  month,  otherwise 
bleeding  may  result.  Fruit  trees  of  all  kinds  may  still 
be  planted,  but  it  is  desirable  to  bring  it  to  a  close  at 
as  early  a  period  as  possible.  M.  Saul,  Stomioii. 

Hardy  Fruits. — No  time  should  be  lost  in  getting 
the  Priming  of  all  kinds  of  fruit  trees  finished  as  soon 
as  possible.  Espalier  trees  should  be  carefully  looked 
over,  and  have  all  uld  ligatures  that  are  injuring  the 
bark  removed,  the  trees  being  tied  afresh.  Tie  bush, 
pyramid,  and  other  trained  trees,  and  be  careful  so  to 
arrange  the  branches  that  the  sun  and  air  may  have 
free  access  to  all  parts.  Provide  cuttings  of  such  kinds 
of  fruits  as  you  intend  to  graft  next  month,  and  keep 
them  in  a  cool  place  till  wanted.  No  inferior  kinds  of 
Pears  or  Apples  should  be  allowed  in  a  garden,  when 
we  have  so  many  superior  sorts  to  select  from.  Dig 
and  dress  borders  and  ground  where  the  trees  are 
pruned.   M.  Sanl,  Stourton. 

Bush  Fruits. — The  present  is  considered  by  some 
the  right  time  to  pmne  Nut  trees,  but  I  think  if  it 
were  done  in  November  it  would  prevent  the  rubbing 
off  of  the  flower-buds,  which  at  this  time  are  far 
advanced  to  the  blooming  state.  In  pruning  these  the 
aim  should  be  to  keep  the  bushes  within  bounds,  and 
the  branches  from  becoming  over-crowded.  All  strong- 
growing  branches  and  incipient  shoots  should  be 
entirely  removed.  Where  Filberts  are  grown  at  a 
distance  from  the  commoner  and  freer  blooming  kinds 
it  will  be  necessary,  to  insure  a  good  crop  of  nuts, 
to  procure  flowering  branches  of  the  latter,  and  place 
them  among  the  Filbert  bushes,  which  are  always 
deficient  in  catkins,  and,  as  far  as  I  have  seen,  are 
more  so  this  year  than  usual.  This  should  be  done  on 
a  morning  when  it  promises  well  for  a  fine  day,  and  be 
repeated  at  intervals  of  a  few  days,  while  any  female 
flowers  continue  to  open.  A  good  plan  where  Nust 
are  largely  grown  is  to  plant  some  commoner  kinds  at 
given  intervals  between  the  choice  ones.  Clear  away 
all  suckers  from  around  the  bushes,  and  to  any  sickly 
plants  give  fresh  good  soil.  H.  Mills^  Enys. 


Notices  to   Correspondents. 

AucuBA  Pollen;  Subscriber.  Put  the  pollen  in  a  paper 
bag,  keep  it  in  a  dry  place,  and  use  it  with  a  camel's- 
hair  brush  when  convenient.  It  will  keep  good  for  at 
least  18  months,  expcrtc  credc. 

Fungus  :  J.  B.  The  Fungus  on  CliKrophyllum  leniulum 
is  not  recorded  as  British.  It  comes  very  near  to  Stig- 
matea  Robertiana.  If  we  find  it  in  any  of  the  Continental 
collections,  we  will  let  you  know  by  private  letter. 
Meanwhile,  be  so  good  as  to  secure  more  specimens. 
M.  J.  D. 

Hakuy  Grasses  :  G.  Ckauning.  To  plant  on  the 
borders  of  your  lake,  take  Calamagrostis  Epigejos,  C 
lapponica,  Phragmites  communis,  Digraphis  arundi-  , 
nacea,  Poa  aqualica,  and  Spartina  cynosuroides.  You 
may  try  also  Arundo  conspicuaand  Erianthus  Ravennie, 
besides  your  Gyneriums. 

Insects:  H,  \V.  Your  paper  box,  with  its  contents, 
arrived,  of  course  completely  smashed  in  the  post,  and 
we  could  not  find  a  trace  of  anything  in  the  buds. 
/.  O  W. 

Income-tax.— An  assessor  writes,  in  answer  to  a  ques- 
tion in  our  last  issue,  that  a  nurseryman  is  only  liable  in 

A.  and  D.  His  is  a  trade,  and  his  premises  are  used 
for  carrying  on  that  trade  upon,  and,  like  factories,  mills, 

7&c.,  are  only  liable  under  A.  and  D.     B.  is  the  far 

I*  mer's  occupation  tax  ;  in  other  words,  the  law  supposes 
'  he  makes  a  profit  equal  to  half  his  rent,  and  the  law 
fixes  his  expenses  at  one-eighth,  which  is  deducted,  and 
he  pays  on  seven-eighths  of  his  rent.  D.  is  the  trades- 
man's schedule,  and  he  makes  a  return  of  that, 
charging  all  expenses,  and  if  he  makes  a  loss,  he  will 
not  have  to  pay  anything  ;  not  so  with  the  farmer  ;  he 
must  pay  on  the  seven-eighths  rental.  Assessor. 

Law.v  Shrub  :  J.  F.  There  is  no  more  beautiful  "hardy 
ornamental  evergreen  shrub "  than  a  well  furnished 
specimen  of  Holly,  of  either  of  the  variegated  varieties 
called  Waterer's,  or  the  Golden  Queen,  or  that  called 
Hodginsii  if  a  green-leaved  sort  is  preferred. 

Lychnis  chalcedonicum  fl.  tl  :  J.  M.  Your  want  of 
success— the  roots  becoming  less  every  year — is  prob- 
ably owing  to  your  overkindness  in  taking  them  up 
every  winter.  They  do  not  require  this  codling,  but  if 
planted  in  light,  free,  open  soil,  moderately  enriched, 
will  stand  like  other  hardy  perennials.  The  soil,  how- 
ever, must  not  be  holding  of  water.  The  best  protec- 
tion, if  any  is  considered  requisite,  would  be  to  lay  a 
small  heap  of  dry  ashes  around  the  crown  during  the 
severe  part  of  the  winter.  Both  this  and  its  single 
type,  are  examples  of  hardy  neglected  plants  of  high 
merit. 

Medals  :  Puffin.  The  error  has  been  acknowledged  and 
remedied.     Enough  has  been  said. 

Names  of  Plants  :  H.  &•  Co.  Westringia  rosmarini- 
folia,  Sm.,  once  known,  it  appears,  as  Cunila  verticil- 
lata,  a  native  of  New  South  Wales,  and  figured  in 
Andrews"  Repository  many  years  ago,  who  ascribes  its 
introduction  to  Messrs.  Lee  &  Kennedy,  of  Hammer- 
smith.—t'izw-^j  Tuley.  The  true  Oxalis  versicolor  of 
Linnseus,  a  native  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  requires 
a  cool  greenhouse,   free  from  frost  in  winter. —  IV.  O. 

B.  The  Fern  is  not  Lastrea  remota.  It  comes  nearest 
to  L.  Filix-mas  elongata.— .5.  C  D.  i.  Lastrea  dila- 
tata;  2.  Lastrea  Fihx-mas.— PK  J.  O.  1.  Polystichum 
capense;  2.  Selaginella  pubescens  ;  3.  Selaginella  un- 
cinata  alias  cassia. —  W.  D.  r.  Omphalodes  verna  ; 
2.  Aubrietia  deltoidea ;  3.  Lamium  maculatum ;  4. 
Cornus  mascula. 

Portugal  Laurel  :  J.  S.  H.  We  have  no  doubt  that 
the  condition  of  your  Portugal  Laurel  is  owing  to  the 
early  frost  in  December.  Tlie  perforations  are  undoubt- 
edly due  to  that  cause,  and  though  we  have  not  seen 
before  the  same  shrivelled  appearance,  we  beheve  that 
it  is  equally  attributable  to  cold.  If  this  is  the  case,  it 
is  to  be  hoped  that  when  the  affected  branches  are 
pnined  in,  a  healthy  growth  may  take  place  when 
more  genial  weather  arrives.  M.  J.  B. 

Rhododendrons:  G.  H.  D.  R.  NuttaUii  is  naturally  of 
straggling  habit.  Thepruningorstoppingof  the  terminal 
bud  should  have  been  effected  while  the  plant  was 
young,  that  is  all  the  pruning  we  should  now  recom- 
mend. R.  jasminiflonim  and  Princess  Royal,  if  pro- 
perly attended  to  in  stopping  while  young,  grow  into 
neat  bushes.  You  can  prune  them  back  to  improve 
their  shape,  but  probably  at  the  sacrifice  of  a  crop  of 
flowers. 

Spot  on  Ixoras  ;  B.  T.  The  spots  on  your  Ixora  have 
probably  arisen  in  the  first  instance  from  chill  after 
syringing  ;  now  they  are  partially  sprinkled  with  an 
obscure  Fungus  (Glceosporium),  which  is  rather  the 
consequence  than  the  cause.  Such  spots  often  arise  on 
tender  exotics  when  moist,  from  exposure  to  a  cold 
draught.  J/.  J.  B. 

Traveller  :  A  String  of  Queries,  i,  Your  Tea  plant  is, 
we  suppose,  Lycium  barbanim  :  Marocco  ;  2,  We  are 
not  aware  that  the  Com  Cockle,  by  which  you  mean, 
we  suppose.  Centaurea  Cyanus,  has  ever  been  used  as 
a  blue  bedding  plant  ;  3,  There  are  three  distinct  Pines 
of  the  names  you  mention;    4,    Reier  to    Moore   & 


224 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Aj^ricultural    Gazette. 


[February  17,   1S72. 


Mores  Cvbcle  Hiberniia,  or  to  a  paper  by  the  same 
writers,  published  in  the  report  of  the  Botanical  Con- 
gress, London,  1866,  and  extracted  in  our  columns  of 
the  same  year. 

Caialogues  Received. — Bell  &  Thorpe  (Slratford- 
on-Avon),  Illustrated  List  of  New  Seedhng  Pota- 
tos."-E.  G.  Henderson  &  Sons  (WelHngton  Road,  St. 
John's  Wood,  N.W.),  Catalogue  of  Flower,  Vegetable, 
and  Agricultural  Seeds.— William  Paul  (Waltham 
Cross.  N.),  Catalogue  of  Seeds.— James  Vick  (Roches- 
ter, X.Y.),  Illustrated  Catalogue  and  Floral  Guide.— 
S.  Dixon  &  Co.  {48A,  Moorgate  Street,  E.C.),  Select 
List  of  Vegetable  and  Flower  Seeds.— B.  R.  Davis 
(Yeovil),  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Vegetable,  Flower, 
and  Agricultural  Seeds,  Garden  Requisites,  &c.  Robert- 
son &  Galloway  (Glasgow  and  Helensburgh),  Descrip- 
tive Seed  Catalogue  and  Amateur's  Pocket  Guide  to 
the  Kitchen  and  Flower  Garden. — Haage  &  Schmidt 
(Erfurt),  Catalogue  of  Seeds  and  Plants. — Hogg  & 
Robertson  (Dublin).  General  Spring  Catalogue  of  Vege- 
table and  Flower  Seeds. — Drummond  Brothers  (Edin- 
burgh). Select  List  of  Gladioli,  Roses.  &c.— Clarke, 
Brothers  K'  Co.  (Carlisle).  Annual  Price  Current  of 
Garden  and  Farm  Seeds,  Trees.  Garden  Requisites.  &c. 
—Little  &  Ballantyne  (Carlisle),  Spring  Seed  Guide. — 
James  W.  Mackey  (Dublin).  Annual  Descriptive  Seed 
"Catalogue  and  Amateurs'  Guide.— Edmonson  Brothers 
(Dublin),  Spring  Catalogue  of  Vegetable  and  Flower 
Seeds.  Garden  Implements,  &c. — StepHen  Brown 
(Weston-super-Mare),  Illustrated  Seed  Catalogue,  in- 
cluding also  Bulbs  and  Roots  for  Spring  Planting. — 
Robert  Bowie  (Glasgow),  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
Select  Vegetable  and  Flower  Seeds,  Gladioli,  &c. — 
Teutscherit  Co.  (Colchester),  List  of  Japanese  Lilies, 
Orchids,  Maples.  Seeds,  &c.,  from  Kramer  &  Co., 
Yokohama,  Japan, — Thomas  S.  Ware  (Tottenham,  N.), 
List  ofSucculent  Plants.— Harrison  &  Sons  (Leicester), 
Select  Seed  Catalogue. — W.  P.  Laird  &  Sinclair  (Dun- 
dee). Catalogue  of  Vegetable  and  Flower  Seeds  and 
Gladioh. — Henry  Bennett  (Stapleford,  near  Wilton), 
Trade  List  of  New  Roses.— Ponsford  &  Sons  (Brixton 
and  Camberwell).  Catalogue  of  Kitchen  Garden  and 
Flower  Seeds.— H.  Cannell  (Woolwich),  Illustrated 
Floral  Guide  for  1872^^ 

CnMMiMc.vi  IONS  Received," R.  D.,  Seahani  (much  obliged 
f"or  your  letter.  We  have  many  varieties  of  readers  to  please, 
;uid  try  to  give  all  a  turn).— D.  McK.— D.  T.  N.— J.  D.— 
R.  R.-G.  M.  B.-T.  F.-J.  R.  P.-R.  T.— W.  B.-R.  G.- 
T.  W.— W.  E.-P.  M.— H.  K.-W.  J —A.  F.— J.  F.  L. 


ilarhils. 


COVE  NT   GARDES.— Fch.  16. 
Busmess    has    improved   during    the    week,    and   fair 
prices  have  been  obtained  for  the  leading  descriptions  of 
Fruit  and  Vegetables.     Among  the  imports   from  Paris 
we  are  now  receiving  some  very  good  Asparagus,   with 
the   different  sorts  of    salading,    and    also    some   good 
samples  of  Easter  Beurre   Pears,  which  are  very  useful. 
A  few   Strawberries   of  home  growth   ha\e   made    their 
appearance,  price  3.^.  ^d.   per  oz.       The  Potato  trade  is 
very  sluggish,  with  a  downward  tendency. 
Flowers. 
s.  d.     s.  d.  s.  d.    s.  d. 

Azalcis.p.duz.  sprays  o  q  to  1  o    Primroses.]).  12  bun.     . .  to  2  o 
Camellias,  per   doz.  Roses,  per  doz.       . .   2  G  —  g 

blooms      ....   ^ 
Heliotropes,  p.  doz.  Trumpet  Lilles.eacti     . .  —  06 

sprays       —  06     Tulips,  per  doz.     . .      . .  —  10 

Hyacinths,  each    . 

Lily   nf  the  Valley,  sprays      . .  .       .—60 

p.  doz.  sprays     ....    —  ,i  o    Cyclamen, p.  12  spks.  03—06 

Pelargoniums,  Violets,p.i2bunches     ..  —  10 

French.p.  12  sprays 
Pelargoniums,  Scar- 
let, p.  12  sprays.. 


Primrose^,  j).  12  bun. 
Roses,  per  doz. 
Tropa-'oUiins.  p.  bun. 
Trumpet  Lilles.each 
Tulips,  per  doz.  . . 
White  Lilac,  p.  doz. 

sprays 
Cyclamen, p.  12  spks. 
Violets,p.i2bunches 
Do.,  Neapolitan,  p. 
doz.  bunches 
6 
Frlit. 
i-.  d.     s.  d.  \ 
Apples,   per  \  sieve  2  o  to  5  o     Melons,  each 
Cob^,  per  100  lb.    .  .60  o  —65  o  ^  Oranges,  per  100 
"'"  "  "  Pears,  per  dozen 


Filberts,  per  lb. 
Grapes,  per  lb. 
Lemons,  per  100 


;.  (/.     J.  d. 

D    O    to    O    O 

6  o  — 10  o 
40  —  80 
5  o  — 10  o     Pine-apples,  per  lb.  6  o  — 10  o 
7  o  — 10  o  '  Pomegranates,  each  04  —  08 

Vegetaules. 

s.  d.     s.  d. 
HorseRadish,  p.  l)un.3  oto  5  o 


.  d.  s.  d. 
Artichokes.green,  ea.  o  6  to  o  8 
Asparaarus,  per  100     6  o —  8  o 

—  French,  do.  ..12  0—14  o 
Beet,  per  doz.  . .  i  o —  2  o 
Broccoli,  purple,  per 

bundle       . .  .  .     10 —  1   3 

Brussels  Sprouts,  p. 

half  sieve  . .      1  6 —  2  6 

Cabbages,  per  doz. ..  10—  i  3 
Cardoons,  each  . .  2  o —  4  o 
Carrots,  p.  bunch  . .  o  5—  o  7 

—  French,  do. . .  i  o — •  i  6 
Cauliflowers,  p.  do?,  a  o—  6  o 
Celery,  per  bundle  .  1  o —  2  o 
Cucumbers,  each  . .  2  o —  3  o 
French  Beans,  new, 

per  100      . .  . .  4  o —  6  o 

Herbs,  per  bunch  ..02 —  04 

Potalos,  Regents,  looi.  lo  130J.  ;  Flukes, 
French  Shaws,  60s.  to  705. 


Trade  is  still  dull,  at  the  following  quotations ;— 
Yorkshire  Flukes,  per  ton,  looj.  to  130J.  ;  Yorkshire 
Regents,  6oj.  to  loos. ;  Dunbar  and  East  Lothian  do., 
looj.  to  130J. ;  Perth,  Forfar,  and  Fifeshire  do.,  85J.  to 
100s.  \  do.  Rocks.  80s.  to  gos.  ;  Kent  and  Essex 
Regents,  60s.  to  iooj.;  do.  Rocks,  60s.  to  8oj.  ;  French 
Whites,  50J-.  to  yos. 


For  Want  Placks,  &c.,  see  page  243. 


New  and  Choice  Seeds. 

J      SCOTT'S       Descriptive      CATALOGUE      of 
•   VEGETAHLE  and   FLOWER  SEEDS   is  now  ready,  contain- 
ing Cultural  Notes  and  oilier  useful  information,  and  will   be   sent 
frralis,  post  free,  on  application  to 
J.  SCOTT,  The  Sce^^ti 


■es,  Yeovil,  Somerset. 


Genuine  Garden  Seeds. 

For  THOROUGHLY   RELIABLE  GARDEN  SEEDS,  see 

PONSFORD  AND  SON'S  CATALOGUE,  post  free. 
Extra      choice      slocks      of     PRIMULA.     CALCEOLARIA, 
CINERARIA,  and  other  FLORISTS'  FLOWER  SEEDS. 
Niirscrj''Tien  and  Seed  Merchants,  lirixton  and  Camberwell,  Surrey. 

BUTLER,  McCULLOCHT^nd  Cb.'S"~SPRlNG 
CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS  for  1872  is  now  ready.  It  contains 
many  Novelties  of  merit  and  worth  consideration  Sent  free  and 
post  paid  on  application. 

27,  South  Row.  Covent  Garden  Market,  London,  W.C. 
Established  upwards  of  a  century. 

New  Japanese  Lilies.  Orchids,  Maples,  Conifer  Seedr&c. 

MESSRS.    TEUTSCHEL     AND     CO.,     Colchester, 
Accnts   for   Messrs.  Kramer  &  Co.,  Seedsmen  and  Nursery- 
men, Yokohama,  Japan. 

CATALOGUE  includes  three  New  Lilies,  Lilium  callosuni  and 
I-cichtlinii,  Cj;pripedium  japonicum ,  Platanthera:,  Seed  of  Abies 
Firma,  \'eitchii,  Primula  japonica,  &c.  


New  Seeds. 

CHARLES  TURNER'S   CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS 
is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  on  application. 
This  Catalogue  contains  selections  of  the  best  in  each  class,  and 
descriptions  of  the  leadmg  varieties  only. 

C.  TURNER'S  CATALOGUE  of  HARDY  TREES,  including  a 
full  collection  of  Fruits,  Coniferte,  Evergreen  and  Deciduous  Shrubs, 
and  Trees,  Roses,  &c..  may  also  be  had. 

'I'fic  Royal  Nurseries,  Slouf,'h.  ^^___ 


Grape  Vines,  Fruiting  and  Planting  Canes. 

5S.  EACH. — Lewis  Wuodthorpe  begs  to  offer  a  fine 
and   well-erown    STOCK    of    all    the     best    sorts.      Descriptive 
CATALOGUES  free.     Second  si«d  ISLACK  HAMBURGltS,  3J.  W. 
each.     L.  W.'s  system  of  packint;  saves  half  the  cost  of  carriage. 
Munro  Nursery,  Sible  Hedingham,  Essex.        ______ 


Garden  and  JFlower  Seeds. 

THOMAS  METHVEN  and  SONS  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  Descriptive  Priced  CATALOGUE  of  KITCHEN 
GARDEN  and  FLOWER  SEEDS.  IMPLEMENTS,  &c.,  for  1872, 
is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had.  post  free,  on  application. 

Seed   Warehouses;    15,   Princes   Street,   and  Nursery   Gate,   Leith 
\V alk,  Edinburgh. ^ 


I^ecks,  per  bunch  ..  o  2^  o  4 
Lettuces,  peracore. .  1  6 —  2  o 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.  1  o —  2  o 
Onions,  per  bunch  .  o  4 —  o  9 
Parsley,  p.  biinrh  , .  o  2—  o  4 
Peas,  new,  per  pun.  ..  —  30 
Potatos.ncwframc.Ib.  2  o —  4  o 
Radishes,  per  bunch  o  2 —  . . 

—  French,  do.  . .  o  4 —  o  6 
Rhubarb,  p.  bund.  .  . .  —16 
Salsafy,  per  bun.  ..  09—  i  3 
Scorzonera,  per  bun.  o  9 —  i  3 
Seakale,  per  punnet  1  o —  2  o 
Shallots,  per  lb.  ..  08—  .. 
Spinach,  per  bushel  3  o —  4  o 
Turnips,  p.  bunch.,  o  2 —  o  4 

\-zos.  to  ijOi.  ; 


New  Seed  Catalogue  for  1872. 

MESSRS.    JOHN    AND    CHARLES    LEE 
will  be  happy  to  fonvard,  post  free  on  application,  their  New 
Descriptive  Priced  CATALOGUE  of  GENUINE  SEEDS,  containing 
every  Novelty  for  1872,  to  any  of  their  Friends  and  Customers,  and 
others  who  have  not  already  received  it. 
Royal  Vineyard  Nursery  and  Seed  Establishment,  Hammersmith,  W. 


Agrlctiltural  Seeds. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO..  Seed  Growers 
and  Sked  Merchants,  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  HOME-GROWN 
AGRICULTURAL  SEEDS  is  now  ready  and  will  be  forwarded, 
post  free,  upon  application. 


RAYNBIRD,       CALDECOTT,       BAWTREE, 
DOWLING  AND  COMPANY  (Limited), 
Corn,  Seed,  Manure,  and  Oilcake  Merchants. 
Address,  26,  Seed  Market,  Mark  Lane,  E.G.  ;  or  Basingstoke. 
Samples  and  prices  post  free  on  application.      Pri?e  Medals,  1831, 
for  Wheat;  1862,  for  "  F:xccllent  Seed  Corn  and  Seeds." 


Agricultural  and  Garden  Seeds. 

HAND  Y.  SHARPE'S  Trade  CATALOGUE  of 
•  HOME-GROWN  SEEDS  is  now  ready.  It  contains  all  the 
verj'  best  varieties,  cultivated  under  their  own  superintendence.  The 
quality  is  very  fine,  and  the  prices  low. 

Seed  Growing  Establishment,  Wisbech. 


N^ 


EW     GIANT     HYBRID     COW     CLOVER.~A 

great  acquisition.  A  Hybrid  between  Cow  Grass  and  Common 
Red  Clover— will  mow  three  heavy  crops  in  one  year,  and  succeeds  on 
Clover-sick  land.     Price  2i.  W.  per  lb.     Cheaper  by  the  cwt. 

SUTTON  and  SONS,  Seedsmen  to  the  Queen,  Reading. 


Grass  Seeds. 

BOLTON    AND   CO.,  having  paid  great  attention  to 
the  Grass  Seed  Department,  are  able  to  oner  first-class  SEEDS 
nf  the  different  kinds. 

BOLTON  and  CO.,  Seed  Merchants,  Wood  Green,  London,  "' 


MANCHESTER  FIRST  MONTHLY  EXHI- 
lilTION,  in  connection  with  the  liotanic  Gardens,  to  be  held 
in  the  Town  Hall,  Kin^  Street.  Manchester,  on  Tuesday  next,  the 
20lh  inst.  R.  S.  YATES  will  EXHIBIT  two  or  three  plants  of  his 
Ca-'.LOGYNE  CRISTATA,  with  70  or  80  Spikes  of  Bloom  on  each. 
He  shall  ofier  them,  for  cash  only,  at  25  Guineas  each,  __^_^ 

Pelargoninms  for  the  Million. 

JAMES    HOLDER'S    unrivalled    COLLECTION    of 
FRENCH,  FANCY,  and  SHOW  VARIETIES,  now  ready, 
strone  Plants.     CATALOGUES  gratis  on  appUcation. 

HUNT'S   superb   SWEET   WILLIAM,    in   24   ' 
plants,  as  per  former  Advertisement. 

Crown  Nursery,  Reading. 


varieties,  seed  or 


CHOICE 
Pr 


TRICOLOR 

Prince  of  Wales 
Mrs.  Dunnett 

Sunbeam 
Wonderful 


GERANIUMS, 
letty  Lacy  1    Miss  Burbett  Coutts 

Sir  Robert  Napier        Mrs.  John  Clutton 
Pre-eminent  Italian  Beauty 

Phccbus  I    Mabel  Morris 

The  12  for  211. ,  cash ;  packai^e  free. 
Remittances  requested  from  unknown  correspondents. 
ALFRED  FRYER.  The  Nurseries,  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire. 
"Vf  EW~ROSES"fbPi'872rTn  40  best  Varieties,  worked 
X\    in  the  ver>'  best  style.    Extra  strong,  well  furnished  plants  (not  to 
he  surpassed),   ready  in  March-      Descriptive   LISTS,   with   raisers' 


lames,  on  application. 

HENRY    IlENNETT 
Wilton,  W'ilts. 


Descriptive   LISTS, 
Manor    Farm    Nursery,   Staple foril. 


BOROUGH  MARKET. 
Wholesale  Prices. 


Savoys, 


Feb.    10. 

—  13., 

—  15. 


Per  doz. 
.    d.      s.  d. 
)     1^  to  o    9 

I    C  —  o    g\i 

I    6  —  o    90 


Per  doz.  bun. 
s.  d.  s.  d. 
I     o  to  2     6 


Parsnips. 


t 


Per  score. 

.      d.         S.    il 

I  6  to  o 
1  6  —  o 
6—0 


Per  sieve. 
.    d.      s.  d. 
o  to   I     0 

.    g  -^  I     6 

o  —  I     6 


POTATOS.—Soiithwark,  Feb.    12. 

During  the  past  week  the  arrivals  coastwise  have  been 

moderate,   but  considerable    from    France  and  by  rail. 


STRONG  STANDARD  APPLES,  PEARS,  and 
WALNUTS.— Fine  Standard  and  dwarf-trained  APRICOTS, 
PEACHES,  and  NECTARINES,  Standard  and  Dwarf  Perpetual 
ROSES.  Evergreen  and  Deciduous  Flowering  SHRUBS,  FOREST 
TREES  of  sorts,  from  2  to  10  feet  Prices  on  application  to 
CHARLES  BURGESS,  The  Nurseries,  London  Road,  Cheltenham. 


QTRONG    3 


and    4-yr.    APPLES,    gs.    per     dozen, 

;iC3  per  100  "extra  strong  PEARS,  PLUMS,  and  CHERRIES, 
very  (ine,  15J.  per  dozen ;  very  line  Dwarf-trained  APPLES,  155.  per 
dozen;  do.  PLUMS  and  FEARS,  18s.  per  dozen;  e.-vtra  strong 
RASPBERRIES,  6j.  per  100;  GOOSEBERRIES.  165.  per  loo; 
strong  Red  and  Black  CURRANTS,  8j,  per  100.  Splendid  Standard 
RUSES,  fine  heads,  15J,  per  dozen  ;  choicest  Dwarls,  fine  plants,  95. 
per  dozen,  50^.  per  100.  Tenns  cash. 
R.  THORNHILL,  Bowdon  Nurseries,  Hale  Road,  Bowdon, Cheshire. 


Three  First-class  Certificates  for  the  Magnificent  new 

HYBRID    PERPETUAL    CLIMBING    ROSE.    PRINCESS 
LOUISE  VICTORIA. 

^L  KNIGHT  has  still  a  limited  number  of  strong 

Plants  of  the  above,  and  will  continue  to  supply  it  at  75.  6rf.,  or 
three  for  21J.  Usual  Trade  discount.  Also,  a  large  and  varied 
GENERAL  NURSERY  STOCK,  which  cannot  be  surpassed. 
C.\TALOGUES  Irecon  application. 

Floral  Nurseries,  Hailshain,  Sussex. 


W^ 


R' 


Special  Notice. 

OSES      and      VINES      at    Wholesale     Prices. 
Fine  Standard  ROSES,  best  sorts,  105.  per  dozen. 
Fine  Dwarf  ROSES,  best  sorts,  71.  per  dozen. 
Fine  fruiting  VINES,  of  sorts,  5s.  each  ;  545.  per  dozen. 
Fine  planting  VINES,  of  sorts,  is.  td.  each;  24s.  per  doz, 
LISTS  free.    Terms  cash.    Post  Office  orders  payable  at  Huntingdon. 
KIRK  ALLEN,  The  Nurseries,  Brampton,  Hiintin^-clon. 


To  the  Trade  Only. 

EE'S     PROLIFIC      BLACK      CURRANT, 

•  In  not  less  than  i  dozen  plants. 

In  not  less  than  50  cuitin;:;s. 
i-yr.  old  plants,  12s.  the  dozen  plants. 
2  or  more  yr.  old  plants,  16s,  the  dozen  plants. 
Largest  size,  at  20J.  the  dozen  plants,  sold  out. 
Cuttings,  50  for  131.  ;  100  for  255. 
GEORGE  LEE,  Market  Gardener,  Clevcdon,  Somerset. 


R. 


RICH 
sketc 


To  the  Trade. 

AND    K.    ALLUM,    The    Nurseries,    Tamworth, 

offer  the  following,  in  tine  slulT:— Standard  ROSES,  RED 
CURRANTS  (Strong),  BERBERIS  AgUIFOLlA,  HORSE 
CHESTNUTS,  i  to  2  feet,  and  RASl'bERKY  CANES.  Price  on 
application.     Rtference  required  from  unknown  correspondents. 

liARD^  SMITH'S     FRUIT     LIST    contains  a 

:tch  of  the  various  forms  of  I'rees,  with  Directions  for 
Cultivation,  Soil,  Drainage,  Manure,  Pruning,  Lifting,  CroppinK, 
Treatment  under  Glass,  also  their  synonyms,  quality,  size,  form, 
skin,  colour,  flesh,  flavour,  use,  growth,  duration,  season,  price,  &c. 
Free  by  post  for  one  stamp. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 

British  Fern  Catalogue. 

ROBERT    SIM    will  send   post   free  for  six  postage 
stamps,  Part  I.   (British   Ferns  and   their   varieties,  36  pages, 
including   prices   of  Hardy   E.xotic  Eerns)  of  his  Priced  Descriptive 
CATALOGUE  of  BRITISH  and  EXOTIC  FERNS,  No.  7- 
Fool's  Cray  Nursery,  Sidcup  Hill,  Kent. 


Orcmds. 

JAMES  BROOKE  and  CO.,  Nurseries,  Fairfield, 
near  Manchester,  have  a  choice  lot  of  ORCHIDS  in  first-class 
condition,  at  really  moderate  prices.  Orders  for  j^io  and  upwards,  if 
left  to  J.  B.  &  Co,,  will  be  liberally  and  carefully  selected,  and 
additional  plants  put  in  to  cover  carriage.  CAIALOGUES  on 
application  to  16  and  18,  Victoria  Street,  Manchester. 

See  Advertisement  amongst  Publications  in  this  week's  Gardeners' 
Chronicle,  p.  241,  of  their  descriptive  Catalogue,  the  FAIRFIELD 
ORCHIDS. 


To  Nurserymen  and  Others. 

WANTED,  ACACIA  TREES,  in  large  or  small 
quantities,  with  stems  not  less  than  7  feet  clear  between  the 
surface  of  ground  and  underside  of  the  head  of  the  trees,  and  not  less 
than  2  inches  in  diameter. 

Apply,  with  price  and  full  particulars,  to  JOHN  S.  PHENE,  Esq., 
5,  Cariton  Terrace,  Oakley  Street,  S.W. 


MOUNTAIN  ASH.  for  Underwood. 
3  to  4  feet,  3s,  per  100,  25s,  per  1000;  4  to  5  feet,  41.  per  100, 
30S.  per  1000  :  5  to  0  feet,  gs.  per  100,  35s.  per  1000  ;  6  to  8  feet,  io5.|pcr 
100.     See  CATALOGUE. 

JAMES  SMITH,  Darley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock.  _ 


Fore  st  Tr e  e  s 

LARCH,      SCOTCH,      SPRUCE,      SYCAMORE, 
HORSE     CHESTNUT,     BIRCH,     LIMES.     MOUNTAIN 
ASH,  &c.     A  line  stock.     For  prices,  see  CATALOGUE. 

JAMES  SMITH,  Darley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlocl<. 


O' 


AKS,    CHESTNUTS,    BEECH,    ELMS,    suitable 

for  planting,  30J.  ])er  1000  :  51.  per  100. 
WALNUTS,  SYCAMORES,  LABURNUMS,  LARCH,  SPRUCE, 
SCOTCH  and  SILVER    FIR,  ROSES,  and  any  other  NURSERY 
STOCK.     Carriage  free  to  London. 

WILKIN,  Tiptree,  Kelvedon.  


CHINESE    ARBOR-VIT.E. 
specimen   plants,  jfrom_6   to   lo  feet   high  :   move  with   utmo.st 


Beautifully    formed 

gh  :   move  with   utmo.st 
safety.'    Must   lie   SOLD,  a  Bargain,  in  order  to  clear  ground.     Price 
on  application  to 
_     Mrs.  COOPER,  Nursery,  Starch  Green,  Shepherds'  Bush.  W. 

M~  AURICE  YOUNG'S  NEW  TRADE  LIST  of 
CONIFER,^,  HARDY  EVERGREEN  TREES  and 
SHRUBS,  ROSES.  RHODODENDRONS,  JAPANESE  PLANTS, 
NEW  AUCUISAS,  &c.,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  on 
application. 

Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming,  Surrey. ^^^ 


To  the  Trade. 

BETA    CHILENSIS    (True),    the   variety  grown  so 
extensively   in   all   the   London    Parks  and   Public  Gardens. — 
The   Undersigned   have  a  small  quantity  to  offer.     Price  per  ounce 
on  application, 
BUTLER,  McCULLOCH.ANdCC,  Covent  Garden  Market,  W.C. 


Gladioli  Seemings,  by  Name,  from  Paris. 

LEVEQUE  AND  SON,  Nurserymen.  Ivry-sur-Seine, 
near  Paris  (laie  Boulevard  de  I'Hopital),  offer  the  following:  — 
GLADIOLI    SEEDLINGS,  lirstclass,  per  100,  7s.  ;  per  1000^3    o    o 

100  GLADIOLI,  by  name,    lo  sorts  080 

100  ,,  „  25     ..  ..     o  14    o 

100  „  „  so    „  £1  to    3    o    o 

100  „  „  100    ,,  ^2  to    6    o    0 

And  upwards,  according  to  the  novelty  of  the  sons ;  all  in  good 
flowering  bulbs.    Cheque  on  Bankers  accepted  for  payment. 


STRONG  Transplanted  LARCH,  2  to  4J  feet  ;  OAKS, 
SPRUCE  FIR,  SCOTCH  FIR,  HAZELS,  and  other  FOREST 
TREES.  The  Larches  being  grown  on  newly  kroken-up  land,  in  an 
exposed  situation,  are  extra  good  rooted,  very  stout,  with  fine  leaders. 
Prices  very  reasonable,  which  can  be  had  by  applying  to 

C,  WHITEHOUSE,  Brcreton  Nursery,  Rugclcy.  Staffordshire. 


TRANSPLANTED  FOREST  TREES.— Quicks,  i  to 
1J3  foot.  gj.   per  1000  ;  Oak,   i  to  i]i   foot,  Ss.  per  1000;  Larch, 
6   to   15   inches,   7s.    per  1000;  Scotch.  6  to  15  inches,  61.   per  1000; 
Spruce,   2-jT,    and    2-yr.   transplanted,   6s.   per    looo ;    Beech,    6    to 
15  inches,  Ss.  per  looo  ;  Kerheris  aquifolia,  6  to  15  inches,  15s.  per  looo. 
The  above  in  larger  sizes,  very  cheap.     Price  on  application, 

\\.  JACKSON.  Bbkedown.  near  Kidtlerminster. 


s 


FRONG  FOREST  TREES,  for  planting  in  sheltered 

places,  for  immediate  effect : — Austrian  Fir,  2  to  3  feet ;  Scotch 
Fir,  2  to  4  feet ;  Larch.  zJi  to  s'-j  feel ;  Oak,  al4  to  3  feet ;  Alder,  3  to 
5  (eet ;  Sycamore,  5  to  7  feet ;  Norway  Maple,  5  to  7  feet ;  Mountain 
Ash,  5  to  6  feet ;  Birch,  4  to  5  feet ;  Ontario  and  Lombardy  Poplars, 
3  to  5  feet ;  Huntingdon  Willo\v,4  feet ;  Weymouth  Pine,  iJ4  to  2  feel ; 
Cem'bra  Pine,  iJi  to  2  feet. 

LITTLE      AND      BALLANTYNE,     The     Carlisle     Nurseries, 
Knowefield,  Carlisle, 


Forest  and  Ornamental  Planting. 

PETER    LAWSON    and    SON    respectfully    solicit 
early    orders    for    FOREST    TREES    and     ORNAMENTAL 
TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  they  can  supply  lo  great  extent. 

The  large  breadths  of  LARCHES,  from  i  103;.^  feet,  SCOTCH 
FIR,  NORWAY  SPRUCE,  AUSTRIAN  PINES, and  other  leading 
sorts  of  FOREST  TREES,  are  unusually  hne,  and  worthy  of  inspec- 
tion, CATALOGUES  and  special  offers  will  be  furnished  upon 
applicatic 


Edinburgh  and  London.— December,  1871. 


w. 


To  the  Trade. 
P.    LAIRD    AND  SINCLAIR,    Nurserymen, 

Dundee,  N.B..  h.-ive  FJtill  a  good  stock  of  the  following,  of 
whicli  they  will  be  glad  to  furnish  quotations,  cheap  : — 
SEEDLINGS:— 2-yr.  LARCH,  a-yr.  Scots  FIR,  9  and  3-yr.  Silver  FIR, 
2  and  3-yr.  Norway  SPRUCE,  2-yr.  BEECH,  i  and  2-yr.  HAZEL, 
I  and  2-yr.  Nonvay  MAPLE,  i  and  2-yr.  SYCAMORE,  Sc. 
Transplanted  LARCH  of  sizes,  Scots  FIR,  PINUS  AUS- 
TRIACA,  English  OAK,  Nor\vay  MAPLE,  BIRCH,  PEAR 
STOCKS,  Irish  YEWS,  Irish  JUNIPERS,  Red  CEDARS,  &c. 


February  17,    1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


225 


SEEDSMEN  to  the  aUEEN, 


And  to  the  PRINCE  of  WALES. 


CABTEE'S 
GRASS     SEEDS. 


CARTER'S 

Mixtures  of  Grass  Seeds, 

I-or  PERMANENT  PASTURED, 
Carefully  arranged  to  suit  the  various  conditions  of  Soils. 

Per  acre. 
For  Light  Soils^..)  ^_^^^,^„^  (30s.  .0  32s. 


FREE. 


\ 


30s.  to  32s. 


For  Medium  Soils/ 

For  Heavy  Soils  . '       ^'^^^-       IsOs.  to  32s, 

Second  quality,  22s.  to  S8s.  per  acre. 


Carter's  Grass  Seeds  at  Aldershot  Camp, 

EVIDENCE    OF    QUALITY. 

From  Col.  Laffan,  R.E. 

"  Aldershot  Camp,  Feb.  4,  1871. 
"  Colonel  Laftau  presents  his  compliments  to  Messrs. 
C.  &  Co.,  and  begs  to  inform  them  that  all  the  Grass  and 
Clover  Seeds  supplied  by  them  to  the  War  Otitice,  for  use 
at  Aldershot  last'  year,  have  succeeded  admirably.  Last 
year  a  very  good  crop  of  excellent  Hay  was  produced  on 
what  had  previously  been  a  barren  sand." 


Carter's  Renovating  Mixture, 

For  RENEWING  and  IMPROVING  OLD  GRASS 

LANDS. 
I'his  Mixture  is  composed  of  those  sorts  of  Permanent 
Grass  Seeds  and  Clovers  that  are  best  suited  for  Sowing 
on  Old  Pastures  or  Meadows,  and  it  will  speedily  improve 
the  quality  and  increase  the  produce.  During  the  past 
dry  seasons  \s  e  have  supplied  immense  quantities  of  this 
Mixture,  and  continue  to  receive  the  most  gratifying 
reports  of  its  value  in  increasing  both  quantity  and  quality 
of  the  Grass  produced. 

(S/*J.    to   12  Id.  per    acre    ivill    be  found    sufficient, 

according  to  the  condition  of  the  turf] 
Price,  per  lb.,  lOd.;  percwt.,  86s.     Carriage  Free. 


EVIDENCE   OF  QUALITY. 
From  G.  T.  Dickinson,  Esq. 

"  Wheelbirks,  Northumberland. 
"  I  have  got  from  ai  to  3  tons  per  acre  of  Hay,  from  a 
field  that  was  covered  with  Whin,  Heather,  and  Thorns, 
when  I  bought  it  in  1864.  In  1867  it  was  drained,  and 
the  Whin  stubbled  up  and  burned.  It  was  then  limed, 
and  after  that  had  some  half-inch  bones  put  on  it,  %oith 
some  of  Carter's  Renovatiti^  Grass  Seedj," 


CARTER'S 

Mixed  Clovers  and  Rye-grasses, 

Or  "  SEEDS."     For  Alternate  Husbandry. 

Per  acre. — s.  d. 
CLOVERS  and  RYE-GRASS  only,  to  lay  one  year  14  o 
CLOVERS  and  GRASSES  to  lay  one  year..  ..  15  o 
CLOVERS  and  GRASSES  to  lay  two  years  ..   18  6 

CLOVERS  and  GRASSES  to  lay  three  or  four  years  24  o 
CLOVERS  only,  to  lay  one  year        ..         ..  135.  to  14  6 

EVIDENCE  OF   QUALITY. 

From  J.   G.    Burcham,    Esq. 

"  Heasham,  Lynn. 
"  The  Grass  Seeds  I  had  of  yo"  for  three  years"  lay  are 
admirable,  and  continue  to  produce  me  wonderful  crops, 
paying  better  than  Com." 

Before  Laying  Down  Land  to  Grass,  read 


Illustrated 

Post  Free,  dd. 


CARTER'S 

FARMERS'  CALENDAR, 


Gratis  to  Customers, 


JAMES  CARTER  and  CO., 

SEEDSMEN  to  the  QUEEN  and  the  PRINCE  of  WALES. 
37  and  238,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  LONDON,  W.C. 


MR.    JAMES    FRASER,    HORTICULTURAL    and 
Agricultural  V.^lver  and   Auctioneer,  Mayland's  Farm 
Romford,  Essex  :  late  of  the  firm  of  J.  .t  J    Frascr,  Lea  Bridge  Road. 


M 


Wood  Engraving. 
R.  W.   G.    SMITH,    Aktist   and    ENGRAVER   on 

Wood,  iz,  North  Grove  West,  Miidm.iy  Park,  London,  N. 

To  Farmers,  Scavensers,  and  Otbers. 
XTOTICE  IS  HEREBY   GIVEN,   that  the  CATTLE 

1>  MARKETS  COMMITTEE  of  the  CORPORATION  of 
LONDON  will  meet  at  Guildhall,  on  WEDNESDAY,  February  " 
instant,  at  hall-past  i  o'clock,  to  receive  rROl'USALS  from  parties 
desirous  of  PURCHASING  and  TAKING  AWAY  the  MANURE 
from  the  METROPOLITAN  CATTLE  MARKET,  Islington,  for 
one  year  from  March  i  next. 

Furtlier  particulars  may  be  obtained  by  applying  at  the  Office  of  the 
Clerk  and  Collector  5f  the  Market. 

Guildhall.  Feb    12 FERD.   BRAND,  Comptroller. 


UEED  and  FLORIST  BUSINESS  to  be  DISPOSED 

O  OF,  with  Jobbing.    House  and  Shop  in  a  first-class  position,  and 
a  good  trade  guaranteed. 

E.  F.,  3,  Milford  Place,  ^'a3sall  Road,  Brixton,  S.W. 


TO  BE  LET,  from  Lady-day  next,  a  small  compact 
fertile  FARM  (about  80  Acres),  within  two  miles  of  Lincoln, 
well  adapted  for  Agricultural  Seed  Growine,  &c  Is  surrounded  by 
Nurseries  and  Gardens.  Good  F^amily  Rcsioence,  Foreman's  Cottage, 
and  extensive  Farm  Buildings. 

B.  J.  WfTSON.  Braccbridge. 


TO  BE  SOLD,  the  LEASE  of  a  NURSERY  and 
convenient  DWELLING  HOUSE,  within  ei^ht  miles  of  Covent 
Garden  Market. — It  contains  nearly  a  Acres  of  Ground,  Five  well- 
built  Greenhouses  healed  by  Hot  Water,  Pit  Lights,  and  good 
Stabling,  A  first-class  Jobbing  Trade  might  be  easily  established.— 
For  particulars  address 

A.  Z.,  Gardaurs'  ChrojticU  Office,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


SALES     BY    AUCTION. 


SALE  THIS  DAY,  AT  HALFPAST  TWELVE  O'CLOCK, 

Hardy  Plants  and  Bulbs. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTIO.N.  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 
on  SATURDAY,  February  17,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely, 
Dwarf,  Pyramid,  Standard,  and  Trained  FRUIT  TREES,  Standard 
and  Dwarf  ROSES,  Specimen  CONIFERS,  HOLLIES,  LAURELS, 
RHODODENDRONS,  CLIMBING  PLANTS,  DECIDUOUS 
TREES  and  SHRUBS,  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS,  GLADIOLI 
RUSTIC  GARDEN  WORK,  &c. 

On  view  the  morning  ol  Sale,  and  Catalocues  had. 


Periodical  Sale  of  Poultry  and  Pigeons. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  on 
TUESDAY,  February  20,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely,  Spanish 
and  Silver-spangled  HAMBURGHS,  from  Miss  E.  Browne  ;  Silver- 
pencilled  HAM  BURGHS,  from  MissE.  Williams  ;  Light  B  RAH  MAS, 
from  Mr.  Morrison  ;  DORKINGS  and  Rouen  DUCKS,  from  Mr. 
Taylor  ;  SPANISH,  from  Messrs  Nichols;  and  a  great  variety  of 
other  POULTRY,  and  a  choice  assortment  of  PIGEONS,  from  the 
yards  and  lofts  of  well-known  Breeders  and  Exhibitors. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Consignment  of  Plants  from  Ghent. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  or 
WEDNESDAY,  February  21,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely, 
choice  CAMELLIAS,  Indian  AZALEAS.  Sweet  BAYS,  ORANGE 
TREES,  MAGNOLIAS,  LATANIAS,  ARALIAS,  PANDANUS, 
DRAC^iNAS,  YUCCAS,  and  other  GREENHOUSE  PLANTS 
from  Ghent;  Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES,  specimen  CONIFERS, 
Standard  and  trained  FRUIT  TREES,  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS, 
GLADIOLI,  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS,  &c. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Choice  Lilies. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  in 
the  course  of  a  few  days,  an  Importation  of  AURATUM  and  other 
LILIES,  from  Japan  and  other  parts. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


CedruB  Deodara  Seed  from  India. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  G.-irden,  W.C,  in 
the  course  of  a  few  daj  s,  a  large  quantity  of  fresh  SEED  of  CEDRUS 
1)E0DARA,  just  arrived  from  India. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Highly  Important  Sale  of  Specimen  Stove  and 

GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  the  PROPERTY  of  a  GENTLEMAN 
who  has  RANKED  amongst  the  MOST  SUCCESSFUL 
EXHIBITORS  during  past  years. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  favoured  with  instructions 
from  Mr.  J.  Carr,  of  Bj-fleet  Lodge,  Weybridge,  to  ofler  for 
S.'X.LE  by  AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent 
Garden,  on  FRIDAY,  March  15,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely, 
without  the  least  reserve,  the  whole  of  his  EXHIBITION 
SPECIMENS,  consisting  of  splendid  plants  of  all  the  best  varieties  of 
Heaths,  Azaleas,  Ornamental  Foliage  Plants,  Exotic  and  British 
Ferns,  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  &c ,  which  have  formed  a  leading 
feature  in  the  various  metropolitan  exhibitions  during  several  past 
years.  The  plants  are  all  in  the  finest  possible  condition,  and  can  be 
seen  at  Byfleet  one  week  previous  to  the  Sale,  and  on  the  day  of  Sale 
at  Mr.  J.  C  STEVENS'  Horticultural  Sale  Rooms,  38,  King  Street, 
Covent  Garden,  W.C,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Croydon,  Surrey. 

IMPORTANT  to   GENTLEMEN,  GARDENERS,  and  OTHERS. 

MR.  W.  ABRAHAM  begs  to  inform  intending 
Planters  that  he  has  a  large  consignment  of  choice  ENGLISH 
NURSERY  STOCK,  well  selected,  and  in  excellent  condition,  which 
he  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  in  the  Greyhound  Hotel  Yard, 
on  WEDNESDAY  and  THURSDAY,  February  21  and  22,  at 
I  o'clock  punctually  each  day.  They  consist  of  a  choice  and  varied 
collection  of  Dwarf,  Standard,  Pyramidal,  Trained  and  Bush  I-"ruit 
Trees,  such  as  is  seldom  offered  for  public  competition.  Also 
numerous  Ornamental,  Evergreen,  Coniter^,  and  Deciduous  Trees 
and  Shrubs,  Dwarf  and  Standard  Roses,  Rhododendrons,  &c. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  obtained  at  the  Hotel, 
or  of  the  Auctioneer,  Goldworth  Nurseries,  Woking,  Surrey. 

N.U. — This  Stock  is  guaranteed  to  be  all  young  vigorous  Trees, 
I'ruits,  &c.,  all  true  to  name,  and  sent  direct  from  the  Nurseries  to 
the  place  of  Sale. 


Llttlebury,  near  Saffron  Walden. 

IMPORTANT  SALE  of  SHORTHORNS. 

MR.  STRAFFORD  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
received  instructions  from  the  Executors  of  the  late  John 
Clayden,Esq.,of  Littlebury,  to  SELLby  AUCTION,  without  reserve, 
on  TUESDAY,  March  iq  next,  the  veri'  select  HERDof  PURE-BRED 


SHORTHORNS,  consisting  of  about  15  Head  of  Bulls.  Cows,  and 
"leifers,  chiefly  of  the  far-famed  Knightley  blood,  and  including  a  few 
cry  choice  specimens  of  the  Kirklevmglon  sort.  rst-class  Bulls  of 


Heifers,  chiefly 

___   _e  specimens  of  the  Kirklevmglon 

these  renowned  families  have  been  used. 

Catalogues  with  Pedigrees  may  be  hid  on  application  to  Mr. 
STRAFFORD,  13,  Euston  Square,  London,  N.W. ;  or  of  Mr.  WM. 
CLAYDEN,  LittFcbury,  SaflVon  Walden. 

Slddington  House,  near  C&encesteri 

IMPORTANT  SALE  of  SHORTHORNS. 

MR.  STRAFFORD  is  favoured  with  instructions 
to  announce  for  SALE  by  AUCTION,  without  reserve,  on 
THURSDAY,  April  25  next,  about  30  Head  of  First-class 
SHORTHORNS,  belonging  to  Edward  Bowly,  Esq.,  of  Siddington 
House,  which  have  been  long  and  carefully  bred  from  the  most 
fashionable  blood  of  the  day.  The  Sire  now  in  service  is  the  2d 
Duke  of  Tregunter  (26,022),  and  who  will  be  included  in  the  Sale,  as 
well  as  some  choice  Siddingtons  and  other  favourite  strains,  the  whole 
of  which  will  be  found  in  a  satisfactor)'  breeding  state. 

Catalogues,  with  Pedigrees  and  other  particulars,  will  be  issued  in 
due  time,  and  announced  in  future  Advenisements. 

London  :  13,  Euston  Square,  I-'ebruary  15, 


Sale  of  English-grown  Camellias,  Azalea  indlca,  &c. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  the  Auction  Mart,  Tokenhouse  Yard,  near 
the  Bank,  City,  E.C.,  on  MONDAY,  February  iq,  at  half-past 
la  n  Clock  precisely,  without  reserve,  250  CAMELLIAS  and 
AZALEA  IN  UICA,  remarkably  well  set  with  bloom  -  bud-^,  and  in 
perfect  health  ;  400  Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES,  CONIFER.^  and 
EVERGREEN  SHRUBS,  choice  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  LILIUM 
AURATUM,  from  Japan,  ERICAS,  EPACRIS,  &c.,  in  bloom. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale.    Caialo^ucs  had  at  the  Mart  as  above, 
and  of  the  Auctioneers  and  X'aluers,  Lcytonstone,  E. 


Bagshot,  Surrey. 

IMPORTANT   and    EXTENSIVE    SALE  of  VALUABLE 
NURSERY  STOCK. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
instructed  by  Messrs.  G.  Baker  &  Son  to  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  without  reserve,  on  the  Premises,  the  American 
Nurseries,  Windlesham,  near  Bagshot,  Surrey,  one  mile  from  the 
.'^unningdale  Station,  on  the  South-\\'estcrn  Railway,  on  MONDAY, 
February  iq,  and  two  following  days,  at  13  o'Clock  each  day,  many 
thousands  of  VALUABLE  NURSERY  STOCK,  including  hand- 
some and  effective  specimens  from  6  to  15  feel,  comprising  Thujopsis, 
Cupressus,  Thujas,  Taxus,  Piccas,  Abies  of  sorts,  350  fine  specimen 
Hollies  of  sorts,  also  5000  Cupressus  Lawsoniana,  2  to  4  feet; 
Picea  Nordmanniana,  1  to  i*,'  foot ;  too  Cedru 


Thujopsis  borcalis,  200  F 


Deodara,  a  feet;  1000  Thuja  gigantea,  2  to  5  feet;  Junipcrus  and 
Retinosporas  of  sorts  ;  5000  bushy  Portugal  Laurels,  2  to  4  feet ;  1000 
fine  Pampas  Grass;  1000  Euonymus  radicans  fol.  var.,  soo  Yuccas, 
2000  Green  Hollies,  i  to  4  feet ;  150  Standard  Rhododendrons,  3  to  x 
feet  stems  and  good  heads,  of  the  best  named  varieties;  3000  hybrid 
and  pontica  Rhododendrons,  2  to  b'^  feet ;  3000  named  hardy  Heaths, 
4000  Pinus  Laricio,  austriaca  and  others;  1500  Spruce  Firs,  300 
Standard  Roses,  Copper  Beech,  quantity  of  .■\ucubas,  Andromedas, 
and  thousands  of  choice  Conifcrx  and  Evergreen  Shrubs. 

May  be  viewed  three  days  prior  to  the  Sale.    Catalogues  may  be  had 
on  the  Premises,  and  of  the  Auctioneers  and  Valuers,  Leytonstonc,  E. 

Important  Unreserved  Sale  of  about  1000  Roses,  &c. 

~  "  ESSRS.   PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  SELL 


M^ 


by  AUCTION,  at  the  City  Auction  Rooms,  38  and  30,  Grace- 
church  Street,  E.G.,  on  SATIIRDAY,  February  2J,  at  half-past  12 
o'clock  precisely,  about  1000  clean  grown  Stanaard  and  Dwarf 
ROSES,  consisting  of  the  best  named  varieties;  also  a  quantity  of 
selected  FRUIT  TREES,  AMERICAN  PLANTS.  LILIUM 
AURATUM,  including  choice  named  RHODODENDRONS 
Ghent  AZALEAS,  handsome  C0NIFER-4i  and  EVERGREEN 
S.HRUBS,  ERICAS,  CYCLAMEN,  LILIUMS  of  sorts, 
GLADIOLI.  &c. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had,  at  the  Rooms,  as 
above,  and  of  the  Auctioneers  and  Valuers,  Lcytonstone,  Essex,  E. 


Horsham, 

IMPORTANT  SALE  of  VALUABLE  NURSERY  STOCK. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
instructed  by  Mr.  T.  W.  PilchertoSELL  by  AUCTION, on  the 
Premises,  The  Station  Nurseri',  Horsham,  Sussex,  on  THURSDAY, 
February  29,  at  11  for  12  o'Clock  precisely,  a  quantity  of  SURPLUS 
NURSERY  STOCK,  comprising  a  varied  and  choice  assortment  of 
Conifera:  and  Evergreen  Shrubs,  many  of  which  are  handsome  speci- 
mens, 5  to  8  feet,  comprising  Cupressus  Lawsoniana,  Thujopsis 
borealis.  Thuja   Warreana,  Lobbii  and  aurea;  Wellingtonia ;   about 

?oo  Border  Shrubs,  consisting  of  Ccdrus  Deodara,  Piccas,  Thujas, 
lollies,  &c  ;  also  1000  tine  common  LaureK,  2  to  5  feet  ;  ivxt  Spruce 
Firs,  2  to  7  feet  ;  500  bushy  English  Yews ;  500  Portugal  Laurels ; 
300  Piceas  of  sorts;  Irish  Ivies,  quantities  of  Scotch,  Silver,  and 
Austrian  Firs  ;  400  best  named  Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses,  Goose- 
berries and  Currants,  together  with  a  small  collection  of  Greenhouse 
Plants. 

May  be  viewed  three  days  prior  to  the  Sale.  Catalogues  may  be 
had  on  the  Premises,  and  of  the  Auctioneers  and  Valuers,  Lcytonstone, 
Essex,  E. 


PARIS,  I  SUTTONS'  GRASS  SEEDS  for  ALL 
1867.  I  SOILS.  The  PREMIER  PRIX  SILVER  MEDAL 
for  GARDEN  SEEDS,  GRASSES,  and  GRASS  SEEDS,  was 
Awarded  to 

SUTTON    AND    SONS,   Seedsmen,  by  Special    Appointment,  to 
H.M.  the  Queen,  and  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Reading.  Berks. 

Suttons'  Selected  Prize  Stocks  of  Farm  Seeds. 


NOTICE  to  LARGE  PURCHASERS. 

MESSRS.  SUTTON  have  now  completed  their  stocks 
of  FARM  SEEDS,  and  will  be  pleased  to  make  special  quota- 
tions to  large  purchasers  on  application  staling  sorts  and  quantities 
required. 

Messrs.  SuTTOss'  FARMERS'  YEAR  BOOK,  Illustrated,  is  nov/ 
ready,  price  6rf. ;  gratis  to  Customers. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Seedsman  to  the  Queen,  Reading. 


HIGHLAND  and  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY.— 
The  EXAMINATION  of  CANDIDATES  for  the  SOCIETY'S 
AGRICULTURAL  CERTIFICATE  and  DIPLOMA,  and  for  the 
SOCIETY'S  CERTIFICATES  in  FORESTRY,  will  take  place  in 
the  Hall,  No.  3,  George  IV.  Bridge,  Edinburgh,  on  TUESDAY  and 
WEDNESDAY,  March  36  and  27. 

Candidates  must  lodge  intimation  on  or  before  March  18  with  the 
Secretarj-,  from  whom  iurther  information  may  be  obtained, 

F.  N.  MENZIES,  Secretarj'. 
3,  George  IV.  Bridge,  Edinburgh,  February' 9.  1872. 


Notice. 

GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICUL- 
TURAL GAZETTE.— The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready; 
price,  in  cloth,  £1  61.  W, 

W.  RICHARDS,  4t,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  17,  1872. 


THOSK  who  can  remember  30  years  of  agri- 
cultural journalism  know  how — long  ago — 
almost  the  whole  work  of  the  agricultural  writer  lay 
in  reporting  the  effects  of  various  manures  upon 
various  crops.  Professor  JOHNSTONE  and  the 
Agricultural  Chemistry  Association  of  .Scotland 
did  a  great  deal  of  useful  work  of  that  kind. 
Mr.  L.\WES  experimented  and  reported  most 
multifariously  in  the  same  field.  There  w'as  but 
little  insight  or  guidance  displayed  in  these 
earlier  researches.  .So  many  cwts.  or  half 
cwts.  of  this,  that,  or  the  other  ingredient  applied 
per  acre  to  this,  that,  or  the  other  crop,  pro- 
duced this,  that,  and  the  other  result.  The 
insight  and  the  guidance  came  after  the 
results  had  been  realised  and  recorded  in  a  suffi- 
cient number  of  examples.  And  to  no  one  more 
than  Mr.  Lawes,  who  was  at  first  (if  we  remember 
rightly  the  great  mass  of  MSS.  in  his  hand- 
writing which  passed  through  our  hands  28  years 


226 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette.  [February  17,  1872. 


ago),  among  the  most  random  of  experimenters, 
is  due  whatever  of  scientific  insight  or  systematic 
guidance  has  at  length  arisen  out  of  the  appa- 
rent chaos  of  facts  whicli  have  been  thus 
recorded.  The  early  volumes  of  the  English 
Agricultural  Society's  Journal,  and  the  early 
volumes  of  the  AgriciiltiirnI  Gazette,  are  full  of 
the  results  of  those  manure  experiments  out  of 
which  modern  agricultural  practice  has  arisen. 
Now-a-days  it  is  too  much  the  fashion  to  sup- 
pose we  know  all  about  it  without  further  trials. 
We  apply  our  bonedust  and  our  superphosphates 
to  our  Turnip  crops,  our  rich  farmyard  manure 
to  Mangel  Wurzel,  our  ammonia  and  nitrate  salts 
to  Wheat  and  grass,  so  certain  of  the  results 
that  we  do  not  care  to  obsei-ve  them  narrowly  ; 
and  if  we  do  not  realise  them  perfectly,  the 
failure  is  put  down,  not  to  any  unfitness  of  the 
means  employed,  but  to  exceptional  disturbing 
causes  which  need  not  be  anticipated  again. 

Experiments  in  the  use  of  manure  have  been 
continued  longer  and  more  constantly  in  -Scot- 
land than  in  England,  and  latterly  Professor 
Anderson  has  endeavoured  to  organise  experi- 
ments on  mere  plots,  from  which,  by  particular 
care  to  exclude  all  sources  of  error,  inferences 
may  be  drawn  regarding  the  agricultural  value  of 
manure  as  trustworthy  as  those  of  trials  which 
have  hitherto  been  conducted  over  acres  or  whole 
fields.  In  our  own  division  of  the  island,  also, 
Professor  VoELCKER  has  annually  for  many  years 
collated  the  results  of  experiments  directed  by 
himself  on  the  farms  of  former  pupils  or  colleagues 
in  different  parts  of  the  country.  And  in  the 
Journal  of  the  English  Agricultural  Soeietv 
there  has  been  almost  every  year  an  instructive 
discussion  of  the  year's  experiments  for  the 
guidance  of  practice  in  the  application  of  manure 
to  iVIangel  Wurzel,  Turnips,  Potatos,  Sugar- 
Beet,  and  other  crops. 

In  the  current  number  of  that  Journal,  for 
example,  are  reports  of  the  effects  of  various 
manures  on  Turnips  and  Potatos,  to  which 
appropriatel)',  at  this  season  of  the  year,  we  may 
direct  attention. 

Thus  at  Blennerhasset  the  field  trials  prove 
that  superphosphate  alone  has  not  nearly  so 
good  an  effect  on  Swedes,  on  light  land,  as  mix- 
tures of  superphosphate  with  potash  salts.  The 
plot  with  superphosphate  alone  produced  13  tons 
y-i-  cwt.  per  acre— the  addition  of  2  cwt.  of  muri- 
ate of  potash  raised  the  crop  to  15I  tons  per 
acre. 

Among  other  results,  it  appears  that  20  tons 
of  rotten  dung,  with  li  cwt.  of  superphosphate, 
produced  almost  as  good  a  result  (21  tons  per 
acre)  as  20  tons  of  dung  without  addition,  which 
produced  23^  tons  per  acre.  Mineral  superphos- 
phate, 3  cwt.  ;  muriate  of  potash,  2  cwt.  ;  and 
nitrate  of  soda,  i  cwt.,  together  produced  18  tons 
per  acre. 

Froin  Durham,  Yorkshire,  Norfolk,  and  Berk- 
shire similar  experiments  are  quoted,  from  which 
similar  inferences  are  drawn.  Potash  salts  seem 
almost  invariably  to  have  benefited  the  root 
crops  to  which  they  were  applied. 

The  following  account  ot  recent  experiments 
shows  the  value  of  potash  salts  in  the  case  of 
Mangel  Wurzel.  Two  sets  of  results  are  quoted 
— we  give  those  obtained  under  Professor  Cole- 
man's superintendence,  at  Escrick  Park,  York- 
shire, as  fairly  representing  the  lesson  taught  bv 
both :  — 

"  Mineral  superphosphate  alone  gave  only  an  increase 
of  ij  ton,  and  thus  appears  not  to  be  the  kind  of  manure 
which  ought  to  be  employed  for  Mangels  on  light  land. 

"The  addition  of  =  cwt.  of  salts  of  potash  to  3  cwt.  of 
mineral  superphosphate  proved  very  successful,  inasmuch 
as  it  raised  the  produce  to  29J-  tons,  and  gave  an  increase 
of  7\  tons  over  tlie  average  yield  of  the  unmanured 
portions  of  the  field. 

"  In  these  experiments,  the  addition  of  2  cwt.  of  salts  of 
potash  had  a  better  effect  than  the  addition  to  superphos- 
phate of  I  cwt.  of  Peruvian  guano,  or  than  3  cwt.  of 
Peruvian  gnano  alone. 

"Peruvian  guano  alone  Answered  better  than  mineral 
superphosphate  applied  by  itself,  but  did  not  appear  to  be 
the  best  artificial  manure  that  can  be  used  on  light  land 
for  Mangels. 

"We  may  learn  from  this  that  neither  the  exclusive  use 
of  a  purely  mineral  phosphatic  manure,  nor  a  manure 
containing,  like  Peruvian  guano,  an  excess  of  nitrogenous 
compounds,  produces  the  best  crops  of  Mangels  on  light 
land. 

"  .\  moderate  amount  of  an  ammoniacal  salt,  or  of 
nitrate  of  soda,  added  to  a  manure  composed  of  available 
phosphates  and  salts  of  potash,  appeared  to  be  very 
useful. 

"The  mixture  of  3  cwt.  of  superphosphate,  2  cwt.  of 
salts  of  potash,  and  i  cwt.  of  nitrate  of  soda,  it  will  be 
seen,  produced  31^  tons  of  Mangel,  which,  considering 
the  natural  poverty  of  the  soil,  must  be  considered  a  very 
good  crop  indeed. 


' '  The  same  mixture,  it  will  also  be  observed,  had  a 
belter  effect  than  20  tons  of  farmyard  manure  ;  for,  whilst 
Plot  9  gave  an  increase  of  10  tons  over  the  unmanm-ed 
plots,  20  tons  of  rotten  dung  per  acre  produced  only  an 
increase  of  8i  tons. 

' '  A  heavy  dressing  of  dung  proved  to  be  less  beneficial 
than  the  addition  of  some  superphosphate  to  a  moderate 
dose  of  dung.  The  best  crop,  it  will  be  noticed,  was 
obtained  by  10  tons  of  rotten  dung  and  l^  cwt.  of  super- 
phosphate. 

"  On  the  whole,  the  results  obtained  at  Escrick  agree 
well  with  those  described  in  another  series  of  e.xperiments 
which  were  tried  by  Mr.  Ellis  at  Iver  Moor.  Both  sets 
plainly  showed  that  pot.xsh  salts  are  very  useful  to  Man- 
gels, and  that,  in  order  to  obtain  the  best  economic 
results  from  their  use  for  this  crop,  they  should  be  mixed 
with  superphosphate  and  a  small  quairtity  of  either  sul- 
phate of  ammonia  or  nitrate  of  soda." 

Dr.  VoELCKER  adds,  in  words  with  which  this 
reference  to  his  report  may  conclude  :  — 

"  I  have  repeatedly  observed  that  a  small 
quantity  of  nitrate  of  soda  helps  on  the  Mangel 
plants  in  a  striking  manner,  provided  that  other 
fertilisers  are  used  at  the  same  time,  or  the  land 
is  in  a  high  agricultural  condition.  The  mixture 
of  3  cwt.  of  superphosphate,  2  cwt.  of  s-ilts  of 
potash,  and  i  cwt.  of  nitrate  of  soda  per  acre, 
can  be  recommended,  both  as  an  economical  and 
beneficial  artificial  Mangel  manure  for  light 
land." 

On   Monday  last,  in  Mark  Lane,  supplies  of 

Wheat  were  short.  Prices  for  that  and  all  other  grain  re- 
mained unchanged  from  those  of  the  previous  week.  On 
Wednesday  the  tendency  of  prices  was  rather  upward. 

In    the   Cattle    Market   ou   Monday   the   supply 

exceeded  the  demand,  and  prices  fell. 

At   the  recent  meeting  of  the    Highland  and 

Agricultural  Society  a  letter  was  submitted  from  the 
Inland  Revenue  Office,  London,  stating  that,  as  a 
gener.al  rule,  a  person  who  breeds  horses  does  not 
require  a  license  as  a  horse  dealer  to  enable  him  to  sell 
the  horses  bred  by  him  ;  but  a  farmer  who  purchases 
horses  and  keeps  them  on  his  farm  as  stock,  no  matter 
for  what  time,  and  afterwards  sells  tliem,  does  require 
such  a  license. 

The  Society  of  Agriculturists  of  Fkance 

have  revived  the  project,  started  nearly  two  years 
since,  of  forming  a  regular  club  in  connection  with  the 
.Society,  but  not  excluding  persons  who  are  not 
members  of  the  latter.  The  club  will  include  not  only 
dining  and  colfee  rooms,  but  an  agricultural  library  and 
a  room  or  amphitheatre  for  lectures  and  com*.;rences. 
The  club  will  be  started  when  400  subscribers  have 
given  in  their  names  ;  these  will  form  the  founders  of 
the  club,  those  who  join  afterwards  will  have  to  pay  an 
entrance  fee,  to  be  fixed  by  the  council,  in  addition  to 
the  annual  subscription  of  a  hundred  francs.  We  are 
very  sorry  to  see  that  tlie  Society  has  lost  one  of  its 
most  prominent  members,  M.  Decauville  the  elder, 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  enlightened  tenant-farmers 
in  France,  and  a  member  of  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  of  England.  It  was  on  the  farm  of  Petit 
Bourg,  M.  Decauville's  homestead,  that  the  compe- 
titive trials  of  reapers  took  place  in  Jiily,  1870. 

We  were  able  to  give  but  a  scanty  reference  to 

the  agricultural  career  of  Mr.  Henry  Stephens, 
whose  portrait  appeared  in  our  first  number  this  year. 
It  was,  indeed,  only  of  his  great  work,  the  Boole  of 
the  Farm,  that  any  mention  was  made.  The  following 
biographical  details,  whicli  would  have  been  more  appro- 
priately given  at  that  time,  will,  however,  still  interest 
the  many  readers  and  students  who  have  benefited  by 
his  labours : — Mr.  Henry  Stephens  was  bora  in 
1795  at  Keenpoy,  on  the  Hoogly,  where  his  father  was 
resident  surgeon  in  the  East  India  Company's  service. 
He  came  to  Dundee  in  jSoi,  where  he  was  educated 
in  the  parochial  and  grammar  schools  and  academy. 
In  1S13  lie  went  to  the  college  at  Edinburgh,  lie 
learned  practical  agriculture  with  a  farmer  in  Berwick- 
shire for  three  years,  from  1815  ;  and  afterwards 
travelled  on  the  Continent  of  Europe,  taking  especial 
observation  of  foreign  agriculture.  He  purchased  a 
property  in  Forfarshire  in  1820,  which,  after  great 
improvements,  was  sold  again  in  1S30.  Resident 
in  I'Minburgli  since  1S32,  he  has  edited  the 
Quarterly  journal  oj  Agrieulture,  and  conducted 
the  Transactions  of  the  Jfightand  and  Agricultural 
Society  of  Scotland  {mm  1836  to  1S53.  The  first  edition 
Q(t\\e  Book  of  the  Farm  appeared  in  1844,  in  three 
volumes  ;  the  second  edition,  in  185 1,  in  two  volumes  ; 
the  third,  in  1871,  in  two  volumes.  The  workhas  been 
translated  into  the  German,  Hungarian,  and  Swedish 
languages.  Mr.  Stephens'  book  on  Land  Drainage 
appeared  in  1846,  has  gone  through  three  editions, 
and  has  been  translated  into  the  French  and  Swedish 
languages  ;  his  Catechis/n  of  Practical  Agriculture  cn.m& 
out  in  1S56,  and  h.as  been  translated  into  the  French 
and  German  languages;  and  his  book  on  the  )'ester 
Deep  Land  Culture  appeared  in  1855.  Mr.  .Stephens 
was  for  many  years  employed  in  valuing  land  for  the 
first  projected  railways  in  Scotland.  He  has  received 
many  personal  distinctions  as  marks  of  national  indebt- 
edness ;  e.g.,  from  the  Emperor  Nicholas  of  Russia, 
from  the  Emperor  of  Auspria,  from  the  National 
Agricultural  Society  of  Norway,  and  from  the  Com- 


missioners of  the  International  Exhibition  in  1855,  at 
Paris,  &c.  We  are  certain  that  his  place  in  the  estima- 
tion of  his  own  countrymen,  unsignaUsed  though  it  be 
by  any  special  mark  of  approval  either  from  Societies 
or  tlie  State,  is  all  the  higher  for  the  singularly  modest 
and  unobtrusive  way  in  which  his  great  services  in  the 
furtherance  and  establishment  of  agricultural  progress 
among  us  have  been  rendered. 

At  the  late  annual  meeting  of  the  Cheshire 

Farmers'  Supply  Associai  ion,  held  at  Crewe,  it 
was  resolved  that  all  Samples  of  Seed  bought  by  the 
Association  should  be  submitted  to  the  inspection  of  a 
practical  botanist ;  and  Mr.  Robert  Holland,  of 
Mobberley,  Cheshire,  was  appointed  consulting  botanist 
to  the  Association. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Kelso  F'armkrs'  Club, 

the  other  day,  the  Failure  in  the  Oat  Crop  was 
discussed,  and  it  was  stated  by  Mr.  Penny',  Buitleliill, 
that  the  best  means  to  prevent  this  failure  of  the  crop 
was  to  apply  gas-lime  to  the  land  some  time  before 
sowing  the  Oats.  Some  of  the  members  corroborated 
what  Mr.  Penny  had  stated  as  to  the  good  effects  of 
gas-lime. 

-; —  The  committee  of  the  Monmouth  Chamber  of 
Agriculture,  to  whom  was  confided  the  task  of  drawing 
up  a  list  of  Allowances  to  Outgoing  Tenants,  in 
accordance  with  the  proposals  of  Mr.  J.  L.  Fletcher, 
of  Chepstow,  have  presented  a  report,  in  which,  with- 
out pretending  to  dictate  to  landowners,  they  have 
drawn  up  certain  clauses,  the  provisions  of  which 
they  consider  equitable  in  cases  where  high  farming 
prevails,  and  which  they  think  ought  to  be  gradually 
adopted  as  a  whole  or  in  part  in  the  agreements  of 
many  estates  : — 

"  The  outgoing  tenant  to  be  allowed  ;— 

"  I.  For  all  lime  and  undissolved  bones  used  in  the 
arable  land  in  the  last  year  of  the  tenancy,  one-half  the 
cost,  and  for  that  used  in  the  last  year  but  one  one-fourth 
the  cost. 

"2.  For  all  cake  or  corn  consumed,  or  Peruvian  guano, 
superphosphate  of  lime,  or  other  soluble  manures  (not 
being  nitrogenous)  used  on  the  arable  land  in  the  last  year 
of  tenancy,  one-third  the  cost. 

"3.  For  undissolved  bones  applied  to  meadows  or  per- 
manent pasture  the  full  cost,  less  one-eighth  part  for  each 
year  since  application. 

' '  The  above  three  clauses  are  not  to  include  the  manure 
or  feeding  stuffs  purchased  with  the  proceeds  of  hay, 
straw,  or  roots,  sold  under  any  agreement  with  the  land- 
lord. 

"4.  In  all  drainage  executed  in  a  permanent  manner 
(provided  it  is  done  with  the  written  sanction  of  the  land- 
lord), on  delivery  of  a  plan  of  the  drains  and  outfall,  and 
an  accurate  account  of  the  cost,  the  full  cost,  less  i-i4th 
part  for  each  full  year  since  such  draining  was  done. 

"5.  For  new  quickset  fences,  m.ide  with  the  written 
consefnt  of  the  landlord,  the  same  having  been  kept  clean 
and  well  taken  care  of,  the  full  original  cost,  less  l-ioth 
part  for  each  full  year  since  the  planting. 

'  ■  6.  P'or  healthy  fruit  trees  planted  within  seven  years, 
with  the  written  consent  of  the  landlord,  and  properly 
preserved,  the  full  cost  price. 

* '  7.  I'or  new  buildings,  if  erected  in  a  substantial  and 
permanent  manner,  and  with  the  written  consent  of  the 
landlord,  the  full  cost,  less  i-20th  p.art  for  each  full  year 
since  the  work  was  done." 

The    Statistics    of  the  Game   Question 

in  Aberdeenshire  are  represented  in  the  following 
paragraph,  extracted  from  the  report  of  a  committee  of 
the  Aberdeen  Game  Conference  : — 

' '  The  number  of  farms  the  game  on  which  is  let  is  1 165, 
and  the  arable  acreage  thereof  96,877  acres.  The  number 
of  farms  the  game  on  which  is  not  let  is  3413,  and  the 
arable  acreage  275,208  acres.  The  number  of  tenants 
who  state  that  their  crops  are  damaged  by  game  or  other 
wild  animals  is  3817,  and  the  total  acreage  of  arable  land 
possessed  by  these  tenants  309,757  acres.  The  number 
of  tenants  who  state  that  their  crops  are  not  damaged  is 
761,  total  acreage  62,328  acres.  1  he  number  of  tenants 
who  say  their  crops  are  injured  by  crows  and  wood- 
pigeons  only  is  5S1,  total  arable  acreage  represented  by 
such  tenants  being  58,730  acres  ;  234  of  these  tenants 
have,  and  347  ha\e  not,  estimated  their  annual  loss.  The 
total  amount  of  estimated  annual  loss  returned  by  234 
tenants  is  ;^i44i  19J.  The  number  of  tenants  who  state 
that  their  crops  are  damaged  by  deer  only  is  14,  and  the 
arable  acreage  of  their  farms  600  acres.  The  estimated 
yearly  loss  returned  by  ten  of  these  tenants  is  /."qs.  Only 
two  tenants  complain  of  damage  by  grouse,  tlie  arable 
acreage  being  74,  the  estimated  yearly  loss  £e). 


OUR  LIVE  STOCK. 

CATTLE, 
The  dispersion  of  Mr.  T.  Holme  Parker's  Short- 
horns, on  Friday  the  2d  inst.,  by  Mr.  James  Bell,  at 
the  Home  Farm,  Warwick,  near  Carlisle,  ni.ay  be  fairly 
looked  upon  as  the  opening  sale  of  the  season.  The 
stock  had  been  chiefly  bred  fioiii  the  herds  of  Sir 
Wilfred  Lawson,  and  Messrs.  J.  1'.  I'oster,  I.  F'awceft, 
and  W.  W.  Slye,  and  the  cows  and  heifers  were  in  calf 
to  F"ARNLEY  Duke  (26,134)  and  F'awsi.ev  Baronet 
20(28,587).  Lot  I,  Benson  lyli  by  Kii.donan,  and 
descended  from  Old  Benson  by  Western  CoME-r 
(689),  was  sold  at  42  gs.  to  Mr.  Norman  ;  Triplet  by 
6th  Grand  Duke  (19,876),  became  Mr.  Bell's 
lutiparly  at  36  gs.  ;  Efie  Deans  by  the  renowned 
Edgar  (19,680),  dam  fenny  Deans  by  Great  Mogul 
(14,651),  and  tracing  back  to   Favourite,  Punch, 


Febnxary  17,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


227 


and  HuBRACK,  was  purchased  by  Mr.  Lamb  for  62  gs. 
Cindt-reUa  by  DuKE  of  Cumberland  (21,584),  and 
previously  sprung  from  cows  by  First  Fruits  (16.048), 

HlillITHORN  (13,028),   KiRKLEVINC.TON  (11,639),  and 

Erouohton  Hero  (6Sii),  was  knocked  down  at 
II  gs.  to  Mr.  Milbourn  ;  ^7veclhc<irt  yi  by  Sir 
Walter  Gwvnne  (22,921),  and  tracing  in  a  direct 
line  to  Stvcdheart  by  Accordion  (5708),  and  Channel- 
by  Little  John  (4232),  made  82  gs.,  and  became 
the  property  of  Mr.  Gibbon  ;  Sdiua  lot/i  by  Grand 
Duke  of  Oxford  (24,070),  and  out  of  Sciifta  ^fh  by 
Grand  Duke  ov  Lancaster  (19,883),  made  35  gs., 
Mr.  Hodgson  ;  Cherry  Duchess  by  Grand  Duke  of 
Lancaster  (18,883),  ii^ade  32  gs.,  Mr.  Hodgson; 
JeTniy  Liiid  ']th  by  KoYAL  Duke  {25,015),  31  gs.,  Mr. 
Graham;  Mary  Benson  by  Valiant  Duke  (23, 11 1), 
and  a  daughter  of  Beitson  \yh  (lot  i),  45  gs., 
Mr.  Norman ;  Kfie  Deans  2d  by  Earl  of 
Eglinton  (23,832),  and  from  Effie  Deans  by  Edgar, 
24  gs.,  Mr.  W.  Thompson;  and  Sweetheart  4///  by 
17TH  Duke  of  Oxford  (25,994),  dam  Sweetheart  yi, 
105  gs.  ;  Mr.  W.  Thompson.  In  the  bull  sale  Farn- 
lev  Duke  {26,134)  by  Grand  Duke  of  Lancaster 
(19,883),  dam  Moss  Rose  %th  by  RovAL  Gwynne 
(22,784),  was  purchased  for  47  gs.  by  Mr.  Ingledew  ; 
Faavsley  Baronet  2d  (28,587),  for  46  gs.  by  Mr. 
Nelson  ;  and  four  other  young  bulls  made  from  13  gs. 
to  26  gs.  each.  Eleven  cows  made  an  average  ol 
;^50  6.f.  \d.  each  ;  six  bulls  made  ;i^29  %s,  each,  and 
the  17  animals  sold  realised  ^729  i5j-.  each,  or  an 
average  of  ;^42  i8j-.  dd.  per  head. 

Mr.  Strafford  announces  two  important  Short- 
horn sales.  The  first,  that  of  the  herd  of  the  late 
lamented  Mr.  John  Claydcn,  of  Litllebury,  upon 
March  19;  and  the  second,  that  of  30  head  from  the 
Siddington  herd,  Gloucestershire.  We  have  not  yet 
received  catalogues  of  either  sale,  but  we  have  no 
hesitation  in  expressing  our  conviction  that  both  events 
will  prove  very  attractive  to  the  admirers  of  Short- 
horns. The  Litllebury  herd  consists  of  35  head,  chiefly 
of  Knightley  blood,  and  includes  some  individuals  of 
the  Kirklevington  strain.  The  Siddington  cattle  are 
well  known  to  stand  high  among  the  pure  Bates  herds 
of  the  country.  We  defer  further  remark  upon  them 
for  the  present,  merely  mentioning  that  the  Wetherby- 
bred  bull,  2D  Duke  of  Tregunter,  the  vigorous 
young  siie  now  in  use  in  the  herd,  will  be  included  in 
the  catalogue.  The  Siddington  sale  will  lake  place 
on  April  25. 

Mr.  Thornton  disposes  of  a  selection  of  Short- 
horns from  the  Berkeley  Castle  herd  on  Friday,  March  S- 
Lord  Fitzhardingc  has  assembled  some  very  choice 
animals  at  Berkeley,  principally  from  the  neighbouring 
well  known  herds  at  Kingscote,  Siddington,  and,  till 
recently,  at  Didmarton.  Many  of  the  animals  belong 
to  the  "  Florentia,"  '*  Ursula,"  and  '*  Violet"  tribes, 
and  are  by  first-rate  sires.  The  bulls  comprise  many 
promising  young  animals  of  fashionable  blood,  such  as 
the  "Darlington,"  "  Craggs,"  "  Cowslip,"  "  Musical" 
and  "  Seraphina  "  families,  and  are  chiefly  by  the  well- 
known  bull  Lord  Wild  Eyes  5Tii  (26,762),  who  is 
also  included  in  the  sale.  Several  first-class  young 
Berkshire  pigs  will  also  be  sold. 


straight  to  the  ground.  The  general  appearance  should 
show  even  outlines.  The  whole  body  is  covered  with  long 
soft  hair,  there  frequently  being  a  fine  undercoat,  and  this 
hair  is  of  the  most  pleasing  variety  of  colour,  from  soft 
white  to  full  deep  red.  Occasionally  tJie  animal  is  red  and 
white,  llie  white  being  found  principally  on  the  forehead, 
underneath  the  belly,  and  a  few  spots  on  the  hind-quarters 
and  legs  ;  often  the  whole  body  is  white,  with  the  neck 
and  head  partially  covered  with  roan,  while,  again,  tlie 
entire  body  is  most  beautifully  variegated,  of  a  rich  deep 
purple  or  plum-coloured  hue.  On  touching  the  points, 
the  skin  is  found  to  be  soft  and  mellow,  as  if  l>'ing  on  a 
soft  cushion.  In  animals  thin  in  condition,  a  kind  of 
inner  skin  is  felt,  which  is  the  quality  or  liandling  indica- 
tive of  those  great  fattening  propensities  for  which  the 
breed  is  so  famous." 


POULTRY. 
It  is  easy  to  judge  of  a  plucked  fowl,  whether  old  or 
young,  by  the  state  of  the  legs.  If  a  hen's  spur  is 
hard,  scales  on  the  legs  rough,  the  under  bill  stiff,  and 
the  comb  thick  and  rough,  she  is  old  ;  while  a  young 
hen  has  only  the  rudiments  of  spurs,  scales  on  the  legs 
smooth,  glossy,  and  fresh-coloured,  whatever  the 
colour  ;  claws  tender  and  short,  under  bill  soft,  and 
comb  thin  and  smooth.  An  old  hen-turkey  has  rough 
scales  on  the  legs,  callosities  on  the  soles  of  the  feet, 
and  long,  strong  claws ;  a  young  one  has  none 
of  these.  When  the  feathers  are  on,  an  old 
turkey  cock  has  a  long  tuft  on  the  breast, 
a  young  cock  but  a  sprouting  one  ;  when  feathers  are  off, 
smooth  scales  on  the  legs,  difference  of  size  in  the 
wattles  of  the  neck  and  in  the  elastic  snot  upon  the 


that  is,  by  means  of  improved  cultivation.  Whether 
a«  improved  system  of  cultivation  will  ever  supple- 
ment the  whole  deficiency,  it  is  difiicult  to  say,  but  that 
it  would  go  far  towards  it  is,  I  think,  quite  easy  to  see. 

According  to  your  figures,  each  cultivateable,  or 
rather  cultivated,  acre  of  the  whole  of  the  United 
Kingdom  requires  to  be  improved  to  the  extent  of  a 
present  money  value  of  27^.  ^d.  in  the  amount  of  its 
produce.  On  the  supposition  that  all  the  articles 
valued  in  the  64  millions  are  produceable  on  the  soil 
and  with  a  climate  like  that  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
it  would  not  be  a  very  rash  assertion  on  my  part  to 
state  that  an  increase  of  produce  to  the  value  of 
27J.  6</.  an  acre  is  far  within  the  bounds  of  improv- 
able cultivation,  returning,  at  the  same  time,  a  reason- 
able rate  of  profit  over  and  above  cost  of  production. 

The  increased  power  of  production  by  aid  of  capital 
and  common  sense,  combined  with  security  of  tenure, 
has  been  exemplified  rather  considerably  to  the  north  of 
the  Tweed,  in  spite  of  an  injurious  law  of  hypothec  ; 
and  in  England,  Smith,  of  Woolston,  Mechi,  Proutl, 
and  others  too  numerous  to  mention,  have  shown  what 
men  can  do  on  their  own  land.  That  what  can  be 
done  will  be  done  is  more  than  doubtful,  as  long  as 
land  is  held  and  dealt  with  on  the  same  principle  as  at 
present.  The  possession  of  a  bit  of  land,  whether 
measured  by  acres  in  thousands,  within  a  ring  fence, 
or  by  poles  in  patches  on  side  of  common  or  waste,  is 
the  desire  and  aim  of  all  ;  and  as  population  increases, 
and  the  acres  cannot  be  made  to  increase,  land,  as  a 
rule,  fetches  more  than  its  real  and  mercantile  value, 
and  the  disproportion  between  its  cost  and  its  return 


nose,   decide  the  age      An  old  goose  when  alive   is        (^  (^^  ^„  ^^  population  increases.     The 

known  by  roughness  of  legs,  s  rength  of  the  wings  at  the    ^^ntal  of  land  and  its  value  has  advanced  duri„<;  the  last 
pmions,  thickness  and  strength  of  the  bill,  and  firmness 


and  thickness  of  the  feathers  j  and,  when  plucked, 
young  goose  has  smooth  legs,  weak  pinions  and  bill, 
and  fine  skin.  Ducks  are  distinguished  by  the  same 
marks  ;  but  there  is  tliis  difference,  that  a  duckling's 
bill  is  much  longer  in  proportion  to  the  breadth  of  its 
head  than  that  of  an  old  duck.  A  young  pigeon  is 
easily  recognised  by  its  pale-coloured,  smooth-scaled 
tender  feet,  yellow,  long  down  interspersed  among  the 
feathers,  and  the  soft  under  bill.  A  pigeon  that  can 
fly  has  red-coloured  legs,  no  down,  and  is  too  old  for 
use.  A  general  criterion  of  the  young  state  of  all  kinds 
of  poultry,  is  the  yielding  gristle  at  the  lower  end  of 
the  breast  bone  or  sternum.  When  hard  as  bone,  the 
bird  is  old.   Stephens'  ^^  Book  of  the  Farm.'^ 


THE  COMING  LAND  (JUESTION. 


The  following  births  have  occurred  withui  the 

past  month  in  Colonel  Gunter's  herd  at  Wetherby 
Grange  : — Lady  Wild  Eyes  by  Baron  Wild  Eyes 
{25,604),  from  iVi id  Duchess  hy  DuKE  OF  Wether- 
by, has  produced  a  roan  bull  by  the  famous  sire 
3D  Duke  of  Wharfhale  (21,619).  Bai-oness 
IVaterloo  by  the  5TH  Duke  of  Wharfdale 
(26,033),  fi'om  Water  Nymph  by  Beau  of  Oxford 
(21,254),  li^s  given  birth  to  a  red  bull  by  13TH 
Gr-and  Duke.  Ceres  4//;  by  Oxford  2d  (18,507), 
from  Ceres  2,d  by  Oxford  Duke,  a  red  bull  by  13TH 
Duke  of  Oxford  (21,604).  Bright  Eyes  3^^/  by 
Beau  of  Oxford,  from  Bonny  by  Oxford  Duke, 
a  red  roan  heifer  by  3D  Duke  of  Wharfdale,  and 
Water  Nyiuph  by  Beau  of  Oxford  (the  dam  of 
Baroness  Waterloo)  produced  a  white  heifer  by  3D 
Duke  of  Wharfdale. 

Mr.  Thornton  thus  gives  the  points  of  excel- 
lence in  Shorthorn  cattle  : — 

"The  breed  is  distinguished  by  Us  symmetrical  pro- 
portions, and  by  its  great  bulk  on  a  comparati\ely  small 
structure,  the  offal  being  very  light,  and  the  limbs  small 
and  fine.  The  head  is  expressive,  being  rather  broad 
across  the  forehead,  tapering  gracefully  below  the  eyes  to 
the  open  nostrils,  and  fine  flesh-coloured  muzzle.  The 
eyes  are  bright,  prominent,  and  of  a  particularly  placid, 
sweet  expression,  the  whole  countenance  being  remark- 
ably gentle.  The  horns  (whence  comes  the  name)  are 
usually  short,  springing  well  from  the  head,  with  a 
graceful  downward  curl,  and  of  a  creamy  white  or  yellow- 
ish colour,  the  ears  being  fine,  erect,  and  hairy.  The 
neck  moderately  thick  (muscular  in  the  male),  and  set 
straight  and  well  into  the  shoulders,  which  when  viewed 
in  front  are  wide,  showing  thickness  through  the  heart, 
the  breast  coming  well  forward,  and  the  fore-legs  standing 
short  and  wide  apart.  The  back,  among  the  higher  bred 
animals,  is  remarkably  broad  and  flat,  the  rrbs  spring- 
ing well  out  of  it.  barrel-like,  and  with  little  space 
between  them  and  the  hip  bones,  whicii  are  soft  and  well 
covered.  The  hind-quarters  are  long  and  well  filled  in,  the 
tail  being  sot  square  on  to  them  ;  the  thighs  meet  low 
down,  forming  tin-  full  and  deep  twist  ;  the  udder  not  too 
large,  but  placed  forward,  the  teats  being  well  formed  and 
of  a  medium  size,  and  the  hind  legs  standing  short  and 


Your  leader  in  the  Agncidtttral  Gazette  of  January 
27  (p.  177)  induces  me  to  make  a  few  remarks  on  a 
subject  which,  though  looming  in  the  distance,  is  yearly 
coming  nearer  home,  and  yearly  assuming  larger  pro- 
portions in  the  food  supply  for  the  United  Kingdom  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  For  the  year  ending  1871 
we  have  the  astounding  fact  of  the  value  of  imported 
food  amounting  to  nearly  64  millions  sterling,  or  rather 
more  than  40J.  per  head  of  the  population  ;  and,  if  we 
may  draw  our  conclusions  for  the  future  from  the  past, 
our  population,  which  is  increasing  in  a  greater  ratio 
than  our  powers  of  production,  will  have  to  look  more 
and  more  every  year  to  the  products  of  foreign  countries. 
So  long  as  Great  Britain  is  the  workshop  for  the 
greater  portion  of  the  world,  and  so  long  as  wars  do  not 
prevent  her  access  to  every  part  thereof,  if  her  abund- 
ant labour  can  obtain,  through  the  loom  and  forge,  the 
food  necessary  for  its  support  at  an  easier  rate  than  it 
could  by  its  employment  on  the  land,  common  sense 
would  say,  why  apply  it  to  the  land  ?  Should  Great 
Britain,  however,  cease  to  be  the  workshop  for  nations, 
or  should  she  be  prevented  disposing  of  her  wares, 
either  by  wars  or  extravagant  protective  systems  on 
the  part  of  other  nations,  or  by  other  nations  becoming 
producers  for  themselves,  a  very  serious  question 
arises,  as  how  the  millions  are  to  be  fed  ?  Where  is  the 
food  to  come  from  to  supply  the  two  or  three  millions 
at  present  fed  through  the  loom  and  forge  ? — by  the  pro- 
ducts of  foreign  countries,  where  they  are  driven  for 
existence,  or  to  the  land  of  Great  Britain  ? 

There  are  only  three  ways  in  which  the  question 
can  be  answered  (that  is,  as  far  as  I  can  see). 
I.  By  a  wholesale  emigration  to  countries  more 
favoured.  2.  By  a  diminution  of  population  through 
famine,  and  disease,  and  war  ;  and,  thirdly  and 
lastly,  by  an  increase  in  the  productive  powers  of  the 
land  itself.  With  regard  to  the  means  first  suggested 
— emigration,  on  a  scale  sufficiently  large  to  be  effective, 
is  imposssible  "  Man  (as  Adam  Smith  remarked  nearly 
a  century  ago)  is  of  all  sorts  of  luggage  the  most  diffi- 
cult to  be  transported,"  and  a  forced  emigration  would 
only  end  in  disaster.  The  percentage  of  those  who 
voluntarily  emigrate  and  succeed  is  but  small,  although 
the  opportunities  of  success  are  great,  provided  they  be 
properly  watched  and  laid  hold  of.  With  regard  to 
the  means  secondly  mentioned,  the  position  is  too 
awful  to  contemplate,  although  the  catastrophe  must 
happen  some  day  or  another  ;  and  whether  it  is  to  take 
place  suddenly,  or  to  work  itself  gradually,  will  depend 
upon  whether  the  food  supplied  by  loom  or  forge  is  to 
be  suddenly  withdrawn  by  reason  of  a  disastrous  war, 
or  gradually  by  reason  of  other  nations  becoming  their 
manufacturers.  Of  the  two  first  alternatives  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  first  is  impracticable,  the  second  too  awful 


to    contemplate.       There     only     remains     one     other) 

mode  by  which  the  contemplated  evil  can  be  averted,  I  the  common  birthright  of  every  native  of  the  country^ 


350  years  tenfold,  the  value  of  its  produce  barely  half 
that.    The  landed  proprietor,  therefore,  has  had  a  great 
advantage.      But  independently  of  the  permanency  of 
lanil  as  an  investment,  and  its  naturally  increasing  value, 
there  is  another  value,  which  has  been  aptly  described  on 
the    Stock    Exchange    as    the     sentimental    value  — 
that  is,  the  desire  to  be  a  landholder.     The  cottar  who 
will  give   for  his   two    or  tliree  roods  of  land  a   price 
three  times  the  real  value,  and  the  capitalist  who  buys 
several   thousand   acres   at  35  to  40  years'  purchase — 
each   in  their  own   way  attach   a   sentimental  value  to 
the  land.     The  one  will  willingly  make  a  slave  of  him- 
self to  raise  the  money  to  buy  a  bit  of  land  to  call  his 
own,  to  till  with  his  own  hand,  and  to  make  his  own  in 
the  real  sense  by  the  sweat  of  his  brow  ;  the  other,  to 
be  called  the  owner  of  broad  acres,  and  to  have  a  sort 
of  imaginary  importance  as  such  owner,  will,  in  his 
purchase   of  extent,  cripple   himself  in   his  power  of 
improvement,    should   he   wish    to    farm    on   his   own 
account  ;  whilst,  on  the  other  hand,  should  he    let  the 
land    he    cannot    get    a   full    rental   for    it,    for    the 
simple  reason  that,  w^hilst  unable,  or  unwilling,  to  cul- 
tivate it  himself,  he  only  parts  with  the  possession  for 
a  time  so  short,   or  for  a   time   so   uncertain  as  to  its 
duration,  and  saddled  with  conditions  so  onerous  in  the 
shape   of  covenants  as   to   cultivation,  reservations  of 
timber  and  rights  of  game,  that  no  pei^son  in  his  senses 
will  do  otherwise  than  put  as  little  as  possible  in  the 
shape  of  expenditure,   and  get  as  much  as  possible  out 
of  the  land  before  it   is  either   taken   from  him  or  he 
finds  it  no  longer  worth  holding.     What  is  done  when 
land     tenure     is     so     precarious,     or     conditions    so 
onerous,  as  compared  with  what  might  be  done  under 
an  entirely  different  state   of  things,  is  exemplified  by 
what  is  going  on  to  the  north  of  the  Tweed.     There 
the   common   tern;   for   a   tenancy   is   19  yeare,   and, 
although    many   of  the    conditions  are    onerous,    and 
might  be  modified  with  advantage   or  dispensed  with 
altogether,  we  find  a  class  of  hard-headed,  respectable 
men  start   in   the  commencement   of  a  term  with  an 
expenditure    that    would   make  the  hair  of  a  tenant  in 
the  southern  counties  stand  on  end,  and  this,   too,  in 
the  face  of  a  rental  of  nearly  double  per  acre  of  what  is 
paid  by  the  southern   man  for  land  of  similar  quality. 
The  one,  having  a  fixity  of  tenure  for  a  long  term,  puts 
this  question  to  himself — How  much  money  can  I  put 
into  this  land  to  the  best  advantage  in  the  19  years  to 
get  it  back?  Whilst  the  other  says,  My  holding  is  un- 
certain, how  much  money  can  I  get  out  of  the  land  in 
the  shortest   possible  time,  and  clean  away  altogether 
before  the  land  is  exhausted  ?     The  difference  between 
the  two  cases  is  entirely  owing  to  the  difference  in  the 
extent  of  sentiment   in   the   Scotch   and  the  h-nglisli 
landed  proprietor.   The  former,  having  to  deal  with  a  lot 
of  hard-headed  practical  men  has  to  sink  the  sentinrent, 
and  part  with  his  land  absolutely,  subject  to  payment  of 
rent  and  covenants  during  a  term  of  sufficient  length  to 
render  an  outlay  on  the  part  of  the  tenant  safe;  whilst  the 
English  landlord,   afraid  of  losing  an  apparent  control 
over  the  land  bygiantinga  long  lease,  lets  his  land  out 
either  on  a  yearly  tenancy,  or  for  a  term  far  too  short  to 
induce  a  proper  outlay  on  the  part  of  the  tenant. 

It  may  be  asked,  what  all  this  has  to  do  with  tha 
;^64,ooo,ooo  paid  for  imported  food.  My  answer  is 
simply  this,  that  as  long  as  we  have  the  ^64,000,000 
worth  of  goods  to  give  for  ^64, 000, 000  of  fuod,  and  can 
find  customers  to  take  our  goods  and  pay  us  in  food, 
the  question  is  of  no  importance  ;  but  if  by  any  change  of 
circumstances  the  food  represented  by  ^64,000,000  has 
to  coraeout  of  the  land,  the  social  idea,  through  which  alone 
property  is  guaranteed,  may  say,  Why  should  the  right 
of  properly  be  guaranteed  to  those  who  are  unable  to  do 
themselves  and  unwilling  to  let  others  do  with  the  land. 


228 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Ag^ricultural    Gazette. 


[February  17,   1872 


what  can  and  ought  to  be  done  to  the  best  advantage 
and  for  the  common  good?  The  law,  which  is  always  the 
creature  of  the  ruling  idea  for  the  time,  has  in  various 
ways  interfered  with   the  landowner's  idea^**  Cannot 
I  do  as  I  like  with  mine  own  ?"     The  statutes  relating 
to  sewers  and  embankments  have  enforced  the  maxim 
of  *'  Sic  ittere  tuo  iii  aliemim  non  hrdasy^  by  preventing 
a  landowner  swamping  or  allowing  his  land  to  remain 
in  swamp  to   the   detriment   of  his  neighbour.     The 
various  statutes  enabling  railway  and  canal  companies 
to  take  land  compulsorily,  have  shown  that  the  private 
right    must   succumb   to    the    general    public    good. 
Surely  there  would  be  no  injustice 
in  the  ruhng  power  saying  to  a 
landowner  who    will  neither    on 
his  account  make  the  most  of  his 
land,  nor  yet  allow  others  to  do 
it:  "You  have  not  made  as  much 
of  your  land  as  others  are  willing 
and  able  to  do  ;    you  have  fixed 
its  value  by   what    it   at  present 
brings.     As  you  stop  all  improve- 
ment by  others,    and    neglect    to 
improve   on   your   own    account, 
we    will    take  it  from  you  for  a 
term  of  years,  guaranteeing  a  rent 
equal  to  what  you  are  now  get- 
ting, and  at  the  end  of  the  term 
we   will  let  it  again  for  another 
term,  guaranteeing  you  such  im- 
proved rent  as  the  land  may  then 
fetch."     We   have   seen    of    late 
some     legislation     tending     very 
much  in  this  direction.     The  idea 
that  a  man  can  do  what  he  likes 
with  his  own,  when  that  own  is 
land   which   must   feed   the   mil- 
lions,   has    been    rather    roughly 
treated  by  the  Indian  Land  Act 
of  1S59,  and  still  more  recently  by 
the  Irish  Land  Act.     When  the 
ideas  of  men  like  Mills,  Rogers, 
and    other    writers    on    political 
economy  as  to  the  real  position 
of  the  ownership  of  land  are  more 
generally  known,  the  social  idea 
will   force   on  the    English  land- 
owner a  very  different  mode  of 

treating  the  land.     The  rates  and  burthens  which  now    an  open  sparred  'flooring 
fall  on  the  improving  landowner  in  the  shape  of  poor- 
rates,  county-rates,  Income-tax,  <S;c. ,  on  the  improved 
value  of  the  land  will  then  fall  over  a  larger  value,  and 
be  considerably  less  to  the  real  improver. 

As    an  example   of  the    pernicious   working  of  the 
present  system  as  regards  the  improver,  I  may  mention 
my  own  case.     I  am  the  owner  of  some  seven  score  odd 
acres  of  land  in  a  neighbourhood  where  the  principal 
owners  preserve  game  and  refuse  leases.    The  rents  are 
consequently  low  and  the  rates  high,  and  the  county- 
rate  is  much  increased  by  convictions  under  the  Game 
Laws,  and  by  the  em]iloyment  of  the  police  in  looking 
after  poachers.     I  have  laid  out  in 
draining  and  stubbing  up  hedge- 
rows, trenching,  iS:c.,  from  pounds 
ten  to  pounds  fourteen  an   acre. 
One  of  the  fields  was  almost  in 
a  state    of    Nature ;    one   of    its 
boundaries   is   a   wood — rated  to 
Income-tax  at  2J.  bd.   per  acre  : 
last  year   the   value   was    raised, 
■with     much     opposition,    to    4^. 
Rabbits   in  abundance  ;   my  first 
crop    of    Rape   nearly  all    eaten 
by  rabbits.    On  my  improvement 
poor-rates   raised   to   a  value   on 
30J.     an    acre ;    Income-tax    the 
same.     This  is  no   solitary   case. 
The   howl  of  a  small  proprietor 
like  myself  is  of  no  avail.     The 
landed      magnates,     the      unpaid 
magistracy,  aided  by  their  clerk, 
who  is  generally  the  agent  of  the 
principal  landowners,  settle  mat- 
ters in  their  own  way. 

The  next  settlement,  unless  the 
house   is    put    in   order,    will   be 
made  in  its  own  way,  when  some 
million  or  two  of  empty  stomachs 
cannot  find  wherewithal  to  satisfy 
their  cravings.     The  land  must  be 
cultivated  compulsorily  ;  the  game 
and   Game    Laws   must   be   abo- 
lished,   and    the  landowner  must 
learn  that  society  in  guaranteeing  the  possession  only 
does  so  on  the  condition  that  the  owTicrship,  whatever 
the  beneficial  interest  may  be  in  the  owner,  is  exer- 
cised  to   the  best   advantage  to  the  nation  at    large. 
These  views  may  startle  landed  proprietors,  but  that 
they  are  founded  on  truth  is  the  opinion  of  Khoda  Bux. 


is  indebted  to  Mr.  Horace  Jones,  the  City  architect, 
through  whose  courtesy  wc  hope  shortly  to  lay  before 
our  readers  a  plan  of  the  arrangements  which  have  been 
followed,  as  well  as  further  details  of  the  accommodation 
provided.  The  two  sets  of  cattle  troughing  represented 
in  the  woodcuts  now  given  were  proposed  by  Messrs. 
Brewster  and  Rudkin,  both  of  whom  have  had  large 
experience  of  markets — the  former  a  large  sheep  sales- 
man, the  latter  chairman  of  the  Cattle  Market  Com- 
mittee at  Guildhall. 

In    the  one  (fig.    92)    the    trough  is  wooden   and 
continuous,  and   the  feeding   trough  is  provided  with 


Fig.    92. — CATTLE  TROUGHS   AND    MANGERS. 

A,  .\,   Feeding  gangway  ;  B,  Brick-paved  floor ;    c,  Wooden  water-trough  ;  D,  Oak  protecting  bar ; 
E,  Open  sparred  floor  to  troi.gh. 


CATTLE    PENS   AT   DEPTFORD. 

The  following  sketches  represent  two  forms  of 
equipment  adopted  for  the  cattle  pens  in  the  new 
Foreign  Cattle  Market  at  Deptford.  For  the  extremely 
clever,  well  designed,  and  economical  method  which  has 
been  here  carried  out  in  the  conversion  of  the  old  dock- 


happened  in  a  number  of  cases  ;  but,  as  he  does  not 
give  the  actual  measurement  of  the  quantity  of  milk 
yielded  by  any  of  them,  there  is  a  looseness  about  his 
statements  which  I  am  unable  to  rectify.     Some  of  the 
original  stock  of  old  Thomas  Booth  are  said  to  have 
been  good  dairy  cows,  and  great  grazers  when  dry  ;  and 
the  first  of  Richard  Booth's  Isabella  tribe  was  a  cow  he 
bought  in  Darlington   market,  which  gave  brimming 
pails   of  milk,    and,   nevertheless,   had    a    remarkably 
ample   development   of  the  fore-quarter,    an    unusual 
feature    in   a   good   milker.     Mantalini,   a    celebrated 
prize-winner,  and  the  ancestor  of  a  fine  family  of  Short- 
horns,  is   said   to   have  been   an 
excellent  dairy  cow,  and  so  was 
Toy^  dam   of    the   famous  twins, 
Necklace    and   Bracelet.      Among 
others  of  the   same  characters,  I 
may  mention  Bliss,  the  first  of  the 
tribe  which  goes  by  that  name. 
She  was  a  very  heavy  milker,  and 
so  was  her  daughter,  BlUhe,  the 
latter    being    known  to    produce 
two  or  three  calves  in  successive 
years  without  ever  going  dry.    She 
again   was  dam   of  Ladv  Blithe^ 
who  has  produced  more  first-rate 
animals  than  almost  any  other  cow 
in  recent  times,  but  had  no  show- 
yard    pretensions    herself,     being 
just  a  well-bred  dairy  cow.    Satin 
was  another,  all  a  dairyman  could 
desire,  giving   great  quantities  of 
rich   milk,   suckling   two    calves, 
and  required  milking  after  them. 
Princess     Elizabeth     by    Crown 
Prince,    combined   milking  and 
grazing  qualities  in  a  very  unusual 
degree,    and   produced    Queen   0/ 
the  Islest    a    1st   prize  winner  at 
Chester.     Caroline  by  FlTZ  LEO- 
NARD, we  are  told,  was  a  pro- 
digious milker,  giving  four  pailfuls 
of  milk  in   the  day.     Camp  Fol- 
lower was  also  an  extreme  milker, 
and  died  of  milk  fever,  yet  showed 
as  a  very  fine  cow,  and  produced 
some    first-rate    stock.      Indeed, 
some  of  the  admirers  of  the  Booth 
in  the  other  (fig.  93)  the    blood  go  the  length  of  asserting  that  all  the  Warlaby 
water  troughs  are  of  iron,  and  the  manger  is  provided    tribes  were  famous  for  possessing  more  than  ordinary 
with  an  asphalted  flooring.     The  latter  will  probably  be  i  milking  powers. 

generally  considered  the  better  of  the  two,  for  cleanli-        These  examples  may  sufhce  to  show  the  possibility 

ness — the  former  had^the  advantage  of  being  more  easily  I  of  uniting  in  a  considerable  degree  the  two  desirable 

provided  in  quantity  within  a  limited  period  of  time.      ;  properties  of  giving  much  milk  and  fattening  well,  and 

■    ■■  ■  I  may  further  mention  that  Mr.  Whitaker  of  Burley, 

and  Mr.   Wilkinson  of  Lenton,  who  both  bred  many 

SHORTHORNS    AND    AVRSHH'ES.         excellent  Shorthorns,    kept  their  herds   expressly  for 

[The  following    is  the  concluding  portion  of  Mr.  Jamie^on'b    dairy   purposes.     Mr.    Vouatt    and   the    Rev.    Henry 

Lecture  on  the  Brcednig  of  Cattle]  '  Berry  also  agreed  in  thinking  it  quite   practicable  to 

Probably  no  herds  of  cattle  have  turned  out  such  a    combine   good   milking  and   feeding  qualities   in  the 

number  of  first-class  animals  as  tliose  of  Warlaby  and    same  animal.     Mr.  Berry  had  experience  of  it  in  his 

own  herd  ;  while  Vouatt  says  that 
many  of  the  cows  in  the  London 
dairies  are  as  fine  specimens  of 
the  improved  Shorthorn  as  one 
could  wish  to  see.  It  is  evident 
that  it  would  be  very  desirable  to 
have  a  breed  in  which  this  combi- 
nation of  advantages  could  be 
secured,  for  a  race  of  cattle 
where  the  cows  scarcely  give  milk 
enough  to  bring  up  one  calf  pro- 
perly must  be  reared  at  a  great 
disadvantage,  and  however  excel- 
lent they  may  be  as  grazing  or 
fattening  beasts  after  they  do 
grow  up,  yet  the  cost  of  rearing 
the  calves  during  the  first  year  is 
too  great,  since  it  may  be  said  to 
involve  the  whole  expense  of 
keeping  the  cow  for  a  twelve- 
month. On  the  other  hand,  in  a 
dairy  breed,  where  the  animals 
are  neither  good  growers  nor 
quick  feeders,  the  steers  are  un- 
profitable beasts,  and  the  cows, 
when  past  use  for  the  dairy,  can- 
not be  profitably  fattened.  Our 
Aberdeenshire  farmers  must  have 
something  that  will  feed  well, 
come  to  the  dairy  what  will — ■ 
something  that  will  be  prime 
Scots  in  the  London  market. 
Killerby.  The  Booth  family  have  been  noted  breeders  They  like  to  see  big  (iit  oxen,  heavy  animals,  round 
of  Shorthorns  for  three  generations.  The  herd  was  as  a  hogshead.  They  don't  trouble  themselves  with 
founded  in  the  days  of  Colhng  by  Thomas  Booth,  who  I  your  stones  of  Sib.  or  141b.,  but  always  reckon 
then  owned  the  Warlaby  and  Killerby  estates.  lie  their  animals  by  the  hundredweight.  This  taste  for 
wassucceededby  his  sons,  Richard  and  John,  of  wliom  fat  beasts  has  certainly  led  to  the  deterioration 
the  former  established  himself  at  Warlaby,  and  the  of  the  cattle  as  milk  producers,  and  I  rather  sus- 
latter  at  Killerby.  Although  both  are  now  dead,  yet  pect  the  Aberdonian  in  general  would  agi'ee  with 
the  family  happily  still  survives  in  the  descendants  of ,  Culley  in  his  opinion  that  first-rate  feeders  are  not  to 
the  latter.  The  animals  bred  by  the  Booths  have  |  be  had  from  a  dairy  breed.  The  fashion  of  judging  at 
been  noted  for  their  fine  forms,  massiveness,  and  j  the  local  and  national  sho\\s  has  also  tended  in  the 
heavy  flesh.  It  may,  therefore,  be  worth  inquiring  same  direction.  Round,  well-fed  animals  always  look 
whether,  in  a  race  of  cattle  so  distinguished  for  ]  so  much  better  than  leaner  ones,  that  nothing  has  any 
substance  and  feeding  quality,  we  can  find  instances  j  chance  of  a  prize  unless  it  be  fat ;  and  the  fatter  you 
of  these  characteristics  being   united    to    good   milk-  !  can  make  it,  so  much  better  is  its  chance. 


Fig. 

A,  Feeding  gangway  ; 


g^. — CATTLE  TROUGHS  AND  MANGERS. 

n.  Brick  paving  ;  c,  Iron  water-trough  ;  d.  AsphaUc  floor  to  trough. 


Exhibitors 


yard  to  the  purposes  of  a  cattle  market,  the  metropolis  !  ing    powers.       Now,    according    to    Mr.     Carr,    this    are,  therefore,  obliged  to  conform  to  the  fashion,  and 


Febniary  17,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


229 


good  feedin*  and  skilful  training  are  half  ihe  battle. 
This,  however,  is  ruinous  to  the  animals  for  breeding 
purposes  ;  and  many  of  the  best  ones  are  spoiled  in 
this  way  every  year.  But  breeders  say  they  can't 
help  it ;  they  must  keep  up  the  character  of  their 
herds  by  exhibiting  at  these  shows,  and  taking  prizes 
— otherwise,  they  would  lose  ground.  The  evil,  it 
seems  to  me,  might  be  remedied  to  some  extent  by  a 
more  careful  selection  of  judges.  If  possible,  men 
should  be  got  for  the  purpose  who  are  themselves 
eminent  as  breeders,  and  can  distinguish  the  value  of 
an  animal  in  a  lean  state,  even  when  pitted  against  one 
that  is  much  fatter.  If  the  judges  also  were  selected  by 
the  breeders,  and  not  by  committees,  composed  often 
of  people  who  have  little  experience  in  that  line,  per- 
haps a  better  mode  of  judging  might  be  gradually 
established  at  our  national  shows.  Valuable  prizes 
should  also  be  given  in  the  proper  classes  for  animals 
uniting  tine  symmetry  with  good  dairy  qualifications. 
If  the  breeders  of  Shorthorns  and  other  races  of  cattle 
would  also  afford  some  informatioir  in  tlieir  printed 
catalogues,  as  to  the  milking  pedigree  of  the  animals 
they  offer  for  sale,  I  think  that  tliey  would  soon  find  that 
their  customers  would  appreciate  it,  and  that  animals 
well-come  in  this  respect  would  be  looked  after,  and 
would  fetch  high  prices  at  their  sales.  At  present  it  is 
difficult  ascertaining  anything  in  regard  to  this  point. 

The  Ayrshire  i.-.  t!ie  type  of  a  dairy  animal,  and  it  is 
very  proper  that  those  wlio  rear  them  should  make 
the  development  of  their  milking  powers  their  main 
object.  Let  them  go  as  far  in  this  direction  as  they 
can,  so  that  we  may  see  what  sort  of  animal  will  emerge 
from  the  continued  cultivation  of  this  special  feature. 
The  origin  of  the  Ayrshire  breed  is  not  very  exactly 
known.  It  sems  to  have  arisen  by  a  process  of  selection 
made  with  a  view  to  the  production  of  milk  and  hardi- 
ness of  constitution,  without  much  regard  to  anything 
else.  Very  likely  there  has  been  a  mixture  of  larious 
elements  ;  for  we  learn  that  there  were  importations  of 
Durham  cattle  by  the  Earl  of  Marchmont,  in  1750, 
and  of  Dutch  cows  by  Mr.  Dunlop  of  Dunlop  about 
the  year  1 760.  There  has  probably  also  been  an  infu- 
sion of  the  Alderney,  or  breed  of  the  Channel  Islands  ; 
for  Quayle,  who  wrote  the  Agricultural  Survey  0/ 
Jersey,  states  that  the  Ayrshire  was  a  cross  between 
the  Shorthorn  and  the  Alderney  :  while  Colonel  Le 
Couteur  informs  us  that  General  Andrew  Gordon,  when 
Governor  of  Jersey,  about  the  end  of  last  century,  sent 
some  of  the  best  cattle  to  Scotland.  A  veterinary 
book,  pubhshed  at  Glasgow  in  1794,  likewise  states 
that  the  Dunlop  cows,  which  were  considered  the  best 
milkers,  had  been  produced  by  crossing  the  native 
cows  with  bulls  brought  from  the  Island  of  Alderney. 
The  general  resemblance  of  t!ie  Ayrshire  and  Alderney 
cattle  has  been  noticed  by  Professor  Low  and  Colonel 
Le  Couteur.  Vouatt,  however,  seems  to  think  that 
the  Ayrshire  breed  has  originated  from  a  cross  of  the 
ITolderness  with  the  Highlander;  the  former  giving 
the  milking  properties,  and  the  latter  the  hardness  of 
constitution  and  small  size.  The  prevailing  colour  of 
the  AjTshires  is  red  and  white  in  various  mixtures  ; 


game  (lC0rrespttirence. 

Sewage  Utilisation. — Mr.  Mariin's  statements 
about  my  Birmingham  sewage  scheme  are  nothing  but 
a  tissue  of  misrepresentations,  arisinj;,  no  doubt,  from 
ignorance.    W.  Hope,  Jutiiibitrg/i,  Fd'.  ii. 

The  Earl  of  Warwick's  Sewage  Farm  near 
Leamington. — I  beg  you  will  correct  an  error  in 
reference  to  the  above  farm  which  has  found  its  way 
into  your  paper  of  February  3.  You  there  state  :  "  The 
Hne  of  the  main  positions  of  the  hydrants  and  the 
whole  of  the  works  liave  been  planned  and  carried  out 
by  Mr.  W.  Clifford,  of  Emscote,  Warwick."  Allow  me 
to  say  that  I  was  selected  on  behalf  of  Lord  Warwick 
to  take  the  management  of  Ins  sewage  farm,  from  my 
experience  at  Barking — that  the  line  of  the  main  for 
the  Leamington  sewage  farm  was  surveyed  by  Mr. 
Davidson,  the  surveyor  to  the  local  Board  of 
Health,  I.eamington — that  the  branches  of  the  main 
on  the  farm  were  carried  out  by  Mr.  Clifford — and 
that  the  land  has  been  levelled  and  prepared  for  the 
reception  of  the  sewage  by  me.  It  seems  necessary,  in 
justice  to  myself  and  others,  that  I  should  make  these 
observations.     r>.  Tough ^    Hcathcote  Fixrrn,    JFnrw/c/:. 

Grass  as  a  Mental  Agent. — A  brace  of  sentences 
on  p.  155,  in  a  lecture  by  your  valuable  correspon- 
dent, Mr.'  D.  T.  Fish,  deserve  repetition  here,  and 
certainly  some  comment.     They  are  as  follows  : — 

"  The  grass  of  to-day  is  part  of  a  bullock  to-morrow  ; 
by-and-by  it  becomes  a  fruit,  a  flower,  a  Sugar-Beet. 
Anon  it  is  part  of  a  man  -a  muscular yf'/rf  in  his  arms — 
mental  power  in  his  brainpan  inspiration  of  genius— a 
flash  of  7f/7— an  onition  to  captivate  senates — a  sermon  to 
melt  hearts— a /.'//Vj'  to  govern  empires." 

The  itniiis  are  mine.  A  friend  at  my  elbow  says  : — 
"Grass? — Bosh.  Better  give  the  orations  and  sermons, 
and  the  policy  and  the  wit,  &c.,  neat  from  the  field, 
with  a  soupcon  of  Thorley  ;  save  a  world  of  trouble, 
and  satisfy  stomach  and  brain  at  one  feeding."  I, 
however,  have  long  esteemed,  and  I  hope  appreciated, 
Mr.  Fish's  writing,  and  cannot  endorse  the  enunciation 
of  my  friend,  who,  though  a  good  grazier,  is  somewhat 
short  of  temper.  But  supposing,  for  a  moment,  that 
within  the  vegetable  kingdom  are  contained  the  germs 
of  wit  and  humour,  of  pathos  and  eke  bathos,  why 
limit  the  birth-germ  to  grass?  Many  men  and  women 
eat  little  butcher's  meat — are  fond  instead,  of  Broccoli, 
Potatos,  Turnips,  Apples,  Oranges,  t^c.  Surely,  they 
do  not  all  spring  from  grass  ?  Grass,  as  a  "  mulching  "' 
for  some  things  may  be  good — is  good  ;  but  I  feel 
tempted  to  submit,  that  not  even  science  bears  out  Mr. 
Fish's  assertions — facts  I  cannot  for  a  moment  believe 
them  to  be.  In  fact,  I  am  very  much  inclined  to  defy 
him  to  the  proof.  The  Agj-icultural  Gazette  may  not 
be  the  proper  field  for  discussing  the  points,  but 
having  been  re-uttered  there,  I  submit  there  is  nothing 
for  it  but  that  the  lecturer  should  gi%'e  his  proof  in  the 
'  case,  here — Grass-fed  beef  v.    Mind.      The    broccolic 


sometimes    they  are  wholly  red,  but  I  believe  never    (not  the  bucolic)  mind  may  feel  interested  in  the  dis- 


whoUy  white,  which  is  rather  curious,  for  in  the  Short- 
horn, which  is  also  red  and  white  in  all  proportions, 
pure  white  animals  are  constantly  occurring,  as  if  there 
were  an  innate  tendency  to  that  colour.  As  Mr.  Caird 
has  remarked,  the  great  demand  for  dairy  produce  has 
in  a  great  measure  made  the  Ayrshire  breed.  It  has 
been  developed  from  a  variety  of  different  elements  by 
process  of  selection.  The  great  mining  and  manufac- 
turing population  of  the  district  in  which  the  breed  is 
located  has  given  rise  to  a  constant  demand  for  milk 
and  butter,  and  the  climate  and  soil  being  both  favour- 
able for  cow-feeding,  there  was  a  strong  inducement  to 
cultivate  dairyfarming,  and  to  select  such  animals  as  were 
most  noted  for  giving  milk.  We  see  that  there  were 
importations  of  Dutch,  Alderney,  and  Durham  cattle — 
all  good  dairy  breeds.  We  may  be  sure  that  the  best 
milking  cows  were  retained,  and  the  worst  ones  got  rid 
of  as  soon  as  possible.  The  necessity  for  acquiring 
good  cows  would  sharpen  the  powers  of  observation  in 
regard  to  what  constituted  the  outward  signs  of  a  milk- 
producer,  and  thus  the  judgment  would  be  educated  as 
to  the  points  to  be  looked  for.  Carry  on  this  process  for 
generations,  and  you  have  the  result.  Just  as  the  dense 
manufacturing  population  of  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire 
has  developed  the  Holderness  breed,  so  has  the  great 
great  seat  of  Scotch  manufactures  developed  the  Ayr- 
shire. The  Yorkshire  dairy  cow  is  just  an  Ayrshire  on 
a  large  .scale.  All  the  essential  points  of  the  animal 
are  similar.  The  fine  neck,  light  fore-quarter,  deep 
ril),  thin  skin,  lean  back,  good  udder — even  the  colour 
is  very  much  the  same,  but  there  is  a  considerable  dif- 
ference in  size.  These  dairy  breeds,  and,  in  fact,  most 
great  milking  animals,  are  distinguished  by  having  a 
lightness  of  fore- quarter,  a  sharpness  at  the  top  of  the 
shoulder,  with  rather  a  small  girth  round  the  heart,  and 
a  general  leanness  along  the  back.  Now  these  features 
are  d isapproved  of  in  a  feeding  animal,  and  the  question 
is,  can  we  get  rid  of  these  features  without  damage  to 
the  milk  ?  can  we  get  a  right  development  of  fore- 
quarter  and  a  good  girth  round  the  heart  in  a  first-rate 
dairy  cow,  or  are  the  two  things  incompatible?  I 
think  the  evidence  I  have  adduced  in  the  course  of  this 
lecture  is  sufficient  to  encourage  us  to  attempt  it,  and 
lo  make  us  hope  tliat  we  shall  eventually  succeed  in 
uniting  good  feeding  and  growing  properties  with  first- 
rate  qualifications  for  the  dair)'. 


cussion.  All  "flesh"  may  be  grass,  but  surely  man 
{of  whom  the  mind  is  the  measure, /^r  the  poet,  not 
weight  in  stones)  is  not  solely  composed  thereof. 
Flesh,  surely,  is  not  genius,  nor  wit,  nor  wisdom,  nor 
power.  Surely  '*mind"  is  not  a  voluntary  effort  and 
effect  of  beef.  Hope,  a  mental  phenomenon,  of  which 
Pope  says — It 

"  springs  eternal  in  the  human  breast," 
cannot  find  a  spring-board  on  a  rib  of  beef;  or  else 
that  other  line — 

"  Men  are  but  angels  loaded  for  an  hour  "— 
can  only,  or  ought  only,  by  reason  of  the  "  new  light," 
to  set  us  calculating  "weights."  Not  to  put  too  fine 
a  point  on  the  matter,  I  submit  that  man  has  too  sorts 
of  food — one,  grass,  or  beef,  as  you  will,  suited  for  his 
outer  wrapper  ;  the  other,  intellectual,  suited  to  his 
mind.  The  books,  those  wells,  from  which  man  draws 
his  mind-food,  may  be  made  from  Esparto  grass  ;  the 
ink  with  which  they  are  printed  may  be  in  great 
part  composed  of  substances  derived  from  the  vegetable 
kingdom — but  it  is  no  more  true  that  the  "  within,"  the 
food,  is  grass,  or  limitable,  than  that  chalk  bears  the 
slightest  resemblance  to  cheese.  A  cow  can  walk 
through  and  "utilise"  an  acre  of  grass  ;  millions  of 
men  and  women  can  take  their  intellectual  food  from 
one  volume,  and  still  leave  that  field  as  full  of  "  mind 
Clover"  as  it  was  at  first.  No,  Mr.  Fish,  grass  is  not 
food  for  the  mind,  nor  is  it,  under  any  conditions, 
mind.  In  an  old,  old  book  1  read  "  Flesh  and  blood 
have  not  revealed,"  &c.,  nor,  according  to  the 
same  authority,  can  either  of  these  share  in  that 
elysium  which  is  not  born  of,  what  I  may  term,  this 
round  world's  grassy  plains,  seeing  that  the^e  latter  are 
an  effect,  not  a  cause.  Surely  Mr.  Fish  has  read 
Cicero's  "Dream  of  Scipio,"  the  Vicar  of  Wakefield's 
Sermon,  the  speculations  ot  some  of  our  greatest  philo- 
sophers, the  grandest  conceptions  of  our  poets,  that 
"  Sublimest  book — Heaven's  gift;"  and  though  in 
all  he  will  find  the  grass  of  the  field,  the  "wee, 
modest,  crimson-tipped  flower,"  the  Lily,  all  things 
beautiful,  apostrophised  and  commented  on,  he  will 
never  in  them  find  man  made  cousin-german  to  grass, 
even  in  the  process  of  natural  development  or  "  evo- 
lution !"  Truly,  certain  constituents  are  built  up  by 
a  Powe>-  on  a  model — who  has  ever  been  face  to  face 


with  that  Power,  or  drawn  that  model? — and  the  car- 
case of  man  is  the  result.  liven  that  frail  "tene- 
ment " — clay  we  are  sometimes  told  it  is  composed  of 
("Dust  thou  art,"  &:c.)— has  tu  be  perpetually  built 
up,  for  it  is  ever  decaying.  Well,  perhaps,  beyond 
"  The  black  and  silent  doors  of  Nature  " 

we  may  find Nay,  according  to  my  text,  that  being 

poetic,    is    but    grass    highly  developed  ;  and    here    1 
pause.     Dun  Edin^  Feb.  7. 

On  Horse  Breeding. — I  must  certainly  endorse  the 
views  of  the  writer  of  the  short  article  in  the  last  Agri- 
cultural Gazette  referring  to  the  paper  on  the  subject  of 
"  Breeding  Horses,"  brought  before  the  London 
Farmers'  Club  at  the  December  meeting,  in  which  the 
writer  expresses  his  regret  that,  when  Mr.  Fowler  quoted 
so  much  from  Mr.  Darwin's  book,  he  did  not  give 
the  authority  for  his  statement  respecting  the  influence 
of  imagination  on  the  colour,  &c.,  of  the  offspring.  It 
is,  indeed,  very  curious  that  when  Mr.  Darwin  observes 
the  most  religious  exactitude  in  giving  his  authority  for 
every  statement  made  or  fact  adduced,  that  Mr.  Fowler 
should  have  omitted  to  follow  such  a  good  example, 
and  should  have  treated  the  subject  without  deference 
to  others  who  had  long  laboured  in  the  same  field. 
People  are  very  much  in  the  habit  of  confounding  the 
exception  with  the  rule,  and  paying  their  worship 
chiefly  to  the  false  prophet.  1  will  answer  for  it 
that  for  one  well-authenticated  example  showing 
the  influence  of  imagination  on  the  development 
of  the  offspring,  there  are  a  hundred,  perhaps 
a  tliousand,  examples  to  the  contrary.  It  is  lamentable 
to  find  that  our  knowledge,  or  rather  our  practical 
progress  on  the  breeding  of  horses,  should  be  altogether 
in  a  retrograde  condition,  and  if  we  must  judge  from 
some  writers  who  set  up  as  authorities,  it  appears  the 
only  plan  for  removing  the  evils  complained  of  is  to 
take  a  double  dose  of  the  causes  that  induced  them. 
For  instance,  it  is  generally  acknowledged  that  good 
substantial  horses  of  all  kinds,  for  hunting  or  as  hacks, 
or  for  harness  purposes,  have  become,  independent  of 
the  foreign  demand,  exceedingly  scarce.  The  remedy 
suggested  is  to  continue  the  cause  that  rendered  them 
scarce.  The  only  kind  of  horse  that  is  not  scarce  is 
the  thorough-bred  and  some  of  his  weedy  relations,  so 
it  is  seriously  recommended,  by  a  late  writer  in  the 
Times^  that  in  order  to  breed  horses  of  substance  we 
should  use  the  thorough-bed  stallion  still  more  than 
ever,  trusting  to  chance  for  the  mare,  the  latter  in  the 
natural  course  of  things  becoming  more  scarce  every 
year.  Mr.  Tattersall,  in  a  paper  read  before  the 
Farmers'  Club  last  year,  brought  forward  some  valuable 
facts  showing  the  great  success  of  the  Prussians  in 
breeding  good  troop  horses,  but  the  moral  arrived  at 
was  that  we  should  pursue  just  a  contrary  course  to 
that  which  the  Prussians  had  found  so  successful. 
And  so  I  suppose  we  shall  go  on  curing  our  madness 
by  taking  "  a  hair  from  the  tail  of  the  dog  that  bit  us," 
or  perhaps  hoping  that  Nature  may  kindly  forget  her 
rule  of  "  like  begetting  like."    \\\  C.  S. 

The  Agricultural  Labourer  Abroad. — The  fol- 
lowing note  on  this  interesting  subject  may  prove  of 
interest  to  those  "  whom  it  concerns  :  " — In  the  consular 
district  of  Leipzig  the  agricultural  labourer  is  not 
worse  off  than  the  unskilled  labourer  in  towns. 
He  may  be  divided  into  two  classes,  the  labourer 
with  wages,  who  keeps  himself,  and  the  labourer 
with  wages  who  is  fed  by  his  employer.  The 
latter  class,  chiefly  in  villages  inhabited  by  small  pea- 
sant proprietors,  is  smaller,  numerically,  than  the  former. 
In  both  classes  the  feeding  is  good  and  plentiful,  con- 
sisting of  rye  bread,  soups,  cheese,  lard,  butter,  and 
once  or  twice,  if  not  three  times  a- week  pork,  or  other 
meat.  The  wages  of  the  labourer  who  keeps  him- 
self vary  from  \s.  id.  to  is.  34./.  per  diem  ;  that  of 
the  fed  labourer  from  6d,  to  7^./.  a-day.  The  rents  of 
the  agricultural  labourer  are  low — two  rooms  in  a 
cottage,  with  a  small  garden,  costing  little  more  than 
30^.  a-year,  and  the  same  without  a  garden,  24J-. 
Wheat  is  dearer  in  England  than  in  Saxony,  but  the 
Saxons  seldom  or  never  eat  wheaten  bread,  for  Rye  is 
much  cheaper  food.  On  the  other  hand,  coffee  and 
sugar  are  dearer  in  Saxony  than  in  England,  and  beef 
is  as  dear  at  Leipzig  as  in  London.  Wages  in  Saxony 
being  much  lower  than  in  England,  the  Saxon  con- 
sumes more  bread,  but  less  meat,  coffee,  and  sugar 
than  the  luiglishman.   y. 


Wheat    Diagrams  :    S/nnving    the    Fhtduntions    in 
the  Pnt\'s   of    JTheat    Afiaun/ly     from    1641,    and 
weeklvjrom  185S  ////  the  present  t'ime.      By  H.  AU- 
nutt.'    Published  at  the  Plstates  ar.f-/A' Office,  200, 
Fleet  Street,  London,  E.C. 
Fifty-two  equidistant   columns  up  and  down  a  page, 
and  as  many  equidistant  lines  across  the  page  as  there 
have  been  threepences  between  the  extremes  of  price 
in  the  weeks  of  the  year,   afford  the  framework  ot  the 
curved  or  crooked  line  zig-zagging  from  one  side  of  the 
page  to  the  other,    whicli  not  only  tells  you  at  what 
price  corn  stood  during  any    week  in  the  year,   but 
which  presents  in  the  form  of  the  curve  pruJaced  an 
accurate  picture  to  the  eye  of  the  character  and  extent  of 
the  variations  which  have  happened  during  llie  twelve- 
month.    It  is  plain  that  unless  there  is  a  drop  in  the 


230 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  17,   1872, 


curve  in  true  proportion  to  the  drop  in  price,  the  curved        "Time  of  Sowing.— About   the  same  time    as    your  1  do  not   deal  in   manures.     If  dung   is  not   used,    apply 

line  will  not  truly  represent  the  varying  price.      The  neighbours,  for  the  iarming  customs  of  a  locality  are  not  |  5  cwt.  of  dissolved  bones.      Most  manure  makers  have 

y our  ual  of  the  Royal  A  grintltural  Sociely  of  England  w?-^^  arbitrary.     They  usually  arise  from  the  varying  influence    a  good  special  *  Turnip  Manure.' 

to  give  the  weekly  price  in  an  annual  diagram,  in  which  of  soil  and  climate  ;  practical  men  having  in  a  long  course        ' '  Culture. — If  the  land  is  deeply  ploughed,  or  steams 

the  fall  from  line  to  line  meant,  sometimes  3<-/.,  some-  »*"  y^-'^''^   (^nd  often  by  dear-bought   experience),  found    cultivated  in  autumn,  and  well  frosted,  it  will  be  better 

times  id.     Such  a  diagram  might  be  useful  as  repre-  '  ^^'^^*  answers  best.     Thus  oiu-  Scotch  friends  sow  in  the    without  much  spring  work.     Heavy  crops  are  grown  on 
senlin^  the  mere  fact 


of  a  rise  or  fall  of 
prices,  but  as  repre- 
senting, which  it  is 
naturally  presumed  to 
do,  the  quantity  of 
that  rise  or  fall,  it  was 
entirely  fallacious. 
Mr.  Allnutt's  plan  of 
making  equal  intervals 
of  time  and  equal 
intervals  of  price 
aways  represented  by 
equal  intervals  right 
and  left,  or  up  and 
down,  perfectly  as- 
sures that  his  curved 
lines  are  accurate  re- 
presentations  of  both 
the  fact  and  the  quan- 
tity of  the  variations 
of  prices  which  have 
occurred. 

We  give  here  two 
of  his  sheets,  re- 
presenting the  aver- 
age prices  of  Wheat 
for  1S70  and  1871  re- 
spectively. The  port- 
folio containing  these 
and  ether  plates,  also 
holds  a  longer  sheet 
in  which  are  more 
than  200  vertical  lines, 
eac  h  representing  a 
yea7\  and  on  which 
accordingly  the  ex- 
tremely zig-zag  curve 
which  traverses  it 
from  one  end  to  nearly 
the  other  represents 
the  extremely  various 
fortunes  of  the  Wheat 
grower  for  two  cen- 
turies past.  There  are 
fly-leaves  left  to  which 
the  curve  for  years  to 
come  may  be  attached, 
and  there  are  vacant 
columns  in  the  longer 
sheet,  enabling  the  ex- 
tension of  the  annual 
cui-ve  for  as  many 
years  in  the  future. 
We  cordially  recom- 
mend the  publication 
as  one  interesting  and 
useful  to  the  agri- 
culturist. 


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Buttons'  Farmers' 
Year  Book.  Read- 
ing.     1S72. 

Carter's  Farmers' 
Calendar.  237, 
High  Holborn. 
1S72, 

Here  are  two  first- 
rate  lists  of  seeds  for 
farmers,  with  instruc- 
tions as  to  their  culti- 
vation for  those  who, 
whether  farmers  or 
not,  may  not  already 
know  it.  The  former 
• — there  is  no  reason 
known  to  us  why  the 
one  should  be  named 
before  the  other 
—  declares  that  the 
prices  given  are  lower 
than  at  one  time 
seemed  inevitable.  It 
gives  hints  on  cultiva- 
tion for  Swedes,  Tur- 
nips, Sugar  -  Beet, 
Mangel  Wurzel,  Car- 
rots, Cabbage,  Kohl 
Rabi,  grasses.  The 
several  articles  are 
uncommonly         well 

illustrated  —  they  are  moreover  short,  trustworthy, 
and  to  the  purpose.  Take  the  following  on  Swedes 
and  Kohl  Rabi,  for  example  : — 

"  Hints  on  CuUivaiing  Sivcdes. — Seed. — Three  pounds 
per  acre.  A  much  smaller  quantity  would  suffice  if  every 
seed  were  in  the  right  place,  and  no  fly  or  other  enemies 
to  contend  wllh.  New  seed  germinates  quickest  ;  and 
seed  from  well-selected  stocks — with  a  good  pedigree,  in 
fact— is  ever  the  best. 


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beginning  of  May  ;  whereas  in  the  midland  and  southern 
counties  of  England,  with  20  inches  of  annual  rainfall,  a 
month  later  is  found  soon  enough. 

"  Manure.— Better  a  mixture  of  various  good  articles 
than  any  one  alone,  but  a  moderate  dressing  of  yard-made 
dung  from  cake-fed  cattle  is  always  desirable,  whatever 
else  you  give.  In  addition  to  this,  £2  an  acre  may  be 
well  spent  in  artificials — viz.,  2  cwt.  of  guano,  2  cwt.  of 
salt,  and  2  cwt.  of  superphosphate  of  lime. 


ridges  24  to  28  inches  wide.  But  drilling  on  the  flat  suits 
the  Cotswolds  and  the  chalk  districts  well-  especially  for 
feeding  off.  Obtain  a  fine  mould  at  any  cost.  '  Where 
clods  prevail  the  Turnips  fail.' 

"  Horse-hoe  early  and  freely,  and  close  to  the  plants. 
As  the  season  advances,  get  further  away  from  them,  and 
shallower,  so  as  not  to  injure  the  fine  rootlets.  Continue 
at  intervals  till  the  meeting  of  the  leaves  prevents  the 
passage  of  the  horse.     Mildew  is  thus  largely  prevented, 


'*  In  recommending  these,   we  would  mention  that  we  ;  This  is  worthy  of  more  attention. 


February  17,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   A,^ricultural    Gazette. 


231 


"  In   singling,    always   leave  the  [best  plants,    which  tended   for   Kohl    Rabi  should  receive   much   the  same 

will  make  ti  difference  of  from  2  to  4  tons  an  acre  in  treatment  as  for  Swedes  ;  but  as  the  young  plants  do  not 

produce.  ^*  '^'"st   grow  rapidly,  the  seed   may,  with  advantage,  be 

"Storing. Though  a  Swede  maybe  hardy  enough  to  sown  a  month   earlier.     Sow,    therefore,  any  time  after 

stand  through  tlie  winter,  we  are  confident  from  long  ex-  April  i,  and  drill  in  superphosphate  and  guano  under  the 

perience  that  it  never  pays  to  let  Iheni  do  so.     Though  seed.     The  rows  sliould  be  from  18  1024  indies  apart,  and 


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permanent  pasture  ;  and  here,  too,  in  the  midst  of  the 
priced  lists,  we  come  on  occasional  memoranda — not 
so  systematic,  liowever,  as  those  of  Messrs.  Sutton— 
on  the  culti\ation  of  the  plants  named.  The  following 
is  an  extract  in  which  the  cultivation  of  Kohl  l<.abi  is 
described  : — 

"The  best  time  for  sowing  is 
the  beginning  and  middle  of  April 
for  the  main  crop.  If  the  sowings 
are  made  at  intervals  it  gives  an 
opportunity  of  selecting  any  piece 
for  transplanting  from,  when  you 
have  a  piece  of  land  ready  and 
the  weather  is  suitable.  One  of 
the  great  advantages  of  this  crop 
is,  that  it  will  stand  transplanting 
better  than  anything  else,  and  is 
very  useful  to  fill  up  gaps  in  the 
Mangel  Wurzel  field.  When  a 
^  crop  of  early  Tares  has  been  taken 
off,  or  foul  land  has  been  cleaned, 
get  the  land  fine,  and  after  a  shower 
put  all  your  hands  to  work,  and 
another  crop  will  be  on  the  ground 
at  less  expense  than  in  any  other 
way.  It  can  be  done  for  Ss.  per 
acre,  and  you  save  the  cost  of 
seed,  sowing,  hoeing,  and  setting 
out ;  and  they  will  be  of  better 
quality,  with  less  root  than  when 
drilled  ;  only  you  cannot  make  sure 
of  suitable  weather,  and  with  a 
large  breadth  to  do  it  would  not  be 
safe  to  tnist  to  that  for  more  than 
a  portion  of  the  crop.  On  light 
land  you  may  keep  on  sowing  as 
late  as  the  middle  of  May  ;  Ihey 
will  grow  longer  into  the  winter, 
but  the  earliest  sown  will  always  be 
the  best  crop.  The  young  plants 
grow  much  slower  than  Turnips  in 
their  early  stages.  The  rows  may 
be  from  20  to  24  inches  apart,  and 
1510  18  inches  from  plant  to  plant, 
decreasing  the  distance  as  the  sea- 
son advances. 

' '  The  early-sown  will  be  ready 
in  October,  and  nothing  is  so  nice 
for  lambs  to  begin  upon.  They 
take  to  them  more  readily  than  any 
other  root.  \VIien  the  tops  are 
eaten  off,  the  bulbs  can  be  cut  up, 
and  given  in  troughs." 

Messrs.  Carter  announce  what 
they  call  a  new  Annual  Blue 
Clover,  of  which  the  following 
note  is  given  on  the  authority  of 
Mr.  T.  C.  Booth,  of  Warlaby  :— 

"  Its  rapid  growth  will  be  bes 
understood  u  hen  we  state  that, 
during  the  past  inclement  season, 
seed  sown  in  Yorkshire  by  T.  C. 
Booth,  Esq.,  of  Warlaby,  on  May 
21,  produced  a  crop  over  3  feet  long 
by  August  2.  Specimens  of  this 
astounding  growth  were  exhibited 
by  us  at  the  last  great  Yorkshire 
Agricultural  Show,  in  York,  during 
the  month  of  August  of  last  year, 
together  with  an  equally  remarkable 
specimen  contributed  by  H.  S. 
Thompson,  Esq.,  of  Kirby  Hall, 
York.  This  latter  gentleman 
assures  us  that  he  has  tried  every 
kind  of  stock  with  it,  and  finds  that 
all  eat  it  readily.  It  must  prove  a 
great  acquisition  as  an  auxiliary  to 
the  Clover  crop,  as  it  can  be  sown 
in  the  spring  to  fill  up  where  the 
previous  season's  sowing  of  Clover 
has  missed,  and  will  then  produce 
an  immense  swarth,  ready  for  cut- 
ting with  the  general  crop." 


not  destroyed  by  frost,  their  "nutritive  constituents  will 
have  been  changed  into  woody  fibre,  and  the  small  cost 
incurred  in  storing  is  more  than  repaid  by  their  greatly 
enhanced  feeding  quality  :  therefore  begin  early  enough — 
not  later  than  the  middle  of  November.  Do  not  trim  the 
roots,  nor  cut  the  crowns  too  close,  nor  knock  the  bulbs 
about  roughly.  They  keep  better,  and  it  does  not  cost 
more  to  clean  and  trim  them  when  needed  than  when  th-^y 
are  got  up." 

''Hints  on    Cultivation   0/"  AW?/ A*;!^/.— The  land  in- 


the  young  plantshoed  out  in  the  usual  way  to  12  toiSinches 
apart.  "The  hoeing,  of  course,  must  not  be  done  while 
the  land  is  wet.  The  first  sowing  will  be  ready  to  clamp 
at  the  beginning  of  October.  In  taking  up  for  this  pur- 
pose, the  roots  should  not  be  cut  off,  but  merely  strip  the 
leaves  from  the  bulb,  and  then  the  crop  may  be  stored 
like  Mangels  or  Swedes. 

The  latter  of  these  publications  is  distinguished  by  ; 
an  elaborate  and  exhaustive  paper  on  the  formation  of  I 


HIGHLAND    AND    AGRICUL- 
TURA  L. 

Labourer^  Cottages.  —  At  the 
monthly  meeting  of  this  Society, 
last  week  the  following  letter  was 
read  : — 

"Enclosure  Office,  London, 
February  t,  1872. 
"  Dear  Mr.  Menzies, — A  news- 
paper has  been  sent  to  me  with  a 
report  of  a  discussion  on  labourers' 
cottages  at  a  recent  meeting  of  the 
Highland  Society,  in  which  Mr. 
Waldegrave  Leslie  appears  to  ha\e 
made  some  statements  reflecting 
on  mv  conduct  as  an  Inclosure 
Commissioner,  in  remaining  inat- 
tentive to  the  representations  of 
the  Society  in  1868,  and  to  remonstrances  from  otiter 
quarters.  As  he  was  evidently  labouring  imder  some 
misconception  of  the  facts,  which  appears  to  have  been 
shared  by  the  chairman  of  the  meeting,  anrl  possibly  by 
others,  we  have  thought  it  proper  to  send  a  circular  to 
our  inspectors  in  Scotland  directing  them  to  give  further 
publicity,  in  their  several  districts,  to  the  Boards  minute 
of  1868,  which  was  issued  after  a  careful  consideration  of 
the  representations  made  to  us  on  the  part  of  the  High- 
land Society  and  others  at  that  tmie.     I  enclose  a  copy  of 


232 


The   Gardeners*    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  17,   1872. 


that  circular,  and  also  of  the  original  minute,  which  it  is 
desirable  should  be  as  widely  known  as  possible.  The 
remarks  which  Mr.  Leslie  seems  to  have  made  about  the 
interference  of  the  Commissioners  inordinary  'alterations 
of  red  Pine  to  yellow,  and  yellow  to  red,'  are  merely  a 
figure  of  speech,  as  I  am  assured  that  nothing  of  the  kind 
has  ever  been  done.  My  connection  with  Scotland  and 
the  Highland  Society,  independent  of  my  public  duty, 
\vill  at  all  times  ensure  from  me  a  hearty  co-operation  in 
wisely-considered  efforts  to  improve  the  condition  of  the 
agricultural  labourer,  and  that  feeling  is  fully  shared  by 
my  colleagues.  As  the  discussion  which  took  place  has 
been  widely  circulated,  and  the  erroneous  impression  it 
conveys  may  be  detrimental  to  cottage  improvement 
in  Scotland,  I  leave  it  to  your  discretion  to  give  such 
publicity  to  this  communication  as  you  may  consider 
desirable, — Believe  me,  very  faithfully  yours, 

(Signed)     "James  Caird. 
"To  F.  N.  Menzies,  Esq., 

"  Secretary  of  the  Highland  Society," 

{^Circular  to  the  Dminagc  Inspectors  hi  Scofli7nd.) 
"Enclosure  Commission,  3,  St.  James'  Square, 
"  London,  S.W.,  January  31,  1872. 

"  Sir, — As  it  appears  that  there  is  still  a  misunderstand- 
ing as  to  the  requirements  of  this  Board  on  the  extent  of 
accommodation  to  be  provided  in  labourers'  cottages  in 
Scotland,  I  am  directed  by  the  Inclosure  Commissioners 
to  forward  you  a  copy  of  their  minute  issued  in  the  year 
1868,  and  to  call  your  particular  attention  to  the  fifth 
paragraph.  The  Commissioners  have  acted  on  the 
principle  of  that  paragraph  from  that  year,  and  have 
sanctioned  cottages  with  two  bed-rooms  and  one  living- 
room,  in  which  there  may  be  a  bed,  as  there  described  ; 
and  they  have  reason  to  believe  that  this  arrangement, 
where  understood,  was  quite  satisfactory  in  Scotland. 
Be  good  enough  to  inform  landowners  and  their  agents 
who  may  apply  to  yoii,  that  this  is  now,  and  has  been 
since  1868,  the  practice  of  the  Commissioners  ;  and  take 
any  other  opportunity  which  may  be  offered  to  you  to 
give  circiUation  to  this,  and  to  the  earnest  desire  of  the 
Commissioners  to  facilitate  cottage  improvement  in  every 
way  in  their  power,  consistent  with  the  Acts  which  they 
administer. — I  am,  &c.,  G.  B.  Mavo. 

"  By  order  of  the  Board." 

[Extract  from  the  Minute  of  the  Inclosiwc  Commissioners 
issued  in  May,  1868.) 
"5th.  In  all  cases  provision  must  be  made  for  the 
separation  of  the  sexes.  This  principle  is  best  carried 
out  in  cottages  which  contain  four  rooms  ;  where,  how- 
ever, it  is  desired  to  erect  cottages  consisting  of  a  living- 
room  {in  which  is  placed  a  bed,  and  two  other  bed-rooms, 
with  a  scullery  and  proper  out-ofhces,  such  an  arrange- 
ment will  not  be  objected  to.  In  such  cases  the  living- 
room  should  not  be  less  than  15  feet  by  12  feet,  nor  the 
height  less  than  8  feet  in  the  clear.  The  level  of  the 
ground  floor  to  be  not  less  than  8  inches  above  the 
general  surface  of  the  ground  outside  the  buildings." 

Ccjitagious  Diseases  {Ani?nais)  Act. — Letters  were 
read  from  Sir  Wm.  Forbes,  of  Craigievar,  Bart.,  and 
Mr.  Newell  Burnett,  sending,  by  desire  of  the  local 
authority  of  the  county  of  Aberdeen,  a  report  by  their 
inspector,  and  expressing  a  hope  that  the  Society  will 
co-operate  witli  them  in  representing  to  the  Privy 
Council  the  necessity  of  all  local  authorities  throughout 
The  country  taking  proper  precautions  to  prevent  the 
spread  of  disease,  and  that  it  is  indispensable  that  more 
efficient  provision  should  be  made  for  the  inspection 
of  animals  in  Ireland.  The  following  excerpts  from 
the  reports  were  read  : — 

"  Since  my  report  to  you  on  September  i  last,  I  regret 
to  say  that  there  has  been  a  continued  increase  of  con- 
tagious diseases  among  animals  within  the  county. 
Since  that  date  there  have  been  16  outbreaks  of  pleuro- 
pneumonia, and  597  of  foot-and-moiUh  disease.  In 
reviewing  the  state  of  disease  throughout  the  county 
during  the  year  1871,  I  find  that  there  have  been  866 
centres  of  foot-and-mouth  disease,  while  there  were  only 
150  during  the  previous  year.  There  have  been  25 
outbreaks  of  epizootic  pleuro-pneumonia.  seven  of  which 
are,  however,  re-occurrences  of  the  disease  at  places  pre- 
viously reported  on.  Only  four  outbreaks  occurred 
during  the  year  1870  ;  223  animals  have  been  slaughtered 
during  the  year  in  accordance  with  the  regulations  of  the 
local  authority.  It  is  disappointing  to  find  that,  notwith- 
standing the  restrictive  measures  adopted  by  the  local 
authority,  contagious  diseases  have  prevailed  so  exten- 
sively during  the  past  year,  but  this  state  of  matters  is  in 
a  great  measure  due  to  the  increasing  practice  of  import- 
ing stock  from  the  South,  and  consequent  importation  of 
disease.  During  the  past  year  to, 000  animals,  consisting 
mainly  of  English  and  Irish  stock,  with  a  small  propor- 
tion of  foreign  cattle,  have  been  brought  to  Aberdeen 
either  by  rail  or  steamboat,  and  have  been  examined  by 
me.  Of  this  number  400  have  been  found  suffering  more 
or  less  from  foot-and-mouth  disease." 

Forestry  Department. — The  following  communication 
was  laid  on  the  table  : — 

"The  Highland  Society  have  given  large  premiums 
towards  improving  stock  in  selecting  breeds  from  pure 
and  healthy  progenitures,  as  well  as  their  symmetrical 
proportions,  whether  in  the  horse,  cow,  ox,  sheep,  swine, 
or  aviarian  breeds.  They  have  shown  an  encouragement 
to  the  produce  arising  from  these  fine  breeds,  in  the 
shape  of  butter,  cheese,  and  other  useful  products  from 
these  fine  selected  stocks.  They  also  have  given  en- 
couragement to  the  selecting  and  rearing  of  the  best 
and  healthiest  kinds  of  grain  in  the  land  cultivation,  as 
well  as  premiums  for  almost  every  implement  for  agri- 
culture, whether  through  steam,  horse,  or  hand  labour  ; 
and  have  given,  and  are  offering,  premiums  on  the 
science  of  forestry  and  practical  management  of  woods, 
&c.  Yet  1  think  there  is  an  essential  element  awanting  - 
viz.,  the  renovating  and  restoring  of  healthy  plants  from 


sound  seed  and  change  of  climate,  and  that  more 
especially  of  two  of  the  commonest  and  most  useful  of 
all  our  forest  plants.  To  me  for  years  it  has  been  a 
regret  to  see  the  decay  and  total  degeneracy  of  two  of  the 
most  useful  and  profitable  of  all  our  forest  productions — 
viz.,  the  Larch  and  Scotch  Fir.  In  travelling,  whether  in 
my  own  country  or  through  various  parts  of  Scotland, 
with  rare  exceptions  the  Larch  has  written  on  it  decay 
and  death,  so  that,  unless  something  is  done  to  restore 
its  degeneracy  as  a  '  forest  plant,' in  a  very  few  years  it 
will  have  written  on  it  'Ichabod,'  the  glory  is  departed  ; 
and  as  for  our  Scotch  Fir,  it  has  degenerated  into  a 
coarse,  rough  timber,  which,  although  not  like  the  Larch, 
compaiatively  lost,  yet  its  profitable  qualities  are  un- 
heeded, and  therefore  the  bona  fide  values  and  returns 
are  sadly  diminished.  Seeing  that  such  are  my  views  as 
to  the  state  and  decay  of  our  most  valuable  forest  pro- 
ductions, it  may  be  asked,  and  that  truly,  what  remedy 
do  you  prescribe?  It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  the  crab, 
or  unhealthy  trees,  produce  not  only  most  largely  the 
seed  cones,  but  they  are  easily  reached  in  the  way  of 
gathering,  for  it  is  quantity  and  iiot  quality  that  is  the 
object  of  those  who  gather  them  ;  while  the  aim  and 
object  of  the  nurseryman  is  the  number  of  plants  to  sell, 
whether  raised  from  these  crabs  and  diseased  trees  of  our 
country,  or  the  buying  of  seed,  wherever  got,  or  by 
whom  gathered.  In  my  perambulations  the  only  healthy 
forest  I  have  seen  of  Larch  is  on  the  braes  of  Athole, 
where  the  verdure  was  as  green  as  grass  on  a  May 
morning  ;  and  this  is  the  district  w'ere  the  plant  was  first 
introduced  into  Scotland,  and  it  is  possible  there  may  be 
others  equally  healthy.  It  would  be  well  for  the  Society 
to  appoint  a  trustworthy  person,  who  has  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  forestry,  to  select  every  healthy  forest  in 
Scotland,  and,  after  asking  liberty— and  it  is  presumed  it 
is  the  interest  of  every  proprietor  in  Scotland  to  grant 
permission — to  take  cones  from  these  pure,  healthy  trees, 
and  these  alone,  and  let  these  be  reared,  specially  under 
the  superintendence  of  the  Society's  agents,  and  these 
seeds,  got  from  not  only  these  healtliy  and  sound  stock, 
but,  like  every  other  seed  brought  from  a  highland  to  a 
lowland  district,  would  be  to  strengthen  the  plant  so 
propagated,  and,  in  all  likelihood,  regenerate  the  whole 
cultivation  of  Larch.  In  the  Scotch  Fir  there  is  less 
difliculty,  but  still  equally  advantageous  the  selection  of 
the  seed  cones.  In  almost  every  plantation  you  will 
find  not  only  the  crab  and  diseased  trees,  but  you  will  find 
two  special  varieties — the  one  strong,  coarse,  ugly,  rough 
bark — these,  as  well  as  the  crab  trees,  avoid— the  other  a 
fine,  clean,  timber  and  bark.  Let  the  cones  be  selected 
solely  from  these,  and  the  propagation  alone  from  such. 
For  no  doubt  many  of  our  nurserymen  know  nothing 
where  or  what  kind  of  seed  they  are  rearing  from,  and  the 
consequence  is,  in  too  many  cases,  a  kind  of  unprofitable 
rough  timber  raised,  which  must  tend  much  to  depreciate 
the  returns  to  every  proprietor. 

(Signed)     "James  Thomas. 
"  Forthar,  Kettle,  February  i,  1872." 


Farmers'   Clubs. 

HEXHAM. 

Tenant  Right. — The  following  discussion  ensued 
on  Professor  Wrightson's  paper,  reported  last  week  : — 

The  Chairman  congratulated  them  upon  the  success- 
ful paper  that  had  been  read  to  them  by  Professor 
Wrightson.  It  was  the  last  of  the  year,  and  the  winding 
up  of  a  succession  of  papers,  all  of  great  interest,  and 
many  of  them  had  excited  a  considerable  amount  of  dis- 
cussion in  the  Club,  which  discussions  were  of  great 
interest  not  only  to  themselves  but  to  the  countr\',  and 
they  were  much  indebted  to  the  local  papeis  for  reporting 
all  these  discussions  so  very  fully.  It  would  be  a  difficult 
matter  to  go  into  details  as  to  compensation,  but  Profes- 
sor Wrightson  suggested  a  combination  of  lease  and 
tenant-right  as  better  than  either  alone.  A  lease  of  itself 
without  tenant-right  had  a  tendency  to  the  "up  and 
down  "  system  of  farming — running  down  a  farm  at  the 
end  of  a  lease — which  was  natural.  But  he  thought  if  a 
lease  was  combined  with  compensation  there  was  no  reason 
why  good  farming  should  not  be  carried  on  to  the  end  of 
the  lease.  He  admitted  that  it  was  a  very  difficult  subject, 
but  the  difficulty  was  not  insurmountable,  and  a  scale 
might  be  established  to  give  compensation  under  different 
circumstances.  He  mentioned  at  one  of  their  recent 
meetings  that  Mr.  Pusey,  the  celebrated  agriculturist,  had 
in  his  day  attempted  something  of  this  kind,  but  failed  to 
carry  it  through  Parliament.  He  did  not  despair  of  it 
being  carried  out  some  day,  but  unless  farmers  gave  their 
minds  to  it,  of  course  no  one  in  Parliament  would  give 
their  attention  to  it.  The  Club  had  carried  out  these  dis- 
cussions in  a  spirit  of  friendliness  and  good  feeling 
amongst  themselves.  He  stood  sometimes  rather  alone, 
and  he  had  heard  some  gentlemen  say  the  chairman  na- 
turally takes  the  landlord's  side  of  the  question.  His 
interest  as  a  tenant-farmer  was  considerably  greater  than 
that  as  landowner,  and  as  agent  his  personal  feeling  was 
in  the  happiness  and  prosperity  of  the  tenants.  As  an 
honest  man,  however,  he  must  do  his  duty,  and  see  that 
the  property  of  his  landlord  was  not  deteriorating.  He 
always  wished  to  take  an  impartial  view,  and  he  thought 
he  generally  succeeded  in  taking  an  impartial  view  of  the 
case.  The  impression  might  be  that  he  took  the  landlord's 
view  of  it,  because  there  were  no  landlords  at  their  meet- 
ings ;  certainly  the  views  he  expressed  at  the  meetings  were 
made  from  a  love  of  fairplay,  and  it  might  be  from  some 
little  opposition,  as  he  took  an  opposite  view  when  he  heard 
extreme  views  enunciated  at  the  Club.  He  never  hked  to 
see  a  man  hit  hard  behind  his  back,  and  if  he  took  his 
part  it  might  be  from  the  spirit  of  English  pugnacity. 
Amongst  themselves  these  discussions  did  good,  and  he 
hoped  they  would  do  good  all  over  the  country,  and  that 
these  discussions  throughout  the  country  might  tend  to 
excite  greater  interest  in  agricultural  questions,  so  that  at 
some  day  they  might  arrive  at  a  more  satisfactory  settle- 
ment of  the  arrangements  between  landlord  and  tenant. 
The  great  object  was  to  carry  on  the  cultivation  of  the 


land,  to  secure  the  greatest  quantity  of  produce  from  it 
that  it  was  capable  of  growing,  and  the  interest  of  the 
country  at  large  in  the  land  was  to  see  that  nothing  was 
w.isted,  and  that  everything  produced  all  that  it  possibly 
could.  Would  they  establish  a  manufactory  and  let  part 
of  the  machinery  stand  idle  if  they  could  get  orders  to  keep 
it  all  at  work,  and  where  they  had  land  should  they  only 
get  half  of  what  it  would  produce  if  they  set  properly 
about  it?  The  question  of  draining  had  been  brought 
before  them,  but  it  was  seldom  that  tenants  in  this  part  of 
the  country  had  to  do  any  draining.  It  was  generally 
done  by  the  landlords,  but  it  was  capable  of  adjustment 
where  it  was  done  by  the  tenant.  He  had  drained  land 
as  a  tenant-farmer  on  a  short  lease,  the  expense  of  which 
was  repaid  him  in  a  couple  of  years.  He  naturally  after 
that  cultivated  the  land  in  a  different  way,  and  it  paid  him 
for  the  improvement.  He  got  the  land  worth  \qs.  an  acre 
and  left  it  worth  30J.  an  acre.  He  got  no  compensation 
at  the  end  of  his  lease,  though  he  was  far  from  saying 
that  there  should  not  be  a  scale  established,  and  that  he 
should  have  received  compensation,  but  as  it  was  he  was 
perfectly  satisfied.  He  could  not,  however,  go  in  for  the 
principle  that  the  tenant  ought  to  have  the  capitalised 
value  of  all  the  increase  he  had  made  in  the  value  of  the 
land.  He  took  the  land  at  roj.  an  acre  and  left  it  worth 
30J.  an  acre,  but  it  paid  him,  he  got  his  money  back  with 
good  interest,  and  what  right  had  he  to  get  all  the  increase 
capitalised  on  that  farm?  The  landlord  might  wish  to 
drain  the  land  of  his  own  free  will,  but  the  tenant  might 
go  and  put  his  money  in  it,  and  get  the  increased  value  of 
the  land.  If  the  landlord  had  been  consulted,  and  the 
law  had  been  that  he  could  claim  the  value  of  all  the  im- 
provements, the  landlord  would  probably  have  told  the 
tenant  to  leave  it  as  it  was,  and  that  he  would  make  the 
improvement  himself.  There  were  two  sides  of  the  ques- 
tion, and  he  said  this  in  answer  to  those  gentlemen  who 
could  see  only  one  side. 

Mr.  Jos.  Lee  had  had  an  opportunity  of  being  with 
Mr.  Wrightson  in  Lincolnshire,  where  there  was  tenant- 
right,  and  he  met  with  the  best  farming  there  that  he  ever 
saw  in  any  county  in  England.  He  had  been  through 
great  part  of  England  and  Scotland,  and  he  might  say 
that  the  value  of  sheep  and  corn  might  be  increased  30 
per  cent,  if  the  tenant  had  security  for  the  capital  invested 
in  the  land.  Farming  would  never  be  brought  to  perfec- 
tion, and  the  land  put  into  the  highest  state  of  cultivation, 
until  the  time  came  when  such  security  was  given  to  the 
capital  of  tenants.  Some  30  years  ago  it  was  difficult  to 
find  a  man  with  much  capital,  but  now  there  were  hun- 
dreds of  them,  and  they  scarcely  knew  how  to  invest 
their  capital,  many  of  them  joining  joint-stock  companies, 
and  probably  another  crash  would  come.  How  much  of 
this  money  would  go  into  farming  operations  if  only 
security  was  given  for  the  capital.  Mercantile  men  were 
not  like  farmers,  and  would  not  invest  unless  they  saw 
some  chance  of  some  security  for  their  capital  being 
returned.  He  thought  that  if  anything  could  be  done  to 
follow  up  this  paper  of  Mr.  Wrightson's,  if  any  method 
could  be  devised  which  would  give  the  landlord  a  fair 
share  of  the  value  of  the  improvement  made  by  the  tenant, 
and  also  what  the  tenant  should  have,  it  would  be  a  great 
boon  to  this  country. 

Mr.  Matthew  Smith  remarked  that  what  they  wanted 
was  a  tenant-right  that  would  be  liberal  both  to  landlord 
and  tenant.  They  could  not  have  such  a  tenant-right  as 
was  established  in  many  parts  of  the  South  of  England. 
He  knew  a  gentleman  who  farmed  in  the  South,  and  who 
was  now  hving  in  this  neighbourhood,  left  a  farm  of  little 
more  than  loo  acres  and  received  ;,^5oo  compensation.  If 
such  a  tenant-right  was  applied  here  what  ^vould  be  the 
consequence  of  it?  Supposing  the  farm  was  400  acres 
and  the  tenant-right  ;i^20oo,  where  would  tlie  tenant  get 
/'2000  to  pay  for  tenant-right  and  commence  farming? 
What  they  wanted  were  leases  that  would  do  away  with 
hares  and  rabbits,  which  were  eating  up  the  food  of  the 
country.  He  would  give  the  tenant  a  liberal  lease,  and 
let  him  have  power  to  dispose  of  a  portion  of  his  crop  in 
the  best  way  he  could,  as  the  tenant  would  be  able  to 
keep  the  farm  up  in  condition  by  manures. 

Mr.  W.  Trotter  (hon.  sec.)  remarked  that  Professor 
Wrightson's  paper  tended  to  make  confusion  more  con- 
fused. Mr.  Wrightson  had  quoted  many  authorities  on 
the  question  of  tenant-right,  but  in  no  case  did  two  of 
them  agree,  because  they  were  fidgetty  and  wrong— they 
played  upon  the  fringe  of  the  subject,  as  it  were,  and  did 
not  go  to  the  principle  of  it.  He  held  that  as  to  thp 
improvement  made  by  the  tenant  in  the  farm,  the  increased 
value  of  it  was  the  true  measure  of  that  improvement.  He 
was  not  in  favour  of  the  tenant  getting  the  full  value  of 
that  improvement,  but  only  a  fair  and  judicious  part  of  it. 
He  would  leave  to  the  landlord  that  part  which  might 
represent  to  some  extent — and  closely  approaching  to  it— - 
that  undefinable  money  value  which,  at  their  previous 
meeting,  Mr.  Robb  alluded  to  as  illustrating  the  progress 
of  the  times.  On  that  point  a  good  deal  of  misapprehen- 
sion existed,  as  he  held  the  great  improvement  in  the  value 
of  farms,  judging  from  the  farms  he  had  known  from  his 
earliest  years,  was  owing  to  the  improvement  in  their 
cultivation.  There  were  farms  not  worth  a  penny  more 
than  they  were  20  or  30  years  ago,  because  they  had 
remained  in  the  same  state,  yet  some  farms  in  the  Bywell 
parishes  had  increased  100  per  cent,  in  value  simply  by 
the  improvements  made  by  the  tenants  and  not  by  tlie 
landlords.  Many  landlords  when  they  came  into  posses- 
sion of  an  estate  expended  large  sums  of  inoney  on  each 
of  their  farms,  and  they  expected  to  get  their  money  back 
again  in  increased  rents,  then  why  obect  to  pay  compen- 
sation to  the  tenant  who  made  improvements  t 

Mr.  Young  said  the  simple  way  for  a  tenant-right  was, 
if  the  farm  was  improved,  for  the  tenant  to  receive  the 
increase  in  the  value  of  the  f;rrm,  but  let  it  be  valued  at  a 
little  above  the  present  rent,  and  if  the  farm  was  deterio- 
rated let  it  be  again  valued,  and  the  landlord  paid  for 
such  damage  by  the  tenant. 

Mr.  H.  T.  Thompson  asked  Mr.  Wrightson  why  he 
put  a  higher  value  upon  phosphates  than  nitrate  of  soda, 
or  things  of  that  kind?     On  many  soils  nitrates  grew  an 


February  17,  1S72.]  Thc  Gardencrs'    Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


233 


excellent  crop  on  the  first  application,  andi  they  .often 
heard  it  said  that  the  vegetable  m:itler  left  in  the  land 
went  far  to  produce  good  crops.  If  nitrate  produced  a 
good  crop,  there  must  be  a  large  quantity  of  vegetable 
matter  left  in  the  soil  to  decay,  and  be  food  for  succeeding 
crops  Then,  again,  a  higher  value  was  placed  in  the 
iianer  upon  manures  derived  from  cakes  than  that  from 
meal.  So  far  as  he  was  able  to  speak,  as  a  practical  man. 
he  had  used  cake  a  good  deal,  and  the  manure  was  greatly 
Improved,  but  he  knew  several  farmers  who  used  meal. 
These  farmers  said  that  those  who  used  cake  allowed  the 
manufacturer  to  pick  their  pockets,  while  they  knew  they 
were  dealing  with  honest  fellows  when  they  were  dealing 
with  themselves.  He  would  like  Professor  Wrightson  to 
give  them  a  little  more  information  on  that  point,  as  he 
knew  a  good  deal  of  scepticism  existed  amongst  farmers 
in  regard  to  it.  As  to  tenant-right,  lie  was  sceptical  upon 
that  matter,  but  he  would  not  express  his  opinions  upon 
It  that  day. 

The  vote  of  thanks  to    Professor  Wrightson   for    his 
valuable  paper  having  been  carried  unanimously, 

Prof.  Wrightson,  in  reference  to  the  view  taken  by  the 
Secretary,  said:  Certainly  he  could  wish  that  some  simple 
method  could  be  arranged  so  that  a  sliare  of  the  increased 
value  might  be  taken  by  the  tenant  and  a  share  by  the 
landlord,  but  he  was  afraid  that  instead  of  being  a 
simpler  method  it  would  be  quite  as  difiicult  as  taking 
the  improvements  in  detail.  Of  course,  many  circum- 
stances might  arise  to  give  land  an  increased  value  ; 
they  might  have  a  town  growing  out  in  a  certain  direc- 
tion, a  railway  going  across  it,  and  many  incidental  im- 
provements, which  had  nothing  to  do  with  agriculture, 
but  which  increased  the  value  of  the  property.  When 
they  came  to  share  this  improvement  and  capitalise  it, 
the  sums  would  be  so  large  that  either  party  would 
have  to  pay  that  each  would  be  careful  to  shun  any 
such  agreement,  binding  them  to  pay  a  large  sum.  They 
had  sometimes  a  reduction  in  rent  as  well  as  an  increase, 
and  probably  the  tenant  of  the  farm  on  which  the 
reduction  took  place  was  not  in  good  circumstances, 
and  if  his  deficiencies  were  to  be  capitalised  it  would 
be  very  difficult  to  recover  it  from  liim.  These  were 
the  difticulties,  but  there  also  seemed  to  be  unfairness 
n  it  as  well.  They  must  remember  in  the  case 
of  the  tenant's  improvement  of  the  farm  that  that 
improvement  had  been  latent  in  the  farm.  It  was  like  a 
man  making  a  hole  down  to  coals  ;  he  made  a  hole  down 
to  a  7-foot  seam,  but  was  he  to  claim  the  whole  of  the 
coal  which  lay  there  simply  because  he  had  made  such  a 
hole?  It  was  much  the  same  in  the  case  of  a  tenant 
draining  a  farm,  and  opening  up  treasures  which  really 
existed,  and  which  any  landlord  might  have  done.  He 
thought  the  proposition  of  the  secretary  would  make  the 
landlords  jealous  of  letting  their  farms  at  all,  as  they 
would  think  it  would  be  too  good  a  thing.  He  was  not 
aware  that  he  put  a  higher  value  upon  phosphates  than 
upon  nitrates ;  and  whatever  might  be  said  in  the  paper 
about  the  value  of  phosphates,  these  remarks  were  made 
in  speaking  of  tenant-rights  in  various  counties.  The 
difference  which  existed  in  the  tenant-rights  in  different 
counties  showed  them  the  immense  amount  of  confusion 
in  which  the  question  was  veiled,  and  that  of  itself  ought 
to  convey  a  valuable  lesson  to  them,  and  make  them  wish 
for  a  simpler  form  of  tenant-right,  and  do  away  with  all 
these  confused  systems.  With  reference  to  phosphates, 
they  acted  very  quickly  upon  the  land,  and,  so  far  as 
his  definite  experiments  had  gone,  he  had  not 
much  reason  to  think  that  either  superphosphates 
or  nitrate  of  soda  had  much  residual  effect. 
It  was  true  that  they  increased  the  crop,  but 
they  did  not  appear  to  have  much  residual  effect. 
With  reference  to  manures  and  feeding  stuffs  he  could  not 
well  speak  of  them  together,  they  were  so  very  different. 
He  reminded  them  ot  what  Mr.  Lawes  pointed  out,  that 
these  active  nitrogenous  manures,  which  they  called 
artificial  manures,  did  not  appear  to  have  much  effect  in 
improving  crops  after  that  to  which  they  had  been  par- 
ticularly applied.  WTien  they  came  to  organic  manures, 
there  was  a  residue  from  cake  in  farmyard  manure  ; 
so  that  while  they  got  a  similar  increase  in  the  first  crop 
they  probably  got  an  increase  in  every  crop  for  a  greater 
length  of  time  than  even  a  rotation.  Although  they  got 
good  crops  from  artificial  manures  as  well  as  from  organic 
manures,  yet  there  was  a  difference  in  their  value  as 
respectively  increasing  the  value  of  the  land.  He  would 
make  a  difference  between  simply  artificial  manures,  such 
as  nitrogenous  phosphates,  and  those  of  an  organic 
nature,  which  kept  yielding  up  products  to  plants  for 
more  than  a  year.  He  was  asked  why  the  manure  from 
meal  should  have  less  effect  than  that  from  cake,  but  they 
must  consider  the  nature  of  meals  and  of  cake.  In  linseed 
cake  there  was  a  good  deal  of  husk,  and  the  percentage 
of  husk  was  very  much  increased  by  the  very  fact  that  the 
oil  was  pressed  out  of  it.  The  husks  of  seeds,  just  as  in 
the  way  of  bran  of  corn,  although  not  of  such  a  nourish- 
ing character  as  the  entire  seed,  contained  a  great 
deal  of  nitrogenous  and  mineral  matter,  while  the 
oil  which  had  been  pressed  out  contained  very 
little  of  either.  Meals  contained  a  large  amount 
of  starchy  materials,  and  although  of  its  feeding 
qualities  there  could  be  no  question  they  did  not  make 
such  good  manures  as  cakes.  In  cakes  there  was  a 
large  amount  of  nitrogenous  and  mineral  matters ;  in 
meals,  made  from  unbroken  and  whole  corn,  there  was  a 
very  large  amount  of  starchy  materials  not  of  manurial 
but  of  feeding  value,  and  there  was  a  less  amount  of  what 
they  might  call  actually  fertilising  materials.  Mr.  Wright- 
son then  apologised  for  the  rather  complicated  nature  of 
his  paper,  but  when  he  wrote  it  he  looked  forward  to  the 
fact  that  it  would  be  published  in  the  papers,  and  prob- 
ably looked  at  again  and  read  and  discussed.  He  had 
been  at  some  pains  to  collect  his  information  on  the 
subject,  and  he  had  placed  in  his  paper  the  compari;=on 
between  tenant-right  in  the  various  counties,  and  also 
opinions  of  good  authorities,  which,  when  placed  in  ja.\ta- 
position.  could  be  the  more  easily  compared,  and  thus 
made  more  readily  of  service. 


K'INGSCOTE. 
CttUi--ali^n  and  Diseases  of  Wheat.— Wx.  Watts, 
Whitfield  Farm,  Falfield,  read  a  paper  on  this  subject, 
in  which,  after  referring  to  the  limits  of  the  Wheat 
growing  climates  of  the  world,  he  passed  on  to  the 
preparation  of  the  land  for  Wheat,  a  sul)ject  which  is 
of  the  greatest  importance  ;  for  the  ultimate  success  of 
every  crop  depends  in  a  great  measure  upon  the  condi- 
tion of  the  plants  through  the  first  stages  of  their 
growtli,  that  is,  from  the  germination  of  the  seed 
until  the  plant  has  attained  some  degree  of  strength, 
say  for  the  fust  three  or  four  weeks  after  the  seed 
is  sown. 

The  question  is,  do  we  as  a  rule  look  sufficiently  into 
these  important  points  connected  with  tlie  preparation 
of  the  seed-bed  ?  Are  we  not  all  too  apt  to  neglect  our 
ploughing  for  Wheat,  simply  because  there  is  still  a 
little  sheep  keep  on  the  clover-lea  ?  the  real  value  of 
which  is  imaginary  compared  with  the  loss  sustained 
through  putting  off  the  ploughing  till  the  sheep  have 
fed  off  the  last  bite.  The  more  we  study  the  cultiva- 
tion of  Wheat,  the  more  we  see  the  necessity  of  a  stale 
furrow  for  the  seed-bed,  especially  when  the  seed  is 
sown  upon  a  one-earth  furrow.  If  we  put  our  plough- 
ing off  till  within  three  or  four  weeks  of  the  time  of 
sowing,  we  are  then  compelled  to  plough  deeper  in 
order  to  bui-y  the  sward  more  effectually  as  well  as  to 
get  a  sufficient  tilth.  The  consequence  of  this  is,  that 
the  rain  has  a  much  better  chance  ol  saturating  the  soil 
furrow  deep,  thus  giving  the  frost  a  much  greater 
influence  over  it,  which  often  leaves  it  in  such  an  ash- 
like hollow  state  that  the  roots  have  literally  no  hold  in 
the  ground,  and  unless  the  roller  can  soon  be  brought 
to  its  aid,  to  consolidate  the  soil  about  the  roots,  the 
plant  becomes  sickly  and  very  soon  dies  away. 

There  is  another  evil  attending  the  delay  of  plough- 
ing, that  is,  we  become  alarmed  at  the  lateness  of  the 
season,  and  therefore  bring  into  the  field  all  the  strength 
of  the  farm  ;  those  who  can  plough  are  pushed  on  to 
turn  over  as  much  they  possibly  can,  and  those  who 
cannot  must  do  the  same.  The  result  is  that  the 
furrow-slice  is  of  very  various  depths  and  widths. 
Sometimes  the  ploughman  has  given  his  plough  too 
much  land,  and  has  turned  over  a  much  broader  fun'ow 
than  he  should  have  done,  thus  producing  a  low  place 
in  the  land,  in  which  the  water  often  lies  long  enough 
to  make  the  plant  perish.  In  another  place  his  furrows 
are  too  upright,  thus  producing  too  much  soil  into 
which  the  seed  is  too  deeply  deposited  below  the 
surface.  Then,  again,  the  plough  is  allowed  to  lean 
too  much  to  the  side,  cutting  a  furrow  considerably 
deeper  at  top  than  at  bottom,  which  in  its  turn  will 
influence  the  seed-bed  and  the  crop  by  stirring  too 
little  soil  in  certain  places. 

Although  these  things  appear  of  but  little  conse- 
quence at  the  moment,  yet  they  have  a  very  important 
bearing  upon  the  production  of  a  good  and  regular 
crop  of  corn. 

Clover-Icas  designed  for  Wheat  should  be  ploughed 
up  from  two  to  three  months  at  least  before  seed-time, 
in  order  that  the  sward  should  have  time  to  get 
thoroughly  decomposed,  and  the  soil  well  consolidated. 
No  amount  of  furrow  pressing  or  rolling  can  give  to  the 
soil  that  healthy  and  firm  condition  which  a  natural 
settling  does ;  and  again  when  the  harrows  are  put 
over  these  artificially-pressed  furrows  they  often  leave 
a  tilth  as  fine  as  ashes,  which,  as  soon  as  the  seeding  is 
completed,  and  the  first  heavy  rain  falls,  becomes 
beaten  into  a  smooth  plaster  all  over  the  surface,  thus 
excluding  the  air  from  the  young  plant,  and  retaining 
an  excess  of  water  about  the  rootlets,  which  is  most 
hurtful,  by  reducing  considerably  the  temperature  of 
the  soil.  I  like  to  see,  after  the  seeding  is  finished 
(especially  upon  wet,  tenacious  soils),  the  surface  of  the 
field  studded  with  small  clods  about  the  size  of  a 
pebble  ;  these  not  only  shelter  the  young  plant  from  the 
keen  frosty  winds,  but  prevent  the  soil  running  together 
in  a  very  wet  time. 

Neither  does  the  seed  corn  come  up  so  quickly  or  so 
strong  from  a  raw  seed-bed  as  it  does  from  one  well 
prepared,  of  which  we  have  abundance  of  proof  every 
day  of  our  lives.  There  is  generally  some  drawback, 
the  soil  is  either  too  wet  or  too  dry,  and  plants  cannot 
thrive  in  an  excess  of  either.  These  mishaps  seldom 
happen  on  a  stale  seed-bed,  for  if  the  weather  be  ever 
so  dry,  there  is  generally  sufficient  moisture  to  cause 
the  seed  to  germinate  ;  or  be  it  ever  so  wet,  very  soon 
after  the  rain  has  ceased  to  fall  the  surface  is  dry 
enough  again  for  sowing  to  go  on,  for  the  subsoil  has 
attained  a  naturally  porous  state,  so  that  the  water 
draws  freely  away  ;  thus  showing  that  the  success  of 
the  crop  depends  in  the  main  upon,  early  and  good 
ploughing,  in  order  that  the  soil  may  be  as  nearly  as 
possible  of  one  uniform  depth,  and  in  a  perfect  state 
of  cultivation.  The  depth  of  ploughing  depends  in  a 
great  measure  upon  the  strata  of  the  land  ;  for  instance, 
you  upon  the  hills  seldom  require  to  exceed  four  inches, 
while  in  the  vale  we  require  live  or  six. 

As  to  top-dressing  or  manuring  for  Wheat,  that  is 
entirely  a  question  for  the  occupier  ;  he  is  best  able  to 
judge  whether  or  not  his  land  is  capable  of  carrying 
out  the  crop  to  full  maturity.  The  difference  in 
the  quality  of  the  soil  upon  almost  every  farm,  and 
indeed  almost  every  field,  is  so  very  various  that  while 
one  part  of  the  field  is  as  good  as  can  be,  another  really 
requires  a  dressing  of  manure  to  enable  it  to  main- 
tain thc  crop  through  all  its  stages,  and  it  is  thercfoie 


well  to  mark  these  weak  places,  and  help  them  out  in 
some  way  or  other. 

The  selection  of  Wheat  for  seed  is  too  often  a  sub- 
ject  of  very  little  forethought,  although  much  dis- 
appointment may  be  avoided  by  carefully  studying  the 
character  of  the  soils,  as  well  as  the  habits  of  the 
particular  variety  of  Wheat  which  we  are  about  to  sow. 
Wheat  is  not  a  native  production  of  Great  Britain, 
therefore  it  has  a  tendency  to  degenerate,  more  espe- 
cially in  the  colder  districts  of  the  North.  In  proof  of 
this,  seed  sown  in  the  same  neighbourhood  year  after 
year  very  soon  becomes  less  productive,  therefore  we 
should  look  somewhat  to  the  temperature  of  our  own 
neighbourhood,  as  well  as  to  the  climate  from  whence 
we  intend  to  get  a  change  of  seed.  For  a  change  of 
seed  is  as  necessary  to  the  success  of  a  Wheat  crop  as 
fresh  blood  is  to  our  cattle.  The  varieties  of  Wheat 
are  more  numerous  than  of  any  other  kind  of  grain,  and 
are  constantly  being  augmented,  probably  from  the 
fact  that  the  difference  in  the  quality  and  colour  of 
certain  soils  has  materially  changed  the  original 
character  and  colour  of  the  grain,  and  caused  it  to  assume 
new  names  and  to  pass  as  new  varieties. 

The  quantity  of  seed  required  per  acre  has  given 
rise  to  much  conllicting  controversy.  Every  farmer 
should  be  able  to  decide  for  himself  by  careful  observa- 
tion wliat  quantity  of  seed  his  land  really  requires. 
Too  thick  seeding  is  both  injurious  and  wasteful,  for  if 
the  land  is  not  in  an  efficient  state  to  support  one 
plant,  how  can  it  support  more?  but  it  is  mere  delusion 
to  tell  us  that  an  acre  of  land  can  be  seeded  with  a  few 
quarts  of  Wheat.  From  5  to  8  pecks  per  acre  is 
ample  upon  land  in  ordinary  condition.  Climate,  too, 
must  rule  the  time  of  sowing.  In  my  opinion  all 
autumn  Wheat  should  be  sown  by  December  I,  and 
all  spring  Wheat  by  April  i  ;  after  this  a  Barley  or  an 
Oat  crop  will  pay  better  to  grow  than  Wheat.  The 
depth  of  sowing  is  another  point  to  which  I  should  like 
to  draw  your  attention.  The  soil  is  usually  the  medium 
of  moisture  and  warmth  to  the  seed,  and  it  affects  ger- 
mination only  as  it  influences  the  supply  of  these.  The 
burying  of  the  seed  serves  to  cover  it  from  the  birds, 
and  to  keep  it  from  drying  up.  I  believe  the  medium 
depth  should  be  about  i^  inch,  for  if  the  seed  is 
deposited  too  deeply  it  comes  up  weak  and  spiry.  On 
the  other  hand,  when  sown  so  that  there  is  soil  enough 
to  well  cover  it,  the  plant  comes  through  quicker,  and 
looks  more  vigorous  and  healthy,  for  air  and  light  have 
a  freer  access  to  the  roots,  and  without  these  no  plant 
can  thrive. 

Mr.  Watts  proceeded  to  enumerate  and  discuss  the 
diseases  of  which  the  Wheat  plant  is  the  subject. 

Discussion. 

Col.  KiNGSCOTE  said  his  o\vn  observations  would  bear 
out  what  Mr.  Watts  had  said  respecting  early  ploughing. 
Some  years  ago,  in  one  of  his  own  fields,  the  ploughman 
had  struck  out  a  good  many  tops,  and  ploughed  a  bit  on 
each  side  just  before  their  ploughing  match  was  to  take 
place,  They  did  not  plough  any  more  in  that  field  for 
something  like  a  month  afterwards  ;  the  Wheat  on  the 
early  ploughed  land  looked  much  better  all  the  winter, 
and  the  crop  equally  so  at  harvest,  such  a  difference  that 
you  could  see  to  a  furrow.  And  only  that  very  day,  as 
he  was  riding  along  the  road,  he  saw  a  field  which  looked 
exactly  the  same.  He  should  like  to  know  if  there  was 
any  difference  in  the  time  of  ploughing.  {Mr.  B.  Drew 
said  the  cause  of  this  was  exactly  the  same  as  had  been 
mentioned.)  He  (Col.  Kingscote)  would  like  to  know  if 
it  was  of  as  much  importance  to  have  the  Wheat  plough- 
ing done  as  early  in  the  vale  as  on  the  hills  ;  and  the 
means  (if  any)  to  prevent  the  fly  mentioned  which  caused 
such  ravages  amongst  our  Wheat  crops ;  whether  the 
quantity  of  grass  ploughed  in  one  season  over  another, 
had  anything  to  do  with  the  superabundance  of  these 
pests.  He  believed  that  when  the  plant  looked  weak  and 
sickly  the  land  required  a  stimulant,  what  that  stimulant 
should  be  would  be  very  important  to  know. 

Mr.  Robinson,  who  had  farmed  on  the  hills,  and  now 
in  the  vale,  believed  in  early  ploughing  for  Wheat  in  botli 
districts,  but  more  so  in  the  former.  It  was  a  great  mis- 
take to  plough  deep  for  Wheat,  whether  clover-leas  or 
after  Swedes  or  Mangels,  and  more  especially  if  not  done 
some  considerable  time  before  sowing.  He  believed  in 
using  for  seed  the  best  and  very  driest  Wheat.  Their 
practice  used  to  be  to  keep  enough  or  buy  old  Wheat  for 
seed  ;  and.  although  it  was  not  in  accordance  with  the 
age  to  move  backwards,  yet  he  was  sure  it  would  be  a 
step  to  their  advantage  to  return  to  that  system.  There 
was  no  need  for  preparing  the  seed,  and  it  came  up 
quicker  and  stronger.  He  had  seen  holes  eaten  through 
Wheat  stalks  before  now,  and  it  may  have  been  done  by 
the  fly  which  Mr.  Watts  had  mentioned  ;  but  mildew, 
rust,  and  other  diseases,  which  the  Wheat  crop  is  liable 
to,  especially  where  it  was  very  thick,  or  thin,  or  late 
sown,  were  caused  from  wet  weather  and  black  frosts  at 
night.  As  regards  manuring,  the  late  Mr.  Drew  and  Mr. 
Burnett  had  carried  out  experiments  for  some  years  ; 
and,  speaking  from  memory,  the  result  was  not 
satisfactory.     The  best  was  soot,  the  second  best  guano. 

Mr.  Hayward  could  corroborate  every  word  that  had 
been  said  in  favour  of  early  ploughing,  especially  on  the 
hills.  To  grow  Wheat  successfully  you  must  have  a  good 
seed-bed,  the  best  and  driest  seed,  and  the  firmer  you 
compressed  the  land  the  better.  His  experience  was  quite 
in  harmony  will  all  Mr.  Watts  had  said. 

Mr.  B.  Drfcw  (Boxwell)  would  not  have  taken  a  part 
in  the  discussion  were  it  not  that  he  not  only  fully 
agreed  with  Mr.  Watts,  but  could  endorse  the  opinions 
of  all  the  former  speakers.  Several  times  he  had  put  off 
his  Wheat  ploughing  tiU  late  for  tlie  sake  of  the  keep  on 
the  land,  but  had  always  burnt  his  fingers  by  so  doing. 
The  result  was  he  had  to  plough  and  sow  again  in  the 


234 


The   Gardeners*   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  17,  1872. 


spring  and  if  not  he  had  two  or  three  sacks  less  per  acre 
than  by  the  early  ploughing.  As  had  been  said,  many 
of  the  diseases  which  Wheat  and  all  other  cereals  were 
Hable  to.  might  be  in  a  great  measure  prevented  by  care 
and  attention  to  modes  of  treatment. 

Mr.  C,  Ford  said  Mr.  Watts  had  recommended  salt 
or  linie  as  a  means  of  destroying  the  wireworm  and  other 
insects  which  injured  the  Wheat  ;  he  would  ask  which  of 
them  was  the  best,  and  the  best  time  to  apply  them  ? 
From  his  experience  he  could  not  speak  in  favour  of  pre- 
paring {or  what  we  term  vitrioling)  old  Wheat  for  seed. 
On  two  occasions  he  had  done  so,  and  the  Wheat  never 
came  up. 

Mr.  Watts  said  not  less  than  100  bush,  of  ame  or 
half-a-ton  of  salt  applied  before  ploughing. 

Several  others  took  part  in  the  discussion  ;  and  Mr. 
BURNF.TT  proposed  a  resolution  to  the  following  effect  : — 
The  opinion  of  those  who  have  taken  part  in  this  discus- 
sion is.  that  facts  bear  out  most  fully  tlie  ideas  of  Mr. 
Watts,  whose  paper  is.  therefore,  a  source  of  trustworthy 
information.  This  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Hayward,  and 
unanimously  carried.  The  usual  votes  of  thanks  to 
Colonel  Kingscote  and  to  Mr.  Watts  closed  tlie  pro- 
ceedings, .^ 

LAl'ENHAM. 
Loss  of  Force  in  AgrktiUtire :  Jan.  26.— We  have 
already  given  (pp.  155.  I93)  ibe  greater  part  of  Mr. 
D.  T.  Fish's  lecture  on  this  subject  ;  we  now  abridge 
from  the  Bury  Post  its  report  of  the  interesting  discus- 
sion which  ensued. 

Mr.  R.  Hawkins  said  they  all  knew  that  Mr.  Fish 
looked  upon  these  things  from  a  literary  point  of  view, 
and  his  ideas  were  not  practicable.  It  was  impracticable 
for  them  as  agriculturists  to  carry  out  the  views  which  he 
had  brought  before  them  on  very  many  points.  Mr.  Fish 
supposed  that  they  had  all  covered  sheds,  so  that  they 
might  make  their  manure  as  they  liked.  They  could 
do  nothing  of  the  kind.  They  had  to  make  the  manure  to 
support  the  land,  and  to  grow  the  best  amount  of  corn 
that  they  could  for  the  public  and  for  themselves.  That 
was  all  they  aspired  to.  They  never  expected  to  get  rich 
out  of  the  land  ;  if  they  could  only  live  they  were  happy. 
They  all  knew  that  the  cultivation  of  the  ground  was 
most  desirable,  but  how  were  they  to  obtain  it  ?  He 
remembered  that  his  friend,  Mr.  Hitchcock,  very  kindly 
brought  a  steam  cultivator  into  the  locality.  The  result 
was  that  he  had  the  greatest  possible  difficulty  to  get  a 
cultivator,  and  when  he  did  get  one  he  kept  it.  and  he 
hoped  he  would  get  a  great  deal  of  good  from  it.  Mr. Fish 
was  quite  right  that  the  deeper  they  could  cultivate  their 
ground  the  betterit  was  for  their  crops,  but  he  differed  from 
him  on  many  material  points.  Mr.  Fish  considered  that 
whatever  they  did  to  tlie  soil,  tliey  were  sure  to  have  a 
crop.  He  had  seen  crops  where  artificial  manure  had 
been  applied,  and  there  he  had  seen  a  worse  result  from 
the  best  farming  that  he  had  ever  seen  in  his  life.  With 
regard  to  what  Mr.  Fish  said  about  Lord  Leicester,  it 
appeared  to  him  that  that  nobleman  said  if  they  were 
going  to  drain  their  ground,  he  would  have  5  per  cent,  off 
all  drainages.  Was  that  what  they  called  a  liberal  land- 
lord ?  (A  voice,  "  Yes,  yes."")  He  differed  from  the  gen- 
tleman. He  could  do  it  at  3.V  per  cent,  himself,  and  do 
it  well  at  a  so  years'  lease.  He  called  it  most  illiberal 
He  should  be  very  sorry  to  be  a  tenant  under  Lord 
Leicester.  With  regard  to  the  application  of  manure  he 
very  much  differed  with  their  friend.  He  spoke  probably 
from  what  he  believed  was  very  right.  He  had  manured 
his  young  Clover  in  the  autumn  on  the  surface,  and  he 
had  never  seen  a  better  result  in  his  life  than  from  the 
application  of  manure  to  young  layers  and  for  Wheat 
crops.  He  once  manured  some  in  the  autumn,  and  in 
the  spring  of  the  year  there  came  some  sharp  frosts,  and 
they  were  ploughed  up,  and  he  had  as  fine  Beet  as  he 
ever  had  in  his  life.  He  did  not  believe  that  manure 
suffered  from  exposure  to  the  atmosphere  in  any  possible 
way,  provided  they  put  it  on  the  ground.  It  was  laid 
perfectly  bare.  He  grew  36  tons  of  Beet  per  acre.  They 
couldn't  get  their  manure  on  the  land  during  such  weather 
as  the  present,  but  they  must  get  it  on  when  they  could. 
Mr.  Fish  had,  however,  read  a  capital  paper,  and  there 
were  many  capital  remarks  in  it,  if  only  they  could  be  satis- 
factorily carried  out. 

Mr.  T.  P.  Hitchcock,  too,  thought  it  a  very  excellent 
paper,  though  he  did  not  think  it  practicable  to  bring  all  the 
things  to  bear  that  their  friend  had  suggested  to  them.  He 
didn't  know  the  county  of  Norfolk  himself,  and  with  respect 
to  what  Mr.  Fish  had  said  concerning  the  Earl  of  Leicester, 
all  he  (Mr.  Hitchcock)  could  say  was,  that  if  such  a  state 
of  things  existed  as  had  been  stated,  the  farmers  were 
responsible  for  it,  and  they  ought  to  know  better  than  to 
allow  such  a  state  of  things  to  exist.  He  did  not  much 
like  what  Mr.  Fish  had  said  about  the  sleeping  partner  in 
the  land.  He  believed  that  if  the  landlords  wanted  too 
much  for  their  land  they  would  not  get  it.  According  to 
Mr.  Fish's  account,  if  the  land-agent  said  you  were  to 
give  so  much  more  for  your  land,  you  had  to  do  it.  He 
wanted  Mr.  Fish  to  explain  to  him  those  tables  that  he 
had  read.  One  thing  he  should  especially  like  to  knew 
was,  that  whilst  the  manure  from  the  ton  of  cotton  cake 
was  worth  £(i  los.,  how  they  got  the  quantity  of  fat  they 
did  on  the  animal  ?  Alluding  to  what  Mr.  I-'ish  had  said 
respecting  the  experiments  to  be  tried  in  boxes,  he  asked 
if  that  gentleman  would  tell  them  that  he  could  deal  with 
those  boxes  in  the  same  way  that  he  could  with  fie;lds  of 
20  or  30  acres.  He  hoped  he  did  not  mean  to  tell  them 
that  when  he  put  plants  into  those  boxes  he  could  tell 
what  he  should  require  to  do  with  a  whole  field.  They 
might  do  very  well  to  grow  Cucumbers  in,  but  they  would 
not  do  to  grow  Mangel  Wuri:el,  or  anything  of  the  sort. 
They  were  very  much  pleased  and  very  much  amused  with 
Mr.  Fish's  paper,  but  it  was  the  dream  of  an  enthusiast, 
and  nothing  more  nor  less. 

Mr.  Wm.  Hustler  thought  landlords  would  not  be 
likely  to  build  new  premises  and  covered  sheds,  and  there- 
fore Mr.  Fish's  ideas  would  not  be  brought  to  bear  for  a 
very  long  time.     It  was  all  right  enough,  but  it  could  not 


be  done.  As  far  as  the  manure  was  concerned,  they  could 
not  keep  that  in  their  yards  till  tiiey  wanted  to  use  it. 
They  must  get  rid  of  it,  and  lay  it  on  one  side  till  the  right 
time  for  putting  it  on  the  land. 

Mr.  W.  ViNCE,  sen.,  wished  Mr.  Fish  could  come 
amongst  them,  and  settle  down  on  a  heavy-land  farm  of 
300  or  400  acres.  He  was  of  opinion  that  their  own  expe- 
rience would  teach  them  as  much  as  they  could  learn  from 
these  papers. 

Mr.  PoKTKR  raid  no  doubt  science  had  done  a  great 
deal  ;  their  own  experience  showed  them  that  it  was  so. 
Therefore  he  thought  they  ought  to  be  very  slow  in  saying 
that  all  these  things  were  impracticable.  He  must  say 
that  farmers  had  a  great  deal  to  learn  and  a  great  deal  to 
do.  He  was  not  a  young  man,  and  had  read  a  great  deal 
upon  the  progress  of  agriculture,  and  he  thought  there 
was  a  great  deal  to  be  done  yet  before  they  would  be  able 
to  get  the  produce  that  the  land  was  capable  of  yielding. 

Mr.  Wm.  Bakek  remarked  that  they  had  heard  that 
"  an  ounce  of  practice  was  worth  a  pound  of  theory," 
Their  friend  had  said  that  if  they  went  down  to  a  certain 
depth  in  tlie  earth  they  doubled  the  fertility  of  the  soil. 
He  should  like  to  ask  one  question.  Supposing  he  planted 
three  roots  of  Potatos  in  a  given  area,  containing  a  depth 
of  3^  feet  of  soil  ;  it  would  produce  all  it  could.  Now  if 
he  filled  the  same  box  double  the  depth  with  soil,  and  put 
as  many  roots  again  in,  he  wished  to  know  if  the  produce 
would  be  doubled?  Supposing  a  farm  produced  8  or  10 
coombs  of  corn  per  acre.  Set  the  locomotive  to  work, 
and,  as  Mr.  Mechi  said,  tear  the  ground  up  say  2  feet 
deeper,  and  he  asked  whether  they  would  double  the 
produce  of  the  land  ?  The  idea  was  absurd.  They  were 
finite  beings  :  they  could  not  command  the  seasons,  nor 
could  they  command  the  results.  They  did  not  think  they 
were  going  to  make  the  earth  produce  15  or  20  coombs 
per  acre.  That  was  a  result  beyond  the  command  of  man. 
With  respect  to  the  draining,  Mr.  Baker  said  in  dry  sea- 
sons they  might  take  too  much  water  off  the  land,  and  he 
believed  they  would  suffer  by  it.  He  believed  there  was  a 
great  deal  of  land  in  this  country  that  if  it  had  never  been 
drained  would  never  want  it.  In  his  opinion  a  great  deal 
of  land  had  been  deteriorated  because  it  had  been  drained. 
They  might  drain  land,  and  spend  a  large  amount  of 
capital  about  it,  and  work  it  about  in  a  wet  time,  and  it 
would  not  be  so  dry  as  if  it  had  not  been  drained  at  all. 
He  was  not  a  friend  to  very  shallow  cultivation,  but  he 
believed  that  a  fair  depth  was  all  tliat  was  necessary. 
There  were  many  men  who  had  cultivated  deep  had  found 
it  to  be  a  damage  to  their  crops,  and  after  having  carried 
the  plan  out  for  the  last  few  years  they  had  repented. 
Mr.  Fesk  asked  what  Mr.  Baker  called  a  fair  depth  ? 
Mr.  Baker  said  he  should  call  8  to  10  inches  a  fair 
depth. 
The  Chairman  said  8  inches  was  very  deep  to  go. 
Mr.  Baker  then  suggested  6  inches.  If  they  went  too 
deep  they  must  also  go  to  an  enormous  expense. 

The  Chairman  referred  to  his  own  experience  in  the 
way  of  deep  cultivation.  In  almost  every  instance  that 
he  had  tried  it  he  had  seen  no  good  result  from  it.  With 
respect  to  their  corn  crops,  every  farmer  knew  that  it  was 
the  greatest  difficulty  to  keep  them  on  their  legs.  The 
deeper  they  cultivated,  in  his  opinion,  the  more  difficuUy 
they  would  have  in  maintaining  a  good  strong  straw,  and 
if  they  lost  that  they  would  lose  quality  and  quantity  as 
well  as  Wheat  and  Barley.  He  did  not  exactly  understand 
what  sort  of  soil  it  was  recommended  for.  He  had  tried 
it  on  several,  and  it  had  not  answered  his  purpose  on  any 
one,  but  it  was  possible  that  on  the  very  land  on  which 
he  had  not  tried  it,  there  it  might  be  found  to  answer. 
He  did  not  think  land-agents  stood  in  the  way  of  cultiva- 
tion. He  believed  that  they  were  always  ready  to  give 
plenty  ofliberty  to  a  good  farmer,  but  they  would  not  give 
much  to  a  bad  one.  If  they  found  liberty  shown  on  the  part 
of  the  tenant  they  were  ready  to  grant  him  Uberty  as  to  what 
he  should  do.  He  thought  the  manure  ought  to  have 
some  fermentation  before  it  was  brought  on  the  land.  He 
did  not  mean  to  say  that  they  should  let  any  of  the  am- 
monia escape.  If  they  could  mix  it  with  clay  or  something 
he  thought  they  would  do  themselves  considerable  benefit. 
They  could  not  keep  their  manure  in  the  yards  such 
weather  as  this.  He  thought  there  was  nothing  better 
than  for  outside  gentlemen  like  Mr.  Fish  to  come  forward 
and  tell  them  what  they  ought  to  have.  He  tliought  he 
did  good  by  telling  them  what  they  should  aim  at  obtain- 
ing, though  they  might  not  be  successful  in  obtaining  it. 
Every  man  had  more  or  less  the  experience  of  covered 
sheds,  if  he  would  only  notice  how  his  horse-sheds  wcrebuiU. 
Mr.  Hawkins  had  made  some  allusions  to  tlie  lease  of 
Earl  Leicester.  That  lease  appeared  at  first  sight  to  be 
a  very  liberal  one,  but  very  much  of  the  cream  had  been 
taken  off  it.  But  at  the  same  time  he  thought  there  were 
some  clauses  in  it  which  were  extremely  liberal.  He  did 
not  find  fault  with  the  clause  that  Mr.  Hawkins  did.  where 
the  landlord  would  drain  for  the  tenant  at  5  per  cent.  If 
his  landlord  would  do  his  draining  for  5  per.cent.  he  would 
rather  let  him  do  it  than  do  it  himself.  Mr.  Hitchcock 
had  particularly  alluded  to^  the  enthusiasm  of  their  friend, 
but  he  must  remember  that  great  schemes  had  generally 
been  started  by  enthusiastic  people  at  first.  They  might 
go  to  some  extremes,  but  they  were  often  the  first  intro- 
ducers of  good  ideas,  which  were  a  benefit  to  the  country. 
With  reference  to  the  experiments  tried  in  the  small  boxes, 
they  flourished  better  in  the  boxes,  he  thought,  because  they 
got  more  air.  *  They  often  remarked  that  the  crops  looked 
better  at  the  edges  of  a  field  than  in  the  middle;  the 
reason  was  that  they  had  more  air.  He  was  not  a  believer 
in  the  over-drainage  of  arable  land,  but  he  did  not  think 
they  could  well  lay  arable  land  too  dry.  They  had  no 
reason  to  fear  that  they  would  ever  drain  their  arable  land 
too  much.  He  thought  they  were  very  much  indebted  to 
Mr.  Fish  for  his  paper;  it  was  a  much  more  practical  one 
than  they  had  there  before.  He  thought  they  might  take 
a  useful  hint  from  it  as  to  the  fermentation  of  manures, 
but  he  should  be  a  long  time  before  he  believed  in  very 
deep  cultivation.  He  rather  despaired  about  making  any 
more  experiments,  because  all  those  he  had  made  tended 
in  one  direction. 

Mr.  Fish  then  replied.  He  expressed  himself  as  some- 
what astonished  at  beinjf  called  an  enthusiast,  and  still 


more  so  that  his  paper  should  have  been  called  a  non- 
practical  one.  He  maintained  that  it  was  a  very  practical 
one.  It  was  not  theory,  it  was  fact.  It  was  well  known 
that  deep  cultivation  greatly  increased  the  fertility  of  the 
soil.  In  the  horticultural  department  they  had  got  to  a 
depth  of  4  feet,  and  they  found  it  answered.  They  depre- 
cated what  he  suggested,  but  they  were  following  in  the 
lead  of  it  every  one  of  them.  It  had  not  answered  as  they 
expected  ;  possibly  it  had  not  done  so  at  first,  but  it  was 
because  they  didn't  put  faith  in  the  natural  fertility  of  the 
soil.  Their  vice-president  came  there  and  told  them  tliat 
deep  cultivation  had  never  succeeded  with  him--probably 
the  fact  was,  that  he  gave  the  land  the  same  manure  after 
he  had  cultivated  it  deep  as  he  had  done  previously.  The 
consequence  was  that  the  crops  were  not  able  to  support 
themselves.  He  mentioned  that  the  season  made  a  great 
difference  in  deep  cultivation.  Last  summer  was  not  a 
good  summer.  In  answer  to  a  question  as  to  how  deep 
he  would  go,  he  said  he  would  go  to  the  depth  of  i  foot 
at  once  on  all  ground.  Instead  of  advocating  violent 
changes,  as  some  gentlemen  had  suggested,  hethough_the 
had  become  more  conservative  since  he  was  there  before. 
He  would  say,  do  these  things  gradually.  He  took  it  as 
an  honour  to  be  called  an  enthusiast  in  these  matters. 
How  was  it,  he  asked,  that  the  farms  of  to-day  were  better 
than  they  were  too  years  ago?  He  was  surprised  to  hear 
what  Mr.  Hitchcock  said  respecting  the  experiments  in 
the  boxes.  Why  should  they  despise  little  experiments. 
He  spoke  of  the  invention  of  steam-engines  and  railways 
as  a  result  of  one  man  noticing  the  steam  proceeding  from 
the  spout  of  a  tea-kettle,  and  said  so  it  was  in  farming  and 
agriculture.  They  told  him  that  these  things  were  im- 
practicable ;  he  told  them  to  go  and  take  care  of  their 
manure  ;  could  they  not  do  so  if  they  would  ?  Mr.  Hitch- 
cock was  wonderfully  keen  in  finding  out  the  weak  places. 
He  maintained  that  it  would  pay  them  to  cover  their 
manure  over.  Let  them  ask  Mr.  Hitchcock  if  it  would 
pay  him  to  leave  all  his  artificial  manure  out  in  the  rain. 
If  they  went  to  work  they  could  overcome  any  amount  of 
difficulties.  If  they  represented  to  their  landlords  or  their 
agents  that  they  were  convinced  that  they  would  be  bene- 
fitted by  having  covered  sheds  built,  in  which  to  store 
their  manure,  they  would  get  them,  but  they  would  not 
do  so  whilst  they  came  there  and  told  them  that  what  he 
said  was  all  nonsense,  and  all  that  sort  of  thing.  He 
maintained  that  what  he  had  said  was  based  upon  facts 
and  not  theor\ — that  the  produce  of  this  country  might 
probably  be  doubled.  It  was  quite  time  that  an  attempt 
was  made  in  that  direction.  The  farmers  did  not  grow 
them  enough  corn  for  bread.  He  quoted  statistics  to  show 
that  they  were  far  short  of  the  demand,  and  asked  if  it  was 
not  discreditable  to  this  country.  If  it  was  possible  for 
them  to  grow  more,  was  it  notjworth  their  while  to  endeavour 
to  do  so  ?  They  were  growing  more  and  better  things  in 
the  gardens  every  day.  If  some  of  the  old-fashioned 
farmers  were  to  go  and  look  in  their  gardens  they  would 
think  they  were  got  into  a  new  world — there  was  such  a 
cliange  since  they  were  boys.  He  was  far  a-head  of  the 
farmers  in  some  things,  and  a  long  way  behind  them  in 
others. 

Votes  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Fish  and  to  the  Chairman  con- 
cluded the  business  of  the  meeting. 


Farm  Memoranda. 

Mrs.  Sanicev's  Farm,  near  Wellington, 
SaloI'. — Mrs.  Elizabeth  Sankey's  farm  was  highly 
commended  by  the  Judges  of  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  of  England  at  the  last  Farm  Competition, 
Wolverhampton,  and  it  was  awarded  a  prize  of  £2^^ 
in  recognition  of  her  profitable  management. 

This  farm  contains  230  acres  of  arable  land  and  131 
of  grass,  and  is  situated  about  2|  miles  north  of  Wel- 
lington, the  high  road  from  Drayton  passing  through 
it,  and  the  road  from  Wellington  to  Shrewsbury 
bounding  it  on  the  south.  About  50  acres  are  at  a 
distance  of  one  mile  ;  this  land  is  of  a  peaty,  boggy 
nature  ;  half  of  it  is  grass,  and  the  remainder  arable. 
The  main  portion  of  the  farm  connected  with  the 
homestead  is  various  in  texture,  some  being  a  mixed 
loam,  and  another  portion  weaker,  inclining  to  sand  ; 
the  subsoil  of  the  whole  is  a  variety  of  gravel,  the 
upper  surface  varying  greatly  \\\  depth.  The  four- 
course  system  is  generally  adopted.  The  foldyard 
manure  is  applied  for  roots  in  the  autumn,  led  direct 
from  the  yards  upon  the  land,  at  the  rate  of  20  cart- 
loads to  the  acre.  These  stubbles  having  been  pre- 
viously well  cultivated,  the  manure  is  ploughed  in  for 
the  winter.  In  the  spring,  when  sufficiently  worked, 
5  cwt.  per  acre  of  Griflfin  &  Morris's  artificial 
manures  are  sown  broadcast  ;  the  land  is  then  ridged 
and  the  seed  drilled.  For  white  Turnips  a  smaller 
quantity  of  artificial  manure  is  used,  and  they  are 
drilled  on  the  flat.  Half  of  the  Turnips  are  consumed 
on  the  land,  the  remainder  being  carted  to  the  home- 
stead. The  land  appropriated  for  Mangels  is  autumn 
cultivated,  ploughed  8  inches  deep  for  the  winter,  and 
worked  well  in  the  spring.  When  sufiiciently  fine  the 
land  is  ridged,  and  manure  applied  at  the  rate  of 
20  cart-loads  per  acre.  It  is  then  split,  rolled,  and 
drilled.  The  whole  crop  is  led  off  and  stored  by  the 
homestead.  A  large  portion  of  the  Turnip  land  is 
followed  by  spring  Wheat,  a  plant  which  appears  to 
answer  well  ;  the  clover-lea  is  also  followed  by  Wheat, 
a  somewhat  unsual  practice  being  adopted.  Rye-grass 
being  a  large  ingredient  in  the  seeds,  autumn  sown 
Wheat  is  liable  to  turn  out,  therefore-  the  lea  is  un- 
touched till  February,  affording  valuable  pasturage 
for  sheep  during  the  winter  ;  and  they  are  also  fed  on 
cake  and  corn.  The  land  is  consequently  merely 
ploughed,  harrowed,  and  drilled  with  Wheat  of  a 
white  variety.  The  whole  of  the  Wheat,  after  both 
Turnips  and  lea,  was  remarkably  good,  and  most  pro- 


February  17,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Ag-ricultural    Gazette. 


235 


mising.  Although  not  a  dairy  faiiii,  a  good  return  is 
made  from  a  dairy  of  20  common-bred  cows,  both 
cheese  and  butter  being  made.  The  calves  are  all 
reared.  The  produce  of  one  cow's  evening  meal  of 
milk  we  saw  weighed,  with  the  extraordinary  result 
of  40  lb.  Mrs.  Sankey  wrote  and  informed  us  that 
the  same  cow's  milk  the  following  morning  weighed 

381b. 

During  the  winter  the  cows  have  pulped  roots  and 
chopped  straw,  with  2  lb.  of  cake,  given  until 
February  ;  this  is  increased  until  calving,  and  con- 
tinued until  glass.  At  the  date  of  our  first  visit, 
35  calves  of  various  ages  were  being  fed  in  a  sheltered 
yard  with  mown  Vetches  and  porridge.  Twenty  year- 
lings and  2-year-olds  were  upon  the  grass,  making  a 
total  head  of  83.  Forty-five  beasts  are  fed-off 
annually  ;  they  are  tied  up  in  the  autumn,  and  have 
sliced  Turnips  ad  libitttiii^  with  an  allowance  of  5  lb. 
of  linseed  cake  per  day.  The  younger  beasts  during 
the  winter  are  fed  on  pulped  roots,  chopped  straw  and 
hay,  with  I  lb.  of  cake  daily. 

100  Shropshire  Down  Ewes  are  kept,  yielding  150 
lambs.  They  commence  with  artificial  food  before 
weaning,  and  it  is  never  discontinued  up  to  the  time  of 
clipping,  which  is  generally  in  April,  when  they  are 
sold  fat.  Beyond  this  number  100  shearlings  are  pur- 
chased and  fed-off.  All  the  fat  stock  is  sold  at  Wel- 
lington by  auction.  Mrs.  Sankey's  practice  is  to  shear 
all  the  lambs  at  the  same  time  as  the  ewes,  the  average 
value  of  the  fleece  being  is.  6(/.,  and  it  is  considered 
that  they  thrive  and  grow  better  in  consequence.  Ten 
breeding  sows  are  kept  ;  and,  although  the  variety  is 
not  pleasing  to  look  at,  the  produce  is  numerous. 
About  200  are  sold  annually,  and  the  returns  form  a 
not  unimportant  item  in  the  balance-sheet.  Great 
attention  is  also  paid  to  the  poultry,  which,  under 
skilful  management,  are  highly  profitable. 

The  grass  land  has  all  been  dressed  with  5  cwt.  per 
acre  of  Griffin  &  Morris's  artificial  manures.  Thirty- 
eight  acres  are  laid  out  for  irrigation,  receiving  the 
sewage  from  Wellington,  and  are  invariably  mown. 
Twenty  acres  of  outlying  grass  or  peaty  bog  were  of  a 
very  worthless  character,  being  full  of  the  tussock 
grass  :  on  most  of  this  Mrs.  Sankey  has  pared  and  led 
off  the  tussocks,  applying  half  a  ton  to  the  acre  of 
Griffin  &  Morris's  artificial  manures.  The  result  is 
wonderful,  the  herbage  having  changed  from  most 
inferior  to  really  good  grasses  and  Clover. 

Eight  horses  are  kept,  fed  during  the  working  sea- 
son with  75  lb.  of  meal,  composed  principally  of  beans 
and  bran,  the  latter  in  the  proportion  of  one-fifth.  The 
outlay  in  manures  and  feeding-stuffs  is  so  remarkable 
for  the  acreage  that  we  tabulate  the  figures  : — 


£ 

s. 

d. 

230 

0 

0 

?JI 

10 
0 

0 
0 

144 

0 

0 

Artificial  manure.^  .. 
Oike  and  corn  purchased 
16  acres  of  Beans  consumed 
18  acres  of  Peas  consumed 


;Cioig  10    o 

The  average  is  close  upon  £^  per  acre,  one-third  of 
the  land  being  in  grass. 

Labour. — Six  men  and  two  boys  are  employed 
through  the  year.  The  men  live  in  cottages  rent  free, 
and  their  wages  are  \\s,  per  week,  and  2  quarts  of 
beer  per  day,  at  a  cost  of  i^d.  per  gallon.  Eacli 
labourer  is  allowed  to  plant  lo  rods  of  ground,  for 
which  he  pays  25^.,  with  Potatos.  These  wages  are 
continued  through  the  year,  and  for  four  weeks  during 
the  harvest  they  have  their  victuals  given  thera.  The 
boys'  wages  through  the  year  are  6j.  per  week  ;  weed- 
ing is  generally  done  by  task-work  at  \s.  6d.  per  acre. 
The  account  given  us  for  labour  upon  this  farm  is 
much  less  than  on  any  other  we  have  inspected, 
amounting  to  ^^245  15^.  in  the  year.  The  land  was 
perfectly  clean,  and  the  work  in  as  forward  a  state  as 
was  needed.  The  corn  is  invariably  cut  by  machi- 
nei7,  and  taken  up  by  the  labourers,  two  additional 
men  only  being  engaged  for  the  harvest  at  14^.  per 
week  and  their  victuals.  The  whole  harvest  work  is 
done  by  the  day.  The  com  is  threslied  by  a  steam 
machine  worked  by  a  portable  engine,  which  is  used 
for  grinding  and  chopping. 

Buildings. — These  are  very  primitive  and  forlorn, 
and  very  deficient  in  accommodation,  a  fact  which 
reflects  still  more  credit  on  the  enterprising  manage- 
ment. So  good  a  tenant  is  surely  deserving  of  more 
consideration.  We  cannot  close  our  notes  upon  the 
Bratton  Farm  without  expressing  the  very  high  opinion 
we  entertain  as  to  its  thoroughly  profitable  manage- 
ment, which  reflects  the  highest  credit  both  upon  the 
tenant  and  her  manager,  Mr.  Felton,  with  whose 
intelligence  and  energy  we  were  much  impressed. 
yournal  of  English  Agricultural  Society. 


KiNSALE,  Oswestry. — First-Prize  Dairy  Farm.— 
This  farm  is  held  under  yearly  tenure,  and  is  occupied 
by  Mr.  John  Clay,  Kinsale,  Oswestiy,  Salop.  It 
contains  200  acres  of  grass,  and  128  of  arable  land,  is 
situated  4  miles  east  of  Oswestry,  midway  between 
it  and  EUesmere,  and  is  intersected  by  the  road  leading 
to  Oswestry.  It  has  great  convenience  by  road  and 
canal,  the  latter,  the  "Shropshire  Union,"  running 
through  it,  and  boats  can  unload  lime  and  manure  into 
the  fields  adjoining.  The  land  is  undulating,  soil  a 
strong  loam,  various,  with  a  subsoil  of  clay,  gravel, 
and  sand.  By  the  canal  are  some  meadows  that  had  a 
very  rough  uneven  surface,  and  soil  of  a  peaty  nature  ; 
those  have  been  greatly  improved,  by  deep  draining, 


and  great  expense  has  been  incurred  by  the  tenant  in  fil- 
ling up  and  levelling,  which  is  a  marked  improvement. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  farm,  several  small  fields 
have  been  laid  down  to  pasturage,  which  were  very 
poor  and  unproductive  as  arable.  Their  fences  to  the 
extent  of  700  roods  (of  8  yards)  have  been  grubbed  and 
cleared  away  by  Mr.  Clay.  The  whole  has  been 
drained  from  4  to  6  feet  as  needed,  and  is  now  (though 
originally  in  five  fields)  in  one  large  grazing  pasture  of 
52  acres,  well  sheltered  by  a  wood  bounding  it  on  the 
north.  This  new  grass  has  been  brought  to  its  present 
good  state  and  quality  by  the  application  of  bones,  Mr. 
Clay  having  given  it  in  two  dressings  I  ton  of  pulver- 
ised bones  to  the  acre  in  the  last  three  years.  After 
seeing  this  field  no  misapprehension  can  exist  as  to  the 
value  of  bones  for  grass  land.  The  old  meadows  and 
grazing  ground  have  been  boned  at  the  rate  of  half  a 
ton  to  the  acre,  and  Mr.  Clay  purposes  continuing  this 
application  every  eight  years. 

The  whole  of  the  farm  has  been  drained  by  the  land- 
lord, Mr.  Wright,  of  Halston,  near  Oswestry — the  grass 
land  about  6  feet  deep,  and  the  arable  4  feet — and  it 
appears  to  have  been  perfectly  done.  Nothing  can 
excel  the  cultivation  of  the  grass  on  this  farm  j  it  is 
most  prudently  stocked,  and  as  the  bones  have  pro- 
duced the  best  herbage,  continued  changes  keep  both 
stock  and  pastures  in  a  thriving  condition.  Fifty-two 
milking  cows  were  kept,  and  there  were  besides  12 
2-year-oIds,  II  yearlings,  3  bulls,  and  15  calves  when 
we  visited  the  farm.  All  looked  healthy  and  well. 
The  arable  land  is  worked  on  the  four-course  system, 
growing  good  and  clean  crops  ;  manure  is  applied  to 
the  Clover  root  after  harvest,  at  the  rate  of  12  cart- 
loads to  the  acre,  some  being  reserved  for  Mangels. 
Half  of  the  Clovers  are  mown  and  made  into  clover- 
liay,  the  remainder  are  depastured  by  sheep  and  young 
beasts. 

Tur flips. — The  stubbles  are  autumn  cultivated,  and 
in  the  spring  cross-ploughed  and  thoroughly  worked  ; 
when  ready,  and  as  soon  as  the  season  admits,  the  land 
is  ridged  and  7  cwt.  an  acre  of  Lawes'  superphosphate 
is  sown  upon  the  ridges,  at  a  cost  of  ;^8  per  ton.  The 
ridges  are  afterwards  split,  and  the  Turnips  drilled,  a 
roller  attached  to  the  drill  completing  the  work.  The 
cost  of  hoeing  is  Sj-.  per  acre  by  task  ;  width  of  drill  is 
26  inches,  and  the  plants  are  hoed  with  a  9-inch  hoe. 
Every  Turnip  is  drawn  off  and  stored  by  the  home- 
stead. 

Mangels. — The  land  for  Mangels  is  prepared  in  the 
same  way  as  for  Turnips  ;  the  addition  being,  to  the 
7  cwt.  per  acre  of  "Lawes,"  14  cart-loads  of  manure 
applied  in  the  previous  autumn.  The  roots  are  pulled 
and  stored  early  in  November. 

Barley. — This  crops  succeeds  Turnips  that  have  been 
grown  upon  the  lighter  land,  which  has  been  ploughed 
early  in  the  winter,  in  fact,  as  soon  as  the  Turnips  are 
carted  off.  This  practice  generally  gives  a  fine  tilth  in 
spring,  and  needs  only  harrowing  to  prepare  for  sowing ; 
seed  is  drilled  at  the  rate  of  12  pecks  to  the  acre,  and 
no  top-dressing  is  needed,  as  is  fully  borne  out  by  the 
present  luxuriant  appearance  of  the  growing  crop. 

Oats. — Upon  the  remaining  part  of  the  Turnip-land 
Oats  are  taken.  Having  been  ploughed  early,  it  is 
merely  harrowed,  and  by  the  middle  of  March  drilled 
with  from  4  to  5  bush,  of  seed  per  acre.  No  artificial 
manures  are  given.  Upon  this  strong  variety  of  soil  a 
great  advantage  is  derived  by  getting  a  winter's  tilth, 
and  by  the  heavy  dressing  of  Lawes'  manure,  of  which, 
no  doubt,  some  portion  is  unconsumed  by  the  Turnip 
crop.  A  fine  even  tilth  is  a  most  important  matter 
towards  securing  a  good  spring  corn  crop  upon  land  of 
this  texture.  At  all  events,  both  Oats  and  Barley  were 
very  good  crops. 

Cloz'crs. — Clover  seeds  are  sown  amongst  the  Barley 
and  Oats,  half  being  for  mowing.  The  mixture  of  seeds 
is  as  follows  : — For  mowing — Ked  Clover,  8  lb.  ;  Tre- 
foil, 41b.,  and  Italian  Kye-grass,  i  bush  to  the  acre. 
For  pasturage — Red  Clover,  6  lb.,  white,  4 lb.,  Alsike, 
3  lb.,  with  I  peck  of  Pacey's,  and  half  a  peck  of  Italian 
Rye-grass  to  the  acre.  These  seeds  generally  grow 
strong,  and  in  ordinary  seasons  carry  a  stock  of  young 
beasts,  as  well  as  the  ewes  and  lambs ;  no  doubt  assisted 
by  the  manuring  of  the  young  seeds  after  harvest. 

W/icat. — Upon  the  ley,  in  the  month  of  August,  3 
tons  per  acre  of  lime  (costing  7.f.  per  ton)  are  applied, 
with  a  small  admixture  of  soil.  If  able  to  spare  the 
glazing,  the  ley  is  broken  up  and  made  a  pin  or  bastard 
fallow,  say  early  in  August ;  and  in  October  it  is  again 
ploughed  5  inches  deep,  harrowed,  and  drilled.  This 
system  is  most  approved  of  when  available,  as  it  gives 
greater  certainty  of  securing  a  plant  of  Wheat,  which 
we  should  think  fully  requisite  after  Italian  Rye-grass. 
The  variety  of  Wheat  generally  grown  is  red,  and  is 
sown  at  the  rate  of  2  bush,  of  75  lb.  per  acre.  The 
crop  of  Wheat  did  not  look  well,  being  deficient  in 
plant.  Complaint  was  made  of  the  season,  but  we  yet 
think  that  Italian  Rye-grass  is  concerned. 

Beasts. — A  stock  of  52  cows  is  kept  for  milking  and 
to  make  cheese,  their  produce  being  reared.  The  cows 
during  the  winter  are  kept  in  the  cow-shed  (an  admir- 
able building),  and  fed  with  pulped  roots,  chopped 
straw,  grains,  and  oilcake.  This  food  is  increased  and 
improved  after  January,  All  the  cows  have  a  weekly 
allowance  of  90  measures  of  grains,  40  measures  of 
malt-dust,  and  12  lb.  of  linseed  cake,  as  well  as  an 
increased  amount  of  roots,  which  is  continued  up  to 
grass,  and  until  the  grass  is  sufficiently  good.  In  fact, 
Mr.  Clay  says  he  gives  it  up  when  the  cows  do  not  need  it. 


The  2-year-old  heifers  are  kept  in  an  open  yard  with 
a  good  shed,  and  allowed  a  small  quantity  of  pulped 
roots  and  chopped  straw  ;  merely  sufiicient  to  keep 
them  in  an  improving  state,  being  turned  out  daily  into 
a  grass  field  adjoining  the  yard.  The  year-olds  are 
well  cared  for,  and  placed  in  two  very  commodious 
yards,  with  every  comfort  and  shelter  ;  they  have 
pulped  roots,  chopped  hay,  and  an  allowance  of  i^  lb. 
of  linseed  cake  daily.  This  food  is  mixed  for  24  hours, 
which  causes  it  to  be  in  a  warm  state  when  given. 
Such  treatment  is  most  essential,  after  the  care  bestowed 
upon  them  as  calves  ;  for  they  are  allowed  new  milk 
the  first  fortniglit,  and  afterwards  it  is  mixed  with  skim- 
milk.  Up  to  six  months'  old  they  are  fed  daily  with  a 
thick  porridge  of  linseed  cake,  Indian  Corn-meal,  pea- 
meal,  and  tea-hay,  mixed  with  last  or  coarse  curds,  given 
to  them  warm.  Their  appearance,  I  am  sure,  bespoke 
the  good  food  and  attention  bestowed  on  them. 

S/iecp. — Fifty  Shropshire  Down  ewes  are  kept  and  put 
to  the  ram,  producing  an  average  of  about  a  lamb  and 
a  half  to  a  ewe.  The  lambs  are  generally  sold  oft  fat 
from  the  ewes  in  July,  excepting  20  ewe  Iambs  to  keep 
up  the  flock.  These  ewes  run  on  the  grass  during  the 
winter,  and  on  the  Clover  leys  in  summer  to  feed  their 
lambs. 

Pigs. — Six  sows  are  kept  for  breeding,  the  produce 
of  which  are  occasionally,  at  eight  weeks'  old,  sold  for 
breeding  purposes.  These  pigs  being  of  a  very  good 
variety  (white)  are  eagerly  sought  after  ;  at  this  age 
they  make  from  2  to  5  gs.  each.  Those  unsold  are  kept 
till  seven  months'  old,  and  made  fat  upon  Indian  Corn 
and  pea-meal  in  equal  portions,  mixed  with  whey  from 
the  house.  Indian  Corn-meal  alone,  Mr.  Clay  says,  is 
much  too  heating,  hence  the  mixture.  About  100  pigs 
are  bred  and  sold  annually,  this  part  of  the  pig  esta- 
blishment proving  a  great  source  of  profit. 

Buildings, — A  great  amount  of  credit  is  due  to  Mr. 
Clay  in  the  arrangement  of  the  buildings,  which  have 
been  recently  erected  ;  the  landlord  allowing  him  to 
have  his  ideas  carried  out  as  to  the  requirements  of  the 
farm.  This  has  been  done  most  effectually,  and  eveiy 
convenience  has  been  studied  and  secured.  The  cow- 
shed  is  100  feet  long  and  33  feet  wide,  holding  50  cows ; 
it  has  a  roadway  down  the  centre,  ample  width  for 
standing,  is  well  ventilated,  and  is,  in  fact,  all  that  is 
needed  for  the  purpose.  Adjoining  this  is  is  a  store- 
room for  pulped  roots,  cut  straw,  meal,  tic,  into  which 
place  the  cut  straw  falls  from  the  cutter  above,  and  the 
pulper  is  driven  near  the  place.  All  pulping,  chopping, 
grinding,  &c.,  is  done  by  a  small  fixed  4-horse  power 
steam-engine,  made  by  Clay,  of  EUesmere,  with  shaft- 
ing and  pulleys.  There  are  two  most  appropriate  small 
yards  to  hold  young  beasts,  facing  the  south,  which  are 
well  shedded.  These  yards  adjoin  the  store-room,  out 
of  which  a  roadway  leads  for  the  purpose  of  feeding 
at  their  heads,  cribbing  being  under  the  sheds.  [This 
report,  from  the  R.  A,  S,  Journal^  will  be  concluded 
next  week.] 


Miscellaneous. 

The  Game  Laws.— On  Friday,  at  the  High  Court 
of  Justiciary,  Edinburgh — the  Lord  Justice-Clerk,  Lord 
Cowan,  and  Lord  Neaves  on  the  bench — a  case  was 
heard  in  which  Archibald  Wilson  petitioned  the  Court 
to  overturn  a  conviction  against  him,  under  which  he 
was  on  the  12th  of  December  last  sentenced  to  24 
hours'  imprisonment  by  the  Sheriff-Substitute  at 
Hamilton,  on  a  complaint  taken  under  the  Summary 
Procedure  Act  that  he  (Wilson)  was  guilty  of  theft, 
"in  so  far  as  on  the  said  I2th  of  December  last  he  did, 
on  the  turnpike-road  between  Hamilton  and  Bothwell, 
steal  a  dead  pheasant,  or  a  pheasant  totally  disabled 
by  a  shot,  the  property  or  in  the  legal  possession  of 
his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Hamilton."  Mr.  Watson,  for 
the  complainer,  said  he  had  taken  the  bird  from  off  a 
high  road,  where  he  had  as  much  right  to  be  as  the 
Duke  of  Hamilton.  The  Solicitor-General  and  Mr. 
Balfour  were  heard  for  the  respondent.  The  Lord 
Justice-Clerk,  in  giving  judgment,  said  he  was  of 
opinion  that  the  complaint  in  the  indictment  was  im- 
perfect, and  that  the  suspension  ought  to  be  sustained, 
lie  also  considered  that  the  laws  regarding  the  appro- 
priation and  pursuit  of  game  in  this  country  were  suffi- 
ciently stringent,  and  it  was  exceedingly  undesirable 
that  prosecutions  founded  upon  the  appropriation  of 
game  should  be  brought  across  the  boundary  line 
between  these  laws  and  the  ordinary  category  of  com- 
plaints under  the  Summary  Procedure  Act.  Lord 
Cowan  and  Lord  Neaves  concurred,  and  a  decision  was 
accordingly  given  in  favour  of  the  petitioner.    Times. 

Economical  Advantages  of  Dr.\ining. — The 
economical  advantages  of  draining  in  such  soils  as  we 
possess  are  chiefly  these  : — i.  Stiff  soils  are  more  easily 
and  more  cheaply  worked.  2.  Lime  and  manures  have 
more  effect,  and  go  farther.  3.  Seed-time  and  harvest 
are  earlier  and  more  sure.  4.  Larger  crops  are  reaped, 
and  of  better  quality.  5.  Nutritive  grasses  spring  up 
where  inferior  grasses  formerly  grew.  6.  Valuable 
crops  of  Wheat  and  Turnips  are  made  to  gi'ow  where 
scanty  crops  of  Oats  were  formerly  the  chief  return. 
7.  Naked  fallows  are  rendered  less  necessary,  and  more 
profitable  rotations  can  be  introduced.  S.  The  climate 
is  improved,  and  rendered  not  only  more  suited  to  the 
growth  of  crops,  but  more  favourable  to  tlie  health  of 
man  and  other  animals.     9.    The  soil  is  actually  en- 


236 


The    Gardeners*    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  17,   1S7J. 


riched  by  what  the  rains  bring  down.  10.  Air  is 
sucked  down  into  the  subsoil,  yo/uisloii's  Elements  0/ 
Agricultural  Chemistry  and  Geology. 

"Thk  Best  Way  for  the  Tryall  of  a  New 
Plough." — "And,  secondly,  having  his  plough  and  all 
its  accutrements  corapleated,  then  to  the  tryall  of  it, 
and  therein  be  sure  to  make  the  lust  tryall  of  your 
plough  upon  land  workable  and  regular  lands,  not  upon 
lands  above  measure  liard,  rooty,  rushey,  twitchey,  or 
any  way  unfeacible,  because  upon  such  lands  a  true 
demonstration  of  the  goodness  and  truth  of  the  plough 
cannot  be  discovered,  nor  any  rule  can  be  observed. 
Because  such  lands  will  more  easily  and  suddenly 
wrench,  writh,  or  put  a  new  plough  out  of  its  work 
before  it  be  wrought  into  its  work  ;  a  rough  new  plough 
being  somewhat  like  an  unbroken  horse,  which  may 
easily  be  spoyled  in  the  hand  of  a  violent  madcap 
rider,  but  if  the  horse  be  kindly  used  and  taken 
o(T  his  untamedness  by  degrees,  by  ease,  kindness, 
and  patience,  he  is  made  a  horse  for  ever  ;  so 
after  that,  in  ordinary  land,  your  patient,  discreet 
ploughman  have  well  scoured  your  plough,  brought  it 
to  a  true  furrow  both  for  bredth  and  depth,  and  set 
your  irons  so  it  will  go  itself  with  the  very  bearing  of 
the  hand  to  keep  it  steedy,  then  you  may  afterward  be 
bold  to  put  it  to  any  service  on  any  lands  whatsoever 
the  strength  of  it  will  abide,  and  it  maybe  serviceable 
for  many  years."  And  to  the  ploughman:  "I  shall 
dismiss  my  ploughman  with  this  exhortment— be  as 
■willing  to  learn  as  thou  hast  need  ;  and  abandon  those 
poor,  silly  shifts  men  make  to  preserve  themselves 
ignorant  and  unserviceable,  as  they  have  been  plough- 
men all  their  days,  and  are  not  now  to  learn  ;  and  men 
may  as  well  be  too  precise,  and  better  ploughs  cannot 
be  made  than  their  country  affords,  and  could  better 
have  been  devised  they  would  long  since  ;  with  hun- 
dreds more  so  childish  as  are  not  worth  an  answer  ;  but 
these  exceedingly  stille  and  choak  invention."  Captain 
Walter  Blyth^  quoted  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Ransome. 


Dorsetshire  :  Jan.  30. — Most  of  the  land  is  pre- 
pared for  the  spring  crops  of  Oats,  Peas,  &c.  A  few 
pieces  here  and  there  may  be  seen  of  oatstubljle, 
waiting  suitable  open  weather.  Sheep  are  doing 
badly.  Many  ewes  have  had  dead  lambs,  and  in 
many  cases  the  ewes  themselves  have  died.  Two 
instances  may  be  quoted — one  farmer  has  lost  50,  and 
another  300  lambs  during  the  past  three  weeks  ;  these, 
however,  are  not  general,  but  scattered  cases  ;  and  it 
is  the  belief  amongst  practical  men  that  roots  have 
been  too  freely,  and  hay  {which  is  not  of  first-rate 
quality)  too  sparingly  used.  Butter  is  quoted  in  some 
parts  of  the  county  at  \^d.  to  \s^\d.  per  lb.,  and  eggs 
9^/.  per  dozen.  On  some  of  the  hilly  lands  near 
Shaftesbury  the  rain  of  last  week  was  so  heavy  as  to 
bury  whole  acres  of  Wheat,  and  the  damage  thus  done 
is  something  serious.    J.  B.  C. 

North  Wilts  :  Fd>.  7.— Very  slight  variation  in 
outdoor  operations  for  last  week.  Land  will  require 
time  for  consolidating.  If  allowed  to  get  dry  before 
working  it  will,  I  expect,  turn  up  in  a  healthy  con- 
dition, it  was  so  very  dry  before  the  rains.  Foot-and- 
mouLh  disease  amongst  the  cattle,  but  it  is  passing  off 
very  lightly.  £.   IT.  Jf. 

fji.  10. — The  uplands  are  now  rapidly  drying, 

so  that  ploughing  does  well ;  other  horses  at  dung- 
cart  and  heaps  for  roots,  &c.  Cattle  in  fatting  stalls 
having  hay,  roots,  oilcake,  and  meal  ;  store  stock  not 
doing  well — several,  in  spite  of  good  food,  seem  losing 
condition  ;  they  have  hay,  ml.xed  chaff,  and  roots.  Fat 
sheep  still  on  Swedes,  with  chaff,  cake,  and  beans. 
Breeding  sows  have  grains  and  roots,  with  wash. 
Weather  has  been  exceedingly  mild.  Wheat  plant 
looking  well,  and  pastures  have  quite  a  spring  aspect. 
£.  IV.  M. 

North  Riding  of  Yorkshire:  Fd,  6. —Wet 
weather  yet  continues.  Field  work  at  a  standstill. 
Teams  employed  at  jobbing  and  manure  carting. 
Sheep  removed  from  Turnip  field  to  grass.  Mild 
temperature  inducing  too  forward  a  vegetation. 
Wheats  looking  tolerably  well. 

Feb.    13. — Wet   weather   continues,    confining 

the  week's  farm  work  to  a  day's  ploughing  of  lea,  the 
remainder  dung  carting  and  jobbing  work.  Ploughing 
is  now  in  arrear  ;  sheep  generally  doing  badly,  more 
especially  those  on  Turnips  ;  Wheat  getting  loo  for- 
ward, but  much  land  intended  for  Wheal  yet  unsown. 
Cattle  in  stalls — fed  with  Swedes,  straw-chaff,  and  5  lb. 
cake,  linseed  and  cotton  in  equal  quantities  —making 
good  progress. 

West  Sussex  :  Fd.  6.— Weather  still  wet  and 
mild ;  everything  begins  to  grow.  The  Wheat  is 
regular,  and  in  a  very  good  state  of  forwardness.  The 
young  Clover  looks  up,  and  now  our  fear  is  that  things 
may  get  too  forward,  and  then  a  few  frosts  will  throw 
all  back.  Work  is  being  pushed  on  rather  al  a  disad- 
vantage. Top-dressing  meadows  must  be  done  now 
or  not  at  all,  and  the  surface  suffers  ;  and  land  for 
Peas  is  being  dunged  where  that  is  done,  but  many 
prefer  to  sow  them  without,  as  they  are  not  so  likely 
to  blight.  Sheep  are  not  doing  so  well  as  we  could 
■wish  ;  there  is  some  lameness  among  them,  which  we 
have  not  had  for  some  years— the  land  is  so  soft,  and 
their  feet  are  never  dry.  We  can  now  see  how  drains 
work,  and  as  the  land  was  formerly  so  dry  they  ought 


to  work  well ;  the  pores  must  have  been  all  well 
opened  ;  and  if  they  are  put  at  a  fair  depth  (about 
3  feet)  there  will  be  a  good  fall  and  a  great  number  of 
veins  for  the  water  to  find  its  way  to  the  pipes.  All 
live  stock  is  scarce  and  dear.  Mutton  was  dearer  in 
our  last  market  than  it  has  ever  been.    G.  .S. 

Fell.    12. — The   weather   may   be    reported   a 

little  fine,  and  the  land  nearly  fit  to  go  upon,  but  the 
barometer  is  falling,  and  I  fear  we  shall  yet  have  to 
wait  for  some  time,  and  there  will  be  plenty  to  do 
when  we  get  to  work  again.  The  Turnip  fields  are 
being  cleared  as  rapidly  as  possible,  but  there  is  not 
sufficient  stock  to  eat  all  off  in  time,  and  a  good  deal  is 
being  wasted.  Threshing  has  been  done  but  sparingly, 
as  the  Wheat  is  in  such  a  cold  condition,  even  where 
it  was  well  harvested,  and  a  great  deal  of  it  was  not 
secured  in  really  good  condition.  Our  market  is  fully 
supplied  with  Wheat,  but  sale  is  dull,  except  for  the 
few  dry  samples.  Politics  are  not  permitted,  but  a 
Ballot  Bill  is  the  precursor  of  tenant-right  and  abroga- 
sion  of  game  preservation  ;  such  is  the  often  declared 
opinion  of  good  Conservatives,  so  you  may  rest  assured 
that  we  are  going  at  a  rapid  rate.  Shall  we  make  more 
hurry  than  good  speed  7  G.  S. 

Haddingtonshire  :  Fdi.  6. — The  weather  during 
the  past  week  has  lieen  more  favourable  for  field  work. 
Should  we  not  get  a  little  frost  soon.  Turnips  will 
begin  to  run  to  seed,  and  Turnip  land  that  is  intended 
for  Barley  will  be  very  difficult  to  break  down.  Grass 
land  is  nearly  all  ploughed  now  both  for  Polatos  and 
Oats,  and  most  of  the  stubble  has  been  turned  over. 
The  work  done  during  the  past  week  has  been  mostly 
threshing  Wheat  and  Beans,  ploughing  remainder  of 
grass  land  stubble  and  Potato  land,  picking  a  few 
Potatos,  and  women  putting  in  manure  behind  plough. 
The  work  likely  te  be  done  is  ploughing  Turnip  and 
Potato  land,  threshing  Wheat  and  Beans,  picking 
Potatos,  and  storing  Turnips.  Feeding  sheep  are 
doing,  as  also  cattle,  notwithstanding  the  wet  weather 
we  have  had  //.  B. 

Chatteris  :  Fel>.  10. — A  heavy  rain  on  Wednesday 
night.  Weather  generally  mild.  Threshing  Wheat 
one  day,  dressing  \Vheat,  riddling,  putting  in  sacks  and 
delivering  Potatos  to  rail  for  the  London  market. 
Ploughing  for  Oats  with  five  ploughs  part  of  the  week. 
Two  men  three  days  digging  Twitch  before  ploughs  ; 
two  men  cut  quicks,  two  clip  quicks.  Men  waiting 
upon  stock  as  usual ;  60  ewes  in  yard  ready  for  lamb- 
ing ;  24  hoggets  and  three  fat  sheep  in  yard,  to  be  sold 
shortly.   A.  S.  R. 

Leicester;  Fci.  12.— During  the  past  week  the 
weather  has  been  unseasonably  mild,  and  pastures  are 
beginning  to  freshen,  and  on  light  soils  Wheat  crops 
are  looking  very  well.  On  the  clays  and  undrained 
lands  everything  is  veiy  miserable-looking,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  soil  being  still  thoroughly  water-logged. 
The  chief  work  has  been  ploughing  and  pressing  lea 
for  Oat  sowing,  which  we  hope  to  finish  this  month  ; 
carting  manure  to  fields  intended  for  green  crops, 
draining.  Markets  slightly  improved  for  Wheat  and 
malting  Barley.  Very  few  samples  of  thoroughly  good 
corn  shown  on  market.    T.  C. 

Herefordshire  ;  Fdi.  12. — Wet  weather  continues 
to  retard  all  outdoor  operations,  keeps  the  corn 
in  ricks  unfit  to  thresh,  and  if  threshed,  it  has  to  go  to 
mirket  in  bad  condition.  Complaints  are  made  of  the 
young  Wheat  on  the  wet  soils  perishing,  and  dry 
weather  is,  and  has  been,  anxiously  looked  for.  The 
feeding  sheep  on  Turnips  cannot  improve,  their  backs 
are  continually  v.'et,  and  nothing  but  mud  to  lie  upon. 
Ewes  appear  healthy ;  and,  as  abundance  of  food 
greets  the  eye  in  every  direction,  the  lambs  when  they 
come  will  be  well  provided  for.  Beef  is  selling  at  '^d. 
to  81/.  per  lb.,  mutton  gd.  to  lod.,  pork  and  bacon 
(,d.  to  b\d. 

Roxburghshire  :  Fd'.  12. — Ploughing  is  getting 
well  advanced.  Lea  nearly  all  finished,  and  the  drier 
weather  during  the  last  10  days  has  allowed  us  to  get 
well  on  with  the  Turnip  land  intended  for  Barley. 
Turnips  in  the  pits  are  keeping  well,  though  they  are 
sprouting  a  good  deal  ;  it  is  now  a  difficult  matter  to 
know  how  to  get  them  consumed  profitably.  Lean 
sheep  can't  be  purchased  under  a  shilling'per  pound,  and 
at  that  price  there  is  little  chance  of  pay  off  them, 
even  with  the  present  prospect  of  high  prices  for  wool. 

South  Northumberland. — 

Feb.     7.  — Fine  d.ny.     Ploughing  Turnip  land  for  Wheat. 
„      8.  — Cold,  misty  day.     Sowing  Wheat  (Hunter's). 
,,      g. — Cold,  but  fine.     Sowing  Wheat. 
,,     10. — I''ine  mild  day.     Sowing  Wheat. 
,,    12. — I''inc  day,  but  cold.     Threshing  Barley,  and  cutting 

Ijay  for  horses. 
„    13. — Cold,   raw  day.      Delivering  corn,   and  getting  in 

Turnips. 

General  :     Cattle    feeding    and    cutting    .Swedes    for 
hoggets.     Prospective  :  Carting  farmyard  dung. 

East  Lothian  :  F,l>.  12. — 'The  weather  for  the  past 
week  has  been,  as  usual,  wet  and  stormy,  with  a  slight 
frost  for  two  days.  Field  operations  are  now,  how- 
ever, progressing  favourably;  most  farmers  are  now 
ploughing  the  land  after  Turnips,  the  stubble  and  grass 
being  all  turned  over.  .Sowing  will  commence  in  a 
few  days,  if  the  weather  woukl  only  keep  fine.  The 
work  done  here  during  the  past  week  has  been  mostly 
threshing  Beans,  anil  Tares,  and  Wheat,  picking 
Potatos,  storing  Swedes,  ploughing  Turnip  and  Potato 
land.  Ewes  here  are  folded  on  the  Turnips  night  and 
day,  and  get  nothing  but  a  little  bean-straw  ;  there  has 
been   only  one  death   amongst  a   flock  of  400.     The 


Turnip  land,  threshing  Beans,  and  sowing  Beans  and 
Vetches  if  weather  will  permit.  //.  £. 

West  Gloucester  :  Fd.  13.  —  Weather  more 
favourable  for  farming  operations.  We  have  to-day 
finished  up  the  ploughing  close  to  the  sheep.  Towards 
the  end  of  the  week  the  early  ploughed  land  will  be  in 
condition  to  commence  sowing  (Barley).  Owing  to  the 
immense  quantity  of  roots  to  be  fed  off,  spring  sowing 
will  be  late  before  it  can  be  completed.  We  shall  be 
compelled  to  cart  off  a  considerable  quantity  of  Swedes 
in  order  to  get  the  seed  sown  in  time.  The  Swede 
pits  hereabouts  have  began  to  heat.  We  have  all 
spare  hands  on,  turning  them  over  as  quickly  as 
possible.  Ewes  have  begun  to  yean  ;  the  lambs  drop 
very  strong.  Store  sheep  are  selling  very  high,  and 
mutton  from  lid.  to  is.  per  lb.  y.   ly. 

Ross-shire  :  Fd'.  13.— Weather  continuing  most 
suitable  for  all  outdoor  work,  and  wonderfully  mild. 

Feb.  5.— Delivering  P.arlcy:  weight,  56  lb.  ;   price,  34r. 
,,     6. —Delivering  Wheat  ;  each  sack  weighed  up  to  252  lb.  ; 

price  per  quarter,  58^. 
,,     7  and  8.  — Seed-furrowing  for  Oats. 
,,    9.— Ploughing  for  Oats,  and  trucking  Potatos,  Rocks  at 

60J.  per  ton. 
„  10. — Ploughing  for  Oats. 

Chalk  Land  Farm,  Berkshire  :  Fdi.  13.— As  the 
weather  is  more  favourable,  we  have  made  a  beginning 
in  planting  Peas  and  Oats,  as  it  is  now  time  they  were 
sown  to  insure  a  good  crop.  The  unusual  mildness  of 
the  season  is  bringing  vegetation  too  forward  for  the  time 
of  year.  The  fortnightly  sheep  markets  at  Ilsley  began 
last  week,  but  from  the  quantity  of  Turnips  still  uncon- 
sumed,  only  a  very  few  were  offered  for  sale,  for  whom 
there  were  many  buyers,  at  exceedingly  high  prices. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Cow 's  Milk  :  If.  writes  :— "  A  cow  is  8  years  old,  and 
has  h.ad  six  calves.  On  calving  her  milk  is  always 
black,  sticky,  and  apparently  rich.  For  two  or  three 
days  it  is  of  this  colour  ;  it  then  changes  to  the  colour 
of  blood,  and  it  is  not  fit  for  use  until  about  10  days 
after  she  has  calved.  Her  calves  are  always  healthy, 
and  the  cow  shows  no  signs  of  not  being  so  herself." 
[Without  an  examination  of  the  milk  it  is  impossible  to 
determine  on  what  the  blackness  depends.  Is  it  too 
late  to  obtain  a  specimen?  A  very  small  quantity 
would  suffice.  .Send  it  to  Prof.  G.  T.  Brown,  3, 
Princes  Street,  Westminster.] 

Cow  Wasting  Mii.k  :  .■/.  B.  We  cannot  advise  with- 
out knowing  something  of  the  circumstances.  Is  there 
any  dise-ase  or  injury  of  the  udder  perceptible  ? 

Royal  .Aghicultuhal  Society  :  Ficus.  The  first  and 
second  Roy.al  Agricultural  Shows  were  held  in  Oxford 
and  Cambridge  respectively. 


SEED  MARKET, 

We  have  to  report  an  increase  of  activity  in  the  seed 
trade.  The  export  demand  for  red  Clover  for  France 
still  continues,  and  orders  from  the  provinces  now  conio 
to  hand  ;  values  of  all  descriptions  are  consequently  firm. 
White  Clover,  Alsike,  and  Trefoil  meet  with  more  inquiry. 
Grass  seeds  are  steady.  Foreign  Canary  seed  has 
declined  \s.  to  2j.  per  qr.  Hemp  seed  is  without  altera- 
tion. For  Linseed  there  is  a  fair  trade.  Spring  Tares 
begin  to  excite  more  attention.  Fine  weather  would 
impart  additional  briskness  to  our  markets. 

John  Shaw  &  Sons,  Seed  Merchants, 
37,  Mark  Lane,  London,  E.G. 


MARK    LANM. 

MoNDAV,  Feb.  12. 

The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this  morning  s  market 
is  exceedingly  small,  condition  generaliy  bad,  and  prices 
the  same  as  this  day  se'nnight.  There  was  a  good 
attendance,  and  a  fair  consumptive  demand  for  foreign 
Wheat,  at  fully  late  rates.  Barley  and  white  Peas  were 
unchanged,  grey  Peas  and  Beans  rather  cheaper.  The 
Oat  trade  was  steady,  at  the  prices  of  this  day  week. 
There  was  no  alteration  in  tlie  price  of  Flour. 


5S— 60  Red 55— 5S 

58—62  Red 57—59 

60— 64 1  \ 

—    iRcd :    — 

51-69 1  I 

38 — 40  Maltiiig  . 
31  Making  . 


.  33-3& 


Price  per  imperial  Quarter. 
Wheat,    Essex,  Kent,  Suffolk.  .White 

—  line  selected  runs do. 

—  Talavcra 

—  Norfolk    

—  Foreign    

Baulev,  grind  &dist.,26j  to  31J  .Chev. 

—  Foreign.. grinding  and   distilling 
Oats,  Essex  and  Suffolk  .... 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire . .  Potato 

—  Irish. Potato 

—  Foreign Poland  and  Brew 

Rye 

Ryf,-miial,    Foreign 

Beans,  Mazag3n....32.j.  to  34J.  ..Tick 

—  Pigeon 37J.  to  58J. .  .Winds 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  White,  Essex, and  Kent. .Boilers 

—  -     Maple,  36^.  to  38^ Grey 

Maize 

Flol'r,  best  marks  delivered,  .per  sack 

—  2d  ditto  ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 

Wednesday,  Feb.  14. 
There  was  no  animation  in  the  grain  trade  to-day,  but 
the  tendency  of  prices  in  the  Wheat  market  was  towards 
increased  firmness.  The  show  of  English  Wheat  was 
small,  but  there  was  a  good  supply  of  foreign  samples 
on  the  stands.  The  sales  were  in  retail  only,  at  late  rates 
for    both    English    and    foreign    quaUties.      Flour    was 


,—23 
25-27 
24—26 
22 — 26 
31—33 

34—49 

40—44 
39—41 
36 

44—50 
40—42 
24— 23 


Feed  ... 
Feed  ... 
Feed  ... 
Foreign  . 

Harrow  . . 
Longpod 
Egyptian. 
Suffolk  ., 
Foreign  . , 
Foreign  . , 

Country  . . 
Per  sack. . 


14—19 


34-49 

33—34 
41—44 
36-44 
31—33 

40—42 
138-60 


work  likely  to  be  done  is  picking  Potatos,  ploughing    without   change  in  value,  the  demand  being  very  quiets 


February  17.    1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


237 


Barley  met  a  fair  inquiry,  and  the  quotations  were  well 
supported  for  both  malting  and  grinding  sorts.  Malt  was 
dull  of  sale,  at  nominal  currencies.  Maize  and  Oats 
were  inactive,  but  not  cheaper  in  price.  Beans  and  Peas 
were  neglected. 

Averages. 


Wheat.        1        Barley. 

Oats. 

Jan.     6  .. 

—  13  .. 

—  20  . . 

—  =7  .. 
Feb.     3  ■• 

—  10  .. 

55     I 
55    8 

55  >o 

56  0 
55     4 

36ji8rf 

36  I 

37  13 

37  0 

38  9 

Z2S   2d 

22  9 

23  6 
22      8 
22      6 
22     g 

Average     . . 

55    6 

37     7 

22      7 

Liverpool,  Feb.  13. — The  business  in  Wheat  was 
chiefly  restricted  to  prime  qualities  of  American,  spring 
and  winter  red  at  an  advance  of  is.  per  cental  on  the 
week  ;  other  descriptions  were  steady,  without  alteration. 
Flour  unchanged.  Beans  and  Peas  showed  no  alteration. 
Oats  and  Oatmeal  dull.  Indian  Corn  in  slow  demand, 
and  freely  offered,  at  a  reduction  on  the  week  of  fully  31/. 
per  qr. 


METROPOLITAN  CATTLE  MARKET. 
Monday,  Feb.  12. 
The  number  of  Beasts  is  not  quite  so  large  as  on 
Monday  last  ;  there  are  more  foreign,  but  the  English 
are  shorter.  There  is  a  demand  for  the  choicest 
qualities,  yet  we  cannot  quote  higher  prices,  and  several 
lots  of  foreign  remain  unsold.  The  supply  of  English 
Sheep  is  much  shorter,  but  of  foreign  larger.  Trade  is 
quite  as  good  as  of  late,  and  in  a  few  instances  prices 
have  advanced.  Choice  Calves  continue  to  be  very  scarce 
and  dear.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  620  Beasts, 
5610  Sheep,  and  73  Calves  ;  from  Scotland  there  are 
174  Beasts  ;  from  Ireland,  130  ;  from  Norfolk  and 
Siiifolk,  1200 ;  and  826  from  the  Midland  and  Home 
Counties. 


Best  Scots,    Here- 
fords,  &c. 
Best  Shorthorns  .. 
2d  quality  Beasts 
Best    Downs    and 

Half-breds 
Do.  Shorn 
Beasts,  2950  ; 


s.  d. 


2t05 

0—5 

4— ■+ 


6  10 — 7 


5.  d.   s.  d. 
Best      Long-wools     6     8to6  10 
Do.  Shorn  . .        . .  —  . . 

Ewes  &  2d  quality    4    6 — 5    8 
Do.  Shorn  . .        , .  —  . . 

Lambs       . .         . .        . .  —  . , 

Calves        . .  - .     4     8 — 7     c 

. .        . .  —  . .       Piss  . .  . .     3     8—4     8 

Sheep  and  Lambs,  16,370  :  Calves,  88  ;  Pigs,  13^, 
Thursday,  Feb.  15. 
The  number  of  Beasts  on  offer  to-day  is  very  much 
smaller  than  last  Thursday,  the  demand  is  also  very 
limited,  and  although  we  retain  Monday's  quotations, 
our  top  figure  is  only  realised  for  choicest  descriptions. 
The  supply  of  Sheep  is  also  small,  but  about  as  usual 
this  time  of  year.  The  trade  is  very  dull,  and  Monday's 
prices  are  scarcely  reached  throughout.  Trade  is  slow 
lor  Calves,  and  they  are  rather  cheaper.  There  are  80 
Milch  Cows  on  offer,  making  about  the  same  prices  as  last 
week.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  210  Beasts,  2640 
Sheep,  and  105  Calves, 


s.  d.     s.  d. 


Best  Scots,  Here- 

fords,  &c,         . .     5 

2t05 

Best  Shorthorns  . .     $ 

0 — 5 

2d   quality  Beasts     3 

Best    Downs    and 

Half-breds       . .     6 

Do.  Shorn 

s.  d.    s.  d. 
6     8to6  lo 


6-5 


Best     Long-wools 
Do.  Shorn 

Ewes  &  2d  quality     4 
Do.  Shorn  . .        . .  —  .. 

Lambs  . .  , .  . .  —  . . 
Calves  ..  ..4  4  —  6  £ 
Pigs  ..  ..     3     a-4     £ 

Beasts,  640  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  5060;  Calves,  155  :  Pigs,  60. 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  "^^  Trusses. 

Smithfield,  Thursday,  Feb.  15. 
Clover,  old     .. 


Prime  MeadowHay,  77^.1087, 
Inferior  do 60 


Rowen      40 

Inferior  do — 

Straw       ■^6 


65 


45 


Inferior  do. 
Prime  2d  cut  do. 
Inferior  do,     . . 


.  ii5J.toi26.r. 
.  80        100 


Cumberland  Market,  Thursday,  Feb.  15. 
Sup.  Meadow  Hay  gaj.toioo^.  ,  Inferior  Clover      ,-  S+r.toiios. 

Inferior  do 70  84       Prime  2d  cut  do.  . .  —  — 

New  do.         ..      ,.  —  —       New  do.      ..  ..  —  — 

Inferior  do,   ..      ..  —  —        Straw      42  45 

Superior  Clover  ..120        130     I  Joshua  Baker. 


METROPOLITAN  MEAT  MARKET,  Feb.  15. 

Best  Fresh  Butter         igj.  per  dozen  lb. 

Second  do.  do.  17^.         ,, 

Small  Pork,  45-.    -id.  to  4?.    Zd.  \  Large  Pork,  33-.  ^d.  to 
3^.  tod.  per  8  lb. 


ENGLISH  WOOL. 
Last  week  there  was  a  slight  pause,  the  uneasy  feeling 
respecting  the  Alabama  question  having  somewhat 
damped  the  spirit  of  buyers  ;  the  last  few  days,  however, 
everything  is  looking  up  again,  and  both  the  volume  of 
business  and  prices  paid  have  increased.  Dearer  prices 
are  still  very  confidently  looked  for. 


HOPS. 

Borough  Market,  Feb.   14, 

Messrs.  Pattenden   &  Smith   report    that  the  demand 

is  of  a  retail   nature   for  all   descriptions,   prices  being 

unchanged.     Continental  markets  firm,  and  the  American 

market  is  dearer. 


COALS.— Feb.  14. 
West  Hartley,  2ir.  ;  Walls  End  Harton,  20J.  ^d.  ; 
Eden  Main,  21J.;  Walls  End  Hetton,  225.  ;  Walls  End 
Heton  Lyons,  20j.  9*/. ;  Walls  End  Hawthorn,  20.r.  ()d. ; 
Walls  End  South  Hetton,  21J.  6rf.  ;  Walls  End  Original 
Hartlepool,  23J.;  Walls  End  Tees,  21J.  g^f.— Ships  at 
market,  12  ;  sold,  10;  unsold,  2  ;  at  sea,  40. 


CLBEICAL, 

MEDICAL   AND    GENERAL 

LIFE  ASSURANCE  SOCIETY. 


Chairman — Right 
M.P. 

Deputy- 
Chairmen 


DIRECTORS. 

Hon.    John    Robert    Mowbray, 

D.C.L. 

"William  Bowman,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 

I'liARLEs  LococK,  Bart.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S. 


r  Willi 
\  Sir  Cii 


Henry  W.  Acland,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 

Lionels.  Beale,  MB.,  F.R.S. 

Patrick  Bl.ick,  M.D. 

Charles  M.  Deane,  Esq. 

Arthur  Farre,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 

SirWm.  Jenner,  Bart.,  K.C.B.,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 

Rev.  John  Edw.ard  Kempe,  M..'\. 

Gerard  W.  Lydekker,  Esq.,  M.A. 

The  Viscount  Midleton. 

Rev.  Joseph  Moore,  M.A. 

Sir  James  Paget,  Bart.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S. 

Rev.  Fredc.  J .  Parsons,  B.  D. 

George  H.  Pinckard,  Esq. 

Sir  Fredk.  M.  Williams,  Bart.,  M.P. 
Actuary  and  Secretary — George  Cutcliffe,  Esq. 
Assistant  Actuary — Benjamin  Newbatt,  Esq. 


NINTH     BONUS     MEETING, 
JANUARY  4,  1872. 

The  following  are  Extracts  from   the   Report   of  the 
Directors  : — 

L— PROGRESS  of  the  SOCIETY  in  the  BONUS 
PERIOD. 
"  I.  As  TO  Income  : 

The  new  Assurances  were  2150  in  number,  or  an  aggregate 
sum  or  ili,356,303,  at  premiums  amounling  to  ;C44.w54  per 
annum, — results  which,  viewed  in  relation  to  the  depressed 
condition  of  Life  Assurance  during  much  of  the  period,  cannot 
be  regarded  as  other  than  satisfactory. 

The  Yearly  Revenue  was  increased  by  over  fj2\^<xxi  per  annui 
and  reached  /336,563  on  June  30,  1871. 

The  Interest  yielded  by  the  whole  of  the  Funds,  whether  invested 
or  uninvested,  was  ^4  51.  per  cent,  on  the  average  of  the  entire 
period,  beinjj  fully  '\t.  percent,  more  than  that  realised  in  the 
previous  period.  This  Increase  was  obtained  not  only  without 
loss,  but  without  the  smallest  impairment  of  security. 

"2,  As  TO  Outgoings: 

The  Claims  which  accrued  by  the  death  of  795  persons,  assured 
by  977  Policies,  amounted  to  £646,481  .  .  .  The  mortality  .  .  , 
was  very  favourable  to  the  Society,  the  payments  having  been 
below  those  estimated  by  fully  ;£85;,ooo,  and  the  deaths  which 
occasioned  them  fewer  by  92  than  the  number  expected. 
The   Expenses   incurred    in   conducting    the   business,    always 
moderate  and  well  within  the  provision  made  for  them  in  the 
premiums,  were  fractionally  less  than  in  the  previous  period, 
and  fell  below  7J^  per  cent,  on  the  Revenue. 
It  is  thus  seen  that  side  by  side  with  uniform  success  in  the  trans- 
actions of  the  Quintiuennium,   there  was  continuous  growth   in  the 
resources  and  magnitude  of  the  Society,  which  consequently  stood,  at 
the  closing  of  the  books,  on  a  broader  basis  than  at  any  former  time." 

II.— FINANCIAL  POSITION  of  the  SOCIETY 
on  JUNE  30.   1871. 

"The  subsisting    Assurances    on   June    30   were  8670   in    number, 
assuring,  with  their  Bonus  additions,  the  sum  of  £5,445,028. 
The  Assurance  Fund  at  the  date  of  valuation  was      . .  £1,826,458  10    9 
And  the  total  calculated  Liability 1,477,179  17    3 


Leaving  a  Surplus  of ;£349.278  13    6 

Deducting  therelrom  the  permanent  Reserve  Fund  of  £go,ooo, 
pursuant  to  sec.  32  of  the  Society's  Special  Act  of  Parliament,  there 
remains  to  represent  the  prolit  of  the  5  years  the  large  sum  of 
£299,278  13s.  6ii.,  an  amount  equal  to  26  per  cent,  of  the  total  Revenue 
from  all  sources  during  the  5  years,  and  exceeding  by  £59,831  6j.  ^d. 
the  surplus  of  any  previous  Qumqucnnium. 

This  Surplus  is  matter  for  hearty  and  unmixed  congratulation^  and 
justifies  the  preference  shown  by  the  Board  for  a  well-selected  business 
tending  to  profit.  It  must,  however,  be  remembered  that  although 
owing  in  the  main  to  ordinary  recurring  causes,  and  to  sources  of 
profit  having  every  prospect  of  permanence,  it  is,  nevertheless,  certain 
that  its  unprecedented  enlargement  is  due  to  a  condition  of  mortality 
favourable  beyond  previous  experience,  to  be  probably  compensated 
under  the  law  of  averages  by  an  increase  of  deaths  hereafter  beyond 
those  allowed  for  in  the  calculations. 

Deeming  it  prudent  to  provide  for  such  a  contingencj-,  the  Directors 
have,  under  the  advice  of  their  Actuary,  set  aside  the  sum  of  £25,000 
for  this  purpose.  Of  the  remaining  £274,278  131.  td.  they  now  recom- 
mend the  division  of  £270,000,  a  sum  greater  by  £33,000  than  any  pre- 
viously divided,  and  suliicient  to  give  to  the  Sharenolders  £9  a  share, 
and  to  the  assured  the  largest  bonus  ever  allotted  to  them. 

III.— RESULTS  of  the  DIVISION. 

"  Of  the  sum  now  to  be  divided,  five-sixths,  or  £225,000,  will  fall  to 
the  Assured,  and  will  produce  a  reversionary  addition  to  the  Policies 
of  £323.871 

This  Reversionary  Bonus  will  average  49  per  cent.,  or  vary  according 
to  age  from  34  to  89  per  cent,  on  the  Premiums  received  in  the  Quin- 
quennium on  all  the  Policies  amongst  which  it  will  be  distributed. 

The  Cash  Bonus,  which  is  the  present  value  of  the  Reversionary 
Bonus,  and  therefore  the  true  measure  of  the  allotment,  will  average 
29  per  cent,  on  the  like  payments,  as  against  26  per  cent,  at  the  last 
Division,  and  28  per  cent,  in  1862,  which  was  the  highest  previous  per- 
centage. No  comment  can  illustrate  better  than  this  comparison  the. 
merits  of  the  present  Division." 


The  next  Division  of  Profits  will  take  place  in  January, 
1877,  and  Persons  who  effect  New  Policies  before  the 
end  of  June  next  will  be  entitled  at  that  Division  to  one 
year's  additional  share  of  Profits  over  late  Entrants, 

The  Report  above  mentioned,  a  detailed  account  of 
the  proceedings  of  the  Bonus  Meeting,  the  Returns  made 
to  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  every  information  can  be 
obtained  of 

GEORGE  CUTCLIFFE,  Actuary  and  Secretary. 
13,  St.  Jamess  Square,  London,  S.W. 


P'rcc  to  Londoi 


Five  Casks  and  upwards  to  any  Station  in  England, 

E^,^^,^  °''  '5  pc  Cent.  Discount. 

PPS'S  SELECTED  PEAT.— Patronised  by  the 
leadmg  Horticulturists  and  Amateurs  in  the  three  kingdoms. 
See  testimonials.  Packed  in  4-bushcl  barrels,  8j  each,  iDcTusivc: 
selected  for  Orchids,  oj.  Special  offers  for  Truck-loads  for  general 
purposes.     Terms,  cash. 

PKAT.  SAND,  and  I.OAM   STORES.  Uwisham,  S.E. 

E      LONDON      MANURE     COMPANY 


'riH 


(Established  1840), 
Have  now  ready  for  delivery,  in  fine  dry  condition— 

■    HO 


PURE  DISSOLVED   BONES. 
CONCENTRATED  AMMONIACAL  MANURE.forTop-Dressine 
PURSER'S  BONE  TURNIP  MANURE. 
SUPERPHOSPHATE  of  LIME. 
NtTROPHOSPHATE 

MANGEL,  HOP,  and  POTATO  MANURES.    Also 
PERUVIAN    GUANO   (as  imported   by   Messrs.  Thomson,   Bonar. 
&Co.),  NITRATEofSODA,  SULPHATE  of  AMMONIA,  &C. 
lib,  Fenchurch  Street. EDWARD  PURSER,  Secretary. 


LAWES'S  MANURES  for  GRASS  LAND  should 
be  applied  during  the  months  of  February'  and  March.  Nitrate 
of  Soda  supplied  ex  Snip  or  from  Stocks  at  Docks  at  London,  Liver* 
pool,  and  other_ports,  at  lowest  market  prices. 

JOHN    BENNET   LAWES,  59,  Mark  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

Branch    Offices : — Market    Street,    Shrewsbury ;    22,    Eden    Quay, 
Dublin ;    Womanby     Street,    Cardiff;     Cumberland    Road,    Bristol ; 
63,  Constitution  Street,  Leith ;  and  34,  Market  Street,  Abcrbecn. 
LAWES'S   PATENT   TURNIP   MANURE. 
LAWES'S    DISSOLVED    BONES. 
LAWES'S   SUPERPHOSPHATE  of  LIME. 

LAWES'S   WHEAT,  BARLEY.  GRASS  and  MANGEL  MANURE. 
LAWES'S   CONCENTRATED   CORN   and   GRASS    MANURE. 

These  Manures  can  be  obtained  at  any  of  the  above  addresses  or 
through  any  of  the  appointed  Agents  throughout  the  United  Kingdom, 

PERUVIAN  GUANO,  NITRATE  of  SODA.  SULPHATE  of 
AMMONIA,  and  other  CHEMICAL  MANURES;  AMERICAN 
and  other  CAKES,  at  market  prices. 


BIPHOSPHATED  PERUVIAN  GUANO 
(registered  Trade  Mark,  "  Flying  Albatross"),  is  now  ready  for 
delivery  in  quantity  and  in  fine  condition.  The  best  fertiliser  yet 
produced.  Its  base  is  Peruvian  Government  Guano.  It  contains 
21  per  cent,  of  Soluble  Phosphates,  6  per  cent,  of  Ammonia,  with  Salts 
of  Potash.  See  Reports  ol  Dr.  Voelcker,  Dr.  Anderson,  Professor 
Way,  Mr.  Ogston,  Mr.  Sibson.  Delivered  in  2  cwt.  bags,  each  of 
which  is  secured  by  a  leaden  seal  bearing  the  Company's  Trade 
Mark.  The  analysis  is  guaranteed  so  long  as  the  seals  remain 
unbroken. 

BIPHOSPHATED  GUANO  COMPANY,  20,  Billiter  Street,  E.C 


ODAMS'S  NITRO-PHOSPHATE,  or  BLOOD  MANUR.E 

for  CORN  CROPS. 
ODAMS'S  NITRO-PHOSPHATE,  or  BLOOD  MANURE, 

for  ROOTS  and  GREEN  CROPS  GENERALLY. 
ODAMS'S  DISSOLVED  BONES. 
ODAMS'S  SUPERPHOSPHATE  of  LIME. 
ODAMS'S  NITRO-BIPUOSPHATE(or  Prepared)  GUANO. 
ODAMS'S  SPECIAL  BARLEY  MANURE. 
ODAMS'S  SPECIAL  MANGEL  MANURE. 
ODAMS'S  TOP-DRESSING  MANURE. 


MANUFACTURED 


pA 


TENT      NITRO- 


PHOSPHATE, 

(LIMITED), 


BLOOD      MANURE      COMPANY 

Consisting  of 

TENANT  FARMERS  occupying  upwards  of  80,000  acres  of  Land. 
Chief  Office — log,  Fenchurch  Street.  London,  E.C 
Western  Counties  Branch— Queen  Street,  Exeter. 
Irish  Branch — 40,  Westmoreland  Street,  Dublin, 
Directors. 
Chairman — Robert  Leeds,  Castleacrc,  Norfolk. 
DtfiHl^-Ckaimtan — John  Collins,  2«,  Camden  Road,  N.W 
Edward  Bell,  48,  Marine  Parade,  Brighton. 
Richard  Hunt,  Stanstead  Abbot,  Herts. 
Robert  Leeds,  Wicken  House,  Brandon,  Norfolk- 
George  Savill,  Ingthorpe,  near  Stamford. 
Charles  Dorman,  25,  Essex  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 
Thomas  Webb,  Hildersham,  Cambridgeshire. 
Jonas  Webb,  Melton  Ross,  Lincolnshire. 
C.  J.  Lacy,  60,  West  Smithfield,  E.C. 
T.  C.  Jonas,  Cambridge. 
Herbert  Bird,  Shortacres,  Peterborough. 

Managing  Director.—} aimes  Odams. 
Several  Hundred  Thousand  Tons  of  the  Manures  have  been  supplied 
to  the  Agricultural  Public,  and  the  increasing  demand  that  exists  for 
them  is  the  best  proof  of  the  appreciation  in  which  they  are  held. 
Particulars  will  be  forwarded  on  application  to  the  Secretary,  or  may 
be  had  of  the  local  agents.  C.  T.  MACADAM,  Secretary. 

Chief  Offices,  109,  Fenchurch  Street,  London,  E.C. 


THE  SANITARY  IMPROVEMENT  and 
MANURE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  LIMITED, 
beg  to  call  the  attention  of  Farmers,  Market  Gardeners,  and  others 
to  their  NATURAL  MANURE. 

This  Manure,  manufactured  from  the  pure  human  excreta  (collected 
on  Goux's  Patent  Closet  System),  mixed  with  the  best  fertilising 
absorbents,  is  suitable  for  evarj-  kind  of  Crops,  and,  being  remarkably 
rich  in  organic  matter  and  humus,  transmits  its  fertilising  properties 
to  the  plant  in  the  most  soluble  and  advantageous  form  possible. 

It  is  delivered  in  bags  in  a  dry  portable  condition  at  a  much  less 
cost  than  Guano  or  Artificial  Manure,  and  has  been  proved  fully  equal 
to  them. 

Prices  delivered  at  the  Works,  Halifax  ; — 

Taken  from  the  heap,  not  screened       per  ton  ^3    o    o 

Screened  and  bagged  (exclusive  of  bags)         . ,         . .  ,,         3100 

At  Aldershot,  Nortn  Camp  : — 

Taken  from  the  heaps        . .        ,,         200 

Screened  and  bagged  (exclusive  of  bags)         ..         ..  „         2  10    o 

In  bricks,  much  drier  ..         ..         ..         ..         .,  .,         300 

Orders  to  be  addressed  to  the  MANAGER,  Lynchford  Road, 
Aldershot,  North  Camp,  or  the  MANAGER,  29,  Northgatc,  Halifax 
London  Office,  a,  Westminster  Chambers,  S.W. 


Caro  Guano. 


/CHEAPEST   ANIMAL    GUANO,   rich    in    Soluble 

^^  Phosphates  and  Nitrogenous  Organic  Matter.  See  Chemical 
Reports  and  Testimonials  of  Results,  especially  for  Grain  and  Root 
Crops,  for  which  it  has  been  found  to  be  superior  to  Peruvian. 
Samples  and  Circulars  on  application. 

MOCKFORD  AND  CO.,  Billiter  Street,  London,  E.C. 


The  CheapeBt  and  Best  Insecticide. 

POOLEYS       TOBACCO      POWDER. 
Of  all  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 

ORACCO    CLOTH    and    PAPER.— The    cheapest 

and  best  article  for  Smoking  Greenhouses  and  Destroying  the  Fly. 
Price  IS.  ^d.  per  lb.  ;  over  10  lb.,   is.  id.     Tobacco  Paper,  u.  per  lb, ; 
£4  41.  per  cwt.     Post-office  Orders  payable  at  Fleet  Street,  E,C. 
JOSEPH  BAKER,  14,  Nelson  Square.  Blackfriars  Road,  S.E. 


To  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 

The  OLDEST  ESTABLISHED  WAREHOUSE   in  LONDON  for 
GENUINE  ROLLED  TOBACCO-PAPER,  CLOTH,  or  CORD,  is 

H       PERKINS,     16,    Cambridge    Circus,     Hackney 
•   Road,  N.E.,  who  has  a  large  STOCK  of  the  best  quality  on 
hand  for  the  ensuing  season. 
Orders  by  Post  promptly  attended  to. 


TOBACCO  TISSUE,  for  FUMIGATING  GREEN- 
HOUSES.—Will  destroy  Thrip,  Red  Spider,  Green  and  Black 
Hy,  and  Mealy  Bug,  and  burns  without  the  assistance  of  blowing, 
and  is  entirely  free  from  paper  or  rags.  Price  31,  6d.  per  lb.,  carriage 
free.     A  reduction  in  price  for  large  quantities. 

To  be  had  of  Messrs.  ROBERTS  and  SONS,  Tobacco  Manufac- 
turers, 112,  St.  John  Street,  Clerkenwell,  E.C.,  of  whom  Copies  of 
Testimonials  may  be  obtained  ;  and  of  all  Seedsmen  ^d  Nurserymen. 


238 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  17,   1872. 


FOLLOWS   &,    BATE'S 
PATENT      LA/VV^N      MO^^^^ERS 

The    "CLIMAX"    and   the    ''ANGLO-AMERICAN." 

BeUvien  5000  and  6000  of  these  celebrated  Machines  were  sold  last  year,  and  10,000  are  being  prepared  for  the  present  season. 


"  In  all  things,  but  proverbially  so  in  Mechanics,  the  supreme 
excellence  is  simplicity."— JAMES  WATT. 

These  words  are  very  applicable  to  the  simple  Wheel  and  Pinion 
driving  power  of  the  Climax  Lawn  Mower. 


The 
"  CLIMAX 


inch 
inch 


25s. 
35s. 


THE  "CLIMAX"  PATENT  BACK  DELIVERY  LAWN  MOWER 

Is  now  sufficiently  well  known  for  its  simplicity  and  easy  working  to  require  but  a  very  short  description.  The  two  novel 
features  in  its  construction,  and  in  which  it  differs  from  all  other  machines  of  the  kind,  are  (firstly)  the  entire  absence  of  the  heavy 
iron  roller  behind  the  knife,  and  the  substitution  of  the  grass  collecting  box  in  its"  place,  so  that,  every  impediment  being  removed 
from  the  front,  the  machine  can  be  worked  close  up  to  walls  and  trees,  or  underneath  shrubs,  without  removing  the  collecting  box— 
the  grass  being  cut  as  it  grows,  and  disposed  of  with  equal  rapidity  whether  wet  or  dry ;  (secondly)  in  the  revolving  cutter  being 
propelled  by  a ,  simple  wheel  and  pinion— which  gear  direct  instead  of  being  connected  by  intermediate  wheels  or  chains— the  most 
uninitiatedwillat  once  understand  this  simple  arrangement,  and  readily  admit  its  non-liability  to  get  out  of  order.  When  used 
without  the  Box  (see  Illustration)  either  size  will  cut  Grass  6  inches  long  if  required.  Every  Machine  is  made  of  the  best  materials, 
and  no  pains  aije  spared  in  finishing  every  one,  even  the  cheapest,  in  the  best  possible  manner.     1: 


The  8-inch 

"CLIMAX"  10-inch 


THE  ADVANTAGES  OF  THE  "CLIMAX"  LAWN  MOWERS 

May  be  thus  enumerated  : — ■- 

They  are  CHEAP,  SIMPLE,  WELL  MADE,  NOT  LIABLE  TO  GET  OUT  OF  ORDER,  .and  can  be  EASILY 
worked  by  LADIES  or  CHILDREN. 

They  Cut  LONG  GRASS  as  well  as  SHORT,  and  WET  Grass  as  well  as  DRY,  and  do  not  CLOG. 

As  they  have  no  ROLLER  in  FRONT,  the  Knives  Cut  the  Grass  as  it  GROWS,  and  do  not  miss  the  BENTS. 

They   Cut  CLOSE   up   to  Walls   and    Trees,    or   UNDERNEATH    Shrabs,  and  are  invaluable  for  SLOPES  and 
STEEP  EMBANKMENTS. 

By  their  regular  use  CROQUEl'  GROUNDS  can  be  kept  in  the  PERFECTION  of  order. 

They  do   not  RIB  the  Grass,  but  leave  the  Lawn  with  a   beautifully  even  and  velvety  appearance,    very    different 
to  Scythe  Mowing. 

Having   a    BACK-DELIVERY   they  are   EQUALLY  adapted   for   Collecting   the   Grass  in  the  usual  manner,  or 
^C_  for  scattering  the  Cuttings   on   the  Groirod,  thus  COMBINING  the  ENGLISH  and  AMERICAN  Systems 

55s. 


in  ONE  Machine. 


THE  25s.  MACHINES  MEET  A  GREAT  WANT  ! 

Since  their  introduction  THOUSANDS  of  Purchasers  have  derived  pleasure 
from  personally  using  them  for  Mowing  their  small  Grass  Plots,  instead  of  employing 
a  Man  with  a  Scythe  at  a  considerable  periodical  expense.  GREAT  NUMBERS  have- 
also  been  Sold  to  work  in  conjunction  with  larger  Machines,  and  when  their  merits  are 
more  generally  known  they  will  be  considered  INDISPENSABLE  for  this  purpose,  as 
they  can  be  worked  WITHOUT  DIFFICULTY  in  AWKWARD  places  where  it 
would  be  IMPOSSIBLE  to  use  ANY  OTHER  kind.  ^  ^ 

I^"'  These  Machines  are  /itlly  guaraufeed  in ^every  respect,,  and  a^er .a\Tri0l^if^-:'>''. 
not  apprcn'ed  of,  they  may  be  at  once  returned  tf\  tAe  J^anu/ficturfrJtiw^a.atfil^^^ri/^ffu^ 
the  expenses  0/  carriage,  ^r^c.  .--.,,,       .;     ■        .  ;'  .  ;  ;    ,  i]  U   »   j.-^ 

ILLUSTRATED  CATATOGUES  of  HORTICULTURAL  MACHINERY,  con-" 
taining  opinions  of  the    Times,    Gardeners'    Chronic/c,    Engineer,    and    other    leading 
organs  of  the  Press,    Testimonials  from  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom,  and  full  particulars, 
fonvarded,  Post  f'ree,  by 

FOLLOWS  AND  BATE, 

MANUFACTURING     ENGINEERS, 

BUTTON    STREET    WORKS,    MANCHESTER; 


View  of  the  "  Climax  "  as  used  on  steep  embankments  at  the  Manchester  Botanical 
Gardens.      The  three  smallest  sizes  are  recommended  for  this  kind  of  work. 


1     every    Town. 

Anglo-American  "  Lawn 
Mowers,  which  are  made  from  12  inches  and  upwards,  see  Catalogues  and 
future  Advertisements. 


Or    they    can    be    obtained    from    their    Agents 
N.B.    For  Illustrations  and  description  of  F.  &  B.'s  Patent 


February  17,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle    and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


239 


Vj  1 


REEN'S    PATENT    "SILENS    MESSORS"    or 

_  '  NOISELESS     I.AWN     MOWING,     ROLLING,    and    COL- 
LECTING MACHINES  for  1872.  I 
The  WINNER  of  EVERY  PRIZE  in  ALL  CASES  of 
COMPETITION. 


Mi 


Indestructible  Terra-Cotta  Plant  Markers. 

AW    AND    CO.'S     PATENT.— Prices,    Printed 

Patterns,  and  Specimens  sent  post  free  on  a[iplication  ;  also 
Patterns  of  Ornamental  Tile  Pavements  for  Con-iL-rvaiorics,  Entrance 
Halls,  &c.         MAW  anj>  CO.,  Benlhall  Works,  Urnsclev. 

By  Appointment  to  H.R.H.  The  Prince  of  Wales. 
ARTON'S     PATENT    STABLE    and    HARNESS 
ROOM  FITTINGS.  BRACKETS,  &c. 


N.B.  Parties  havinp  Lawn  Mowers  to  Repair  will  do  well  to  send 
them  either  to  our  Leeds  or  London  Establishments,  when  they  will 
have  prompt  attention,  as  an  efficient  staff  of  workmen  are  kept  at 
both  places. 

GREEN'S     PATENT     ROLLERS    for    LAWNS, 
DRIVES.  BOWLING  GREENS,  CRICKET   FIELDS,  and 
GRAVEL  PATHS,  ; 

Suitable  for'  Hand  or  Horse-power. 


Patronised  by  H.H.  the  Viceroy  of  EpjTt.  the  King  of  the  Belgians, 
the  Kinc  of  Italy,  the  Kinp  of  Holland,  by  the  principal  Nobility  of 
the  Kingdom,  and  adopted  by  the  first  Architects  and  Builders  of 
Enfirland  and  the  Continent.  Illustrated  Catalogues  sent  on  receipt 
of  SIX  stamps 

For  AL'l  ERATION  of  STABLES  a  competent  person  can  be  sent 
to  any  part,  to  inspect  and  give  Estimates. 

lAMES  BARTON,  Iron  Works,  370,  Oxford  Street,  W. 


TTORTICULTURAL      BUILDINGS, 

OF  EVERY   DEScBIPTrON, 
Designed,  Built,  and  efficiently  Ventilated  and  Hcatad.     Estimate 
given  to  Architects'  Plans,  or  tn  Rough  Sketches,  with  sizes,  &c. 


Illustrated  Price  Lists  free  on  application. 
THOMAS  GREEN  and  SON,  Smithficld  Iron  Works, 
54  and  55,  Blackfriars  Road,  London,  5.E. 


G 


ALVANISED      WIRE      NETTING. 

Awarded  "  Mention  Extraordinaire"  at  the  Amsterdam 


Exhibition,  1869. 

^^^H 

Prices  per  Lineal  Yard 

24  inches  high. 

Aiesh. 

Mostly  used  ior 

Light.; 

Alcdium. 

Strong. 

in. 

2 

Poultry 

Rabbits,  Hares,  ftc 

Smallest  Rabbits 

s.    d. 

0   A7i 

0  sH 

J.    d. 

0  iy. 

s.    d. 

0  sH 

0    6X 
0    8 

All  guaranteed,  and  carriage  paid  to  any  railway  station. 

T.  B.  BROWN  AND  CO-, 

Offices— go.  Cannon  Street,  London,  E.C.  ;  Netting  Warehouse  and 

Factory,  4,  Laurence  Pountney  Place  (close  to  the  Offices). 


c 


OTTAM'S    PATENT    PORTABLE 

cow   FITTINGS 


UNITED 


PortaMe  and  Fixed  Hot-water  Apparatus 

FOR 

HEATING 

CONSERVATORIES, 

HOTHOUSES, 

CHURCHES, 

PUBLIC  BUILDINGS, 

PRIVATE  RESIDENCES, 

&c. 

TRUSS'  PATENT  UNIVERSAL  FLEXIBLE  and 
LEAKLESS  PIPE  JOINT  and  PATENT  CRACKLESS 
EXPANSION-JOINTED  TUBULAR  BOILERS,  of  a  VARIETY 
of  FORMS,  PORTABLE  or  for  BRICKWORK  SETTING.  They 
arc  the  MOST  POWERFUL,  whilst  ONLY  CONSUMING  HALF 
the  FUEL  of  OTHER  BOILERS.  PORTABLE  BOILERS,  to 
HEAT  ANY  LENGTH  of  PIPING;  and  ANY  PERSON  can 
TAKE  these  BOILERS,  as  also  the  PIPES,  APART,  and 
SPEEDILY  PUT  THEM  TOGETHER  AGAIN. 

T.  S.  Truss  begs  to  state  that  the  immense  number  o(  APPA- 
RATUS annually  DcsiRned  and  Erected  by  him  in  all  parts  of  the 
Kingdom, and  for  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  at  South  Kensington 
and  Chiswicit,  with  unrivalled  satisfaction,  is  a  guaranlee  for  skill  of 
design,  superior  materials,  and  good  workmanship:  while  the  great 
advantage  obtained  by  his  Improved  System  cannot  be  over-estimated, 
consisting  of  perfectly  tight  joints  with  neatness  of  appearance  ;  eflects 
a  saving  of  25  per  cent,  on  cost  of  Apparatus  erected  compared  with 
other  systems  ;  facility  for  extensions,  alterations  or  removals  without 
injury  to  Pipes  or  Joints;  easily  and  expeditiously  erected  ;  and  per- 
fectness  of  design  supplied,  insuring  no  extras. 


BATH  and  GAS  WORK  ERECTED  in  TOWN  or  COUNTRY. 
The  Trade  supplied. 


Price  Lists,  Plans,  and  Estimates  for^varded  on  application  to 

T.  S.  TRUSS,  C.E.,  Sole  Manufacturer, 

Consulting  Horticultural  Engineer,  Iron  Merchant,  Hot-water  and 

Steam  Apparatus  Manufacturer. 

Friar  Street.  Southwark  Bridge  Road,  London,  S,E. 


H 


OT-WATER  APPARATUS 

erected  complete,  or  the  Materials  supplied  for  Heating 

GREENHOUSES,  Tubular  Boiler,   with 

H\i(er  Bays. 


A  Pamphlet  with  Illustrations,  Testimonials,  &c.,  and  Price  Lists  of 
Sir  J.  Paxton's  Hothouses,  for  grf,,  post  free. 

HEREMAN  and  MORTON, 

14,  Tichborne  Street,  Regent  Quadrant,  London,  W. 

Agenis  for  Chapman's  "  Multum  in  Parvo  "  Flower  and  Fruit  Cases. 


JAMES  WATTS  and   CO.,  Hothouse   Builders 
and  Hot-Water  Apparatus  Manufacturers, 
3S3,  Old  Kent  Road,  London,  S.E. 


^^, 


I 

1 
> 

f '- 

fi 

- 

^ 

^ 

I 

i 

jrr 

d. 

^ 

L=^ 

Si 

S 

U 

900  CUCUMBER  and  MELON  BOXES  and 
^\jyj  LIGHTS,  all  sizes.  Glazed  and  Painted  complete,  ready 
for  immediate  use,  packed  and  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom. 

Strong  GREENHOUSE  LIGHTS,  6  feet  by  4  feet,  fiJ.  each. 
GLASSES,  all  sizes.  j    ■»  1    a 

References  to  the  Nob  1  ty  Gentry  and  Trade  in  most  of  the 
Count  ss  n  England 


Improved  Con, 


Their  advantages  are— Portability,  not  fixtures,  removable  at 
pleasure;  no  Woodwork  o:  Partitions  to  impede  Ventilation  or  breed 
Vermin;  Hay  Rick  dispensed  with  as  unnecessary;  increased  width 
and  depth  of  Feeding  Troughs,  Water  Cistern,  and  Patent  Drop 
Cover  to  prevent  over-gorging.  Cleanly,  durable,  and  impervious  to 
infection,  being  all  of  Iron.     Price  of  Fittings  per  Cow,  551. 

Prospectuses  free  of  COTTAM  and  Cu.,  Iron  Worxs,  2,  Winsley 
Street  (opposite  the  Pantheon),  Oxford  Street^  London,  W.,  where  the 
above  are  exhibited,  together  with  several  important  Improvements 
in  Stable  Fittings  just  secured  by  Patent.         -'=  '  '        •'  ' 


HOTHOUSES, 

CONSERVATORIES, 

CHURCHES, 

PUBLIC 

BUILDINGS,    &c. 

H  O  T  -W  A  T  E  R 

PIPES      at     wholesale 

prices  ;      Elbows      and 

T  Pieces,  Syphons,  and 

c\er>-  other   connection 

kept  in  slock. 

WROUGHT  and 
CAST-IRON  CONI- 
CAL, SADDLE,  and 
IMPROVED  CONI- 
CAL, also  ELLIPTIC 
BOILERS,  from  i^s. 
each. 

Improved  and  extra  strong  CAST-IRON  TUBULAR  BOILERS, 
with  or  without  Water-bars,  from  521.  td.  each 

CAST     and    WROUGHT-1KO"N     PORTABLE     BOILERS,     on 


Stand,  for  use 
Portable  Boiler. 


Goods,  of  the 
Wharf  in  London. 


thout  brickwork,  from  60s.  each. 
Patent 
THROTTLE 
and  other  VALVES, 
FURNACE 
DOORS,  BARS, 
and       FURNACE 
WORK  of  every 
description  and  size. 
INDIA-RUBBER 
RINGS      for       Pipe 
Joints ;    Sockets    re- 
quire no  other  pack- 
ing, and  are  perfectly 
water-light. 


Saddle  Boiler,  iviih   Water 
Bars. 


GREENHOUSKS    from    the    FINSBURY    STEAM 
JOINERV    AVORKS,    lai,   Bunhill  Row.   London,    E.C. 
W.  H.  LASCELLES,  Proprietor.     Lists  sent  on  application. 

Prices  for  Houses,  asabove,  made  of  best  red  deal,  and  sashes  2  inches 
thick,  glazed  with  16  01.  good  sheet  glass,  delivered  and  fixed  within 
30  miles  of  London,  painted  four  coats  in  best  oil  colour,  including 
locks,  gutter,  down-pipe,  and  gearing  for  opening  the  ventilators  at 
one  time, — heating,  staging,   brickwork  not  included  : — 

20  ft.  by  12  ft.        40  ft.  by  16  ft.        60  ft.  by  20  ft.         100  ft.  by  24  ft. 

JC40    0    o  £;jq    o    0  ;Gr32    o    o  ^£238  10    o 

GARDEN  LIGHTS  AND  BOXES. 

3  ft.  by  4  ft.  lights,  2  in.  thick,  unglazed 

„  „    glazed,  16-0Z.  good  sheet  glasa 

6  ft-     11  „    s  in.  thick,  unglazed 

,<  ,,  glazed,  16  oz.  good  sheet  glass  , .     lis.    „ 

Portable  box  containing  one  6  ft.  by  4  ft.  light,  painted  four 

coats,  ready  for  use         . .  ^OJ.     „ 

Portable  box  containing  two  ditto,  6  ft  by  8  ft.  . .         , .     55J.     „ 

Estimates  given  for  Conservatories  or  Greenhouses  to  any  Design. 


3*.  each 


^ry   best   manufacture,   delivered    at   Railway    or 

LYNCH  WHITE,  Old   Barge   Iron  Wharf,  Upper  Ground  Street, 
Dndon,  S.E.  (Surrey  side  of  Blackfriars  Bridge). 


Price  List  on  applicat 


f  PI  ^  JAMES      GRAY, 

Horticultural  Builder  and  Hot-Water  Apparatus  Manufacturer, 


and  31,  DANVERS  STREET,  PAULTON  SQUARE 
9,  KING'S  ROAD,  CHELSEA,  LONDON,  S.W. 


and 


PLANS  and  ESTIMATES  given  for  HORTICULTURAL  BUILDINGS  of  every  descri  ption,  inW'oodor  I  ron 
HEATING  by  HOT  WATER  on  the  most  iinproved  principles,  &c. 
PRICED  LISTS  forwarded  on  application  of 

GRAY'S    OVAL    TUBULAR    BOILER, 

STEVENS'  TRENTHAM  IMPROVED  CORNISH  BOILER, 

MISS    MALING'S    PATENT    INDOOR    PLANT    CASES,     &c.,    &c. 

Other  descriptions  of  BOILERS,  including  the  most  improved  forms  of  SADDLE  BOILERS,  and  HOT-WATER 

PIPES  and  CASTINGS  in  great  variety,  always  kept  in  stock. 

iS"  TENDERS  given,  for- HEATING  CHURCHEa  and  PlTBLTC  BUILDINGS  of  every  description. 


/^EORGE'S        PATENT       CALORIGEN 
^^  For  WARMING  and  VENTILATING. 

Prices  :  — 
Coal.  Calorigen,  £6  6s.    \   Gas  Calorigen,  £s  y. 

Height,  36  insj  ;_di^meter,  21  do.  Height,  28  ins. ;  diameter,  14  do. 


A — the  interior  of  the  Room  ;  B — exterior  of  the  Building  :  C — wall ; 
D— the  Calorigen;  E — a  Cylinder;  F — pipes  communicaling  to 
supply  air  for  combustion,  and  carry  off  product;  G— pipe  for 
passage  of  Cold  Air  to  Calorigen;  H — outlet  for  ditto  after  being 
made  warm  ;  I — gas  burner  ;  J — door. 

'    The  only  Gas  Stove  which  retains  the  whole  of  the  Heat  given  ofl 

by  the  Gas  without  vitiating  the  atmosphere. 
It  will  be  found  very  valuable  in  the  Nursety  or  Sick  Room,  Damp 

Buildings,   Shops,   Conservatories,    Offices,    &c.       Exhibited    in    the 

Exhibition   of  1871   (Department  of  Scientific  In^-entions).      May  be 

inspected  at  the  Sole  Manufacturers, 

J.  F.  EARWIG  AND  CO.. 
36,  Queen  Street,    Cheapside,    London,    E.C. 


240 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


[February  17,   1872. 


Change  of  Address. 

I  BEG  respectfully  to  intimate  that,  after  February  i, 
the  Hot-water  Apparatus  branch  of  my  Business  will  be  carried 
on  by  Mr  THOMAS  JONES,  l)avid  Street,  Manchester,  the  Inventor 
of  the  "TERMINAL  SADDLE  BOILER,"  to  whom  I  have  handed 
over  the  Business.  In  thankinR  my  Tatrons  for  past  favours,  may  I 
ask  acontiuance  of  the  same  to  Mr.Jones.who  will,  I  am  sure,  give 
entire  satisfaction  ? 

J.  IRELAND,  Edward  Street,  Broughton  Lane,  Manchester. 


HAVING  TAKEN  to  the  BUSINESS  of  HOT- 
WATER  APPARATUS  MANUFACTURER,  hitherto 
carried  on  by  Mr.  J.  Ireland,  Edward  Street,  it  will  in  future  be 
conducted  by  me  at  the  following  address.  Being  the  Inventor  and 
Patentee  of  the  "  Terminal  Saddle  Boiler,"  and  having  made  the  sub- 
lect  of  Heatmg  by  Hot  Water  my  special  study  for  many  years,  I 
trust  by  personal  attention,  and  promptitude  in  executing  all  com- 
mands with  whicii  I  may  be  favoured,  to  secure  a  continuance  of  the 
Patronage  so  long  enjoyed  by  my  predecessor. 

THOMAS  JONfcS,  David  Street,  Manchester. 


VIRGIN  CORK    for   ROCKERIES,   FERNERIES, 
&c.,  can  be  had  wholesale  of  J.  G.  VAN  WEEDE,  41,  Great 
Tower  Street  Buildings,  London,  E.C. 


Labels.  Labels.— Parchment  or  Cloth  Labels. 

TREE  or  PLANT  LABELS,  punched  parchment, 
4  inches  long,  ar.  per  looo,  or  10,000  for  35s. ,  cash  on  deliverj' 
Also  PUNCHED  CLOTH  LABELS,  Assorted  Size,  10,000  for  15s. 
Ail  Sizes  in  Plain  and  Printed  Labels  made  to  order  at  very  low  prices. 
Sample  Label  sent  on  receipt  of  a  postage-stamp.  Orders  deHvered 
free  in  London  by 

JOHN  FISHER  AND  CO..  Label  Works,  Boston,  Lincolnshire. 


The  Royal  Pottery,  Weston-super-Mare. 

UNDER  ROYAL        V^^'S'^^^S^  PATRONAGE. 


JOHN  MATTHEWS  (late  C.  Phillips),  Manufac- 
turer of  TERRA  COT TA  VASES,  FOUNTAINS,  ITALIAN 
BASKETS,  RUSTIC  FLORAL  AREORETTES,  STATUARY, 
GARDEN  POTS  (from  2  to  30  inches  in  diameter),  of  superior  quality, 
withstand  frost,  and  do  not  become  green;  EDGING  TILES,  &c. 
See  specimens  in  the  Royal  Horticultural  Gardens.  Price  List  free 
Book  of  Drawings.  6rf.  each. 

lOHN  MATTHEWS,  Royal  Pottery,  Weston-super-Mare. 


The  Patent  Imperishable  Hothouse. 

AYRES'S  PATENT. 

GLASS.  IRON,  and  CONCRETE. 
Before  building  a   Plant   or   Fruit   House  of  any   kind,   send   six 
stamps,  and  obtain  the  Illustrated  Prospectus  of  the 

IMPERISHABLE  HOTHOUSE  COMPANY, 

Newark-on-Trent,  Notts. 

MANAGER— W.  P.  AYRES.  C.M.R.H.S., 

Imperishable  Hothouse  Company,  Newark -on-Trcnt. 

Plans,  Specifications  and  Estimates  supplied  upon  the  shortest  notice 


THE    CELEBRATED    GRANITIC     PAINT. 
Manufactured     Solely    and     Only     by     the     Silicate     Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Companj'. 

For  Price    Lists,  Testimonials,  and   Patterns  of  Colours,  apply  to 
THOMAS  CHILD,  Manager,  sqa.  King  William  Street,  London,  E.C. 

THE  SILICATE  ZOPISSA  COMPOSITION. 
To  CURE  DAMP  in  WALLS,  and  Preserve  Stone,  &c.,  from 
Decay,  Manufactured  Solely  and  Only  by  the  Silicate  Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Company. 

For   Particulars   and   Testimonials   apply   to   THOMAS    CHILD, 
Manager,  39A,  King  William  Street,  London,  E.C. 


BY   HEE    MAJESTY'S    BOYAL   LETTEBS    PATENT. 

CANNELL'S    COMPLETE     HOT-WATER    CIRCULATOR, 

OR  THE 

NEW     WASTELESS     AND     PERMANENT     BOILER. 


pi 


0 


1:1 


n 


o 

B 
to 


•a 


TESTIMONIALS  and  LIST  of  PRICES 

SENT    POST    FREE. 


a. 


n 
o 

o 

B 


AMATEUR'S  CONNECTIVE  BOILER 


COMPLETE  HOT-WATER  CIRCULATOR. 


An  INSPECTION  of  the  ABOVE  at  WORK  and  OTHERWISE 

IS 

RESPECTFULLY  SOLICITED. 


MESSRS.    CANNELL    and    CO.'S    BOILER    and    HOT-WATER    WORKS, 

48  and  49,   KING  STREET,  WOOLWICH,  S.E.  (opposite  Dockyard  Station). 


W.  S.   BOULTON  &,  CO.,    NORWICH, 

HORTICULTURAL  BUILDERS  and  HOT-WATER  APPARATUS  MAKERS. 

Inipro\ed  Steam-power  Machinery  for  working  wood  enables  us  to  supply  first-class  Horticultural  Buildings  of  every  description  at  very  Low  Prices. 
On/y  the  best  materials  used.     Houses  desipied  to  suit  any  situation.    Estimates  given  free.     Gentlemen  are  respectfully  invited  to  have  price  from  us  before  ordering  else^vhere. 


UNIVERSAL    PORTABLE    PLANT    PRESERVER. 


In  introducing  our  New  Pattern  for  1872,  we  wish  to  point  out  that  instead  of  having 
to  remove  or  slide  loose  glass  every  time  it  is  necessary  to  attend  to  the  plants,  we  attach 
the  glared  lights  with  hinRcs  to  the  frame  of  each  length,  thereby  doing  away  with  the  con- 
tinual breakage  of  glass  and  loss  of  time  inseparable  from  the  use  of  the  ordinary  kind  sent 
out  by  other  makers.  Two  men  can  instantly  remove  a  complete  length  12  feet  by  3  feet 
wide,  thus  proving  ihem  to  be  realty  portable. 

The  first  of  this  improved  kind  was  lately  sent  to  Christopher  Turner,  Esq.,  Stoke, 
Rochford,  Grantham.  His  Gardener,  Mr.  I.  Dell,  wrote  us  the  following  Letter, 
unsolicited ; — 

Messrs.  W.  S.  EouLTON  &  Co. 

"  Gentlemen,— I  consider  them  the  only  riant  Preservers  worthy  of  that  name. 
Every  one  who  has  seen  them  is  of  the  same  opinion.  I  hope  to  have  some  more  of  them 
shortly.  "  Believe  me,  yours  truly,  Isaac  Dell." 

They  are  made  in  the  following  sizes.  One  pair  of  ends  is  sufficient  for  any  number  of 
cngths,  if  set  in  a  continuous  row.  In  ordering  state  the  number  of  ends  required. 
Carriage  Paid  to  any  Station  within  200  miles  of  Norwich. 


6  feet  long  by  2  feet  wide 
12  feet  long  by  2  feet  wide 

6  feet  long  by  3  feet  wide 
12  feet  long  by  3  feet  wide 

6  feet  long  by  4  feet  wide 
12  feet  long  by  4  feet  wide 
12  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide 

Two-thirds  allowed  for  Packing  Matcri 

We  cannot  be  hclfl  responsible  for  damage  in  transit ;  every  carp  being 
breakages  qre  seldom  heard  of. 


MELON    OR    CTTCUMBER    FRAMES. 

All   sizes   (glazed  with    21-ounce)   ready   for   immediate  delivery. 


Heijjht  at  back,  24  ins  at  front  13  ms  sides  I'^in  thick  lights  21ns  thit-k  All  made  of  \er>  best  red  deal 
Painted  three  coats  i-very  pane  of  ),lass  is  nailed  as  v.c\\  as  pullicd  m  Each  light  is  provided \Mth  an  iron  strengthen- 
ing rod  and  handle   Purchasers  are  stronglj  recommended  to  ha\e  21  oz   glass,  this  bcmg  so  much  better  than  16-0 


Price. 

Ends  per 
pair  extra. 

/.I    = 

0 

SS.    0(f. 

2    0 

0 

5i-.    Oli. 

I  10 

0 

JS.   Oli. 

2  15 

0 

ys.  od. 

2   0 

0 

..       Sj.  bd. 

3  12 

0 

..      Zs.  dd. 

6    0 

0 

..     \2S.  od. 

licn  return 

d  free  U 

our  Works. 

aken  in  packing. 


All  6  feet  Wide. 

Cash  price  at  Norwich  Station. 

Prices,  carriage   p 
within   200  miles 
orders  amount  to 

Glazed  with  16-oz. 

aid   to  any  station 
of  Norwich  when 
40s.  and  upwards. 
Glazed  with  21-oz. 

Glazed  with  i6-oz. 

Glazed  with  2i-oi 

4  feet 

8     „ 
12     ,, 
16     ,. 

long, 

1  Light . . 

2  , 

3      

4 

£^   7   6 

2  10      0 

3  n    0 

4  12      0 

£1    10     0 

2  15     0 

3  17    6 
500 

£'■  12    6 

2  15      0 

3  18    6 
520 

300 

450 

5  10  0 

PIT  LIGHTS  WITH  WOOD  SILLS  TO  BTTILX)    ON  BRICKWORK. 

Sills,  4^  inches  wide,  sj^  inches  thick,  with  runners  and  bearers  between  each  light. 
All  painted  three  coats  and  glazed  ready  for  use. 


All  6  feci  Wide, 

Cash  price  at  Norwich  Station, 

Prices,  carriage    paid  to  anv  station 
within   200  miles  of  Norwich  when 
orders  amount  to  40J.  and  upwards. 

Glazed  with  i6-oz. 

Glazed  with  2j-oz. 

Glazed  with  16-oz. 

Glazed  with  21-oz. 

12  feet 

long,     3  Lights 

..         ^^3     8    0 

£3    12      0 

;^3  15     6 

£3  19    6 

16    „ 
20    ,, 

4      .. 

s     .. 

490 
5  10    0 

4  14    0 

5  16    0 

4  19    0 
626 

5  4    0 

6  8     6 

It :: 

6  ,. 

7  .. 

6  II     0 

7  12    0 

6  r8    0 
800 

760 
896 

7  13    0 

8  17    6 

32 .. 

8      ,, 

8  13     0 

920 

9  13    0 

10    2    0 

36 ,. 

9      ,, 

9  14     0 

10    4    0 

10  16    6 

ri    6    6 

40 .. 

II       10      ,1 

ID    15      0 

11     0    0 

12    0    0 

12  11    0 

44 .. 

II       II    ,  II 

II    16      0 

12     8    0 

13    3    6 

13  15    6 

4a  „ 

II       12      1. 

,.        ■       12    17      0 

13  10    0 

14    7    0 

15    0    0 

When  the  distan 

ce  exceeds  203  miles  a  slight  ad 

lilional  charge  will 

le  made  to  cover  ca 

rriaKC. 

February  17,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners*  Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


241 


JONES'S    PATENT     "DOUBLE     L"    SADDLE 
BOILER, 


These  Boilers  possess  all  the  advantages  of  the  old  Saddle  Boiler, 
with  the  following  improvements,  viz.,  the  water-space  at  back  and 
over  top  of  saddle  increases  tlie  heatmc  surface  to  such  an  extent 
Ihat  a  "  Talent  Double  L  Saddle  Holier"  will  do  about  twice  the 
amount  of  work  with  the  same  quantity  of  fuel  ;  the  cost  of  setting  is 
also  considerably  reduced,  and  likewise  the  space  occupied  ;  at  the 
same  time  these  Boilers  are  simple  in  construction,  and,  bein"  made 
of  wrought  iron,  are  not  liable  to  crack.  They  are  made  of  the  following 
siies ; —  


Siies. 

To  heat  of 
4-in  Pipe. 

Price. 

High. 

Wide. 

Long. 

Feet. 

£  ^.  rf. 

20  in. 

18  in. 

300 

500 

20  1, 

iS  „ 

:4  .. 

^ 

D     0     0 

30  „ 

18  „ 

30  „ 

700 
8    0    0 

Z4    >t 

24  » 

34  ,1 

850 

24  1. 

3?  „ 

=4  ,. 

3i  " 

1,000 

^i;; 

'i: 

t: 

:;S 

20    0    0 

30    M 

30  >i 

T  >. 

2. 600 

30    0    0 

36 

36  „ 

<fi  .. 

4,500 

50    0    0 

48 

48  „ 

7,000 

75    0    0 

*;: 

48 ., 

>44    n 

10,000 

100    0    0 

And  arc  kept  in  Stock  and  sold  only  by  the  Inventors  and  Patentees, 

J.  Jones  &  So 

ss. 

Pnce  Lists  of  HOT-WATER  PIPES  and  Connections,  with 
Boilers,  of  all  sizes  and  shapes  :  or  ESTIiMATES  for  HOP-WATER 
APPARATUS,  erected  complete,  will  be  sent  on  application. 

J.  JONES  AND  SONS,  Iron  Merchants,  6,  Bankside,  Southwark, 
London.  S.  E.  _ ___^ 


s 


ECATEURS,    or    FRENCH    PRUNING 
SCISSORS, 

As  recommended 
in  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle^  Dec.  2, 
i87[. 

Mr.  Knight, 
Floors  Castle,  writes 
US  :^ 

"  I  use  this  Seca- 
teur in  preference  to 
all  others,  and  have 
done  so  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  ;  and 
until  I  see  some- 
thing better  and 
more  efficient,  shall 
continue  to  do  so.' 


Price,  post  free, 
7 J,  (id.  each. 

STUART  AND  MEIN, 

Seedsmen  to  the  Queen,  Kelso,  N.B. 

Glass  for  Garden  Purposes. 

AMES         PHILLIPS        AND        CO- 

beg  to  submit  their  REDUCED   PRICES  as  follows:— 


PROPAGATING 


2  inches  in  diameter 


BEE  GLASSES, 
1  inches  in  diameter 


12  inches  in  diameter 

13  ••  >• 


with  ventilating  hole  through  knob. 
OS.  6d.      g  inches  in  diameter 


11.84. 

2      O 

2      6 


Either  flat  or  conical  tops. 


CUCUMBER 


24  inches  long        . .        . .    2s.  od. 


16  inches  long 


GLASSES. 

,.     IS.  4d. 
..        ..12 

..    a    6 


WASP  TRAPS,  3r.  6d.  per  dozen 


WITH 
OPEN  TOPS. 


FOWLER'S     PATENT     STEAM     PLOUGH 
and    CULTIVATOR    may    be    SEEN    at    WORK    in    every 
Agricultural  County  in  England. 

For  particulars  apply  to  JOHN    FOWLER  and  CO.,  y^i  Curnhill, 
London,  E^C.  ;  and  Steam  Plouj^'h  Works,  Leeds. 


►  RUSSIAN    WOOD   GARDEN   STICKS  and 

TALLI ES,  commended  bv  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society. 

^__      The  above  can  be  had,  of  all  sizes,  wholesale  of 

CHARLES  J.  BLACKITH  and  CO,, 

Cox's  Quay,  Lower  Thames  Street,  London,  E.G. 

Retail  of  the  principal  Seedsmen.     Prices  on  application. 


WRITE  to  HEADLY  and  SON.  Cambridge,  for 
their  NEW  ILLUSTRATED  PRICE  LIST  of  Garden 
Archways,  Vases,  Garden  Chairs,  Hose  Reels,  Weather  Vanes,  Wine 
Racks,  Pumps,  Field  Rollers,  and  Water  Carls,  post  free  on  applica- 
tion.     Agents  wanted. 


Save  your  Plants  ftrom  the  Frost. 

MARRATT'S        SELF-  REGISTERING 
THERMOMETER,  for  Marking  how  Cold  it  has  been,  and 
telling  the  Present  Temperature.     No  Gardener  should  be  without  it. 
Price  IS.,  or  by  post,  is.  4^. 
MARRATT,  Optician,  63.  King  William  Street,  London  Bridge.  E.C. 

Horticultural  and  Window  Glass  Wareliouses. 

JAMES    MILES,    6,    High  Street,   and  12  and 
l■^,  Hlosson  Street,  Slioreditch,  Londnn,  E. 
CONSERVATORY  and  ORCHARD-HOUSE  GLASS. 

Genuine   White  Lead,   Oils,   Colours,  Brushes,  ^c. 
GARDEN  ENGINES.  PUMPS,  SYRINGES,  INDIA-RUBBER 
HOSE,  TAPS,  CONNECTIONS,  &c 

Prices  upon  application. 


London  Agents  for  HARTLEY'S  IMPROVED  PATENT 
ROUGH  PLATE. 

LINSEED  OIL,  Genuine  WHITE  LEAD,  CARSON'S  PAINTS. 
PAINTS  of  \'arious  colours  ground  ready  for  use. 

SHEET  and  ROUGH  PLATE  GLASS,  SLATES  of  all  siies, 
BRITISH  PLATE.PATENT  PLATE.ROLLED  PLATE  CROWN, 
SHEET,  HORTICULTURAL,  ORNAMENTAL,  COLOURED, 
and  every  description  of  GLASS,  of  the  best  Manufacture, at  the  lowest 
terms.     Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application  to 

JAS,  PHILLIPS  AND  CO.,  180,  Bishopsgate  Street  Without,  E.C. 


Russia  Mat  Merchants. 
ESSRS.    G.     D.     MARENDAZ     and     FISHER. 

mporlcrsof  ARCHANGEL  and  ST.  PETERSBURG  MATS, 
dealers  in  TANNED  GyVRDEN  NETTING,  TIFFANY,  L.\UKLS, 
TARRED  and  other  TWINES,  LINES,  &c. 

g,  James  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.  C. 


M 


RUSSIA  MATS.— A  large  stock  of  Archangel  and 
Petersburg,  for  Covering  and  Packing.  Second  sized  Arch- 
angel, looj. ;  Petersburg,  60s,  and  80s,  ;  superior  close  Mat,  451.,  50J., 
and  53s.  ;  packing  Mats,  20J.,  3&S.,  and  35s.  per  100;  and  every  other 
description  of  Mais  at  equally  low  prices,  at 

J.  BLACKBURN  and  SONS,  Russia  Mat  and  Sack  Warehouse, 
4  and  5,  Wormwood  Street,  E.C. 


KUSSIA    MATS,    for   Covering  Garden  Frames.— 
ANDERSON'S  TAGANROG  MATS  are  the  cheapest  and 
most  durable.     Price  List,  which  gives  the  size  of  every  class  of  Mat, 
forwarded  post  free  on  application. 
JAS.  T.  ANDERSON,  7,  Commercial  Street,  ShoredJtch,  London. 


E. 


T.    ARCHER'S      "FRIGI      DOM  O." 

— Patronised  and  used  for  Frogmore  and  Kew  Gardens,  It  is 
made  entirely  of  Prepared  Wool,  and  a  perfect  Non-conductor  of  Heat 
or  Cold  where  it  is  applied. 

PROTECTION  AGAINST  the  COLD  WINDS  and  MORNING 

FROSTS. 

WOOL   NETTING,  2  yards  wide,  is.  6d.  per  yard. 

"FRIGI   DOMO"   CANVAS. 

Two  yards  wide is.  loif.  per  yard. 

"Three  yards  wide 21.  lorf.  per  yard. 

Four  yards  wide 3J.  lod.  per  yard. 

SCRIM  CANVAS,  72  inches  wide,  70 yards  lone, $bid  toSj^d.  per  yard. 
HESSIAN  CANVAS,  do.,  do.,  54  and  72  inches  wide,  6lid.  and 
8^4:^.  per  yard. 

EUSHA   T.   ARCHER,  Only  Maker  of  "  Frigi  Domo."  3,  Cannon 
Street,  City,  E.G.  ;  and  of  all  Seedsmen  in  London  or  the  Country. 

NoTECE.— REMOVED  from  7,  Great  Trinity  Lane. 


NETTING  for  FRUIT  TREES,  SEED  BEDS. 
RIPE  STRAWBERRIES,  &c.-TANNED  NETTING  for 
Protecting  the  above  from  Frost,  Blight,  Birds.  &c.,  2  yards  wide, 
3d.  per  yard,  or  100  yards,  20s  ;  4  yards  wide.  6tf.  per  yard,  or  50  yards, 
20s.  NEW  TANNED  NETTING,  suited  for  any  of  the  above 
purposes,  or  as  a  Fence  for  Fowls,  a  yards  wide,  64.  per  yard ;  4  yards 
wide,  IS.  per  yard  ;  ^i-inch  mesh,  4  yards  wide,  is.  6d.  per  yard.  Also 
TIFFAN  y.  Can  be  had  in  any  quantity  of 
EATON  AND  DELl.ER,  6  &  7,  Crooked  Lane,  London  Bridge,  E.C. 


The  Opening  of  FsirUanient  and  the  London  Season. 

NOBLEMEN.  GENTLEMEN,  and  MEMBERS  of  PARLIAMENT 
having  their  CUT  FLOWERS,  FRUIT,  VEGETABLES,  &c., 
forwarded  to  their  TOWN   HOUSES,  should  USE 

CHAPMAN'S  PATENT  WATER  TUBE  TRANS- 
MISSION CASES,  pronounced  by  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society  "  the  best  now  in  use." 

These  Cases  are  now  leduced  in  price  for  cash,  and  can  be  obtained 
from  the  Agents  or  Patentee,  Gloucester,  to  whom  all  communications 
should  be  addressed. 

Intending  Exhibitors  in  the  Patent  Cases  should  give  their  orders 
at  once,  to  insure  the  Paint  and  Varnish  being  thoroughly  dry. 

The  No.  iz.  The  "MALTON"  Plant,  Flower,  &c..  Protector, 
Varnished,  packed  and  forwarded  on  the  receipt  of  8s,,  in  postage 
stamps,  or  order. — Gloucester,  January  17. 


Bosher's  Garden  Edging  Tiles. 


HE  above  and  many  other  PATTERNS  are  made  in 

X.      matcnats  of  great  durability.      The  plainer  sorts  are  especially 
suited    for   KITCHEN    GAR- 
DENS,    as    they    harbour    no  '-^^i^^s^ 
Slugs  or  Insects,  take  up  little      y^u 
room,    and,     once    put    down, 
incur  no  further  labour  or  ex- 
pense, as  do    "grown"    Edg- 
ings, consequently  being  much 
cheaper. 

GARDEN  VASES,  FOUNTAINS,  &C.,  in  Artificial  Stone,  very 
durable  and  of  superior  finish,  and  in  great  variety  of  design. 

F  andG.  ROSHER,  Manufacturers,  Upper  Ground  Street,  Black- 
friars.  S  E. :  Queen's  Road  West,  Chelsea,  S.  W. ;  Kingsland  Road,  E. 
Acents  for  LOOKER'S  PATENT  "ACME  FRAMES,"  PLANT 
COVERS    and    PROPAGATING    BOXES;     also    for   FOXLEY'S 
PATENT  BEADED  GARDEN  WALL  BRICKS. 

Illustrated  Price  Lists  free  by  post.     The  Trade  supplied. 

ORNAMENTAL  PAVING  TILES  for  Conservatories, 
Halls,  Corridors,  Balconies,  &c.,  from  3*.  per  st^uare  yard 
upwards.  Pattern  Sheets  of  plain  or  more  elaborate  designs,  with 
prices,  sent  for  selection. 

WHITE  GLAZED  TILES,  for  Lining  Walls  of  Dames,  Larders, 
Kitchen  Ranges,  Baths,  &c.   Grooved  and  other  Stable  Paving  of  great 
durability,  Wall  Copings,  Drain  Pipes  and  Tiles  of  all  kinds,  Roofing 
Tiles  in  great  variety.  Slates,  Cements,  &c. 
F.  AND  G.  ROSHER,  Brick  and  Tile  Merchants.— See  addresses  above. 

SILVER  SAND,  fine  or  coarse  grain  as  desired. 
Fine  14*.,  Coarse  171.  per  Ton.  In  Truck  Loads  is.  per  Ton  less. 
Delivery  by  Cart  within  three  miles,  or  to  any  London  Railway  or 
Wharf,  25.  per  Ton  extra.     Samples  of  Sand  free  by  post. 

FLINTS  and  BRICK  BURRS  for  Rockeries  or  Ferneries.    KENT 

PEAT  or  LOAM  supplied  at  lowest  rates  in  any  quantities. 

F.  AND  G.  ROSHER. —Addresses  see  above. 

N.B.    Orders  promptly  executed  by  Rail  or  to  Wharve.-. 

A  liberal  discount  to  the  Trade. 


G 


I    S    H    U    R 
COMPOUND. 


S    T 


Red 
Spider. 


Used  by  many  of  the  leading 
Gardeners  since  1859,  against 
Red  Spider,  Mildew,  Thrips, 
Green  Fly,  and  other  Blight,  m 
solutions  of  from  i  to  2  ounces 
to  the  gallon  of  soft  water,  and 
oi  from  4  to  16  ounces  as  a 
Winter  Dressing  for  Vines  and 
Fruit  Trees.  Has  outlived  many 
preparations  intended  to  super- 
sede it. 

Sold  Retail  by  Seedsmen,  in 
boxes,  IJ.,  31.,  and  iw.  bd. 

Wholesale  by 
PRICE'S   PATENT 
.      CANDLE      COMPANY 
Magni-  (Limited), 

Battersea,  London,  S.W. 


RALPH      WALLER      and      CO., 
45,  Dale  Street,  Manchester. 
MANUFACTURERS  of  all  kinds  of  GARDEN  NETTING,  &c. 

The  serious  injury  done  every  spring  to  Fruit  Crops  by  frost  has 
proved  to  every  Gardener  the  absolute  necessity  of  providing  some 
Protection  to  the  Trees  early  in  the  year.  If  the  blossom,  in  its 
earliest  development,  be  but  slightly  weakened  by  frost,  the  vitality  of 
the  fruit-germ  is  destroyed,  and  the  fruit  lost.  In  this  climate,  on  the 
average  of  a  century,  there  is  not  more  than  one  year  in  nineteen  when 
the  protection  is  unnecessary.  Many  fabrics  have  been  tried  for  this 
purpose  of  protection,  with  more  or  less  success;  and  we  may  now 
say,  without  fear  of  contradiction,  that  we  have  succeeded  in  manu- 
facturing the  only  fabric  which  IS  altogether  unobjectionable  for  this 
purpose.  Without  unduly  nursing,  it  effectually  protects  the  young 
germ,  and  does  not  impede  the  action  of  light  and  due  circulation  of 
air.  Some  other  fabrics  do  this,  and  thus  weaken  the  vitality  of  the 
tree  altogether.  Almost  every  large  grower  in  the  three  Kingdoms 
can  testil>-  to  these  facts. 

HOTHOUSE  SHADING  of  various  thicknesses,  superior  to  any 
other  yet  discovered  fur  lightness,  strength  and  durability,  standing, 
as  it  does,  all  weathers. 

Testimonial  from  ROBERT  WARNER,  ESQ. 

"  I  have  had  the  netting  No.  6  on  my  Orchid-house  for  eighteen 
months,  and  I  find  it  now  in  very  good  order,  and  likely  to  last  as 
many  more  months,  and  I  intend  to  use  it  on  all  my  houses  in  future, 
being  well  satisfied  bolh  as  to  its  lasting  qualities  and  also  as  to  the 
shade  it  gives,  which  is  sufficient  to  prevent  burning,  and  yet  not  thick 
enough  to  keep  out  the  light,  as  the  ordinary  strong  shading  stuffs  do  ; 
indeed,  it  is  suitable  for  shading  any  kind  of  plants. — Broomfield, 
Feb.  13,  1871." 

TIFFANY  of  various  kinds  always  on  hand.  NETTING  and 
SHADING,  in  pieces  30  yard  long,  i^  yard  wide  TIFFANY,  in 
pieces  20  yards  long,  38  inches  wide.  For  prices,  &c.,  apply  to  the 
above  address —         45,  Dale  Street,  Manchester. 


THE      LANDS      IMPROVEMENT      COMPANY. 
(Incorporated  by  Special  Acts  of  Parliament.) 
DRAINAGE,  RECLAMATION,  FARM   BUILDINGS, 
LABOURERS'  COTTAGES.  TRAMWAYS,  RAILWAYS,  &c. 
Directors. 

Granville  R.  Ryder,  Esq. 
Granville  R.H.Somerset, Esq.  ,Q.C. 
Henry  W.  West,  Esq..  M,P. 


John  Glutton,  Esq, 
Frederick  L.  Dashwood,  Esq. 
Henry  Farquhar,  Esq. 
LordGariies,  M.P. 
John  Horatio  Lloyd,  Esq. 


Charles  Watkin  Williams  Wynn, 
Esq.,  M.P.  (Chairman). 


The  Company  advances  money,  unlimited  in  amount,  for  all  purposes 
of  Agricultural  Improvement,  including  the  Erection  of  Cottages  and 
Farm  Buildings,  to  the  Owners  of  settled  and  other  Estates,  and  to 
the  Clergy  in  respect  of  their  Glebe  Lands. 

Tenants  may,  with  the  consent  of  their  Landlords,  execute  the 
necessary  Improvements  upon  the  Farms  which  they  occupy,  charging 
Ihem  with  the  cost. 

UTILISATION  of  SEWAGE.— The  Company  also  advances 
money  for  the  purpose  of  Works  of  Sewage  Irrigation. 

The  whole  outlay  and  expenses  are  liquidated  by  a  rent-charge  upon 
the  land,  redeeming  principle  and  interest,  over  25  years. 

No  investigation  of  title  is  required. 

For  Forms  and  further  information,  apply  to  GRANVILLE  R. 
RYUER,  Esq.,  Managing  Director,  No,  i,  Great  George  Streett 
S torey's  Gate,  Westminster,  S.W. 


EMIGRATION  to         CANADA. 

THE   EASTERN   TOWNSHIPS. 

I  speak  from  the  experience  of  many  years'  residence  in  the  country 
when  I  earnestly  advise  respectable  English  Emigrants  coming  to 
Canada  to  SETTLE  in  the  EASTERN  TOWNSHIPS,  as  being 
especially  suitable  for  them  in  point  of  Climate,  Quality  and  Cheapness 
of  Land,  beauty  of  Scenery,  Social  and  Educational  Advantages,  and 
Material  Requirements.  .        «-  .         , 

To  genteel  people  of  small  means  this  district  offers,  pre-emmently. 
a  healthy,  cheap,  and  independent  home,  and  association,  00  equal 
terms,  with  those  of  their  own  station  of  life.  To  the  steady 
Yeoman  and  industrious  Agricultural  Labourer  it  affords  a  sure  and 
easy  means  of  settling  in  comfort  and  plenty  on  their  own  property. 

It  is  the  Protestant  district  of  the  province  of  Quebec,  and  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  passes  centrally  through  it,  via  this  place  and 
the  Market  Town  of  bherbrooke,  which  arc  within  three  miles  of  each 
other,  and  distant  a  five  hours'  run  from  Quebec  and  Montreal. 

From  Portland  in  winter,  and  from  Quebec  in  summer,  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway  brings  Passengers  on  their  arrival  by  the  Canadian 
Steamers  from  Liverpool  to  this  place  direct,  without  more  loss  of 
time   than   is   needed   to  change   the   luggage   from   the  Stejimer  to 

AM  particulars  as  to  passage  can  be  obtained  at  the  Ofiice  of  Messrs. 
ALLAN  and  CO.,  Canadian  Line  of  Steamers,  Liverpool. 

Every  further  information  respecting  the  country  will  be  given,  by 
letter  to  those  who  desire  it  and  let  no  one  hesitate  to  apply  to  me 
for  it;  there  is  no  charge.  JOHN    H.  CHARNOCK. 

Lennoxville,  Province  of  Quebec,  Canada,  Jan.  10,  1872. 

There  is  good  Hotel  accommodation  both  here  and  at  Sherbrooke. 


Notice. 

GARDENERS"    CHRONICLE     and     AGRICUL- 
TURAL GAZETTE.— The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready; 
price,  in  cloth,  f,i  6s.  6d. 

W.  RICHARDS,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 

Horticulture. 

THE    following    W,ORK:s.    by  T.    RIVERS,  of 
Sawbridgeworth,  Herts,  arc  now  ready  :— 
The  Sixteenth  Edition  of  the  M!NI.\TURE  FRUIT  GARDEN,  3*. 
The  Fourteenth  Edition  of  the  ORCHARD  HOUSE,  3s.  6rf. 
The  Ninth  Edition  of  the  ROSE  AMATEUR'S  GUIDE,  41. 
DESSERT  ORANGE  CULTURE,  is. 

A  descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  FRUITS  free. 

The  above  are  sold  bj'  LONGMANS  and  CO.,  London ;  or  sent  free 

per  post  from  the  AUTHOR. 


Now  ready, 

THE   SALIX,    or  WILLOW.     By   W.    Scaling, 
Willow  Nurseryman,  Basford,  Notts.     A  revised  and  enlarged 
edition,  containing  Instructions  (or  its  Planting   and   Culture,  with 
Observations  upon  its  Value  and  Adaptability  for  the  Formation  oi 
Hedges  and  Game  Coverts. 
Post  free  is. ;  or  of  SIMPIvIN,  MARSHALL,  and  CO.,  London. 


THE  NEW  METHOD  of  GROWING  FRUIT  and 
FLOWERS  {by  the  Rev.  John  Fountaine,  Southacre, 
Brandon),  being  a  practical  combination  of  Vinery,  Orchard  House 
and  Conservatory,  as  now  worked  in  a  New  House  erected  for  the 
purpose  at  Chiswick.  Third  Edition,  Illustrated.  Free  for  seven 
stamps  to  the  .... 

"'  Journal  of  Horticulture  "  Ofiice,  171,  Fleet  Street ;  or  to  the  Author. 

Just  published,  8vo,  128  pages,  neatly  bound,  y., 

THE    FAIRFIELD    ORCHIDS;    a  De.scriptive 
Catalogue    of    the     Species    and    Varieties    grown     by    JAS. 
BROOKE  .\SD  CO.,  at  Fairfield,  near  Manchester,  with  Preliminary 
Chapters  on  the   History.  Structure,  and  Cultivation  of  these  Plants, 
and  a  Copious  Glossary  of  the  Signilications  of  the  Names. 
BRADBURY,  EVANS,  and  CO.,  London;  and 
JAS.  BROOKE  AND  CO.,  Victoria  Street.  Manchester. 
Just  published,  price  Sixpence, 

HOW  TO  GROW  ONIONS:    A  Practical  Treatise 
on  the  Cultivation.     By  J.  A.  Taplin,  Banbury,  Oxon. 
"Mr.  Taplin.  when  competing  for   Prizes  at  Banbury,  gained  the 
First  Prize  against  55  other  competitors   with  24  of  the  finest  Onions 
that  in  all  probability  were  ever  exhibited  m  the  kingdom.  -From 
Country  Life,  Nov.  7,  1867. 

London;  HOULSTON  and  SONS,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 


Packets  of  seeds, 
Onion,  may  be  had 


II  6.V   each,  of  the  True  Banbury  White  Spanish 
of  the  Author,  32,  Parsons  Street   Banbury,  Oxon, 


242 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


itFebruafy  17,   1872. 


''■'.'.'   Works  on  Botany,  by  Dr.  Llndley. 

DESCRIPTIVE    BOTANY:    OR,  The  Art  of 
Describing  Plants  correctly,  in  Scientific  Language,  for  Self 
Instruction  and  the  Use  of  Schools.     Price  is. 

SCHOOL    BOTANY;    OR,    The    Rudiments    of 
Botanical  Science.     In  One  Volume,  8vo,  half  bound,  with  400 
Illustrations,  price  51,  f)d.  1 

MEDICAL  and  (ECONOMICAL  BOTANY;  orAnl 
Account  of  the  Principal  Plants  employed  in  Medicine  oJ 
Domestic  CEconomy.  In  i  vol.  8vo,  with  numerous  Woodcuts,  pried 
71.  (>d. 

THE    ELEMENTS     of     BOTANY,     Structural 
AND    Physiologicau     With  a    Glossary  ot   Technical  Terms, 
and  numerous  Iliustratiotvs.     las.  cloth. 

This  completes  the  scries  of  Elementarj'  Rotanical  Works  by 
Professor  Lindley,  of  which  "  School  Botany,"  and  "  The  Vegetable 
Kingdom,"  form  the  other  parts. 

The  first  two  Parts  of  The  Elements  of  Botany,  comprising 
Structural  and  Physiological  Botany,  and  a  Glossary  of  Technical 
Terms,  are  published  in  one  octavo  volume,  price  12s. 

These  three  parts  form  a  complete  manual  of  Bolanj  for  Medical 
and  other  Students  who  have  made  themselves  acquamted  with  the 
Author's  "  School  Botany." 

N.B.  The  Glossary  may  be  had  separately,  price  $i. 

THE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM;  OR.  Thr 
Structure.  Classification,  and  Usks  of  Plants.  Illustrated 
upon  the  Natural  System.  In  One  Volume,  8vo,  clolh,  price  361.,  with 
upwards  of  500  Illustrations. 

tXTRACT  FROM  THE  AUTHORS   PREFACE. 
"  The   Vegetable   Kingdom   contains,  among  a   large    quantity  ot 
plants  of  no  known  importance  to  man,  various  useful  species  employed 
in  medicine,  the  arts,  or  in  the  many  branches  of  domestic  ceconomy. 
The  principal  part  of  those   which   can   be   brought   by  teachers   in 
Europe   under  the   notice  of  students,   or  which,   from    their    great 
importance,  deserve  to  be  among  the  earliest  subjects  of  study,  are 
mentioned  in  the  following  pages,  where   they  are  arranged  in  the 
manner  proposed  in  the  '  vegetable  Kingdom  '  of  the  author,  with 
the  sequence  of  matter  departed  from  in  a  few  instances,  when  it  ■» 
believed  that  the  convenience  of  younger  students  would  be  consulted 
by  doing  so.     The  author  trusts  that  this  selection  will  be  found  to 
have  been  made  in  sucha  way  that  all  teachers  who  possess  reasonably 
extensive    means     of    illustrating     their    lectures,    and    all    Botanic 
Gardens,  may  furnish  the  larger  part  of  the  species  which  are  mt 
tioned.     A    small    selection    was    indispensable ;     firstly,    because 
greater  work  would  have  been  beyond  the  reach  of  the  majority  of 
purchasers ;   and  secondly,  because   experience  shows  us  that  the 
who  have  to  study  a  science  of  obser\'3tion,  such  as  Botany,  require  to 
concentrate    their    attention,   in    the    first  instance,   upon   a  limited 
number  of  objects." 
London  :  BRADBURY,  EVANS,  and  CO.,  10.  Bouverie  Street.  E.C. 


THE 


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'ohii  Brilion,  Esq. 
ohn  Bruce,  Esq. 
Bunt,  Esq. 
D.  Christie,  Esq. 
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Professor  Dc  Morfran 
Dr.  Diamond 


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Rev.  Dr.  Rock  '*"■• 

S.  W.  Singer,  Esq. 


E.  Smirke,  Es(^. 

A.  Steinmctz,  Esq. 
George  Stephens,  Esq. 
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Sir  T.  E.  Tenncnt 
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B.  Thorpe,  Esq. 

Rev.  J.  H.  Todd.  D.D. 
Sir  W.  C.  Trevefyan,  Bart 
T.  H.  Turner,  Esq. 
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Albert  Way,  Esq. 
-Benjamin  B.  Wiffen,  Esq. 
W.  Yarrcll,  Esq. 
J.  Ycowcll,  Esq.,  &c 

It  is  also 


February  17,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


243 


VA C  A  N  C  Y. — A  Gentleman  Farming  300  Acres, 
Pasture  and  Arable,  South  Shropshire,  has  a  VACANCY  for  a 
PUPIL,  with  every  home  comfort,  and  excellent  Fishing  and  Shooting, 
Terms  /so*.— Apply  for  further  particulars  to  P.  H.  RODEN, 
HiRh  Ercall.  


Working  Ground  Foreman. 

J  CARTER.  Nursi:rv.\[An.  Keighley,  Yorkshire,  is 
•  in  IMMEDIATE  WANT  of  an  experienced  MAN  for  a 
Nursery  of  18  Acres,  where  Forest  and  Fruit  Trees,  Roses  and 
Hardy  Shrubs  are  grown  in  quantity.  J.  C.  hopes  that  none  but 
steady,  trustworthy,  and  competent  flien,  nor  Men  who  are  above 
using  a  Spade,  will  apply.  

Exchange  of  Foremen. 

WANTED,  one  in  Flo\\cr  Garden,  from  Houses,  in 
EXCHANGE  for  one  to  be  sent  in  his  place.     Mine  is  a  first- 
rate  Man,  and  I  expect  the  same  in  return. — C  ,  Barnet,  Herts, 

ANTED,    a  youn^   Man,    as   PROPAGATOlTof 

Soft-wooded  Plants,  Ferns,  &c. — One  acquainted  with  getting 
up  Flowers  for  Winter  preferred, — Apply,  bv  letter,  stating  references 
and  wages  required,  to  JAMES  COCKEK,  Nurseryman,  Aberdeen. 


WANTED  IMMEDIATELY,  a  young  or  middle-aged 
MAN,  to  take  an  active  part  in  the  general  work  of  a  Nursery. 
2IJ,  per  week  will  be  given  for  a  competent,  trustworthy  Man, — 
Apply  by  letter  to  THOMAS  BARNES,  Nurserj'man,  &c.,  Thirsk, 
Yorkshire. 


WANTED,  a  young  MAN,  to  assist  Foreman. 
Experienced  in  Potting,  Watering,  &c.  Wages,  igs.  per  week. 
—State  references,  &c.,  to  EDWIN  HILLIER,  Nurseryman, 
Winchester. 

"\\7"ANTED,   a  young  Man,  who  has  some  knowledge 

^  V  of  Nursery  Work,  as  IMPROVER,  or  otherwise.— Apply,  in 
own  handwriting,  stating  wages  and  reference,  to  R.  &  F  ALLUM, 
Nurseries,  Tamworth. 


WANTED,    a     TRAVELLER,    for    the    South    of 
England,  principally  for  the  Sale  of  Orchids,  for  a  large  Firm. — 
Apply,  by  letter,  to  J-  B.  C,.  CarJetuis'  Chronicle  Office.  Wrc. 


WANTED,  a  young  MAN,  in  a  Country  Seed  Shop 
near  London. — One  who  knows  something  of  the  Retail  Trade. 
^Applv.  by  letter,  stating  previous  occupation  and  wages  required, 
to  G,  W.,  Gardeners'  Chtvmcle  Office.  WC. 

WANTED,  a  competent  Man,  as  SALESMAN,  for 
the  Royal  Exotic  Nurservi  Onslow  Crescent,  Old  Rronipton, 
Liberal  a:>d  progressive  wages  will  be  given  to  a  really  respectable  and 
suitable  Young  Man. — Address,  stating  full  particulars,  J.  WILLS, 
Royal  Exotic  Nursery,  Old  Brompton,  S.\V. 

ANTED,  within  a  month  from  this  date,  EIGHt 

or  TEN  very  intelligent  young  Men,  as  FURNISHERS. 
To  young  Men  wishing  to  improve  their  positions,  this  would  be  an 
excellent  opportunity. — Address,  stating  full  particulars,  J.WILLS. 
Roj'al  Exotic  Nursery,  Old  Bronipion.  S.\\\ 


To  Bouquetists. 

WANTED,  at  the  end  of  this  month,  several  first-rate 
BOUQUETISTS.  None  but  persons  possessing  superior  Talent 
and  good  character  will  be  treated  with.— Address,  stating  full  parti- 
culars, whete  last  employed,  &c.,  J.  WILLS,  Royal  Exotic  Nursery, 
Old  Hrompton,  S.W. ^ 


Wanted,  a  Carman. 

WANTED,  a  careful  and  respectable  MAN,  to 
undertake  the  care  of  three  horses  and  a  Pony;  must  know 
Town  well,  and  thoroughly  understand  the  Management  of  Horses. 
A  single  man  would  be  preferred,  or  a  married  man  without  family 
woultl  not  be  objected  to.  A  comfortable  cottage  and  liberal  wages 
will  be  given  to  a  deser\'ing  man.— Address,  with  full  particulars, 
I    WILLS,  Royal  Exotic  Nursery,  Old  Brompton,  S.W. 


TEAMSMAN  WANTED,  in  the  County  of  Sussex. 
A  first-class  Man,  from  Cambridgeshire,  Suffolk,  or  Lincolnshire. 
Wages  171.  per  week,  with  cottage  and  garden  on  the  farm  rent-free. 
—Applications  by  letter  only,  addressed  to  Messrs.  THOMAS  GIBBS 
AND  CO,  Seedsmen  to  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England, 
Corner  of  Half-Moon  Street,  Piccadilly,  W.  


CLERK  of  WORKS.— The  Patent  Imperishable 
Hothouse  Company  is  in  IMMEDIATE  WANT  of  an  experi- 
enced Clerk  of  Works,  competent  to  make  Working  Drawings  and  to 
direct  works  in  the  Pattern  Shops,  Foundry,  Filling  and  Fixing 
Departments.  To  an  efficient  Workman,  constant  employment  and  a 
liberal  salary  will  be  given.  A  good  Penman  preferred. — Address, 
stating  terms  and  experience,  to  WM,  P.  AYRES,  Newark-upon- 
Trent,  Notts. 


WANT  PLACES— Letters  to  be  Post  Paid. 

EXPERIENCED  GARDENERS  (or  as  GARDENER 
and  BAILIFF),  of  various  qualifications,  recommended  to 
Gentlemen. — Further  particulars  given  on  application  to  Messrs.  E.  G. 
HENDERSON  andSON,  Wellington  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood,  N.W. 


Gardeners  and  Under  Gardeners. 

WM.  CUTBUSH  AND  SON  beg  to  state  that  they 
have  at  all  times  on  their  books  M  EN  of  various  qualifications, 
whose  characters  will  bear  the  strictest  inquiry.  Any  Gentleman 
making  application  would  save  time  by  clearly  stating  the  duties  to  be 
undertaken,  wages  offered,  &c.,  so  that  suitable  Men  may  be  selected. 
— Highgate  Nurseries,  London,  N. 


GARDERER  (Head). —Age  35,  married;  under- 
stands the  Growing  of  Pines,  Vines,  Peaches,  Figs,  Orchids, 
Ferns,  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  Flower  and  Kitchen  Gardening, 
&c.— The  MANAGER,  Pine-apple  Nursery,  Maida  Vale,  London,  \V. 

GA  R  DE  N  E  R  "^Head).  —  Married,  no"  family  ; 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  every  branch  of  the  profession. 
Good  character  and  testimonials  from  present  and  previous  em- 
ployers. — E.  M.,  Cobden  Terrace,  Canterbury  Road,  Forest  Hill.S.E. 

GARDENER  (Head).  —  Married,  no  incumbrance; 
thoroughly  understands  the  profession  in  al!  its  branches.  Can 
be  well  recommended  by  his  previous  and  present  Employers. — 
T.  GRANT,  The  Gardens,  Sulhampstead  House,  near  Reading. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  30,  married,  one  child  ; 
thoroughly  understands  the  Cultivation  of  Vines,  Stove  and 
Greenhouse  Plants,  Early  and  Late  Forcing,  and  Flower  and  Kitchen 
Gardening.     Good  character. — A.  B.,  Post  Office,  Wotton,  Surrey. 


GARDENER(Head).— Age  35.  married;  understands 
Gardening  in  all  its  branches.  Nine  years'  good  character  from 
present  employer.  Formerly  at  Shrubland  Park.— S.  GRIMWOOD, 
Hurts  Hall  Gardens,  Saxmundham. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  27,  about  to  be  married; 
understands  Pines,  Vines,  Stove,  Greenhouse,  and  Flower, 
Fruit,  and  Kitchen  Gardening.  Three  and  a  half  years'  pood  character 
from  present  situation. — T.S.,  9,  Albert  Place, High  Road,Tottenham|N. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  27  ;  thoroughly  practical 
in  all  branches.  Has  lived  as  Foreman  in  some  of  the  leading 
places  in  England,  from  whom  he  can  be  highly  recommended. — A. 
B.,  13,  Munden  Street,  Hammersmith,  London,  W. 


^^ARDENER   (Head). — Age  32,    married;   practical 


y~A      and  energetic !  well  versed  in  Early  and   Late   Forcing;  good 

Plantsman.     V  '    '  .....  ^^       - 

Upper  Claptoi 


Plantsman.     Five  years'  character. — Mr,  CHASE,  2,  Winslade  Road, 
"■       on,  N.E. 


G 


A  R  D  E  N  E  R     (  Head).  —Age     43,     married,     two 

children  ;  has  had  30  years'  experience  in  Practical  Gardening, 
including  Pines,  Grapes,  Peaches,  Melons,  and  everything  connected 
with  Gardening;  could  undertake  Woods  and  Plantations  if  required. 
Character  will  bear  strict  investigation.— Mr.  G.  FLETCHER, 
Moreton-cn-Lugg,  Hereford. 


GARDENER  (Head).— Married,  without  incum- 
brance; thoroughly  practical,  sober,  and  industrious;  a  first-class 
Grower  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants.  Grapes,  Melons,  and  Cucum- 
bers,; ihas,haJd  very  exbChfiive  expfrience  in  tnc;Ji:oUivanon  ef  Fruits, 
Flowers  and  Vegetables.  Wife  is  wiirfng  to  '^^an"age  a  T)air>'  or 
Poultry, — Address,  stating  wages,  Sic,  to  J.  S,,  Post  Office,  Braintree, 
£ssex.  .C;-.'  .i.(,Uo.I  ,<iil.-;i.O  :iur.-u:j  ,iw ■ 

JiW  liLt  it'l  \C  ^S'>ik^I'•^  lav  .xitrlU'JM  ': 


GJ. ARDENER  (Head).— Twenty  years'  experience  in 
'  England  and  Scotland  in  the  Management  of  Stove,  Green- 
house, Orchids,  and  Ferns,  Seven  and  a  half  years  in  last  situation ; 
good  references.— W,  S,,  Post  Office,  Gateshead. 


GARDENER  (Head). — Age  40,  married;  thoroughly 
practical  knowledge  of  the  profession,  and  the  Management  of 
Land  and  Stock.  Wife  could  take  Charge  of  Dairy  and  Poultry  if 
required.  Nine  years'  character.  A  Lady  wishes  to  recommend  the 
above.— W.  S.,  New  Street,  Westerham,  Kent. 


/^ARDENER  (Head).— Thorough  experience,  in  first- 

v_l  class  establishments,  in  the  Culture  of  Grapes,  Pines,  Peaches, 
Melons,  Cucumbers,  &c.  ;  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  Kitchen 
and  Flower  Gardening,  also  Dinner-table  Decorations.— W.  B.,  47, 
Blantyre  Street,  Chelsea,  S.W. 


GARDENER  (Head).— A^e  40  ;  thoroughly  practical 
in  all  branches  of  the  profession,  also  knows  Land  and  Stock 
well.  No  single-handed  place  accepted.  Wife  good  Man.ager  of 
Fowls.  Three  vears"  good  character,  and  can  be  highly  recommended. 
—A.  B.,  Post  Office,  St.  Albans,  Herts. 


GARDENER  (Head),  age  26.— Mr.  Gray,  Gardener 
to  the  Earl  of  Zetland,  Upleatham,  Marske-by-lhe-Sea, Yorkshire, 
can  with  conhdence  recommend  his  Foreman,  James  Bourne,  to 
any  Lady  or  Gentleman  requiring  the  services  of  a  good  general 
Gardener.  He  has  been  twelve  years  in  the  profession,  in  good 
establishments,  and  his  character  will  bear  strict  inquiry 

Gardener"  (HEAD);^^^e  32  ;~^has~had  several 
years'  experience,  including  3^  years  on  the  Continent; 
understands  the  French  system  of  Fruit  Growing,  Forcing  of  Salads 
and  Vegetables,  Subtropical  Gardening,  and  Conservatory  and  Table 
Decoration;  also  the  Laying-out  of  Gardens,  &c.  No  single-handed 
place  accepted.  No  objection  to  go  abroad  Testimonials  on 
application.— J.  JONES,  2,  VVarriston  Crescent,  Edinburgh. 


GARDENER      (Head,      Superior),      LAND 
.  STEWARD,  or  BAILIFF.-Age  29,  single;  has  served  13 years 

in    the  largest    Establishments.     Good   testimonials.— X.,   Mr.    Bury, 
New  Road,  Barnet,  Herts. 


GARDENER  (Head),  or  GARDENER  and 
BAILIFF  (age  35,  married,  no  family).— James  Bolton,  five 
years  Head  Gardener  and  Bailiff  to  the  late  W.  Worswick,  Esq  Birstall 
Hall,  Leicestershire,  and  leaving  through  changes  in  the  establislunent, 
is  at  liberty  to  treat  with  any  Nobleman  or  Gentleman  requiring  the 
services  of  a  thoroughly  practical  man,  well  versed  in  the  Culture  of 
Pines,  Grapes,  Peaches,  and  all  kinds  of  Ftuit^  Stove  and  Green- 
house Plants,  Flower  Gardening,  and  Pleasure  Grounds.  First-class 
testimonials. — Address  as  above. 


GARDENER  (Head,  Working),  where  two  or  three 
are  kept.— Age  33,  married,  one  child  r  has  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  the  Growing  ol  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  Vines,  Peaches, 
Melons,  Cucumbers,  and  Flower  and  Kitchen  Gardenitig.  Good 
reference  from  previous  employers.- A.  B.  C,  Post  Office,  Cobham, 
Surrey. 


GARDENER  (Head,  Working).  —  Understands 
Pines,  Vines,  Peaches,  Melons,  Strawberries,  Cucumbers,  and 
Forcing  in  general;  Kitchen  and  Flower  Gardens,  Conservatory, 
Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  Orchard-houses,  &c.  Five  years 
Gardener,  &c-,  with  the  late  General  the  Hon.  Sir  J.  Yorke  Scarlett 
Good  references.— J.  R.,  Messrs.  John  Waterer  &  Sons,  American 
Nursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey 


GARDENER  (Head),  where  two  or  more  are  kept.— 
.•Vge  25,  married,  one  child  ;  understands  ihe  profession  in  all  its 
branches.  Good  character  from  last  place.— J.  B.,  25,  Campbell  Street, 
Hall  Park,  Paddington,  W. 


GARDENER  (Head),  where  two,  three,  or  more  are 
kept.— A  young  Man,  who  has  a  good  practical  knowledge  of 
the  profession  in  all  its  branches.  Four  years^  good  character  from 
the  establishment  he  is  now  leaving.— H.  A.,  Paulton's  Gardens, 
Romsey,  Hants. 


GARDENER.— A  Gentleman  is  desirous  of  recom- 
mending to  any  Nobleman  or  Gentleman  a  thoroughly  practical 
Gardener,  who  has  had  extensive  experience  in  every  branch  of  the 
profession,  and  is  fully  competent  to  undertake  the  Management  of  a 
good  place.  Five  years'  excellent  character.— H.  D.  D.,  110,  Cannon 
Street,  E.C 


GARDENER.— Age  28  ;  understands  the  Manage- 
ment of  Pines,  Vines,  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  and  Flower 
and  Kitchen  Gardening.  Thirteen  years'  experience.  Four  and  a-half 
years'  character  from  present  employer.— TAMES  BURGE,  J 
Boastead,  Esq.,  Cannizare  Gardens,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 


GARDENER.— Has  been  17  years  with  Mr.  Bailey 
Denton,  of  Stevenage,  and  desires  another  engagement.  He 
thoroughly  understands  all  Outdoor  duties,  as  well  as  the  Greenhouse 
and  Conservatory.  Mr.  Denton  will  give  him  a  character.— HENRY 
MORGAN,  Stevenage,  Herts. 


GARDENER  (age  29,  married,  one  child).— Mr.  A. 
WlLKiE,  Gr,,  Oak  Lodge,  Kensington,  W.,  wishes  to  recom- 
mend his  Foreman  to  any  Lady  or  Gentleman  in  want  of  a  thorough 
practical  Gardener.  Has  been  with  him  six  years,  and  is  an  excellent 
Gardener  and  first-class  Plant  Grower.  No  single-handed  place 
accepted.     Mr.  Wilkie  will  be  pleased  to  answer  all  inquiries. 


GARDENER  (Single-handed  preferred). — A  young 
Man,  who  understands  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  and 
Flower  and  Kitchen  Gardening.— Mr.  H.  K.  9,  Clark's  Buildings, 
Snaresbrook,  Essex. 


GARDENER,  where  three  or  four  are  kept,  or 
Second,  in  a  large  Establishment.— First-class  reference.  A 
year  and  nine  months  in  last  situation.— W.  T.,  20,  Caroline  Place, 
Mariborough  Road,  Chelsea.  S.W. 


G 


:j.ARDENER    (Under). —  Age    23.- 

'      Office,  Nawton,  York. 


-T.    H..    Post 


GARDENER  (Under),  where  he  can  improve  himself. 
—Age  20;   good   knowledge   of  Plants   and    Flower  Garden.— 
H.  M.,  Ashbourne  House,  114,  High  Street,  Putney,  S.W. 


F 


To  Nurserymen. 
O  R  E  M  A  N     (General).— Good    practice     and 

references.- T.  W.,  Argus  Office,  Bath. 


i^OREMAN.— Age  22  ;  has  had  experience  in  Forcing 

^"'"wers,  Fruit,  and  Vegetables  ;  also  Flower  Gardening.     Good 
■      '5.  Elgin  Terrace,  Maida  Vale,  London,  W. 


charactei 


Xj^O  REMAN,    in    a     Nobleman's    or    Gentleman's 

.*-  Establishment,— Age  25,  single  ;  has  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
the  Cultivation  of  Pines,  Vines,  Peaches,  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants, 
Ferns,  and  Flower  and   Kitchen  Gardening,     Character  will  bear  the 


PROPAGATOR,  and  Grower  of  Flowering  Plants  for 
Market.— Age  26,    single.— J.    C,    Rosherville,    Barkby  Road, 
1  hurmaston,  Leicester. 


PROPAGATOR    (Hard-wooded).— Has   had  exten- 

i  sive  experience  in  Propagating  Hardy  Heaths,  Rhododendrons, 
Clematis,  Ivies,  Hollies,  Acers,  Conifcra:,  &c.,  by  the  newest  and 
most  approved  methods.  Is  at  present  engaged  at  Messrs.  Veitch 
&  Sons',  at  their  branch  establishment  at  Kingston  Hill,  from  whom 
the  highest  references  as  to  character,  abilities,  and  qualifications 
can  be  obtained  on  application.— H.  MARSLEN. 


PROPAGATOR.— William  Munro,  who  has  been 
li  years  with  Thomas  Mclhven  &  Sons,  is  now  open  for  cngage- 
tnent,  having  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  Management  ol  an  e.xten- 
sivc  Nursery  business,  more  especially  the  Growing  of  Pot  Vines. 
References  as  to  character  may  be  had  of  all  the  leading  Nurserymen 
of  Edinburgh — 10,  Tamfield  Place,  Leith. 


TjlARM    BAILIFF.- A     young    married     Man.    well 

J-  acquainted  with  Agricultural  pursuits.  Wife  capable  of 
Managing  Poultry  and  Dairy.  Good  references.- J.  N.,  Mr.  H. 
Coppin,  1  he  Rose  Nursery,  Shirley,  Croydon, 


SSeed  Trade. 
HOPMAN,    Wholesale   or   Retail.— Age  22;    has  a 
good  knowledge  of  Plants  and  general  Nursery  Stock;    six  years 
experience      Good  references.— G.  II.,  Messrs.  Thomas  Gibbs&  Co.. 
Corner  of  Half-Moon  Street,  Piccadilly,  W.    :  *  **- ^^ ' 


To  Seedsmen. 

SHOPMAN   (Assistant).— A  young  Man   (Scotch)  ; 
seven  years'  experience.— H,  M..    19,   Upper  Sackville  Street, 
Dublin.  ' 


COACHMAN.— Married,  no  incumbrance  ;   no  objec- 
tion   to   the   country.      Three    years'    good    character.— F".    S., 
18,  Lower  North  Street,  Sloane  Street,  Knightsbridge,  W.' 


HOTHOUSE  CLOCKS,  in  Ornamental  Iron  Cases. 
Bronzed.  Japanned,  Enamelled,  &c.  No  glass  being  used  in 
the  construction  of  these  Clocks,  they  are  not  liable  to  damage.  Also, 
the  cases  being  of  Iron,  they  are  are  not  injured  by  heat  or  damp; 
and,  the  keyholes  being  bushed,  no  dust  or  water  can  possibly  enter, 

Going  12  days, 
Going  12  days,  and  striking 

but  not  striking.  hours  and  half-nours. 

Price,  medium  size    ..         . .  .£0  15    o j£l     i     o 

Price,  large  size  ..         ..100 160 

Bo.\  and  Package  free  of  charge. 
In  ordering  say  if  Clock  is  required  to  hang  or  stand  ' 

J.   7-  WAINVVRIGHT  and  CO.,  Cambridge  Street,  Birmingham. 

BEDSTEADS,  BEDDING,  and  FURNITURE.— 
WILLIAM  S.  BURTON-S  Stock  ol  IRON  and  BRASS 
BEDSTEADS  and  Children's  Cots  stands  unrivalled,  either  for 
extent  or  moderateness  of  prices.  The  Bedding,  manufactured  on 
the  premises,  and  Bedhangings,  are  of  guaranteed  quality.  Patent  Iron 
Bedsteads,  fitted  with  dovetail  jointsand  patent  aacking,  from  us.  each. 
Ornamental  Iron  and  Brass  Bedsteads  in  great  variety,  from  £1  to 
£^0.  Complete  suites  of  Btdroom  Furniture  in  Mahogany,  Fancy 
Woods,  Polished  and  Japanned  Deal,  always  on  show.  1  hcse  arc 
made  by  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  at  his  Manufactorj^  84,  Newman 
Street,  and  every  article  is  guaranteed.  China  Toilet  Ware  in  great 
\-ariety,  from  41.  the  set  of  five  pieces.  FURNITURE  for  Dining- 
rooms. — A  most  complete  assortment  is  on  show.  Easy  Chairs,  from 
37s.  6d   ;  Gilt  Chimney  and  Pier  Glasses,  from  47s.  6d. 

WILLIAM  S  BURTON,  Furnishing  Ironmonger,  by  appoint- 
ment, to  H.R.H,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  sends  a  CATALOGUE, 
containing  upwards  of  850  Illustrations  of  his  unrivalled  Stock,  with 
List  of  Prices,  and  Plans  of  the  20  Large  Show  Rooms,  post  free. — 
?q,  Oxford  Street,  W.  ;  i,  lA,  2,  3  and  4,  Newman  Street;  4,  5,  and  6, 
Perry's  Place ;  and  i,  Newman  Yard,  London,  W, 

The  cost  of  delivering  Goods  to  the  most  distant  parts  of  the 
Limited  Kingdom  by  railway  is  trifling.  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON 
will  always  undertake  delivery  at  a  small  fixed  rate. 


K 


I  N  A  H  A  N'S 


L  L 


WHISKY. 


This  celebrated  and   most  delicious  old  mellow  spirit  is  the   very 
CREAM   of  IRISH   WHISKIES,    in   quality    unrivalled,    perfectly 
pure,  and  more  wholesome  than  the  finest  Cu^-nac  Brandy.     Note  the 
words,  "  KINAHAN'S  .   L  L  ."  on  seal,  label,  and  cork. 
New  Wholesale  Depot,  6a,  Great  Titchfield  Street,  Oxford  Street,  W. 

WM.       YOUNGER        and        CO.  'S 
EDINBURGH.  INDIA  PALE  and  DINNER  ALES. 
Sparkling,  refreshing,  nourishing  and  economical. 
To  be  had  of  the  principal  retailers. 
Observe  Trade  Marks,  as  other  brands  are  frequently  substituted. 
Breweries,  Edinburgh.    Established  1740.    London  Stores,  Belvedere 
Road^  S.E. :    Liverpool,  i.  Seel   Street;    Bristol,   14.   Narrow   Quay; 
Dublin   Stores,  7,   Lower  Abbey   Street;    Swansea,    Quay    Parade; 
Glasgow,  Queen  Street;  Birmingham,  13,  Tenjple. Street. 


E 


Grateful— Comforting. 
PS'S  COCOA. 

BREAKFAST. 
By  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  natural  laws  which  govern  the 
operations  of  digestion  and  nutrition,  and  by  a  careful  application  of 
the  fine  properties  of  a  well  selected  cocoa,  Mr,  Epps  has  provided  our 
breakfast-tables  with  a  delicately-flavoured  beverage  which  may  save 
us  many  heavy  doctor's  bills." — Civfl  Service  Gazette. 

Made  simply  with  boiling  water  or  milk. 

Each  packet  is  labelled,  .;; 

JAMES  EPPS  AND  CO,,  Homoeopathic  Chemists,  London.,   -,j 


D 


INNEFORD'S 


FLUID         MAGNESIA. 


The  best  remedy  for  Acidity  of  the  Stomach,  Heartburn(  Headache, 
Gout,  and  Indigestion  ;  and  the  best  mild  Aperient  for  delicate  consti- 
tutions, especially  adapted  for  Ladies,  Children  and  Infants. 

DINNEFORD  and  CO.,  172,  New  Bond  Street,  London,  W.  ; 
and  of  all  Chemists  throughout  the  World. 


BILIOUS  and  LIVER  COMPLAINTS,  Indigestion. 
Sick  Headache,  Loss  of  Appetite,  Drowsin<;ps,  Giddiness, 
Spasms,  and  all  Disorders  of  the  Stomach  and  Bowels  are  quickly 
removed  by  that  well-known  remedy,  FRAMPTON'S  PILL  of 
HEALTH. 

They  unite  the  recommendation  of  a  mild  operation  with  the  most 
successful  effect;  and  where  an  aperient  is  required  nothing  can  be 
better  adapted. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  u.  il'^d.  and  2S.  gd.  per  box,  or 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


c 


DCKLE'S    ANTIBILIOUS    PILLS. 

THE     SAFEST     FAMILY     APERIENT. 
In  boxes,  at  ii.  ilid.,  25,  grf.,  45.  6rf.,  and  11*. 


I  To  Gardeners. 

MPROVER.— Age  18  ;  would  pay  a  small  Premium  if 
required  — H.  H.,  Watcringbury  Post-office,  near  Maidstone. 


To  Head  Gardeners,  &c. 

IMPROyER.-rAge  21,  single,  good  appearancei;  sly 
years  and  nine  months'  good  cnaracter.  No  objection  to  pay  a 
Premium.— F.  W.  BEST,  Hassobury  Gardens,  near  Bishop  Stortford, 
Herts. 


/COCKLE'S    ANTIBILIOUS    PILLS.— 

^^  These  Pills  consist  of  a  careful  and  peculiar  admixture  of  the 
best  and  mildest  vegetable  aperients,  with  the  pure  extract  of  the 
flowers  of  the  Camomile.  They  will  be  found  a  most  efficacious 
remedy  for  derangement  of  the  digestive  organs,  and  for  torpid  action 
of  the  liver  and  bowels,  which  produce  indigestion  and  the  several 
varieties  of  bilious  and  liver  complaints.  They  speedily  remove  the 
irritation  and  feverish  state  of  the  stomach,  allay  spasms,  correct  the 
morbid  condition  of  the  liver  and  organs  subservient  to  digestion, 
promote  a  due  and  healthy  secretion  of  bile,  and  relieve  the  constitu- 
tion of  all  gouty  matter  and  other  impurities,  which,  by  circulating  in 
the  blood,  must  injuriously  affect  the  action  of  the  kidneys  ;  thus,  by 
removing  the  causes  productive  of  so  much  discomfort,  they  restore 
the  energies  both  of  body  and  mind.  To  those  who  indulge  in  the 
luxuries  of  the  table,  these  Pills  will  prove  highly  useful,  occasioning 
no  pain  in  their  action,  unless  they  meet  with  an  unusual  quantity  of 
acrid  bile  and  acid  matter  in  the  stomach  and  bowels.  It  must  be 
understood  that  these  Pills  are  not  recommended  as  containing  any 
new  or  dangerously  active  ingredients;  on  the  contrary,  they  are 
characterised  by  a  remarkable  simplicity  of  combinatioti,  and  whatever 
merit  they  may  be  found  to  possess  depends  as  much  upon  the  selec- 
tion of  pure  drugs,  and  the  unusual  labour  and  attention  bestowed 
upon  their  subsequent  preparation,  as  upon  the  acknowledged  pecu- 
liarity of  their  composition.  They  are  not  recommended  as  a  panacea, 
nor  are  they  adapted  to  all  complaints;  but  as  a  mild  and  efficacious 
aperient  and  tonic  in  the  various  forms  of  indigestion  it  will  not  per- 
haps be  an  exaggeration  to  state  that  they  have  been  resorted  to  under 
all  systems  of  diet,-changes  of  climate  or  atmospheric  alterations,  with 
an  extraordinary  degree  of  success,  for  72  years.  This  celebrated 
family  aperient  may  be  had  throughout  the  United  Kingdom  in  boxes 
at  II.  ilid,,  2;.  Qi.,  41,  6ii.,  and  iii.,  as  well  as  in  India,  China,  New 
Zealand,  and  the  Australian  colonies. 


c 


OGKL-E'S'  X-!?f  T^B^tLK&U  3  -'VlXihS. 

THE    OLDEST    PATENT    MEDICINE. 
Iiit>oxtaat»i;x^4.tBipgrf^t4'*4(iii<uid  tu. 


.J:.,.-.!.--W 


.T./TOl?!    V 


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244 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle    and 


Agricultural    Gazette. 


[february  i^,  iS?2. 


Unsolicited   Testimonials, 
showing  the  superiority  of 

BUTTONS' 


Mangel    Wurzel 

AND 

CHAMPION 
SWEDE  SEED. 


From  William  Nayloh, 
Esq.,  Lon^  Sutton. 

Oct.  16.—"  I  took  the  First 
Prize  at  our  Show  for  Mam- 
moth Long  Red  Mangels 
grown  from  your  Seed.  I  got 
70  tons  per  acre." 

From  Mr.  William  White, 
Bnrrill.  BedaU. 
Si-pt.  26.— "At  the  North- 
allerton Agricultural  Show 
I  exhibited  two  lots  of  Mam- 
moth Long  Red  Mangel, 
from  the  Seed  I  got  from  you, 
and  took  both  First  and 
Second  Prizes,  beating  16 
otliers.  The  crop  averaged 
between  40  and  50  tons  per 
acre,  and  many  of  the  roots 
weighed  ^olb.  each 

From  Mr.  James  Harding, 
Speckingtoit. 
fan.    4.  —  "  The    piece    of 
Champion  Swede  with  which 

1  won  the  Four-guinea  Prize 
at  the  Sherborne  Agricultural 
Show,  November  30,  1871, 
was  grown  from  your  seed, 
and  weighed   41  tons   18  cwt, 

2  qr,  81b.  per  acre." 

From  Mr.  Owen  Price, 
Nanty>-hari(. 

May  20. — "  A  Silver  Cup, 
value  £s  5^-  (offered  by 
Messrs.  Vivian,  of  Swansea), 
was  awarded  to  my  father, 
last  October,  for  roots  grown 
from  your  Champion.  It  was 
really  a  splendid  crop,  the 
weight  per  acre  31  tons  14  cwt,, 
which  is  very  heavy  for  moun- 
tainous land  like  ours." 

From  Mr.  James  Riddell, 
EaiiifF  to  Henry  AUsopp, 
Esq.,  HvuiUp  Hall. 
Nov,  23.  —  "I  wis  very 
much  pleased  on  receiving 
your  Silver  Cup  for  the 
best  24  Champion  Swedes.  I 
almost  expected  it,  as  our 
Swedes  are  very  fine  this 
year.  Although  I  have  grown 
m  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland,  several  thousand 
acres,  I  have  never  seen  any- 
thing like  our  crop  here  this 
season." 

From  Chas.  Gochrr,  Esq., 
Bolton  Hill. 
Oct.  14. — "I  have  a  field 
of  remarkably  fine  bulbs  from 
your  Berks  Prize  Mangel 
Seed.  They  are  reckoned 
here  to  be  the  finest  ever  seen 
— numbers  are  54  to  38^  inches 
round.  I  have  72  tons  10  cwt. 
per  acre." 

From  C.  C.  Lovejoy,  Esq., 
Local  Board  0/  Healtk, 
fVat/ord. 

Nov.  II.  —  "The  aver- 
age weight  of  the  Mangel 
from  your  Seed  was  57  tons 
per  acre,  and  some  of  the 
Berks  Prize  Yellow  Globe 
reached  66  tons,  with  no  other 
manure  than  liquid  sewage." 

From  Mr.  Jno.  Pounch, 
Steward  to  Capt.  Croker, 
The  Grange. 

April  27. — "We  had  ex- 
cellent crops  from  seeds 
supplied  by  you  last  season  ; 
nothing  to  compare  with  them 
in  this  locality.  The  Yellow 
Intermediate  Mangel  gave 
fully  60  tons  to  the  Irish  acre." 

From  F.  J.  Wintle,  Esq., 
Brixham. 
March  8.  —  "I  obtained 
First  Prize,  value  12  Guineas, 
for  5  acres  of  Yellow  Inter- 
mediate Mangel,  last  year, 
grown  from  your  seed." 


NOTICE. 


As  the  mistake  made  by  the  Printer  of  the  cover  to  our  Catalogue — in  ilhistrating  the  1S62 
International  Exhibition  Medal,  instead  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society's  Silver  Medal,  awarded 
by  them  at  their  International  Meeting  of  the  same  year — appears  to  have  caused  annoyance  to 
another  House  in  the  same  Trade,  we  would  mention  that  we  have  never  claimed  to  have  received 
such  medal,  and  that  we  regret  the  circumstance  of  the  error  above  referred  to  having  been  made. 

We  certainly  pride  ourselves  much  more  on  possessing  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society's  large 
Silver  Medal  than  any  other  medal  we  hold,  as  it  was  given  by  that  Society  at  their  International 
Exhibition  of  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Produce,  in  their  grounds,  in  connection  with  the 
Great  Exhibition  of  1862. 

It  was  gained  by  us  for  a  Collection  of  Roots  and  other  Produce  acknowledged  by  the  entire 
Press  to  be  such  as  had  never  before  been  brought  together  ;  and  we  are  sure  an  award  like  this, 
from  such  a  Society,  must  have  far  more  weight  with  the  Public  than  any  ordinary  International 
Exhibition  jury's  award  for  a  Miscellaneous  Collection  of  Seeds. 

We  do  not  care  to  occupy  the  pages  of  this  paper  with  a  representation  of  the  many  medals 
we  have  received  during  the  last  half  century,  as  we  think  the  Horticultural  and  Agricultural 
Public  will  agree  with  the  Editor  of  the  Gardeners^  Ckrouicle,  February  10,  page  176,  that — 

"  Such  is  the  number  of  medals  now-a-days,  and  so  frequent  their  display,  that  we  imagine  the  general  public 
pay  little  heed  to  what  the  medal  is,  or  who  awarded  it  ;  and  we  are  sure  that  Messrs.  SUTTON  must  have  so  many 
medals  of  one  sort  or  another,  that  they  would  not  imperil  their  well-earned  reputation  by  wilfully  laying  claim  to 
an  honour  which  did  not  belong  to  them." 

Some  apology  would  appear  due  to  the  readers  of  this  Journal  for  alluding  to  a  matter  of  so 
little  interest  to  the  Horticultural  Public  generally  ;  but  we  are  desirous,  on  the  one  hand,  of  giving 
all  due  prominence  to  the  statement  that  we  do  not  profess  to  have  obtained  the  medal  in  question, 
and,  on  the  other,  to  guard  ourselves  against  unworthy  imputations. 


SUTTOIS'   HOME   &EOWI  FAEI  SEELS. 

Long  Red  Mangel. 


Suttons'  Mammoth 

The  most  profitable  and 
most  nutritious  Long  Mangel 
ever  introduced. 

Price  Is.  3d.  per  lb. 

Much  cheaper  by  the  cwt. 

SUTTONS'  IMPROVED 

Mammoth    Long    Red 
MANGEIj. 

First  Prizes  and  Silver 
Cups  have  been  awarded  to 
this  Mangel  at  the  following 
Agricultural  Meetings  :— 

Bandon  (Ireland),  Barton, 
Bedale,  Birmingham  (for  the 
fourth  time),  Bury  St.  Ed- 
munds, Cheltenham,  Chi- 
chester, Cuckfield,  Dublin , 
Dunmow,  East  Surrey,  Ever- 
creech,  Faversham,  Jersey  (for 
the  third  time),  Keevil,  King's 
Lynn,  Lanesdale,  Leeds, 
Leicester,  Long  Sutton,  New- 
market, Northallerton,  Nor- 
wich ,  Ongar,  Pocklington, 
Reigate,  Roscommon  (Ire- 
land), Royal  Central  Bucks, 
Rugby,  Sleaford,  Stalham, 
Terrington,  Tring,  Tunbridge 
Wells,  York  (for  the  second 
time). 

We  offer  three  valuable 
Prizes  for  the  best  12  Roots  of 
this  Mangel  to  be  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Berks  Root  Show 
ne.\t  November,  and  it  is  m- 
cluded  in  the  Collection  for 
which  we  offer  a  Silver  Cup  at 
the  Birmingham  Cattle  Show, 
1872.  Price  Is.  3d,,  per  lb. 
Much  cheaper  by  the  cwt. 

The  Best  Globe  Mangel, 
SUTTONS' 

BERKSHIRE  PRIZE. 

Price  Is.  3d.   per  lb. 

Cheaper  by  the  cwt. 

The  Best  Mangel  for  Shallow 

Soils, 

SUTTONS'  YELLOW 

INTERMEDIATE. 

Price  Is.  per  lb. 
Much  cheaper  by  the  cwt. 


iin'lfflrPf, 


The  heaviest  cropping  Long 
Mangel  in  cultivation;  70 tons 
per  acre  having  been  grown  in 
1871.      Price  Is,  3d.  per  lb. 

Much  cheaper  by  the  cwt. 


SUTTONS'  IMPROVED 

Mammoth    Long    Red 
MANGEL. 

This  variety  was  introduced 
by  us  five  years  smce,  and  is 
quite  distinct  from,  and  far 
superior  to,  any  other  Long 
Mangel.  It  has,  for  four 
years  in  succession  (1868, 
1869,  1870,  and  1871),  been 
awarded  the  first  prizes  at 
the  Birmingham  Great  Root 
■^how.  The  specimens  on  our 
stand  at  the  late  Smithfield 
Club  Show,  weighing  58  lb. 
each,  were  tnily  described  as 

Mammoth  "  ;  and  yet  the 
feeding  quality  was  excellent. 
It  is  not  only  in  size  of  indi- 
vidual roots,  but  in  weight  per 
acre,  that  this  Mangel  has 
proved  itself  superior  to  all 
others.  Our  customers,  Lord 
Norbury.  and  Mr.  Thos. 
Goulstone,  grew  in  1870, 
64  tons  per  acre  ;  and  in  1S71 
our  customer,  Wm.  Naylor, 
Esq.,  grew  70  tons  per  acre. 
As  a  feeding  Mangel  it  is 
unequalled.  Tlie  roots  are 
particularly  sound  and  solid, 
and  having  generally  only  one 
tap-root,  it  is  most  easily 
drawn.  We  have  had  this 
Mangel  analysed  by  Professor 
Voelcker,  who  finds  it  to  con- 
tain a  larger  proportion  of  sac- 
charine matter  than  any  other 
variety.  Price  Is.  3d.  per  lb. 
Much  cheaper  by  the  cwt. 


Prime  New  Yellow  Globe 
and  Long  Red 

MANGEL    SEED, 

8d.  per  lb. 

Cheaper  by  the  cwt. 

For  further    particulars    of 

Clioice      Farm      Seeds,      see 

Suttons'   FARMERS'  YEAR 

BOOK  for  1872. 


Unsolicited    Testimonials, 
showmg  the  superiority  of 

SUTTONS' 

GLEAMED 

GRASS 

AND 

CLOVER   SEED. 

From  Jas.    Brebner,   Esq. 
Steward      to      Her      Most 
Gracious        Majesty        the 
Queen,  Nor/oik  Farm. 
Feb.    16. —"Neither    your 
Italian    Rye-grass,     nor   any 
other  Seed  supplied  by  you  for 
the    Royal    Farms,    has    ever 
failed  to  vegetate." 

From].  J.  ^[ECHl,  Esq. 
Tiptree  Hall. 

"Your  Grass  Seeds  are  so 
pure  and  well  selected  that  I 
have  often  spoken  of  them  to 
those  who  required  them." 

From  Thomas  Matheson, 
Esq.,  Poulton  Hall. 
Aug.  17.  —  "The  Per- 
manent Grass  and  Clover 
Seeds  supplied  by  you  have 
grown  so  well,  that  we  are  in 
doubt  whether  to  put  young 
beasts  on  it  this  autumn 
or  not." 

From  Mr.  Henry  Awcock, 
Agent  to  Lady  Geary. 
Oxon  Hoth. 

Feb.  28.—"  The  Grass  Seeds 
you  sent  me  last  year,  for 
7  acres  m  the  middle  of  Oxon 
Hoth  Park,  produced  the  best 
herbage  I  ever  saw." 

From  Mr.  Saml.  P.  Nrw- 
OERV,  Steward  to  the  Earl 
of  Morley. 

March  31.— "  The  Perma- 
nent Grass  Seed  you  sup- 
plied me  with  last  season 
has  produced  a  splendid  piece 
of  pasture." 

From  Hugh  Wvndham, 
Esq.,  Brockhavipton. 
Sept.  7.  —  "  Laying  down 
Permanent  Qj-ass  has  gene- 
rally been  failure  here.  I 
have  this  year,  however,  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  a  capital 
plant  from  your  Seeds." 

From  Mr.  Jas.  Bull,  Bailiff 
to     C     P.     PHrpps.    Esq., 
M.P.,  Chalcot  House. 
March    4.  —  "  Your  Grass 
Seeds,  supplied  the  last  two 
seasons,  have  given  great  satis- 
faction." 

From  Capt.  Robert  L. 
Turner^  Sivanivick. 
Oct.  20.  —  "  The  Perma- 
nent Grass  Seed  sent  in  the 
spring  for  11  acres  has  come 
up  extremely  well.  The  field 
looks  almost  like  an  old 
pasture." 

From  S.  BRmcLAND,  Esq., 
Surrey  County  Asylum. 
"The  appearance  of  the 
Grass  after  cutting  gives  the 
best  evidence  of  the  advantage 
of  using  your  Renovating 
Grass  Seeds.  Our  meadows 
are  the  admiration  of  all  who 
look  at  them." 

From  R.  Bird  Thompson, 
Esq,,  F7-ee  Chase. 
"The  Seeds  for  one  year's 
lay  had  from  Messrs,  Sutton 
turned  out  wonderfully.  The 
mowers  stated  they  had  not 
seen  such  a  crop  for  years,  and 
that  it  was  like  cutting  into 
a  wall." 

From     Mr.    James     Lillv- 
w  H I T  E,  Cheltenham  Cricket 
Ground. 
Oct.    12.  —  "I    can    very 

strongly      recommend      your 

Seeds  for  Lawns  and  Cricket 

Grounds." 

From  Mr.  J.  Alexander, 
tlte  TwickenJiam  Burial 
Board. 

yan.  4.  —  "I  am  quite 
delighted  with  the  sample  of 
Clover  Seed  ;  it  is  the  same 
as  before,  and  the  best  in 
England." 

From  J.  L'EstrangeEwen, 
Esq.,  Tlu  Rookery, 
yitne  33. —  "  I  was  much 
pleased  with  the  Red  Clover 
Seed  you  sent  me  in  the 
spring.  If  every  individual 
seed  had  been  picked  by  hand, 
it  could  scarcely  have  been 
better." 


SUTTON  AND  SONS, 

SEEDSMEN    BY    APPOINTMENT    TO    THE    QUEEN    AND    H.R.H.    THE    PRINCE    OF    WALES, 

BOYAL    BEBK8HIBE    SEED    ESTABLISHMENT,    BEADING.    BEEKS. 

Editorial  Communications  should  be  addressed  to  "  The  Editor ; "  Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "  The  Publisher,"  at  the  Office,  41,  Wellington  Street.  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C. 
Printed  by  William  Richards,  at  the  Office  of  Messrs.  Bradhurv,  Evans.  &  Co.,  Lombard  Street,  Precinct  of  Whitefriars,  City  of  London,  in  the  County  of  Middlesex,  and  Published  by  the  said  WlLLlAM 
RICHARDS,  at  the  Office,  No.  411  Wellmgton  Street,  Parish  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  in  the  said  County.— Saturday,  February  17, 187a. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL   GAZETTE. 


J 


No.  8.— 1872.] 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  24. 


I     Registered  at  the  General    \         PHce  5d. 
!  Post  Office  as  a  Newspaper.  (  f  OST  FREE,    %\d. 


CONTENTS. 


LEADING  ARTICLES,  &'c.— 
Clubs    for    agricultural    la- 

bou  rcrs 263 

Game     Laws     Amendment 

Bill 262 

Grape  exhibition  case  (with 

cut)     352 

Mclcorology  of  the  week  . .  253 
New    garden     frame    (wilh 

cut) ;.  35* 

Principles    of   economy    in 

aKrievilture  361 

Spiny  Elm  of  China 351 

Trees  of  Liberty  in  Paris  ..  251 
Veitch  Memorial  Fund  ....  251 
Weather  forecasts     263 

OUR  LIVE  STOCK— 

Cattle 233 

ORIGINAL  ARTICLES— 

Farming  at  Tiptrce 265 

Ferns     of     Lord     Howe's 

Island    252 

Foroiiiii  Cattle  Market  (wiili 

cut) 26s 

Lyons  exhibition   {with  cut)  253 

New  Forest,  the 266 

Pruninc  Conifers,  &c.  (with 

cms) 254 

Transfer  of  land    203 

Walls,    how    to    make    the 

most  of 253 

HOME  CORRESTONDENCE— 

Calf- fattening 267 

Frogmore   Early   Bigarreau 
Cherry  (with  cut)  253 


HOME  CORRESPONDENCE- 

Fungus  in  trees 256 

J  ustice    to     landlord     and 

tenant    267 

Royal  Horticultural  Society 

at  Birmingham a5S 

Sewage  utilisation    207 

Vanilla        planifoiia        and 

"F.  W.  U." 255 

Vegetables  and  their  cook- 
ing    255 

Violet  Devonicnsis 256 

Wcllingtonia  gigantca  van  .  256 

SOCIETIES— 

Ixworth  Farmers' Club  ....  267 
Manchester    Botanical    and 

Horticultural as^ 

Society  of  Arts   256 

FLORISTS  FLOWERS— 
Gladioli     257 


GARDEN  MEMORANDA— 
Botanic  Garden,  Glasncvin  357 

NOTICES  OF  BOOKS— 
The  Present  Aspect  of  the 
Land  Question    268 

FARM  MEMORANDA— 
Kiosalc,  Oswestry    


2O9 

CALENDAROFOFERA  TIONS 

Farming  operations 270 

Garden  operations    238 

Weather  Tables 358 


Notice  to  Subscribers. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS,    payable    in    advance,    including 
Postage  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom : — 
T^ree  Months    ..  5^.  wXd.  \  Six  Months     .,     lu.  \id. 
Twelve  Months     ..     ^^i  3^.  \od. 
Post   Office   Orders  to  be  made  payable  to  WiLLlAM 
Richards,  at  the  King  Street  Post  Office. 

Publishing  Office,  41,    Wellington  Street,    W.C. 


Notice. 

GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICUL- 
TURAL gazette.— The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready  ; 
price,  in  cloth,  £1  6j.  6J. 

W.  RIC  HARDS,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C, 


Very  Strong  Fruiting  Vines. 

EXCELLENT    strong   Fruiting   Canes    of    BLACK. 
HAMBURGH  and  other  VINES  can  be  supplied  at 
Mr.  WILLIAM  BULL'S  Establishment  for  New  and  Rare  Plants, 
King's  Roai,  Chelsea,  London.  S.W. 

Pines. 

BS.  WILLIAMS  has  now  a  fine  stock  of  splendidly 
•  erown  Plants,  of  all  the  best  kinds,  including  both  suckers  and 
successions  of  the  CHARLOTTE  ROTHSCHILD.  Prices  on 
application. 

Victoria  and  Paradise  Nurseries,  Upper  Holloway,  N. 


Grape  Vines,  Fruiting  and  Planting  Canes, 

53.  EACH. — Lewis  Woodthorpe  begs  to  offer  a  fine 
and   well-grown    STOCK    of    all    the     best    sorts.       Descriptive 
CATALOGUES  free.     Second  sized  BLACK  HAMBURGHS.  31.  bd. 
each.     L.  W.'s  system  of  packing  saves  half  the  cost  of  carriage.      _ 
Monro  Nursery,  Sible  Hedingham,  Essex. 


ROYALTY  STRAWBERRY.— Awarded  a  First-class 
Certificate  by  the  Fruit  Committee  of  the  Royal    Horticultural 
Society,  J  une  29, 1871. 

L  'IROTMAN  can  still  supply  the  above.     Price,  211.  per  100;  4*. 
per  dozen.     In  pots,  6j.  per  dozen. 

Spring  Grove  Nursery,  Isleworth,  W. 


VICTORIA  and  ALBERT  RHUBARB.  16s.  perioo. 
The  noted  Gravescnd  ASPARAGUS,  3-yr.  old,  21.  W.  per  100. 
T.  EVES,  Gravesend  Nurseries. 


ORCHARD-HOUSE    TREES.    Fruiting    in   Pots.— 
Peaches,    Nectarines,    Plums.    Pears,    Apples,    Figs,   Apricots, 
Cherries,  Mulberries,  and  Oranges. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurserj'man  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


CHOICE  ROSES.— The  finest  Stock  of  Tea,  Noisette, 
China,  and  other  Roses  to  select  from,  all  strong  and  healthy,  in 
pots.     Descriptive  Priced  LIST  on  application  to 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant.  Worcester. 


ROSES,   ROSES,  ROSES.— Twelve  choice  Standard, 
and  Twenty-four  choice  Dwarfs,  sent  to  any  address,  on  receipt 
of  post-office  order  for  211. ,  package  included. 

JAMES  WALTERS,  Mount  Radford  Nursery,  Exeter,  Devon. 


Show  Roses. 

A  PRICED  LIST  of  the  best  Hybrid  Perpetual  Show 
ROSES;     also     a     PRICED    LIST    of     choice    Variegated 
GERANIUMS,  post  free,  on  application  to 

ALFRED  FRYER,  The  Nurseries.  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire. 


NEW  ROSES  for  1872,  in  40  best  Varieties,  worked 
in  the  very  best  style.  Extra  strong,  well  furnished  plants  (not 
lo  be  surpassed),  now  ready.  Descriptive  LISTS,  with  raisers' 
names,  on  application. 

HENRY    BENNETT.    Manor    Farm  Nursery,  Stapletord,    near 
Wilton,  Wilts. 


WEBB'S     PRIZE    COB     FILBERTS,     and    other 
PRIZE   COB    NUTS   and  FILBERTS.       LISTS   of  these 
varieties  from  Mr.  WEBB,  Calcot,  Reading. 

EBB'S     NEW     GIANT     POLYANTHUS. 

Florist  Flower,  and  GIANT  COWSLIP  SEEDS  ;  also  Plants 
of  all  the  varieties,  with  Double  PRIMROSES  of  different  colours; 
AURICULAS,  both  Single  and  Double;  with  every  sort  of  Early 
Spring  Flowers.     LIST  on  application.— Mr.  WEBB,  Calcot,  Reading. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  FRUIT  LIST  contains  a 
sketch  of  the  various  forms  of  Trees,  with  Directions  for 
Cultivation,  Soil,  Drainage,  Manure,  Pruning,  Lifting,  Cropping, 
Treatment  under  Glass,  also  their  synonyms,  quality,  size,  form, 
skin,  colour,  flesh,  flavour,  use,  growth,  duration,  season,  price,  fi:c 
Free  by  post  for  one  stamp. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nursery-man  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 

M.    JACKSON  '~AND~~CO. ,     Nurseries.     Bedale, 

Yorkshire  I30  miles  north  of  York),  can  still  supply  APPLE, 
PEAR,  PLUM,  and  CHERRY  TREES,  also  CURRANT  TREES 
in  quantity;  splendid  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  and  FOREST 
TREES,  all  at  very  low  prices.  Buyers  will  please  apply  at  once  for 
samples  and  special  prices  for  this  week. 


THE       PINE-APPLE       NURSERY      COMPANY, 
32,  Maida  Vale.  Edgware   Road.  W. 
JOHN  BESTER,  Manager  of  the  Nursery  and  Seed  Department. 
The  Company  guarantee  to  their  Customers  Punctuality,  Liberality, 
and  Genuine  Articles.     The  favour  of  a  visit  is  earnestly  solicited. 


Choice  New  Seeds,  Gladioli,  &c. 

WILLIAM     CUTBUSH    and    SONS     Descriptive 
Priced  CATALOGUE  contains  every  requisite,  of  the  finest 
quality  only.     Post  free  on  application. 

Highgate  N  urseries,  London,  N. 


JEAN      VERSCHAFFELT'S    Nursery, 
134,  Faubourg  de  Bruxclles,  Ghent,  Belgium. 
CATALOGUES    to    be    had    free,    from    his    Agents, 
Messrs.  R.  SILRERRAD  and  SON,  5,  Harp  Lane,  Great  Tower 
Street,  London,  E.C.  __^^_ 


VEGETABLE      and      FLOWER     SEEDS, 
GLADIOLI  and  ROSES. 
Priced  Descriptive  CATALOGUES  sent  post  free  on  application. 
DRUMMOND    BROTHERS,    Seedsmen,  &c  ,  52,  George  Street, 
Edinburgh^ 


EV  E  RY"        GARDEN         REQUISITE 
KEPT  in  STOCK  at 
CARTER'S  New  Seed  Warehouse,  237  &  238.  High  Holborn,  London. 


To  the  Trade  and  Others. 

BEST    BEDDING    GERANIUMS,    strong   summer 
and  autumn  struck,  from  store  pots,  at  izr.  per  100;  cuttings, 
half-price, 

T.  L.  MAYO,  Floral  Nurseries,  Hereford. 


PELARGONIUMS,       FUCHSIAS,        PETUNIAS. 
VERBENAS,  &c.,  now  ready,  sent  post  free  for  one  stamp. 
GEORGE  POULTON,  Fountain  Nurserj',  Angel  Koad,  Edmonton,  N. 


Felargonlimis  for  the  Million. 

JAMES    HOLDER'S   unrivalled    COLLECTION    of 
FRENCH,  FANCY,  and  SHOW  VARIETIES,  now  ready,  in 
strong  Plants.     CATALOGUES  gratis  on  application. 

HUNT'S   superb   SWEET   WILLIAM,    in   24   varieties,  seed   or 
plants,  as  per  former  Advertisement. 

Crown  Nursery.  Reading. 


British  Fern  Catalogue. 

ROBERT  SIM  will  send  post  free  for  six  postage 
stamps.  Part  I.  (British  Ferns  and  their  varieties,  36  pages, 
including  prices  of  Hardy  Exotic  Ferns)  of  his  Priced  Descriptive 
CATALOGUE  of  BRITISH  and  EXOTIC  FERNS,  No.  7. 

Foot's  Cray  Nursery,  SJdcup  Hill,  Kent. 


WM.  KNIGHT  is  now  sending  out  12  Varieties 
of  the  NEW  FUCHSIAS  of  1871.  selected  as  the  best  of  the 
season,  in  extra  strong  Plants  for  E-xhibition,  for  loj.  6d.  the  set, 
package  included. 

Floral  Nurseries,  Hailsham,  Sussex. 


L ILIUM  AURATUM.— Flowering   roots,    is.    each  ; 
strong  roots,  ts  bd.  each.     Free  by  post  for  extra  id.  stamp. 
W.  G-  CLARKE,  Great  Western  Nurseries.  Wellington,  Somerset. 


ri^RUE  LONDON  PLANE  TREES,  15  feet  high,  and 

-L    straight  as   gun-rods,   a2s.    per   dozen;   also   a  great  variety   of 

STANDARD  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  for  Park  or  Avenue  Planting. 

RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurserymen,  Worcestcr- 


STRONG  Transplanted  LARCH.  2  to  5  feet.     Buyers 
of  the  above  or  other  Trees  will  be  treated  liberally. 
JAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS,  Newton  Nurseries,  Chester- 


QTRONG    THORNS    and    LARCH.— Buyers  of  the 

10  above  will  be  liberally  dealt  with.     For  samples  and  prices  apply  to 
RUSH    AND    YEATS    (late    Chivas   &    Weaver),    Eaton    Koad 
Nurseries,  Chester. 


EVERGREENS,  including  all  the  choicest  and  best, 
and  all  other  Nursery  Stock,  of  all  ages  and  sizes,  and  in  the  best 
possible  condition  for  safe  removal,  being  "  full  of  roots."  the  result  of 
careful  and  regular  transplanting.     Priced  LISTS  post  free, 

JAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS,  "  Newton"  Nurseries,  Chester. 

T"  "6     BE     SOLD,     Cheap,    abom     7o"~CEDR  U S 
DEODARA,  from  10  to   14  feet  high,  well   grown,  and  properly 
rooted  ;  now  standing  on  land  that  must  ne  cleared  by  March  20  next. 
ANTHONY  WATERER,  Knap  Hill.  Woking.  Surrey. 


FOR  SALE,  a  large  quantity  of  2  to  3  feet  SPANISH 
CHESTNUT,  LARCH,  ASH,  and  BIRCH,  stout,  well  rooted, 
transplanted;  also  200,000  Seedling  SPANISH  CHESTNUT. 

Mr.  G.  CHORLEY,  Midhurst,  Sussex.  


LARCH  for  SALE.— A  large  quantity  of  fine  Trans- 
planted Larch,  from  1%  to  3'-<  feet. — For  price  and  samples, 
apply  to        jH.  CARRIER.  Dodington,  Sittingbourne,  Kent. 


LITTLE  AND  BALLANTYNE.  Carlisle,  have  just 
issued  their  SPRING  SOWERS'  GUIDE  for  1872.  containing 
pricesanddescriptionsof  GARDEN  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  FARM 
SEEDS,  &C. ;  copies  of  which  will  be  sent  free  on  application. 


RHODODENDRON     STOCKS     and     CLEMATIS 
ROOTS,  fit  for  immediate  use.  can  be  supplied  by 
Messrs.  CRIPPS  and  SON,  The  Nurseries.  Tunbndge  Wells,  Kent. 


CHARLES  NOBLE  has  some  thousands  of  magnifi- 
cent Hybrid  Seedling  RHODODENDRONS,  ranging  from  i  to 
4  feet.  Such  Plants  are  scarcely  to  be  equalled,  and  the  unprecedented 
prices  at  which  they  are  now  being  sent  out  are  seriously  alarming  the 
Nurser>-  Trade^ Bagshot. _^_^ 


H 


ENRY  ORMSON,  Horticultural  Architect 

Builder,  and  Hot-Water  Apparatus  Manl'facturer, 

Stanley  Bridge,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  S.W. 

Plans,  Specifications,  and  Estimates  on  application. 


w 


ANTED,    l-yr.  Seedling   APPLE    STOCKS. 
State  quantity  and  price. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurser^-man,  Worcester. 


WANTED,  BRUSSELS,  MUSCLE,  BROMPTON, 
CHERRY,   APPLE  and  PEAR  STOCKS,  slrons  and  well 
rooted.    Send  prices  and  quantities  to 

J.  AND  C.  LEE,  Nurseries,  Isleworth,  W. 


PARIS,  I  BUTTONS'  GRASS  SEEDS  for  ALL 
1867.  I  SOILS.  The  PREMIER  PRIX  SILVER  MEDAL 
for  GARDEN  SEEDS,  GRASSES,  and  GRASS  SEEDS,  was 
Awarded  to 

SUTTON    AND    SONS,   Seedsmen,  by  Special    Appointment,  to 
H.M.  the  Queen,  and  H.RH.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Reading.  Herks. 


Improvement  of  Grass  Lands  by  Sowing 

SUTTON'S'     RENOV..\TING     MLXTUKE    of    fine 
GRASSES   and    CLOVERS,   price   to./,    per   lb.,  86j.   per  cwt. 
Carriage  free.     Sow  in  February  ana  March,  6  to  is  lb.  per  acre. 

Royal  Berks  Seed  Establishment,  Reading. 


NEW  GfANT  HYBRID  COW  CLOVER.— A 
great  acquisition.  A  Hybrid  between  Cow  Grass  and  Common 
Red  Clover — will  mow  three  heavy  crops  in  one  year,  and  succeeds  on 
Clover-sick  land.     Price  ar.  6rf.  per  lb.     Cheaper  by  the  cwt. 

S U T TON  and  sons.  Seedsmen  to  the  Queen.  Reading. 


SUTTONS'       CLEAN       CLOVER       SEEDS, 
New  and  Unadulterated,  at  Market  Prices. 
RED.                        I          ALSIKE.                 I       COW   GRASS. 
WHITE.                I         TREFOIL.            |       SUCKLING. 
NEW  GIANT  HYBRID    RED.      |             MALDEN'S  WONDER. 
SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Seed  Merchants.  Reading. 


Turnip  and  Mangel  Wurzel  Seeds— 1871  Crop. 

rOHN  SHARPE  will  on  application  furnish  his  LIST, 

■with  prices,  of  the  principal  SEEDS  he  is  LTawiaR  this  year. 

Bardney  Manor,  Lincoln. — July  6, 

Telegraph  Cucumber. 

PAUL'S  IMPROVED,  or  WOOLLEY'S.- 

Kood  growing  SEED,  211. 
The  Old  Nurseries,  Cheshunt,  N. 


-Per  ounce, 


BELL'S    MARKET    FAVOURITE    CUCUMBER. 
— The  best  and  most  prolific  White  Spine  in  cultivation,    Averaffe 
len^^th  34  in. ;  easy  culture,  line  form,  colour  and  flavour.  Sixseeds,  u.  w. 
JOHN  BELL,  Seedsman,  Exchange  Street,  Norwich. 


BIRDS  KING    of  the    CUCUMBERS,   \s.   6d.  per 
packet.     The  best  for  exhibition. 
BIRD'S    QUEEN    of   the    MEHJNS,    is.    per   packet.     The  best 
grccn-fleshcd  variety.     May  be  had  of  all  the  Seed  Trade,  and  of 

JAMES  BIRD,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  Downham^ 


CARTERS      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS.— Price  12s,  6d.,  21s.,  305.,  421.,  and  O3J.     Packing  BUid 
carriage  free, 

237  and  238,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 


/'BARTER'S      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 

V_y  SEEDS  will  produce  a  constant  supply  of  the  best  vegetables 
all  the  year  round. 

TTaRTER'S      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 

KJ  SEEDS. 

For  Cottage  Gardens,  ]  For  Small  Gardens,  I  For  Medium  Gardens, 

price  I2S.  6d.  I  price  21*.  |       price  30J.  and  42s. 

Packing  and  carriage  free.     Five  per  cent,  for  cash  payment. 

237  and  238,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 


To  tbe  Trade. 

ASPARAGUS     PLANTS,    very    strong    and    good ; 
grown  on  our  own  farms.    Lowest  price  on  application. 
JAMES  CARTER,  DUNNETT,  and  BEALE,  237  and  238,  High 
Holborn,  London,  W.C. 


RICHARD  WALKER  can  supply  the  following  for 
cash:— Best  SEAKALE  for  forcing.  7s.  per  100;  SEAKALE 
for  planling-out,3S.  per  100;  ASPARAGUS,  jj]!  per  1000;  WHITE 
Sl-ANISH  ONION  SEED,  all  new  and  genuine. 

The  Market  Gardens.  Biggleswade,  Bed<;. ___^ 


>OTATOS,    ONIONS,   and    TARRAGON    ROOTS. 

Surplus  stock  to  be  SOLD,  Cheap. 
JOHN  MITCHINSON,  Seed  Merchant,  Tiurn,  Cornwall. 


riTEN    or    TWELVE    SACKS    of    (Pure)    RIVERS' 

X    ASH-TOP  KIDNEYS,  also  some  FORTYKULDS,  for  SALE, 
at  IS.  Sd.  per  stone  ;  in  lots,  3s.  one  sack,  and  upwards. 

Apply  by  letter  to  Mr.   FLETCHER  DANIELL,  Oakham. 


PO TATOS.  at  reduced  prices. — Fifty  Tons  good  sound 
Seed  of  Kidneys,  Early  Ashleaf.  Myatt's  and  Lemon,  Early 
Handswonh,  Golden  UwarfandDalmahoy.  Pricespercwl.  and  ton  very 
moderate  — H.  and  R.  STIRZAKER,  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster. 


r>ED-SKINNED  FLOURBALL  POTATOS,  ^^6  per 
\i  ton,   7s.  per  cwt.  ;    EARLY  ROSE,  £8  per  ton,  lOJ.  per  cwt.  ; 
ARLY  GOODRICH  and  CLIMAX,  12J.  per  cwt. 

ALFRED  C  iCKERILL,  Northampton. 


Seed  Potatos. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  Seed  Merchants,  Slealord,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  SEKU  POTATOS  is 
now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  application. 

EED  POTATOS.— Quantity  of  Myatt's  ASHLEAF, 

EARLY  SHAWS,  DALMAHOVS,  and  SCOTCH  REGENTS 
for  SALE,  at  moderate  prices.  . 

SKINNER,    SKINNER,  AND   SONS.    Commission    Fruit,  Pea, 
and  Potato  Salesmen.  Covcnt  Garden  Market,  W.C. 

MERICAN'^ARLY    ROSE    POTATOS,  /12  per 

ton,  for  Cash  Many  other  varieties,  including  the  lollowing: 
— Ercsee's  Prolific,  Climax,  The  Queen,  Bovinia,  Barron's  Perfection, 
Beaconsheld,  &a     Priced  LIST  on  application  to 

HENRY  MINCHIN,  The  Nurseries,  Hook  Norton,  Oxon. 


To  the  Trade. 

EARLY  SEED  POTATOS.— A  few  Tons  of  the 
following  to  DISPOSE  OF  :— Mona's  Pride.  Milky  White,  and 
Early  Shaw.  Also  a  few  quarters  of  Laxton's  Supreme  PEA.  For 
prices,  &c,  apply  to 

JAMES  MYATT,  Offenham,  Evesham. 

EARLY  WALNUT-TEAVED  OXFORD  ROUND 
POTATOS,— The  roost  valuable  of  all  varieties  for  forcing 
purposes  ;  the  haulm  being  very  short  and  compact,  and  producing 
very  handsome  shaped  tubers  of  excellent  quality  earlier  than  any 
other  sort.  The  Trade  can  be  supplied  with  a  few  of  the  above  at 
2s.  td.  per  peck.         H.  and  F.  SHARPE,  Wisbech. 

Extra  fine  Forcing  and  Planting  Seakale. 

GEORGE   CLARKE  has   many  thousands,  very  fine 
clean   stuff,   this  season,   which   he   begs  to  offer  as   under:— 
Planting   size,  5s.   per   100;    forcing,   10s.,   12s.,   and   some  superfine 
selected" Crowns,  151.  per  100, 
Nurseries:  Brixton  Hill,  London, S.W. ;  and  Mottingham,  Kent, S.E. 


PENZANCE     EARLY    WHITE     CORNISH 
BROCCOLI  —The  undersigned  has  a  few  pounds  of  True  Early 
Penzance  White   BROCCOLI    SEED.      This   invaluable  variety,  if 
sown  early  and  planted  in  a  generous,  warm  soil,  will  produce  fine 
heads  in  February.    Price  i2j.  per  lb.,  or  ^r.  per  doicn  packets,  post  free. 
JOHN  MITCHINSON,  Seed  Merchant,  Truro,  Cornwall. 


246 


The   Gardeners*    Chronicle   and   Ag-rlcultural    Gazette. 


[February  24,  1S72. 


New  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  Plants,  Fruits,  &c. 

P>OBERT  PARKER  begs  to  announce  that  his  NEW 
t  CATALOGUE,  containini,'  select  Descriptive  and  Priced  Lists 
of  Agricultural,  Flower,  and  Veectable  Seeds,  Fruit  Trees,  Miscel- 
laneous Plants,  Sweet  Violets,  fitc.,  is  now  published,  and  will  be 
forwarded  to  applicants. 

The  stocks  of  seeds  have  all  been  procured  from  the  best  possible 
sources :  all  arc  warranted  genuine,  and  are  offered  at  the  lowest  pos- 
sible prices.     Intending  purchasers   are  requested    to   compare    the 
prices  with  those  of  other  houses. 
Exotic  Nursery,  Tooting,  Surrey,  S.W\ 

LUium  auratum. 

The  ANNUAL  IMPORTATIONS  having  just  arrived  from  Japan, 

MR.  WILLIAM  BULL  can  supply  good  BULRS, 
by  the  dozen,  hundred,  or  thousand.  The  Bulbs  are  remark- 
ably sound  and  good  this  season,  and  can  be  supplied  at  very  low 
prices. 

Establishment  for  New  and  Rare  Plants,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
London,  S.W.  ^ 

Every  One  Possessing  a  Garden  should       \  1 

APPLY  for  V 

DICK        RADCLYFFE  AND      CO.'S    J 

SPRING    CATALOGUE    of  SEEDS  A 

AND  I  ill 

GARDEN    REQUISITES,  ^  ' 

gratis  and  post  free. 
129,  High  Holborn,  W.C. 

Seed  Grounds,  Erfurt,  Prussia. 

A  Coloured  Plate  of 

CLEMATIS     LORD    LONDESBOROUGH    for    12 
Stamps ;  and  fine  plants  of  this  magnificent  Seedling  can  now  be 
had  as  under  : — 

CLEMATIS    LORD    LONDESBOROUGH,   now    offered    for   the 

first  time.     (First-Class  Certificate.  Royal  Horticultural  Society, 

May,  1870,) — Deep  rich  mauve,  witfi  delicate  maroon  stripe  down 

the  centre  of  each  petal,  snmetimcs  blotched  at  the  base  of  the 

■   petal  instead  of  the  stripe,  large  and  very  hne,  chocolate-coloured 

stamens,     los.  6d.  each,  strong  plants. 
The  three  Seedlings  sent  out    last  year  maintain  their  enviauli; 
POSITION. 

ALBERT   VICTOR  ) 

LADY  LONDESBOROUGH    ^  3s.  &f.  and  5s.  each. 

MISS    BATEMAN  J 

CHARLES   NOBLE,  Bagshot. 

r:i  ERMAN      FLOWER      SEEDS,    in     the    original 

V.T  Imported  Packets.  s.  d. 

ASTERS,  Pa:ony-flowered  Perfection,  12  colours,  100  seeds  each    2    o 

„    Victoria,  very  fine.  13  colours,  too  seeds  each  ..         .,         ..26 

„    Shakesnere,  dwarf,  fine,  10  colours,  100  seeds  each    ..         ..20 

„     Globe-llowered,  8  colours,  too  seeds  each  ..         ,,         ..20 

STOCKS,  line  German  dwarf,  12  colours,  100  seeds  each  . .         ..20 

BALSAMS,  Camellia-flowered,  10  colours,  50  seeds  each  ..         ..20 

LARKSPURS,  Hyacinth-flowered,  12  colours  20 

Double  German  WALLFLOWERS,  8  colours,  too  seeds  each   ..26 
MARIGOLD,  double  orange  and  double  yellow  African  . .         ..06 

„     Miniature  striped  French,  fine        06 

,,     Miniature  brown  French,  fine        06 

,,     Fine  striped  French 06 

Cliveden  PANSIES,  dark  blue,  light  blue,  white,  yellow,  black.,  o    6 
AMARANTHUS  SALICIFOLIUS,  beautiful  forpot  culture  ..   i     6 

Choice  CALCEOLARIA,  in  packets 26 

Choice  PRIMULA,  in  packets 26 

Choice  CINERARIA, in  packets 16 

And   all  other   choice   FLOWER  SEEDS,  from    the   best  sources, 
post  free. 

HENRY  MAY,  The  Hope  Nurseries,  near  Bedale,  Yorkshire. 

NEW    AND    GENUINE    SEEDS, 

CARRIAGE   FREE. 


B.  S.  WILLIAMS, 

NURSERYMAN  and  SEED  MERCHANT, 

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES, 

UPPER  HOLLOWAY,  LONDON,  N. 


COMPLETE  COLLECTIONS  of  KITCHEN  GAR- 
DEN SEEDS,  to  suit  Gardens  of  various  sizes, 
21J.,  42.V.,  63J.,  and  84J.  each. 

NEW  and  CHOICE  VEGETABLE  SEEDS. 

Per  packet— 5.  d. 

Williams' Alexandra  BROCCOLI         16 

Williams"  Improved  Dwarf  BRUSSELS  SPROUTS        ,.         ..10 

Williams' Early  Nonsuch  CABBAGE 10 

Williams' Matchless  Red  CELERY 10 

Veitch's  Autumn  Giant  CAULIFLOWER 26 

Telegraph  CUCUMBER  (Woolley's  Improved) 16 

Turner's  Blue  Gown  CUCUMBER 26 

Williams' Gloria  Mundi  ENDIVE        16 

Bamell's  Alexandra  White  Cos  LETTUCE 16 

Williams' Victoria  Cos  LETTUCE 10 

Webb's    Climax    MELON,  the    finest  flavoured  ffreen-fleshed 

variety  out            16 

Williams'  Paradise  Gem  MELON,  scarlet-fleshed,  the  earliest  in 

cultivation            j    q 

Williams'   Emperor  of  the   Marrows   PEA,   a  white    wTinkled 

variety,   very  prolific,  and  of  exquisite  flavour,  the   finest 

wrmkled  marrow  Pea  in  cultivation          ..         ..per  quart..  5    o 

Barley's  Defiance  TOMATO,  the  earliest  in  cultivation,  per  pkt.  i    6 

NEW  and  CHOICE  FLOWER  SEEDS. 

,,,,„.        ,  ,  .       „  r*er  packet— 5.  d. 

Williams'  superb  strain  of  PRIMULA,  Red,  White,  or  Mixed 
,,,.„.        ,  ,  "■  6ii.,  2S.  (id.,  31.  dd..  and    5    o 

Williams' superb  strain  of  BALSAM ij  &i  and    z    6 

NeiU's  extra  choice  strain  of  CALCEOLARIA 

Weathcnll's  extra  choice  strain  of  CINERARIA 

,„.     ...            .                                 IJ.  (i<i^.,2j.  6rf.,  3s.  6</.,  and  <  o 

Wiggin's  prize  strain  of  CYCLAMEN..           is.  6<i.,  2s.  6<i.,  and  1  6 

WiBKin'spriie  strain  of  POLYANTHUS       ..         ..           11!  and  I  6 

GLOXINIA,  finest  erect  varieties        10 

GLOXINIA,  finest  drooping  varieties "10 

AGERATUM,  Imperial  bwarf  ..         ..        '           .  ,  % 

AMARANTHUS  SALICIFOLIUS    ..         ..               IS  M  and  2  6 

CENTAUREA  CLEMENTEI..            ,                          IS.  txl.  and  2  6 

COLLINSIA  VIOLACEA          ..                               J  „ 

DELPHINIUM  NUDICAULE          ..         ..         ,  I 

PRIMULA  JAPONICA,  in  six  beautiful  varictiei'        .'.'each  3  6 

„       »J                     »»                 mixed          .,         ..         ..  a  6 

East  Lothian  STOCKS,  per  collection  of  three  colours    ..        .!  2  6 

V.Ix,       '-'^'^^^'^''^>  I^"chantrcss zs  &i  and  1  fi 

ZINNIA  HAAGEANA.lloreplcno     .!         ..         ..    "'   _  ■  ='™    \    ° 

sppiilalljfn'  '""*"■'""'    CATALOGUE  is  now  ready, 'post' free  on 

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES, 
Upper  Holloway,  London,  N. 


32,   Maida    Vale,   Edgware  Road,  W. 

THE    PINE-APPLE    NURSERY 

(one  of  the  Oldest  Nurseries  extant) 

IS    NOW    CONDUCTED    BY   A    COMPANY,    WHO    ARE 
PREPARED    TO 

WAEEANT    GENUINE 

EVERY   ARTICLE   SUPPLIED   TO  THEIR    CUSTOMERS. 
THEIR  STOCK  AND  RESOURCES  ARE  ALMOST 

INEXHAUSTIBLE; 

AND 

THEIR    MOTTO   IS   "LIBERALITY." 

Ple.ise  WTite  fortheir  ROSE  and  FRUIT  TREE  CATALOGUE,  andalso  for  their  SEED   CATALOGUE, 

just  published. 


Address,  JOHN  BESTER  (Manager), 
PINE-APPLE     NURSERY,      MAIDA     VALE,      LONDON,     W. 


Richard   Smith, 

NURSERYMAN  AND  SEED  MERCHANT. 


WORCESTER. 


ROSES-Stardard,  Dwarf  and  Cliinbing. 
FRUIT  TREES  of  every  description. 
CREEPERS,  for  Trelhses  and  Walls. 
FOREST,  SCREEN,  and  TIMBER  TREES. 
SHRUBS  for  GAME  COVERTS. 
QUICK  and  other  STOCK  for  HEDGES. 


CONIFEROUS  TREES  and  SHRUBS. 

EVERGREEN 

FLOWERING 

ORNAMENTAL      „ 

AVENUE 

GARDEN  and  FARM  SEEDS  of  all  kinds. 


DESCRIPTIVE  PRICED  CATALOGUES  to  be  had  on  application. 


NEW    BEDDING    PLANT    FOR    1872, 

GNAPHALIUM   LANATUM,  fol.  eleg.  var. 

This  remarkably  fine  variegated  form  of  a  most  popular  bedding  plant  originated  at  the  'country  seat  of 
Mr.  Edm.  de  Ghellinck  de  Walle,  the  Honourable  President  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  of  Ghent,  who  has 
kindly  passed  the  entire  stock  into  the  hands  of  JEAN  VERSCHAFFELT  for  distribution.  The  leaves  of  this 
beautiful  plant  are  of  the  usual  greyish  white,  as  in  the  type,  but  are  largely  margined  with  golden-yellow  ;  some  are 
also  striped  with  yellow.  The  general  appearance  of  the  plant  is  really  fine.  It  has  been  tried  in  open  borders  for 
two  years  (1870  and  1871),  and  has  excited  the  admiration  of  all  who  have  seen  it. 

JEAN  VERSCHAFFELT  has  much  pleasure  in  announcing  this  fine  Novelty  to  the  Horticultural  world ;  it 
will  tie  sent  out  in  March  next.  Orders  are  being  booked  now,  and  will  be  sent  out  in  strict  rotation  at  the  under- 
mentioned low  prices,  viz.  : — Extra  strong  plants,  8j.  each  ;  good  plants,  4J.  each,  28J.  per  dozen,  48J.  for  25,  and 
160J.  per  100.  These  prices  are  applicable  only  to  the  quantities  mentioned.  Early  orders  are  respectfully 
solicited  by 

JEAN  VERSCHAFFELT, 
THE  NURSERIES,  134,  FAUBOURG  DE   BRUXELLES,  GHENT,  BELGIUM. 


PREMIER  HORTICULTURAL  PRIZE  AND  TWO  GOLD  MEDALS 

FROM    INTERNATIONAL    EXHIBITION,  1871. 

William  Paul 

RESPECTFULLY     SOLICITS     ORDERS     FOR     HIS 

COLLECTION    OF    ROSES, 

The    largest,     cheapest,     and    best    stock    in    the    country. 

VEGETABLE    AND    FLQ-WEB    SEEDS 

Of  the  most  select  and  itnproved  races,  many  of  which  have  been  worked  up  under  his  own  eye  and  liand  ; 
the  carriage  of  which  may  be  deducted  from  the  account. 

PRXJIT    TREES, 

Standards  and  Dwarfs,  Trained  and  Untrained  ;    also  many  thousands  of  handsome  Fruiting 
Pyramids,  well  set  with  flower-buds, 

GRAPE    VINES. 

A  large  Collection,  including  all  the  newest  sorts,  in  excellent  condition  of  root  and  fop. 

EVERGREENS  and  FLOWERING  TREES  and  SHRDBS. 

Many  acres  in  splendid  condition  for  removal,  well  .worthy  of  inspection  by  any  gentleman  planting. 


Carriage  of  all  Goods  Free  to  Londoi\.       Priced  Catalogues  Free  by  Post. 
PAUL'S  NURSERIES  and  SEED  WAREHOUSE,  WALTHAM  CROSS,  LONDON,  N. 


February  24,  1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   A,^ricultural    Gazette. 


247 


Poreat  Trees,  Shrubs,  &c. 

MARTIN  AND  SON,  Seed  Growers,  Merchants, 
and  NURSFKYMES,  CotlmKham,  and  7,  Market   Place,  Hull, 
respectfully  offer  as  under  : — 

2,ooo  Dcutzias,  2  lo  p  feet 
200,000  Laurels,  1  to  2,^  feet 
3,000  Lilacs.  3  to  4  feet 
S.ooo  Phillyrea,  i  to  3  feet 
aoo,ooo  Privet,  i}4  to  2  feet 
5,000  Lif^ustrum  japonica,  I  to 
3  feet 
20,000  H,  P.  and  other  Roses, 

Htronp 
100,000  Enslish  Yews,  i  to  2^  ft. 
10,000  Irish  Yews,  2  to  g  feet 

1,000  Cr>'ptomeriaeIeg3ns,fine 
20,000  Cupressus   Lawsoniana, 

3  to  5  feet 
S,ooo  Chinese  Juniper,  I  to  git 
S,ooo  Thuja  gigantea,  i  to  5  ft 
2,000  Pinus  Cembra,  2  to  3  ft, 
5,000  Juniper,  excelsa  striata, 

fine 
3,000  Gold-leaf  I\'j',  fine 
2,000  Standard  Pears,  6oj.  per 
100  [Plums 

8.000  Exir.T    strong    standard 
5,000  Maiden  Cherries 


2,000,000  Larch,  i  to  i]i,  and  2  to 
2!4  feet 
10,000  Alder,  3  to  12  feet 
200,000  Ash,  2  to  3,  and  6  feet 
10,000  Purple    Pccch,    2,  3,  4, 
and  5  feet 
100,000  Elms,  3,  4-  Si  3"d  6  ^^^^ 
150,000  Oaks,  2,  3.  and  4  feet 
150,000  Austrian  Pine,  i  to  2  ft. 
150,000  Svcamores,  2, 3,  and  4  ft. 
s,ooo,ooo  Quick  Thorns,  2  to  3  ft. 
10,000  Arbor-vita:,    2,    3,   4,  5, 

and  6  feet 
30,ooo  Auciibas,  fine,  all  sizes 
20,000  Mahonia,  stronc 
10,000  Uerberis   japonica,   1  to 

2  leet 
10,000  Tree  Box,  i  to  a  feet 
5,000  Thujopsis  borealis,  i  to 

6  feet 
5,000  Biota  ele£;antissima,  fine 
1,000  ,,  semperaurescens,  fine 
4,000  Clematis,  of  kiiids 
1,000  Lapageria  rosea 


The  following  Seeds  are  of  fine  sample,  and  may  be  obtained  cheap  :— 

PEAS.— Pritctaker,  Flack's  Imperial,  Hairs',  Eugf-nic,  Napoleon, 
Veitch's,  Yorkshire  Hero,  Champion  of  England,  Prince  and  Princess 
of  Wales,  Ringleader. 

SCARLET  RUNNERS,  ALTON  CARROT,  Long  Scarlet 
RADISH.  MIGNONETTE,  DRUMHEAD  LETTUCE,  TRIPOLI 
ONION,  &c.   MYATT-S  KIDNEY  POTATOS.  ^T?  per  ton. 

Special  offers  and  CATALOGUES  given  on  application  for  Trees  or 
Seeds.  ^_^__^___^__^_^_^_„ 


W^'IRGO  AND  SON.  Wonersh  Nurseries,  near 
•  Guildford,  Surrey,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  Noble- 
men, Gentlemen,  Nurserymen,  and  Others,  to  the  under-mentioned 
stock,  the  whole  of  which  is  particularly  strong  and  healthy,  and  in 
excellent  condition  for  removal : — 

Standard  and  Half-Standard  ROSES,  upwards  of  300  varieties; 
Standard,  Pyramid,  and  Dwarf  APPLES, extra  fine ;  ditto  PEARS; 
ditto  PLUMS:  GOOSEBERRIES;  Black,  Red,  and  White 
CURRANTS;  FILBERTS, extrafine. 

EVERGREENS. 


Common  Laurel,  2  to  4  feet. 
Portugal  Laurel,  2  to  4  feet. 
Green  and  Variegated  Box,  2  to 
Green  Holly,  2  to  3  feet.     [4  feet. 
Yew,  2  to  4  feet. 
Siberian  and  Chinese  Arbor-vitiC, 

3  to  4  feet, 
Pinus  austriaca,  2  to  5  feet, 

ORNAMENTAL  TREES. 


Spruce  Fir,  2  to  6  feet,  fine  and 

bushy, 
Berbcris  aquifoHa,  i  to  li  font. 
American  Arbor-vita?,  for  hedges, 

3  to  6  feet. 
Evergreen  Privet,  2  to  3  feet,  fine. 
Cupressus  Lawsoniana,3  104  feel. 


Spanish     and     Horse    Chestnut, 

6  to  8  feet. 
Wych  Elm,  6  to  8  feet. 
Double,       Scarlet,     White      and 

Paul's  New  Thorn,  6  to  8  feet. 
Black  Italian  Poplar,  6  to  8  feet 
Turkey,  English  and  Scarlet  Oak. 


Hornbeam,  Laburnum,  Lime, 
Norway  Maple,  Lonibardy, 
Ontario,  White  or  Abele, 
Balsam,  &c. 

Sycamore,  Sumach,  Acacia.Weep- 
ing  Willow  and  Birch,  6  to 
8  feet. 


Transplanted  FOREST  TREES,  for  Covert  and  Copse  Planting. 


Scotch   Fir, 

2'.4  to  3i4  ^eet. 
Hazel,  2  to  3  feet. 
English  Oak,  ^'A  to  3  feet. 


foot,    and 


Alder,  3  to  5  feet. 
Beech,  2  to  3  feet. 
Horse  Chestiuit,  3  tog  feet. 
Spruce  Fir,  2  to  3  feet. 
Sycamore,  3  to  4  feet, 

10,000  clean-grown  CRAB  STOCKS. 

Priced  CATALOGUE  and  samples  on  application. 

The  Nurseries  are  I'j  mile  from  Eramley  Station,  London,  Brighton, 

and  South  Coast  Railway  ;  2'^   miles   from  Shalford   Station,  South- 

Eastern    Railway;  and  4  miles  from  Guildford  Station,  London  and 

South-Weslern  Railway.     Goods  delivered  free  to  the  above  stations. 


Special  Offer  of  Seed  of  the  Handsome  Flowering 

NEW  BEGONIA. 


BEGONIA  CARMINATA,  an  elegant  tuberous-rooted 
Hybrid  of  the  "  boliviensis  "  group.  The  leaves  are  stained  with 
a  coppery  brown  tint  between  the  veins,  while  the  llowers  arc  large,  of 
a  pretty  delicate  salmony  hue  tinged  with  rose,  the  males  having  four 
oblong  segments  upwards  of  an  inch  long,  and  the  females  five  petals 
of  smaller  size.  Tlie  Plants  come  into  1' lower  while  quite  dwarf,  and 
continue  blooming  in  the  most  profuse  manner.     $s.  per  packet. 

Mr.  WILLIAM  BULL,  Establishment  for  New  and  Rare  Plants, 
King's  Road,  Chelsea,  London,  S,W. 


s 


UTTONS'      CHOICE       FLOWER 

Free  by  post  or  rail. 


SEEDS. 


BETTERIDGE'S  PRIZE  QUILLED  ASTER. —This  is  one  of 
the  finest  strains  of  t^uillcd  Aster  in  cultivation;  andwherovcr  flowers 
have  been  exhibited,  I  hey  have  invariably  taken  First  Prizes. 
12  vars,,  separate,  5s.;  6  do.  do.,  2S.  6d.  The  same  in  mixture, 
per  packet,  is.  6d. 

SUTTONS'  COMPLETE  COLLECTIONS  of  FLOWER  SEEDS, 
to  produce  a  continuous  and  beautiful  display  during  the  entire 
summer  and  autumn. 

No.  I  Collection,  free  by  post  or  rail ^^a    2    o 

No,  2  Collection,  free  by  post  or  rail        i  1 1    6 

No.  3  Collection,  free  by  post  or  rail i     i    o 

No.  4  Collection,  free  by  post  or  rail      ..         . .         . .       o  15    o 

No.  5  Collection,  free  by  post  or  rail o  10    6 

Smaller  Collections,  as.  6d.  to  71.  (nt. 
To  those  who  prefer  making  their  own  selections,  at  very  moderate 
prices,  full  particulars  of  choice  Vegetable  and  Flower  Seeds  will  be 
found  in  SUTTONS'  SPRING  C.VTALOGUE  and  AM.-VTEUR'S 
GUIDE  for  1872,  price  is.,  gratis  to  customers.  Also  SUTTONS' 
ABRIDGED  CATALOGUE  for  1872,  gratis,  and  post  free  on 
application. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Seedsmen  by  appointment  to  the  Queen  and 
Prince  of  Wales,  Reading, 


Nursery  Stock  of  Superior  Quality. 

T>AUL  AND  SONS.  The  Old  Nurseries,  Chesbunt,  N.7 

J-       are   large   holders   of  the   fullowing   several   articles,  of  usual 
quality;— 

ROSES.— Leading  kinds,    their  selection!  Good  Standards,   ajf  to 
4  feet,  18s.  to  24J.  per  dozen;  Dwarfs,  on  own  roots  or  Manctti, 

^      75^-  to  iCs  per  100. 

Seventy  First  Frizes  were  awarded  to  Pal'i.  &  Sons  for  Roses  durini 
the  past  year,  including  what  may  be  termed  the  "  Blue  Riband 
of  the  Rose  Shows,  Rev.  Mr.  Hole's  Cup  at  Nottingham. 


'S 


FRUIT  TREES  for  ORCHARDS.-Fine  6  feet  stemmed,  good- 
headed  Standards,  181,  per  dozen,  £6  per  100. 

PEARS  and  APPLES.— Sorts,  as  Tibbett's  Incomparable  Gooseberry 
Apple,  King  of  Pippins,  Sturmer  Pippin,  amongst  Apples  ;  Williams' 
Bon  Chretien,  Beurrfe  Capiaumont,  Marie  Louise,  Louise  Bonne, 
amongst  Pears,  in  large  quantities. 

Standard  Victoria  PLU^fS,  6  feet  stems,  fine  heads,  fruiting  trees, 
241,  per  dozen  ;  3-yr.  trees,  i8s.  per  dozen. 

Standard  MEDLARS,  extra  fine,  on  Thorn,  241,  per  dozen. 

WALNUTS,  grand  trees,  301.  per  dozen. 


VINES  for  Planting,  very  good,  361.  per  dozen. 

AMERICAN   PLANTS. 
RHODODENDRON   PONTICUM,  for  cover,  very  bushy,  i  foot, 

30s.  per  100  ;  ij^  to  2  feet,  50J.  per  100 ;  named  sorts,  good  bushy 

plants,  30^.  to  .J2S.  per  dozen. 
KALMIA  LATil-OHA,  nice  bushy  plants,  i  to  1^  foot,  501.  per  100. 


ORNAMENTAL  TREES.— Collections  of  50  or  100  varieties,  Varie- 
gated, Flowering  or  Weeping  trees,  from  £j  101.  per  100, 


ORNAMENTAL  DECIDUOUS  .SHRUBS,  sos.  to  75J.  per  100. 


CONIFERS. 
Collection  of  100  varieties,  ^lo  W  i^20  per  100,  according  to  sire. 


EVERGREENS,    of    all     sizes,    in    large    quantities,    LAURELS,  . 

YEWS,  &c. 

Priced  Descriptive  LISTS  of  above  post  free  on  application. 

PAUL  AND  SON,  The  Old  Nurseries,  Cheshunt,  N. 


FIVE  HUNDRED  THOUSAND  LARCH,  li  to  2, 
2  to  2!^,  2j^  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
200,000  SCOTCH  FIR,  15  to  2J  inches,  thrice  transplanted. 
200,000  SPRUCE  FIR,  2  to  2;^,  ^14  to  3,  and  3  103?^  feet. 
300,000  OAK,  English,  ij^  to  2^4,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  0  feet. 
100,000  HAZEL,  15  to  24  inches,  and  2  to  3  feet. 
200,000  SYCAMORE,  2'4  to  3.  3  to  4,  4  to  6,  and  6  to  8  feet. 
200,000  THORNS,  3,  4,  and  g-yr.  transplanted. 
100,000  ELM,  Wych,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet. 
100,000  ASH,  Common  and  Mountain,  2  to  3,3  to  4,  and  5  to  7  feet, 
20,000  (.>AK,  Turkey,  2  to  3,  310  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  7  feet. 
50,000  BIRCH,  iM  to  2,  2  to  3,  4';  to  6,  and  6  to  8  feet. 
30,000  AUSTRIAN  PINE,  i  to  2,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
10,000  YEW,  English,  i  to  ij^,  i',4  to  2,  and  4  to  7  feet. 
50,000  ALDER,  1  to  2,  2  to  3,  and  3  to  5  feet. 
10,000  ELM,  English,  grafted,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet, 
ao.ooo  SILVER  FIR,  i  to  iJi,  and  1%  to  2  feet. 
40,000  BEECH,  2J5  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
30,000  PRIVET,  Evergreen,  I'A  to  2,  and  2  to  3  feet. 
We  also   hold   a  large    general   Stock   of  all   other  FOREST    and 
ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  &c.,  which  will  be  offered  at  very  moderate 
prices.     CATALOGUES  on  application. 

H.  AND  R.  STIRZAKER,  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster. 


TELEGRAPH     CUCUMBER     (Rollisson's    variety, 
true). — The  best  variety  of  Telegraph  Cucumber  prown.  and  thf. 
best  all-the-year-round  Cucumber  extant 


irue). — The  best  variety  of  Telegraph  Cucumber  grown,  and  the 
LJ..J1.  all-the-year-round  Cucumber  extant ;  guaranteed  the  pure  stock. 
small  packet,  is.  ;  larger,  is.  6d.  each. 


imaii  pacKci,  is.  ;  i^iyci,  is.  uu.  tii-ii. 

FORTYFOLD  CUCUMBER  (Cucumis  Anguria),  the   new  hardy 
ridge  Gherkin  :  the  best  known  for  pickling.  Per  packet,  6d.  and  is. 

W.  G.  CLARKE,  Great  Western  Nurseries,  Wellington,  Somerset. 


B.     S.     AVILLIAMS, 

VICTORIA  AND   PARADISE   NURSERY,   UPPER   HOLLOWAY,    LONDON,   N„ 

Respectfully  invites  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  about  to  furnish  their  Conservatories,  Greenhouses,  Stoves,  and  Orchid  Houses,  to  an  inspection  of  his  Stock  of  Magnificent 

Specimens,  that  are  unequalled  in  this  country,  consisting  of 

THE    CHOICEST   AND    HAEEST    EXOTICS, 
TREE  FERNS,    DRAC/ENAS,    PALMS,    CAMELLIAS,   AZALEAS,   AGAVES,   YUCCAS,    CYCADS,    BEAUCARNEAS,   ARALIAS, 

AND  ALL  KINDS  OF  FLOWERING,  STOVE,  AND  GREENHOUSE  PLANTS. 

Besides  the  LARGE  CONSERVATORY,  which  is  at  all  times  of  the  year  worth  a  visit,  there  are  numerous  Houses,  consisting  of  ORCHID  HOUSES,  PALM  STOVES, 
NEW  HOLLAND  HOUSES,   FERN  HOUSES,  AZALEA  HOUSES,  &c.,  replete  with  Plants  which,  by  the  interest  and  instruction  they  will  afford,  will  well  repay  a  \-isit. 

The  COLLECTION  of  MEXICAN  PLANTS  at  this  Nursery  is  of  unrivalled  excellence. 

All  New  Plants  that  are  worthy  of  notice  are  to  be  seen  here.  The  houses  have  all  been  erected  to  suit  the  requirements  of  the  Plants,  which  is  one  of  the  surest  reads  to 
success  in  their  cultivation. 

Should  Purchasers  require  Selections  or  Collections  of  Plants,  they  may  depend  upon  having  them  put  up  with  judgment.  In  such  cases  it  is  advisable  to  supply  a  List  of 
the  kinds  already  possessed.  PRICED    CATALOGUES    POST    FREE    TO    ALL    APPLICANTS. 

SEED     DEPARTMENT. 

GENUINE   SEEDS,     CARRIAGE   PAID   AND   FREE    BY   POST. 
Complete  Collections  of  Kitchen  Garden  Seeds,  for  One  Year's  Supply,  to  suit  Large  and  Small  Gardens,  at  the  following  prices  : 

IDs.  6d.,    21s.,    43s.,    63s.,    84s.    each. 

B.  S.  WILLIAMS  devotes  special  and  particular  attention  to  this  branch  of  his  business,  and  can  strongly  recommend  all  seeds  of!*ered  by  him  as  being  grown  from  the 
most  carefully  selected  and  genuine  Stock,  all  true  to  name,  and  of  the  finest  possible  quality. 

His  choice  strain  of  Flower  Seeds,  such  as  PRIMULA,  CINERARIA,  CALCEOLARIA,  &c,,  are  unequalled  ;  they  are  grown  especially  for  him  by  persons  who  stand  in 
the  first  position  as  cultivators  of  the  respective  kinds. 

The  CATALOGUE,  published  in  January,  which  can  be  had  Post  Free  on  application,  will  be  found  to  contain  Lists  of  the  latest  really  useful  Novelties  in  Flower  and 
Vegetable  Seeds  ;  also  a  detailed  compendium  of  all  previously  known  kinds.  VINES,  FRUIT  TREES,  SHRUBS,  &c. 

LANDSCAPE    AND     SUB-TROPICAL     GARDENING. 

Estimates,  Plans,  and  Advice  given  for  the  Laying-out  of  Parks,  Pleasure  Grounds,  &c.  ;  also  for  Erecting  Greenhouses,  Conservatories,  and  the  Construction  of 

Rockwork  and  Ferneries, 


pHOICE 


Pos/  8va,  cloth,  price  ;.?.,  or  Free  by  Post,  t,s,  5^.  each, 
HORTICULTURAL    WORKS    BY    B.   S.  WILLIAMS,  F.R.H.S.,    RECENTLY 

Mr.  Williams'  skill  as  a  plant  cultivator  is  well  and  widely  known." — Journal  of  HorticuUun 

O ELECT 


PUBLISHED. 


STOVE    and    GREENHOUSE     FLOWERING 

Coloured  Frontispiece  and  Plans  of  Houses. 


PLANTS,     with 


FERNS    and    LYCOPODS,     BRITISH    and    EXOTIC,    copiously 

Illustrated  with  Engravings  on  Wood. 
Just  publislied.  Fourth  Edition, 

THE  ORCHID-GROWERS'MANUAL,  enlarged,  revised,  andillustrafed.containing 
„_  ___       descriptionsofupwardsofaoospecicsandvarietieaofOrchidaceouspIantsprovedtobewonhgrowing. 

Published  and  Sold  at  Victoria  and  Paradise  Nursery,   Upper  Hollcavay,  N, 


r\  HOICE  STOVE  and  GREENHOUSE  ORNAMENTAL-LEAVED  PLANTS, 


248 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


[February  24,  1872. 


Young  Palms,  Cheap. 

"Palms  for  the  million  is  no  idle  word  here."—"  D.,  Deal,"  in 
Gardentri'  Chronicle,  p.  1393,  Oct.  28,  1871. 

JEAN  VERSCHAFFELT  has  much  pleasure  in 
offering;  tlie  following  first-rate  PALM  sorts,  that  can  be  obtained 
from  his  Establishment  in  large  quantities  at  the  undermentioned  low 
prices,  viz.  : — 

CORYPHA  AUSTRALIS,  in  store  pots,  48J.  per  100,  /20  per  1000. 
ARECA  RUBRA,  in  single  pots,  20s.  per  25. 
„        SAPIDA,  in  store  pots,  24J.  per  dozen. 
„        VERSCHAFFELTI,  in  store  pots,  401,  per  dozen. 
CHAM.-EROPS  EXCELSA,  m  single  pots,  48s.  per  100,  £20  per  1000. 

FORTUNEI,  48J,  per  100,  ho  per  1000. 
COCOS  MAXIMILIANA,  60s.  per  dozen,  Z^  per  25. 
JUB-^'A  SPECTABILIS,  i6s.  per  dozen,  tt  per  100. 
LATANIA  EORBONlCA,6oJ,  per  100. 
PANDANUS  UTILIS,  125,  per  dozen,  201.  per  25,  64 J.  per  100. 

„               VANDERiMEERSCHI,  32s.  per  dozen. 
PHCENIX  RECLINATA   (true),  i-yr.   Seedlings,  in   store  pots,  Soi. 
per  100. 
The  above  are  all  most  useful  lor  Table  Decoration,  and  those  in 
store  pots  can  be  sent  at  very  little  expense,  as  they  will  easily  travel 
without  pois,  and  by  shaking  ofi  the  larger  part  of  the  soil  a  large 
number  may  be  packed  in  a  comparatively  small  package,  and  sent  per 
Continental  Parcels  Express.     Early  orders  solicited,  to  be  directed  to 
JEAN    VERSCHAFFELT,   134,    Faubourg  de   Bruxelles,    Ghent, 
Belgium. 


rriHE  TRUSTEES  of  the  Business  recently  carried  on 

J-  by  Messrs.  Chivas  &  \Vea\  er  beg  to  intimate  that  they  have 
DISPOSED  OF  the  entire  STOCK-IN-TRADE,  consisting  of 
IMPLEMENTS,  SEEDS,  &c.,  to  Messrs.  JAMES  DICKSON  and 
SONS,  of  No.  102,  Eastgate  Street,  and  the  "Newton"  Nurseries, 
Chester,  who  have  taken  the  Premises  No.  108,  Eastgate  Street  ;  also 
the  adjoining  Implement  Warehouse  underneath  the  Chester  Corn 
Exchange,  and  to  whom  the  Trustees  have  much  pleasure  in  referrint; 
the  Friends  and  Customers  of  the  above-mentioned  Business. 


JAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS  beg  to  direct  attention 
to  the  above  notice,  and  to  say  that  Purchasers  of  AGRICUL- 
TURAL IMPLEMENTS  and  MACHINERY  will  have  every 
information  and  facility  of  selection  afforded,  and  be  most  liberally 
treated  at  the  Corn  E.\change  Implement  Warehouse. 
Pricod  LISTS  and  all  information  furnished  post  free. 
102  and  id8,  Eastgate  Slret,  and  "Newton"  Nurseries,  Chester, 
also  Corn  E.xchange  implement  Warehouse,  Chester. — Feb.  i. 

Agricultural  Seeds. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  Seed  Merchants,  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  HOME-GROWN 
AGRICULTURAL  SEEDS  is  now  ready  and  will  be  forwarded, 
post  free,  upon  ai>plication. 


Established  1793. 


JOHN 
Growe 


K.  KING,    Seed 

_        w ^R,    Coggeshall,     Essex, 

will  be  happy  to  supply  his  unrivalled 
Hardy  Prize  Stocks  of  MANGEL 
WURZEL,  SWEDES,  and  other 
TURNIP  SEEDS  (carefully  selected 
from  large  roots),  at  moderate  prices. 

Large  Purchasers  supplied  at 
special  moderate  prices, 

FARM  SEED  LISTS  post  free. 

Carriage  paid  on  orders  of  soi.  and 
upwards.  Five  per  cent,  discount 
for  cash. 


Notice  to  Large  Purchasers  of  Farm  Seeds. 


CARRIAGE  FREE. 


CARRIAGE  FREE. 


MESSRS.  SUTTON  have  now  completed  their  stocks 
of  FARM  SEEDS,  and  will  be  pleased  to  make  special  quota- 
tions to  large  purchasers  on  application  stating  sons  and  quantities 
required. 

Messrs.     Suttons'    FARMERS'    YEAR    BOOK,    Illustrated,    is 
now  ready,  price  6rf.  ;  gratis  to  Customers. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Seedsmen  to  the  Queen,  Reading. 


New  American  Seed  Fotatos. 

SUTTON     AND     SONS    strongly     recoinmend     the 
following    NEW    AMERICAN    VARIETIES,    as    being    well 
■worthy  of  cultivation  ■ 


Bresec's  King  of  the  Earlics 
Bresee's  Peerless 
Bresee's  Prolific 
Bresee's  Climax 


Early  Rose 

Early  Goodrich 
Late  Rose 
Hundredfold  Fluke 


Lowest  price  per  bushel,  sack,  or  ton,  on  application. 
Royal  Berks  Seed  Establishment,  Reading. 

The  New  American  Potatos. 

TO  THE  TRADE. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Merchants, 
Sleaford,  can  offer  the  following  varieties  of  POTATOS,  fresh 
imported  Seed.     Price  on  application. 

NEW  AMERICAN  LATE  ROSE 

EARLY  ROSE 

EARLY  GOODRICH 

EARLY  SOVEREIGN 

BRESEE'S  PROLIFIC 

BRESEE'S  KINGof  thcEARLIES 

BRESEE'S  PEERLESS 

BRESEE'S  CLIMAX 
PEACH  BLOW. 

Seed  Potato. 

EORGE    SIBBALD,    Fruit    and    Vegetable 

Grower,  27.  Wellgate,  and  Drumgeith  by  Dundee,  has  for 
SALE  a  LARGE  STOCK  of  the  above,  including  American  Early 
Rose,  Wheeler's  Milky  White,  Queen  of  Flukes,  Prince  of  Wales, 
Baron's  Perfection,  Myatt's  Ashleaf,  Rivers'  Royal  Ashleaf,  Rintoul's 
Striped  Don,  Rintoul's  White  Don,  Oxford  Early,  Daintree's  Early, 
Dalmahoy  Early,  Palerson's  Victoria,  Paterson's  Improved  Regent, 
&c.  Also  his  NEW  POTATO,  Eclipse,  which  he  can  confidently 
recommend  as  the  best  in  cultivation,  and  when  known  will  supersede 
all  others  either  for  garden  or  field  planting  ;  very  white  inside,  dry, 
and  extra  fine  flavour;  about  10  days  later  than  FortyfoJd,  a  much 
heavier  cropper,  and  will  keep  until  new  Potatos  come  into  the  market. 
G.  S.  has  many  testimonials  in  their  favour.  Price  per  peck  of  14  lb., 
3J.,  or  per  bush,  of  56  lb,,  los. 


G 


CABBAGE        PLANTS,       CABBAGE       PLANTS, 
strong,  healthy,  vigorous. 
1,000,000  Robinson's  Drumhead,  at  31.  per  1000. 
500,000  Early  Ballcrsea,  Enfield  Market,  and   Little   Pixie,  at  3J,  6(:/. 

per  1000. 
100,000  Red  Pickling  Drumhead,  <;i.  per  1000. 
Sutton's  Red-skinned  Flourball  POTATO,  at  6j.  pcrbuslid. 
Paterson's  Bovinia,  or  Cattle-feeder  POTATO,  at  61.  per  bushel. 
Samples  on  application. 
Remittances  to  accompany  Orders  from  unknown  Correspondents. 
W.  VIRGO  AND  SON,  Woncrsh  Nurse ry.  near  Guildford,  Surrey. 

THE  WARDIE  VARIEGATED  KALE.— We~beg 
to  offer  the  above  (seed  direct  from  Miss  Hope),  which  is  by  far 
the  finest  strain,  and  invaluable  for  Winter  G.irdening.  The  colours 
are  beautifully  bright  and  distinct,  and  may  be  had  separately  or  in 
mixed  packets,  post  free,  as  follows  ; — 


Per  packet — s.  d. 


Per  packet— J.  d. 


Purple 16     White  ..  _ 

,,  cut-leaved  . .  ..16  ,,  cut-lcavcd  ..  ..  16 
Cabbage-hearted,        purple  Mixed  packet  of  all  ..         ..26 

and  while     . .         . .         ..16 

Priced  LISTS  of  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS  post  free 
on  application. 

JAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS,  "Newton"  Nurseries,  and 
102,  Eastgate  Street,  Chester. 


J. 


C.    WHEELER     &    SON, 

SEED  GROWERS, 

GLOUCESTER,    and    59,     MARK    LANE,     LONDON, 

Offer  the  following  packets,  post  free  :  — 

Per  packet. — s.  d. 
Wheelers'  Cocoa-Nut  CABBAGE.,     i    c 

,,     Kingsholm  Cos  LETTUCE.,     i     c 

.,     Tom  Thumb  LETTUCE       ..of 

„  CroquetGRASSSEED,sample 
sufficient  for  trial  on  a  small 
Lawn  or  Croquet  Ground    . .     i    c 

„  LITTLEBOOKfori872,each  o  ( 
Paterson's  Superb  MELON..  ..  i  c 
Sweet  Spanish  CAPSICUM. .  ..  o  £ 
Collection  of  12  choice  varieties  of 

sweet-scented  FLOWER  SEEDS  4  t 
Or    with     an     extra     quantity    of 

Mignonette  ..  .,  ..  .-St 
Wheelers'   Gloucestershire    Kidney 

POTATOS  ..  ..  per  bushel  10  i 
Ashmead's       Kernel      APPLE 

(Pyramids)        each     2    t 

Brockworlh        Park        PEARS 

(Maidens)         each     7    ( 


Seeds  Direct  from  the  Growers 

The  BEST  MEANS  of  PREVENTING  DISAPPOINTMENT. 


s 


UTTONS'    /3  y.    COLLECTION    of   GARDEN 

SEEDS,  for  a  Lar^e  Garden,  carriage  free. 


SUTTONS'    £2  2j.    COLLECTION   of    GARDEN 
SEEDS,  f^  a  Medium-sized  Garden,  carriage  free. 


s 


UTTONS'  £1   IS.    COLLECTION  of  GARDEN 

SEEDS,  for  a  Small  Garden,  carri.iRe  free. 


s 


UTTONS'  12S.   ed.    COLLECTION  of  GARDEN 

SEEDS,  for  a  Small  Garden. 


J.    C.    WHEELER    AND    SON,    Seed    Growers, 
Gloucester,  and  59,  Mark  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


SUTTONS'  COLLECTION    of  GARDEN  SEEDS, 
for  One  Whole  Year's  Supply.     Complete  particulars  forwarded 
Gratis  on  application  to 

SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Seedsmen  by  Special  Appointment  to  the 
Queen  and  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Reading,  Berks. 

ICHARD   WALKER  has  to  offer  the  following  for 

cash:  — The  real  American  Red-skinned  Flourball  POTATO, 
lOJ.  per  cwt.;  always  free  from  bli):;ht,  the  heaviest  cropper  in  England. 
Richard  Walker  was  the  first  man  who  introduced  it  mto  the  Trade, 
which  all  in  the  Trade  know.  Early  American  Goodrich,  14J.  per  cwt.  ; 
Peach  Blow  POTATO,  just  arrived  from  the  United  States,  41.  per 
peck  ;  Variegated  Golden  Gem,  21,  6d.  per  peck. 

The  Market  Gaidcns,  Biggleswade,  Beds, 


YEITCH'S  ATJTUII  GIAIT  CAULirLOWEE. 


James  Veitch  c^^  Sons 

Desire  to  call  attention  to  this  extremely  valuable  CAULIFLOWER,  which  is  without  doubt  the  FINEST  in 
CULTIVATION.  If  sown  in  April  and  May  it  will  succeed  the  Walcheren,  and  coming  in  between  that  variety  and 
Snow's  (Winter  Broccoli,  is  a  great  acquisition  to  all  gardens.  Numerous  Testimonials  in  favour  of  this  grand 
Cauliflower  appeared  in  the  leading  Horticultural  Papers  during  the  autumns  of  1870  and  1871,  and  we  cannot  too 
strongly  recommend  it.  It  was  awarded  a  First-class  Certificate  by  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society,  November  2, 
1870,  and  again  a  Special  Certificate  in  1871.     Per  packet,  2s.  6d, 


ILLUSTRATED   PRICED  CATALOGUES  of  VEGETABLE  and  TLOWER  SEEDS 

Forwarded  Post  Free  on  application. 


ROYAL      EXOTIC     NURSERY,      KING'S     ROAD,     CHELSEA,     S.W. 


SEED    POTATOS. 

H.   &    R  Sharpe'S 

WHOLESALE    LIST    OE    SEED    POTATOS 

COMPRISES,    AMONGST  OTHERS,    THE   FOLLOWING   FINE  VARIETIES,    VIZ.  :— 


EARLY  SANDRINGHAM  KIDNEY,  First  Early 
MONA'S  PRIDE  KIDNEY 
AMERICAN  EARLY  ROSE 
OLD  ASHLEAF  KIDNEY 
WALNUT-LEAVED  KIDNEY 
RIVERS'  ROYAL  ASHLEAF  KIDNEY 
MYATT'S  PROLIFIC  KIDNEY 
DAINTREE'S  EARLIEST  ROUND 


AMERICAN  EARLY  GOODRICH 

EARLY  DALMAHOY  ROUND 

EARLY  OXFORD  ROUND 

DRUMMOND'S  EARLY  PROLIFIC  ROUND 

EARLY  FLOUNDER,  very  prolific 

PATERSON'S  VICTORIA,  True 

FLUKE  KIDNEY 

RED-SKINNED  FLOURBALL,  True 


The  above  varieties  have  been  carefully  selected,  and  the  quality  is  excellent, 
and  other  particulars,  apply  to 


For  prices  (which  are  very  low), 
H.  AND  F.  SHARPE,  SEED  GROWING  ESTABLISHMENT,  WISBECH,  CAMBS. 


KITCHEN     GARDEN     SEEDS, 


CARRIAGE  FREE. 


A  Complete  Collection  for  a  large  Garden         63s. 

A  Complete  Collection  for  a  medium-sized  Garden  . .        . .  4Ss. 

A  Complete  Collection  for  a  Small  Garden        21s. 

None  but  the  most  approved  sorts  of  Vegetables  are  included  in  the  above  Collections.  For  sorts,  see 
SEED  LIST,  Free  on  application. 


The  GUINEA  COLLECTION  of  KITCHEN   GARDEN 

Is  composed  of  the  following  most  approved 


PEAS— Dillistone's  Earliest,  i  quart 

Suttons'  Early  Champion,  i  quart 

Champion  oT  England,  i  quart 

Vcitcn's  Perfection,  i  quart 

Payne's  Conqueror,  i  pint 

Advancer,  i  pint 

Blue  Scimitar,  i  pint 
BEANS— Johnson's  Wonderful,  i  quart 

Broad  Windsor,  i  quart 

French  Robin's  Err,  i  pint 

Scarlet  Runners,  i  pint 
BEET— St.  Osyth,  i  oz. 
BORECOLE,  or  KALE— Asparagus,  i  pkt. 

Hearting,  i  packet 

Cottagers',  i  packet 
BRUSSELS  SPROUTS—Fincst,  i  packet 
BROCCOLI— Adams'  Early,  i  packet 

Snow's  Winter  White,  i  packet 

Purple  Sprouting,  i  packet 

Walcheren,  i  packet 


BROCCOLI— Dwarf  Late  White,  i  packet 
CABBAGF.-Early  Nonpareil,  i  packet 

Enheld  Market,  i  packet 

Worcester  Incomparable,  i  packet 

Red  Pickling,  i  packet 
CARROT— Early  Horn,  i  oi. 

James'  Intermediate,  i  oi. 

Improved  Altringham,  i  oz. 
CAULIFLOWER- Early  London, i  packet 
CELERY— Matchless  Red,  i  packet 

Cole's  Crystal  While,  i  packet 
CRESS— Broad-leaved,  *  oz. 

Curled.  3  oz. 

Australian,  I  oz. 
CUCUMBER— Smith's  Frame,  i  packet 

Stockwctod,  I  packet 
ENDIVE— Moss  Curled,  i  packet 
LEEK— Musselburgh,  i  packet 
LETTUCE— Paris  White  Cos,  i  packet 

Paris  Green  Cos,  i  packet 


SEEDS,   Carriage  Free, 

kinds  :— 

LETTUCE— Worcester  Cabbage,  i  paicfeot 
MUSTARD— 4  oz, 

MELON— Hannam's  Hybrid,  i  packet 
ONION— White  Spanish,  i  o^ 

James'  Keeping,  i  oi. 
PARSLEY— Myall's  Garnishing,  i  paclftft 
PARSNII'— Improved  Hollow  Lrown,  i  o*. 
RADISH— Long  Scarlet,  2  oz. 

Red  Turnip,  a  oz. 

White  Turnip,  2  oz. 

Olive  Shaped,  a  oz. 
SAVOY— C.recn  Curled,  i  packet 
SPINACH— Round,  4  oz. 

Prickly,  4  oz. 
TURNIP— Early  Snowball,  1  ot. 

American  Rcdlop,  i  oz. 
TOMATO-Red,  i  packet 
VEGETABLE  MARROW,  i  packet 
POT  HERBS,  4  packets 


BICHAED    SMITH, 

SEED     MERCHANT    AND     NURSERYMAN,    WORCESTER. 


February  24,  1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


As^ricultural 


Gazette. 


249 


LEICESTER    SEEDS 

ARE  OBTAINING  A  GREAT  REPUTATION  IN  ALL  TARTS 
OF  THE  COUNTRY. 

DESCRIPTIVE  AND  PRICED  CATALOGUE 
now  ready,  Post  Free,  on  application  to 

HARRISON    &    SONS, 

ROYAL  MIDLAND  SEED  WAREHOUSE, 

LEICESTER. 

ESTABLISHED  1764. 


Useful  Collections  of  GARDEN  SEEDS,  from  los.  Sd. 
each  to  £$,  Carri>age  Free. 

Upwards  of  looo   varieties    of    FLOWER    SEEDS, 
comprising  the  n^ost  ornamental  kinds. 

Collections  from  2s.  6d.  to  £2  21. 


HARRISON'S  IMPROVED  FARM   SEEDS, 

Of  their  own  growing,  warranted  as  pure  as  harvested 
from  the  field,  and  cleaned  with  great  care. 

HARRISON'S  NORMANTON  GLOBE  MANGEL 
has  again  proved  its  superiority  over  all  other  kinds. 
Per  lb.,  IS.  4^/.  ;  cheaper  by  the  cwt. 

HARRISON'S  DEFIANCE  PURPLE-TOP  SWEDE. 
A  new  variety,  and  a  great  improvement.  Per  lb., 
IS.  ;  cheaper  by  the  bushel. 

Read  our  Customers"  opinions  in  SEED  CATALOGUE, 
now  ready. 


Permanent  Pasture  Grasses, 

TO  SUIT  ALL  SOILS. 

HARRISON'S   MIXTURES   of  GRASSES  are  made 
with  great    care,    and   the  praise  we   have   received 
assure  us  of  their  success  in  almost  every  case. 
Price  and  particulars  on  application. 


BIPHOSPHATED  PERUVIAN  GUANO 
(registered  Trade  Mark,  "  Flyinp  Albatross"),  is  now  ready  for 
delivery  in  quantity  and  in  fine  condition.  Tlie  best  fertiliser  j-ct 
produced.  Its  base  is  Peruvian  Government  Guano.  It  contains 
21  per  cent,  of  Soluble  Fhosphntes,  6  per  cent,  of  Ammonia,  witli  Salts 
of  I'otash.  See  Reports  of  Dr.  Vnelcker,  Dr.  Anderson,  Professor 
Way.  Mr.  Ojjston,  Mr.  Sibson,  Delivered  in  2  cwt.  bays,  each  of 
which  is  secured  by  a  leaden  seal  bearing  the  Company's  Trade 
Mark.  The  analysis  is  guaranteed  so  long  as  the  seals  remain 
unbroken, 

lUl'HOSPHATED  GUANO  COMPANY,  so,  Bllliter  Street.  E.C. 


ODAMS'S  NITKO-PHOSPHATE,  or  BLOOD  MANURE, 

for  CORN  CROPS. 
ODAMS'S  NITRO-PHOSPHATE,  or  BLOOD  MANURE, 

for  ROOTS  and  GREEN  CROPS  GENERALLY. 
ODAMS'S  DISSOLVED  BONES. 
ODAMS'S  SUPERPHOSPHATE  of  LIME. 
ODAMS'S  NITRO-BIPHOSPHATE(or  Prepared)  GUANO. 
ODAMS'S  SPECIAL  BARLEY  MANURE. 
ODAMS'S  SPECIAL  MANGEL  MANURE. 
ODAMS'S  TOP-DRESSING  MANURE. 


MANLTACTl'RED 


PATENT      N  I  T  R  O  -  P  H  O  S  P  H  A  T  E, 
OR 

BLOO'J      MANURE    .COMPANY     (LIMITED), 

Consisting  of 
TENANT  FARMERS  occupying  upwards  of  80,000  acres  of  Land. 
Chief  Office— log,  Fcnchurch  Street,  London,  E.G. 
Western  Counties  Branch— Queen  Street,  Exeter. 
Irish  Br.\nch — 40,  Westmoreland  Street,  Dublin. 
Directors. 
Chairman — Robert  Leeds,  Castlcacre,  Norfolk. 
Dfputy-C hairtnan— }o\\n  Collins,  255,  Camden  Road,  N.W. 
Edward  Bell,  48,  Marine  Parade,  Brighton. 
Richard  Hum,  Stanstead  Abbot,  Herts. 
Robert  Leeds,  Wicken  House,  Brandon,  Norfolk. 
George  Savill,  Ingthorpe,  near  Stamford. 
Charles  Dorman,  23,  Essex  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 
Thomas  Webb,  Hildersham,  Cambridtjcshirc, 
fonas  Webb,  Melton  Ross,  Lincolnshire. 
"C.  J.  Lacy,  60.  West  Smithficid,  E.C. 
J.  C.  Jonas,  Cambridge. 
Herbert  Bird,  Shortacrcs,  Peterborough. 

Managing  Dir£cU>y.—]a.uiGs  Odams. 
Several  Hundred  Thousand  Tons  of  the  Manures  have  been  supplied 
to  the  Agricultural  Public,  and  the  increasing  demand  that  exists  for 
them  is  the  best  proof  of  the  appreciation  in  which  they  are  held. 
Particulars  will  be  forwarded  on  application  to  the  Secretary,  or  may 
be  had  of  the  local  agents.  C.  T.  MACADAM,  Secretary. 
Chief  Olfices,  109.  Fenchurch  Street,  London.  E.G. 


Orders  above  £i  Carriage  Free. 

Trade  prices.  Sec,  on  application. 


HARRISON  AND  SONS,  Seed  Growers, 

LEICESTER. 

LAWES'S  MANURES  for  GRASS  LAND  should 
be  applied  during  the  months  of  February  and  March.  Nitrate 
of  Soda  supplied  ex  Ship  or  from  Stocks  at  Docks  at  London,  Liver- 
pool, and  other  ports,  at  lowest  market  prices. 

JOHN    BENNET   LAWES,  59,  Mark  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

Branch    Offices :— Market    Street,    Shrewsbnry ;    22,    lidcn    Quay, 
Dublin ;     Womanby    Street,    Cardiff;     Cumberland    Road,    Bristol ; 
63,  Constitution  Street,  Leith ;  and  34,  Market  Street,  Aberbeen. 
LAWES'S   PATENT   TURNIP   MANURE. 
LAWES'S   DISSOLVED    BONES. 
LAWES'S   SUPERPHOSPHATE  of  LIME. 

LAWES'S   WHEAT.  BARLEY,  GRASS  andMANGEL  MANURE. 
LAWES'S   CONCENTRATED   CORN   and   GRASS   MANURE. 

These  Manures  can  be  obtained  at  any  of  the  above  addresses  or 
through  any  of  the  appointed  Agents  throughout  the  United  Kingdom. 

PERUVIAN  GUANO,  NITRATE  of  SODA,  SULPHATE  of 
AMMONIA,  and  other  CHEMICAL  MANURES;  AMERICAN 
and  other  CAKES,  at  market  prices. 


Caro  Guano. 


i^HEAPEST  ANIMAL  GUANO,  rich  in  Soluble 
^^  Phosphates  and  Nitrogenous  Organic  Matter.  See  Chemical 
Reports  and  Testimonials  of  Results,  especially  for  Grain  and  Root 
Crops,  (or  which  it  has  been  found  to  be  superior  to  Peruvian. 
Samples  and  Circulars  on  application. 

MOCKFORD  AND  CO.,  Eilliter  Street,  London,  E.C. 


TOBACCO    CLOTH    and    PAPER.— The    cheapest 
and  best  article  for  Smoking  Greenhouses  and  Destroying  the  Fly. 
Price  II.  4if-  per  lb.  ;  over  10  lb.,  is.  id.     Tobacco  Paper,  is.  per  lb.  ; 
jC4  4J.  per  cwt.     Post-office  Orders  payable  at  Fleet  Street,  E.C. 
JOSEPH  BAKER,  14,  Nelson  Square,  Blackfriars  Road,  S.E. 


To  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 

The  OLDEST  ESTABLISHED  WAREHOUSE    in  LONDON   for 
GENUINE  ROLLED  TOBACCO-PAPER,  CLOTH,  or  CORD,  is 

H       PERK  INS,     16,    Cambridge    Circus,     Hackney 
•   Road,  N.E.,  who  has  a  large  STOCK  of  the  best  quality  on 
hand  for  the  ensuing  season. 

Orders  by  Post  promptly  attended  to. 


THE  SANITARY  IMPROVEMENT  and 
MANURE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  LIMITED, 
beg  to  call  the  attention  of  Farmers,  Market  Gardeners,  and  others 
to  their  NATURAL  MANURE. 

This  Manure,  manufactured  from  the  pure  human  excreta  (collected 
on  Goux's  Patent  Closet  System),  mixed  with  the  best  fertilising 
absorbents,  is  suitable  for  every  kind  of  Crops,  and,  being  remarkably 
rich  in  organic  matter  and  humus,  transmits  its  fertilising  properties 
to  the  plant  in  the  most  soluble  and  advantageous  form  possible. 

It  is  delivered  in  bags  in  a  dry  portable  condition  at  a  much  less 
cost  than  Guano  or  Artificial  Manure,  and  has  been  proved  fully  equal 
to  them.  , 

Prices  delivered  at  the  Works,  Halifax  :— 

Taken  from  the  heap,  not  screened       per  ton  £:i    o    o 

Screened  and  bagged  (exclusive  ofbags)         . .         . .  ,,         3  10    o 

At  Alderbhot,  North  Camp  ;— 

Taken  from  the  heaps         •>         200 

Screened  and  bagged  (exclusive  of  bags)        2  10    o 

In  bricks,  much  drier  ,        300 

Orders  to  be  addressed  to  the  MANAGER,  Lynchford  Koad, 
Aldershot.  North  Camp,  or  the  MANAGER,  29,  Northgalc,  Halifax. 
London  Office,  2,  Westminster  Chambers.  S.W. 


'■PHE     LONDON     MANURE     COMPANY 

.X.  (Established  1840), 

Have  now  ready  for  delivery,  in  line  dry  condition— 
PURE  DISSOLVED   BONES.  ,  ,     „  ,     ^       t. 

CONCENTRATED  AMMONIACAL  MANURE.forTop-Dressing 
PURSER'S  BONE  TURNIP  MANURE. 
SUPERPHOSPHATE  of  LIME. 
NITROPHOSPHATE 

MANGEL,  HOP,  and  POTATO  MANURES.     Also 
PERUVIAN    GUANO   (as  imported   by   Messrs.  Thomson,   Ronar, 
&  Co  )    NITRATE  of  SODA,  SULPHATE  of  AMMONIA,  &c 
lib,  Fcnchurch  Street.  EDWARD  PURSER,  Secretary. 


Free  to  London  ;  Five  Casks  and  upwards  to  any  Station  in  England, 
or  ig  per  Cent.  Discount, 

EPPS'S  SELECTED  PEAT.— Patronised  by  the 
leading  Horticulturists  and  Amateurs  in  the  three  kingdoms. 
Sec  testimoniaJs.  Packed  in  4-bushel  barrels,  8?  each,  inclusive ; 
selected  for  Orchids,  os.     Special   offers  for  Truck-loads  for  general 

purposes.     TermSvcash.  

PEAT,  SAND,  and  LOAM  STORES,  Lewisham,  S.E. 

Tne  Cheapest  and  Best  Insecticide. 

POOLEYS       TOBACCO       POWDER. 
Of  all  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 

ARNXRD;"  BISHOP.      AND      BARNARDS' 

PATENT     NOISLESS     LAWN     MOWERS, 
with  jointed  handles  suitable  for  Shipping. 


B 


G 


TOBACCO  TISSUE,  for  FUMIGATING  GREEN- 
HOUSES.—Will  destroy  Thrip,  Red  Spider,  Green  and  Black 
Fly,  and  Mealy  Bug,  and  bums  without  the  assistance  of  blowing, 
and  is  entirely  free  from  paper  or  rags.  Price  3*.  M.  per  lb.,  carriage 
free.     A  reduction  in  price  for  large  quantities. 

To  be  had  of  Messrs.  ROBERTS  and  SONS,  Tobacco  Manufac- 
turers, 112,  SL  John  Street,  Clerkenwell,  E.C.,  of  whom  Copies  of 
Testimonials  may  be  obtained  ;  and  of  all  Seedsmen  and  Nurserymen. 

I   S    H    U    R  S   T 

COMPOUND. 

Used  by  many  of  the  leading 
Gardeners  since  1859,  against 
Red  Spider,  Mildew,  Tnrips, 
Green  Fly,  and  other  Blight,  in 
solutions  of  from  i  to  2  ounces 
to  the  gallon  of  soft  water,  and 
ot  from  4  to  16  ounces  as  a 
Winter  Dressing  for  Vines  and 
FruitTrees.  Has  outlived  many 
preparations  intended  to  super- 
sede it. 

Sold  Retail  by  Seedsmen,  ir, 
boxes.  It.,  31.,  and  ioj.  6d. 


Indestructible  Terra-Cotta  Plant  Markers. 

MAW  AND  CO.'S  PATENT.— Prices,  Printed 
Pallcrns,  and  Specimens  sent  post  free  on  application;  also 
Patterns  of  Ornamental  Tile  Pavements  for  Conservatories,  Entrance 
Halls.  &C.         MAW  and  CO.,  Benthall  Works,  Broseley. 


NSERVATOR 


Red 

'  gpider. 


Magni- 
fied. 


Wholesale  by 

PRICE'S   PATENT 

CANDLE      COMPANY 

(Limited)i 

Eattersea,  London,  S.W. 


The  Miniature  Lawn  Mower,  cuts  6  inches £23 

Do.  do,  do.  cuts  8  inches 2  10 

Suitable  for  the  very  smallest  grass  plots  or  edgings ;  can  be 
worked  with  ease  by  a  child. 
To  cut  10  inches.     This  can  be  worked  by  a  Lady     . .         -  ■     il3    5 

To  cut  12  inches.     Suitable  for  One  Person 4   10 

This,  and  all  larger  sizes,  have  the  drum  or  roller  divided  into 
two  parts,  for  the  convenience  of  turning. 
To  cut  14  inches.     Suitable  for  One  Person C$    ^ 

The  i6-in.,  and  all  larger  sizes,  have  a  driving-wheel  on  each  side 
ot  the  Machine,  which  gives  great  steadiness  to  the  working. 

To  cut  16  inches.     Suitable  for  One  Person       £0    o    o 

To  cut  18  inches.     Suitable  for  Man  and  Boy 6  10    o 

To  cut  2o  inches.     Suitable  for  Man  and  Boy 700 

i'o  cut  22  mchcs.     Suitable  for  Two  Men 7  10    o 

To  cut  22  inches.     Suitable  for  Donkey 800 

To  cut  34  inches.     Suitable  for  Pony         900 

To  cut  27  inches.     Suitable  for  Pony         lo  10    o 

To  cut  30  inches.     Suitable  for  Pony        12    o    0 

Improved  Strong  Lawn  Mower,  with  Gear  Wheels,  suitable  for  a 

Pony,  with  new  Side-tip  Deliverj'. 

To  cut  27  inches  .  ■  £13    0    o  j  To  cut  30  inches  .-£1^    o    o 

Improved  extra-strong  Lawn  Mower,  with  Gear  Wheels,  suitable  for  a 

Horse,  with  new  Side-tip  Delivery,  and  Shafts  and  Scat  for  Driver. 
To  cut  36  inches,  ;£24   |    To  cut  42  inches,  ils?   |    To  cut  48  inches, /30 

Having  a  very  large  stock  of^  all  si?,es,  orders  can  be  executed  on 
receipt.— Packed  and  delivered  (carriage  free)  lo  the  principal  Railway 
Stations  in  England. 

BARNARD,  BISHOP,  akd  BARNARDS,  Norfolk  Iron  Works, 
Norwich. 


BASKETS* 

Strained  Wire  Espalier 
Trainers,  for  all  kinds  of 
l-'ruit  Trees, &c, ;  Garden 
Fencing,  Rabbit  proof; 
Trellis  Wire  Work,  lor 
Gardens  and  Consor- 
vatories  ;  Wire  Work 
Covered  Ways,  for  Gar- 
dens, Pleasure  Grounds, 
&c.  ;  Wire  Work  Rose 
Fences,  Roserica,  Ar- 
bours, Summer  Houses, 
&c.  :  Wire  Work  Vase 
Baskets  ;  Suspending 
Baskets  for  Conserva- 
tories; Wire  Work  Flower 
Stands  for  Conserva- 
tories ;  Aviaries  for  Con- 
servatories, Pheasan- 
tries,  &c. 

Conservatories  fitted 
up  with  Trellis  Work, 
Flower  Stands,  Baskets, 
Wires,  &c 

All  kinds  of  Wire 
Work  made  to  order. 

R.  H  O  L  L  I  D  A  V, 
Ilorticullural  and  Klmiil 
Wire  Works,  2,\,  I'liTin- 
bcllo  Terrace,  .NoMh  g 
Hill  Gate.  London,  W, 
Illustrated  Catalog  I  I'S  of 
the  above  on  ar>ij'i<'"'''''n. 


By  Royal  Letters  Patent. 


'HE 


SIDNEY     SEED 

SOWER. 

For  all  sorts  and  sUes  oi  Vegetable 
and  Flower  Seeds. 

2f.  &d.   and  s*-   each. 


Messrs.     POLLARD,     JEPHSON, 
AND  CO.,  Bcir  Garden,  Southwark. 

Messrs.     CARTER,    DUNNETT. 
AND  BEALE,  Holborn. 

Messrs.     SUTTON     and     SONS, 
Reading. 

Sold  by  all  Seedsmen  and  Ironmongers.     The  Trade  supplied  by  all 
Wholesale  Dealers. 


s 


E  C  A  T  E  U  R  S, 


or    FRENCH    PRUNING 

SCISSORS, 

As  recommended 
in  llie  Gardeiien' 
Chroiiiilc,  Dec.  2, 
1871. 

Mr.  Knight, 
Floors  Castle,  writes 
us  : — 

"  I  use  this  ^6ccL- 
teur  in  preference  to 
all  others,  and  have 
done  so  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  ;  and 
until  I  see  some- 
thing better  and 
more  efticient,  shall 
continue  to  do  so." 


Price,  post  free, 
js.  6d.  each. 


STUART  AND  MEIN, 
Seedsmen  to  the  Queen,  Kelso,  N.B. 


Horticultural  and  Window  Glass  Warehouses. 

JAMES    MILES,    6,    High  Street,   and  12  and 
1"^,  Elosson  Street,  Shoreditch,  London,  E. 
CONSERVATORY  and  ORCHARD-HOUSE  GLASS. 

Gcniiitie   IVklte  Lead,   Oils,   Colours,  Brushes,  5fc. 
GARDEN  ENGINES.  PUMPS,  SYRINGES,  INDIA-RUBBER 
HOSE,  TAPS.  CONNECTIONS,  &c. 

Prices  upon  application. 


JAMES        PHILLIPS       and        CO. 
beg   to   submit  their  prices  as   follows  : — 
GLASS  for  ORCHARD  HOUSES, 
As  supplied  by  them  to   Mr.  Rivers,   to   the   Royal   Horticultural 
Society,  and  to  most  of  the  Nobility,  Clergy,  and  Gentlemen  of  the 
United  Kingdom. 

Each  Box  contains  100  feet.     The  prices  only  apply  to  the  sizes  stated. 
SQUARES  20  by  12,  20  by  13,  20  by  14,  ao  by  15,  ao  by  16,  ao  by  18. 
16  oz.  to  the  foot.  21  01. 

Fourth  quality  ..         ..     it,s.od 20s.  od. 

Third  quality iSs.  od aii-  od. 

Seconds  20s.  od sas.  od. 

English 22J.  od. 301.  od. 

The  above  prices  include  the  boxes,  which  are  not  returnable. 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS. 

Stock  sizes,  i6-oz.,  in  100  feet  boxes,  boxes  included. 

These  prices  only  apply  to  the  sizes  stated. 


II  by  9  12  by  9  13  by  9  14  by    , 

13  by  10. 13  by  10  14  by  10  15  by  10 
I3byii;i4  by  ii|       ..       |       .. 

14  by  12  15  by  12,15  P^  "  '"  ?*'  ^ 


14  by  12' 15  by  12;  15  by  11  16  by  ir  ■» 
18  by  12  ig  by  12  10  by  12  17  by  12  I 
16  by  13  17  by  13  20  by  12        . .        >   15 

16  by  14  20  by  13  18  by  13'       . .       \ 

17  by  14  18  by  14  20  by  14'       . .      -' 


4ths. 


3rds. 
s.  d. 
16    o 


2nds.      Best. 


12s.  (td. 


SMALL   SHEET   SOUARES   (in  100  feet  Boxes), 
by  ^        t%  by  i%        7  V  5        7J4  by  5%  \ 
by  0       8J^  by  tVa       9  by  7       9^,  by  7'^; 

10  by  8      lo'l  by  8i^        ,.    13*.  6d. 
Boxes  2S.  each,  returnable  at  full  price. 
London     Agents     for     HARTLEY'S     IMPROVED     PATENT 
ROUGH  PLATE. 

LINSEED  OIL,  Genuine  WHITE  LEAD,  CARSON'S  PAINTS. 
PAINTS  of  various  colours  ground  ready  for  use. 

SHEET  and  ROUGH  PLATE  GLASS,  SLATES  of  all  siJ^cs, 
BRITISH  PLATE.  PATENT  PLATE,  ROLLED  PLATE, 
CROWN,  SHEET,  HORTICULTURAL,  ORNAMENTAL, 
C(.)LOURED,  and  everj-  description  of  GLASS,  of  the  best  Mann- 
facture,  at  the  lowest  terras.  Liets  of  Prices  and  Estmiatcs 
forwarded  on  application  to 
IAS.  PHILLIPS  AND  CO.,  jSo,  Bishop^gate  Street  \Vithout,  E,C, 


250 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  24,   1872. 


CALCEOLARIA  (Herbaceous),  choice  strain,  good 
plants,  12  for  2s.,  24  for  v.  6d.,  5ofor6j.,  loo  for  iw.,  free  by 
post ;  strong  and  healthy,  established  in  pots,  20s.  per  100  for  any 
quantity.  VIOLET  {double  purple-flowering  plants),  12  for  3s.;  24 
KTSJ. ;  5oforc(j.  ACHIMENES,  in  eight  good  varieties,  six  tubers 
.  each,  for  sj  ,  free  by  post, 

H.  AND  R   STIRZAKER,  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster. 


DAHLIA,  Pot  Roots,  in  50  named  varieties,  12  roots, 
in  six  sorts,  4s.  6d.  ;  25  roots,  in  12  sorts,  81.  6d.  ;  50  roots,  in 

25  sorts,  i6j  ;  100  roots,  in  50  sorts,  30J.     Package  free. 
TRirOMA  UVARIA,  strong  flowering  roots,  12  for  6y.,  25  for  los., 

^?,       '^*-  ^  I  ^0°  ^^^  3°*-     Package  free. 
FUCHSIAS,  strong  plants,  in  good  named  varieties,  13  distinct  sorts 

for  4i,,  25  for  ys.  6d  ,  50  for  14s.     Package  free. 
ROSES,     Tea-scented,     Noisette,     and      Bourbon,     young     plants, 

iz  Varieties,  5s.  ;  25  for  o^.     Chinas,   in  six  varieties,  12  plants  for 

45- 1   25  for  7s.   6d      Moss    Roses,   six  varieties,   12  plants   for  6j,  , 

25  for  los.     Hybrid  Perpetual,   12   good  varieties,  71.  ;  25  varieties 

fof  13J.,  50  varieties  for  2^.     Package  free. 
H.  AND  R    STIRZAKER,  Skerton  Nursery,  Lancaster. 


Trade  Price— Notice. 

iTRUE   FASTOLF   KASI'BF.RRY,  CARNATIONS,   PINKS, 
DAISIES,  ASPARAGUS.  &c. 

J     HUNT,  having  a  stock  of  Fruiting  Canes  and  Plants 
•  of  the  above,  begs  to  offer  packages— 50  for  4s,  6d.  ;  loo,  8^. ; 


500,35s.;  iooo,;C3. 

Ke: 

DAISIES,  finest  ki 


FINKS,  50  pairs,  finest  kinds 
Kellfs  AUCUB^FOLIA, 


packages— 

100  pairs,  £i. 


NEW     SEEDS. 

"ONLY    THE    BEST." 


MR.    WILLIAM    BULL'S 

CATALOGUE 

IS  NOW  READY. 


,  to  name,  per  100,  61. 

CARNATIONS  and  PICOTEES,  fine,  per  dozen  pairs,  iSr. 
Fine  old  Crimson  CLOVE  CARNATIONS,  per  dozen  plants,  y. 
KING  of  CLOA'ES.  new,  per  dozen,  55. 
Giant  ASPARAGUS,  strong  2-yr,,  per  1000,  165.  ;  3-yr  ,  fine,  per 

1000,  20S. 
SEAKALE,  strong,  per  100,  6s. 
SWEET  WILLIAMS,  very  fine,  per  100,  51. 
VIOLET,  The  Czar,  ner  100,  6s. 

AH  packages  included. 
Apollo  Nurseries,  Great  Yariiiouth, 


SELECT 
CALOPHACA  WOLGARICA. 


LAWN 


TREES.— 


CARAGANA  ARBORESCENS  PENDULA,  New 

ARENARIA  Us.6.f.  each 

„  CHAMLAGU  ^'^i.u.-.  i.acn, 

TUBATA 
HALIMODENDRON  ARGENTEUM 

The   above   are   of  the  Caragana   race,   and    are   grafted    on 
Caragana  stems. 
CRAT^GUS,  three  double  kinds  and  others,  is.  6d. 
LILACS,  seven  choice  varieties,  is.  6d. 

These  arc  budded  on  Seedling  stocks ;  stems  5  feet,  strait,'ht 
and  handsome. 
MALUS  FLORIBUNDA,  Pyramids,  is.  6d. 
PAVIA  RUBRA  PENDULA,  verj-  distinct,  3i.  W. 

„  CARNEA  PUBESCENS,  2S.  6rf. 

POPULUS  PENDULA,  2s.  6d. 
ULMUS  MICROPHYLLA  PENDULA,  2s. 

MONUMENTALIS  PENDULA,  is,  6d. 
Half- Standard    WEEPING    ROSES,  worked    on    stout   slocks, 
3  feet,  2s.  each. 

Carriage  pnid  to  London. 
THOS.  RIVERS  and  SON,  Saw b ridge worth^^ 


SEEDS  of  NEW  VEGETABLES, 
SEEDS  of  NEW  FLOWERS. 

"  Only  the  best."  Fide  descriptions  in  Mr.  WILLIAM 
BULL'S  CATALOGUE.     "  Every  article  priced." 

It  is  particularly  requested  that  orders  be  sent  on  the 
order  sheet  that  accompanies  the  Seed  Catalogue,  as  soon 
after  its  receipt  as  possible.  This  is  desired  with  a  view- 
to  prevent  any  delay  in  the  execution  of  orders,  for, 
although  a  large  and  efficient  staff  is  employed,  yet,  in 
the  height  of  the  season,  the  pressure  is  extremely  great, 
and  hence  the  work  is  much  facilitated  if  the  orders  are 
received  early. 


Spring  FlantlDg. 

THOMAS  BUNY,-\RD  AND  SONS,  Maidstone,  ofter 
the  follawing.     For  particulars,  sec  their  TRADE  LIST,  which 
may  be  had  gratis. 


Kentish  Filberts 
Kentish  Cob  Nuts 
Layer  Vines 
Standard  Quinces 
Standard  Roses 
Arbutus 
Bcrbcris  Beallii 
Eerberis  aquifolia,  fine 
Double  Furze 
Garrya  elliptica 
Tunipcrus  sinensis 
Evergreen  Oaks 
Thuja  aurea 
Thuja  elegant issini.i  vera 


Yuccas 

Flms,  Chichester 

Horse  Chestnuts 

Laburnums 

CLIMBERS, 
Ampelopsis  Vcitchii 
Ceanolhus  azureus,  true 
Clematis,  of  sorts 
Irish  Ivies 
Lonicera  fle.\uosa 
Pyracanthas 
Wistarias, 

&c.  &c.  &c. 


c 


The  Old  Estiltlished  Nurseries,  Maidstone,  Kent. 

New  Pelargoniums. 
HARLES   TUkNlCk    can    .supply  strong  Plants  of 

the  following  be.iutiful  NEW  PELARGONIUMS,   which  are 
lenaed  : — 


highly  recommi 

ACHIEVEMENT  (Foster).— A  pleasin"  large  light  variety,    s.   , 

lilac-rose,  maroon  spot  on  top,  targe  white  centre,  fine  form     21 
BRIGAND  (FOSTEK),— Clear  cherry-pi.ik,  maroon  spot  on  top 

petals  shaded  with  orange-pink,  clear  white  eye,  tine  . .     21 

BRUTUS  (HoYi,E). — Rich  crimson,  with  black  spots,  narrow 

crimson  margin,  white  centre        ..         ..         ,,         ..         ■  •     ^5 
CiESAR  (Foster). — Fine    bright   lower  petals   rich   crimson, 

Sainted,  top  dark  maroon,  narrow  crimson  edge        ..         ..21 
NSELLOR  (FOSTKR)  —Deep  rose-pink,  small  spot  on  top 

petals,  white  eye,  large         21 

IMPERATOR  (Hovi.E),— A  rich  dark  flower  of  fine  form  and 

substance,  deep  crimson-black  top,  narrow  crimson  edge  . .     21 
KINGCRAFT  (Foster).— Novel  orange-maroon,  dark  maroon 

top,  clear  white  centre,  very  rich  colours  ..         ..         ..     ai 

POMPEY  (Foster) —A   very  large  flower,  rich  colours,  and 

fine  form_,  orange  lower  petals,  maroon  top,  orange  margin, 

large  white  eye ai 

PRELATE    (Fo.ster).  —  Lower    petals    dark    purple-maroon, 

black  top  petals,  marrow  purple  margin,  white  eye   . .         . ,     21 
PRIME    MINISTER    (Foster).- Crimson     lower     petals, 

maroon  top,  lilac  margin,  white  eye         ..         ..         ..         ..21 

ROSICRUCIAN  (Hovlf).— New  shade  of  colour,  rosy  purple- 
maroon  spot  on  lop  petals,  shaded  with  purple,  fine  form  . .     15 
KOYAL   BRIDE   (Foster).— Cherry,    medium    spot    on    top 

petals,  shaded  with  orange,  clear  white  eye.  fine  form         . .     21 
SUNSET  (HovLE).— Bright  crimson -scarlet,  dark  spot  on  top 

petals,  shaded  with  rosy-scarlet,  (ree  bloomer  . .         . .     13 

ZEPHYR  (Hoyle). — Painted  crimson  lower  petals,  dark  maroon 

top,  a  wide  edge  of  bright  crimson,  fmc  form  and  substance    21 
Also  best   named  Show  and   Fancy  Varieties  of  former    years  i 
CAtra  strong  plants,  sis.  per  dozen. 

The  Royal  Nurseries,  Slough. 


M 


R   S   E  R  I   E  S, 


L   F   O    R    D         N    U 

near  Godalming, 

For  NEW  and  RARE  HARDY  PLANTS  and 
CONIFERS,  see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive 
CATALOGUE, 

For  HARDY  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  and  SHRUBS, 
EVERGREENS,  &c  ,  see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  RHODODENDRONS  and  other  AMERICAN 
PLANTS,  see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive 
CATALOGUE.  ^ 

For  STANDARD   and    HALF  STANDARD   ROSES, 

see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  NEW  JAPANESE  AUCUEAS.    see    MAURICE 

YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  JAPANESE  NOVELTIES,  see  MAURICE 
YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  Cheap  EVERGREENS  and  SHRUBS  for  COVER 

PLANTING      or       SHRUBBERIES,       see       MAURICE 
YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  PLANTS  suitable  for  WINTER    BEDDING    see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 
For  TRANSPLANTED    FOREST   TREES,    see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For    EXTRA   TRANSPLANTED   or   QUARTERED 

FOREST   TREES    for   Planting    Belts   or   Shrubberies,   see 
MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  Catalogue. 
Forwarded  on  application  enclosing  stamp. 
Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming. 


The  following  choice  things  are  recommended  : — 

Per  packet. — 
PRIMULA  JAPONICA,  six  varieties,  vide  Catalogue  (p.  84) 

each 
FUCHSIA,  will  produce  new  varieties  ..        ..    zs.  6d.  and 

CLIANTHUS  DAMPIERI       is.  6ii.  and 

TACSONIA  VAN  VOLXEMI li.  6rf.  and 

CYCLAMEN      PERSICUM,      from      magnificent     varieties 

15.  6d.  and 
BEGONIA  CARMINATA,  new,  magnificent  flowers     .. 

„    HYBRIDA  ELEGANTISSIMA,  new  

„    other  choice  sorts       each 

PELARGONIUM,  Gold  and  Bronze,  will  produce  new  varieties 

25.  6d.  and 
PRIMULA    SINENSIS    FIMBRIATA  ALBA  and  RUBRA 

each 

„        „    ALBA  and  RUBRA,  fcrn-leavcd each    : 

,,  ,,  ,,  ,1  double-flowered  ,.  ..  each,'3s.  6d.  and 
„  „  FLORENCE,  new  and  most  beautiful  ..  ss.  6.1  and 
„        „    LILACINA    ALEO-MARGINATA,  new  and  most 

beautiful ss.  dd.  and 

„        „    VILLAGE  MAID,  beautifully  striped  ..    2S.  6d.  and 
CARNATION  (Tree),  new  varieties,  and  90  per  cent,  double 

flowers 2s.  6d.  and 

„    show  kinds        ..        ..    Z5.  6ti.  and 

PICOTEE,  of  various  colours 15.  6d.  and 

AMARANTHUS  SALICIFOLIUS 15.  6(i.  and 

CALCEOLARIA,  the  very  best..  ..  ,,  ..  u.  6ii.  and 
CINERARIA,  from  beautiful  varieties  ..  ,,  w.  6rf.  and 
AGERATUM,  Imperial  Dwarf,  azure-blue  .,        ..  is.  and 

ASTERS,  all  the  best  imported  kinds,  vide  Catalogue  (pp.  18 

and  ig) 
STOCKS,  all  the  best  imported  kinds,  vide  Catalogue  (pp.  20 
and  21) 

GOLDEN  FEATHER PYRETHRUM   , 

MIMULUS,  new  prize  strain 

PETUNIA,  double-flowered,  a  good  proportion  will  come  double 

25.  6d.  and 

„    single-flowered,  celebrated  strain u.  W.  and    2 

CENTAUREA  CANDIDISSIMA i 

„    CLEMENTEI i 

PANSY,  best  fancy  strain is.  6d.  and    2 

BALSAM,  four  distinct  colours each     i 

AURICULA,  choice  Alpine,  unequalled        2 

COLEUS,  will  produce  new  varieties 25.  6ii.  and    5 

ECHEVERIA  METALLICA ts.  ad.  and    a 

„    GLAUCO-METALLICA u,  6d.  atid    2 

„    SECUNDA-GLAUCA        15.  6rf.  and    a 

VERBENA,  from  prize  flowers a 

,,    Carnation-striped       3 

LOBELIA    SPECIOSA,  true  strain o 

PRIMULA  JAPONICA,  mixed  colours a 

CAN  N AS,  of  sorts,  for  sub-tropical  gardening         . .     6  sorts  for     2 
SEEDS    of    ORNAMENTAL-FOLIAGED    and    SUB- 
TROPICAL  PLANTS,  vide  Catalogue,  pp.  ^8  10  54. 

GLOXINIA,  erect  and  drooping  each    2 

PELARGONIUMS,  show,  spotted  and  fancy         ..        ..   each    a 

,1    variegated  tricolor-leaved  varieties         3 

LAPAGERIA  ROSEA a    . 

MYOSOTIS  DISSITIFLORA,  true 1    , 


ESTABLISHMENT  for  NEW  and  RARE  PLANTS, 
KING'S  ROAD,  CHELSEA,  LONDON,  S.W. 


CARRIAGE    free! 


237,  &  238,    High   Holborn, 
LONDON.    '^ 

CARTER'S  FLORAL  NOVELTIES 

Betteridge's  Prize  Guilled  Aster. 


w 


M 

q 

c 


15  colours,  separate,  2s. ;  finest  mixed,  packet,  6d. 


Cineraria  maritima  candidissima. 


For  full  descriptions,  sec  CARTER'S  llluslralecl  VADE  MECUM 
(the  Queen  ol  CataJoKucs),  Post  Free,  i^.  ;  Gratis  to  Customers. 

JAMES    CARTER   and   CO., 

SEEDSMEN  to  the  QUEEN  and  the  PRINCE  of  WALES, 
237  and  238,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  LO.NDON,  W.C. 


February  24,   1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


251 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  LIST  of  EVERGREEN  and 
DECIDUOUS  SHRUBS,  RHODODENDRONS  STANDARD 
ORNAMENTAL  TREES.  CLIMBING  and  TWINING  PLANTS, 
with  tlieir  pencric.  specific,  and  English  names,  native  country, 
helRht,  time  of  flowering,  colour,   &c.,   and  general   remarks,    free 

RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  Worcester. 

WELVE  fine  RHODODENDRON  CHIANOIDES, 

fine  white,  2  feet,  12s.  jC '■   <^- 

13  fine  RHODODENDRON  ].  C.  Sicvens.finc  scarlet,  3  ft.  o  la    o 

,3  „  fine  named,  3  feet  . ,  . .  o  to  o 
13      „                     „                  Hybrids,  choice,  3  feet . .        ..090 

12  ABIES  DOUGLASII,  3f«t o    9    o 

12  THUJA  LOBKILsfeet otjo 

12  PICEA  PINSAPO,  I  foot          o    g    o 

13  PICEA  NORDMANNIANA.  I  fool           o    g    o 

13  Pauls  New  Double  Scarlet  THORNS,  4  feet        ..         ..  012    o 

100  ItERBERIS  DARWINII,2fect         o  10    o 

100  ENGLISH  YEWS.2feet  i  10    o 

13  AILANTUS  GLANDULOSA  (Silkworm  tree),  6  feet..  060 
100  finest  named  Hybrid  Perpetual  ROSES,  dwarfs,  a  fcct   ..     a  10    o 

100  FASTOLF  RASPBERRIES,  4  feet o  ro    o 

100  fine  named  GOOSEBERRIES o  10    o 

Dwarf-trained  PEACHES,  PLUMS,  CHERRIES,  APRICOTS, 
PEARS,  and  APPLES. 

HENRY  MAY.  The  Hope  Nurseries,  Bedale.  Yorkshire. 

Spring  Flowers. 

LEWIS      WOODTHORPE    begs    to    offer    the 
following  :—  Per  dorcn— j.  d. 

AURICULAS,  finest  mixed  aJpincs,  very  choice  strain    . .        ..36 

,,        Rood  named  varieties      . .         60 

VIOLETS,   The   Kinc,  The  Queen,  The  Czar,  Ginnt,  Double 

Crimson,  Neapolitan.  Dcvonicnsis,  and  Obliqua  striata  ..30 
HEP ATICAS,  double  red.  single  blue,  pink, and  red  ..  ..40 
DAISIES,  in  six  distinct  named  varieties 3    ** 

,,        aucubarfolia,  the  Golden  Blotched,  and  Daisy     . .         ..40 

ROCKETS,  double  while  and  double  purple 30 

POLYANTHUS,  in  very  choice  laced  varieties 26 

PANSIES,  finest  named  border  varieties       4    o 

PAMPAS  GRASS,  in  pots 30 

WALLFLOWERS,  double  golden  and  black  40 

CHRISTMAS  ROSE.  Helleborusnieer        6    p 

IVIES,  13  of  the  best  golden  and  silver  tricolor        10    p 

CLEMATIS,  3o  distinct  named  varieties         10    fa 

PRIMROSE,  double  white  and  double  yellow         6    t> 

„        double  purple  and  crimson       ,.         ....         ..         .,6    b 

,,        double  salmon,  a  new  and  splendid  variety  ..         ,.  13    o 

HELIANTHEMUM.  the  Sun  Rose,  named  varieties,  in  pots         4     6 

CARNATIONSand  PICOTEES. superb  named  varieties. inpols  4    o 

A  Dcscnplivc  CATALOGUE  of  NEW  and  CHOICE  PLANTS  Ire<?. 

Munro  Nurserj'.  Sible  Hcdingham,  Essex. , 

OYAL       HORTrCuLf  U~R"AL       SOCIETY] 

SOUTH  KENSINGTON,  W. 
NOTICE  to  FELLOWS.— Mr.  THISTLETON  DYER,  Professor 
of  Botany  to  ihe  Society,  will  attend  at  South  Kensington  every 
Monday  afternoon,  to  answer  inquiries  bearing  on  Botanical  subjects, 
and  at  Chiswick  on  Tuesdays.  A  COURSE  of  LECTURES  to  be 
delivered  by  Mr.  DYER,  both  at  South  Kensington  and  Chiswick, 
wi'.l  be  shortly  announced.      

Notewortliy  Horticulturists  and  Botanists. 

NOTICE.— A  SERIES  of  PORTRAITS  of 
NOTEWORTHY  HORTICULT i'KiSTS  and  I'.'iTANISTS 
is  being  published  in  the  "GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  AND 
AGRICULTURAL  GAZETTE.;'  The  following  have  already 
appeared,  and  separate  Copies  {price  6if.  each),  on  tinted  paper,  may 
be  had  on  application  to  the  Publisher,  viz. : — 

Dr.  Hooker,  C.B..  F.R.S.  I      Rev.  S.  R.  Hole,  M.A. 

W.  Wilson  Saunders,  F.RS.        E.  J,  Lowe,  F.R.S. 

Rev.  M.  J.  Berkeley,  F.L.S.  Tames  McNab, 

M.  Decaisne  Robert  Hogg,  LL.D. 

G.  F.  Wilson,  F.R.S,  James  Bateman,  F.R.S. 

Dr.  Moore,  of  Glasnevin  Berthold  Seemann.  Ph.D. 

Professor  Reichfnbach.  '      Archibald  F.  Barron. 

Published  by  WILLIAM  RICHARDS,  41,  Wellington  Street, 
Covent  Garden,  W.C. 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  23,,  1872. 


FROM  a  copy  of  an  indenture  now  before 
us,  relating  to  the  Veitch  Memorial 
Fund,  it  appears  that  in  addition  to  the  portrait 
of  the  late  James  Veitch,  now  hanging  in  the 
meeting  room  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society, 
and  which  was  presented  to  the  trustees  by  Mr. 
R.  T.  Crawshav,  Mr.  G.  F.  Wilson,  the  trea- 
surer of  the  fund,  received,  for  the  purposes  of  the 
memorial,  the  sum  of  ^900,  which  in  accordance 
with  the  desire  expressed  at  a  meeting  of  the 
subscribers  held  on  Jan.  2 1,1 871,  was  handed  over 
to  the  trustees  appointed  at  the  above  meeting, 
and  consisting  of  G.  F.  Wilson,  Thomas 
Moore,  H.J.  Veitch,  Robert  Hogg,  and  Zadok 
Stevens,  as  representing  England  ;  William 
Thomson  as  representing  Scotland,  and  David 
Moore  as  representing  Ireland.  The  annual 
interest  of  the  moneys  so  possessed  by  the 
trustees  is  to  be  devoted  to  the  giving  of 
prizes  for  the  advancement  of  horticulture, 
and  which  are  to  be  offered  at  such  exhi- 
bitions in  the  three  kingdoms  as  the  trus- 
tees shall  deem  most  expedient.  It  may  be  well 
in  this  place  to  quote  the  exact  text  of  the  inden- 
ture, which  prescribes  the  duties  of  the  trustees 
in  regard  to  the  disposition  of  the  interests 
arising  from  the  moneys  received.  After  giving 
power  to  the  trustees  to  invest  the  funds  in  a 
suitable  manner,  the  deed  enacts  that — 

"  The  income  of  the  said  trust  fund  and  the  invest- 
ments thereof  shall  be  applied  by  the  said  trustees  in  the 
first  place  in  payment  of  all  costs,  charges,  and  expenses 
which  shall  or  may  be  incurred  or  become  payable  by  the 
trustees  in  providing  a  place  of  deposit  and  exhibition  of 
the  said  portrait,  if  thought  expedient,  or  from  time  to 
time  altering  such  place  of  deposit  and  paying  for  the 
proper  custody  thereof,  or  the  exhibition  thereof,  to  the 
subscribers  and  their  friends  and  the  general  public,  and 
also  of  insuring  the  same  from  fire,  and  of  preserving  and 
repairing  the  same,  and  the  frame,  fittings,  and  appurte- 
nances thereof,  and  generally  for  such  purposes  in  con- 
nection with  the  said  portrait  as  the  said  trustees  shall 
from  time  to  time  deem  meet  and  expedient  ;  and  in  the 
next  place  for  providing  and  procuring  the  die  or  matrix 
for  a  commeraorative  medal  bearing  the  name,    or  a 


med.ilHon  portrait  of  the  said  late  James  VrjTCH,  from 
which  medals  may  be  struck  for  the  purposes  hereinafter 
mentioned  ;  and  in  the  next  place,  of  defraying  the  ex- 
penses of  printing,  advertising,  postages,  wages  of  ser- 
vants, messengers,  and  other  persons  employed  by  the 
said  trustees,  and  generally,  of  all  expenses  connected 
witli  the  trusts  hereby  created  and  the  duties  imposed 
upon  the  said  trustees ;  and  in  the  next  place,  of  provid- 
ing and  giving  prizes  for  the  advancement  and  improve- 
ment of  the  science  and  practice  of  the  culture,  or  for 
the  successful  culture  of  plants,  flowers,  trees,  fruits,  and 
vegetables,  and  otherwise  for  tlic  advancement  of  the 
science  and  practice  of  horticulture  as  the  said  trustees 
shall  think  fit  ;  such  prizes  to  be  offered  and  given  at  such 
exhibitions  of  the  leading  Metropolitan  Horticultural 
Societies  in  the  three  kingdoms  as  the  said  trustees  shall 
from  time  to  time  in  their  discretion  deem  most  expe- 
dient, with  power  to  the  said  trustees  to  vary  the  number, 
value,  and  nature  and  subjects  of,  .and  time  or  times  for 
competition  for  such  prizes  as  to  the  said  trustees  in  their 
absolute  and  uncontrolled  discretion  may  from  time  to 
time  seem  meet  ;  and  to  give  the  same  either  in  the  shape 
of  commemorative  medals,  bearing  the  name  or  portrait  of 
the  said  jAMES  Veitch,  or  of  money,  or  in  such 
other  nrode  or  manner  as  they  shall  in  their  absolute  and 
uncontrolled  discretion  think  best  calculated  to  effect  the 
advancement  and  improvement  of  horticulture.  Provided 
always,  that  it  shall  not  be  necessary  for  or  incumbent 
upon  the  said  trustees,  or  any  of  them,  themselves  to  take 
part  in  the  determination  or  selection  of  the  successful 
candidates  or  exhibitors  for  such  prizes,  or  any  of  them, 
or  the  adjudging  of  the  said  prizes  so  to  be  offered  by 
them  ;  but  the  said  trustees  shall  have  full  power  either 
themselves  to  select  such  successful  candidate,  and  to 
adjudge  such  prizes,  or  to  deleg.ite  and  commit  tlie  said 
selection  of  candidates  and  adjudging  of  prizes  either  to 
some  one  or  more  of  their  body,  or  to  the  committees  or 
comiTiittee,  secretaries  or  secretary,  managers  or  manager 
of  the  exhibitions  at  which  the  same  prizes  may  be  offered 
for  competition,  or  to  any  other  person  or  persons  whom- 
soever as  to  the  said  trustees  shall  seem  meet  and  expe- 
dient. Provided  further,  that  the  said  trustees  shall  have 
full  power  at  their  discretion  to  retain  the  annual  income 
arising  from  the  said  tmst  fund  for  any  number  of  years 
not  exceeding  three,  and  to  add  the  same  by  way  of  accre- 
tion to  the  said  trust  fund,  or  to  accumulate  the  same 
and  to  devote  and  apply  the  accumulations  thereof  in  any 
one  year  for  and  to  the  same  purposes  and  objects  as  are 
hereinbefore  directed  of  and  concerning  the  income  of  the 
said  trust  fund  in  any  one  year  ;  but  so,  nevertheless,  that 
the  tot,al  amount  of  the  additions  to  the  principal  trust 
fund  shall  not  at  any  time  exceed  one-third  part  of  the 
total  amount  theretofore  received  by  way  of  dividend  or 
income  upon  the  said  trust  fund. " 


What  is  the  native  country  of  the   common 

WeeI'ING  Willow,  Salix  babylonica?  Babylon,  of 
course,  would  be  the  general  reply.  Prof.  Karl 
Koch,  however,  very  conclusively  shows  that  China 
is  the  home  of  this  tree.  The  word  rendered  Willow 
in  the  137th  Psalm  should  with  infinitely  greater  proba- 
bility be  applied  to  the  Populus  euphratica.  Under 
the  name  Salix  elegantissima  Prof  KocH  describes  a 
new  species  of  Willow  from  Japan,  with  branches  even 
more  markedly  pendulous  than  those  of  S.  babylonica, 
which,  by  reason  of  the  misnomer  above  alluded  to. 
Dr.  Koch  proposes  to  call  S.  pendula.  S.  elegan- 
tissima (Koch)  has  been  called  in  nurseries  S.  Sie- 
boldii  and  S.  japonica,  but  both  these  names  are 
preoccupied.  It  has  the  great  advantage  of  not  being 
injured  by  insects  like  other  Willows. 

The  last  of  the  "  Trees  of  Liberty  "  planted 

in  Paris  during  the  Republic  of  1848  has  just  been 
cut  down  in  the  courtyard  of  a  house  in  the  Rue 
d' Amsterdam,  which  it  had  embellished  and  shaded,  if 
not  sanctified,  during  the  last  22  years.  It  is  probable, 
says  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  that  the  existence  of  this 
vegetable  symbol  was  ignored  by  the  authorities  under 
the  Empire,  else  it  would,  no  doubt,  have  shared  the 
fate  of  its  brother  and  sister  trees,  against  which  a 
furious  persecution  was  instituted  as  soon  as  General 
Cavaignac  came  into  power  after  the  insurrection  o( 
June.  The  first  "tree  of  liberty"  was  planted  on 
March  24,  1848,  in  the  Champ  de  Mars,  and  during 
the  next  three  months  it  became  one  of  the  favourite 
amusements  of  the  younger  and  idler  Democrats  to 
troop  into  the  suburbs,  uproot  a  Poplar  in  some  garden 
which  did  not  belong  to  them,  cart  it  triumphantly 
back  to  Paris,  plant  it  in  some  eligible  site  where 
it  was  not  wanted,  and  call  upon  the  nearest 
available  priest  to  bestow  on  it  his  blessing. 
The  Parisian  clergy,  with  their  accustomed  pru- 
dence, never  refiised  to  perform  this  rite,  which  was 
to  give  the  tree  its  ofiicial  character ;  neither  did  the 
Parisian  bourgeois  refuse  to  dance  round  the  tree  in  a 
circle  when  blessed.  But  one  can  readily  imagine  that 
both  the  clergy  and  the  bourgeois  suffered  inwardly 
from  this  concession,  and  felt  a  conservative  satisfaction 
when  the  return  of  order  allowed  them  to  go  out  into 
the  highways,  axe  in  hand,  and  hew  do\\Ta  for  firewood 
that  which  they  had  previously  adored.  After 
September  4,  1870,  there  was  a  question  of  planting 
new  "trees  of  liberty,"  and  some  were  planted  in  the 
provinces ;  but  the  scheme  fell  through  in  Paris, 
owing  to  the  high  price  of  fuel.  At  that  time  a 
journalist  observed  that  a  tree  was,  after  all,  a  stupid 
emblem  of  freedom,  seeing  that  it  was,  perforce,  rooted 
to  the  spot  where  it  stood  ;  and  he  suggested  as  pre- 
ferable, that  each  town  should  elect  yearly  some 
member  of  the  animal  kingdom,  say  a  calf,  which 
should  be  kept  at  the  cost  of  the  taxpayers  in  a  public 
garden,   have  his    head    and    tail    decked   with    red 


ribbons  and  patriotic  philacteries,  and  be  called  the 
"  Calf  of  Liberty  "  1 

A   re-issue,  in  monthly  parts,   of  "LiNDLEY 

and  Mutton's  Fossil  Flora  of  Great  Britain," 
is  announced  for  publication,  by  Mr.  Bernard 
(Juaritch.  a  supplementary  volume,  containing 
figures  and  descriptions  of  all  the  important  addi- 
tions made  to  the  fossil  flora  of  Britain  since  1837, 
together  with  a  critical  examination  of  the  species  in 
LiNDLEY  and  IltTTTON's  classic  work  and  a  synopsis 
of  all  the  known  fossil  plants  of  Britain,  will  be  added 
by  Mr.  WILLIAM  Carruthers,  F.R.S.,  L.S,,  and 
G.S.,  Keeper  of  the  Botanical  Department,  British 
Museum,  The  first  monthly  part  wHl  be  issued  with 
the  May  journals.  As  it  is  not  intended  that  the 
re-issue  should  be  a  large  one,  intending  subscribers  are 
requested  to  send  their  names  as  speedily  as  possible  to 
their  bookseller,  or  direct  to  the  publisher. 

We  learn  from  the  Builder  that  Mr.  Thomas 

Parker,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  architect,  has  patented 
a  new  IIot-avatek  Heating  Apparatus.  The 
principles  of  the  invention  are  comprised  in  the  use  of 
pipes  of  small  bore  for  the  flow  and  return  of  the  hot 
water,  laid  chiefly  on  the  floor  of  the  building  ;  *  and 
also  the  use  of  heaters,  similar  to  those  used  in  railway 
carriages,  placed  in  the  pews  (if  the  building  be  a 
church),  and  in  analogous  positions  in  other  buildings. 
The  chief  advantages  claimed  for  this  invention  are 
greater  efficiency,  by  the  local  application  of  the  heat ; 
a  great  saving  of  cost  of  apparatus  ;  and  flues,  &c., 
under  floors  are  dispensed  with. 

The  comparatively  warm  weather  of  the  last 

few  days  has  caused  the  Trees  in  the  Parks, 
Public  Gardens,  and  Boulevards,  of  Paris,  to 
show  their  buds,  andhas  also  shown  the  very  serious 
mischief  done  by  the  severe  weather  of  the  two  last 
winters.  The  greater  part  of  the  exotics,  which  were 
believed  to  have  been  thoroughly  acclimatized,  could 
not  resist  23°  of  cold.  The  Cedars,  as  well  as  the  Pines, 
Firs,  and  other  conifeious  trees  from  southern  countries, 
have  suffered  severely.  The  Catalpas,  upon  which 
great  hopes  had  been  placed,  on  account  of  their 
splendid  foliage  and  flowers,  and  many  specimens  of 
which  had  acquired  considerable  dimensions,  have  also 
succumbed  in  the  majority  of  cases.  As  to  the  noble 
Magnolias  of  the  Champs  Elysees,  which  every  second 
or  third  year  presented  a  magnificent  show  of  flowers, 
the  Paulownias,  and  other  deciduous  exotics  which 
v.'ere  grown  in  the  open  air,  they  were  absolutely 
frozen  to  death.  The  mischief  done  in  the  winter 
of  1S70  was  great,  but  that  of  the  past  season  far 
exceeded  it.  The  accounts  from  Burgundy  are  still 
more  distressing,  the  loss  in  the  vineyards  is  said 
to  be  terrible,  acres  of  fine  plants  having  been  utterly 
ruined  by  the  frost,  and  snapping  off  when  bent. 
A  similar  catastrophe  happened  in  the  South  of  France 
a  few  years  since.  Vines  20  and  more  years  old, 
with  three  or  four  branches  as  large  as  a  man's  arm, 
being  split  from  top  to  bottom.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
that  the  devastation  is  not  general. 

M.  Planchon  has  made  a  communication  to 

the  Paris  Academy  of  Sciences  respecting  the  Spiny 
Elm  of  China,  which  presents  remarkable  peculiarities. 
It  is  described  as  filling  up  the  interval,  already  very 
narrow,  which  exists  between  the  sub-tribe  of  the 
Ulmeae  and  that  of  the  Planerea;.  This  tree  was  dis- 
covered by  the  Abbe  Armand  David  in  Eastern 
Mongolia,  and  is  called  by  the  Chinese  by  a 
name  which  the  learned  Abbe  translates  into 
Spiny  Elm  ;  Mr.  Hance,  however,  in  describ- 
ing it  from  the  specimen  sent  home  by  the  Abbe 
David,  gives  it  the  title  of  Planera  Davidii.  The  type 
of  the  tree  is  mixed,  and  stands  at  about  equal  distance 
between  the  Ulmus,  the  fruit  of  which  is  surrounded 
by  a  circular  wing,  and  the  Zelkona,  the  fruit  of  which 
is  without  wings.  In  the  Chinese  Spiny  Elm  the  fruit 
exhibits  on  one  side  of  it  an  indentation  in  the  form  of 
a  comma,  or  reversed  horn,  something  like  what  is 
found  in  the  fuller  shaped  fruit  of  the  Zelkona  ;  the  other 
side  of  the  fruit  forms  a  unilateral  wing,  answering  to 
the  half  of  the  circular  wing  of  the  Ulmus.  M.  Plan- 
chon therefore  proposes  to  name  it  Hemiptelea  (half- 
Elm)  Davidii. 

A   new   substance,   called    Dambonite,   has 

recently  been  discovered  by  AlME  Girard  in  the 
indiarubber  of  the  Gaboon.  When  treated  with  a 
mixture  of  sulphuric  and  nitric  acids  the  rubber  is  trans- 
formed into  a  gummy,  thick,  and  translucent  substance, 
which,  thrown  into  water,  precipitates  in  the  form  of 
flakes.  The  precipitate,  when  carefully  washed  and 
dissolved  in  boiling  alcohol,  deposits  crystals  of  nitrated 
dambonite,  which  is  insoluble  in  alcohol,  and  detonates 
under  the  hammer. 

In  our  extracts  last  week  from  the  reports   of 

the  Horticultural  Directors,  read  at  the  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society,  it  is  stated 
that  in  the  Rev.  Mr.  Fountaine's  Vinery  at 
Chiswick,  in  which  the  new  Madresfield  Court  Grape 
was  grown  in  such  perfection,  under  Mr.  Barron's 
management,  there  was  no  provision  of  any  kind  for 
the  house  being  artificially  heated.     We  are  requested 

*  Within  the  melropoliLin  area  the  stipulations  of  the  Building 
Act  would  render  necessary  some  modilication  in  this  respect. 


252 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


[February  24,  1872. 


to  state  that  this  is  only  a  temporary  arrangement  ;  as 
the  power  of  applying  artificial  heat,  wlien  needful,  is 
quite  necessary  for  properly  carrying  out  Mr. 
Fountaine's  principle  of  fruit,  flower,  and  Grape 
growing. 

The  Popular  Science  Rcz'ie-ii}  has  a  somewhat 

"  gushing  "  note  from  an  American  lady  on  the  Fly- 
catching  Properties  of  Sundews.  She  says : — 
"  For  several  summers  I  have  taken  Drosera  rotundi- 
folia,  D.  longifolia,  and  D.  fdifolia  [L>.  filiformis],  from 
their  moist  beds,  and  placed  them  in  sand  and  water 
in  such  a  way  that  they  made  most  charming  window 
plants.  What  I  take  for  D.  longifolia  has  spathulate, 
oblong,  reddish  leaves,  and  long,  erect,  reddish 
petioles,  covered  with  glands  like  those  of  the  leaf. 
This  species  I  find  a  much  more  etTective  fly-trap  than 
D.  rotundifolia,  the  plant  in  my  window  this  summer  ; 
almost  every  leaf  held  a  common  house  fly  prisoner 
until  it  died,  and  it  did  not  take  the  leaf  very  long  to 
fold  amply  round  its  victim.  My  husband  was  terribly 
shocked,  and  thought  it  the  most  cruel  thing  he  ever 
saw  in  Nature ;  but  with  my  prepossessions  and 
habits,  both  as  an  entomologist  and  a  housekeeper,  I 
was  contentedly  interested  to  see  the  work  go  on." 
This  carnivorous  property  in  Sundews,  about  which  so 
much  has  been  written,  is  certainly  not  always  present. 
We  have  frequently  kept  the  three  British  species  in  a 
living  state  for  many  days,  but  careful  observation 
failed  to  detect  any  movement  in  the  leaves,  nor  could 
they  be  induced  to  close  by  artificial  irritation.  Much 
has  been  said  about  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  Sundews 
in  flower,  but  we  have  several  times  found  D.  rotundi- 
folia with  widely  opened  blossoms  between  12  and 
I  P.M.,  while  in  a  sunny  window  both  this  species  and 
D.  intermedia  {the  D.  longifolia  of  American  authors 
and  of  the  above  notice)  expand  their  flowers  about 
half-past  10,  remaining  open  about  an  hour. 

We  hear  that  Mr.  John  Wills,  Sussex  Place, 

Old  Brampton,  has  had  instructions  from  the  Lord 
Chamberlain's  Office  to  supply  the  Floral  Decora- 
tions AT  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  including  the 
reception  and  resting  rooms  for  Her  Majesty  and 
H.R.  H.  the  Princess  of  Wales  on  the  occasion  of  the 
General  Thanksgiving  on  Tuesday  next. 

Mr.    Glaisher  remarks    as    follows   on   the 

State  of  the  Weather  during  the  week  ending 
Feb.  17: — In  the  vicinity  of  London  the  readings  of 
the  barometer,  at  sea  level,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
week  were  about  29.9  inches.  A  fall  to  about  29.6 
inches  was  registered  by  the  morning  of  the  12th, 
followed  by  one  or  two  small  oscillations  of  short  dura- 
tion ;  and  at  the  end  of  the  week  the  reading  was  again 
nearly  29.9  inches.  The  mean  daily  values  were, 
without  exception,  below  the  average.  The  highest 
temperatures  of  the  air  by  day  varied  beween  54!"  on 
the  nth  and  44°  on  the  i6th.  The  lowest  tempera- 
tures at  night  were  all  above  36i° ;  on  one  occasion, 
viz.,  on  the  nth,  the  value  recorded  was  as 
high  as  43°.  The  daily  ranges  of  tempera- 
ture were  generally  larger  than  in  previous 
weeks,  the  smallest  (7i°)  and  the  largest  (161°), 
however,  occuringon  consecutive  days  (i 6th  and  17th). 
The  mean  daily  temperatures  were  again  wholly  in 
excess  of  the  average,  the  departures  being  respec- 
tively :— nth,  S°.6;  I2th,  5°.8;  13th,  7°.6;  I4thi 
6°.6  ;  15th,  4°.i  ;  i6th,  o°.2  ;  and  17th,  6°.  On  the 
15th  and  i6th  the  sky  was  nearly  overcast;  on  the 
17th,  small  amounts  of  cloud  only  were  present.  A 
thermometer,  showing  the  highest  temperature  in  the 
sun's  rays,  registered  104°  on  the  nth,  and  on  the 
night  of  the  15th,  the  reading  of  a  thermometer, 
showing  the  lowest  temperature  on  grass,  was  31^°. 
Rain  fell  sparingly  on  the  12th,  14th,  i6th,  and '17th, 
the  total  amount  being  but  I- loth  of  an  inch. 
South-easterly  winds  were  prevalent  to  the  14th  ;  then 
changing  round  to  south-west  through  east  and  north 
on  the  15th  and  i6th.  The  pressures  were  generally 
li,ght,  but  nearly  continuous,  throughout  the  week, 
with  the  exception  of  the  14th,  when  the  air  was 
nearly  calm. 

In  England  the  extreme  high  temperatures  ranged 
between  56,^°  at  Nottingham,  and  504°  at  Norwich ; 
the  general  average  over  the  country  being  53°  nearly. 
The  extreme  low  temperatures  varied  from  37"  at 
Liverpool,  and  lof  at  Nottingham,  the  general  aver- 
age being  34}°.  The  average  daily  range  of  tempera- 
ture in  the  week  was  about  1 8^°.  The  mean  for  the 
week  of  the  highest  temperatures  observed  every  day 
was  about  48°,  the  highest  being  at  Blackheath,  51°, 
and  the  lowest  at  Norwich,  454°.  The  average  daily 
range  of  temperature  was  about  9°.  The  mean  tempe- 
rature for  the  week  was  about  43.1°,  varying  from  444° 
at  Manchester  to  41°  at  Norwich.  Small  amounts  of 
rain  fell  over  the  country,  though  at  several  places  spread 
over  several  days.  At  Sheffield  and  Leeds  it  rained 
on  six  days,  at  Norwich  on  one  day  only,  and  on 
three  at  Portsmouth.  The  mean  fall  over  the  country 
was  but  3-iolhs  of  an  inch.  The  greatest  was  8-ioths 
of  an  inch  at  Wolverhampton. 

In  Scotland  the  highest  temperatures  by  day  varied 
between  53°  at  Edinburgh,  and  46:3°  at  Aberdeen,  with 
a  mean  for  the  country  of  49^°.  The  average  lowest  tem- 
perature observed  at  night  was  34°  nearly,  ranging  from 
355°  at  Aberdeen  to  30°  at  Edinburgh.  The  mean  daily 
temperatures  varied  from  424°  at  Perth  to  40°  at 
ptindee,  the  average  over  the  country  being  /^\\-.  The 


fall  of  rain  was  heavier  than  in  England.  At  Aberdeen 
I  ■,';-,  inch  fell,  and  at  Dundee  and  Perth  more 
than  an  inch.  The  mean  fall  was  a  little  more  than 
three-quarters  of  an  inch. 

At  Dublin  the  highest  temperature  was  52°,  the 
lowest  34°,  the  mean  44I",  and  the  rainfall  nearly 
7-Ioths  of  an  inch. 

■ At  the  last  Wednesday  meeting  of  the  Royal 

Horticultural  Society,  Mr.  HoRLEY,  builder.  Tod- 
dington,  Beds,  exhibited  one  of  his  new  patent  econo- 
mic garden  frames,  which  possesses  some  novelty  of 
construction,  and  which,  on  account  of  its  simplicity, 
will  no  doubt  prove  a  useful  and  serviceable  article. 
The  annexed  illustration,  fig.  94,  shows  one  of  these 
portable  frames,  4  feet  in  length,  with  glass  sides  \\ 
foot  high.  It  is  made  of  wood  and  glazed  with  21  oz. 
glass,  and  put  together  with  iron  screw  pins,  in  the 
manner  of  a  bedstead,  a  wrench  being  supplied  for 
that  purpose.     The  frame  is  made  in  lengths  4  feet 


Fig.    94. — IIORLEV'S  FRAMR. 

wide,  so  that  any  number  may  be  placed  together,  the 
one  shown  covering  16  square  feet  of  ground. 
The  principal  constructive  novelty  is  the  method 
of  fixing  the  glass,  neither  sashbar  nor  putty 
being  used,  but,  instead,  the  squares,  which  are 
24  inches  by  16,  are  run  into  a  groove  at  the  top, 
and  rest  in  a  rabbet  at  the  bottom,  each  pane 
being  secured  in  its  place  by  an  iron  button.  To  faci- 
litate the  removal  of  all  or  any  of  the  squares,  they  are 
not  allowed  to  lap,  and  a  piece  of  webbing  is  fixed 
underneath  each,  by  which  they  are  easily  raised.  The 
example  shown  at  South  Kensington  was  light  and 
airy,  had  a  very  neat  appearance,  and  we  think  it  is 
well  calculated  to  fulfil  all  the  conditions  and  advan- 
tages which  are  claimed  for  it  by  the  patentee. 

The  annexed  illustration  (fig.  95)  of  the  new 

Grape  Exhibition  Case,  shown  by  Mr.  Gil- 
bert, Burghley,  at  the  last  meeting  [of  the  Fruit 
Committee,  and  alluded  to  in  our  report  of  that 
meeting,  at  p.  222,  gives  a  very  good  idea  of  its 
general  form  and  construction.  It  will  be  seen  that 
the  Grapes  are  protected  from  dust,  fingering,  &c.,  by 


Fig.    93  — GILBERTS   GRAIE   EXHIBITION    CASE. 

means  of  the  glass  lid,  and  the  stalks  are  inserted  in 
the  soda-water  bottles  so  as  to  keep  the  berries  fresh. 
The  Committee  approved  the  principle  upon  which 
it  was  made,  but  declined  expressing  any  opinion  of  its 
merits  until  it  had  been  tried  at  Chiswick.  It  has  to 
be  proved  to  what  extent  the  water  is  likely  to  act  on 
the  flavour,  and  though,  in  other  respects,  the  case  is 
well  adapted  for  the  object  in  view,  it  has  the  dis- 
advantage of  requiring  to  be  moved  about  in  a  box, 
thus  involving  more  waste  of  space  than  there  should 
be  in  a  really  efficient  portable  case. 

The  company  which  has  been  formed  for  the 

erection  of  a  New  Market  close  to  Leicester 
Square,  near  Coventry  Street,  include,  says  the 
Builder,  in  their  plans  a  proposal  to  build  on  a  portion 
of  the  square,  dividing  it  into  wide  and  spacious  streets, 
leaving  about  half  the  area  of  the  square  open  and  still 
unbuilt  upon.  It  is  suggested  that  the  site  and  the 
property  in  the  locality  will  be  enhanced  in  value  by 


the  opening  of  a  fruit  and  vegetable  market  on  the  sid 
of  Coventry  Street,  with  two  entrances  from  the  last- 
named  street,  and  platforms  underneath,  connected 
with  the  new  railway  which  is  about  to  be  constructed 
so  as  to  unite  the  Euston  with  the  Charing  Cross  and 
Waterloo  Stations.  All  the  requisite  plans  in  con- 
nection with  the  company's  proposed  works  have  been 
duly  deposited  with  Parliament. 


FERNS   OF  LORD  HOWES  ISLAND. 

The  Ferns  from  Lord  Howe's  Island  mentioned  in 
Dr.  Bennett's  letter  (Card.  C/iron.,  1872,  p.  n3), 
have  now  arrived. 

Of  the  two  Tree  Ferns,  presumably  identical  with 
the  two  of  which  you  figure  the  trunks  at  tab.  59  and 
60.  I  cannot,  from  the  dried  fronds,  in  any  way  sepa- 
rate one  of  them  from  the  well-known  Alsophila  excelsa 
of  Norfolk  Island.  In  texture,  cutting,  hairs,  and 
fructification  it  matches  the  Norfolk  Island  specimen. 
I  do  not  put  forward  this  as  a  final  judgment  till  we 
have  had  an  opportunity  of  comparing  trunk,  stems, 
and  scales  upon  living  plants. 

The  other  Tree  Fern  I  feel  tolerably  safe  in  regard- 
ing as  an  undescribed  Hemitelia,  of  which  the  following 
is  as  good  an  account  as  the  material  received  enables 
me  to  furnish  : — ■ 

Hemitelia  (amphicosmia)  Moorei,  Baker,  11.  sf. 

Frondibus  amplis  oblongo-lanceolatisdecompositis  [quadripinnati- 
fidis)  supra  viridibus  glabris  subtus  ad  costas  segmentorum 
paleis  parvis  bullatis  albidis  mcmbranaceis  instructis  :  rachibus 
dorso  angulatis  dense  adpresse  ferruginco-pubescentibus,  facie 
complanatis  minute  furfuraceo-paleaceis  ;  pinnis  oblongo- 
ianceolatis  distincte  petiolatis  ;  pinnatis  lanceolatis  sessilibus  ; 
segmentis  tertiarlis  ligulato-lanceolatis  profunde  pinnatifidis 
lobis  lanceolatis  revolutis,  venis  liberis  in  segmentis  tertiariis 
pinnatis  venulis  inferiorlbus  furcatis  superioribus  centralibus 
solitariis  :  soris  ad  segmentos  tertlaros  s-jngos  prope  costas 
uniseriatis  :  invoUicro  parvo  unilateraliter  cnpuliformi,  recep- 
taculo  doleolato  crinito. 

Trunk  8  to  10  feet  high.  Fronds  ample,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  quadripinnatifid,  nearly  2  feet  broad,  thick 
in  texture  but  not  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
above,  except  the  rachises,  paler  and  also  glabrous  on 
the  underside,  but  the  costa  of  the  pinnules  and 
tertiary  segments  furnished  with  copious  minute  white 
bullate  membranous  scales.  Rachises  of  the  pinnae 
broadly  keeled  on  the  upper  side  of  the  frond,  densely 
clothed  with  adpressed  ferruginous  pubescence,  which 
is  absent  from  the  flattened  underside,  where  it  is  re- 
placed by  a  thin  coating  of  minute  furfuraceous  scales. 
Pinna;  distinctly  stalked,  oblong  lanceolate,  reaching 
nearly  a  foot  long,  4 — 5  inches  broad.  Pinnules  close, 
lanceolate,  equal-sided,  quite  sessile  except  the  lowest. 
Distinct  sessile  segments  of  the  third  grade,  15 — 18 
pairs  below  the  pinnatifid  apex  of  the  pinnule,  ligulate 
lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  8 — 10  recurved 
lanceolate  lobes.  Veins  quite  free,  one  being  carried 
from  the  midrib  of  the  tertiary  segment  to  the  apex  of 
each  ultimate  lobe,  each  vein  being  solitary  in  the 
centre  of  the  upper  lobes,  once  forked  in  the  lower 
lobes.  Sorus  one  at  the  base  of  each  lobe  except  the 
uppermost,  so  that  a  full-sized  segment  produces  5 — 8 
pairs  in  rows  close  to  its  midrib.  Receptacle  barrel- 
shaped,  the  capsules  mixed  with  copious  hair-like 
deciduous  paraphyses.  Involucre  never  more  than  a 
half  cup,  placed,  of  course,  on  one  side  of  the 
receptacle. 

As  regards  general  habit  and  division,  it  must  stand 
by  the  side  of  the  New  Zealand  H.  Smithii  and  the 
Cape  and  Brazilian  H.  capensis,  both  of  which  are 
well-known.  It  has  all  the  aspect  of  a  plant  grown  in 
a  very  exposed  situation.  This  is  shown  by  the  thick 
texture  of  the  frond,  by  the  bullate  scales  of  the  ribs  of 
the  under  surface,  by  the  vestiture  of  the  rachises  of  the 
pinna',  and  by  the  revolution  of  the  lobes  of  the  seg- 
ments, which  are  curled  down  so  much  that  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  see  the  sori  clearly.  H.  capensis  has  a  very  dif- 
ferent texture  and  vestiture,  like  a  plant  whose  home  is 
in  shady  woods,  with  pinnules  carried  down  to  the 
base  of  the  pinnre,  less  deeply  lobed  tertiary  segments, 
with  a  few,  sometimes  only  a  single  one  or  pair,  of 
large  conspicuous  sori  at  the  base  of  each.  From  H. 
Smithii,  the  Lord  Howe's  Island  plant  differs  by  its 
thicker  but  less  coriaceous  texture,  distinctly  stalked 
pinnoe,  bullate  scales,  much  fewer  pinnules  to  a  pinna, 
but  much  more  numerous  narrower  lobes,  and  conse- 
quently greater  number  of  sori  to  a  tertiary  segment, 
and  by  its  crenate  not  glabrous  somewhat  less  pro- 
minent receptacles. 

I  am  desirous  to  connect  the  plant  with  the  name  of 
Mr.  Charles  Moore,  Director  of  the  Botanic  Garden  at 
Sydney,  not  only  because  the  present  exploration  took 
place  under  his  direction,  but  because  he  has  done  so 
much  through  many  years  past  to  add  to  our  know- 
ledge of  Australian  Ferns ;  and  also  as  bearing  in 
remembrance  that  the  fine  Alsophila  which  Mr.  John 
Smith  intended  should  bear  his  name,  and  which  was 
circulated  widely  in  I^uropean  gardens  under  the  name 
of  Alsophila  Moorei  must,  according  to  the  laws  of 
botanical  nomenclature,  be  called  A.  Leichhardtiana. 
It  will  no  doubt  be  remembered  by  some  of  your 
readers  that  the  plant  to  which  I  refer  was  published 
by  Baron  von  Mueller  as  A.  Leichhardtiana,  by  Mr. 
Smith  as  A.  Moorei,  and  by  Sir  Wm.  Hooker  and 
myself  as  A.  Macarthurii,  all  within  a  very  short  time 
of  one  another,  and  that,  as  was  explained  in  the 
Gardeners'  CItroiiicle  nt  the  time,  Von  Mueller  has  the 
priority. 


Kebiuaiy  24,   1S72.] 


I'he    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


253 


The  other  principal  novelty  of  the  exploration,  in  the 
}*ern  way,  proves  to  be  a  new  and  very  distinct  species 
of  Deparia — 

DeI'ARIA    NEl'HRUDlUlDES,   Ba/CiT, 

Frondibus  (Jeltoideis  deconipositis  viridibus  mombranaceis  utriii- 
que  glabris    luillo    modo    p.ilcaceis  :   racliibus    pubescenlibus 
baud  paleaccis ;  pinius  dcltoideis  inrcrioribus  loiige  petiolatis ; 
pinnutis    deUoideis    conferlis     ntiirgiiit:    superiore    cum    rachi 
parallelo  inferiore  ciineato-lruiicato  :  sognientis  ultimis  obtusis 
pinnatifidis  :  venis  liberis,  soris  sessilibus. 
Fronds  deltoid,  measuring  about  2  feet  long  by  I  .^  foot 
broad,  membranous  in  texture,  full  green  on  both  sides, 
without  either  hair  or  scales.    Kachises  substramineous, 
those  of  the  pinna;  channelled  down  the   lower  side, 
with  a  row  of  dense  concolorous  pubescence  filling  up 
the   space   within   the   raised   edges,    the   upper    side 
rounded  subglabrous.      Pinnx   deltoid,    nearly   equal- 
sided,  the  lowest  and  largest  long-stalksd,  under  i  foot 
long.      Pinnules  also  deltoid,  and  many  of  the  lower 
ones  stalked,  but  not  equal-sided,  being  produced  on 
the  anterior  side  so  as  to  touch  the  rachis,  but  cut  away 
on  the  lower  side  so  as  to  form  an  angle  of  20°^25°  with  | 
the  rachis.     Tertiary  segments  also  close  and  deltoid,  , 
the  largest  cut  down  to  the  midrib   in  tlie  lower  part, 
with  their  divisions  of  the  fourth  grade  sessile,  blunt, 
oblong,  pinnatifid.    Veins  free,  pinnate  in  the  ultimate 
divisions,    with    parallel  erecto-patent   veinlets.       Sori 
minute,  marginal,  one  placed  on  the  upper  side  of  each 
ultimate  lobe  of  the  fertile  divisions,  the  sessile  invo-  ; 
lucre  composed  of  two  reniform  valves,  which  scarcely  i 
differ  from  the  blade  in  texture.  [ 

This  is  much  more  divided  than,  and  totally  different  | 
in  the  shape  of  the  frond  and  its  clivisions  from,  any  of 


and  also  foi  preparing  and  preserving  agricultural  prod\ice  ;  puit- 
able  engine'^  :  horse  gear,  and  agricultural  implements  generally  ; 
organ!"'  and  mineral  manures :  apparatus  for  chemical  and 
physical  analysis  o(  the  soil  ;  systems  for  replanting  and  culti- 
vating forests,  tools  and  instruments  employed  :  millstones,  rough 
and  worked. 

Class  61.  — Cd.issliouses,  and  utensils,  and  touU  iiied  iu  horticul- 
ture and  in  the  decoration  of  parks  and  gardens. 

Class  fi;;.^ Products  :  Vegetable:^,  friut  trees,  seeds,  saplings 
of  forest  trees,  hothouse  and  other  ornamental  plants  and  flowers. 

As  this  class  includes  products  which  require  renewal,  it  will 
be  the  object  of  special  competitions,  of  which  due  notice  will  be 
given  to  the  exhibitors. 

Arrangements  are  being  entered  into  for  the  convey- 
ance of  goods  to  the  exhibition  at  reduced  rates  by  the 
several  railway  companies,  and  by  vessels  from  London. 
The  articles  for  exhibition  will  be  received  at  Lyons 
during  March  next,  and  pictures  and  other  works  of 
art  will  be  admitted  free  of  charge.  All  possible  facili- 
ties will  be  given  to  the  exhibitors  for  the  sale  of  their 
productions,  but  no  object  exhibitetl  must  be  withdrawn 
until  after  the  closing  of  the  exhibition.  A  certain 
charge  will,  it  is  stated,  be  made  to  exhibitors  for  space. 
The  otrices  of  the  London  Committee  are  at  3,  Castle 
Street,  Holborn,  and  all  communications  should  be 
addressed  to  Mr.  E.  Johnson,  the  honorary  secretary. 


HOll'  TO  MAk'E  THE  MOST  OF  OUR 
WALLS. 
TiiK  bare  state  of  many  walls,  and  the  crippled 
condition  of  more  trees,  give  special  force  and  perti- 
nence to  such  inquiries.  As  the  season  for  protective 
expedients  arrives  such  questions  crop  out  iu  all  direc- 
tions.    Editors  are  troubled  with  them,  and  that  most 


'  fruit  for  nexl  summer  without  the  old  proviso  attached 

to  all  sailing  vessels,  "  weather  permitting."     Let  /era 

:  touch  those  fat  buds  with  its  icy  fingers  in  winter,  or 

15'  of  frost  fall  lightly  on  them,  or  be  dashed  by  the 

harsh    hand    of    Maicli    on    to    their  fair   faces,  and, 

behold  !  they  are  black  and  dead.     Un  the  contrary,  a 

I  mild  winter  and  genial  spring  help  us  to  win  the  prize 

'  of  a  good  crop. 

The  position  is  a  somewhat  galling  one.  We  have 
j  to  say,  By  your  leave,  to  the  sharp  arrows  of  the  frost, 
I  the  heavy  artillery  of  the  hail,  and  the  winds  in  their 
erratic  course  ;  hence  the  pertinence  and  urgency  of  the 
I  questions  that  have  recently  reached  us  from  many 
quarters,  whether  this  game  of  chance  with  the  elements, 
I  in  which  we  a.re  so  often  worsted  in  the  production  of 
,  superior  fruit  iu  the  open,  is  worth  the  candle.  Does  it 
,  pay  for  the  capital,  skill,  and  time  invested,  or  is  it 
j  compatible  with  the  sense  and  dignity  of  cultivators  to 
go  on  and  on  for  evermore  with  a  game  of  chance  with 
!  the  most  capricious  of  all  climates  ? 

Only  two  courses  seem  open  to  us.     We  must  create 
,  an  artificial  climate  by  the  use  of  glass,  or  afford  special 
,  and  temporary  protection  at  the  most  trying  seasons. 
^  The  first  takes  the  trees  from  the  open  wall  at  once 
'  and   encloses    them   in  a  glass  house,  the    second    is 
therefore  the  only  point  now  under  discussion. 
;      Walls  themselves  afford   considerable  protection  lo 
trees.     It  is  not  only  that  they  keep  the  wind  off,  and 
intercept  and  accumulate  the  heat  when  the  sun  shines, 
but  they  create  an  artificial  temperature  in  their  imme- 
diate vicinity  somewhat  superior  to  that  of  the  general 
air ;  but  it  need^  only  a  glance  at  the  impoverished  face 
of  the  mijority  of  wal'i  to  see  that  of  themselves  they 


y\C.,    06. — LYONS    EXHiniTIOX    BUlLDINf,, 


the  four  species  already  known,  all  of  which,  except 
the  New  Caledonian  Deparia  (Cionidium)  Moorei,  are 
tropical  American.  It  resembles  so  closely  some  of 
the  forms  of  Xephrodium  decompositum  in  texture  and 
cutting,  that  barren  specimens  might  well  be  passed 
over  for  that  at  a  casual  glance.  Though  adopted  in 
our  Si-f/o/'sis  Fi!iiu>?iy  I  do  not  think  that  Deparia  has 
any  rightful  claim  to  be  regarded  as  a  genus  by  itself, 
but  that  it  would  be  better  to  reduce  it  to  a  section  of 
Dicksonia.  J.  G.  Baker. 


LYONS  EXHIBITION. 

I'l'  to  this  time  we  have  heard  little  as  to  what  share 
our  nurserymen  and  agriculturists  intend  to  take  in  the 
I'niversal  Exhibition  at  Lyons,  which  is  to  be  open 
from  May  I  to  Oct.  31,  1S72,  though  it  is  full  time 
that  they  were  stirring  if  they  intend  British  horticul- 
ture and  agriculture  to  be  efticiently  represented.  The 
exhibition  in  question  is  to  be  held  in  closed  galleries,  ' 
and  in  an  open  space  adjoining  in  the  Pare  de  la  Tete 
d'Or  (see  fig.  96). 

The  products  mentioned  in  the  regulations  which 
most  concern  our  readers  are  those  relating  to  silk, 
machines,  implements  of  all  kinds,  raw  materials, 
timber,  dyeing  materials,  basket-work,  drugs,  cereals, 
food  products,  and  vegetable  products  generally. 
l.Jroup  7  is  devoted  entirely  to  agriculture  and  horti- 
culture, in  consequence  of  which  we  transcribe  in  full 
the  regulations  referring  to  it. 

GrOCP   VII.— ACRICfLTLRE   AND    HoRTIClI.TL'RK. 

Class  60  — Specimens  of  Agricultural  and  Rural  Establish- 
ment';;  Modes  of  Culiurc  and  Distribution  of  Crops  :  Drainage. 
Irrigalicm.  &r.— Plans  and  models  of  rural  buildings  :  machines 
and  implemeni-^  for  plonghim;,   sowing,  mowing,   and  reaping. 


tried  of  all  human  creatures,  the  \\riting  practical 
gardener,  is  overrun  with  queries  from  would-be 
successful  fruit  growers.  This  question,  like  most 
urgent  and  important  matters,  bristles  with  difficulties. 
It  likewise  presses  for  solution,  for  this  much  I  think 
must  be  admitted,  that  the  return  from  our  walls  is  one 
of  the  least  satisfactory  items  in  modern  horticulture, 
considering  the  capital  invested  in  and  the  skill 
expended  upon  them.  Expensive  to  build,  trouble- 
some lo  furnish,  somewhat  difficult  to  manage,  the 
returns,  as  the  seasons  have  been  of  late  years,  vary 
much  like  a  game  of  chance,  with  all  the  odds  of  climate 
against  the  cultivator. 

There  are   those  who  speak  and   write  slightingly  ; 
about  climatic  effects.     They  imply  or  assert  that  the  ' 
cultivator  may  and  ought  to  win   in   the  contest  with 
the  elements  — that,   in  a  word,  he  can  so  ameliorate 
climate,  and  strengthen  vegetation  to  resent  its  effects, 
as  to  come  through  the  elemental  war  victorious.  ; 

Doubtless  there  is  a  grain  of  truth  in  this  view  of  the 
matter.  Chiefly  by  cuttingdown  timber,  and  by  drainage 
the  climate  may  be  improved.  Again,  root-pruning  and 
skilful  summer  management  of  the  tops  of  trees  hastens 
and  brightens,  if  I  may  so  express  it,  maturity.  There 
are  degrees  of  ripeness,  and  the  higher  the  maturation  ' 
of  the  wood  the  greater  its  power  of  resisting  cold. 
Inasmuch,  then,  as  the  cultivation  of  the  earth  ame-  ! 
Korates  climate,  and  proper  management  of  the  tree 
hardens  it,  so  far  the  cultivator  masters  climate. 
But  this  is  not  saying  so  very  much  after  all,  for 
when  everything  is  done  that  diligence,  skill,  fore- 
sight, can  devise,  we  eat  or  not  of  the  frtiit  of  our 
labours  very  much  as  the  weather  permits  ;  and  it 
is  well  for  our  future  peace,  while  admiring  our  plump 
fruit-buds  in  the  autumn,  not  too  rashly  to  insure  the 


are  inefficient  protectors.  They  are  mostly  placed  so 
wide  asunder  that  their  heating  effect  on  the  wall  atmo- 
sphere is  dissipated  into  insensibility,  and  their  sharji 
lines  not  seldom  act  upon  air  in  motion  as  a  whet- 
stone does  on  the  edge  of  a  scythe,  whetting  it  by 
means  of  eddies  into  greater  keenness,  thus  helping  it  t  .^ 
cut  lower  and  deeper.  J'.ven  this  interception  and 
absorption  of  early  sunbeams  is  far  from  being  all  gain 
to  the  cultivator.  This  early  warmth  wakes  up  the 
sleeping  buds,  and  arouses  the  dormant  energies  of  life. 
The  flowers  awake,  unfold,  in  virtue  of  the  warmth 
of  the  walls,  when  lo  !  the  frost  treads  on  the  heels  of 
caloric,  and  nips  their  precocious  life  with  death's  cohl 
grip.  But  for  the  fostering  protection  of  our  walls, 
the  blossom  might  have  slept  in  safety  till  all  danger 
from  frost  was  past. 

We  have  long  found  that  our  protecting  walls  them- 
selves need  protection.  And  we  no  sooner  cover  than 
we  weaken  our  trees.  The  more  heat  we  keep  in  the 
more  light  we  shut  out  ;  and  every  ray  of  light 
excluded  weakens  the  plant's  power  of  resisting  cold. 
Hence  it  has  come  to  pass  that  indiscreet  or  excessive 
protection  has  done  more  harm  than  good.  What 
matters  it  though  we  keep  out  so  many  degrees  of 
cold,  if  we  weaken  the  enduring  or  resisting  power  of 
the  plants  as  much  or  more?  The  plants  would  still 
have  the  worst  of  it. 

It  is  of  no  use  disguising  the  fact,  the  subject  is 
beset  with  difticulties.  Many  fruit  growers  forcibly 
remind  one  of  the  fable  of  the  old  man  and  his  ass. 
They  tr}'  all  means,  fail  to  please  themselves  or  any- 
body else,  and  lose  their  fnait  into  the  bargain. 
Three  courses  at  least  are,  however,  open  to  the  fruit 
grower.  The  growth  of  tender  fruit  in  the  open  air 
may  be  abandoned.     Cheap  permanent  houses  may  be 


254 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle    and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  24,    Ib72. 


erected  in  front  of  the  walls,  or  portable  means  of  pro- 1  found  on  some  delicate  foreign  seedlings  ;  which  is 
tection  employed  in  times  of  tirgent  danger.  As  to  the  perhaps  the  cause  of  the  early  stinting  and  coning  of 
giving  up  of  the  cultivation    of  superior  fruit  in  the  |  some  trees.      For  my  own  part,  I  would  not  give  one 


open,  that  is  out  of  the  question.  Unless  in  very  cold 
and  loWj  wet  localities,  it  still  pays  for  the  trouble  and 
expense  of  production  ;  it  is,  in  fact,  idle  to  dwell  upon 
this.  The  growers  of  fruit  are  used  to  try  again  and 
again,  and  the  whole  set  of  the  age  is  towards  fruit 
culture.  Whatever  may  be  hidden  for  us  in  the  lap  of 
futurity,  more  and  better  fruit  are  already  looming  in  the 
distance.  Every  year  the  stock  of  fruit  trees  grows 
larger  ;  while  one  is  wondering  where  they  can  all  go 
to,  they  are  already  gone,  and  neither  the  supply  nor 
demand  have  yet  reached  their  limits.  The  time 
seems  at  hand  when  not  only  every  wealthy  merchant 
and  well-to-do  amateur,  but  each  toiling  artisan  and 
labourer  also  will  grow  his  own  dessert.  No  one 
must  think  of  gi'owing  less,  but  every  one  of  growing 
more  fruit  out-of-doors. 

Doubtless,  likewise,  more  will  also  be  produced 
under  glass.  The  area  of  glass  for  horticultural  pur- 
poses is  extending  day  by  day.  So  rapidly  is  this 
process  proceeding,  that  some  contend  that  most  of  the 
British  horticulture  of  the  future  will  be  conducted 
under  glass.  Visitors  to  Nottingham  have  seen  for 
themselves  that  a  glass  house  is  a  possible  luxury,  and 
a  source  of  pleasure  to  the  I'oua  fide  working  man. 
It  is  astonishing  how.  much  fniit  may  be  produced  in  a 
small  area  under  glass.  Still,  if  all  tender  fruits  must 
be  capped  with  glass,  less  must  be  grown  than  more  ; 
cheap  as  glass  is,  it  still  costs  a  good  deal,  and  one 
harvest  a-year  will  hardly  suflice  to  popularise  its  use  to 
many,  while  the  bare  chance  of  reaping  such  a  harvest 
without  its  help  exists.  Then  we  reach  once  more  the 
question  of  temporary  means  of  protection,  which  I 
purpose  illustrating  and  explaining  in  my  next  paper. 
/y.  T.  Fish. 


cutting-made  plant  taken  from  the  Bellwood  A.  Doug- 


PRUNING  CONIFEROUS  TREES  AND 
SHRUBS. 

(Conchidcd  /roiii  p.  i8o. ) 

Of  the  Picea  tribe,  I  have  only  operated  thoroughly 
on  a  few  species,  such  as  P.  Nordmanniana,  P.  cepha- 
lonica,  P,  Pinsapo,  and  P.  Wehbiana.  The  first  of 
these  is  inclined  to  produce  strong  side  shoots, 
frequently  stinting  the  growth  of  the  leader  to  i^  inch 
in  height  per  annum.  In  some  plants,  10  years  old, 
now  growing  in  the  Botanic  Garden,  Edinburgh,  the 
diameter  of  the  branches  is  3  feet  10  inches,  while  the 
height  of  the  plant  is  only  i  foot  10  inches.  I  have 
specimens  of  the  P.  Nordmanniana  raised  from  seed  at 
the  same  time,  and  which  have  been  regularly 
branch-pruned,  which  are  now  4  feet  in  height, 
showing  the  propriety  of  branch-pruning  this  species 
at  an  early  stage.  Seedling  plants  of  P.  Nordman- 
niana rarely  put  up  more  than  one  leader,  and  it  is 
wrong  to  allow  this  leader  to  be  robbed  by  the  super 
abundant  growth  of  the  side  branches,  now  that  it 
is  shown  that  no  harm  will  accrue  from  a  judicious 
use  of  the  knife.  During  the  period  when  the 
P.  Nordmanniana  was  scarce,  the  plants  were  gene- 
rally increased  by  cuttings,  grafts,  and  layers.  This 
l^runing  was  unintentionally  the  means  of  causing  the 
leaders  of  the  original  plants  to  assume  an  upward 
growth.  It  is  surprising  to  see  many  of  the  early 
produced  plants  from  cuttings,  grafts,  and  layers, 
although  18  or  20  years  old,  growing  procumbent, 
and,  if  "pright,  somewhat  fan-shaped.  The  only 
way  to  induce  a  leader  on  such  plants  is  to  cut  off  all 
the  branches  and  peg  the  stump  firmly  to  the  ground. 
By  this  means,  one,  two,  or  more  leaders  will  be  pro- 
duced from  the  lower  part  of  the  stem.  By  the 
removal  of  all  but  one,  it  \\\W.  in  time  become  a  well- 
set  leader,  and  ultimately  make  a  vigorous  tree.  The 
leading  shoots  removed  will  make  excellent  cuttings 
or  grafts,  by  retaining  their  leaders,  which  is  not  the 
case  with  the  points  of  side  branches.  The  same 
remarks  are  applicable  to  many  otlier  species  of  the 
Picca  tribe,  when  produced  by  cuttings  and  layers, 
such  as  P.  nobilis,  P.  robusta,  V,  amabilis,  P.  grandis, 
P.  Pichta,  &c. 

\Vith  the  Douglas  Fir  (Picea  Douglasii)  the  case  is 
totally  different.  Previous  to  the  time  when  seedlings 
of  this  tree  were  freely  produced  from  the  early  im- 
ported specimens,  the  Douglas  Firs  were  all  struck 
from  cuttings,  generally  taking  the  leaders  from  side  or 
secondary  branches.  This  propagation  by  cuttings 
was  carried  on  with  vigour  for  many  years,  indeed,  till 
such  time  as  some  of  the  original  imported  trees  pro- 
duced cones,  and  from  that  period  izw^  or  no  cuttings 
have  been  made.  Cutting-struck  plants  from  the  original 
trees  were  very  extensively  spread  over  the  country, 
and  many  of  them  are  now  handsome  and  well-shaped 
trees.  Some  of  these  are  at  times  unwittingly  passed 
olT  for  early  seedlings  of  British  grown  trees,  and  from 
this  circumstance  a  good  deal  of  discussion  about  the 
deterioration  of  British  produced  seedlings,  as  com- 
pared with  imported  ones,  has  arisen.  I  am  still 
of  opinion,  as  I  stated  in  a  paper  read  before  the 
Botanical  Society  about  seven  years  ago,  that  seedlings 
taken  from  the  earliest  cone-producing  trees  are  very 
inferior  to  seedlings  raised  from  cones  received  from 
their  native  habitats.  All  British  produced  seedlings 
are  easily  known  from  the  profusion  of  resinous  blisters 
all  over  the  surface  of  the  bark,  and  the  naturally 
light  coloured  tint  of  the  foliage.  The  blisters  alluded 
to  are  not  confined  to  British  seedlings,  but  are  also 


Fig.  07.— unprl'N'ed  cupressi  s  lawsoniana, 

lasii  at  Perth  (and  from  which  many  thousand  cuttings 
must  at  one  time  have  been  taken  and  struck),  for  any 
amount  of  plants  produced  from  the  early  coning  trees. 
The  case,  however,  is  different  with  seedlings  taken 
from  cones  produced  now  for  the  first  time  by  any  of 
the  original  imported  plants.  One  of  these  original 
trees  known  to  me  produced  its  first  cones  two  years 
ago.  These  seedlings  are  totally  different  from  those 
produced  by  the  early  coning  trees,  being  darker  in 
foliage  and  of  slower  growth.  To  my  certain  know- 
ledge, many  of  the  original  seedlings  produced  by  the 
Lynedoch  and  Raith  trees,  where  planted  in  open 
exposed  places,  have  entirely  passed  away,  while  of 
those  planted  in  close  shady  woods  many  still  exist 
and  appear  to  thrive. 

A  common  occurrence  with  some  species  of  Picea  is 
the  tendency  to  produce  double  leaders  ;  when  this  is 
the  case,  the  weaker  one  can  be  removed  without 
injury  to  the  plant.  I  have  frequently  noticed  the 
destruction  of  the  main  leading  shoot,  caused  either  by 
birds,  wind,  accident,  or  mischief,  and  the  result  has 
been  that  the  upper  whorl  of  horizontal  shoots  all 
gradually  assumed  an  upright  habit.  It  will  be  neces- 
sary to  remove  all  but  one,  fixing  on  the  strongest, 
which  will  be  found  to  have  more  of  an  upright  ten- 
dency than  the  others.  This  shoot  will  gradually  bend 
over  the  point  where  the  original  leader  grew,  and 
although  slightly  curved  in  the  middle,  the  top  will 
finally  assume  an  upright  position,  and  this  without 
any  necessity  for  tying.  From  this  branch-made 
leader  the  whorls  will  be  produced  year  by  year,  with 
perfect  regidarity.  In  the  case  of  the  crown  of 
the  leader  only  being  injured,  all  the  incipient  side 
buds  on  the  portion  left  should  be  picked  out  except 
the  one   nearest  the    top  ;  but  if  the  top  one  is  not 


F(G. 


MC^i^^^^^^^^yr:i^^>'- 


-STEM-l'Kl  NED   CIPRESSfS   LAWSONIANV 


strong,  remove  a  portion  of  the  injured  leader  till  a 
vigorous  one  is  reached  (judging  of  this  before  the 
incipient  buds  are  picked  out).  The  upper  one  left 
will  soon  form  an  upright  leader,  and  in  a  few  years 
will  completely  obliterate  all  traces  of  injury.  With 
Picea  Lowii  such  experiments  are  particularly  interest- 
ing, although  it  is  very  annoying  to  find  the  tops  of 


the    Piceas    maliciously   broken   off    to   render  such 
experiments  necessary. 

Picea  cephalonica  and  P.  Pinsapo  are  also  wonder- 
fully improved  by  branch  pruning,  particularly  when 
growing  in  soils  and  situations  different  to  what  they 
are  accustomed  to  in  their  native  homes.  Growing 
on  limestone  rock,  which  is  the  case  in  their  native 
country,  it  will  be  found  that,  in  all  similar  situations 
in  Britain,  these  trees  generally  become  vigorous  and 
finely  shaped. 

Picea  Webbiana  is  perhaps  one  of  the  most  orna- 
mental of  the  Picea  tribe,  as  far  as  foliage  is  concerned. 
The  leaves  are  long,  dark  bluish  green  on  the  upper 
surface,  and  a  pure  snow-white  underneath.  The 
young  leaf-buds  of  this  tree  are  very  susceptible  of 
spring  frosts,  so  much  so  as  to  cause  it  to  be  rarely 
sought  after  by  cultivators,  and  consequently  rarely  to 
be  found  in  nursery  establishments.  If  good  plants  of 
Picea  Webbiana  are  really  desired  they  must  be  grown 
in  somewhat  shady  situations,  and  operated  on  at  an 
early  stage  of  their  growth,  even  when  i  or  2  feet  in 
height.  The  removal  of  the  points  of  the  side  shoots 
year  by  year,  or  even  the  picking  out  of  the  lateral 
buds,  has  the  effect  of  throwing  increased  vigour  into 
the  terminal  leader.  By  this  treatment  the  terminal 
bud  will  be  found  more  robust  and  stronger  than 
in  those  specimens  where  all  the  points  of  the  branches 
have  been  left  to  grow  at  freedom,  which  is  vei-y 
often  the  case  in  many  garden  establishments.  W'hen 
the  shoots  are  numerous  they  are  generally  weak, 
start  early  into  leaf  growth,  and  are  certain  to  be 
injured  by  spring  frosts.  When  the  main  and 
secondary  leaders  only  exist,  they  seem  to  have  the 
power  of  remaining  dormant  till  the  proper  time 
arrives  for  them  to  start  into  growth,  unless  during  a 
very  untoward  season.  Several  plants  treated  as 
above  have  now  a  pyramidal  shape,  while  those  left 
wholly  to  themselves  are  generally  in  a  wretched 
condition. 

Of  the  genus  Abies,  only  on  two  species  have  I 
attempted  the  branch-pruning  system,  vi/.,  on  Abies 
Pattoniana  and  A.  Hookeriana.  These  plants  have  a 
natural  tendency  to  spread,  and  to  develope  numerous 
leaders.  If  regularly  side-branch  pruned,  a  uniform 
upright  growth  will  be  the  result. 

Taxodium  sempervirens  is  another  Conifer  which 
stands  the  knife  well  ;  its  outline  will  be  greatly  im- 
proved both  by  branch  and  stem  pruning.  The  Taxo- 
dium is  not  so  extensively  cultivated  as  it  ought  to  be. 
If  properly  attended  to  by  judicious  pruning  it  will 
become  in  many  parts  of  England  an  excellent  avenue 
tree,  but  the  condition  in  which  it  is  generally  seen 
renders  it  rather  forbidding  than  otherwise. 

Wellingtonia  gigantea,  whether  produced  from  seeds 
or  cuttings,  if  growing  on  good  soil,  naturally  assumes 
a  pyramidal  shape.  Branch-pruning  is  not  therefore 
necessary  except  in  the  case  of  a  stunted  specimen,  or  a 
wayward  branch,  as  occasionally  happens.  WelUng- 
tonias,  however,  may  be  stem-pruned  with  impunity. 
Where  many  specimens  exist,  it  will  be  noticed  that 
the  upward  tendency  will  be  greatly  improved  by  such 
treatment. 

The  Cupressus  Lawsoniana  is  another  plant  which  I 
have  no  hesitation  in  freely  stem-pruning,  but  not  side- 
branch  pruning.  In  its  natural  state  it  grows  to  the 
height  of  100  feet,  but  when  cultivated  in  this  country 
it  has  often  a  tendency  to  assume  the  habit  of  the 
Chinese  Arbor-vitre,  by  putting  out  numerous  upright 
stems  from  the  surface  of  the  ground,  which  in  many 
cases  finally  stint  what  is  intended  to  be  the  leading 
shoot.  I  first  commenced  the  stem-pruning  (fig.  98) 
of  the  C.  Lawsoniana  during  the  year  1S65,  and  the 
progress  the  stem-pruned  plants  have  made  over  the 
unpruned  is  quite  remarkable,  and,  like  the  Deodar, 
totally  altering  the  character  of  the  plant. 

Of  the  genus  Pinus,  with  the  exception  of  P.  excelsa, 
no  other  species  up  to  this  time  has  been  pruned  by 
me,  except  the  removing  of  any  unsightly  branch  when 
interfering  with  a  neighbouring  specimen.  The  Pinus 
excelsa  when  left  to  itself  has  rather  a  sprawling  habit 
of  growing,  the  branches  in  most  cases  being  wide 
spread,  to  the  detriment  of  the  leading  shoot.  Trees 
of  Pinus  excelsa  have  been  branch-pruned  here,  more 
or  less,  for  the  last  25  years.  Such  plants  so  treated 
have  now  assumed  the  habit  of  Pinus  Cembra.  The 
Pinus  excelsa  is  rarely  asked  for  by  cultivators  ;  but  if 
planted  and  treated  as  recommended,  it  will  prove  an 
ornament  to  the  pinetum  or  shrubbery,  its  long  light- 
coloured  leaves  contrasting  admirably  with  the  foliage 
of  the  generality  of  the  dark-leaved  Pines, 

Several  other  species  of  coniferous  trees  are  now 
under  the  process  of  branch-and-stem  pruning,  but  it 
will  be  needless  to  report  on  them  till  such  time  as 
they  have  been  thoroughly  tested  by  experiment. 

When  pruning  coniferous  tree.s,  I  generally  com- 
mence during  the  month  of  August,  and  continue  the 
operation  till  the  middle  or  end  of  (_^clober.  Some 
have  been  pruned  as  late  as  December  and  January 
without  any  apparent  injury,  but  this  may  depend  on 
the  effect  of  the  weather,  particularly  frost,  on  the  new- 
cut  extremities.  As  a  general  rule,  I  prefer  the  earlier 
months  stated. 

Conifers  in  a  state  of  nature  are  rarely  seen  as  we 
are  accustomed  to  look  upon  them  in  gardens  and 
pleasure  grounds.  They  are  generally  in  large  forests, 
where,  from  their  proximity,  the  lower  branches  gene- 
rally get  destroyed,  and  from  this  circumstance  the 
trees  must  of  necessity  assume  an  upright  habit.     It  \% 


February  24,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Aei'ricultiiral    Gazette. 


255 


iherefore  incumbent  on  xis  to  take  steps  in  order  to 
imitate  Nature,  and  thus  induce  in  some  plants  a  tree 
growth,  instead  o£.  a  bush  form,  wliich  is  not  their 
natural  condition. 

I  have  stated  tliat  certain  coniferous  plants  are  not 
in  ttie  least  injured  by  a  free  use  of  the  knife,  while 
with  othei-s  it  is  well  known  that  they  will  not  stand 
it  in  the  slightest  decree.  The  Araucaria  is  very  sus- 
ceptible of  Injury  if  its  juices  are  interfered  with,  either 
by  cutting  or  ben-ling,  and  I  feel  almost  persuaded 
that  the  excessive  injury  done  to  the  Araucaria 
during  the  severe  winter  of  1S60-61  was  in  a  great 
measure  due  to  the  excessive  bending  of  the  points 
uf  the  branches  under  the  weight  of  snow 
which  prevailed  at  the  time,  thus  rupturing  the 
upper  tissues  close  to  the  stem,  and  thereby 
exposing  them  to  the  severe  frost  which  at  that 
time  prevailed,  aided,  no  doubt,  by  the  long-continued 
moist  autumn  which  preceded.  Injury  is  often  reck- 
lessly done  to  the  tops  of  Araucarias  by  breaking  them 
oif,  as  is  well  known  to  the  cost  tif  some  nurserymen. 
With  such  mutilated  plants,  one  of  the  side  shoots 
composing  the  upper  whorl  is  not  unfrequently  tied 
upright,  so  as  to  form  a  leader.  Instead  of  tying  up 
one  of  these  side  branches,  a  slight  bending  down  of  the 
upper  whorl  of  branches  is  preferable,  as,  by  so  doing, 
two  or  more  leaders  will  be  produced  from  t!ie  centre. 
The  superfluous  ones  are  to  be  removed,  not  by  direct 
cutting  off,  but  by  twisting  a  piece  of  very  fme  wire 
tightly  rovmd  them,  leaving  the  strongest  one  untouched. 
This  wire  will  cut  them  through  in  a  short  time  ;  they  can 
then  be  removed  without  injuring  the  plant.  The  shoot 
uuwired  will  soon  become  a  good  leader.  If  a  leader 
is  ever  formed  by  the  tying  up  of  a  side  branch,  it  will 
be  diflicult  for  such  a  plant  ever  to  assume 
a  uniform  shape. 

At  the  beginning  of  this  paper  I  stated 
that  the  preservation  of  several  other  shrubby 
plants  besides  the  Deodar,  saved  during  the 
winter  of  1S60-61,  was  owing  to  the  condi- 
tion they  were  in  by  being  hand-pruned 
during  a  series  of  years.  In  the  garden 
here  it  is  customary  every  autumn  to  go 
over  with  a  knife  certain  shrubs,  particularly 
I*ortugal  Laurels  and  evergreen  Oaks,  not 
destined  for  growth,  so  as  to  keep  them 
within  a  limited  space  and  of  a  globular 
shape.  Singularly  enough,  most  of  the  knife- 
pruned  Portugal  Laurels  throughout  the 
garden  were  uninjured,  while  the  unpruned 
specimens  from  10  feet  to  iS  feet  in  height, 
were  more  or  less  killed  down  to  within 
3  feet  or  4  feet  of  the  ground.  The  hand- 
pruned  evergreen  Oaks  were  likewise  spared, 
while  the  unpruned  ones  were  in  many  cases 
seriously  injured,  but  sprung  up  freely  from 
the  lower  parts  of  the  stem. 

"For  the  benefit  of  those  parties  who 
object  to  the  pruning  of  evergreen  shrubs, 
I  have  to  state  that,  from  the  experience 
gained  during  the  winter  of  1S60-61,  I  con- 
tinue this  pracLice  year  by  year.  With 
the  pruned  specimens  of  Portugals  and 
evergreen  Oaks  the  tops  were  compact  and 
rounded,  and  the  snow  rested  on  them,  while 
with  the  unpruned  shrubs  the  branches  were 
very  much  bent  under  the  weight  of  snow. 

Other  plants  may  be  given  in  illustration, 
but  sufficient  has  been  noticed  to  prove  that 
knife-pruning  is  not  always  to  be  avoided  in 
the  case  of  Conifers  and  evergreen  shrubs, 
particularly  when  we  find  that  it  is  a  means 
of  saving  them,  while  others  of  the  same  species 
are  injured  under  circumstances  over  which  v/e  have  no 
control.    Yames  AfcN'ai'y  Edinburgh. 


business  purposes,  it  would  he  much  better  that  the 
houses  should  be  distributed.  I  think  no  house  ought 
to  be  admitted  to  competition,  nor  even  to  exhibition, 
unless  it  is  complete  in  every  particular.  I  shall  be 
glad  if  you  will  make  this  proposition  known  in  your 
next  issue,  and  those  who  fall  in  with  it  can  signify 
their  intention  to  compete  through  your  columns,  when 
the  necessary  arrangements  can  be  made.  I  have 
reason  to  know  that  Mr.  Quilter,  the  proprietor  of  the 
ground,  will  afford  every  facility  for  the  competition  ; 
but  as  it  must  involve  a  large  expenditure  for  each 
exhibitor,  I  think  we  ought  to  stand  upon  the  same 
platform  as  exhibitors  of  plants  or  fruits,  and  not  pay 
for  the  ground  occupied.  W,  P.  Ayn's,  Paieni  Im- 
perishable Hothouse  Works^  Nnvark-upou-  Treiitf 
February  17. 

Christmas  Roses  (p.  218).— I  believe  that  Miss 
Hope  will  have  no  diflicuUy  in  raising  any  of  the 
Hellebores  from  seed,  if  she  will  allow  them  to  sow 
themselves.  I  never  attempted  to  grow  them  from 
seed,  but  I  have  often  hundreds  of  self-sown  seedlings 
of  different  sorts.   //.  .\.  I'JIacotiib,\  Pitton  Vicarage. 

Garden  Products  and  their  Cooking. — If  your 
correspondent,  **  Gutesauce,"  will  do  mc  the  favour  to 
read  over  again  my  article  under  the  above  heading,  at 
p.  73,  he  will,  I  am  sure,  fmd  ho  remark  therein 
which   will  justify  his  assumption  that   I  think  cooks 


^cme  Correspnkntc. 

Hyacinth  Culture  in  'Windows. — Hyacinths  in 
glasses  that  have  made  their  full  growth  require  sup- 
porting, and  this  to  most  persons  is  a  very  awkward 
job  without  wires.  Xow  I  have  found  from  expe- 
rience that  the  most  effectual  plan  (without  injuring 
the  llower)  is  to  cut  a  small  stick  of  sufficient  height 
with  a  sharp  point,  and  put  it  in  the  bulb  about  an  inch 
deep,  close  to  the  crown,  when  the  leaves  and  flower  can 
lie  neatly  tied  up.  J.  Dale,  Inner  Temple  Gardens. 

Cherry  :  Frogmore  Early  Bigarreau. — There 
are  few  more  popular  or  desirable  fruits  than  the  Cherry, 
and  yet  it  is  but  little,  by  comparison,  that  we  are 
doing  to  improve  them.  Although  the  varieties  of 
Cherries  are  exceedingly  numerous  and  good,  it  is  not 
to  the  efforts  of  the  I-^nglish  hybridiser  that  this 
is  chiefly  due,  as  it  is  in  the  case  of  Grapes,  Straw- 
berries, Peaches,  &:c.  Most  of  our  novelties  and  im- 
provements in  Cherries  have  come  from  America  {L^r. 
Kirkland),  and  from  France  and  (rermany.  Still,  we 
have  had  one  amongst  us,  Mr.  Ingram,  of  Frogmore, 
who  has  given  us  some  valuable  acquisitions  in  this  as 
well  as  in  other  fruits,  but  few  of  greater  or  more 
sterling  merit  than  the  subject  of  our  present  notice — the 
Frogmore  Early  Bigarreau  Cherry  (fig.  99).  This  excel- 
lent variety  was  exhibited  before  the  Fruit  Committee  of 
the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  a  few  years  ago,  and 
was  then  awarded  a  First-class  Certificate.  It  was 
noticed  in  the  pages  of  the  Florist  in  July,  1867.     By 


this  time,    therefore,  ihi'^  splendid  Cherry  should  be 

pretty  widely  distributed.      It  is  of  the  Bigarreau  class, 

but  instead  of  having  hard,  firm  flesh,  it  is  remarkably 
'  tender  and  melting.     It  is  very  early,  coming  in  nearly 

as  soon  as  May  Dukes,  in  June.     The  fruit  is  of  large 

size,  almost  white  when  shaded,  with  a  brilliant  crim-  , 

son  cheek  when  exposed  to  the  sun.     Flesh  very  deli-  . 
,  cate,  melting,  juicy,  with   a  rich,  sweet  flavour  ;  stem 
j  small ;  habit  of  tree  robust.     I  can  highly  recommend 

it.  B.  [We  have  to  thank  Mr.  Turner,  who  holds 
\  the  stock  of  this  Cherry,  for  the  use  of  the  accom- 
1  panying  figure.  Eds.] 

Pinus  Sinclairii. — Has  this  tree  ever  been  known 

to  produce  fertile  cones  in  this  country?     I  have  lately 

broken  up  a  cone  taken  from  a  tree  on  which  it  has 

been  hanging  since  1S65,  and  found  a  great  number  of 

what  appears  to  be  good  seed  :  some  have  been  sown. 

I  shall  be  most  happy  to  forward  a  cone  with  a  few 

seeds,  and  also  give  the  dimensions  of  the  tree  if 
'  required.  R.  Rilehie,  Gr.  />  R.  II.  Frauee,  Ksa., 
I  Frognal,  Ilampstcad. 

j      Royal   Horticultural  Society  at  Birmingham,  i 

I — I  am  glad  to  see  that  the  Birmingham  "  folk  "  are 

'  making  so  spirited  a  prejiaralion  for  the  great  exhibition 

;  in   June    next,  and,  as  a    horticultural    patentee,  feel 

glad  that  the  attempt  is  to  be  made  to  induce  a  strong 

competition  in  hothouses.     I  have  often  thought  that  ; 

many    of    those    wretched    makeshift    contrivances — 

structures  which,  like  Peter  Pindar's  razors,  are  made  |  have  no  right  to  grumble  about  vegetables.  On  the 
for  sight  and  not  for  service — might  very  appropriately  !  contrary,  I  not  only  believe  that  they  have  a  perfect 
be  excluded  from  what  should  be  considered  high-class  ,  right  to  grumble,  but  I  know  that  they  have 
horticulture,  especially  as  presented  to  the  world  by  a  j  very  frequently  good  cause  for  grumbling.  "  Gate- 
Koyal  society.  But  every  man  has  hiscrotchet,  and  would  i  sauce  "    asks   me   to    '*say    in   what    cookery    book 

it  is  directed  to  salt  salads  half  an  hour 
beforehand.'*  He  must  excuse  me  if  I  de- 
cline to  supply  proof  of  assertions  that  I 
have  not  yet  made.  There  is  no  need  for  me 
to  tell  a  chef  de  cuisine  how  to  serve  a  salad  ; 
but  if  he  knew  as  much  as  I  do  about  cooks 
in  private  houses,  who  are  paid  from  £\2 
to  £2P  a-year,  he  would  then  understand 
more  clearly  the  force  of  my  remarks.  He 
forgets  that  there  are  in  England  probably 
fifty  of  such  cooks  to  one  properly  educated 
chef.  In  the  same  way  there  are  many  move 
half-instructed  men  calling  themselves  gar- 
deners than  there  are  veritable  horticul- 
turists. What  I  did  assert  was,  that  cooks 
of  the  feminine  gender  (not  elufs)  begin  to 
dress  their  salads  with  pepper  and  salt,  and 
subsequently  pour  over  vinegar  and  oil — 
that  in  doing  this  they  follow  the  example 
of  the  so-called  cooks  under  whom  they 
have  learnt,  and  they  follow  the  instructions 
given  in  books.  Will  *' Cruesauce  "  kindly 
give  me  the  name  of  any  work  in  the 
English  language,  in  which  the  proper  way 
of  dressing  a  salad  is  clearly  described,  and 
in  which  attention  is  directed  to  the  order 
in  which  the  different  condiments  should 
be  used  ? — and  to  the  reason  why  one  way  of 
dressing  the  salad  will  keep  it  fresh  and 
crisp  for  a  considerable  time,  while  if  the 
same  condiments  are  used  in  a  different  order 
the  salad  will  in  a  few  minutes  become 
sodden  ?  My  collection  of  books  ranges 
from  Beetons  Penny  Cookery  Book  up  to 
Urbain  Dubois'  volumes  on  Artistic 
Cookery  and  CosmopoUian  Cookery^  and 
includes  several  American  works ;  but 
none  of  them  give  any  such  information, 
consider  himself  injured  if  not  allowed  to  indulge  it,  so  The  works  of  Soyer,  Francatelli,  and  other  cooks  of 
I  suppose  the  manufacturers  of  horticultural  ephemera  great  repute  are,  to  a  great  extent,  unintelligible  to 
j  in  the  hothouse  line  must  be  allowed  to  indulge  theirs.  I  any  one  who  has  not  studied  for  some  time  under  a 
!  As  the  patentee  and  representative  of  the  "  Imperish-  I  chef  in  some  large  establishment  ;  and  the  works  of 
'  able  Hothouse  Company,''  my  object  in  addressing  i  some  authoresses  now  before  me  do  not  touch  the 
;  you  is  to  make  a  suggestion,  which  I   think  ought   to  '  higher    branches    of    cookery.       Let    me    suggest 


Fic 


-FROGMORE   EARLY   lUOARREAU    t  IIERRV. 


to 


bring  the   horticultural  budders  of  this   country  into 

j  spirited  competition,  and  it  is  this  : — Let  each  builder 

I  in  the  country,  or,  if  not  all,  so  many  as  may  have  the 

;  courage  to  do  so,  subscribe  10  or  20  guineas  each  as  a 

I  special    fund,     half    of    which    shall    be    given   as   a 

i  1st  prize,  and  the  remainder  as  2d  and  3d  prizes,  for 

j  "the  most  complete  span-roofed  forcing-house,"  the 

j  si/e  not  to  be  less  than  30  feet  by   iS  feet,  nor  over 

I  40  feet,  each  house  to  be  fitted  and  heated  completely, 

I  and  be  kept  in  work  during  the  exhibition.    Each  con- 
tributor shall  name  a   practical  gardener  to  act  as  a  |  Vanilla  that  appeared  in   these  columns  in  1S67  were. 


Gatesauce"  that  he  should  supply  the  want  here 
indicated,  under  the  title  of  "Cookery  Without  a 
Masler."   \l\   T. 

The  Vanilla  planifolia  and  "  F.  W.  B."— The 
remarks  of  "  K.  W.  P.",  be  he  who  he  may,  at  p.  218, 
were  quite  uncalled  for.  I  have  neither  the  Ann.  d""  I  fist, 
Kat.  1839,  nor  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  1S41  for 
reference  to  ascertain  the  correctness  of  "  F.  W.  B.\s  " 
assertions.     The   remarks   on   the   fecundation  of  the 


I  judge,  and  over  the  judges  so  chosen  some  indepen 
I  dent  body,  to  be  named  hereafter,  shall  name  an 
I  experienced  architect  or  civil  engineer  to  act  as  referee. 
Price  and  practical  efliciency  will,  of  course,  be 
the  leading  characteristics  of  the  awards.  Such 
I  a  competition  should  do  much  to  place  the 
I  various  inventions  in  their  proper  positions,  and 
'  would      show      the      difference      between      fanciful 


as  far  as  I  am  aware,  private  property  prior  to  that 
date,  taken  from  a  written  paper  given  me  by  Lady 
Milton,  soon  after  I  first  went  to  Osberton.  Her 
ladyship  being  a  member  of  the  Fitzwilliam  family,  in 
whose  employ  Mr.  Henderson  was  for  many  years, 
it  is  possible  this  paper  may  have  been  given  her  by 
him.  But  let  me  inform  "  F.  W.  B."  that  at  any  time 
when  asked  to  give  instructions  on  the  fecundation  of 


contrivances  and  broad  common-sense  practical  inven-  1  the  \'anilla,  I  should  quote  the  exact  words  that  have 
tions.  I  therefore  ask  those  interested — the  builders—  ;  appeared  in  these  columns,  being  the  proper  terms  to 
to  join  me  in  this  competition,  and  if  they  do  not,  I  be  made  use  of  either  by  Professor  Morren,  Mr.  Hen- 
must  conclude  they  dare  not[?].  While  upon  the  subject  I  derson,  or  myself.  It  is  getting  hard  times  when  a  man 
of  these  exhibitions,  I  would  suggest  that  the  cattle-  |  cannot  do  what  he  likes  with  his  own.  With  reference 
shed  arrangement,  as  carried  out  at  Oxford  and  Not-  |  to  other  parts  of  the  paragraph,  the  one  in  the  Garden 
tingham,  should  be  abandoned;  and  that  instead  of  |  refers,  more  particularly,  to  the  temperature  most  suit- 
crowding  the  houses  together  upon  a  given  space,  they  \  able  to  its  successful  culture — the  one  in  1867,  to  the 
should  be  distributed  tastefully  over  the  whole  area  of  1  size  and  growlh  of  the  plant  at  Osberton  and  else- 
the  exhibition  ground.  In  Lower  Aston  Park  there  is  where.  I  make  no  apology,  neither  is  there  any  due 
ample  space  for  this  purpose,  and,  both  for  effect  and  1  fromlhe  Editor  of  the  G^rt/v/^//,  who,aswell  asyourselves 


256 


The   Ga-rdeners'    Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


[Fcbiuaiy  24,   187: 


knew,  from  personal  inspection,  that  I  was  most  success- 
ful in  the  cultivation  and  fruiting  of  the  Vanilla,  and  he 
asked  me  for  a  paragraph  on  the  subject,  to  accompany 
the  cut.  Knowing  the  difficulty  there  is  in  fruiting  the 
plant,  I  was  very  willing  to  do  so — and  any  right- 
minded  person,  that  wished  to  see  its  culture  success- 
fully extended,  would  have  done  the  same.  I  am 
pleased  to  see  the  Editors  take  so  sensible  a  view  of 
the  case.  I  am  quite  of  opinion  that  many  p:iragraphs 
written  30  years  ago  would  not  disgrace  these  pages 
were  they  again  to  appear  ;  indeed,  for  the  good  of  the 
rising  generation  of  young  gardeners,  it  would  be  a 
boon,  and  I  should  not  scruple  to  make  use  of  many  of 
mine  that  appeared  in  these  pages  nearly  20  years 
since,  when  my  old  friend  "Alpha"  and  I  were 
neighbours,  and  did  a  considerable  deal  of  quill 
work  at  that  time.  Edwd.  Bennett^  rinviile.  [It  is  a 
pity,  under  the  circumstances,  that  Mr.  Bennett,  in  his 
paper  on  this  subject  in  our  columns,  1867,  p.  997,  did 
not  mention  the  fact  of  his  indebtedness  to  Lady 
Milton,  as  the  directions  for  fertilising  the  Vanilla,  as 
given  by  him  at  that  time,  are  nearly  word  for  word  the 
same  as  those  given  by  Mr.  Henderson,  in  our  volume 
for  1841,  p.  449.  It  should  be  further  stated,  that  Mr. 
Henderson  throughout  acknowledges  his  obligation  to 
Professor  Morren,  to  whom,  as  we  believe,  is  due  the 
first  successful  attempt  to  fruit  the  Vanilla  on  a  useful 
scale,  and  to  whom,  therefore,  the  credit  is  due.  Pro- 
fessor Morren  published  the  process  in  many  foreign 
journals,  and  specially  in  our  own  ''  Annals  of  Natural 
History,"  1839,  p.  i.  Kds.] 

Wellingtonia  gigantea  var. — From  the  descrip- 
tion given  of  Wellingtonia  gigantea  var.  at  Chatsworth 
by  *'  F.  W.  B.,"  at  p.  219,  I  have  no  doubt  the  same 
is  to  be  seen  at  Bearwood,  the  residence  of  John 
Walter,  Esq.,  M.P.  From  among  the  numerous 
specimens  to  be  seen  here,  there  are  two  plants  about 
15  feet  in  height,  beautifully  formed,  very  dense,  and 
the  colour,  more  like  the  common  variety,  makes  it 
quite  a  conspicuous  object.  And  more,  I  find  the  two 
winters  I  have  been  at  Bearwood  this  particular 
variety  does  not  change  its  colour ;  on  the  other 
hand,  the  more  common  variety  is  very  apt 
to  get  brown.  I  enclose  you  fair  specimens  of 
each.  It  may  be  interesting  to  many  to  hear 
that  an  avenue  has  been  formed  and  planted  with 
Wellingtonias,  from  lo  to  17  feet  in  height,  and 
beautifully  formed.  Each  plant  has  been  moved  with 
from  5  to  8  tons  of  soil,  by  Mr.  John  Waterer's  machine. 
I  commenced  moving  them  the  first  week  in  ( )ctober, 
1871,  and  not  one  of  the  plants  shows  any  signs  of 
distress  ;  in  fact,  they  seem  not  to  have  received  the 
least  check.  "James  Tegg,  The  Garde?iSj  Besnvood^ 
Berks. 

Fungus  in  Trees. — In  forming  some  new  pleasure- 
grounds   I   had  some  dead  trees  removed,  and  being 
anxious  about  dead  and  decaying  wood  being  left  in  the 
soil,    I    ordered    two    dead    Sycamore   plants   to   be  ^ 
grubbed  clean  out  by  the  roots  ;  the  stems  were  about  | 
10  inches  in  diameter.    Some  time  after  one  of  the  men  1 
came  to  me  bringing  a  specimen  of  roots  he  found  grow-  i 
ing  between  the  bark  and  wood,  and  growing  upwards. 
Judge  my  surprise  on  going  to  look  at  this  tree  or  trees  j 
to  find  that,  during  some  alterations  carried  out   some 
years  before,  they  had  been  buried  up  3  feet  6  inches  ; 
above  the  root,  and  on  breaking  the  dead  bark  of  one  1 
tree  I  found,  from  the  surface  upwards,  4  or  5  feet,  the 
accompanying  lattice-work-like  growth.   D.  "J.  North- 
teood^  Landscape  Gaiuieiter,  Feb.  14.      [The  production  | 
which  you  have  sent  is  not    uncommon.      It  is  known  ; 
by  the    name  of  Rhizomorpiia  subcorticalis,  but   it  is  \ 
merely  a   condition  of  some  Fungus,  altered  by   the 
peculiar   situation   in   which  it  grows.      De  CandoUe 
traced  it  to  some  common  I'olyporus,  and  another  form 
occurs  which  is  a   condition  of  some  Xylaria,      Tliese 
imperfect  states  of  Fungi  are  sometimes  very  luxuriant 
in  mines,  and  are  occasionally  strongly  phosphorescent. 
M.  J.  B.\ 

Violet  Devoniensis.  — I  was  particularly  struck 
with  this  charming  plant  last  spring.  It  is  very  distinct, 
a  strong  grower,  and  of  a  robust  habit,  throwing  up  its 
large  dark  purple  flowers  in  great  profusion  well  above 
the  foliage ;  in  fact,  as  you  will  see  from  those  I  enclose, 
the  flower  stems  are  from  4  to  5  inches  long.  The 
good  opinion  I  formed  of  it  then,  has  been  confirmed 
this  season,  for  it  was  in  bloom  on  the  first  of  the 
present  month  (February),  and  that  without  any  pro- 
tection being  afforded  it.  It  is  very  fragrant,  and  might 
be  used  with  advantage  in  the  spring  flower  garden  if  it 
could  be  protected  from  the  "  finger-blight,"  71  lVyn)u\ 
Ifolhrook^  SuJ'olk.  [An  excellent  sample  of  a  grand 
and  well-known  variety.  Ei>s.] 

New  Pears.— The  Poire  du  Congrc^  Pomologique, 
or  Souvenir  du  Congris,  was  raised  at  Rouen  by  M. 
Boisbunel,  nurseryman  there,  in  1S56,  and  dedicated  to 
the  Congres  Pomologique  of  Lyons.  So  says  M.  Andre 
l.eioy  in  his  admirable  pomological  dictionary.  The 
name  of  the  raiser  of  such  an  excellent  Pear  deserves  to 
be  publicly  known,  hence  my  troubling  you  with  this  ; 
and  seeing,  moreover,  that  Mr,  Rivers  has  forgotten  by 
whom  it  was  raised.  //.  A'. 

Redskin  Flourball  Potato. — This  Potato  greatly 
disappointed  me  last  season  ;  it  was  free  from  disease, 
and  I  had  a  grand  crop  of  fine  large  tubers,  but  when 


cooked  in  December  it  was  not  fit  for  eating.  I  had 
some  tried  again  last  week,  and  they  are  still  waxy  and 
bad  flavoured.  None  of  the  American  sorts  were  good 
here  ;  they  are  mostly  good  croppers,  but  they  lack 
flavour.  When  asked  which  is  the  best  Potato  for 
general  crop,  I  always  recommend  the  Dalmahoy,  a  sort 
which  I  have  grown  for  years,  and  ever  found  them 
good  in  quality  and  produce.  A  large  grower  for 
Covent  Garden  once  told  me  that  he  could  always  get 
6d.  per  bushel  more  for  Dalmahoys  than  for  Regents — 
a  sufficient  guarantee  of  its  quality,  yiimes  Smith,  Extoji 
Park,  Rutland. 

The  Chiswick  Garden  Trials. — And  so  the 
promised  great  Potato  trial  of  the  present  year  at 
Chiswick  has  come  to  grief?  This  I  hear  from  an  un- 
doubted authority.  The  list  of  Peas  sent  for  trial  has 
run  to  such  an  inordinate  length,  that  this  single 
voracious  vegetable  will  absorb  not  only  all  the  ground 
at  disposal,  but  also  all  the  energies  of  the  working 
staff,  which  latter  I  can  quite  conceive  to  be  at  Chiswick 
by  no  means  in  excess  of  the  garden  requirements. 
The  authorities  urge  that  it  is  best  to  take  one  specific 
vegetable  at  a  time,  and  test  all  the  so-called  kinds 
thoroughly,  and  with  this  dictum  I  do  not  disagree, 
hoping  that  they  will  carry  out  their  expressed  intention, 
and  do  it  well.  But  I  am  curious  to  know  what  are 
the  reasons  that  influenced  them  to  take  Peas  to  task 
before  Potatos.  I  hold  the  latter  to  lie  the  premier 
vegetable,  and  should  have  given  it  the  first  place  ;  but 
probably  the  fact  that  Peas  require  to  be  sown  earlier 
than  Potatos  are  planted  gave  the  former  the  better 
chance,  and  so  the  Potato  trial  is  shelved  until  a  future 
year.  There  is  one  fact,  however,  in  connection  with 
these  Chiswick  trials  that  deserves  consideration. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that,  in  the  eyes  of  the 
trade,  the  Certificates  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society 
possess  a  certain  money  value.  Accepting  this  pro- 
position, I  would  contrast  the  opportunities  of  securing 
them  that  florists  and  vegetable  growers  possess. 
Florists  can  grow  plants  themselves,  even  though  they 
be  ever  so  insignificant  in  character,  and,  carrying  them  to 
the  South  Kensington  meetings,  may  secure  the  coveted 
honour  without  farther  ado.  Thus  we  see  such  things  as 
Hyacinths,  Primulas,  Pelargoniums,  Dahlias,  tliic, 
certificated  wholesale,  with  this  advantage  to  the 
raiser,  that  it  helps  to  put  money  into  his  pocket,  whilst 
the  advantage  to  horticulture  is  infinitesimal.  On  the 
other  hand  the  Fruit  Committee  have  laid  down  the 
hard-and-fast  rule  with  reference  to  vegetables,  that 
before  receiving  certificates  (although  ever  so  apparently 
worthy)  each  new  candidate  for  popular  honour  must 
undergo  a  year  of  probation  in  the  Chiswick  garden 
under  the  eyes  of  that  severe  censor,  Mr.  Barron,  and 
the  members  of  the  Fruit  Committee.  I  do  not  com- 
plain of  this  latter  arrangement,  if  all  classes  of  raisers 
were  tarred  with  the  same  brush  ;  but  the  difference  is 
aggravated  by  the  fact  that,  whilst  the  florist  can 
secure  his  honours  in  each  succeeding  year,  the  vege- 
table raiser  must  wait  for  the  dictum  of  the  Chiswick 
authorities,  and  get  his  subject  tested  at  their  con- 
venience. Referring  to  Potatos  especially,  there  were 
large  numbers  of  seedling  varieties  shown  last  year, 
many  of  which  would,  under  the  old  arrangement,  have 
received  First-class  Certificates  ;  but  with  the  promise 
of  a  trial  at  Chiswick  this  year,  for  the  purpose  of 
selecting  the  best  of  the  new  kinds  for  honours,  raisers 
were  content  to  wait.  Xow,  they  find  they  have  to 
wait  yet  another  year  ;  and  should  any  of  them  desire 
to  send  out  their  stocks  of  these  new  kinds,  they  can 
only  do  so  under  the  disadvantage  that  as  yet  they 
have  not  received  a  certificate  of  the  Royal  Horticul- 
tuml  Society.  Either  the  certificates  are  waste  card- 
board or  of  relative  value  ;  and  if  the  latter,  then  their 
distribution  should  be  guided  only  with  the  soundest 
discretion,  and  with  an  earnest  desire  to  do  justice  to 
all.  ./.  JJ. 

Clematis  Vitalba,  or  Traveller's  Joy. — I  mea- 
sured a  stem  of  a  plant  of  the  above,  grou  ing  in  the 
grounds  here,  which  was  22  inches  in  circumference. 
On  giving  it  a  tap,  it  sounded  hollow.  Another  plant 
has  a  stem  10  feet  long,  which  measures  14  inches  any- 
where up  to  that  length,  and  which  seems  to  be  quite 
solid.  These  plants  give  quite  a  tropical  appearance 
to  the  place  where  they  run  up  the  trees,  and  then 
hang  down  again  in  fantastic  coils  and  twists.  //.  M., 
EnySy  Pcnrhyn. 


TliP  regulations  provide  that  the  Council  may,  on  the 
recommendation  of  the  committee,  grant  medals  to  sub- 
jects evincing  extraordinary  merit  in  their  cultivation,  and 
the  honour  of  obtaining  the  first  of  these  medals  fell  to 
Oswald  O.  W'rigley.  Ksq.,  of  Bury,  for  a  most  admirably 
grown  coUeclion  of  Orchids  and  Ferns,  which  exliibited  the 
highest  cultural  skill,  and  were  especially  creditable  to  Mr. 
Wrigley's  gardener,  a  worthy  pupil,  we  believe,  of  Mr. 
Baines.  The  premier  plant  in  this  group  was  a  Cattleya 
Warscewiczii  or  Trianje,  with  about  two  dozen  charming 
flowers,  remarkable  for  the  ricli  purple  of  the  lip,  and  in 
splendid  health  and  vigour  ;  the  plant  received  a  First- 
cl.oss  Cultural  Certificate.  There  were  also  in  the  collec- 
tion several  examples  of  Lycasle  Skinneri,  not  large  but 
admirably  bloomed,  with  from  12  to  20  flowers  on  each  ; 
and  three  charming  little  plants  of  Odontoglossum  Phalce- 
nopsis,  with  from  9  to  15  flowers  on  each.  Another  striking 
group  came  from  the  rich  collection  of  Sam  Mendel,  Esq. 
In  this  was  probably  the  finest  Cocos  Weddeliiana  in  cul- 
tivation, a  Palm  with  all  the  exquisite  grace  of  a  Fern  ; 
this  plant,  which  had  about  three  dozen  slender  arch- 
ing leaves,  its  height  being  about  4  feet,  and  its  diameter 
considerably  more,  was  exhibited  in  a  fruuing  state — 
a  rare  feather  in  Mr.  Fetch  s  cap— and  deservedly  won 
a  First-class  Cultural  Certificate  ;  as  did  also  a  Phalrt*- 
nopsis  Schilleriana,  with  a  grand  panicled  inflorescence. 
In  the  same  group  was  a  second  splendid  example  of  this 
Phal.T?nopsis ;  a  Cattleya  chocoensis,  with  five  two- 
flowered  spikes  of  chaste  lookiuR  flowers,  which  are  pure 
white,  \\ith  a  yellow  baron  the  lip  ;  the  exquisite  little 
Ri'strepia  antennifera,  with  five  flowers  ;  and  a  Dendro- 
bium  crassinode,  with  about  20  of  its  curious  knotty 
stems,  of  which  five  were  freely  invested  with  its  prettily- 
coloured  flowers.  Mr.  Speed  sent  from  Chatsworth  two 
cut  specimens  of  the  wonderful  Amherstia  nobilis,  for 
which  a  Cultural  Certificate  was  given. 

A  plant  of  Eucliaris  amazonica,  about  3  feet  through, 
and  with  about  two  dozen  well-developed  flower-scapes, 
formed  a  most  attractive  object,  and  won  for  its  exlii- 
bitor,  G.  Smith,  Esq.,  of  Kimperley,  a  Cultural  Certi- 
ficate. Another  was  given  to  Mr.  R.  S.  Yates  for  two 
splendid  masses  of  Cijclogyne  cristata,  a  plant  which 
Mr.  Yates  is  always  most  successful  in  growing  and 
flowering,  and  which  is  one  of  the  most  chaste  and  useful 
of  winter  flowering  Orchids.  A  similar  award  was  made 
to  a  well-grown  collection  of  Orchids  from  T.  Jones,  Esq., 
Whalley  Range,  in  which  was  Dendrobium  crassinode  in 
remarkable  vigour,  with  fat  knotty  stems  fully  a  foot  and 
a  half  long,  and  well  furnished  with  flowers.  Several 
other  neat  groups  of  Orchids  were  Commended  ; 
namely,  those  contributed  by  S.  P.  Callender,  Esq. , 
R.  Cockling,  Esq.,  Dr.  Ainsworth,  who  had,  amongst 
others,  a  remarkably  broad-sepaled  variety  of  Phal.T- 
nopsis  Schilleriana  ;  and  Mps=:rs.  Brooke  &  Co, , 
who  had  a  richly-coloured  imported  variety  of  Dendro- 
bium nobile.  From  Mr.  Potts,  gr.  to  [.  Knowles,  Esq., 
Heaton  Grange,  Bolton,  came  two  remarkable  bundles  of 
black  Alicante  Grapes,  almost  as  fresh  and  a^;  perfect  in 

j  plumpness  and  bloom  as  in  August  last,  when  they  were 
first  ripened  ;  they  had,  we  belie\e,  been  hanging  on  the 

I  \'ines.  These  were  awarded  a  First-class  Cultural  Certi- 
ficate,  as  was  also  a  remarkably  fine  bundle  of  forced 

I  Asparagus  from  the  garden  of  E.  A.  Sandford,  Esq.,. 
Nynehead  Court,  Somerset.  Other  interesting  groups  of 
plants  were  staged  by  Mrs.  E.  Cole  &  Sons,  \\'ithington  ; 
Mr.  J.  Shaw,  Bowden  ;  and  Messrs.  G.  &  S.  Yates  ; 
while  a  fine  table  of  interesting  subjects  came  from  the 
Society's  Botanic  Garden  at  Old  Trafford,  and  amongst 
them  a  well-fruited  specimen  of  Brainea  insignis,  a  Fern 
not  so  often  met  with  as  it  should  be. 

Groups  of  new  plants  were  shown  by  Messrs.  Veitch 
&  Sons  and  by  Mr.  B.  S.  Williams.  First-class  Certificates 
were  awarded  to  Messrs.  Veitch  for  Kentia  australis, 
Kentia  Forsteriana,  and  Veitchia  Canterburyana,  three 
fine  new  Palms  from  Lord  Howe's  Island,  already  referred 
to  in  our  reports  of  the  meetings  at  Kensington  ;  also  for 
the  distinct  and  attractive  Hippeastrum  Leopoldii,  and 
for  Primula  Princess  Louise.  In  their  collection  we  also 
noticed  t)ie  less  novel  but  equally  meritorious  Pandanus 
Veitchii,  and  Hippeastrum  pardinum.  Mr.  Williams  ob- 
tained First-class  Certificates  for  Davalliaor  Humata  Tyer- 
manii  (see  p.  871,  1871)  ;  for  Tillandsia  Lindeniana,  in 
flower  ;  for  .\gave  Seemanni,  remarkable  for  its  short  deep 
green  obovate  leaves  ;  and  for  duplicate  plants  of  the 
Palms  noted  in  Mr.  Yeitch's  group  ;  and  a  Second-class 
Certificate  (or  Aucuba  japonica  luteocarpa,  a  very  distinct 
sort,  with  the  berries  cream-coloured,  slightly  tinged  with 
pink.  Mr.  Williams  had  also  berry-bearing  Solanuras, 
Primulas,  and  Cyclamens.  The  Society  may  be  con- 
gratulated on  the  success  of  its  first  floral  meeting,  which 
was  well  attended,  the  earlier  part  of  the  afternoon  being 
exceptionally  fine  for  the  month  of  February. 


Societies. 

MAN'ciiLSTiiK  Botanical  and  Hokticultlkal  : 
I-'eb.  20. — The  Rev.  Canon  Gibson  in  the  chair.  This 
was  the  first  of  a  proposed  series  of  meetings  somewhat 
after  the  model  of  the  floral  meetings  at  South  Kensing- 
ton, the  object  of  the  Society  in  instituting  them  being  to 
encourage  the  cultivation  of  those  flowers  which  are  not 
in  season  at  the  time  of  the  summer  f^te,  and  also  to 
invite  public  attention  to  deserving  novelties  by  awarding 
to  them  certificates  of  merit.  The  show  was  held  in  the 
large  room  of  the  Town  Hall,  a  badly  hghted  apartment, 
about  equal  in  area  to  the  meetint^-room  at  Kensington, 
otherwise  suitable  enough  for  the  purpose,  and  espe- 
cially convenient  of  access,  being  situate  in  the  very  heart 
of  the  city.  The  four  sides  of  tliis  room  were  occupied  by 
tables  well  filled  with  admirable  groups  of  choice  plants. 
Orchids  being  the  predominant  feature.  No  prizes  were 
offered  or  given,  the  awards  con'^isting  of  First  and 
Second-class  Certificates  for  novelties,  and  ("ultural  <^"it- 
tificates  and   Commendations  for  superior  productions. 


Socii'.TV  o|- Arts  :  Feb.  14. --Dr.  Masters,  F.  R.,S.,  in 
the  chair.  \  paper  on  "  The  Study  of  Econonnc  Botany  ; 
its  Claims  Educationally  and  Commercially  Considered," 
was  read  by  Mr.  James  Collins.  The  pa[)er  commenceil 
by  pointing  out  the  importance  of  the  study  of  economic 
botany,  and  its  practical  utility  as  forming  the  very 
groundwork  and  foundation  of  commerce  and  manu- 
facture, and.  consequently,  of  national  prosperity.  Hence, 
an  acc|uaintance  with  the  science  would  enable  a  person 
to  take  a  more  important  place  in  the  world's  workshop, 
and  would  better  fit  him  for  the  counting-house,  the 
market,  the  shop,  or  the  home,  either  in  this  country  or 
abroad.  The  author  therefore  recommended  that  in 
schools  two  or  three  hours  each  week  should  be  devoted 
to  elementary  lessons  on  the  best-known  and  most 
commonly  used  vegetable  products,  and  that  these  lessons 
should  be  supplemented  by  collections  of  specimens,  ani', 
where  possible,  visits  to  local  museums.  Some  remarks 
then  followed  upon  the  proper  objects  to  be  kept  in  view 
in  the  formation  of  museums. 

The  commercial  importance  of  this  subject  was  ncM 
more  particularly  referred  to,  and  it  was  stated  that,  partly 
from  the  lack  of  suitable  knowledge,  no  systematic  efforts 
were  made  bv  our  merchants  as  a  whole,  to  search  the 
earth  for  its  treasures.     Such  attempts  as  are  made  by 


t'ebruary  24,    1S72,] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


257 


colonists  and  others  to  introduce  to  the  market  substances 
wliich  they  think  would  prove  useful,  are  generally 
rendered  futile  from  the  want  of  ability  on  the  part  of  the 
collector  to  forward  such  specimens  as  could  be  recog- 
nised ;  or,  if  recognised,  they  were  often  found  to  be 
obtained  from  two  or  three  different  botanical  sources.  It 
was  suggested  that  a  good  trade  or  commercial  museum 
would  be  of  great  value  to  merchants  and  manufacturers, 
by  artbrding  ihem  opportunities  of  judging  whether  in 
some  cases  such  substances  could  be  utilised  by  them. 

The  cultivation  of  economic  plante  not  at  present  under 
cuUivation  was  tlien  alluded  to,  and  their  acclimatisation 
in  localities  where  the  various  elements  of  success  were 
more  under  control  than  in  their  native  habitat.  It  was 
slated  that  we  could  not  depend  upon  spontaneous  forest 
growth  for  a  regular  supply  of  any  product  in  considerable 
demand,  and  tliis  was  illustrated  by  a  description  of  the 
destruction  of  Caoutchouc  trees  which  goes  on  under  the 
present  system  of  collection.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
valuable  results  arising  from  a  scientific  cultivation  were 
illustrated  by  reference  to  the  Cinchona  group.  Mr. 
Collins  urged  that  much  good  might  be  done  by  the  con- 
stitution of  a  new  society,  which  he  suggested  should  be 
called  the  1  lookerian  Society,  or  by  a  section  of  an  existing 
one,  which  would  take  steps  to  promote  a  proper  investiga- 
tion of  this  important  branch  of  the  science  of  botany.  He 
suggested  also  as  a  probable  source  of  much  valuable  in- 
formation, the  systematic  examination  of  the  numerous 
collections,  in  illustration  of  which  Mr.  Collins  alluded 
to  the  following  incidents  in  the  history  of  the  Cinchona, 
which  have  been  made  by  travellers  and  not  utilised. 

Trom  the  years  1852  to  1856,  Mr.  Ho\\ard  was  work- 
ing on  the  Peruvian  barks,  and  examining  all  the  materials 
of  tlie  Spanish  botanists.  Ruiz  and  Pavon,  with  which  he 
was  acquainted,  but  the  results  did  not  fully  satisfy  him, 
and,  to  quote  his  own  words  : — "I  could  not  help  sur- 
mising that  there  must  remain  at  Madrid  further  results 
of  the  labours  of  the  Spanish  botanists  which  might  throw 
light  on  the  many  questions  still  left  in  obscurity.  I  con- 
sequently caused  inquiry  to  be  made,  and  in  the  year  1858 
obtained  by  purchase  54  specimens  of  barks,  of  Pavon's 
collection,  together  w'-ith  an  original  manuscript  in 
Pavon's  handwriting,  which  appears  to  have  been  com- 
menced about  the  year  1821,  and  finished  in  1826.  This 
was  sold  before  Pavon's  death  to  a  botanist  in  Madrid, 
from  whom  it  passed  into  my  hands."  This  manuscript 
Mr.  Howard  published  in  a  magnificent  volume,  under 
the  title    of    li/itsfra/ions  of  the   Xeuva   QttifiologiiZ   of 

PilVOii. 

Mr.  Markham  also  found  the  specimens  and  drawings 
of  Ruiz,  Pavon,  and  Mutis,  illustrating  the  same  question, 
"buried'  in  a  cupboard  in  a  tool-house  at  the  Botanical 
Gardens  at  Madrid.  And  if  this  be  the  case,  may  we  not 
hope  that  other  valuable  materials  may  be  brought  to 
light  if  sought  for? 


Florists'  Flowers. 

The  past  year  seems,  on  the  whole,  not  to  have 
advanced  the  Gladiolus  a  single  stage  in  any  respect. 
New  varieties  we  find  barely  holding  their  own  with 
the  best  sorts  of  the  three  or  four  previous  years  ;  and, 
as  regards  constitution,  I  greatly  fear  that  we  are  losing 
ground.  Increased  experience  does  not  furnish  any 
hints  by  which  we  may  be  enabled  to  combat  success- 
fully, or  even  to  guess  at,  the  causes  of  the  dreadful 
losses  all  growers  sustain  with  painful  regularity 
every  year.  I  have  grown  for  about  15  years  five  best 
beds  of  100  bulbs  each.  I  have  carefully  preserved 
all  spawn  made  each  year,  from  which  I  draw  a  good 
number  of  tidy  bulbs,  and  which,  by  the  way,  are 
much  less  likely  to  die  off  in  their  first  season,  and  are 
also  more  reliable  as  bloomers  than  the  larger  ones.  I 
also  save  seed  annually,  and  have  a  goody  steady 
supply  of  promising  youngsters  from  this  source 
(none,  however,  but  real  gems  going  into  the  best 
beds),  and-  yet  I  find  that  I  am  obliged  to  purchase 
from  50  to  100  bulbs  annually  to  recruit  my  five  beds, 
and  keep  them  up  to  their  full  strength.  The  new- 
comers are  chiefly  the  novelties  of  M.  Souchet,  and 
occasional  older  sorts,  which  have  died  out,  and  which 
are  too  good  to  be  dispensed  with.  The  annual  outlay 
for  this  purpose,  under  the  most  favourable  conditions, 
which  are  available  to  me,  I  find  has  ranged  between 
;i;^S  and  j^i5,  and  I  have  often  had  serious  doubts 
whether  I  could  not  obtain  far  better  horticultural 
value  for  my  money  in  some  other  direction ;  and  this 
disloyal  feeling  to  the  Gladiolus  has  been  confirmed 
by  some  sensible  observations  of  Mr.  Tillery  in  the 
Florist  and  Fomologisi  of  November,  in  which  he 
expresses  his  fears  that  many  will  be  obliged  to  give  up 
growing  this  splendid  flower,  in  consequence  of  the 
great  losses  sustained  by  disease,  and  strongly  recom- 
mends the  raising  of  seedlings — the  very  line  I  had  all 
but  decided  on  adhering  to  for  the  future.  I  shall  not 
buy  a  single  bulb  this  year  of  the  Gladiolus,  and  the 
sums  which  would  have  gone  for  them  I  have  in- 
vested in  the  purchase  of  two  parcels  of  the  new  Lilies 
from  Japan  at  the  recent  auctions  at  Mr.  Stevens, 
Covent  Garden.  I  tried  100  auratums  from  the  same 
source  last  year,  and  was  well  satisfied  with  them. 
As  Mr.  Tillery  observes  in  the  paper  above 
alluded  to,  there  is  no  difficulty  in  crossing 
the  Gladiolus,  and  setting  it  for  seed.  I  have 
some  50  to  60  fine  spikes  ready  for  action  this 
spring — seed  will  not  ripen  in  the  North  of  Ireland  : 
so  Messrs.  Dixon,  of  Newtownards,  very  eminent  and 
successful  growers,  inform  me.  I  generally  sow  one 
or  two  pans  at  the  end  of  September  the  moment  I  find 
it  ripe,  but  the  main  crop  I  sow  in  the  open  ground 
about  the  end  of  April,  in  good  soil  in  a  nice  warm, 
sheltered  spot.     If  the  weather  comes  dry,  I  give  water 


two  or  three  times  a  week,  and  at  the  end  of  about  a 
month  they  came  up  as  thick  as,  and  very  like,  grass  ; 
and  thenceforth  they  only  require  to  be  kept  clean  and 
watered  regularly,  with  one  top-dressing  to  make  up 
for  the  loss  of  soil  by  washing  away.  In  two  years 
from  the  autumn  following  a  large  supply  of  good 
strong  spikes  will  be  the  first  reward  of  one's  labour.  I 
always  leave  the  young  plants  in  the  ground  the  first 
winter,  covering  carefully  with  5  or  6  inches  of  turf- 
mould,  generally  quite  a  sufficient  protection,  but  in 
case  of  very  bad  weather  a  few  mats  can  be  added. 
The  second  year  I  take  all  up  about  the  middle  of 
October,  and  find  no  trouble  in  handling  them,  the 
sizes  nmning  from  that  of  a  large  Pea  to  a  niarlile.  It 
is  a  great  pleasure  to  go  out  on  a  fine  morning  in 
September  and  find  some  half-dozen  spikes  of  your 
young  favourites  waiting  for  approval,  and  occasionally 
for  admiration,  on  a  very  favourable  first  appearance. 
I  had  the  pleasure  of  a  visit  from  my  good  friends,  Mr. 
John  Standish  and  Mr.  Charles  Turner,  one  fine  bright 
day  last  autumn,  on  their  way  home  from  a  judicial 
visit  to  Belfast,  when  after  showing  them  such  things 
in  the  way  of  llowers,  fniit,  and  Conifera;  as  I  ventured 
to  consider  not  undeserving  the  notice  of  two  such 
eminent  men,  and  a  pleasant]  chat  (/c  onniihus  rebus, 
the  conversation  settled  on  the  Gladiolus,  and  Mr. 
Standish  expressed  his  conviction  that  all  the  light 
fancy  flowers  degenerated  very  much  after  a  year  or 
two,  and  stated  that  he  expected  great  things  from  tlie 
infusion  of  new  blood  by  the  use  of  cruentus  as  a  cross. 
This  opinion  he  had  expressed  to  Mr.  Tillery  also,  as 
appears  from  his  paper.  Any  move  in  this  direction 
would  be  gratefully  hailed  by  lovers  of  the  Gladiolus, 
There  is  no  florists'  flower  so  beautiful,  but  the  rarest 
beauty  will  not  hold  sway  for  long  if  accompanied  by 
large  cost  and  constant  disheartening  disappointment. 
In  growing  my  main  crop  I  have,  after  many  experi- 
ments, settled  on  the  following  as  the  best  method. 
I  clean  my  beds  out,  dow'n  to  about  18  inches,  then  fill 
in  9  inches  of  good  fresh  light  soil,  then  3  inches  of 
well  rotted  cow  manure,  on  this  3  inches  of  soil  again, 
and  then  I  lay  all  my  bulbs  on  the  nice  flat  surface, 
covering  with  3  inches  of  the  same  soil,  and  giving  a 
good  top-dressing  of  old  manure  about  the  end  of  June, 
and  watering  at  least  twice  a  week  from  that  time  until 
the  weather  becomes  cool. 

When  taking  up  my  bulbs  at  the  end  of  the  season, 
I  find  the  roots  generally  well  established  in  the  manure, 
which  they  seem  to  like  very  much.  I  consider  about 
March  10  the  best  time  for  planting,  and  if  the  entire 
stock  could  be  started  in  pots  about  the  same  date,  and 
planted  out  late  in  April,  many  losses  would  be  avoided. 
I  have  always  treated  my  novelties  in  this  manner, 
slipping  them  carefully  out  of  the  pots  when  about 
6  inches  high,  generally  to  fill  gaps  caused  by  the  death 
of  those  planted  out  at  first.  But  this  plan  could  not 
be  adopted  at  all  by  many  lovers  of  the  Gladiolus,  and 
even  in  the  best  appointed  gardens  it  is  very  trouble- 
some. I  think  it  would  be  well  if  amateurs  could  be 
persuaded  to  publish  their  experiences  more  frequently, 
something  would  possibly  be  learnt  from  even  the 
smallest  grower.  I  find  all  the  information  given  to 
the  public  during  the  past  year  consists  only  of  some 
seven  or  eight  papers,  more  or  less  short — one  from 
Mr.  Tillery,  in  the  Fioristand Pomologlst oil:io\QwihGr, 
which  I  have  already  glanced  at,  and  with  whose  views 
generally  I  find  myself  entirely  in  accord.  All  the 
others  we  find  in  the  Jounial  of  HorticuHiire,  from 
*'D.,  Deal."  "Ayrshire  Amateur,"  Mr.  Douglas, 
"Stiff  Soil,"  "  Expert©  Crede,"  and  "  Hortator."  I 
shall  briefly  notice  the  salient  points  in  each  paper, 
where  differences  exist,  if  any,  in  general  practice, 
between  English  and  Scotch  growers  and  their  brethren 
of  *'  the  Emerald  Isle,"  merely  observing  that  our 
climate  is  very  favourable,  as  we  rarely  suffer  from 
those  very  severe  frosts  we  so  often  read  of  in  England 
and  Scotland. 

"  Hortator,"  p.  272,  April  13,  1S71,  tells  us  he 
has  had  great  success,  that  he  always  left  his  bulbs  in 
the  ground  during  the  winter ;  and,  warming  up, 
exclaims,  I  never  lost  a  single  bulb,  and  what  giants 
they  were  !  In  the  winter  1858  and  1S59,  I,  in  the  pur- 
suit of  knowledge,  left  all  my  stock  out.  It  must  have 
been  a  bad  one  for  Ireland,  as  I  lost  all,  except 
brenchleyensis,  Courantii,  fulgens,  Victor  Verdier,  and  a 
few  other  common  reds,  mostly  out  of  cultivation  at 
the  present  day.  Next  (at  p.  327),  we  have  a  few- 
words  about  Gladioluses  in  pots  (why  Gladioluses? — is 
not  Gladioli  much  prettier,  and  quite  proper  ?),  and 
suggesting  that  a  stock  of  five  bulbs  should  go  to  a 
9-inch  pot.  I  fancy  one  bulb,  or  at  most  two,  would 
be  sufficient,  as  in  pot  cultivation  a  large  quantity  of 
roots  are  very  rapidly  formed.  Next  we  have 
"D.,  Deal,"  with  an  admirable  paper  from  a  master 
hand,  with  w-hich  I  entirely  agree  ;  he  gives  also  a 
good  list.  Talisman  he  considers  delicate  ;  it  was  very 
fine  with  me  last  year  (its  first  season).  Semiramis 
will  not  do  with  him  ;  this  last  flower  (a  lovely  shade 
of  colour)  is  generally  shown  well  here.  Next  comes 
"Ayrshire  Amateur"  (p.  463,  December  14),  who  has 
had  his  losses,  like  the  rest  of  us,  but  who  shows  no 
signs  of  throwing  up  the  sponge.  In  his  list,  other- 
wise ver}'  good,  we  find  \'allida  and  Neptune,  old 
sort:>,  which  may  be  given  up  at  the  present  day. 

Then  we  have  "  Stiff  Soil"  (p.  485,  December  21)^ 
who  complains  of  his  failures,  and  whom  we  find  con- 
soled (p.  508,  December  28)  by  Mr.  Douglas  and 
"  D.,   Deal,"  but  whose  case  I  fear  is  a  bad  one. 


And  finally  (p.  15,  January  4),  we  have  "  ExperLo 
Crede  "  with  just  a  fe\v  more  words  of  balm  to  our 
less  classically  named  friend,  "Stiff  Soil,"  and  making 
the  strange  statement,  "that  unless  bulbs  are  high- 
priced  it  is  vain  to  expect  decent  spikes."  This  I  have 
not  found  to  be  the  case.  Of  course  the  novelties  of  eacli 
season  are  dear,  on  their  first  appearance,  but  many  of 
them  prove  worthless,  and  there  are  several  moderate 
priced  sorts,  at  from  \s.  to  3j'.,  which  give  nearly  aii 
much  satisfaction  as  an  equal  number  of  the  best. 

I  do  not  believe  that  the  Gladiolus  is  subject  to 
any  hereditary  incurable  disease,  but  I  do  feel  con- 
vinced that  it  is  a  flower  of  very  delicate  constitution, 
easily  injured  by  any  trifling  check,  and  likely  to  be 
immensely  served,  and  perhaps  saved  to  us,  by  a 
judicious  cross  of  any  totally  new  variety,  such  as 
cruentus,  alluded  to  before,  and  the  results  of  which 
I  shall  look  for  hopefully  and  anxiously.  I  find  fine 
spikes  can  only  be  obtained  by  high  feeding  {mine 
often  run  from  5  to  6  feet  from  the  ground),  and 
this  I  think  does  not  account  for  the  many 
sudden  deaths  we  have  to  lament.  In  my  seedling 
beds,  where  I  use  fresh  soil  and  little  or  no  manure,  I 
often  obtain  fine  spikes  of  bloom,  and  find  the  bulbs 
dead  when  I  come  to  take  them  up.  I  grow  a  most 
valuable  collection  of  Tulips  in  beds  just  next  my 
Gladioli,  and  never  lose  a  bulb.  There  are  a  few  sorts 
which  increase  and  multiply,  in  spite  of  all  difficulties, 
such  as  Madame  Souchet,  Victor  \'erdier,  Madame  de 
\'^atry,  brenchleyensis,  Apollo,  and  Adolphe  Brong- 
niart.  From  the  last  named  (one  of  the  very  best)  I, 
for  this  reason,  take  annually  large  quantities  of  seed. 

I  observe  the  Messrs.  Kelway  are  greatly,  and  per- 
haps justly,  lauded  as  famous  growers.  Those  gentle- 
men show'ed  in  all  the  classes  at  the  exhibition  of  our 
Society  five  or  six  years  ago,  and,  as  well  as  I  can 
remember,  their  flowers,  though  fairly  good,  did  not  in 
any  one  instance  take  higher  than  second  place.  They 
have  not  come  to  see  us  again. 

I  am  interrupted  (perhaps  fortunately  for  your 
readers),  by  a  visit  from  a  floral  friend,  a  solicitor,  just 
fresh  from  a  professional  attendance  at  the  Kerry  elec- 
tion, who  complains  that  he  never  before  thought 
Swedish  Turnips  so  hard  as  he  found  them  down  there. 
James  F.  Lombard^  Dublin. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Botanic  Garden,  Glasnevin. — The  following 
particulars  have  been  extracted  from  Dr.  Moore's  report 
on  these  gardens  : — 

"  Extensive  repairs  have  been  made  in  the  Palm 
stove,  and  the  work  was  accomplished  without  accident 
to  those  employed  on  it,  and  with  comparatively  little 
injury  to  the  tender  plants  themselves.  Most  of  the 
larger  specimens  have  been  shifted  into  new  tubs, 
which  caused  a  great  deal  of  unusually  heavy  labour, 
besides  considerable  expense  for  the  new  tubs.  The 
plants,  however,  look  much  better  for  it,  and  are  fast 
recovering  from  the  injuries  they  received  consequent 
on  the  shifting  from  one  part  to  another,  and  the  expo- 
sure they  were  subjected  to  during  the  summer.  Two  of 
the  large  Palms  have  flowered  and  perfected  their 
seeds,  from  which  young  crops  have  been  raised  this 
year — the  one,  Seaforthia  elegans,  a  feather-leaved 
species,  native  of  Australia,  and  now  nearly  40  feet 
high  ;  the  other,  Latania  borbonica,  a  fan-leaved  kind, 
from  the  Isle  de  Bourbon,  which  has  attained  nearly 
the  same  height  as  the  former. 

"  In  one  of  the  other  warm  conservatories  the 
Mango  tree,  Mangifera  indica,  bore  ripe  fruit  again 
this  year.  The  Chocolate  tree,  Theobroma  Cacao,  is 
also  again  fruiting  at  present. 

"The  filmy  Ferns  are  growing  well  in  the  house 
erected  for  their  culture  last  year.  The  different 
species  of  Trichomanes  and  Hymenophyllum  seem 
quite  at  home  in  it. 

"  The  fine  collection  of  Tree  Ferns  which  is  now  in 
this  garden  continues  to  make  progress  ;  but  it  is  dif- 
ficult to  make  an  atmosphere  exactly  suitable  for  them 
in  ordinary  conservatories,  where  they  are  associated 
with  other  kinds  of  plants. 

"  Additions  of  considerable  interest  have  been  made 
to  all  the  departments  in  the  garden,  in  the  way  of 
plants,  which  have  been  obtained  partly  by  purchase, 
but  mostly  by  exchange. 

"  The  journey  I  made  to  the  principal  botanical 
establishments  in  lielgium,  Switzerland,  and  Germany, 
during  the  month  of  July  last,  enabled  me  to  make 
selections  from  them  of  such  plants  as  were  much 
required  at  Glasnevin,  and  to  supply  in  return  those 
selected  by  the  directors  of  botanical  gardens,  ivc., 
from  our  lists.  By  no  other  means  can  a  good  bota- 
nical collection  be  properly  maintained,  where  it  is 
necessary  to  grow  many  kinds  of  plants  not  to  be  found 
in  commerce. 

"There  have  been  received  at  Glasnevin,  from 
Januaiy  i.  1S71,  to  December  26,  1*^71,  602  packages 
of  seeds,  and  during  same  dates  326  .species  of  plants, 
besides  varieties  for  bedding-out  purposes.  The  dona- 
tions from  the  garden  have  been  322  packages  of  seeds, 
and  341  species  of  plants. 

"Notw'ithstanding  the  unusvially  wet  summer  of  this 
year,  a  very  large  number  of  persons  have  visited  the 
garden  on  both  week  days  and  Sundays.  The  gale- 
keeper's  books  show  that  the  Sunday  visitors,  during 
the  year,  amount  to  170,170  ;  on  week  days,  54,889  ; 
total,  225,059." 


258 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette.  [February  24,  1S72. 


THE  WEATHER. 

STATE  OF  THE  WEA'JflER  AT  BLACA'HEAT//,   LONDOX, 
FoK  THE  Week  ending  Wednesday,  Feu,  zi,  1872, 


1872. 
Month 

AND 

Day. 


TEMrERATLiRE  OV 
THE  AlK. 


S 

o 

a    ° 


H^grome- 
trical  De- 
ductions 

from 
Glaisher's 
Tables  5th 
Edition. 


In-    I  o    I  o      _  ,     _      ,    _ 

—  0.33  479  38-6!  9. 342. 2, -j-  4.i]3g 
-0.2344.136.61  7-5|38-3^-*-  0.2J34.1 
—0.1853.035.6,16,.)  14.2  -i-  6.0;39.o 
—0.2649.942.0'  7.9'46.3  -}-  8.o|4i.6 
—0.21 53.8  39.3  14. 5|]6.o|  +  7-S(39-9 
—0.07  S2.4'.i7.6ji4 .8^  M-4  +  S  -7  38 
+  ao8si.535.8iiS.74a-3'+  3-536. 


^^ 


<a 


i„ 


In. 
t,:    NEIo.oo 

variable  0.02 

W3W 

S.W. 

S.W. 

WSW 


,  WSW 
W. 


I 


0.02 

o.o3 
0.0 1 
0.00 

'■0.00 

I 


Feb.   I5-— Foggy  in   morning.     A  shower  of  raiii  fell  about  10  A  M. 
Lienerally  overcast. 

—  16. — A  little  sleet  fell  in  the  naorniiig,  and  raitl  also  fell  occ.i- 

sionally,  especially  at   night.      The  amount  of  cloud 
generally  lartcc. 

—  17. — An  extremely  fine  day.     Tlic  amount  of  cloud  generally 

small,  but  for  a  short  lime  in  the  early  evening  the  skj 
became  covered,  and  hea\T  raiii  fell, 
.i-      i3. — liain  fell  in  early  morning.     Generally  overcast  till  night, 
then  variable.     Raiji  also  fell  at  night. 

—  ii> — Rain   fell   heavily  a   little   before  i  a.m.     'I'he  dmuLmt  of 

cloud  very  changeable  throughout  the  day.     Very  fine. 

—  ^'0.— .\very  fine  day.     Clouds  variable.      Faint   auroral   light 

at  night. 

—  21. — Cloudless   ill  early  morning  and  at  night.     Hoar-frost  in 

morning,     l.ignt  clouds  present  at  mid-day. 

JAMES  GLAISHER. 


{fuk  the  ensuing  fortnight.) 
PLANT  HOUSES. 

Greenhouse  Hard-wooded  Plants.— Comtnence 
at  once  the  potting  of  the  young  stock  of  these  plants, 
beginning  witli  those  whose  roots  are  commencing  to 
move.  The  earliest  in  this  respect  will  generally  be 
found  to  be  the  K/>ac rises,  Jkdaroma  tiilipiferitm, 
Gonpholobiiun  polyuiorphitm  and  barbigentin,  Roella 
ciliala,  LsschenauUia  biloba  and  fonnosa,  Boronia 
pinnata  and  serntlata,  Pimelea  spcctabilis,  Hender- 
soni  and  inirabilis,  Kenncdyas^  and  Hovea  Cehi. 
All  do  best  in  good  fibrous  peat,  without  any  admix- 
ture, except  about  one-seventh  of  clean  silver  sand — 
that  is,  if  the  peat  contains  little  or  no  sand  naturally. 
I  have  always  found  the  best  peat  almost  free 
from  sand  ;  it  is  always  of  a  much  richer 
description,  and  the  plants  last  in  it  longer  than,  in 
sandy  peat.  The  best  peat  for  all  liard-wooded  plants 
(Heaths  excepted)  is  that  which  produces  a  natural 
growth  of  the  common  Brake  Fern  and  different 
varieties  of  rough  grass.  Before  potting  see  that  the 
ball  of  each  plant  is^  thoroughly  moistened  (not  satu- 
rated), so  as  to  obviate  the  necessity  of  giving  water  as 
long  as  possible  after  the  operation,  in  order  to  give  any 
roots  that  may  be  injured  time  to  heal.  In  potting  this 
class  of  plants,  never  disturb  their  roots  more  than  is 
necessary  to  remove  the  old  drainage  ;  any  attempt  to 
disentangle  the  roots  is  generally  fatal.  If  any  arc 
pot-bound,  shift  them  into  pots  not  more  than  an  inch 
or  an  inch  and  a  half  larger,  and  ram  the  new  soil  with 
the  potting  stick  until  it  is  as  hard  as  the  ball  of  the 
plant  ;  otherwise,  when  water  is  given  it  will  percolate 
through  the  new  soil,  leaving  the  old  ball  dry.  liants 
healthy  at  the  roots  should  be  shifted  into  pots  3  or 
4  inches  larger.  In  all  cases  pot  firmly,  and  never 
elevate  the  plants  so  much  in  tlie  pots  as  not  to  allow 
sufficient  room  for  watering.  Where  the  object  is  to 
grow  the  plants  on  quickly,  it  is  advisable  to  pinch  out 
the  flowers  ;  and  as  each  plant  is  potted,  bring  the 
strongest  branches  down  horizontally  to  the  rim  of  the 
pot,  and  secure  them  in  that  position.  This  will 
encourage  the  weaker  ones,  and  lay  the  foundation  for  a 
symmetrical  outline,  such  as  cannot  be  effected  when  the 
branches  get  stronger.  In  the  case  of  large  plants  that 
are  .suffering  from  being  pot-botind,  it  is  much  safer  to 
pot  now,  than  to  defer  it  until  after  blooming.  If  the 
necessary  care  is  taken  of  the  roots,  and  the  plants  are 
well  attended  to  afterwards,  the  operation  rarely  affects 
tlieir  flowering.  Place  the  plants  as  they  are  finished 
on  some  material  that  can  be  kept  moist,  in  a  house  by 
themselves,  if  such  is  available ;  if  not,  give  them  the 
end  of  one  that  can  be  kept  somewhat  close.  Give  no 
side  air  for  some  weeks,  and  use  thin  .shading  during 
sunny  weather.    T.  Raines,  Soiithgatc. 

Azaleas. — It  frequently  happens  that  large  Azaleas 
get  into  a  weakly  unsatisfactory  condition  through 
exhaustion  of  the  soil,  when  at  the  same  time  they  are 
growing  in  pots  as  large  as  it  is  desirable  to  have  them 
in.  They  may  for  a  time  be  assisted  by  the  application 
of  liquid  stimulants  iluring  the  growing  season,  but 
ultimately  this  ceases  to  have  any  effect,  in  which  case 
they  are  generally  consigned  to  the  rubbish-heap. 
This  is  a  mistake,  as  they  can  be  brought  to  their 
wonted  condition  in  a  couple  of  years,  which  is  a  short  I 
time  in  comparison  to  that  which  it  takes  to  grow  up  ' 


young  plants.  The  present  is  the  time  to  commence. 
Let  the  soil  get  somewhat  dry,  yet  not  so  dry  that  the 
plants  would  require  water  for  some  days.  Then  cut 
the  whole  plants  well  back  into  the  old  wood  that  has 
become  denuded  of  leaves,  reducing  them  to  something 
like  one-half  or  two-fifths  their  original  size.  If  they 
have  been  at  all  infested  with  insects  give  them  a 
thorough  cleansing  ;  then  place  the  plants  in  a  nice 
moist  heat  (but  do  not  plunge)  of  about  60" — night 
temperature.  Syringe  them  overhead  once  or  twice  a 
day,  but  not  so  as  to  make  the  soil  too  wet.  In  four 
or  five  weeks,  it  all  goes  well,  they  will  break,  when 
further  directions  will  be  given  as  to  their  subsequent 
treatment.    7'.  Daincs. 

Camellias. — The  propagation  of  double  varieties, 
which  grow  very  indifferently  upon  their  own  roots,  is 
easily  and  successftUly  accomplished,  providing  the 
operation  is  performed  when  the  btock  and  scion  are  in 
a  fit  state  for  so  doing,  It  is  of  first  importance,  then, 
to  secure  strong  healthy  stocks  ;  vigorously  grown  plants 
from  seed,  or  cuttings  of  the  single  red  are  the  most 
eligible,  and  may  be  grafted  in  about  two  years.  But 
whatever  the  age  of  the  stock  employed,  it  is  important 
that  theyshould  be  inperfecthealth  wheuoperated  upon, 
and  the  best  time  is  in  spring,  prior  to  active  growth. 
The  plants  being  placed  in  a  growing  temperature  ten 
days  or  so  previous  to  grafting,  select  scions  that  are 
well  ripened  and  not  in  active  growth.  Whip-grafting 
is  the  best  mode,  and  after  performing  the  operation 
place  the  plants  under  a  glass  case,  or  in  a  cover  with 
a  Iiand-glass  over  them  until  they  commence  growth  ; 
then  admit  air  by  degrees,  and  maintain  a  moist 
growing  temperature.  Inarching  is  seldom  prac- 
tised with  those  who  have  facilities  for  successful 
grafting,  as  it  does  not  form  so  nice  an  union  as  whip- 
grafting.  The  amateur  cultivator,  however,  will  find 
this  a  sure  system,  and  for  the  renovation  of  old  or 
inferior  kinds  this  is  the  best  method  to  adopt.  A 
safe  union  will  be  generally  effected  in  about  six 
months ;  but  be  careful  to  cut  off  the  communication 


Ji;,    103— UHn'-GK\FlINC. 

(/,  stock  prepared  for  the  reception  of  the  graft  ;  b,  the  notch  iiUo 
which  the  tongue  of  the  scion,  c,  is  to  fit ;  d,  the  scion  or 
graft  fitted  to  the  stock. 


between  the  inarched  part  and  its  own  roots  by  degrees 
as  the  union  is  eflected.  In  performing  the  operation 
bind  the  parts  together,  and  cover  immediately  with 
grafting-wax,  as  in  ordinary  grafting.  Seeds  should 
now  be  sown,  soaking  them  in  water  about  12  hours 
previously.  Attend  to  previous  directions  as  regards 
the  general  stock.    G.  Westland,  Ultley  Court. 

Orchids. — Raise   the   temperature   in    the   various 
houses  as  nearly  as  possible  as  follows  : — 

Aryi'.M.  Ai  II  A.M. 
Phulienopsis,    Aeridt;?,    Vandu.    and   An- )        0 

r  70      —     7S 
graicum         . .  . .  . .  . .  ■■  \ 

Dendrobium,    Oncidi-um,   Cattlcya,    Mil-S 
toiiia,   Cymbididni,    Lajlia,    and    Stan-  \  60°    —     65° 
hopea  . ,  . .         ..  . .  . . ) 

T.ycaste,   Trichopilia,    Huntlcya,     Pcsca-^ 
torea,      Barkerl.-i,     Arpophyllum,    F,pi-  (.      ^  ,-  0 

dcndrum,  Anguloa,  Brassia.  and  2ygo-  i   ^^ 
petalum       . .  J 

Udontoglossum,         Masdevallia,         and  )       a 
Dlsa  ..  ..         ..  ..  ..  f  5°      ~     -=^5 

The  above  stated  temperatures  are  for  fire-heat  only;  in 
every  case  allow  an  additional  5°  by  sun-heat,  and  be 
careful  to  give  an  eye  to  the  ventilators,  as  these  should 
on  no  account  be  closed  after  the  temperature  is  iq>. 
As  the  heat  increases  so  must  the  moisture,  but  only 
atmospherically;  the  roots  must  only  be  saturated  in  the 
ease  of  those  which  are  making  rapid  growth.  Kxcept 
in  the  case  of  Odontoglossums,  Masdevallias,  Disas, 
and  Oncidium  macranthuni  and  its  congenens,  these 
plants  cannot  withstand  drought  in  any  form  and 
maintain  their  health.  There  are  a  few  plants  which 
will  not  grow  in  the  same  house  as  the  majority  of  the 
same  section.  I  enumerate  a  few  : — Aerides  rid>rum 
should  be  classed  with  Lycastcs  ;  also  Oncidium 
obryzatum,  incurvum,  aurosum,  leucochihnn,  pulvina- 
tum,  phymatochilum,  Phalcenopsis,  ornithorhynchum 
and  bifolium,  and  Oncidiinns  macranthuni,  ciicullatum 
and  nubigenum  with  Odontoglossums.  Stake  all 
plants  which  require  it,  so  as  to  show  off  the  beauty  of 


their  flowers  as  much  as  possible.  \V.  Denniug, 
Grimston. 

Heaths. — Keep  all  plants  that  require  it  neatly 
staked  and  tied,  and  admit  an  abundance  of  air  on  all 
favourable  occasions.  Frosty  air  only  need  be  excluded 
from  this  house,  but  avoid  opening  lights  in  rainy 
weather  that  will  allow  the  rain  to  descend  upon  the 
plants.  It  is  necessary,  however,  that  a  current  of  air 
should  pass  through  the  house  as  much  as  possible 
throughout  the  day.  I'nder  this  treatment  the  plan's 
will  start  gradually  into  growth,  and  consequently  wdl 
make  stiff,  short-jointed  wood,  which  is  indispensable. 
Let  all  the  soft-wooded  section  of  autumn-blooming 
kinds  have  the  strong  shoots  cut  back  to  induce  them 
to  break  back,  and  become  more  bushy  and  compact  — 
such  sorts  as  Erica  hyemalis,  coloraus,  gracilis,  grandi- 
nosa,  6cc.  They  should  be  kept  in  a  light  airy  situa- 
tion near  to  the  glass ;  do  not  allow  any  plants  to 
suffer  for  want  of  water,  nor  from  an  excess  of  it. 
Proceed  with  repotting  until  all  is  completed,  and  be 
careful  in  watering  newly  potted  plants.  //.  ChUinau, 
Somcrhy. 

Florists'  Flowers. — .hirknhis  will  require  more 
water  than  heretofore,  if  the  weather  continues  mild. 
See  that  it  runs  well  through  the  pots.  Top-dress 
with  good  rich  soil.  Cuttings  oS.  Antirrhinums  put  in 
under  handlights  or  cold  frames  in  autumn  should  now 
be  potted  off  and  placed  in  a  close  pit  or  frame  for  a 
short  time.  Sow  seed  in  a  little  heat  for  autumn 
flowering,  they  will  well  repay  the  trouble.  Carnations 
and Picotcis :  Clear  oH'  all  decaying  foliage,  and  watei' 
more  freely,  as  they  will  now  begin  to  grow  vigorously. 
Give  plenty  of  air  in  mild  weather,  but  do  not  allow 
the  foliage  to  remain  damp.  Soil  previously  prepared 
should  be  kept  dry  in  readinc^ss  for  potting  next  month. 
Autumn-struck  cuttings  of  Hollyhocks  should  be  potted, 
if  not  previously  done,  and  kept  in  cold  frames,  giving 
plenty  of  air.  Cuttings  just  rooted  will  require  a  little 
bottom-heat,  but  do  not  allow  the  foliage  to  become 
drawn.  Repot  all  Pansics  intended  to  flower  in  pots, 
and  allow  them  all  the  air  possible  in  fine  weather. 
Plant  out  in  beds  which  have  been  previously  well 
prepared,  and  if  possible  in  the  shade  of  distant 
trees,  as  they  will  be  a  great  protection  to  the 
plants  in  hot  weather.  The  same  remarks  apply 
to  seedlings  .sown  in  autumn.  Stir  the  surface  of 
autumn-planted  beds.  Pot  off  cuttings  of  Pcntstcmom 
put  in  in  autumn,  and  place  in  a  close  frame.  Scarce 
sorts  should  have  a  little  heat  to  encourage  growth  for 
cuttings,  which  are  easily  struck  in  the  temperature 
they  are  grown  in.  Sow  seed  in  heat  at  once,  for 
summer  and  autumn  flowering.  Phkw  :  Look  to  the 
plants  intended  to  be  grown  in  pots,  as  they  will  have 
commenced  growing.  Reduce  the  balls  and  return 
them  into  the  same  sized  pots,  using  good,  rich,  well- 
prepared  soil.  They  will  do  well  plunged  in  buds  in 
the  open,  but  must  be  protected  from  frost ;  cuttings 
of  scarce  sorts  will  strike  readily  in  a  gentle  heat. 
Sow  seed  in  well-drained  pans,  and  place  in  cold 
frames,  not  in  heat,  but  be  careful  the  mice  do  not 
find  them  out.     Water  freely  at  all  times,   y,  L. 


FLOWER  GARDEN,  ETC. 
The  Parterre  and  Mixed  Garden. — The  time  is 
now  at  hand  when  we  must  set  about  putting  things 
in  order,  and  all  aiTcars  must  be  attended  to.  Should 
the  weather  continue  open,  many  sorts  of  the  hardy 
annuals  may  be  sown  out-of-doors.  Mignonette,  Ten- 
70Cik  Stoehs,  and  a  few  Swecf  Peas  may  also  be  sown  on 
a  warm  border,  and  in  pots  placed  into  a  gentle  heat,  tu 
be  planted  out  for  early  flowering.  Beds  of  Rannn- 
i/i/nses,  Anemones,  Hyacinths  should  be  protected  from 
heavy  rains,  otherwise  they  will  be  much  disfigured. 
Carnations,  Cl<rces^  &c.,  layered  in  the  autumn,  may 
now  be  planted  out.  The  pruning  of  all  kinds  of 
flowering  shrubs  should  be  finished  this  month, 
they  should  not  be  trimmed  up  in  a  formal 
manner.  The  more  natural  the  outline  the 
better.  Most  shrubs  require  nothing  further  than  to 
be  pruned,  so  as  to  remove  injured  shoots,  dead  wood, 
straggling  branches,  and  suckers.  Box  edgings  to 
borders,  is.z.,  maybe  replanted  any  time  this  month  ; 
likewise,  where  there  are  gaps  in  previously  planted 
edgings,  let  the  deficiencies  be  made  good.  Overgrown 
or  irregular  edgings  should  be  replanted,  as  nothing 
looks  more  untidy.  All  edgings  should  be  kept  neat 
and  regular  by  trimming  them  at  the  sides  and  top 
every  spring.  Continue  to  propagate  Dahlias^  Ver- 
benas, Ageratnms,  &c. ,  according  to  the  demand.  Pot 
off"  all  autumn-struck  bedding  plants,  and  endeavour  to 
get  them  as  sturdy  as  possible.  Sow  in  heat,  if  not 
already  done,  Solannms,  Cannas,  Wigandias,  Lobelias, 
xkc.  Auricula,  Polyanthus,  and  Pansy  seed  may  be 
sown  in  a  warm  5])ot,  or  in  well-drained  boxes  filled 
with  rich  earth.  Keei>  grass  and  gravel  walks  well 
swept  antl  rolled,  and  let  every  part  of  the  grounds 
present  a  neat  and  tidy  appearance,  without  which  a 
garden  can  never  be  interesting.  lCd7card  Bennett, 
Enville. 

Pinetum. — The  species  of  Picea  from  California 
are  likely  to  be  the  most  beautiful  of  all  the  Conifers  in 
cultivation.  P.  nobilis.  on  account  of  its  beautiful 
glaucous  foliage  and  robust  growth,  is  a  most  desirable 
tree  to  plant,  not  only  on  lawns,  ^:c.,  but  to  mix  with 
other  trees  in  forests  and  other  places  on  a  gentleman's 
estate.  P.  lasiocarpa,  not  long  introduced,  will  be 
almost,   if  not  quite,  superior  to  any  from    the   long 


February  24,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


^50 


pictinate  foliage,  which  makes  it  a  charming  tree  for 
pleasure-grounds,  and  when  more  plentiful  should  be 
planted  amongst  forest  trees.  P.  gramlis  and  P.  amabilis 
are  also  well  Unovvn,  and  too  much  cannot  be  said  of 
their  merits  for  extensive  planting ;  but  there  is  one  thing 
to  be  considered,  /.  <■.,  they  require  a  depth  of  soil  of 
5  feet  or  more  to  grow  in.  If  the  roots  have  not  suflicieut 
earlli  when  the  tree  gets  over  100  feet  high,  how  can  it 
possibly  resist  a  hurricane?  I  have  known  S/'nia- Firs 
blown  down  with  a  large  body  of  earth  attached  to  the 
roots,  but  I  could  prevent  this  by  carting  soil  at  spare 
times,  so  as  to  thicken  the  body  of  earth  for  some 
distance  from  the  trunk  :  it  would  encourage  the  tree 
to  grow,  and  balance  the  roots  against  strong  winds. 
If  a  hole  is  dug  2  feet  deep,  and  filled  up  3  feet  above 
the  ground  level,  by  adding  top  soil  as  the  tree  grows, 
there  will  be  little  fear  of  the  wind  blowing  it  down 
until  the  roots  begin  to  decay.  /•". 


FRUIT  HOUSES. 

Pines. — Fruilcrs  :  Continue  to  supply  as  before 
directed  a  steady  bottomdieat,  and  pay  special  atten- 
tion to  watering.  As  the  weather  brightens  allov/  the 
temperature  to  rise  higher,  and  admit  plenty  of  air 
when  favourable.  In  connection  with  Siicccssional 
plants  maintain  60°  to  65°  by  night,  and  70°  to  75°  by 
day.  Those  potted  last  August  will  now  commence 
making  a  good  growth  ;  assist  them  by  keeping  all  the 
pathways,  i.\:c.,  moist,  but  do  not  syringe  the  plants. 
Siiciiis:  It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  give  these 
at  the  present  time  the  best  attention.  The  bed,  soil, 
and  pots  being  ready,  have  them  potted,  as  early  as 
convenient,  using  good  turfy  loam  only.  Use  7-inch 
pots  for  large,  and  5-inch  for  small  plants  ;  well  drain 
them,  and  plunge  at  once  without  watering.  The 
temperature  should  be  55°  to  60°  at  night,  and  65° 
in  the  day  ;  as  the  plants  have  no  roots,  more  heat  tends 
to  draw  them  ;  shade  on  bright  days  from  the  mid- 
day sun.  I  get  most  of  my  suckers  in  March,  and 
about  July  I  froin  the  winter  fruiting  plants,  and  the 
last  from  the  summer  ones,  starting  them  in  a  close  pit 
near  the  glass,  but  avoiding  to  crowd  them  m  the  bed. 
G.  T.  .Wlcs,  Uyaviits  Al'biy. 

Orchard  House. — Much  the  same  attention  is 
required  here  as  directed  for  the  past  fortnight.  Keep 
the  roots  in  a  proper  condition  as  regards  moisture, 
whether  in  pots  or  planted  out.  Nothing  is  more  likely 
to  cause  stone  fruits  to  fall  than  dryness  at  the  roots. 
.  IprUcls  and  Cherries  now  coming  into  bloom  should 
have  all  the  air  given  them  that  is  possible  whilst  the 
weather  continues  so  mild.  If  in  pots,  it  is  even  advisable 
to  place  them  outside  altogether  during  bright  sunshiny 
days,  placing  them  within-doors  again  at  night.  This 
wonderfully  assists  the  flowers  in  setting.  Admit  air 
to  the  fullest  extent,  to  retard  the  blooming  period  as 
much  as  possible.   B. 

Peaches  and  Nectarines. — Do  not  forget  to  apply 
the  syringe  freely  upon  the  occupants  of  the  early 
house,  as  early  as  the  sun  will  permit  in  the  afternoons 
of  bright  days.  Keep  the  house  closed  for  an  hour  or 
so  afterwards,  when  the  ventilators  may  be  opened  for 
an  inch  or  so  at  the  apex  of  the  roof,  and  which  may  be 
allowed  during  the  night  in  mild  weather,  so  as  to  secure 
a  gentle  circulation  in  the  house — for  there  should  be 
no  coddling  through  the  medium  of  a  confined  atmo- 
sphere. Hasten  with  all  despatch  the  preparation  of 
succession  and  late  houses,  according  to  previous  direc- 
tions, where  not  already  done.  Take  advantage  of 
sunny  weather  to  ventilate  freely  where  trees  are  in 
bloom,  and  impregnate  shy  setting  sorts,  such  as  the 
Noblesse,  by  means  of  a  camel's-hair  brush  gently 
applied  to  the  stamens  and  stigmas  of  the  flowers. 
Win,  Gardiner. 

Figs.— In  houses  where  the  fruit  is  swelling  off, 
maintain  a  nice  genial  humid  atmosphere  of  about  65° 
by  night,  rising  by  day  to  75"  or  80°,  or  if  by  sun-heat 
to  100°.  Figs  whilst  growing  delight  in  great  heat 
with  moisture.  A  few  more  pot  plants  may  be  placed 
in  heat  to  keep  up  a  succession.  Finish  at  once  all 
pruning  that  may  be  required,  and  pursue  the  same 
directions  generally  as  those  previously  given.  B. 

Forcing  Frames. — Forcing  frames  are  a  garden 
commodity  which  very  many  horticulturists  are  con- 
strained to  use,  from  the  fact  that  they  are  not 
in  possession  of  properly  heated  houses.  Therefore, 
if  the  future  crop  is  valued,  do  not  too  freely 
or  thoughtlessly  introduce  cutting  pots,  «S:c.,  into 
them.  It  is  an  error  most  of  us  are  hable  to  com- 
mit, in  our  anxiety  to  secure  stock,  though  I  know  that 
a  single  pot  of  Verbena  cuttings  is  as  likely  to  carry 
with  it  thrip  or  red  spider,  or  both,  which,  when  once 
introduced  into  so  genial  a  warmth,  establish  them- 
selves quickly,  and  become  an  evil  for  which  an  anti- 
dote is  seldom  found  which  does  not  prove  injurious  to 
the  plants  also.  Give  more  air  to  Straicbcrry  plants  in 
bloom.  Do  not  sprinkle  them  overhead  as  heretofore, 
but  give  more  frequent  and  more  copious  supplies  of 
liquid  manure,  and  so  prepare  the  plants  for  carrying 
the  subsequent  crop.  Sow  Chili ies.  Capsicums,  and 
Tomatos,  placing  the  pots  into  the  forcing  frame,  to 
induce  germination,  that  the  plants  become  strong, 
to  produce  early  crops  of  fruit.    IV.  Farley. 


KITCHE.V  GARDEN. 

Forcing  Department. — Keep  up  a  succession  of 
Asparagus,  Seakale,  and  Rliubarb,  accorditig  to  the 
demand.     Kidney  Beans  will  require  careful  attention 


to  keep  them  clean  and  healthy  ;  syringe  with  weak, 
clear  soot-water  ;  make  another  sowing  in  pots  or 
pans.  Of  Carmls  and  Radishes  another  sowing  may 
be  made  on  a  slight  hotbed.  Give  an  abundance  of 
air,  and  thin  out  advancing  crops.  Mustard  and  Cress 
sow  weekly  in  boxes  or  pans.  Potakn  :  Make  another 
planting  on  a  slight  hotbed,  and  add  a  little  light  soil 
to  advancing  crops.  Capsieunis,  Toina/es,  and  F^g 
Plants  pot  off  singly  in  small  pots.  Keep  them  near 
the  glass  :  temperature,  60°  to  65".  A  Capsicum,  or 
large  Squash  I'epper,  received  from  America  last 
spring,  was  found  to  be  excellent,  used  when  green 
like  Mangoes,  stuffed  witli  Mustard,  Nasturtiums, 
Cauliflowers,  and  any  other  fancy  vegetables.  Peas 
sown  in  pots,  boxes,  or  on  turves,  last  month,  must  be 
carefully  hardened  off  before  planting  out,  which  is  the 
grand  point  to  be  attained  in  getting  a  good  and  early 
crop.  Peas  for  green  Pea  soup  (excellent  for  winter 
use)  sow  in  boxes  ;  the  dwarf  Marrows  are  the  best. 
When  up,  harden  ofl".  When  from  4  to  5  inches  in 
height,  cut  oft'  the  stem,  and  tie  up  in  bunches  ready 
for  the  kitchen.  One  pint  of  Peas  sown  will  be  suffi- 
cient for  one  cutting.  Of  Chicory  and  Endive  intro- 
duce another  supply  to  the  Mushroom-house  Keep 
np  a  supply  of  AF:nt,  .'iorrel  and  Tarragon,  and  make 
another  sowing  of  .Sioeel  Basil.  David  Lumsden, 
Blo.xJtoIin. 

Mushroom  House. — The  last  ridge-beds  for  this 
season  should  be  made  up  in  a  few  days.  The  dung 
for  ours  is  now  being  worked.  One  cart-load,  at 
least,  of  soil  should  be  mixed  with  every  three 
of  dung.  It  will  be  necessary  to  see  that  the  rain  does 
not  go  through  the  covering  of  ridge-beds  now  just 
coming  in.  If  proper  care  has  been  taken  in  throvving 
a  mat  over  the  straw,  there  is  no  fear.  Beds  inside, 
which  are  on  the  wane,  should  be  cleared  out,  bearing 
in  mind  that  whitewashing  and  thorough  ventilation 
are  the  best  purifiers  of  Mushroom-houses.  These, 
like  all  other  houses,  should  be  clean  and  sweet, 
otherwise  Mushrooms  refuse  to  grow  at  all.  R.  Gilbert, 
Burg'/ilew 

MARKET  GARDEN. 
Of  all  seasons  of  the  year  seed-time  is  the  most  im- 
portant to  the  market  gardener,  and  although  to  a 
certain  extent  he  is,  or  ought  to  be,  sowing  little  or 
much  all  the  year  round,  yet  February  and  March  are 
the  two  principal  months  for  seed  sowdng.  And  first, 
great  care  should  be  taken  to  have  none  but  the  best 
seeds  ;  any  doubtful  or  old  seed  had  better  be  thrown 
away  than  risk  the  waste  of  land  and  loss  of  season. 
Having  decided  upon  the  crop  to  be  sown  in  each  piece 
of  land— and  this  very  often  requires  more  consideration 
than  most  gardeners  give  to  it, — instead  of  the  first 
piece  of  land  that  is  ready  receiving  the  first  crop  that 
is  to  be  sown,  due  thought  should  be  given  to  the  pre- 
ceding and  also  to  the  succeeding  crops.  As  in  a  game 
of  chess,  you  must  look  two  or  three  moves  ahead,  as 
well  as  consider  if  the  soil  of  the  land  chosen  is  suit- 
able to  the  crop,  for  frequently  in  a  field  of  15  or 
20  acres  two  or  three  different  kinds  of  soil  will  occur, 
and  crops  that  succeed  in  one  fail  in  the  other.  The 
art  of  seed  sowing  no  theory  can  impart — this  can 
only  be  attained  by  practice  and  experience.  What 
a  treat  it  is  to  see  a  fine  field  of  Onions,  or  other 
similar  crops  sow^n  broadcast,  so  evenly  and  regularly 
that  you  cannot  tell  at  which  end  of  the  field  the  sower 
began  ;  and  yet  what  looks  worse  than  the  same  crops 
where  you  can  see  every  cast  where  the  sower  went  up 
and  down  the  field  ?  Nor  must  the  gardener  think  that 
when  he  has  well  and  carefully  sovi'ed  his  seed  it  is  all 
safe  until  it  comes  through  the  ground ;  many  and  many  a 
crop  has  been  lost  by  this  mistake,  and  many  an  inno- 
cent seedsman  has  been  blamed  for  it,  while  the  real 
cause  has  been  the  sparrows  and  chaftinches,  whose 
keen  eyes  have  seen  the  rising  of  the  seed  long  before 
the  gardener  ;  and  if  he  had  gone  a  day  or  two 
earlier,  he  would  have  found  the  little  white  threads 
lying  thick  on  the  surface.  And  now  a  word  or  two  as 
to  bird  minding  ;  many  different  methods  are  adopted, 
some  employ  women,  others  boys  with  clappers,  &c.  — 
a  better  plan,  to  my  way  of  thinking,  for  after  a  few 
days  the  woman  gets  quite  hoarse,  while  the  boy  can 
still  whistle ;  but  by  far  the  best  plan  that  I  know  of 
to  keep  the  birds  off  either  ripening  seed  or  growing 
crops,  is  to  have  some  small  twine  run  in  lengths  over 
the  piece,  and  suspended  from  long  hooping  sticks, 
not  strained  tight,  but  allowed  to  loop  nearly  to  the 
ground  between  the  sticks,  which  are  put  about  30  or 
50  yards  apart,  and  the  lines  from  10  to  15  yards, 
according  to  the  si/.e  of  the  piece  to  be  minded.  The 
lines  are  all  connected  by  cross  ones,  so  that  a  boy 
standing  at  either  end,  or  indeed  at  any  part  of  the 
piece,  can  put  the  whole  in  motion  by  simply  pulling 
one  of  the  lines.  In  this  way  for  a  few  bd.  balls  of 
twine,  a  field  of  2  or  3  acres  can  be  eftectually  tended 
by  one  boy.  A  few  pieces  of  white  paper  or  straw- 
should  of  course  be  attached  to  the  lines,  but  not  long 
feathers,  as  the  wind  sets  them  revolving,  and  they 
soon  break  the  lines.  London  Market  Gardener. 

FORESTRY. 
All  newly  planted  trees  should  now  be  examined, 
and  any  swayed  or  twisted  by  the  wind  put  upright. 
In  ordinary  cases  a  little  fresh  soil  put  to  the  stem  by 
the  point  of  the  spade,  and  trodden  firmly  by  the  foot, 
will  suffice  in  soft  soils.  On  very  exposed  places  it 
will,  however,  be  found  necessary  to  stake  and  tie  up 


those  which  have  slender  stems  and  heavy  tops.  Large 
trees  which  have  been  recently  transplanted  in  parks  or 
pleasure  grounds  should  be  well  secured.  The  best 
means  of  effecting  this  is  to  place  three  forked  props 
at  equilateral  distances  from  the  stem.  The  lower  end 
should  be  cut  transversely  across,  and  firmly  butted 
against  blocks  driven  slanting  into  the  ground.  The 
forks  must  be  well  padded  to  prevent  galling,  and  if 
convenient  to  grasp  the  stem  under  a  branch,  so  much 
the  better.  A  covering  of  stones  over  the  surface  serves 
the  double  purpose  of  keeping  the  roots  steady  and 
retaining  moisture.  Continue  to  make  all  possible 
speed  in  forwarding  and  completing  the  planting  of 
Deciduous  Trees,  Quick,  Ihrnbeain,  and  Beech  hedges. 
Fell  timber,  cut  and  clear  coppice  grounds.  Prepare 
by  digging  and  trenching  ground  for  transplanting 
Forest  Stuff.  This  is  work,  however,  much  better  left 
to  the  trade,  where  a  good  choice  at  a  cheaper  rate 
can  be  havl  th.an  is  the  case  if  managed  by  private 
resources.  J.  iVebster,  Gordon  Castle. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Al'crlON  S.M.l^b  :  FJIv.     We  will  make  enquiries. 

Books:  M.  S.,  Burghlcy.  (i.)  Lindlcy's  Syiio/tsis  of  tlie 
British  Flora  is  out  ot  prial.  (2.)  The  Student's  Flora 
0/ the  British  /stands,  by  Dr.  Hooker,  C.B.  Botany 
for  Begiiniers  is  in  the  press. — An  Old  Subscriber. 
Hogg's  J'ruit  Manual  is  out  of  print ;  a  new  edition  is  ^ 
in  progress. 

DuCBLE      lM.\TOI'HYLLUM     JEINIATUM  :     Mr.    Douglas, 

Kilkea,  sends  a  semi-double  flower  of  this  plant,  so 
that  if  cultivators  desire  it  they  may  confidently  expect 
to  procure  double  flowers  in  due  time.  For  our  parts 
we  prefer  the  smgle  blossoms. 

G.vs  ;  Em/nirer.  Unless  there  is  perfect  ventilation,  and 
the  lights  are  kept  well  up,  it  is  not  wise  to  introduce 
gas  amongst  growing  plants. 

Gra\  EL  Ro.VD  :  y.  D.  We  doubt  if  you  will  make  a 
good  road  by  simply  mixing  any  reasonable  quantity  of 
cement  with  your  badly-binding  gravel,  and  putting 
this  on  the  surface.  Good  binding  gravel  will  always 
make  a  good  road,  if  properly  put  down  ;  the  binding 
quality  depends  very  much  upon  having  a  just  sufficient 
admixture  of  clayey  matter  in  its  composition.  Failing 
this,  you  might  make  a  good  road  of  concrete,  or  ol 
asphalte,  or,  at  a  cheaper  rate,  gas-tar  ;  but  they  all 
require  to  be  set  about  in  a  systematic  way  —  that  is  to 
say.  the  road  requires  making  from  the  foundation. 

HlONSLOW'S  BOT.\NICAL  DiAGHAMS  :  C.  P.  We  do  not 
know  the  present  publishers.  Your  bookseller  would 
probably  be  able  to  procure  them  for  you. 

Names  oi-  Fruits  :  The  Re-o.  J.  R.  Pcakc.  We  arc 
unable  to  recognise  your  Pear  from  the  specimen  sent. 

Names  of  Plants  :  A.  B.  Wo  can't  attempt  to  name 
plants  from  single  leaves.— ir.  T.  Asplenium  flabelli- 
folium.-IF.  7.  We  do  not  make  out  your  Semper- 
vivum  by  the  leaf.  Good  collections  may  be  seen  at 
Hale  Farm,  Tottenham,  and  at  the  Wellington  Road 
Nursery. — H.  R.  S.     Iris  foetidissima  variegata. 

PiNUS  SYLVESTRIS  :   Traveller.     Yes. 

Portugal  Laurel  :  J.  S.  EL  There  were  two  distinct 
affections  in  your  Portugal  Laurel  leaves.  The  per- 
forations are  very  common  in  this  and  the  common 
Laurel.  Our  own  Laurels  are  affected  this  year  in  the 
same  wav,  and  Peach  trees.  Cherry  trees,  &c. ,  suffer 
similarly'  from  the  eft'ect  of  recent  frosts.  The  other 
affection  is  very  possibly  due  to  the  cause  you  mention, 
for  it  is  by  no  means  uncommon  for  the  eft'ect  of  severe 
frost  to  be  felt  even  some  years  after,  though  at  first 
the  damage  does  not  seem  t'o  be  great.  Be  so  good  as 
to  send  up  an  affected  branch  to  the  next  scientific 
meeting  of  the  Horticultural  .Society,  which  takes  place 
the  first  Wednesday  in  March,  and  we  shall  be  able  to 
have  the  opinion  of  one  or  two  practical  horticulturists. 
M.  J.  B. 

PuiMUL.v  :  H.  Cunuell.  .\  very  good  single  deep  purple 
variety  of  the  common  Primrose. 

Stephanotis  Fruiting:  (;.  M.  This  has  occurred 
recently  in  other  gardens,  but  it  is  not  a  common  cir- 
cumstance.  

CoMMCNicATioNS  Received.— Dr.  Bennett  (Sydney).— J.  A.— 
C  C.-E.  E.-S.  I.— L  H.-H.  R.  S.— B.  &  S.-(J.  R.— 
M,  .S.— J,  E.-'W.  T.— J.  R. 


arKets. 


COYEST  GARDEN.—Fcb.  23. 
The  markets  have  been  rather  quiet  again  during  the 
last  few  days,  and  transactions  among  wholesale  dealers 
have  been  somewhat  limited.  A  fair  attendance  of 
retail  customers  has  been  observable,  but  no  inquiries 
suliicient  to  lead  to  an  advance  in  price  has  been  the 
result.  Importations  are  moderate,  and  arrive  in  good 
condition,  comprising  salading,  Asparagus,  and  some 
good  Easter  Beurre  Pears. 

Flowers. 


s.  d.    s.  d. 
Azaleas,p.do2.sprayso  6  to  1  o 
Camellias,  per   doz. 
blooms      ..         ..30  —  40 

Heliotropes,  p.  dor. 
sprays      . .         . .      . .  —  10 

Hyacinths,  p.  bunch     . .  —  10 
Lily   of  the  Valley, 

p.  doz.  sprays     . .   i  6  —  30 
Pelargoniums, 

French,p.  12  sprays  1  (>  —  20 
Pelargoniums,  Scar- 
let, p.  12  sprays.,  o  g  —  10 

Fruit, 
s.  d.  s.  d. 
Apples,  per  J  sieve  2  o  to  5  o 
Cobs,  per  100 lb.  ..600—650 
Filberts,  per  lb.  ..08—10 
Gr.ipcs,  per  lb.  ..50  — 10  o 
Lemons,  per  100   ..70  — 10  o 


s.  d.    s.  d. 

Primroses, p.  12 bun.  ..to  20 
Roses,  per  doz.  . .  a  6  —  g  o 
Tropaeolums.  p.  bun.  ..  —  03 
Trumpet  Lilies.cach     . .  —  06 

Tulips,  per  doz —  10 

White  Lilac,  p.  doz. 

sprays      . .  ..60  —  76 

Cyclamen.p.  i2spks.  03  —  06 
Violels.p. 12  bunches  09  —  16 
Do.,  Neapolitan,  p. 

doz.  bunches  ..  ..  —  3.;° 
Crocuses,  p.  12  bun. .  . .  ^'-e  'tf 


Melons,  each 

Oranges,  per  100 

Pears,  per  dozen 

Pine-apples,  per  lb.  6  o  — 10  o 

Pomegranates,  each  04—08 


z.d.  s.d. 
o  o  to  O  O 
6  o  — 10  o 
40  —  80 


26o 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


Ll  ebruary  ^4,    1872. 


VttiET 

s.  d.    s.  d. 
Artichokes, green,  ea.  o  6  to  o  8 
Asparagus,  per  100     6  o —  8  o 
—     French,  do.  ..12  0  —  14  o 
Bcel,  per  doz.  . .    i  o—  :;  o 

Bioccoli,  purple,  per 


ADLES. 

S.  J.      S.  d. 
Horse  Radish,  p.  bun,  3  olo  5  o 
-  o  4 


bundle 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p. 

halfsicvt:  ..      i  6 —  2  6 

Cabbages,  per  doz...  10 —  i  3 
Cardoons,  each  . .  2  o —  4  o 
Carrot.->,  p.  bunch  . .  o  5 —  o  7 

—  French,  do...  i  o —  i  6 
Cauliflowers,  p.  do7.  2  o —  6  o 
Celerj-,  per  bundle  .  i  o —  s  o 
Cucumbers,  each  . .  2  o —  3  o 
French  Beans,  new, 

per  icxj      . .  . .  4  o —  6  o 

Herbs,  per  bunch  ..  o  2 —  o  4 
Poiatos,  Regents,  1005.  to  i 
French  Shaw 


Leeks,  per  bunch 
Lettuces,  perscore. .  i  6 — 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott,  i  o —  2  o 
Onions,  per  bunch  .  o  4 —  o  9 
Parsley,  p.  bunch  . .  o  2 —  o  4 
Peas,  new,  per  pun.  ..  —  30 
Potatos,newrrame,lb.  2  o —  4  o 
Radishes,  per  bunch  o  2 —  . . 

—  French,  do.  . .  o  4 —  o  6 
Rhubarb,  p.  bund.  .  . .  —16 
SaUafy,  per  bun.  ..  o  9 —  i  3 
Scorzonera,  per  bun.  o  9 —  i  3 
Seakale,  per  punnet  1  o —  2  o 
Shallots,  per  lb.  ..  08—  .. 
Spinach,  per  bu&hel  3  o —  4  o 
Turnips,  p.  bunch.,  o  2 —  o  4 

30J.  ;  Flukes,  xios.  to  150J.  ; 
s,  6ar.  to  70J. 


BOROUGH  MARKET. 
Wholesale  Prices. 


Savoys. 


F..-b. 


Per  doz. 
.    d.     s.  d, 
6  to  o    9 
I    6  —  o 


Per  doz.  bun. 
s,  d.  s.  d. 
I     o  to  2     o 


Per  score. 
■.    d.      s.  d. 
.     6  to  o     8 


Per  sieve. 
.    d.      s.  d. 
o  to  I     6 


4  —  o     Si 


POTATOS.—Sonthwark,  Feb.  19. 
During  the  past  week  the  arrivals  coastwise  have  been 
small,  but  heavy  by  rail  and  from  abroad.  Trade 
still  continues  dull,  at  the  following  quotations  : — 
Yorkshire  Flukes,  per  ton,  looj.  to  140J.  ;  Yorkshire 
Regents,  60s.  to  looj.  ;  Dunbar  and  East  Lothian  do., 
looj.  to  130^.;  Perth,  Forfar,  and  Fifeshire  do.,  85^.  to 
105J.  ;  do.  Rocks,  855.  to  95^.  ;  Kent  and  Essex 
Regents,  6oj-.  to  looj. ;  do.  Rocks,  60s.  to  8oj.  ;  French 
Whites,  soj.  to  65^. 


For  Want  Places,  &c.,  see  pa_^e  275. 


TO  THE  SEED  TRADE. —The  Advertiser,  having 
had  the  management  of  the  Trial  Ground  of  an  eminent  London 
Firm  for  upwards  of  20  years,  is  open  to  PROVE  any  SEEDS  that 
may  be  committed  to  his  care,  by  contract  or  otherwise,  correctly, 
distinctly,  and  cuntidentially,  having  taken  a  piece  of  Ground 
principally  for  tliat  purpose.  — Application  by  letter  to  HENRY 
KKArrHWAITE,  10,  Millbrook  Road,  Brixton,  S.W.,  will  meet  with 
;i  prompt  reply. 


"L'lAST   LOTH[AN    INTERMEDIATE  STOCKS.— 

J-J   February  is  the  best  month  for  sowinc  these  celebrated  Stocks, 

acknowledged  to  be  the  best  of  all  Intermediate  Stocks,  and  unrivalled 

both  for  Flower  Gardening  and  for  Pot  Culture.      May  be  had  true  in 

separate  packets  of  white,  purple  and  scarlet,  at  is.,2s.  &i.,and55.  each, 

from 

THOMAS   METHVE N_an d  SONS.  15,  Princes  Street,  Edinburgh. 

L  ILIUM  AURATUM,  LILIUM  AURATUivL 
(Imported  Bulbs  )—Fiiie  sound  flowering  bulbs,  at  9s,,  i2j,,  and 
iSs.  per  do^en;  cheaper  by  the  ico.  CYCLAMEN'  PERSICUM,  very 
fine,  6s.  per  dozen.  CALCEOLARIAS,  best  strain  out,  4s.  per  dozen. 
PRIMULAS,  fine  strain,  in  6o"s,  31.  per  dozen.  CINERARIAS, 
in  48's,  showing  bluom.  ts.  per  dozen.  Zonal  GERANIuSiS, 
in  100  variciics,  20s.  NE\V  CATALOGUE  of  Plants,  Cuttings,  and 
Rooted  Cuttings  (gz  pages)  ofall  the  best  new. 

G.  POULTDN.  EoLintain  Nursery.  Angel  Koad,  Edmonton,  N. 


Northampton  Nurseries. 

To  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  and  OTHERS,  ENGAGED 
in  PLANTING. 

rOHN     PERKINS,     Sen.,    begs    to    call    particular 

fJ    attention   to  his   large  STOCK   of  the  following,  the   whole   oi 

which  have  been  transplanted,  are  stout,  and  well  rooted  : — 

I'INUS  AUSTRIACA,  I'i  t0v2  feet,  751.  per  1000;  2  to  2';  feet,  120s. 

per  1000  ;  2'J  to  3  feet,  205.  per  roo.     All  fine  fibrous  roots. 
RIRCH,  2  to  3  feet,  201.  per  1000  ;  3  to  4*5  feet,  301.  per  1000 
ELM,  Wych.  2  to  3  feet,  255.  per  1000;  3  to  4  feet,  35s.  per  1000 
OAKS,  English,  3  to  4  feet,  60s.  per  1000,  fine  transplanted  ;  4  to  5  feet, 

looj.  per  1000 
FIR,  Spruce,  2  to  2^-.'  feet,  50s.  per  1000 
BERBERJS  AQUIEOLIA  1  to  1',.  foot,  30s.  per  1000 
RLACK'XIIORN,  i*;  to  2  feet,  15s.  per  1000;  2  to  3  feet,  20J.  per  1000. 
BOX,  GrecTi,  i'^  to  2  feet,  120s.  per  1000 
HAZEL,  fine,  i  to  2  feet,  15J,  per  1000 
HORNBEAM,  2  to  3  feet,  30s,  per  1000 
L.\UREL,  Common,  I'j  to  2  feet,  1005.  ]ier  1000 
PRIVET,  Evergreen,  2  to  2'.'  feet,  205.  per  1000 
YEWS,  English,  i!.  to  2  feet,  40J.  per  100;  2  to  3  feet,  70s.  per  100 

CATALOGUES  of  GENERAL  NURSERY  SlUCK  free  by 
post  on  application  to  52,  Market  Square,  Northampton,  \^herc  alt 
communications  are  to  be  addressed 


rOSEPH     SMITH,    JUN..    Moor     Edge     Nurseries, 
"   Tansley,  near  Matlock,  Derbyshire,  offers  as  follows,  at  per  1000  :— 
ALDER,  i|j  to  2  feet,  141.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  iSs, ;  3  to  4  feet,  231. 
ASH,  Mountain,  2  to  3  feet,  i8s. ;  3  to  4  feet,  20J.  ;  4  to  5  feet,  25^.  ; 

5  to  6  feet,  40i. ;  6  to  7  feet,  6oj. 
BEECH,  ij^  to  2  feet.  iSs.  :  2  to  3  feet,  231. 
RERBERIS  AQUIFOLIiUM,  9  to  12  inches,  205.  ;  1  to  iM  foot,  30J.  : 

2-yr  ,  31. 
BIRCH,  i?i  to  2  feet,  los.  to  i6i.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  151.  to  au. ;  3  to  4  feet, 

205.  to  30s. 
BOX,  Tree,  9  to  rs  inches,  6oj. 
BROOM,  Common,  2  to  3  feet,  15?.  ;  3  to  4  feet,  151.  ;  Seedlings,  31.  fid. 

,,  White,  I  and  2-yr.,  31.  6rf.  to  ss. 

COTONEASTER  MICROPHVLLA,  251.  to  40*. 
ELM,  ij;  to  2  feet,  141.  ;  2  to  3  feet.  i&,  ;  3  to  4  feet,  231, 
FIR,  Scotch,  I  to  iVi  foot,  14s.  :  ijj  to  2  feet,  i6s.  ;  3  to  4  feel,  301. 
„      Spruce,   I  to  i';  foot,  15J. ;  i.'j   to  3  feet,  20J  ;  2  to  3  feet,  30s,  ; 

3  to  4  feet,  505. 
11  1.      -Anicrican,  2  to3ft.,70S.  13  t0  4ft.,  1201.  14  togft.,  isoj. 

,]     Larch,  9  to  15  ins  ,  loi. ;  i  to  i,'-:  loot,  125.  6rf. ;  ij^  toz  feet,  165  ; 
2  to  3  feet,  25s. 
FURZE  or  Gorsc,  Seedlings,  ii.  fid. 
LIMES,  I  to  if  j  foot,  50s.  ;  \\'-.  to  2  feet,  705.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  iroj.  ;  3  to 

4  feet,  1 40s. 
0.\KS,  I  to  i,'2  foot,  7J. ;  !?<  to  2  feet,  121. ;  2  to  3  feet,  20i.  ;  i  to  4  ft. , 

28j.  ;  3yr,  25.  fid.  »         -  j         .  .    1       i      1 

PINUS  AUSTRIACA,  6  to  12  inches,  15*.  :  9  to   15  inches,  251.  ;   i  to 
I'n  foot,  305. 

J,        MARI]lMA,2feet,  lOJ. 
POPLAR,  Ontario,  i  to  i':  foot,  105.  ;  I'j  to  2  feet,  i2j,  6rf. 

205. ;  4  to  5  feet,  455.  ;  6  to  8  feet,  705. 
*>L  ICKS,  2-yj.  transplanted,  85.  ;  3-yr.  do.,  lOJ. 
KHOHOt)ENDRO>!s.  2  and  3-yrr  Sccdlh'g.  Jj^o  per  100,000. 

■  >     3-yr.  selected,  £,y]  105.  per  100,000. 
oir/.'.  ^tX"!;  '.-y.  iransplantcd,  li.s. ;  ?-vr.  and  2-yr.  transplanted,  s.i*. 
SYCAMORE,   i';   to  2  feet,  145.;  2  to  3  feet,  161.;  3  to  4  feet.  2 w  ; 

4  tos  feet,  335.  ^  '    3    ' 

WILLU  VV,  Bedford,  i  to  ij^  foot,  71. ;  1%  to  2  feet,  loi.  ;  2  to  3  feet, 
«r.T'^^^v3^°''''^-^3J-'  4  to  5  ft.,  2M.;  6  to  8  ft,,  701.  ;  8  to  10  ft,,  looi. 
PRIVET,  Evergreen,  i-yr.,  41.  ;  ij^to  2  feet,  155. 
LAUREL   Common,  i-yr.,  fine,  i<;i. 
SEAKALE.  2-yr.  255,  .-  lyr.  155. 

FLOWERING  SHRUBS,  in  50  varieties,  i  to  4  feet,  looi 
With  many  others,  of  which  a  Priced  LIST  will  be  sent  en  application. 


to  3  ft., 


BUTLER,  Mcculloch,  and  co.'s  spring 
CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS  for  1873  is  now  ready.  It  contains 
many  Novelties  of  merit  and  worth  consideration  Sent  free  and 
post  paid  on  application. 

27,  South  Row,  Covent  Garden  Market,  London,  W.C. 
Established  upwards  of  a  centur>'. 

Kitchen  Garden  Seeds. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  AND  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  Seed  Merchants,  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
SEEDS  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  appli- 


New  Seeds. 

CHARLES  TURNERS   CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS 
is  now  ready,  and  ni.iy  he  had  on  application. 
This  Catalogue  contains  selections  of  the  best  in  each  class,  and 
descriptions  ofthe  tcadmg  varieties  only. 

C.  TURNER'S  CATALOGUE  of  HARDY  TREES,  including  a 
full  collection  of  Fruits,  Coniferje,  Evergreen  and  Deciduous  Shruos, 
and  Trees,  Roses,  &-c.,  may  also  be  had, 

The  Ro_\al  Nurseries,  Slough. 


Garden  and  Flower  Seeds. 

THOMAS  METHVEN  AND  SONS  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  Descriptive  Priced  CATALOGUE  of  KITCHEN 
GARDEN  and  FLOWER  SEEDS.  IMPLEMENTS,  &c.,  for  1872, 
is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had,  post  free,  on  application. 

Seed   Warehouses:   15,   Princes   Street,   and  Nursery   Gate,   Leith 
W.-ilk,  Edinburgh. 


M 


New  Seed  Catalogue  for  1872. 

ESSRS.    JOHN    Axn    CHARLES    LEE 

will  be  happy  to  forward,  post  free  on  application,  their  New 
Descriptive  Priced  CATALOGUE  of  GENUINE  SEEDS,  containing 
every  Novelty  for  1S72,  to  any  of  their  Friends  and  Customers,  and 
others  who  have  not  already  recei\'ed  it. 
RoyalVineyard  Nurser\-  and  Seed  Establishment,  Hammersmith,  \V. 


New  Japanese  Lilies,  Orchids,  Maples,  Conifer  Seed,  &c. 

MESSRS.    TEUTSCHEL    and     CO.,     Colchester, 
Agents   for   Messrs.  Kr.\M[:r  &  Co.,  Seedsmen  and  Nurseri'- 
men,  Yokohama,  Japan. 

CATALOGUE  includes  three  New  Lilies,  Lilium  callosum  and 
Leichtlinii,  Cypripcdium  japonicum,  PlatantheriC,  Seed  of  Abies 
Firma,  Veitchii,  Primida  japonica,  &c. 


Collections  of  Vegetable  and  Flower  Seeds. 

JAMES      DICKSON     AND      SONS'     :ire     the     most 
liberally   supplied    and    best   "  Made-up   COLLEt.'TIONS  "   ol 
GARDEN  aj>d  1' LOWER  SEEDS. 

VEGETABLE  SEEDS,  \2s.  fid.,  21s.,  31J.  W..  42J.,  63s.,  and  1051. 
FLOWER  SEEDS,   los.  6d.,  12s.   6d.,  15s.,  21J.,  joi.,  and  4 3J.,  con- 
taining selections  ofthe  choicest  German,  English,  and  other  Flowers. 
Carriage  free.     Descriptive  |)riced  LISTS  post  free. 

lAMES  DICKSON  .\nd  SONS,  k)2  and  108,  Eastgate  Street,  and 
Newton  Nurseries,  Chester. 


c 


HOICE     TRICOLOR 

Prince  of  Wales 
Mrs.  Dunnett 

Sunbeam 
Wonderful 


Jettv  Lacy 

Sir  Robert  Napier 


GERANIUMS. 

Aliss  Eurbctt  Coutts 
Mrs.  John  Glutton 
Italian  Heauty 
Mabel  Morris 


Pre-eminent 
Phccbus 
The  12  for  21s.,  cash  ;  package  free. 
Remittances  requested  from  unknown  correspondents, 
ALFRED  FRYER,  The  Nurseries,  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire. 

SpeclarNotlce. 

ROSES      and     VINES     at    Wholesale    Prices. 
Fine  Standard  ROSES,  best  sorts,  los.  per  dozen. 
Fine  Dwarf  ROSES,  best  sorts,  7s.  per  dozen. 
Fine  fruiting  VINES,  of  sorts,  55.  each;  541.  per  dozen. 
Fine  planting  VINES,  of  sorts,  21.  6d.  each;  2jj.  per  doz. 
LISTS  free.    Terms  cash.     Post  Office  orders  payable  at  Hunlingdon. 
KIRK  ALLEN,  'I'he  Nurseries,  Prampton,  Huntingdon. 


Tliree  First-class  Certificates  for  the  Magiiificent  new 

HYBRID    PERPETUAL    CLIMRING    ROSE,    PRINCESS 
LOUISE  VICTORIA. 

WM.  KNIGHT  has  still  a  limited  number  of  strong 
Plants  ofthe  above,  and  will  continue  to  supply  it  at  71.  6d.,  or 
three  for  zi5.  Usual  Trade  discount.  Also,  a  large  and  varied 
GENERAL  NURSERY  STOCK,  which  cannot  be  surpassed. 
CATALOGUES  Iree  on  application. 

Floral  Nurseries,  Hailsham,  Susse:;. 


Gladioli  Seedlings,  by  Name,  from  Paris. 

LEVEQUE  AND  SON,  Nurserymen,  Ivry-sur-Seine, 
near  Paris  (late  Roulevard  dc  t'Hopital),  offer  the  following; — 
GLADIOLI    SEEDLINGS,  first-class,  per  100,  7J.  ;  per  1000  j^    o    0 
100  GLADIOLI,  by  name,    10  sorts  


25 


o  14    0 


_      ..  £ito 

100  ,,  ,,  lOO     ,,  ;£2  to     6     o     o 

And   upwards,  according  to  the  novelty  of  the  sorts ;  all  in  good 
flowering  bulbs.     Cheque  on  Rankers  accepted  for  payment. 


FOREIGN  FLOWER  SEEDS.— The  most  beautiful 
French  ASTER  grown  is  Truffaut's  Reine  Marguerite,  in  Fleur- 
Pcrfcction,  Rombec  and  Pivoine  varieties  ;  500  seeds,  in  16  line  double 
colours,  mi.\ed,  is. 

The  linest  STOCK  in  cultivation  is  the  new  Goliath  Pyramidal  Ten- 
week,  height  2  feet,  surpassing  all  others  in  the  size  ofthe  plants  and 
flower-spikes  :  250  seeds,  in  eight  fine  double  colours,  is. 

PHLOX  DRUMMONDII.of  the  best  quality,  in  12  colours;  500 
seeds,  dd.     Post  free. 
ALFRED  HAMMOND,  Foreign  Seedsman,  Bedwin  Street,  jalisbury. 

Unprecedented!  ^ 

ABIES  NORDMANNI.\XA,  3^,  4^   and  5I  feet,  at 
IS.  ptr  fuot. 
SPRUCE  FIR,  3;(  to4^^  fi.et,  30s.  per  100. 

AMERICAN  ARBOR-VIT.F,,3;,  to  5  feet,  los.  to  40s.  per  100. 

RHODODENDRON  STOCKS,  hi  for  Grafting,  12s.  6rf.  per  100. 

CHARLES  NOBLE,  Bagshot. 


TRANSPLANTED  FOREST  TREES. --Quicks,  i  to 
i?3fool,9J.   per  1000;  Oak,   i  to  i!:;'   foot,  8s.  per  1000;  Larch, 
6   to   15   inches,   7s.    per  1000;  Scotch,  6   to   15  inches,  6s.   per  1000; 
Spruce,   2-yr.,    and    2-yr.    transplanted,   6s.    per    1000;    Beech,    6    to 
IS  inches,  8s.  per  loco  ;  Berberis  aquifolia,  6  to  15  inches,  15s.  per  1000. 
The  above  in  larger  slices,  very  cheap.     Price  on  application. 
W.  JACKSON,  Blakcdown,  near  Kidderminster. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  LIST  ofall  the  EVERGREEN 
FIR  TRIBE,  suitable  for  liritain,  giving  size,  price,  popular 
and  botanical  names,  derivations,  description,  form,  colour,  foliage, 
growth,  timber,  use  in  arts,  native  country  and  size  there,  situation, 
soil,  and  other  information,  with  copious  index  of  their  synonyms. 
Free  by  post  for  six  stamp'^. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


TjlOX    and     GAME    CO  VERTS.- -The     BITTER 

J-  WILLOW  is  the  cheapest,  most  easily  reared,  and  most  useful 
plant  yet  offered  for  forming  new  coverts,  or  improving  those  already 
made.  Birds  are  especially  partial  to  Willow  plantations.  Bitter 
Willow  stakes,  3  to  4  feet  long,  will  make  a  reath'  good  covert  the  first 
year,  and  perfectly  secure  from  the  attacks  of  rabbits.  Anxious  to 
make  the  value  of  this  plant  better  understood,  W.  Scaling  will  supply 
cuttings  or  stakes  at  llic  following  extremely  tow  rates  for  the  remainder 
of  the  planting  season  : — 

10  inches  long,  15s.  per  1000         I        36  inches  long,  40s.  per  1000 

15  inches  long,  205  per  1000  48  inches  long,  505.  per  1000 

24  inches  long,  30J,  per  1000         |        60  inches  long,  6o.t.  per  1000 

Increasing  in  thickness  as  they  increase  in  length,  and  all,  except  the 

10  inches,  cut  from  3-yr.  old  shoots.     The   two   larger  si/es  are   well 

adapted   to  make   hedges,  in   place  of  Thorn  or  Quick-reared.     See 

article  in  /\niat  AlntAunc,  1872,  p.  37,  published  at  the  Fitld  office. 

WILLIAM  SCALING.  Willnw  Nurseryman,  Basford,  Notts. 

Notice. 

KENSINGTON    NURSERIES,  BATH. 

ALFRED  A.  WALTERS  begs  respectfully  to  inform 
the   Nobility,  Gentry,  and   the   Horticultural   Public   generally, 
that  he  has  taken  to  the  above  old-established  Nurseries. 

A,  .\.  W.  hopes,  by  the  excellence  of  his  stock  and  unremitting 
attention  to  ihc  wishes  of  his  Customers,  to  insure  and  retain  ihat 
patrunage  and  <!upport  which  he  now  solicits,  and  which  was  so 
liberally  accorded  to  thjs  establishmcui  in  former  years. 

SEED  LISTS  ready,  gratis  and  post  free  on  application, 


MAURICE  YOUNG'S  NEW  TRADE  LIST  of 
CONIFERS,  HARDY  EVERGREEN  TREES  and 
SHRUBS,  ROSES,  RHODODENDRONS,  JAPANESE  PLANTS. 
NEW  AUCUBAS,  &c.,  is  now  ready,  and,  will  be  forwarded  on 
application. 

Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming,  Surrey. 


I^OUGLAS    MR    SEED    (True).— Price,     including 

J-^  postage,  7s.  &i.  per  01.  A  limited  portion  of  Seed  of  this 
hardy,  quick-growing,  and  noble  Evergreen  Spruce  Fir.  may  be  had 
from  Messrs.  BEN  REID  .\nd  CO.,  Aberdeen  Forest  Tree  Nurseries, 
Aberdeen,  Scotland. 
_*,«  Growth  of  bulk  tested  25  per  cent.,  yielding  from  500  to  600 
npened  seeds  per  oz.    _  ^l^c  Trade  ;dso  supplied. 

STRONG  Transplanted  LARCH72^toI-\l^et  ;  OAKS^ 
'.  P^-^/'-'V;.^  'IK.  SCOTCH  FIR.  HA/.ELS.  and  other  FOREST 
I  I.  KEb.  Ihe  Larches  being  grnwn  on  newly  broken-up  land,  in  an 
exposed  situation,  are  extra  good  rooted,  very  stout,  with  tine  leaders. 
Prices  very  reasonable,  which  can  be  had  by  applying  to 
__C^WH1TEH0USE,  Brereton  Nursery,  Rugeley,  Staffordshire. 


To  Thicken  Plantations  and  Shady  Walks. 

HEMLOCK  SPRUCE.-This  graceful,  beautiful  Fir, 
so  Jrequcntly  described  in  American  travels, — 

4  to  5  feet,  5s.  per  dozen,  30s.  per  100. 

5  to  6  feet,  8s.  per  dozen,  50s.  per  100. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nursen-man  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


Evergreen  Hedge  or  Screen. 

THUJOPSIS  BOREALIS.  — This  beautiful  silvery 
Coniler,  in  aijpear;ince  between  tlie  C\  press  and  Siberian  Arbor- 
vita;,  is  fast-growing,  compact,  and  bears  clipping  well ;  it  is  so  hardy 
that  no  frost  can  hurt  it  in  Britain. 

Upright,  well-grown    shrubs,  7    feet    high    and  upwards,   at   the 
extremely  low  price  of  30s,  per  do-^eii. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurserym^.n  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


To  the  Trade. 

|I>ETA    CHILENSIS    (True),    the   variety  grown  so 

J— >     extensively   in   all   the   London   Parks  and   Public  Gardens.— 
The   Undersigned   have   a  small  quantity  to  offer.     Price  per  ounce 
on  application. 
BUTLER,  McCULLOCH,  and  CO.,  Covent^arden^ Market,  W.C. 

Forest  and  Ornamental  Planting.  ^ 

PETER    LAWSON    and    SON    respectfully    solicit 
early    orders    for    FOREST     TREES     and     ORNAMENTAL 
TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  they  can  supply  to  great  e.^tent. 

The  large  breadths  of  LARCHES,  from  i  to  3'j'  feet,  SCOTCH 
FIR,  NORWAY  SPRUCE,  AUSTRIAN  PINES, and  other  leading 
sorts  of  FOREST  TREES,  are  unusually  fine,  and  worthy  of  inspec- 
tion. CATALOGUES  and  special  offers  will  be  furnished  upon 
application. 

Edinburgh  and  London. — December,  1871, 


STRONG  FOREST  TREES,  for  planting  in  sheltered 

O  places,  fur  immediate  effect :— Austrian  Fir,  2  to  3  feet;  Scotch 
Fir,  2  to  4  feet ;  Larch,  2'^  to  3';  feet ;  Oak,  2','  to  3  feet :  Alder.  3  to 
5  feet ;  Sycamore,  3  to  7  feet ;  Norway  Maple,  5  to  7  feet ;  Mountain 
Ash,  S  to  6  feet ;  Birch,  4  to  5  feet ;  Ontario  and  Lombardy  Poplars, 
3  to  5  feet ;  Huntingdon  Willow,4  feet ;  Weymouth  Pine,  iS  to  2  feet ; 
Cembra  Pine,  i^i  to  2  feet. 

LITTLE      AND      BALLANTYNE,     The     Carlisle     Nurseries, 
Knowefield,  Carlisle. 


''PO  PLANTERS.— STRONG  FOREST  TREES,  &c. 
-L    LARCH,  2  to  3,  2!2  to  3^3,  and  3  to  4  feet. 

SCO  TCH,  1)2  to  2,  2  to  2'..',  and  2j^  to  3  feet. 

SPRUCE,  i';  to  2,  2  t0  2j^,  2?^  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet. 

ENGLISH  OAKS,  2'.;  to  3?;,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  5  to  6,  and  6  to  7  ft. 

BIRCH,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet. 

ELMS  (Wych),  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 

HAZELS,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 

MOUNTAIN  ASH,  2  to  3,  3104,  and  4  to  5  feet. 

SYCAMORES,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet. 
With  many  others,  all  of  the  best  quality.     The  Larch  arc  clean , 
stout,  well-grown  stuff,  and  have  never  been  injured  by  frost. 
JOHN  HILL.  T he  Nurseries,  Spot  Acre,  near  Stone,  Staffordshire. 

TO  PLANTERS  of  FOREST  TREES.— The 
handsomest  and  also  the  most  profitable  Forest  Trees  to  grow 
are  the  two  NEW  WILLOWS,  SALIX  BASFORDIANA  and 
SALIX  SANGUINE.V  S.  Basfordiana  is  the  most  vigorous  growing 
Willow  yet  introduced  ;  the  timber  is  exceedingly  tough  and  valuable; 
the  branches  are  of  a  bright  orange  colour,  deepening  into  a  red 
towards  the  points,  and  shine  in  the  sun  as  if  varnished.  S.  sanguinea 
is  not  quite  such  a  rapid  grower,  but  the  limber  is  equally  tough,  and 
the  branches  throughout  of  a  deeper  red,  and  very  bright.  The  colour 
is  the  most  brilliant  when  the  trees  are  destitute  of  leaves.  They  arc 
spiry  topped  trees,  and  attain  a  large  size,  perfectly  hardy,  and  will 
grow  in  Ihe  poorest  soils  or  most  exposed  situations.  1  hey  would 
form  handsome  groups  in  a  landscape,  or  mix  with  and  relieve  the 
sombre  appearance  of^our  woods  in  winter.  It  is  very  rarely  that  a 
valuable  novelly  like  the  above  has  been  offered  at  such  extremely  low 
rates.  Strong  rooted  plants,  6  to  9  feet  high,  6j,  per  duicn,  or  4W.  per 
too;  9  to  13  feet  high,  7s.  ftd.  per  dozen,  or  sos.  per  100;  selected 
specimens  over  13  feet,  12.'.  per  dozen,  or  8or,  per  100. 

For  the  \alue   of  the  Willow  as  a  Timber  Tree,  see  t\iz.Cardtit, 
December  o,  1871, 

WILLIAM  SCALING,  Willow  Nurseryman,  Barford,  Notts. 


Eltham  Nursery,  Kent,  S.E. 

TWO    MILES    from    liLACKHICAl  H    STATION; 
ONE  MILE  from  ELTHAM,  LOOP-LINE. 

rriHIRTY  ACRES  of  healthy,  well-grown  NURSERY 

-L     STOCK,  of  every  description,  comprising  Specimen  CONIFERS 
and  EYEKGREENS  of  all  sizes,  Standard  RoSES,  FRUIT  TREES. 
&c.     Gentlemen  who  intend  planting  ibis  season  are  invited  to  come 
and  select  (or  thewsclves. 
JAMES  W.  TODMAN,  Ellham  N u rscry.  Kent.  S.E. 


LARGE      SPECIMEN      EVERGREENS. 
To  be  SOLD,  Cheap. 
100  WELLINGTON  IAS,  8  feet  high,  magnificent  plants. 
100  THUJOPSIS  BOREALIS,  10  feet. 
100  CUPKESSUS  LAWSONIANA,  ofcct. 
100  THUJA  L0BBII,9fecl. 
All  grown  singly  in  an  exposed  situation  on  stiff  clay  soil,  and  will 
move  with  compact  balls  of  earth.     For  price  apply  to 

E.  COOLING,  Mile  Ash,  Derby,  where^the  plants  may  be  seen. 

To  the  Trade.  '      ~^-~^ 

WP.    LAIRD    AND  SINCLAIR.    Nurserymen, 
•     Dundee,  N.B,,  have  still  a  good  slock  of  the  following,  of 
which  they  will  be  glad  to  furnish  cjuctations,  cheap  : — 
Sekdlincs  :— 2-yr.  LARCH,  2-vr.    Scots  FIR,  a  and  3-yr.  Silver  FIR, 
2  .ind  3->T.  Norway  SPRUCE,  2-yr.  BEECH,  i  and  2-yr.  HAZEL, 
I  and  2-yr.  Norw.-iy  MAPLE,  i  and  «vr.  SYCAMORE,  &c. 
Transplanted     LARCH     of     sizes,      Scots     FIR,      PINUS      AUS- 
TRIACA,  English    OAK,    Norway    MAPLE,    BIRCH.    PEAK 
STOCKS.  Irish  YEWS,  Irish  JUNIPERS.  Red  CEDARS,  &c. 


Planting  Season. 

DICKSONS  AND  CO.,  Nurserymen  and 
Sekdsmkn,  I,  Waterloo  Place,  Edinburgh,  beg  to  call  the 
attention  of  those  about  to  plant  to  their  very  large  and  healthy 
Stock  of  FOREST  TREES,  FRUIT  TREES.  ORNA.MENTAl. 
TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  are  now  in  line  condition  for  trans- 
planting. They  arc  prowing  on  very  exposed  ground,  arc  firitlv 
rooted,  and  iheir  wood  is  thoroughly  ripened.  Samples  and  Cata- 
logues on  application.  Special  prices  will  be  quoted  where  large 
quantities  arc  taken.     (Estahlishcd  1770.) 

^     ericnccd        FORESI  ERS,       G.VRDENERS,      ;md        LAND 


STE 


xnerii 
f^.WA 


RDS  recommended. 


New  and  Ex.  Ex.  Choice  Flower  Seeds. 

J  SCOTT,  The  Seed  Stores,  Yeovil,  Sonierset,  has. 
•     the  following  extra  choice  varieties  lo  offer,  post  free  :— 

ASTERS,  Truffaut's  F.  P.-cony-ll,  Pcrfeiuion,  \s.  \  ditto.  Reid\ 
Improved  Germ.in,  f\d.  aiul  is.  AURICULA,  fmm  an  unrivalkd 
sir.iin,  II.  BALSAMS,  cxira  double,  u.  CALCEOLARIA,  Scotts. 
ibtainrd  by  carffullv  crossing  ilie  best  flowers  only,  11.  and  3*.  (td. 
CYCLAMEN.  Wiggins',  u.  (3.  CINERARIA,  from  perfect  flowers, 
IS.  and  2r.  6J,  CtiCKSCoMB,  Scoti's  Giant  Crimson  Dwarf,  11. 
DIANTHUS  DIADEMATUS,  rs.  HOLLYHOCK,  extra  double, 
IS.  MIGNONETTE,  Crimson  Giant,  6rf.  and  if.;  ditto,  Parsons' 
new  White,  u.  PHLOX  DRUMMUNDII,  11.  PRIMULA,  from 
fmest  fringed  flowers,  is.  and  21,  id.  ZINNIA  ELEGANS  florc- 
pleno,  extra  double,  6.(.  and  is. 

For  other  choice  FLOWER  SEEDS,  sec  CATALOGUE,  free  on 
application. 


February  J4,   1S7; 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


261 


BUTTONS' 

GRASS     SEEDS 

FOK   ALL    SOILS, 
CARRIAGE    FREE. 

1^  For  nearly  forty  ycjn  7i'C  h.ivc  given,  the  siihjeit  of 
Ltiyiiig  dmi'ii  Land  to  Pasture  car  most  careful 
attention,  and  front  a  long  and  practical  experi- 
ence of  the  Soils  of  this  and  other  countries,  we 
art  euatled  to  prepare  Mixtures  for  every  descrip- 
tion of  Soil,  which  need  only  te  mentioned  in 
sending  the  order. 


FOR    PERMANENT    PASTURES. 

W'c  speci.illy  prepare  Mixtures  for  the  following  Soils  : 


STIFF  CLAYS 
HEAVY  LOAMS 
MEDIUM  LOAMS 
LIGHT  LOAMS 


LIGHT  SANDY  SOILS 
SHARI'  GRAVKLS 
CHALK  SOILS 
SHEEP  DOWNS 


GOOD  BLACK  PEATY  SOILS. 

BEST  QUALITY,  30s.  to  32s.  per  acre.  Carriage 
Free.  Two  Bushels  of  Grass  Seeds  and  12  lb.  of  Clovers 
supplied  per  aere. 

SECOND  QUALITY  (good),  22s.  to  28s.  per  acre. 
Carriage  Free. 

FOR    PARK    GROUNDS. 

SUTTGNS'  CRYSTAL  PALACE  MIXTURE,  which 
produced  the  beautiful  Turf  in  the  grounds  of  the 
Crystal  Palace  Company. 

20s.  per  bush.     Sow  2!-  bush,  per  acre. 


UNSOLICITED    TESTIMONIALS, 

SHOWING  THE  SLT'EKIOR  Ql'ALITV  OF 

Suttons'  Grass  Seed  Mixtures, 

As  supplied  to 

HER  MAJESTY  THE  QUEEN, 
H.R.H.    IHE  PRINCE  OF  WALES, 

Stf        H.M.  THE  KING  OF  DENMARK. 

^         H.M.  THE  KING  OF  PORTUGAL, 
&c.    &c.    &c. 

From].].  Mechi,  Esq.,  Tiptree  Hall,  near  Kclvtdon. 

'*  Ftbrnavy  5. — Your  Grass  Seeds  are  so  pure  and  well  selected 
that  I  have  often  spoken  of  them  to  those  who  required  them." 

From].  L.  Williams.  Esq.,  Boync  J'/nv,  JWivan, 
Mcath,  Ireland. 
"March  30.— Last  vear  I  got  from  you  Permanent  Pasture  Grass 
Seeds  for  10  acres,  with  which  I  laid  down  one-half  of  a  zo-acrc  field 
(Irish).  I  am  very  much  pleased  with  the  way  the  Grass  Seeds  have 
answered,  and  I  now  want  to  lay  down  the  other  half  of  tiae  field  in 
the  same  manner." 

From].  Ward,  Esq.,  Rotuid  Oak,  Gree/ihain,  Xcwburv. 

"  July  4. — The  Permanent  Grass  Seeds  for  about  29  acres,  supplied 
bv  >  ou  last  year  (the  frreater  part  sown  with  Uarley),  have  fiiveji  me 
srcat  satisfaction,  and  pruduced  a  crop  (this  dr>-  season)  of  about  45 
tons  of  good  hay,  ^' .  acres  of  \\  hich  have  fed  five  head  of  cattle  durin"- 
the  spring."  "^ 

From  Mr.  Henry  Awcock,  Agent  to  Lady  Geary. 

"The  Grass  Seeds  you  sent  last  year,  for  seven  acres  in  the  middle 
of  Oxen  Heath  Park,  is  the  best  herbage  I  ever  saw." 


MR.    JAMES    FRASER,    Horticultural    and 
Agricultural  Valuer  and   Auctioneer,  Mayland's  Farm, 
Romford,  Essex  ;  late  of  the  rirm  of  J.  &  J.  Eraser,  Lea  l)TidK'e  Road. 

~  Wood  Engi^vlng. 

MR.  W.   G.    SMITH,    Artist   and    Engrayer    on 
Woon,  13,  North  Grove  West,  Miidmay  P.irk,  London,  N. 

T<rFarmers,  Scavengers,  and  OtUers. 

NOTICE  I^  HEREBY  GH'EN.  that  the  CATTLE 
MARKETS  COMMITTEE  of  the  CORPORATION  of 
LONDON  will  meet  at  Guildhall,  on  \YEDNESD.\Y,  February  :;8 
insiant,  at  ha  If- past  i  o'clock,  to  receive  I'ROI'dSALS  from  parties 
desirous  of  PURCHASING  and  TAKING  AWAY  the  MANURE 
from  the  METROPOLITAN  CATTLE  MARKET,  Islington,  for 
one  year  from  ^Iarch  i  ne\t. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obt.iined  by  applying  at  the  Ofiicc  of  the 
Clerk  and  Collector  of  the  Market. 

Guildhall,  Feb    ij^ FERD.  KRAND,  Comptroller. 


To  Nurserymen  and  Others. 

ABERDEEN      PARK.      HIGHBURY,    N. 

TO    BE    LET,    an    ENCLOSURE  of    about  TWO 
ACRES  —For  particulars  apply  10 
A.    B.FREPJD,  .,.(,  Bedford  Row  ,_W.C^ 

Darley,  Derbyshire. 

NURSERY  LA.M'  uiul  «  n  1  T.VGES. 
niQ     BE    LET,    with    Immediate    Possession,    about 

-L  13  Acres  3  Roods  and  \i  Perches  of  LAND,  in  ;;ood  condition, 
with  two  Cottages,  situate  at  "  Flash,"  in  tiie  parish  ot  Darlcj-.  The 
Land  is  particularly  adapted  for  the  Rrowih  of  Heaths,  Rhododen- 
drons, and  other  American  Plants,  and  all  kinds  of  Firs, 

For  rental  and  further  particulars   apply  to   Mr.   W,   LANLiDALK 
BARROW,  Solicitor.  Matlock  Hath. 


SALES     BY    AUCTION. 

SALE  THIS  DAY,  AT  HALF-PAST  T\VKL\'f;  O'CLOCK. 

Consignment  of  Plants  from  Holland. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covcnt  Garden,  W.C, 
on  SATURDAY,  February  24,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely. 
Standard,  Dwarf,  and  Weepins  ROSES,  Specimen  CONIFERS, 
Standard,  Pyramid, andTrained  FRUIT  IREES,  Deciduous  TREES 
and  SHRUHS  from  Holland,  CAMELLIAS,  PICOTEES  and 
PINKS,  RASPBERRY  CANES,  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS, 
PELARGONIUMS.  FUCHSIAS,  GLADIOLI,  RUSTIC  GARDEN 
\VORK,  WIRE  WORK,  &c. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had^ 


M^ 


Choice  Lilies  and  Seeds. 

R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 

,     his    Great    Rooms,    38,    King   Street,  Covent   Garden,  \Y.C., 

on  MONDAY,  February  z6,  at  halfpast  12  o'Clock  precisely, 
an  importation  from  Japan  of  verj-  fine  BULBS  of  LILIUM 
\UR.\TUM,  iu^t  arrived  in  fine  condition  ;  a  splendid  lot  of  SEED 
of  CEDRUS  "DEODAR.V.  jus:  arrived  from  India  ;  a  variety  of 
New  and  Rare  LILIES  from  Japan  and  other  parts;  SEEDS  of 
PRIMULA  lAPONICA.  AKIES  NOBILIS,  PHtENIX  PALU- 
DOSA,  ABTES  PARSONL^v.  PINCS  LAMBERTIANA,  WEL- 
LINGTONIA  GIc;ANTEA,  &c. 

<,ln  view  the  morning  ot  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Hardy  Trees  and  Shrubs. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  tlardcn,  W.C, 
on  WEDNESDAY,  February  28,  at  hall-past  12  o'Clock  precisely, 
a  creat  variety  of  Standard,  Pyramid,  and  Dwarf-lrained  FRUIT 
TREES,  SWEET  BAYS,  ARBUTUS,  BERBERIS,  WILLOWS, 
Specimen  CONIFERS  for  Lawns,  Standard.  Dwarf,  and  Climbing 
ROSES,  HOLLIES.  AUCUBAS,  LAURELS,  CAMELLIAS. 
PICOTEES  and  PINKS,  RASPBERRY  CANES,  STRAWBERRY 
PLANTS,  GLADIOLI,  and  a  variety  of  Hardy  HERBACEOUS 
PLANTS. 

On  view  ihe  mornintf  of  Sdle,  and  Catalogues  had 


Callfomian  Tree  Seeds  and  Japanese  Lilies,  &c. 

MR.  J.  C.  STE\'ENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C, 
on  FRIDAY,  March  r,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely,  an 
importation  of  CALIFORNIAN  TREE  SEEDS  ju.st  arrived  in  fine 
condition;  5000  LILIES  from  Japan,  in  six  choice  sorts, Just  arrived 
in  ^ood  condition  ;  an  importation  of  SEED  of  CEDRUS  DEODARA 
in  hne  condition,  being  the  remaining  portion  of  the  consignment  just 
received  from  India. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had, 


Consignment  of  Plants  from  Ghent. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms.  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  ^Y.C,, 
on  SATURDAY,  March  2,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely, 
CAMELLIAS,  Indian  AZALEAS,  RHODODENDRONS,  PAl  MS, 
DRACAENAS,  YUCCAS,  and  other  Plants  from  Gheiil ;  Specimen 
CONIFERS  and  Hardy  SHRUBS,  FRUIT  TREES.  ROSES.  HER- 
BACEOUS PLANTS,  Choice  GLADIOLI,  STRAWBERRY 
PLANTS.  &c. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had.  


SUTTONS' 
Mixtures  of  Grasses  and  Clovers, 

To  produce  enormous  crops  of  Hay  during  the  speci- 
fied periods  they  are  to  remain  down  : — 

For  One  Year's  Lay,  15s.  per  acre. 
For  Two  Years'  Lay,  18s.  6d.  per  acre. 
For  Three  or  Four  Years*  Lay,  24s.  per  acre. 
Second  quality  Mixtures  cheaper. 


LAYING  DOWN  NEW,  OR  IMPROVING  OLD, 

GRASS  LANDS. 

For  the  best  practical  information  on  the  above  subject,  see 

Suttons^  Farmers'  Year  Book  for  1872, 

With  \\ hich  is  incorporated  "Permanent  Pasiurks"; 
By  M.  H.  SUTTON,  F.R.H.S.,  &c. 

"  If  you  A\ant  to  grow  ihe  right  sorts  of  plants,  you  must  sow  the 
ri;;hi  sorts  of  seeds,  and  you  cannot  do  better  than  read  Mr.  Si  i  ton's 
Paper  on  Laying  Down  Grass,  which  jou  will  get  b>'  sending  to 
Reading."— /4£>-(V;(///(ra/  Gazette. 

"  I  do  not  know  of  anything  to  equal  it."— Professor  Bickman. 

Price  6d.,  Post  Free.      Gratis  to  Customers. 


SUTTON  AND  SONS, 

SEEDSMEN  BT  SPECIAL  APPOINTMENT  TO 

THE    QUEEN    and    H.R.H.  THE  PRINCE  OF  WAL^S, 

READING,   BERKS. 


HlgHly  Important  Sale  of  Specimen  Stove  and 

GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  the  PROPERTY  .if  a  GENTLEMAN 
who  has  RANKED  amongst  the  MOST  SUCCESSFUL 
EXHIBITORS  during  past  years. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  favoured  with  instructions 
from  Mr.  J.  Carr,  of  Bvflect  Lodge,  Weybridge,  to  ofler  for 
SALE  by  AUC'iH_>N,at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent 
Garden,  on  FRIDAY,  March  i^,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely, 
without  the  least  reserve,  the  whole  of  his  EXHIBITION 
SPECIMENS,  consisting  of  splendid  plants  of  all  the  best  varieties  of 
Heaths,  Azaleas.  Ornamental  Foliage  Plants,  Exotic  and  British 
Ferns,  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  &c ,  which  have  formed  a  leading 
feature  in  the  various  metropolitan  e.xhibilions  during  several  past 
years.  The  plants  arc  all  in  the  finest  possible  condition,  and  can  be 
seen  at  Bvflcet  one  week  previous  to  the  Sale,  and  on  the  day  of  Sale 
at  Mr.  J.  C,  STE\"ENS'  Horticultural  Sale  Rooms,   38,   King  Street, 

Covent  Garden.  WC,  and  Catalogues  had._  _^         

"    S.VLE    I'HIS  DAY,"AT  HALF-PAST  '1A\^ELYE  O'CLOCK. 

Important  Unreserved  Sale  of  about  1000  Roses.  &c. 

^fESSRS.  PROTHEROE  AND  MORRIS  will  SELL 

i-VX  hy  AUCTION,  at  tlic  City  Auction  Rooms,  38  and  39,  Grace- 
church  Street,  E.C,  This  Day,  SATURDAY,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock 
precisely,  without  re.ser^'e,  about  1000  clean-grown  Standard,  Dwarf, 
and  Climbing  ROSES,  selected  FRUIT  TREES.  AMERICAN 
PLANTS,  SHRUBS,  LILIUM  Al^RATUM,  and  others,  &c. 
On  view,  and  C.italogues  had. 


Annual  Sale  of  EngUsb-grown  Double  Cameillas. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  the  Auction  Mart,  Tokcnhouse  Yard,  near 
ihe  Bank,  City,  EC,  on  MOND-\Y,  February'  26.  at  half-past 
12  oClock  precisely,  without  resen.e,  250  CAMELLIAS  and 
AZALEA  INDICA,  remarkably  well  set  with  bloom  •  buds,  and  in 
perfect  health  ;  400  Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES,  CONI  FER.^i:  and 
EYERGREEN  SHRUBS,  choice  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  LILIUM 
AURATUM,  from  Japan.  ERIC.\S,  EPACRIS,  &c,,  in  bloom. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart  as  above, 
and  of  the  Auctioneers  and  \'aluers.  Leytonstone,  E. 


Horsham. 

IMPORTANT  SALE  of  YALUABLE    NURSERY  STOCK. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  AND  MORRIS  are 
instructed  by  Mr.  T.  \V.  Pilcher  to  SELL  by  AUCTION,  on  the 
Premises,  The  Station  Nursery.  Horsham,  Sussex,  on  THI'RSDAY, 
February  2(),  at  11  for  12  o'CIock  precisely,  a  quantity  of  SURPLUS 
NURSERY  STOCK,  comprising  a  varied  and  choice  assortment  of 
Coniferac  and  Evergreen  Shrubs,  many  of  which  are  handsome  speci- 
mens, s  to  8  feel,  comprising  Cupressus  Lawsoniana,  Thujopsis 
borcalis,  'i'huja   \\  arreana,  Lobbii  and  aurea;  Wellingtoni.i ;   about 

foo  Border  Shrubs,  consisting  of  Cedrus  Deodara,  Piccas,  Thujas, 
lollies,  &c.  ;  also  1000  fine  common  Laurels,  2  to  g  feet  ;  1500  Spruce 
Firs,  2  10  7  feel  ;  500  bushy  English  Yews;  500  Portugal  Laurels; 
300  Piccas  of  sorts:  Irish  Ivies,  quantities  of  Scotch,  Silver,  and 
Austrian  Firs ;  400  best  named  Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses,  Goose- 
berries and  Currants,  together  wjih  a  small  collection  of  Greenhouse 
Plants. 

May  be  viewed  threa  days  prior  to  the  Sale.  Catalogues  may  be 
had  on  the  Premises,  and  of  the  Auctioneers  and  Yaluers,  Leytonstone, 
Essex,  E, 


To  Noblemen,  Gentlemen.  Nurserymen,  and  Others. 

BOX  HILL  NURSERY.  DORKING,  adjoining  the  Box  Hill 
Station  on  the  South-E.-istern.  and  the  Dorking  Station  on  the 
London,  Brighton,  and  South  Coast  K.iilways. 

MESSRS.  WHITE  and  SONS,  of  Dorking,  are 
favoured  with  instructions  from  Mr.  Alexander  Robertson, 
whose  Tenancv  \\  ill  expire  on  Lady-dav,  to  SELL  by  AUCTION,  ab 
above  on  FRIDAY  and  SATURDAY,  March  i  and  j,  comniencinL' 
each  day  at  half-p.^st  10  for  11  o'Clock  precisely,  all  the  YALUABLE 
NURSERY  STOCK,  as  now  growing  on  Five  .\cres,  in  capital  con- 
oilion  for  Transplanting,  and  includmg  a  large  variety  of  Hardy 
Ornamental  Shrubs  and  Evcr"rcciis,  Flowering  Shrubs.  Hollies, 
Mouni.iin  Ash,  Hornbeam,  Irish  Yew,  Lombardy  Poi>l;ir.  Yaricgated 
and  Green  'Tree  Box,  of  various  growths ;  Laurels,  Laurusiinus, 
Ribes,  Berbcris,  Larch,  Spruce  and  Austrian  Fir,  Laburnum,  Horse 
Chestnut.  Sycamore,  Lilac,  Rhododendron,  Escallonia,  Loniccra, 
choice  Conifers,  Clematis,  in  sorts;  Yariegated  Ivy,  &c.  Also  an 
assortment  of  Specimen  Plants  in  .\ialeas,  Golden  .\rbor-vitiC, 
Cupressus  Lawsoniana,  Pinusaustriaca,  Portugal  Laurels,  Picca  Nord- 
manniana,  R:i:.  ;  Apple,  Cherry,  Plum,  and  Currant  Trees,  and 
Greenhouse  Plants  ;  about  20  bushels  of  Early  Handsworth  Potatos. 

To  be  viewed  on  the  d.ty  previous  to,  and  on  the  mornings  of.  Sale. 
Catalogues  maj- now  be  obtained  at  the  principal  Inns  in  the  Surrey 
and  Sussex  Market  Towns  and  Villages  ;  of  Mr.  ROBERTSON,  at  the 
Nurseries;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  Dorking,  who  will  promptly  attend 
to  applications  by  post. 


Bingley  Hall,  Birmingham. 

riTHE  FOURTH  GREAT  CENTRAL  EXHIBITION 

JL    ;.nd   SALE  of  Young  BULLS    and    other   Purebred   SH'lRT- 
HORNS  will  be  held  on  THURSDAY,  March  7.  next 

Upwards  of  100  Head  of  highly-descended  BULLS,  COWS,  and 
HEIFERS,  from  the  Herds  of  Earl  Zetland,  Lord  Braybrooke,  Lord 
Sudeley,  Colonel  Loyd  Lindsay;  Messrs.  J.  C  .\dkinh,  Bayes,  Can- 
ning, E.  H.  Cheney,  Curlier,  T.  Game,  G.  and  Y.  R.  Graham,  Hands, 
How,  Harris,  Lyihall.  Morris,  I'ulley,  Sheldon,  Upson.  Woodward, 
Rev  R.  B.  Kcnnard,  Rev.  W.  Sneyd,  and  other  noted  Breeders,  are 
entered. 

The  whole  of  the  Animals  c.shibiled  ^^ill  be  ofl'ered  for  SALE  by 
AUCTION,  by  Messrs.  LYTHALL  AND  CLARKE,  without  any 
further  reserve  than  enlering  them  at  Twenty  Guineas  each. 


Admission  from  o  to  4,  11. 
'The  judging  willcommci 
as  ihe  judges  have  completed  their  awards. 


at  g,  and  the  Auction  at  n,  or  as  soon 


Catalogues,  with  Pedigrees,  6i.  each,  may  be  had  on  application. 

JOHN  B.  LYTHALL,  Secretary. 
Olfices,  31),  New  Street,  Birminghain. 


For  Seed. 


H 


TRADE 
PEDIGREE 

MARK. 


CHEV'ALIER 

BARLEY, 

which  was  awarded 

The  FIRST  PRIZE  THREE  YEARS  in  SUCCESSION 

(1867,  1868.  i86g,  and  again  in  1871), 

at  the  Birmingham  and  Midland  Counties'  Show, 

Yielded,  at  Brighton,  in  1869,  TEN  QUARTERS  PER 
.-^CRE,  weighing  571b.  per  bushel. 

ALSO 

PEDIGREE    BLACK    TARTARIAN, 

AND 

PEDIGREE  WHITE  CAN,A.DIAN 
OATS. 

For  price  and  full  particulars  of  above,  and  of 
PEDIGREE  SEED  WHEATS,  apply  to  the  Originator 
of  the  System, 

Captain  HALLETT,  F.L.S.,  Brighton. 


RAYNBIRD,      CALDECOTT,       BAWTREE, 
DOWLING  AND  COMPANY  (Limited), 
Corn,  Seed,  Manure,  and  Oilcake  Merchants, 
Address,  26,  Seed  Market,  Mark  Lane,  E.C.  ;  or  Ba.singstokc. 
Samples  and  prices  post  free  on  application.      Prize  Medals,  1851, 
for  Wheat ;  1862,  for  "  Excellent  Seed  Corn  and  Seeds." 

Agricultural  and  Garden  Seeds. 

HAND  F.  SHARPE'S  Trade  CATALOGUE  of 
•  HOME-GROWN  SEEDS  is  now  ready.  It  contains  alHhe 
very  best  varieties,  cultivated  under  their  own  superintendence.  The 
quality  is  very  fine,  and  the  prices  low. 

Seed  Growing  Establishment,  Wisbech^ 

Notice. 

GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICUL- 
TURAL GAZETTE.— The  VOLU.ME  for  1871  is  now  ready; 
price,  in  cloth,  j[,i  6s.  6.f. 

W.  RICHARDS,  41,  Wellincton  Street,  Strand,  W  C. 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  24,  1872. 


IT  is  hard  to  award  the  palm,  when  merit  of 
high  excellence  is  a  very  common  thing,  and 
the  competitors  are  numerous  ;  but  we  beheve 
that  one  of  the  most  usefjl  papers,  if  not  the  one, 
of  all  that  have  of  late  years  been  addressed  to 
Farmers'  Clubs,  which  is  pregnant  with  the  most 
important  truth  for  English  farmers,  was  that 
addressed  by  Mr.  Lamport  more  than  six  years 
ago  to  the  Farmers'  Club  at  Wigton,  Cumber- 
land. Its  subject  was,  the  Co.mmkrciai,  Prin- 
ciples Involved  in  Far.mino.  We  have  done 
what  we  could  at  various  times  to  lay  its  \ery 
important  argument  before  agricultural  readers  ; 
and  now,  when  the  growing  failure  of  English 
agriculture  to  feed  the  English  people  is  once 
more  under  discussion,  it  may  be  of  use  again  to 
call  attention  to  the  points  to  which  Mr. 
L.^MPORi  so  long  ago  directed  the  attention  of 
his  hearers. 


262 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


[February  24,  1872. 


He  first  declared  agriculture  to  be  a  manu- 
facture and  a  trade,  differing  in  nothing  essential 
from  thu  ordinary  run  of  occupations,  and  there- 
fore amenable  to  the  same  great  principles  on 
which  their  profit  and  success  depend.  Similar 
natural  laws  work  for  the  farmer  and  the  manu- 
facturing chemist — similar  risks  affect  both  agri- 
culturist and  merchant  :  against  a  Potato  rot 
can  be  put  a  Cotton  famine  ;  against  a  cattle 
epidemic,  a  strike  for  wages  :  a  wet  autumn  is 
as  disastrous  for  the  manufacturer  of  fancy 
goods  as  for  the  farmer  ;  and  the  laws  of  supply 
and  demand  show  as  many  distressing  ripples 
on  the  great  wave  of  transition  as  local  atmo- 
spheric variations  which  here  and  there  im- 
poverish a  few  farmers  while  the  average  of  the 
world  is  undisturbed.  The  farmers  thus  can 
claim  no  exemption  from  the  operation  of  those 
principles  which  are  applied  to  other  branches 
of  industry. 

What,  then,  are  the  recognised  principles  of 
production?  They  are — ist,  the  important  one 
of  division  of  labour  ;  2d,  the  employment  of 
approved  mechanical  and  other  appliances  for 
economising  labour  :  and,  3d,  the  obtaining  a 
maximum  production  from  a  fixed  outlay. 

On  the  first  <.|uestion,  the  division  of  labour, 
Mr.  L.^MPORT  said,  the  existence  of  partnerships 
in  most  businesses  proves  that  extensive  opera- 
tions with  division  of  labour  and  combined 
capital  are  more  profitable  than  the  single- 
handed  prosecution  of  several  small  concerns. 
The  plan  of  several  partners  attending  to  differ- 
ent branches  of  the  same  business  appears  to 
ha\'e  been  generallj'  approved.  The  man  who 
has  a  good  head  for  finance  may  be  little  fitted 
for  the  mechanical  processes  of  production,  while 
a  man  whose  special  aptitude  is  for  the  details  of 
the  manufactory  may  be  utterly  imfit  for  the 
operations  of  the  market  and  exchange.  Again, 
the  buyitig  and  selling  in  a  large  business  is  as 
clearly  distinct  from  the  finance  and  book-keep- 
ing as  from  the  processes  of  production.  A  com- 
bination of  especial  aptitudes,  with  a  union  of  the 
capital  at  each  partner's  command,  appears  to 
effect  that  organisation  which  underlies  all 
large  and  successful  businesses.  It  is  only  in 
large  concerns  that  it  is  possible  to  employ  steam 
power  and  its  accompanying  host  of  mechanical 
contrivances  by  which  labour  is  diminished  and 
time  saved.  And  lastly,  it  is  only  by  ample 
capital  employed  in  extensive  operations  that  the 
maximum  production  frofii  a  given  fixed  outlay 
can  be  attained,  and  a  reduction  of  all  fixed 
expenses  to  their  minim-um  effected. 

Now,  what  is  the  position  of  agriculture  in  the 
face  of  this  great  economical  bias  in  all  other 
trades?  Have  we,  as  a  rule,  large  farms — farm- 
ing partnerships  with  combined  skill,  energy,  and 
capital  ?  Have  we  recognised  the  necessity  for 
the  employment  of  approved  mechanical  ap- 
pliances, and  of  a  high  pressure-production  ? 

These  are  Mr.  Lamport'.s  questions.  They 
are  answered  in  the  negative. 

How  is  it  that,  in  a  business  like  farming, 
taking  in  so  varied  a  range  of  processes — of 
tillage,  with  its  knowledge  of  soils,  manures,  and 
rotations  ;  of  stock  feeding,  requiring  judgment 
as  to  cattle,  and  inteUigent  experience  as  to  breed- 
ing and  feeding  ;  of  its  general  arrangements, 
demanding  skilful  direction  of  labour,  and  the 
superintendence  of  many  mechanical  processes 
-  how  is  it  that,  as  a  rule,  farms  are  small,  and 
are  managed  single-handed?  Are  the  farmers 
as  a  body  more  intelligent  than  other  commercial 
men  ?  ai'e  they  better  educated  ?  more  specially 
trained  ?  or  more  naturally  apt  to  master  the 
details  and  carry  on  the  processes  of  a  com- 
plicated business  ? 

P'or  an  answer  to  these  questions,  let  us  glance 
at  some  of  the  statistics  of  agriculture.  In  1S61 
there  were  285,936  farm  holdings  in  Great 
Britain.  Of  these  no  less  than  170,814,  or  con- 
siderably more  than  one-half,  were  under  50 
acres.  The  average  of  the  whole  number  of 
farms  was  only  102  acres,  while  91,698  farmers, 
or  nearly  one-third  of  the  entire  number, 
employed  no  labourers. 

The  amount  of  capital  employed,  always  a 
doubtful  question,  is  estimated  by  i\I.  Laverc;n'E 
at  £i  7s.  per  acre,  and  the  farmers'  profit  he 
estimates  at  half  the  rent,  or  10  per  cent,  on  the 
capital  invested.  But  how  can  an  average  area 
of  102  acres  give  room  for  an  economical  division 
of  labour,  or  employment  for  expensive  but  pro- 
fitable machinery  ?  And  how  can  a  capital  of 
£4.  per  acre  so  stimulate  production  as  to  minim- 
ise all  the  heavy  fixed  charges  upon  land  in 
cultivation  ?  While  all  other  branches  of  industry 


have  been  obeying  the  ascertained  necessity  for 
concentration  and  for  high-pressure  production, 
agriculture  has  resisted  the  warning  and  the 
invitation  of  the  times.  What  is  the  explanation 
of  this  fact  ? 

Here,  at  any  rate,  is  the  explanation  which 
Mr.  L.\MPORT  offers  :— The  large  farmer  finds  in 
his  business  a  social  consideration  and  leisure 
for  amusement  which  no  other  occupation  of 
equal  extent  can  yield.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
small  farmer  can  find  no  employment  in  which 
his  manual  labour,  with  that  of  his  family,  along 
with  the  small  capital  he  cofnmands,  can  be  so 
independently  engaged.  The  latter  gets  his 
living,  is  his  own  master,  and  is  content.  The 
former  gets  his  living,  can  meet  his  land- 
lord in  the  hunting  field,  can  fish,  and  shoot,  and 
drive  his  dog-cart,  and  find  his  solace  for  a  small 
profit  in  the  consideration  and  social  standing, 
and  in  the  freedom  from  anxiety  which  three 
times  the  return  and  double  the  capital  in 
another  business  would  not  yield.  Take  the 
case,  for  exarnple,  of  a  farmer  holding,  say  500  or 
6oo  acres,  and  say  further  that  his  capital  is 
some  £4000  or  ^5000,  and  contrast  his  position 
and  standing  with  that  of  small  manufacturer  or 
tradesman  employing  a  similar  capital.  The 
latter,  by  close  attention,  will  no  doubt  make 
twice  or  thrice  the  profit  the  farmer  will  ;  but 
dare  he  follow  the  hounds  ?  or  take  out  his  certi- 
ficate? or  take  leisure  for  any  sport  he  is  in- 
clined to  pursue  ?  What  would  his  neighbours 
say  ?     Where  would  his  credit  be  ? 

Mr.  LA-'\fP01^T  proceeded  to  discuss  at  length 
the  almost  entire  absence  of  farm  accounts — the 
absence  of  book-keeping — that  registry  of  results, 
without  which  commercial  transactions  on  any 
scale  are  impossible,  and  by  which  in  agriculture 
"  that  tissue  of  loose  talk  and  mere  guesswork 
by  which  many  a  farmer  gropes  his  anxious,  or 
whistles  his  easy  way,  would  be  resohed  by  a 
few  columns  into  hard  facts,  and  measured  by  a 
standard  unerring  and  precise.' 

Without  pretending  to  give  a  detailed  analysis 
of  this  very  important  lecture,  we  may  quote 
the  following  as  Mr.  L.^MPORT's  conclusions  ; — 

Farming  is  a  business  siinilar  in  its  broad 
features  to  all  other  trades  or  manufactures,  and 
should  be  managed  on  the  same  general 
principles. 

The  present  condition  of  agriculture  shows, 
however,  that  the  true  commercial  spirit  is  want- 
ing in  this  branch  of  our  national  industry. 

This  is  proved  by  the  average  small  size  of  the 
farms  in  Great  Britain — by  the  consequent 
primitive  character  of  the  appliances  for  culture 
— by  a  wasteful  and  expensive  general  manage- 
ment— by  insufficient  capital  and  a  minimum 
production— by  an  almost  entire  absence  of 
systetnatic  book-keeping.  The  natural  conse- 
quence of  this  state  of  things  is  a  want  of 
confidence  amongst  capitalists  in  farming  as  a 
profitable  investment. 

That  "farming  does  not  pay  "is  a  generally 
received  opinion  ;  and,  from  the  absence  of 
systematic  book-keeping,  good  farmers  cannot 
prove  themselves  an  exception  to  the  rule. 
Hence  it  is  that  capital  is  so  deficient-  -that  high 
farming  is  the  exception—  and  that  agriculture  is 
stationary  in  the  face  of  a  universal  progression. 

How,  then,  is  capital  to  be  got?  Mr.  Lamport 
considers  and  condemns  the  plan  of  reducing 
the  size  of  farms  to  the  area  at  which  the  present 
capital  of  the  tenantry  would  be  sutHcient.  This 
method  would  recjuire  a  large  increase  to  the 
number  of  the  tenantry— a  large  increase  of  new 
men  witli  new  capital—  and  the  new  men,  with  the 
skill  and  knowledge  needed,  are  not  forthcoming. 
The  following  in  his  schetne  :  — 

He  advocates  large  farms,  as  providing,  under 
proper  arrangements,  what  small  farms  cannot 
do -namely,  the  foundation  for  division  of 
labour,  mechanical  appliances,  consolidation  and 
increase  of  capital,  and  for  a  profitable  high- 
pressure  rate  of  production. 

To  bring  about  slowl\',  but  effectually,  this 
combination  of  advantages,  there  seems  to  him 
but  one  simple  recipe — farm  partnership  ;  and, 
as  niost  necessary  to  eflect  this  result,  systematic 
farm  accounts. 

"  My  plan."  he  says,  "  is  this  :— I^et  two  fannevb  join 
together,  the  one  to  lool;  after  tlie  tillage,  the  other  to 
take  charge  of  the  stock,  and  associ.ite  with  them  a  third, 
witli  sufticient  capital  to  farm  some  600  or  1000  acres  on 
the  best  system.  The  third  may  be  a  sleeping  partner  ; 
or,  say.  the  younger  son  of  a  country  gentleman,  to 
whom  might  be  assigned  the  charge  of  the  books,  the 
superintendence  of  the  machinery,  or  such  other  special 
branch  of   farm    business  as    he    may    be    capable    ol 


managing.  From  the  overcrowded  state  of  the  pro- 
fessions, such  an  opening  for  the  younger  sons  of  country 
gentlemen  who  might  be  averse  to  trade  would,  1  appre- 
hend, be  e.agerly  sought.  To  such  a  firm,  of  course, 
book-keeping  would  be  essential  ;  and  to  a  firm  so 
constituted  I  conceive  no  bank  would  refuse  such 
temporary  accommodation  for  legitimate  trade  purposes 
as  it  might  from  time  to  time  require.  Although  the 
.amount  of  capital  wliich  agriculture  is  capable  of  properly 
absorbing  is  something  prodigious,  amounting — with 
draining  requirements  and  permanent  improvemeuts,  in 
.addition  to  farmers'  wants  —  to  something  like 
/,'30o,ooo,ooo,  yet  the  capability  of  the  country  to  pro- 
duce or  supply  it  is  not  less  prodigious.  The  safest 
and  most  profitable  business  always  requires,  and 
will  command,  the  largest  share  ;  and  I  may  safely  say 
that  no  business  with  these  char.acteristics  was  ever 
crippled  in  its  development  and  operations  by  the  waiU  of 
capital.  It  is  only  businesses  that  do  not  par,  and  that 
are  carried  on  in  a  way  that  does  not  command  the  con- 
fidence of  the  monied  class,  that  are  starved  and  cry  out. 
Once  show,  therefore,  that  agriculture  is  fairly  profitable, 
and  establish  a  fair  claim  to  confidence  from  its  organisa- 
tion and  managemeiU,  and  from  a  thousand  minute  and 
unsuspected  sources,  and  in  a  thousand  ways  inscrutable 
or  scarcely  traceable,  capital  will  find  its  Wcry — like  water 
into  your  deep  drains  — to  fill  the  empty  coffers  of  the 
farmers,  and  fructify  their  half-cultivated  fields." 

All  we  add  at  present  is  the  fact — which  Mr. 
Lamport  has  not  mentioned,  simply,  it  appears 
to  us,  because  of  its  self-evident  character — that 
the  relation  of  the  landowner  to  the  firms  who 
are  to  cultivate  his  property  must  be  strictly 
defined  and  understood.  The  lease  for  a  term  of 
years,  with  security  for  whatever  the  rights  of  the 
tenant  inay  be  at  its  close,  is  an  essential  part  of 
any  scheme  which  is  to  attract  capital  to  agri- 
culture. 

O.M  last  Monday,  with  a  moderate  supply  of 

Knglish  Wheat  in  Mark  Lane,  there  was  a  good 
demand  for  dry  samples  at  extreme  prices,  but  out-of- 
condition  samples  were  very  difficult  of  sale.  On 
Wednesday  the  trade  ruled  firm. In  the  Metro- 
politan Cattle  Market  trade  was  brisk  on  Monday  at 
advanced  rates,  and  Monday's  prices  were  readily  ob- 
tained  again   on   Thursday. There   is  now   much 

doing   in  the  .Seed    Market ;    there   is   an   increasing  - 
home  demand,  and  the  export  trade  for  France  still 

continues. The   Hop  market  report  is  to  the  efiect 

that  stocks  are  now  in  a  very  narrow  compass,  and 
the  demand  of  a  very  retail  nature. 

• The  Ditbliii  Farmers^   Gazc/tt  thus  refers  to  the 

loss  which  the  country  has  sustained  by  the  assassi- 
nation of  Lord  Mayo,  the  late  Governor-General  of 
India  : — 

"In  Ireland  the  news  has  been  received  as  of  the  death 
ofafiiend,  for  Lord  MAVO  was  universally  esteemed,  even 
by  those  who  were  opposed  to  his  political  views.  Frank, 
genial,  and  courteous,  strongly  attached  to  field  sports, 
and  no  less  eager  in  promoting  everything  calculated  to 
improve  the  condition  of  this  country,  the  much  lamented 
nobleman  was  the  very  model  of  an  Irish  country  gentle- 
man. Lord  Mavo  carried  to  India  views  formedat  home, 
and  one  of  the  first  steps  taken  by  him  was  to  lay  the 
foundation  of  future  improvement  in  the  heretofore  much 
neglected  agriculture  of  India.  While  in  office  as  Chief 
Secretary,  Lord  Mavo,  then  Lord  Naas  actively  sup- 
ported e\'ery  measure  calculated  to  prevent  the  much 
dreaded  rinderpest  from  being  introduced  into  Ireland, 
and  his  Land  Bill,  although  unsuccessful,  contained  much 
that  was  eminently  calculated  to  benefit  this  country.  The 
principle  upon  which  the  Bill  was  founded  was  ample 
compensation  to  the  improving  lenant-f.armer,  while  alto- 
gether its  provisions  were  much  less  complicated  th.aii 
those  which  have  become  law  since  that  time.  The 
measures  taken  by  Lord  M.wo  to  improve  the  breed  of 
horses  in  Ireland  are  well  known  ;  and  it  is  much  to  be 
regretted  that  his  efforts  were  not  supported  as  they 
deserved.  It  will  be  long,  however,  before  Ireland  forgets 
Lord  Naas,  the  title  by  which  he  was  best  known  to  us." 

.  In  the  Houseof  Commons  on  Wednesday  evening 

last,  Mr.  XIarucastle  moved  the  second  re.adingof  his 
Game  Laws'  Amendment  Bill,  the  chief  provision  of 
which  is  to  convert  g.ame  into  property,  and  poaching 
into  larceny.  The  necessary  powers  were  given  to  the 
magistrates,  and  there  were  minor  changes  in  the 
general  law  required  for  the  working  of  a  Game  Law 
on  this  new  basis.  Mr.  Hardcastle  intimated  his 
willingness  to  refer  the  Bill  to  a  Select  Committee. — 
Mr.  Straight  seconded  the  motion,  though  not  alto- 
gether approving  of  the  minor  provisions,  but  hoping  to 
take  the  poacher  out  of  the  atmosphere  of  romance. — 
Mr.  West  objected  to  the  large  powers  given  to 
local  magistrates  under  the  Bill,  and  pointed  out 
that  game  would  be  more  strictly  protected  under  it 
than  any  other  species  of  property.  Mr.  Mu.NTZ 
and  Mr.  M'Lagan  took  the  same  view,  and  Mr.  C. 
Read  also,  who  thought  that  the  Bill  did  not  pro- 
vide for  the  tenant-farmer's  grievance,  and  doubted 
whether  the  poacher  would  draw  a  fine  distinction 
between  poaching  and  larceny.  Mr.  Bekeseoru 
Hui'E,  as  a  pheasant  preserver,  oppo.sed  the  Bill. — 
Mr.  BiiUCE  pointed  out  the  special  considerations 
which  made  it  difficult  to  deal  with  the  Game  Laws. 
He  was  doubtful  of  the  expediency  of  making  game 
property,  among  other  reasons  because  public  opinion 
for  some  time  to  come  would  not  accustom  itself  lo 
such  a  change.  Moreover,  if  game  were  made  pro- 
perty how  could  a  landlord  be  held  responsible  for 


Pebruary  24,    1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


263 


damages  which  might  be  done  by  somebody  else  s 
property  ?  On  the  whole,  seeing  that  there  w^s  a 
general  desire  to  come  to  an  agreement,  he  was 
inclined  to  think  that  a  Select  Committee  would 
be    the    best    means     of     promoting     a     selllement. 

Ml".     Pell,    on     the     contrary,    thought     thai     a 

committee  would  lead  lo  delay.  Towards  tlie  settle- 
ment of  the  question  he  contributed  the  suggestion 
that  hares  and  rabbits  should  be  struck  out  of  the 
Game  List,  but  he  was  strongly  ogainst  a  severe  law  of 
trespass.  (^)ue5lions  between  landlord  and  tenant  were 
best  left  to  be  settled  between  them,  and  among  other 
objections  to  the  over-preservation  of  game  he  main- 
tained that  it  obstructed  tlie  improvement  of  agricul- 
ture by  preventing  the  cuhivation  of  certain  crops. — 
Lord  H.  :^coiT,  Mr.  Collins,  Mr.  Dicklnsun,  Mr, 
Bkomllv  Daxlniokt,  and  Mr.  K.  \V.  Dli  r  made 
some  obseivations  on  the  general  question,  but  in  a 
sense  adverse  to  tlie  liill ;  and  Mr.  Harih:as ile, 
yielding  to  the  geneial  feeling,  agreed  to  withdraw  the 
Eill. — The  second  reading  was  then  negatived,  and  a 
Select  Committee  on  the  whole  question  was  ordered 
tu  be  appointed. 

At    a    recent     meeting    of    the     .Scoi  iisii 

MErEOROLOGiCAL  SOCIETY,  the  subject  of  Weather 
Forecasts  for  the  benefit  of  agriculturists,  which  had 
been  brought  under  notice  by  Commodore  Maury,  of 
the  U.S.  Navy,  was  thus  referred  toby  Mr.  Miln'E 
Home: — Mr.  Maury  had  devoted  himself  nearly  all 
his  life  to  meteorological  science,  and  had  frequently 
endeavoured  to  show  and  apply  its  bearings  on  impor- 
tant public  interests.  Any  proposition  coming  from 
him,  therefore,  deserved  consideration.  The  scheme 
was  to  have  set  up  in  every  country  a  system  of  obser- 
vation of  weather  and  crops  which  should  be  useful  to 
farmers.  Mr.  Maury  pointed  out  the  enormous  losses 
sustained  by  farmers  in  consequence  of  ignorance  as  to 
the  crops  grown  in  any  particular  season.  He  showed 
how  the  prices  realised  by  the  American  far- 
mers were  dependent  on  the  abundance  or 
the  scarcity  of  the  same  kind  of  crops  in 
other  countries,  and  that  if  there  were  more  accu- 
rate and  general  knowledge  on  these  points,  the 
markets  would  be  subject  to  less  lluctuation  than 
at  present.  In  order  to  ascertain  and  make  known 
whether  crops  in  any  season  are  abundant  or  scanty, 
Commodore  Maury  proposed  that  in  every  State  of 
Anrerica  and  every  other  country  there  should  be 
observers  appointed  and  paid  by  the  Government  to 
watch  and  report  upon  the  growing  crops.  He  thought 
that  one  observer  might  be  sufficient  for  every  10,000 
square  miles,  which  would  give  five  observers  for 
Tennessee,  four  for  Kentucky,  four  for  Ohio,  12  for 
Great  Britain,  19  for  France,  one  for  Belgium,  one  for 
Holland,  and  so  on.  The  reports  from  these  observers 
should  be  sent — every  two  or  three  weeks— to  a 
Government  department  to  be  classified,  and  thereafter 
pxiblished  in  convenient  Tables.  But  besides  observers 
of  crops,  there  must  also  be  in  the  same  districts 
observers  of  the  weather,  and  particularly  of  the  atmo 
spheric  conditions  which  affected  the  different  kinds  of 
crops,  so  as  to  suggest  sound  conclusions  whether 
the  crop  growing  is  likely  to  prove  abundant 
or  scanty,  and  to  be  inferior  or  excellent  as 
regards  quality.  The  reports  from  these  meteo- 
rological observers  would  be  sent  to  the  same 
Government  departments,  where  they  would  be 
arranged  and  prepared  for  publication.  I\Ir.  Maury's 
chief  object  was  to  point  out  the  advantages  which 
would  result  to  the  producers  of  crops  were  his  plan 
adopted.  There  could  be  no  doubt  that,  if  carried 
out,  it  would  prevent  mistakes  as  to  the  quantity  and 
quality  of  crops,  and  lessen  those  fluctuations  of  prices 
which  were  so  disadvantageous  not  only  to  producers 
but  to  consumers  of  crops.  The  scheme  could  be 
carried  out  only  by  Government  organisation  in  dif- 
ferent countries.  As  these  Governments  have  already 
established  meteorological  departments  for  the  benefit 
of  the  mercantile  interests,  so  they  should  be  pressed 
to  establish  similar  departments  for  the  benefit  of  the 
agricultural  interests.  Commodore  Maury  pointed 
out  that  these  agricultural  interests,  taken  as  a  whole 
in  the  civilised  world,  were  fully  more  important  than 
the  mercantile  interests,  and  that  the  former  had  not 
received  the  amount  of  aid  to  which  they  were  entitled 
from  the  resources  of  physical  science. — It  seemed 
desirable,  in  Mr.  Milne  Home's  opinion,  that  notice 
of  the  American  scheme  should  be  taken  in  the  High- 
land Society,  and  also  in  the  Meteorological  Society  of 
Scotland ;  and  that  a  special  remit  should  be  made  by 
both  societies  to  their  managing  directors  to  consider 
how  the  scheme  could  be  encouraged  and  aided  by  them. 

On  the  subject  of  Clubs  for  Agricultural 

Labourers,  the  following  interesting  letter  appeared 
some  time  since  in  the  Times : — 

"Attention  having  been  called  to  the  following  words 
un  the  above  subject,  used  in  the  Times  of  the  26th  ult.  : — 
*  The  ordinary  English  labourer  has  no  place  where,  for  a 
small  entrance  fee,  he  can  have  shelter,  light,  warmth, 
company, 'and  some  choice  of  recreations',  I  would  wish  to 
add  my  tribute  of  praise  to  their  value,  and  to  state  a  few 
facts  in  proof  of  the  advantage  to  be  derived  to  the  ordi- 
nary labourer,  both  socially  and  morally,  by  more  attempts 
beinjT  made  to  draw  him  from  the  public-house  through 
the  influence  of  '  light  and  warmih. 

"  There  IS  a  village  in  Hampshire  purely  agricultural, 
which  means  in  plain  terms  that  the  majority  of  tlie 


population  receive  good  wages  during  the  harvesting  time 
and  get  little  or  nothing  in  the  winter  months  except  what 
they  obtain  in  parish  relief,  odd  jobs,  or  poaching.  The 
population  is  about  1500.  There  are  no  less  tlian  i~, 
pulilic-houses  or  beer-shops  in  the  village.  The  men  arc 
called  'a  bad  lot."  'drunken  blackguards,'  "poachers," 
^'c.  ;  but  no  means  have  been  taken  till  lately  to  keep 
them  out  of  the  pot-house.  TJie  idlers  at  the  corners  of 
the  street  being  asked,  '  Why  do  you  stand  here  and  do 
no  work?'  answer  always  the  same,  'We  cannot  get  any 
work  ;  we  must  go  to  the  public  in  the  c\enings,  and 
there  must  drink,  and  then  we  get  drunk  and  get  into 
trouble  that  way.'  To  meet  this  evil  a  Working  Man's 
Club  has  been  instituted,  two  large  rooms  having  been 
hired,  which  arc  well  lighted,  well  warmed,  with  plenty  of 
comfortable  chairs,  games,  books,  and  a  pint  of  lea, 
coH'ee,  or  cocoa,  with  two  thick  slices  of  bread  and  butter 
for  iW.     An  entrance  fee  of  id.  per  week  is  also  charged. 

"  The  Club  has  now  been  open  three  weeks,  and  82 
members  have  enrolled  themselves.  Smoking  is  allowed, 
'i'he  public-houses  are  comparatively  deserted.  There  art- 
no  idlers  to  be  seen  at  the  corners  of  the  streets,  and  no 
cases  of  drunkenness  in  the  village  since  the  Club  was 
opened. 

"  The  tradesmen  of  the  village  are  not  admitted  with 
the  labourers.  The  former  have  the  use  of  the  Club  from 
o  A.M.  to  1  i',M.  The  latter  from  5.30  I'.M.  till  lo  p.m. 
'rhe  former  pay  zif.  per  week  as  entrance  fee.  The  Club 
is  open  to  the  labourers  on  Sundays  also. 

'■  If  the  country  squires  would  open  a  Working  Man's 
Club  in  all  these  villages  and  towns  on  the  above  prin- 
ciples, we  should  hear  less  of  the  long  catalogtie  of  iniquities 
so  often  heaped  on  the  head  of  the  much-neglected  agri- 
cultural labourer. 

"  It  is  said  that  this  Club,  being  a  'new  thing,'  is  of 
course  well  attended,  but  as  the  novelty  wears  off  so  will 
the  members.     Time  will  show." 

— —  The  following,  taken  from  a  letter  in  the  /wWd 
newspaper,  describes  an  experience  such  as  Mr. 
WiLLOUGHBY  WooD  has  morc  than  once  foretold  and 
advocated  in  our  columns  : — 

"Ten  years  ago  a  good  red  heifer,  going  back  lo  tlie 
Turnell  red  breed  (bought  in  Lincolnshire  for  about  15  gs. 
as  a  weanling  calf),  came  into  a  neighbour's  hands  newly 
calved,  with  a  red  bull  calf  by  a  pedigree  sire,  for  about 
25  gs.  the  two.  She  was  sent  again  to  a  pedigree  bull, 
and  her  calves  all  reared.  The  sons  were  used  succes- 
sively as  bulls  (the  dam  being  sent  on  an  excursion  yearly) 
upon  heifers,  bred  at  home,  from  the  best  heifer-calves  to 
be  bought  in  the  district,  not  one  ever  costing  a  ^/'lo  note 
as  a  yearling.  Yet  in  ten  years,  persevering  in  this  plan, 
the  owner  has  heifers  now  with  calves  by  their  sides  for 
which  he  refuses  ^35  and  £^0  each,  heifer  and  calf.  He 
has  sold  this  year  steers  under  two  years  old  which  (with- 
out being  running  calves,  or  having  unlimited  cake  and 
corn)  fetched  an  average  of  ^3  S^.  He  has  sold  a 
Christmas  beast  for  50  gs.,  not  being  above  38  months 
old,  another  for  45  gs. .  not  being  above  26  months  old, 
and  drafted  six  or  eight  of  the  \vorst  milking  cows  at 
about  £27  a-piece  to  the  butcher,  after  about  three 
months'  fattening.  The  land  is  certainly  not  first-rale. 
There  was  no  great  outlay  ;  no  greater  risk  than  all 
stock-keeping  entails  ;  but  there  was  greater  return  than 
jobbers'  beasts  will  give,  because  sound  blood  was 
obtained  to  begin  with,  skilfully  combined  with  best  local 
females,  and  care  and  patience  employed  in  rearing  part 
of  the  farm  stock  on  the  farm.  So  long  as  Knglishmen 
leave  stock  breeding  to  others,  and  change  their  whole 
stock  once  or  twice  every  season,  they  will  continue  to 
say  with  Mr.  Mechi,  'bullocks  are  ungratelul.'  " 


Ol'R  LIFE  STOCK. 

.  CATTLE. 
The  Littlebury  sale  takes  place,  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  Strafford,  on  the  19th  of  next  month.  The 
catalogue  contains  the  names  and  pedigrees  of  20 
females  and  1 1  bulls,  mostly  of  Knightley  blood.  The 
first  animal  on  the  list  is  ArchdncheiS  of  Cambridge,  a 
i3-year-old  Fawsley-bred  cow,  by  Archduke  2D 
(i5.5^f^)t  dam  Coqttciicot  by  DuKE  of  Cambridge 
(12,742),  and  descended  from  Cathlecii  by  Calipii 
(1774).  This  cow  is  the  ancestress  of  four  younger 
animals,  three  of  which  are  bulls.  Lot  2,  Su 
mise  2d  by  MAY  Duke  (13,320)  comes  of  the 
"Surmise"  or  "Silence"  tribe,  tracing  to  Secret 
by  Short  Tail  (2621).  She  is  just  12  years 
old,  and  has  contributed  three  bulls  and  one 
heifer  to  the  present  herd.  Erigonc  2d  by  Cock  of 
THE  Midden  (23,585),  (lot  3),  a  descendant  of 
Ultima  by  Little  John  (4232)  and  Beatrice  by 
Caliph  (1774),  forms  with  her  son  Kingcraft  by 
Captain  Knightley  (25,716)  a  small  group  repre- 
senting another  Fawsley  tribe.  Occupying  a  prominent 
place  in  the  catalogue  are  the  descendants  of  Ganza  by 
Old  Buck  (15,017),  a  cow  bought  at  Sir  Charles 
Knightley's  sale  in  1865.  First,  there  is  Grace  Costa 
by  Costa  (21,487),  a  very  excellent  young  cow, 
which,  with  her  three  calves,  Grace,  Gener.\l,  and 
^LA;oR  Knightley,  will  form  an  attractive  feature; 
and  secondly,  Gertrude  by  Liptlebury,  and  her 
calf  GanymedCy  with  Litcy  Knightley,  from 
Gair.a  2d,  will  also  probably  create  competi- 
tion. Xext  we  notice  the  animals  bred  from 
C/iarmer  ^d  by  Karl  of  Dublin  (10,178),  com- 
prising five  females  and  one  bull  by  such  good  sires  as 
Mars  {24,543),  Costa  (21,487),  20  Duke  of  Claro 
(21,576),  &c.  Besides  these  there  are  also  representa- 
tives of  the  "  Foggathorpe,"  "Bijou,"  "Cream"  or 
'*  Crocus,"  and  "  Flourish  "  tribes.  The  bulls  recently 
used  in  the  herd  have  been  Costa  (21,487),  and  Sir 
Rainald  (3001),  both  of  first-rate  Knightley  blood, 
and   much  of    the    younger    stock   are   by   Captain  I 


Knightley  (25,716),  7111  Grand  Duke  (19,877), 
Thorndale  Duke  (27,661),  and  other  good  sires. 

We   have    received   a   copy   of  the   IJerkeley 

Castle  catalogue,  announcing  the  sale  of  55  well-bred 
Shorthorns  on  March  8,  by  Mr.  Thornton.  (_)n 
rapidly  looking  through  the  catalogue,  we  notice 
Lord  Wild  Kyes  5TH  (26,762),  purchased  for  105  gs. 
at  the  last  Siddington  sale,  a  bull  of  rare  quality  and 
true  Bates  character.  Also  several  well-bred  young 
bulls  of  the  "  Musical,"  "  Ursula,"  "  Darlington," 
"Henrietta,"  "Florentia,"  "Cowslip, "and  "Craggs" 
families.  Many  of  the  cows  and  heifers  are  similarly 
bred,  and  also  comprise  representatives  of  the  Sonne 
by  Sultan,  and  /»/(■/ by  Henwood  tribes. 

Among  forthcoming  Shorthorn  events  we  may 

notice  the  following  :  — Mr.  Thornton  will  sell  2!  young 
bulls  and  16  heifers,  the  property  of  Mr.  W.  Bolton, 
The  Island,  County  Wexford,  on  March  12;  Mr. 
Mitchell  will  sell  the  Sitlyton  bulls  and  heifers,  bred 
by  the  Messrs.  Cruikshank,  on  March  14;  Mr.  Thorn- 
ton will  dispose  of  60  head  of  Shorthorns  belonging  to 
Miss  Barroby,  Dishforth,  Thirsk,  and  Mr.  W.  Har- 
land.  Blows  Hall,  Is-ipou,  on  March  22  ;  also  the 
Chapel  Brampton  herd,  belonging  to  Mr.  J.  N.  Beasley, 
on  April  12  ;  the  Bywell  Hall  Farm  herd,  so  long 
bred  by  the  Messrs.  Atkinson,  on  April  16  ;  Mr.  John 
Copland's  herd  at  Mainshead,  Dumfries,  on  April  19  ; 
and  subsequently  the  herds  belonging  to  Mr.  John 
Crowdson,  of  UlversLone  ;  the  Messrs.  Arkell,  of 
Draycott ;  Mr,  G.  Barton,  of  Fundenhall  Grange, 
Norfolk;  and  Mr.  J.  Dickenson,  of  Balcony  Farm 
House,  UphoUand,  Wigan. 

Mr.  Thornton's  newly  issued  Circular  (No.  15) 

contains  the  following  remarks  upon  the  Shorthorn 
sales  of  1871  : — 

"  The  number  of  animals  sold  is  not  so  great  in  com- 
parison as  the  advance  in  the  prices  obtained  ;  the  average 
for  last  year  being  ^^38;  for  1869.  ^35  i^-*'. ;  and  for 
1868.  /*35  7-(. ;  against '^^55  i8j.  this  year.  It  may  be 
well  to  inquire  into  the  cause  of  this  sudden  and  rapid  rise  in 
value  of  what  is  neidier  more  nor  less  than  a  marketable 
commodity,  to  which  an  additional  value  is  attached  by 
\irtue  of  inherent  qualities.  The  scarcity  and  high  price 
of  all  farm  stock  has  been  one  of  the  greatest  agricultural 
topics  of  the  year.  Meat  of  all  kinds  has  been  dear. 
The  demand  for  fashionably  bred  animals  has  been  very 
great  all  through  the  year.  Many  noblemen  and  gentle- 
men farming  their  own  estates  have  become  breeders  of 
Shorthorns  ;  indeed,  some  few  have  gone  so  far  as  to 
ascribe  the  prevailing  fashion  for  Shorthorns  to  the  recent 
state  of  the  turf.  The  number  of  sales  is  also 
remarkable,  but  it  will  be  observed  that  about  one-third 
of  the  number  arc  selections  from  distinguished  herds. 
These  selections  mostly  contained  young  and  attractive 
heifers  of  fashionable  blood.  The  extraordinary  average 
realised  at  the  Holkcr  sale  totally  eclipsed  all  partial  sales 
of  the  kind,  and  it  will  be  observed  that  nearly  in  each 
sale  of  this  class  the  highest  price  has  been  singularly 
high.  The  herds  belonging  to  Mr.  Peel  and  the  late 
Mr.  Eastwood  were  very  small,  but  very  choice,  contain- 
ing their  entire  stocks  ;  the  averages  were  considered 
excellent.  No  large  sale  took  place  in  Scotland,  but  the 
annual  bull  and  heifer  sales  were  also  higher  than  in 
former  years.  The  most  remarkable  sales  of  the  year, 
however,  took  pktce  in  Ireland.  The  late  Mr.  Barnes' 
stock  became  severely  infected  with  foot-and-niouth  dis- 
ease a  short  time  prior  to  its  dispersion,  and  the  cattle 
W'ere  offered  under  all  the  disadvantages  of  reduced 
condition,  lameness,  and  detention  till  healthy  ;  yet 
so  good  were  the  animals,  and  so  admired  was  the 
blood,  that  the  average  exceeded  _^"ioo— the  best  tribe, 
consisting  of  10  animals,  four  being  calves,  averaging 
^'234  7.r.  2(/.  Mr.  Groves'  sale,  two  days  afterwards,  was 
exceedingly  high  also,  averaging,  within  a  few  shillings, 
^100.  Many  bulls  have  been  sold  privately,  but  no 
great  number  of  cows  or  heifers.  About  300  pure- 
bred animals  have  left  the  country  for  abroad  ;  the  prices 
have,  however,  not  approached  those  paid  by  home 
breeders.  Indeed,  the  rearing  of  good  cattle  ^sas  never 
more  encouraging  than  at  the  present  lime,  and  breeding 
a  few  good  Shordiorns  has  become  not  only  a  beneficial 
but  a  fashionable  pursuit." 


THE  TRANSFER  OF  LAND. 

The  following  debate  arose  on  Friday  evening  last, 
in  the  House  of  Commons,  on  a  motion  to  affirm  the 
desirability  of  further  facilities  for  the  transfer  of  land. 

Mr.  Ci.  Gregory  rose  to  call  attention  to  the  report 
of  the  Royal  Commissioners  appointed  to  inquire  into 
the  operation  of  the  Land  Transfer  Act,  and  to  move 
a  resolution  affirming  the  desirability  of  aifording 
further  facilities  for  the  transfer  of  land.  The  hon. 
member  said  he  did  not  propose  to  consider  on  the 
present  occasion  the  question  of  title  to  property  in 
regard  to  the  law  of  entail  and  settlement,  but  would 
confine  his  remarks  to  the  ordinary  transfer  of  land 
from  one  man  to  another.  In  order  to  elucidate  the 
subject  he  must  describe  the  process  now  gone  through 
in  transferring  landed  property  from  a  vendor  to  a  pur- 
chaser. When  a  solicitor  was  instructed  to  sell  an 
estate,  he  first  had  to  examuie  the  deeds  with  a  view 
to  ascertain  whether  the  title  was  good  for  a  period 
of  60  years,  though  in  practice  the  time  was  gene- 
rally reduced  to  40  years.  An  abstract  of  the 
deeds  was  made,  from  which  the  solicitor  could 
see  the  nature  of  the  title  and  all  defects  and 
difficulties  in  regard  to  it.  These  were  either  removed 
by  further  investigation,  or  else  it  was  provided  in  the 
special  conditions  under  which  the  purchaser  was  lo 


264 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  24,    1872. 


buy  the  properly  that  they  should  not  be  an  impedi- 
ment  to   the  sale.     The   estate  was  then  put   up    for 
sale,  and  the  abstract  was  handed  to   the  purchaser's 
solicitor,  who  compared  it  with  the  original  documents, 
and  prepared  his  requisitions  on  every  point  of  which 
he  had  any  doubt.     All   this,    of  course,  involved  con- 
siderable delay  and  expense,  and  supposing  the  title  to 
be  ultimately  made  out,   as  was  usually  the  case,   the 
investigation  bound  no  one  except  the  actual  purchaser  ; 
so  that  in  the  event  of  the  estate,  or  any  portion  of  it, 
being  resold,  the  same  process  had  to  be  gone  through  I 
again.     As  long  ago  as  1S57  a  Royal  Commission  was  | 
issued  for  the  purpose  of  considering  the  subject,  and 
it  made  certain  recommendations  as  the  registration  of 
title,  the  general  effect  of  which  was  that  the  registra- 
tion  should    be    the    root   of    the    title,    so    that    any 
beneficial   operation    of    that    registration    would    be 
postponed  until  a  good   title   w'as    conferred   by   the 
lapse  of  time.     These  recommendations  were  not  acted 
upon,  but  in  1S59  two  Bills  were  introduced  by   Lord 
Cairns,    then     Solicitor-General,    and    in   his   opinion 
it    was  greatly  to  be  regretted  that    they  came   to   a 
premature  end,  for  if  they  had  been  passed  many  of  the 
still  existing  abuses  would  have  long  ago  disappeared. 
Lord  Cairns  proposed  to  establish  a  Landed  Estates 
Court,  and  to  give  it  facilities  for  issuing  declarations 
of  title — not  necessarily  an  absolute,  indefeasible  title, 
but  a  qualified  title  if  the  Court  so  thought  fit ;  while 
by  another  Bill  he  proposed  to   establish  a  Registry  of 
Titles.     The  question  was  revived  in  1862,  when  an 
Act   for  establishing   a   registry  of  title  was   passed. 
That  Act,  however,  required  that  the  titles  registered 
should  be  what  were  called  valid  marketable  titles,  or, 
in  other  words,  such  titles  as  the  Court  of  Chancery 
would  enforce  on  an  unwilling  purchaser.     There  was 
no  doubt  that  in  practice  that  Act  had  been  a  failure. 
Two  competent  gentlemen  were  appointed  Registrars, 
but  notwithstanding  their  zeal  and  ability  the  Act  had 
not  operated,  in  consequence  of  the  burdens  imposed 
on  the  parties  registering.    According  to  the  provisions 
of  the  statute,  persons  wishing  to  register  were  obliged 
to  show  an  absolute  indefeasible  title  of  60  years,  and  in 
order  to  do  that  it  was  frequently  necessary  to  go  back 
considerably  beyond  that  period.     In  addition  to  that, 
in  dealing  with  an  estate  for  60  years,  it  almost  always 
happened  that  there  was  some  slight  defect  in  the  title, 
some  legal  estate  outstanding,  some  receipt  not  signed 
by  the   right    party,  or    some    missing   link    which  in 
practice  would  not  affect  a  title  in  the  least  degree,  but 
which  would  cause  it  to  be  rejected  by  the  Registrar. 
The  next  difficulty  was  the  absolute  identification  of 
boundaries.     In  practice  it  was  usual  to  obtain  from 
some  old  person  who  was  act|uainted  with  the  property 
a  declaration  that  the  property  proposed  to   be  sold  | 
corresponded  generally  with  the  description  of  it  in  the  j 
deeds,  and  to  the  title-deeds  a  map  was  appended  which 
for   all    practical   purposes    sufficiently   identified    the 
property.     But  under  the  Act  for  the   Registration  of 
Titles  an  owner  was  bound  to  trace  mathematically  and 
accurately  every  hedge,  every  ditch,  every  wall,  every 
fence  which  bounded  his  property,  and,  in  order  to  do 
this,  he  was  required   to  give  notice  to  all  adjoining 
owners  and    occupiers.       Such    provisions   had    mili- 
tated  most   grievously   against   the   operation   of    the 
Act,    because     people    would     not     incur     the    risk 
of    raising     all     these     questions.        Again,    the    Act 
required     that    when    a    property    was     once    regis- 
tered all  subsequent  dealings   and    transactions   with 
regard  to  it  should   be  inserted    on  the   register,  the 
result  being  that  when  estates  were  divided  into  small 
lots  the  expense  of  transfer  was  greater  than  if  they  were 
conveyed  in  the  ordinary  way.     Under  all  the  circum- 
stances it  could  hardly  be  a  matter  of  surprise  that  the 
Act  had  been  a  failure.     In  his  opinion,  however,  a 
simple  remedy  might  be  adopted  which  would  to  a 
considerable  extent  supply  the  deficiencies  of  the  Act 
of  1862,   and  remove  the  obstacles  now  placed  in  the 
way  of  registering  titles.     He  would  suggest  that  the 
registrars  should  be  authorised  to  deal  with  titles  as 
titles  were  dealt  with  in  practice,  or,   in  other  words, 
to   grant  a  qualified  certificate  to  the  effect  that  the 
owner  had  made  out  a  good  title  for  40  years,  or  a 
title  subject  to  certain  contingencies  stated  in  the  certi- 
ficate.     He  hoped  he  had   said  enough  to  show  the 
necessity  for  getting  rid  of  existing  difficulties  in  the 
way  of  the  transfer  of  land.     He  had  received  a  letter 
from   a  connection   in    Victoria,    who    said   that   the 
plan  he  proposed  was  almost  identically  the  same  as 
that  which  had  been  in  operation  in  the  colony  since 
1862,  and  which  was  regarded  as  a  very  great  boon  ;  in- 
deed, auctioneers  would  not  undertake  the  sale  of  land 
unless  the  vendor  had  one  of  the  certificates,  or  would 
make  it  a  condition  of  sale  that  he  should  obtain  one. 
Without  entering  upon  other  and  larger  questions,  which 
would  have  to  be  discussed  at  a  future  time,  he  would 
remark  that  there  was  always  in  the  market  a  sufficient 
([uantity  of  land  for  intending  purchasers.     There  were 
usually  from  100,000  to  200,000  acres  of  land  to  be  dis- 
posed of  in  lots  to  suit  all  classes  of  purchasers,  but  the 
tendency  of  small  holders  was  rather  to  sell  than   to 
acquire,    because  money  could    be    more    profitably 
invested  in  trade  than  in  land.     Therefore,  it  need  not 
be  anticipated  that  any  change  in  the  law  would  make 
the  owneiship  of  land  more  popular.     Nevertheless,  it 
was  true  that  great  impediments  were  thrown  in  the 
way  of  the  acquisition  of  land,   particularly  in  small 
quantities,  by  the  enormous  expense,  the  difficulty,  and 
the  trouble  that  attended  a  transfer,  and  it  was  this 


aspect  of  the  question  only  that  he  desired  to  raise.  He 
believed  that  the  members  of  the  legal  profession  would 
not  allow  any  personal  considerations  to  stand  in  the 
way  of  any  scheme  which  would  have  the  effect  of 
simplifying  the  title  to  and  the  transfer  of  land  ; 
and  he  would  do  all  he  could  to  further  it  until 
the  Government  could  take  up  the  matter.  He 
concluded  by  moving  that,  in  the  opinion  of  this 
House,  it  was  desirable  that  further  facilities  should  be 
afforded  for  the  transfer  of  land. 

IMr.  Wren  Hoskyns  wished  he  could  look  forward 
to  anything  like  the  improvement  we  required  from  the 
suggestions  which  the  hon.  member  had  thrown  out. 
The  report  to  which  he  had  alluded  was  one  of  four, 
issued  by  different  Commissioners  at  different  times, 
and  there  was  appended  to  it  a  long  dissent,  signed  by 
six  of  the  nine  members  of  the  Commission.  What 
was  it  that  we  required  to  give  us  easy  transfer  of 
land  ?  In  every  other  country  in  the  civilised  world 
there  was  a  simple  register,  in  which  the  name  of  every 
owner,  purchaser,  or  vendor  was  entered,  accompanied 
by  m.aps  in  which  boundaries  were  strictly  delineated. 
This  was  the  only  civilised  country  without  such  advan- 
tages. The  hon.  member's  description  of  our  system 
corresponded  with  that  given  by  a  great  authority,  Mr. 
Joshua  Williams,  who  said  ;— 

"Consider  for  a  moment  what  it  is  that  a  man  does 
when  he  simply  signs  a  contract  to  sell  a  piece  of  land. 
By  the  law  as  it  now  stands  he  firmly  binds  himself,  by 
implication,  to  do  at  his  own  expense  the  following 
things  : — To  make  out  at  his  own  expense  and  deliver  to 
tlie  purchaser  an  abstract  of  all  the  title  deeds,  wills,  and 
other  documents  affecting  the  premises  for  the  last  60 
years.  It  will  not  do  for  him  to  say  to  the  purchaser, 
'  Here  are  the  deeds,  take  them  and  look  at  them  your- 
self, or,  if  you  please,  let  your  lawyer  look  over  them.' 
No,  the  purchaser  is  entitled  to  an  abstract.  Having  got 
bis  abstract,  lie  is  entitled  to  have  that  abstract  verified 
by  the  production,  at  the  vendor's  expense,  of  every  one 
of  the  title-deeds.  It  frequently  happens  that  many  deeds 
are  not  in  the  custody  of  the  vendor.  Xo  matter,  he  must 
find  out  where  they  are,  and  give  the  purchaser  an  oppor- 
tunity of  inspecting  them.  He  must  then  verify,  at  his 
own  expense,  every  event  upon  which  the  title  has  turned, 
the  deatli  of  every  tenant  for  life  or  life  annuitant,  the 
pedigree  of  every  heir-at-law,  and  the  names  and  mem- 
bers of  every  class  of  persons,  such  as  children,  on  whom 
the  property  may  have  been  settled.  .  .  .  The  etfect  not 
unfrequently  is  to  bring  an  honest  vendor  not  fortunate 
enough  to  have  had  good  legal  advice  into  a  very  serious 
strait  ;  and  cases  have  occurred  where  purchasers  have 
waived  their  strict  rights  on  condition  of  getting  the  pro- 
perty for  nothing." 

It  would  hardly  be  credited  by  the  inhabitants  of  any 
other  country  that  such  a  state  of  things  could  exist 
here.  It  was  all  very  well  to  say  that  there  was  plenty 
of  land  for  sale.  Large  purchases  might  be  effected  at 
a  cost  of  2  or  3  per  cent.  ;  but  when,  in  smaller  trans- 
fers, the  cost  rose  to  6,  10,  20,  or  26  per  cent.,  the 
expense  operated  as  a  prohibition  on  purchase  by  small 
investors.  Compare  this  with  the  facility  and  cheap- 
ness with  which  other  securities,  such  as  stocks,  could 
be  transferred.  The  comparison  reminded  one  of 
Adam  Smith's  maxim  that,  while  the  acquisition  of 
wealth  made  a  nation  rich,  it  was  the  distribution  of 
wealth  that  made  it  happy.  It  was  said  that  invest- 
ments in  the  funds  equal  in  amount  to  the  National 
Debt  changed  hands  in  four  years.  In  the  face  of  such 
facilities  how  could  we  maintain  a  system  of  land  trans- 
fer which  enabled  the  rich  to  invest  at  a  cost  of 
2  per  cent.,  but  which  subjected  small  capitalists  to 
prohibitory  charges  ?  The  result  was  that  extraordinary 
propositions  were  made,  and  great  hostility  was  expressed 
towards  large  landowners  ;  but  they  were  not  to  blame, 
for  it  was  the  state  of  the  law  which  prevented 
small  purchases,  requiring  tlie  investment  of  from 
_^ioo  up  t0;^iooo.  This  state  of  the  law  weakened 
very  much  the  love  of  country  among  a  class  of  the 
community  who  would  take  much  more  interest  in 
public  business  if  they  had  only  some  stake  in  the  land. 
Until  the  Legislature  consented  to  give  the  living  gene- 
ration a  greater  interest  in  the  land  by  cutting  off  lengthy 
entails,  he  feared  that  remedies  such  as  were  now  pro- 
posed would  surely  fail.  He  looked  with  misgiving 
upon  registries  unaccompanied  by  maps,  and  by  other 
measures  for  dealing  with  our  obsolete  law  of  entail. 
Too  great  a  subdivision  of  land  was,  no  doubt,  injurious 
to  agriculture  :  but  the  distribution  of  land  ought  to  be 
as  free,  if  not  freer,  than  that  of  any  other  commodity, 
because  the  use  and  occupation  of  land  was  a  patriotic 
service  to  the  State,  and  the  best  means  of  preventing 
pauperism  and  drunkenness.  In  Belgium  men  were 
often  found  who  refused  to  spend  a  shilling  in  drink, 
and  who  put  by  everything  they  could  save  in  order  to 
acquire  land.  He  should  like  to  see  the  desire  for  land 
in  this  country  take  the  place  of  dissolute  habits, 
poaching,  &c.  Land  should  be  as  easily  transferable, 
he  would  not  say  as  the  Thre«  per  Cents.,  but  as  it  now 
was  in  every  country  in  Europe. 

Mr.  R.  ToRRENs  said  he  had  endeavoured  to  intro- 
duce into  our  Australian  colonies  a  system  of  transfer- 
ring land  by  means  of  the  registration  of  title  which  had 
effected  there  all  the  results  he  desired  to  be  brought 
about  in  this  country.  The  success  of  this  Act  had, 
indeed,  exceeded  his  most  sanguine  hopes,  as  well  as 
the  expectations  of  those  who  had  supported  him. 
The  great  object  in  Australia  was  to  establish  a  class 


of  yeoman  proprietors  of  land.  The  English  system  of 
conveyancing,  however,  caused  great  delay  and  ex- 
pense, and  was  found  to  be  an  obstacle  to  the  pro- 
gress of  a  new  country.  The  principle  of  his  measure 
was  taken  from  the  Shipping  Law.  There  was  no 
difficulty  in  transferring  the  largest  interest  in  shipping. 
Any  merchant's  clerk  or  shipbroker  could  do  it  with 
little  delay  and  at  small  expense.  The  adop- 
tion of  the  new  system  in  Australia  had  reduced 
the  cost  of  the  transfer  of  land  literally  from 
pounds  to  shillings.  It  had  also  substituted  abso- 
lute and  perfect  safety  in  the  place  of  insecurity, 
while  it  had  enhanced  the  value  of  all  the  land  in 
the  country.  In  Ireland,  under  the  Record  of  Titles 
Act  and  the  Encumbered  Estates  Act,  the  assistant 
barristers  could,  after  advertisement,  and  in  the  absence 
of  any  adverse  claim,  give  an  indefeasible  title.  In 
Australia  the  Act  which  he  had  introduced  effected  the 
same  result.  In  Hamburgh  the  system  had  been  in 
operation  for  600  years.  In  England,  Lord  Westbury's 
Act  was  reported  to  have  failed.  Why  had  a  system 
which  had  been  so  successful  in  Australia  that  it  had 
been  adopted  in  one  colony  after  another,  failed  in 
England?  It  could  not  be  because  of  entaUs  and 
extensive  settlements,  because  under  the  system  of 
registration  of  titles  in  Australia  there  had  been  suffi- 
cient experience  of  limited  ownerships  and  equitable 
interests  in  land.  Vet  the  transfer  of  land  had  been 
effected  without  any  confusion,  danger,  delay,  or  loss. 
The  first  and  main  cause  of  the  failure  of  Lord  West- 
bury's Act  was  the  attempt  to  blend  together  two 
systems  of  conveyancing  which  were  antagonistic  and 
inconsistent  with  each  other — namely,  the  system  of 
conveyancing  by  deeds  and  by  registration  of  title. 
Under  Lord  Westbury's  Act  the  parties  might  either 
use  one  of  the  statutory  forms  in  the  Act  or  any 
deed  or  instrument.  Every  kind  of  document  was 
allowed  to  be  registered,  and  the  entire  principle 
of  the  registration  of  title  was  destroyed.  When 
a  deed  was  registered  it  had  to  be  interpreted. 
The  title  to  land  in  this  country  was  now  only  one 
long  retrospect,  and  all  this  historical  research  into 
the  dealings  of  a  man's  ancestors  could  only  be  con- 
ducted by  highly-paid  lawyers  at  a  great  sacrifice  of 
time  and  labour.  In  Australia  it  was  the  act  of  the 
officer  in  making  the  entry  that  effected  the  transfer, 
while  by  Lord  Westbury's  Act  the  transfer  might  be 
effected  by  a  deed  that  vitiated  the  whole  process.  In 
Australia  every  transaction  was  indefeasible,  and  no 
one  could  go  behind  or  beyond  the  record.  When, 
therefore,  mortgages  were  discharged  from  the  record 
they  ceased  to  be  matters  of  record,  and  became 
defunct  transactions,  into  which  it  was  unnecessary  for 
the  parties  examining  the  title  to  inquire.  In  this  in- 
defeasibility  consisted  the  whole  advantage  of  the 
registration  of  title.  In  Lord  Westbury's  Act,  on  the 
other  hand,  he  found  defects  of  mechanism  which  were 
sufificient  to  make  shipwreck  of  the  measure.  It  was 
wonderful  that  this  country  should  so  long  submit  to 
so  great  an  anomaly  as  two  sets  of  titles — the  one  per- 
fect, the  other  a  good  holding  title  of  a  bonci  fide  owner, 
who  could  not  be  ousted  from  possession,  but  who  was 
not  yet  able  to  enforce  a  contract  for  sale.  In  Aus- 
tralia what  was  required  was  a  good  holding  title.  If 
the  exarriiners  of  title  found  an  owner  in  possession, 
and  with  evidence  of  title  that  would  secure  him  from 
ejectment,  he  received  an  indefeasible  title,  although 
there  might  previously  have  been  blots  upon  it. 
He  could  not  agree  with  the  lion,  member  who 
introduced  the  subject,  that  it  would  be  pos- 
sible to  abate  the  requirements  of  definite  de- 
scriptions of  the  boundaries  of  property.  If 
that  were  left  open  the  whole  question  would  be  left 
open.  In  other  countries  no  difficulty  was  found  in 
defining  boundaries,  and  a  system  of  maps  might  be 
made  so  effective  as  to  prevent  disputes.  In  this  way 
the  transfer  of  land  might  be  rendered  as  rapid,  cheap, 
and  economical  as  the  system  by  which  property  in 
shipping  was  now  transferred  in  this  country. 

The  Solicitor-General  :  Inbehalf  of  the  Govern- 
ment he  thought  he  was  entitled  to  say  that  not  only 
would  the  matter  have  their  fullest  consideration  with 
a  view  to  the  amendment  of  the  law,  but  it  had  already 
received  a  very  large  amount  of  consideration,  on  the 
part  especially  of  the  Lord  Chancellor,  the  highest 
legal  member  of  the  Government,  and  he  thought  he 
mi^ht  tell  the  House  that  matters  had  proceeded  so  far 
that  a  Bill  had  been  actually  prepared  with  a  view  to 
carry  out  the  contemplated  mode  of  reform  ;  but  from 
the  pressure  of  other  business  it  was  not  probable  it 
would  be  in  the  power  of  the  Government  to  bring 
forward  the  contemplated  measure  during  this  session. 

Mr.  W.  Fowler  desired  to  point  out  to  the  House 
what  seemed  to  be  the  only  sound  principle  upon 
which  this  question  could  ever  be  settled.  The  system 
of  registration  was  perfectly  effectual  as  carried  out  in 
all  matters  relating  to  personal  property.  If  he  went 
to  the  Bank  of  England  for  a  transfer  of  stock,  the 
stock  was  transferred  and  no  questions  were  asked  as  to 
the  trusts  on  which  he  might  hold  it.  The  only  ques- 
tions put  were,  "Are  you  the  owner  of  the  stock,  and 
do  you  want  the  transfer?"  Why  should  the  owners 
of  land  in  this  country  not  be  able  to  get  it  transferred 
as  the  owner  of  personal  estate  could  get  that  trans, 
fcrred  ?  He  read  a  passage  from  the  report  of  the  Com- 
mission which  sat  in  1S57,  to  the  efTect  that  if  there  had 
been  a  register  of  land  as  there  was  of  ships,  stock,  and 


Xebiuary  24,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and    Ao^ricultural    Gazette. 


265 


railway  sliares,  it  would  be  difiicuU  to  point  out  any 
distinction  between  them  so  far  as  concerned  the  mode 
in  which  they  oould  be  eflectually  transferred  and  sold.  | 
The  same  thing  was  practically  repeated  in  1S70,  and 
yet  nothing  was  done  except  the  passing  of  an  Act  of 
rarliament,  which  was  reported  to  be  an  utter  failure. 
Such  a  slate  of  matters  was  not  creditable  to  Tarlia- 
ment.  On  the  Continent  no  great  ditTiculty  was  found 
in  the  registration  of  titles  and  deeds.  Though  the 
settlements  of  land  might  continue  to  be  made 
as  at  present,  there  might  be  a  register  of 
title  ;  and  the  transfer  of  title  would  be  perfectly  easy.  , 
This  was  a  question  not  merely  affecting  the  rich  man,  j 
but  it  alTccted  also  poor  people  desirous  of  obtaining 
small  pieces  of  land.  It  was  said  to  be  absurd  for  , 
poor  people  to  have  small  pieces  of  land.  There  : 
ought  not,  however,  to  be  any  legal  hindrance  to  their  : 
acquisition  of  them,  and  if  tliere  were  any  economical , 
objection  to  the  purchase  of  small  pieces,  the  people  | 
might  be  left  to  find  that  out  for  themselves.  He  hoped  ; 
that  the  present  discussion  would  have  the  effect  of 
spurring  on  the  Covevnment  to  attend  to  this  matter 
with  more  energy  than  heretofore.     The  House  spent 


former  Steam  Dock  has  been  filled  up,  with  the  so- 
called  Head  Dock,  and  these  are  now  occupied  also  by 
pens  for  cattle  and  sheep  —  d  on  the  plan.  The 
former  store  rooms,  sail  lofts,  and  boat  stores  are  con- 
verted into  slaughter-houses.  And  besides  these  lead- 
ing features  in  the  transformation,  which,  under  the  , 
direction  of  Mr.  Horace  Jones,  the  city  architect,  has 
taken  place,  there  is  an  immense  detail  of  contrivances 
and  arrangements  which  will  be  referred  to  on  another 
occasion.  As  a  whole  there  is  accommodation  for  the 
largest  number  of  live  stock  that  has  ever  yet  arrived 
in  the  Thames  within  a  week,  and  ample  arrangements  j 
are  provided  for  the  slaughter  of  cattle  and  sheep,  as 
well  as  for  the  destruction  of  any  that  arc  condemned. 
To  these  we  shall  refer  hereafter.  Meanwhile  we  pre- 
sent the  diagram,  with  reference  letters,  pointing  out  , 
the  purpose  of  the  several  parts.  1 


FARMING    AT    T/PTRKE. 

Tii'TRKE,  /r/'.  19. — Nine  weeks  of  mild  and  moist 
weather  have  caused  my  72  acres  of  Wheat  to  grow 
well,  although  sown  late  ;  but  in  spite  of  drains  all  run- 


I  have  a  splendid  lot  of  Mangel,  that  will  last  for 
the  next  five  months.  They  verify  my  plan  of  taking 
them  up  with  wet  earth  adhering  to  them,  which  keeps 
them  alive,  and  prevents  their  decaying.  They  are 
covered  with  Barley  straw,  and  over  that  a  thick  layer 
of  earth.  Mangel  taken  up  when  dry,  and  without 
earth  adhering  to  them,  will  not  keep.  We  have  also 
an  abundance  of  Cabbages  and  Kohl  Kabi,  grown 
after  Tares. 

There  are  plenty  of  wet  stacks  and  damp  corn  this 
season,  especially  where  new  straw  was  used  sparingly 
in  thatching. 

There  is  no  end  of  Turnips  about  everywhere,  which 
will  hardly  be  off  the  land  in  time  for  Barley.  Beef 
must  come  down  in  price.  It  is  already  falling,  as  I 
anticipated  last  year.  Taking  into  account  butter, 
cheese,  milk,  and  meat,  there  will  be  more  food  fur  the 
people  than  in  the  years  1870-71.  I  have  sold  ^"290 
of  Clover  hay,  having  that  quantity  to  spare  ;  also  some 
straw.  The  Clover  realised  £$  per  ton.  Cattle- 
feeding  this  year  would  not  pay  two-thirds  of  that  price. 

My  live  stock  account  of  last  year  (Dec.  31,  1S71) 
wA'i  a  satisfactory  one— leaving  £\^\  for  20  acres  of 


Rrkkkknxf.s  to  Plan  :  --  a,  l.anding-piers  in  the  river ;  b,  Basin,  surrounded  by  large  pens  for  cattle  and 
smaller  pens  for  sheep  ;  ( ,  Slaughter  ■houses  for  cattle  and  sheep  ;  r>,  Pens  for  cattle  on  one  side,  and  sheep 
on  the  other,  of  central  gangway  ;   k  and  !■,  Slaughter  and  melting  houses. 


FrC.     lOf.  —  PLAN    OF    NEW    FORFjr.N    CATTI.E    MARKET,    UEl'TFORIi. 


a  great  deal  of  time  on  personal  and  party  questions, 
and  allowed  great  social  questions  to  go  by.  He 
hoped  before  another  year  passed  a  good  and  broad 
system  of  registration  would  be  introduced,  and  not 
merely  such  a  measure  as  that  suggested  by  the  hon. 
member  opposite,  for  that  was  not  large  enough. 
What  he  desired  was  a  larger,  and,  if  he  might  say  so, 
a  more  revolutionary  measure. 

-Mr.  Staveley  Hill  was  of  opinion  that  greater 
facilities  for  the  transfer  of  land  should  be  provided, 
but  it  was  unnecessary  that  the  whole  system  of  land 
should  be  revolutionised.  He  could  not  concur  with 
the  hon.  member  who  had  last  spoken  in  condemning 
J.ord  \Vestbury's  Land  Transfer  Act,  which  he  thought 
would  work  satisfactorily  if  it  were  amended  so  as  to 
remove  the  difficulties  which  impeded  its  usefidness. 


THE  A'EIV  FOREIGN  CATTLE 
MARKET. 
The  above  diagram  (fig.  loi)  represents  the  manner  in 
which  the  old  Deptford  Dockyard  has  been  converted 
into  a  cattle  market.  Landing  piers  have  been  thrown 
out  into  the  river.  The  former  slips,  1,  2,  3,  4, 
and  5,  around  the  basin,  covered  by  lofty  roofs,  have 
been  throvrn  together  and  pro\ided  with  pens  for 
cattle    and    for   sfieep— around    1;  oil    the  plan.      T!ie 


ning  freely,  the  land  is  so  soft  and  sticking  that  it  has 
prevented  our  carting  on  manure  and  subsoiling  the  , 
land  for  Mangels.   Six  acres  of  winter  Tares,  and  9  acres 
of  winter   Beans,  all  looking  well  ;  12  acres  of  Italian  , 
Rye-grass,    very   promising ;  6   acres   of  white    Peas, 
coming  through  nicely.    Have  broken  up  S  acres  of 
pasture  out  of  the    14,  and  shall  drill  in  blue   Peas, 
either  for  picking  or  for  a  crop  ;  we  have  10  acres  of 
land  manured  and  ploughed  ready  for  drilling  spring 
Beans  as  soon  as  the  land  will  permit  the  harrow  to  | 
work.     We   have    120   lambs,   or   rather   hoggets,   of' 
last   year's  fall,   from    80  ewes;    they  were   fat,    and, 
worth  58^-.   each — will  be  sold  shortly  ;  their  mothers 
are  now  lambing  down  again — very  satisfactorily,  but 
not  so  many  twins  as  last  year.     Depend  upon  it  we  I 
ought    to   breed   our    own    stock,   especially   in   such 
a  season  as  this,   when  lean  stock  sells  at   is.   per  lb. 
We  have  sold  some  fat  bullocks,  and  have  more  to 
sell  soon  ;  they  have  done  well,  but  those  that  remain  | 
would  have  filled  up  better  had  we  continued  the  use  of 
Beach's  condimental  food.     We  use  Simpson's  cattle 
spice  both  for  the  Iambs  and  bullocks,  which  preserves 
their   health  ;  but  experience  teaches  us  that  there  is 
fattening  quality  in   Beach's  food,    provided  it  has  not  , 
differed  from  the  original  mode  of  manufacture.      Bul- 
locks were  bought  in   too  dear,  so  different  from  last 
year. 


root  and  green  crops,  after  charging  them  with  £$^0 
of  corn,  cake,  hay,  ike,  at  full  market  prices. 

Wheat  crops  generally  look  promising  in  this  county. 
On  light  land  the  wireworm  is  early  ar  work.  Although 
I  sowed  3  cwt.  of  salt  before  ploughing,  I  have  just 
been  obliged  to  sow  S  bush,  more  per  acre  on  the  sur- 
face to  stop  their  depredations.  This  is  a  sure  remedy, 
especially  if  supplemented  by  Crosskilling,  but  the 
land  is  not  dry  enough  for  that  yet. 

Where  we  Crosskilled  and  salted  last  year  the 
Wheat  crop  on  poor  light  land,  although  much 
reduced  in  plant  by  the  worm,  yielded  5  qr.  per  acre, 
and  3  loads  of  straw  per  acre  (I  ton  18  cwt.).  We 
sold  the  Wheat  last  week  at  55-r.  per  qr.,  and  the 
straw  at  2.6s.  per  load,  or  £2,  iSj-.  per  acre.  The 
two  pecks  of  Wheat  per  acre,  drilled  (Rivetts 
Wheat  after  6  qr.  of  white  ^^'heat),  look  promising 
and  thick  enough,  and  are  hardly  distinguishable  from 
the  bushel  per  acre. 

The  tenacious  tile-earth  clays  are  in  a  very  sodden 
state,  even  on  drained  land,  and  require  a  frost  to  break 
the  crust,  otherwise  they  will  dry  like  boards  on  the 
surface,  and  be  very  difftcult  to  work.  On  such  lands, 
undrained,  the  difficulties  will  be  considerable. 

There  has  been  an  enormous  and  unusually  large 
catch  of  sprats — quite  a  godsend  for  the  fishermen  in 
our  neighbourhood.      For  many  weeks  there  have  been 


266 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[Febmar}'  24,   1872. 


some  20  to  30  waggon-loads  per  diem,  besides  hun- 
dreds of  tons  sent  by  rail.  The  country  around  for  20 
to  25  miles  has  been  thus  supplied  with  manure.  I 
bought  some  before  Christmas  at  Sef.  per  bushel.  They 
are  then  full  of  spawn.  Later,  and  after  spawning, 
they  have  realised  from  7,1^/.  to  6l</.  per  bush.  ;  about 
40  bush,  go  to  the  ton.  ^lany  shiploads  have  gone  to 
Kent  for  the  Hop  gardens.  This  abundant  season  will 
enable  the  fishermen  to  pay  the  debts  they  incurred 
during  the  unfortunate  and  unexpected  faihire  of  the 
oyster  spat  (or  young  oysters)  during  the  last  few  years. 
The  principal  landing-places  for  the  sprats  are  at 
Brightlingsea  and  Rowhedge  below  Colchester,  and 
Tottesbury  in  my  parish,  but  they  also  go  to  Maiden 
and  other  places.  J.  J.  Alcchi. 


THE  NEW  FOREST. 

a  schemk  for  its  utilisation,  treatment,  and 
Improvement,  by  which  Conflicting  Interests 
MAY  BE  Reconciled,  Benefited,  and  (it  is 
hoped)  Satisfied. 

The  discussion  that  has  taken  place  during  the  last 
few  years,  and  particularly  during  the  year  just  past, 
has  not  been  in  vain,  for  the  subject  is  now  better 
understood.  The  legal  position  of  the  New  Forest,  the 
respective  rights  of  the  Crown  and  the  commons,  and 
the  just  and  almost  paramount  claims  of  the  public, 
are,  to  a  great  extent,  acknowledged,  and  at  any  rate 
are  better  appreciated. 

I  think  we  must  all  agree  on  one  point,  /.**.,  things 
cannot  remain  as  they  are.  Something  must  be  done  ; 
the  very  fact  that  by  a  resolution  in  Parliament  last 
session  the  further  cutting  of  timber  for  the  present  was 
forbidden,  notwithstanding  the  Crown  possessed  this 
power  by  Act  of  Parliament,  shows  that  such  veto  can 
only  be  of  a  temporary  character,  and  must  in  another 
session  be  given  up  or  take  the  form  of  legality,  as 
well  as  that  of  superior  power. 

The  Act  of  Parliament  introduced  last  session  by 
the  Woods  and  Forests  clearly  recognised  the  rights 
and  privileges  of  the  commoners,  and  proposed  a 
scheme  for  the  division  of  the  New  Forest  between 
those  two  interests,  as  well  as  the  future  government  of 
that  portion  to  be  allotted  to  the  commoners  by  a 
Commission  to  be  appointed  for  the  purpose.  It,  how- 
ever, altogether  failed  in  recording  or  recognising  the 
rights  of  the  public,  or  in  providing  for  their  satisfac- 
tion, except  remotely  or  by  way  of  implication.  It  also 
failed  in  furnishing  the  proposed  commoners'  board 
with  the  means  for  improving  the  property  they  were 
expected  to  govern  and  to  deal  with. 

We  cannot  shut  our  eyes  to  the  fact  that  while  the 
discussion  has  been  going  on  in  these  parts,  while  the 
commoners  have  been  talking  over  the  matter  as  if 
they  alone  (with  the  exception  of  the  Crown)  were 
interested  in  it,  and  while  the  Woods  and  Forests  in 
their  proposed  Bill  have  been  utterly  oblivious  of  the 
rights  of  the  public,  yet  during  this  period  the  interests 
of  the  latter  have  been  put  forward  in  reference  to 
another  forest  (Epping),  and  so  strongly  supported  that 
if  either  interest  is  to  become  paramount  it  is  unques- 
tionably that  of  the  public.  So  that  the  very  first  con- 
sideration to  be  put  forward  in  Parliament  and  sup- 
ported beyond  all  others  is  the  public  health,  and  in 
keeping  with  it  the  demands  of  the  public  for  recreative 
piu'poses. 

It  is  quite  true  that  there  is  an  important  distinction 
between  the  two  forests  in  question,  inasmuch  that 
whilst  at  I*^pping  the  area  is  small,  and  tlie  population 
to  lie  benefited  enormous,  in  our  own  forest  an  oppo- 
site condition  prevails,  the  area  being  large  and  the 
population  scanty ;  so  that  whilst  the  metropolitan 
loiest  may  all  be  required  for  recreation,  a  more 
moderate  portion  of  the  New  Forest  (if  well  placed  and 
selected)  may  be  sufficient. 

In  speaking  of  the  public,  it  will  be  well  to  bear  in 
mind  that  two  distinct  interests  are  referred  to,  viz., 
the  general  public,  and  the  local  public.  It  is  the 
latter  body  alone  that  is  to  be  benefited  by  the  throw- 
ing open  public  land  for  recreative  purposes,  and  for 
those  of  health,  and  if  the  local  public  depended  alone 
on  lis  own  body,  it  would  unquestionably  be  the  weakest 
of  the  three,  an  1  would  consequently  go  to  the  wall, 
being  less  supported  by  legislation  and  by  printed 
documents  than  the  other  established  interests.  There 
is,  however,  a  remarkable  sympathy  between  the  local 
and  the  general  public,  so  much  so  that  although  the 
latter  share  with  the  (.'rown  the  advantages  of  the 
position  as  owners  of  the  soil  and  lords  of  the  manor, 
yet  its  sympathies  are  ever  ready  to  be  given  to  the 
local  public,  and  its  power  in  Parliament  is  paramount, 
having  lately  shown  itself  to  be  above  the  law  itself. 

Now,  in  considering  any  scheme  for  the  better 
management  and  utilisation  of  the  New  Forest,  it  is 
necessary  that  its  elements  should  be  such  as  to  render 
justice  to  all  concerned,  so  that  the  rights  of  one  should 
not  be  sacrificed  to  the  interests  of  another,  but  that, 
in  fact,  all  should  be  benefited  alike.  Who,  then,  are 
the  parties  to  be  considered?  1st,  the  local  public; 
2d,  the  commoners  ;  3d,  the  Crown  ;  4th,  the  general 
public.  We  take  the  local  public  first,  because  no 
scheme  has  any  chance  of  being  carried  out  unless  it 
provides  ample  accommodation  for  this  body,  and 
enlists  its  sympathies  and  support. 

The  local  public  may  be  considered  to  embrace  all 
the  inhabitants  of  the  various  towns  and  villages 
situated  within  and  around  the  forest,   together  with 


their  friends  from  a  distance,  who  may  wish  to  enjoy 
the  scenery,  breathe  the  pure  air,  exercise  the  free  right 
of  passage,  and  partake  of  the  health-restoring  proper- 
ties of  the  district  in  question. 

If,  however,  the  limited  area  of  Epping  Forest  is 
considered  sufficient  for  the  inhabitants  of  the  metro- 
polis, the  whole  of  the  New  Forest  cannot  surely  be 
required  by  its  denizens  and  neighbours.  If  one-half 
[were  reserved]  or  one-third  even,  of  the  best  parts  of 
the  forest,  embracing  all  the  natural  woods  and  the 
grassy  portions,  and  extending  from  one  extremity  to 
another,  having  better  and  more  numerous  roads  to 
give  access  to  the  most  beautiful  spots ;  and  if  the 
right  of  enjoying  and  having  free  access  to  these  parts 
were  rendered  inalienable  and  free  from  encroachment 
by  the  most  solemn  compact  for  the  present  and  suc- 
ceeding generations,  it  would  be  all  that  the  local 
public  could  reasonably  demand,  and  all  that  the 
general  public,  as  expressed  in  Parliament,  could  be 
expected  to  support. 

Let  us  next  consider  the  case  of  the  commoners  who 
may  reasonably  demand  equal  advantages  to  those  they 
now  possess  so  long  as  the  public  is  not  injured  thereby, 
or  if  so,  compensation  for  any  of  the  privileges  they 
are  in  the  public  interest  called  upon  to  surrender. 

Now  we  do  not  here  attempt  to  estimate  the 
respective  value  of  the  rights  of  the  Crown  and  the 
commoners.  This  can  be  better  done  by  a  Commission 
as  proposed  in  the  late  Act,  so  that  a  partition  may 
take  place,  and  the  forest  be  divided  between  the 
Crown  and  the  commoners,  but  each  charged  with  the 
duty  of  maintaining  and  permitting  the  exercise  of  the 
public  rights  over  one-half  of  their  respective  allot- 
ments ;  which  done,  they  should  each  have  power  to 
deal  with,  /.  c.^  to  let  or  sell,  the  remaining  moiety. 
The  commoners'  allotment  could  very  properly  be 
governed  and  dealt  with  by  a  commoners*  board,  to  be 
elected  by  the  commoners  themselves,  and  which 
might  properly  consist  one-half  of  landowners  and 
one-half  of  occupiers. 

The  revenues  derived  from  the  sale  or  letting  of  the 
respective  moities  of  the  Crown,  and  the  commoners' 
allotment  should  be  devoted  to  the  improvement  of  the 
remaining  portions  by  means  of  road-making,  draining, 
chalking,  and  other  improvements,  so  that  the  pasturage 
should  become  greatly  improved  thereby,  and  the  forest 
rendered  healthier,  as  well  as  more  attractive  and  of 
more  intrinsic  value. 

It  must  be  acknowledged  that  there  is  a  strong 
feeling,  or  perhaps  prejudice,  against  selling  or  letting 
any  part  of  the  commoners'  portion  of  the  forest.  It  is 
viewed  in  the  light  of  letting  in  the  edge  of  the  wedge, 
and  it  is  thought,  if  once  allowed,  the  whole  might  be 
gradually  frittered  away  ;  but  this  view  is  altogether 
unreasonable,  and  opposed  to  precedent,  for  it  has 
hitherto  been  the  absence  of  law  or  its  obscurity  that 
has  led  to  encroachments,  while  we  propose  that  the 
law  shall  be  strengthened  and  freed  from  all  obscurity. 
The  very  same  Act  of  Parliament  that  would  give 
power  to  sell  would  also  confine  this  privilege  within 
certain  limits,  so  that  the  same  compact  that  would 
confer  the  power  to  cultivate  woidd  also  forbid  its 
extension,  and  would,  in  fact,  say,  *'  So  far  shalt  thou 
go  and  no  farther." 

The  value  of  the  portion  to  be  sold  would  be  very 
considerably  enhanced  by  the  existence  all  around  of 
the  inalienable  portion  of  the  forest,  serving  for  these 
properties  all  the  purposes  of  a  public  park  and  recrea- 
tion ground,  both  to  the  public  at  large,  and  still  more 
so  to  the  owners  and  occupiers  of  the  land  sold.  It  is 
thus  fair  to  presume  that  1000  acres  of  the  land  to  be 
sold,  on  such  conditions  and  with  such  advantages, 
would  realise  quite  as  much  as  2000  without  such 
protection  and  privileges,  or  without  any  guarantee  as 
to  what  may  be  done  with  the  land  surrounding. 
Whilst,  therefore,  the  land  to  be  sold  would  be  doubled 
in  value,  that  of  the  moiety  to  be  retained  would  also 
be  greatly  enhanced,  at  least  to  the  same  extent,  by  the 
expenditure  on  it  of  the  proceeds  of  the  land  sales  in 
making  additional  roads,  draining,  chalking,  marling, 
manuring,  and  otherwise  improving  the  commoners' 
pasturage  ;  these  improvements  could  not  be  eftected 
unless  the  means  were  provided  by  the  power  to  sell. 
The  most  valuable  of  the  rights  of  the  commoners, 
viz.,  those  of  pasturage  and  pannage,  might  be  pre- 
served and  greatly  increased  in  value,  or,  being  properly 
restricted  and  defined,  they  might  be  sold  to  those 
commoners  who,  from  their  position,  would  estimate 
them  the  most. 

With  regard  to  other  rights,  such  as  those  of  turbary 
and  fuel,  they  should  certainly  be  bought  up  and  extin- 
guished by  payments  in  money  or  land,  for  they  are 
opposed  to  all  means  of  ameliorating  the  soil  :  they 
are,  in  fact,  but  remnants  of  barbarism  and  barriers  to 
the  progress  of  civilisation. 

As  proposed  in  Mr.  Howard's  Bill,  we  have 
assumed  that  by  -Vet  of  Parliament  a  Commission  will 
be  appointed  for  the  valuation  of  the  respective  rights 
and  the  partition  of  the  forest  between  the  Crown  and 
the  commoners,  giving  to  each  body  the  power  to  sell 
or  gradually  to  bring  into  the  market  to  the  extent  of 
one-half,  but  charging  each  with  certain  duties  or 
obligations  with  regard  to  the  public.  We  have  no 
desire  to  anticipate  the  awards  of  the  Commissioners, 
but  assuming  for  the  moment,  for  the  purposes  of  our 
argument  alone,  that  an  equal  extent  of  value  lias  been 
awarded  to  the  Crown  on  the  one  hand  and  the  com- 
moners on  the  other,  the  former  embracing  the  new 


plantations,  and  the  latter  the  ancient  woods  with  all 
the  natural  pasturage,  we  have  next  to  inquire  into  the 
most  desirable  mode  of  disposing  of  the  acquisition  on 
the  part  of  the  Crown.  Although  denominated  the 
Crown  lands  it  is  very  well  known  that  in  virtue  of  the 
civil  list  the  Crown  gives  up  at  the  commencement  of 
each  reign  its  interest  in  the  revenues  of  the  same,  so 
that  the  country  or  the  public  are  still  more  concerned 
in  the  improvement  and  productiveness  of  the  woods 
and  forests  than  the  Crown  itself,  and  it  is  in  virtue 
of  this  that  Parliament  has  so  much  power  in  the 
matter. 

The  Commissioners  of  Woods  and  Forests  would  no 
doubt  like  to  have  the  absolute  control  and  power  of 
disposal  over  the  land  to  be  allotted  to  the  Crown,  but 
although  in  the  Act  of  k.st  session  the  public  is  appa- 
rently ignored,  yet  virtually  it  is  not  the  case,  for 
powers  were  intended  to  be  taken,  so  as  to  include  in 
the  Crown  allotment  Rufus  Stone  and  loo  acres  around 
the  celebrated  spot.  Now  for  what  purpose  was  this 
retention  to  be  made?  It  could  not  be  for  that  of 
shutting  the  public  out,  but  rather  for  the  purpose  of 
preserving  the  spot  as  one  of  our  national  monuments, 
and  securing  the  right  of  admission  of  the  public 
thereto. 

The  principle,  therefore,  must  be  considered  as 
acknowledged  by  the  Woods  and  Forests,  that  the 
commissioners  should  act  as  custodians  for  the  preser- 
vation  of  public  rights  and  privileges  over  some  portion 
of  the  Crown  allotments.  This  being  the  case,  we 
propose  that  while,  for  the  preservation  of  the  timber 
already  planted,  the  Crown  should  have  the  right  of 
excluding  the  public  from  one-fourth  of  the  land  to  be 
allotted  as  its  share,  that  another  fourth,  with  its 
woods  and  plantation,  should  be  thrown  open  to  the 
public,  while  the  power  of  sale  should  be  exercised 
over  one  half  of  the  allotment  in  like  manner,  and 
similar  powers  given  to  the  commoners'  board  over  its 
moiety. 

The  case,  then,  would  stand  thus  :  taking  the  forest 
at  64,000  acres,  and  assuming  for  the  moment  its  equal 
division,  there  would  be  32,000  acres  at  the  disposi- 
tion of  the  commoners,  over  one  half  of  which  there 
would  be  the  power  of  sale  for  the  purposes  of  revenue 
and  the  satisfaction  of  certain  rights,  such  as  those  of 
fuel  and  turbary,  which  it  would  be  desirable  to  buy  iip 
and  extinguish. 

The  public  would  have  access  to  i6,ooo  acres,  which 
for  purposes  of  utility  and  enjoyment  would  be  vastly 
improved  and  rendered  more  attractive. 

With  regard  to  the  32,000  acres  assumed  to  be 
allotted  to  the  Crown,  16,000  would  be  allowed  to  be 
sold,  or  disposed  of,  and  of  the  remainder,  Sooo 
thrown  open  to  the  public,  and  Sooo  allowed  to  be 
closed  for  a  limited  number  of  years  for  the  protection 
of  the  timber.  Thus,  by  this  scheme  there  would  be 
24,000  acres  (including  the  wooded  and  most  beautiful 
parts  of  the  forest)  thrown  open  to  the  public.  The 
commoners,  besides  participating  with  the  public  in 
these  advantages,  would  have  all  the  best  pasturage  in 
the  forest  doubled  or  trebled  in  value,  and  the  Crown 
authorities  would  have  an  estate  that  would  yield  a 
much  greater  revenue  than  is  the  case  at  the  present 
time.  Thus  all  parties  would  be  benefited,  the  general 
public  would  participate  in  the  increased  revenue 
derived  from  the  sale  and  improvement  of  the  land 
allotted  to  the  Crown,  \\hile  the  local  public  would 
have  (free  from  all  chance  of  future  disturbance)  un- 
interrupted access  to  all  the  beautiful  parts  of  the 
forest,  enhanced  as  these  advantages  would  be  by  new 
and  improved  roads,  drainage,  and  increased  fertility 
of  the  soil,  and  with  it  an  improvement  of  climate,  and 
the  general  healthiness  of  the  district. 

These  24,000  acres  would  also  afford  ample  room 
for  the  conduct  of  military  operations,  and  the 
manccuvring  of  troops,  and  the  purposes  of  reviews 
and  sham  fights. 

Great  employment  of  labour  would  be  afforded  by 
the  expenditure  of  money  in  carrying  out  these  im- 
provements, both  on  the  part  of  the  Crown  and  the 
commoners,  as  well  as  by  lho=e  capitalists  who  may 
purchase  the  saleable  portion  of  the  lands  for  resi- 
dences or  for  cultivation.  It  may  (and  doubtless  it 
would  be)  desirable  to  limit  the  power  of  sale  to  a 
given  number  of  acres  per  annum,  so  that  the  market 
might  not  be  glutted,  and  thus  the  employment  of 
labour  might  be  extended  over  many  years. 

The  proprietors  of  estates  on  the  borders  of  the 
forest  who,  under  an  ordinary  enclosure,  \\'o\dd  claim 
as  their  share  a  considerable  portion  of  the  land,  have, 
by  their  adhesion  to  the  commoners'  scheme  of  retain- 
ing it  as  pasturage  or  open  forest,  wisely  and  liberally 
foregone  their  personal  claim  to  immediate  advantage, 
but  tlicy  would,  of  course,  largely  participate  in  the  advan- 
tages of  the  increased  salubriousncss  and  fertility  of  the 
land  retained  and  improved.  Who,  then,  would  be  injured 
by  this  scheme?  Only  those  who  have  exercised  rights 
greatly  in  excess  of  those  to  which  they  are  entitled. 
The  commoners,  as  a  body,  would  be  greatly  benefited, 
for  they  would  liave  as  mucii  pasturnge  as  they  had 
before,  but  doubled  or  trebled  in  value,  and  they  would 
derive  advantage  from  the  roads  to  be  made  and 
improved,  and  from  the  greater  healthiness  of  the  dis- 
trict. As  lords  of  the  manor  over  their  own  allotment 
they  would  have  the  power  of  dealing  with  the  privi- 
lege of  sporting,  and  they  would  also  limit  the  exercise 
of  the  rights  of  jiasturage  to  the  bounds  which  would 
render  them  valuable. 


Febniary  24,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


267 


If,  then,  as  llie  sequel  of  these  improvements,  we 
should  ha\e  an  increase  of  population,  employment  of 
labour,  expenditure  of  capital,  with  health,  wealtli,  and 
beauty  enhanced,  we  may  reasonably  expect  that  such 
well  wishers  as  a  "  Borderer"  will  support  a  measure 
from  which  tliere  is  everything  to  gain  and  nothing  to 
lose,  although  it  may  be  only  the  scheme  of  ./ 
Coiiinh'jwr. 


Jome  Cffrrespnbente. 

Justice  to  both  Landlord  and  Tenant. — Tlie 
gieat  (luestion  now  in  tlie  farming  world  is  how  to 
protect  the  landowner  from  damage,  allow  the  occupier 
greater  liberty  of  action,  and  repay  lihn  what  he  is 
rightfully  entitled  to.  The  meaning  of  this  is  that 
compensation  is  to  be  given  to  the  good  farmer,  and  a 
penalty  fixed  upon  the  bad  one.  How  are  we  to 
measure  good  and  had  farming  after  a  term  of  seven, 
14,  or  21  years?  A  six  months'  notice  to  quit  is  of  no 
use  ;  nor  \^ould  an  iS  months'  notice  be  of  any  use. 
The  Lincolnshire  plan  of  measurement  is  said  to  be  the 
best,  yet  I  cannot  look  upon  that  as  certain.  It  is  a 
little  better  than  six  or  eighteen  months'  notice  to  quit, 
and  that  is  all.  ^Ve  want  law,  and  nothing  sliort  of 
law  will  do  it.  Many  a  landlord  will  tell  us  that  that 
cannot  be  :  but  it  must  be  before  tenants  dare  farm 
well  to  the  end  of  their  lease,  be  the  term  what  it  nray. 
I  will  tell  you  what  we  want  :  A  law  that  will  make 
the  landlords  pay  all  their  local  taxes  themselves, 
and  let  their  land  at  a  fixed  payment  upon  a  term 
of  not  less  than  14  years,  witli  right  of  sale  of  the 
lease  to  the  end  of  the  term,  and  at  starting  shall  be 
bound  to  let  tlieir  farms  by  auction.  This  will 
startle  some  :  but  it  is  the  true  way  to  measure  value 
at  the  starting  point.  At  the  end  of  the  term,  if  the 
tenant  and  landlord  cannot  agree  for  another  tenn,  the 
farm  shall  be  let  again  by  auction,  and  whatever  it 
makes  over  and  above  its  last  rent  will  show  the 
measure  of  the  tenant's  improvements,  and  must  be  paid 
for  by  the  landlord  at  the  rate  of  25  years'  purchase, 
the  tenant  taking  possession  of  the  rents  till  it  is  paid. 
On  the  other  hand,  if  a  farm  makes  less  than  the  last 
rent,  the  tenant  must  pay  at  the  rate  of  25  years* 
purchase,  and  to  secure  this  he  must  at  starting  give 
substantial  bondsmen  to  the  landlord.  This  would  put 
a  stop  to  over-bearing  landlords  and  foolish  tenants,  and 
the  lands  of  England  would  easily  find  money  enough 
to  cultivate  them  at  a  fair  and  just  rent  (and  the  auction 
system  would  find  that  out,  and  the  25  years'  purchase 
at  the  end  of  a  term  would  stop  all  over-renting,  for  a 
fellow  who  dares  to  over-bid  would  never  get  his 
bondsmen  to  the  scratch),  upon  tlie  best-known  system 
of  farming.  Then  tenants  may  crop  as  they  like, 
without  any  foolish  conditions,  even  for  the  last  four 
years  before  the  expiration  of  a  lease.  AVhat  is  the 
meaning  of  four  years  ?  Why,  that  a  good  tenant  may 
rob  his  land  during  that  period,  to  a  point  at  which  he 
can  get  a  fair  take  for  another  term.  IViUiam  Smith, 
U'oohtov,  Bfctchhy  Station,  Bucks,  Feb.  I. 

Calf  Fattening. — I  read  in  the  Cheshire  papers  of 
a  protest  recently  made,  and  not  a  day  too  soon, 
against  the  practice  of  the  district  in  disposing  of 
calves  almost  as  soon  as  dropped  for  whatever  they 
will  fetch  as  veal.  Mr.  William  Oulton,  wholesale 
butcher,  of  Cable  Street,  Liverpool,  lately  invited  a 
conference  of  farmers  and  others  interested  in  agricul- 
ture, with  a  view  to  ascertain  whether  the  breeding  of 
stock  and  fatting  of  young  calves  would  not  at  present 
prices  pay  better  than  cheese-making.  Several  of  the 
principal  farmers  around  Tarporley  attended.  Mr. 
Oulton  introduced  the  subject  by  slating  that  he  con- 
sidered the  present  mode  adopted  by  most  farmers  of 
disposing  of  their  young  calves  as  soon  as  dropped,  in 
some  cases  without  even  allowing  the  mother  to  lick 
them,  which  was  a  natural  provision,  was  both  wicked 
and  cruel,  alike  injurious  to  the  mother  and  to  its  off- 
spring. He  stated  that  he  knew  for  a  fact  that  it  was 
the  custom  of  many  farmers  to  arrange  with  butchers 
to  take  their  calves  away  as  soon  as  they  were  dropped, 
when  they  were  sent  off  to  Liverpool  and  other  large 
towns  for  the  purpose  of  slaughter;  and  of  his  own 
knowledge  he  could  say  that  instead  of  their  serving  a 
legitimate  purpose  in  providing  food  for  our  vast  popu- 
lation, hundreds  of  them  were  annually  condemned  and 
buried  in  quicklime  to  hasten  their  decomposition. 
Mr.  Oulton  then  proceeded  to  show  that  at  the  present 
prices  of  meat,  stock  breeding  and  feeding  would 
pay  better  than  cheese-making.  He  stated  that 
he  had  got  two  cowkeepers  in  Liverpool,  each  to 
weigh  a  quart  of  milk  as  taken  from  the  cow. 
One  quart  weighed  2  lb.  1\  oz.,  the  other  2  lb. 
8  oz.,  consequently,  according  to  Mr.  Aston's 
calculation,  it  took  3  quarts  of  milk  to  produce  I  lb.  of 
green  cheese,  the  value  of  which  at  present  prices, 
allowing  for  loss  of  weight  in  ripening,  &c,,  after  making, 
he  estimated  at  5*/.  Supposing  the  farmer  to  expend 
the  same  milk  in  the  fatting  of  their  calves,  it  would 
produce  considerably  more  money.  Upon  an  average 
from  5  to  6  quarts  of  milk  per  meal  was  ample  for  each 
calf;  this  would  be  from  10  to  I2  quarts  a  day,  which, 
valued  as  above,  would  be  \s.  Si/.  Last  week  he  had 
sold  two  calves,  seven  weeks  old,  weighing  3201b., 
for  which  he  realised  10^^/.  per  pound,  being  £7  each, 
and  after  deducting  5^.,  the  cost  of  transit  to  Liverpool 
and  commission  for  selling,  jC6  i^s.  was  netted  for  each 


calf,  showing  a  profit  of  £2  y.  41/.  each  over  and 
above  the  same  amount  of  milk  expended  in  cheese- 
making,  and  allowing  los.  as  the  value  of  each  calf 
when  dropped.  It  was  possible,  it  might  be  said,  that 
this  was  a  very  exceptional  case,  but  he  aflirmed  that 
if  the  same  care  and  attention  were  paid  to  the  young 
calves  as  to  the  cheese-making,  there  was  no  reason  to 
believe  but  that  there  woukl  be  corresponding  satisfac- 
tory results,  setting  aside  the  humane  side  of  the  ques- 
tion before  alluded  to,  and  which  was  no  trifling  matter. 
— Mr.  Joseph  Aston  thanked  Mr.  Oulton  for  bringing 
the  subject  before  them.  He  had  Iiimself  sold  young 
calves,  but  he  was  not  aware  that  so  many  of  them 
were  destroyed  and  rendered  useless  to  the  community, 
as  represented  by  Mr.  Oulton.  He  considered  more 
suitable  erections  were  necessary  for  the  successful  rear- 
ing or  fatting  of  young  calves,  as  the  present  closed 
buildings  were  injurious  and  unhealthy,  and  sug- 
gested open  calf-kits  or  bays  for  the  purpose.  —  Mr. 
Roger  Bate  said  he  quite  concurred  in  Mr.  Oulton's 
remarks  with  regard  to  the  wdiolesale  destruction  of 
young  calves,  many  of  them  being  sold  and  taken  away 
for  slaughter  when  about  three  days  old,  while  they 
had  scarcely  begun  to  live,  and  were  wholly  unfit  for 
food.  It  always  seemed  to  him  a  grievous  and  in- 
human thing  for  the  fine  healthy  young  calf  to  be 
taken,  when  it  had  scarcely  lived  a  week,  to  be  killed 
simply  because  the  owner  could  make  a  few  .^hillings 
more  of  the  milk  otherwise  than  by  letting  the  calf 
fatten  on  it.  Our  Chamber  of  Agriculture  would  do 
well  to  use  its  influence  to  prevent  this  practice,  and  to 
induce  farmers,  now  that  cattle  are  so  dear,  to  rear  a 
much  larger  proportion  of  their  calves  than  at  present, 
merely  to  meet  their  own  requirements.  It  would  be 
well  for  graziers,  feeders,  and  the  public  generally,  and 
might  easily  be  done  by  using  oilcake  and  Indian  meal 
with  the  whey,  audit  would  be  a  better  mode  of  using 
the  whey  than  in  feeding  so  many  pigs  just  now. 
Cheshire  ought  to  be  a  large  exporter  of  cattle,  with- 
out at  all  interfering  with  the  dairy  department.  He 
hoped  a  thoughtful  consideration  of  the  matter  would 
induce  farmers  to  see  to  it,  that  the  calf  shall  live  some- 
W'here  to  grow  either  into  veal  or  beef  for  the  use  of 
the  community,  and  not  to  be  expelled  from  existence 
as  soon  as  born,  without  answering  the  end  for  which 
a  kind  Providence  gave  it.  The  present  high  price  of 
cattle,  as  compared  with  the  low  price  of  inferior 
boosey  cheese,  should  lead  farmers  to  take  into  their 
consideration  the  subject  of  more  extensive  rearing. 
Jl/.  -s; 

Utilisation  of  Sewage  :  Intermittent  Down- 
ward Filtration. — Your  temperate  remarks  (Jan.  27) 
on  the  parentage  of  this  process,  are  interesting  and 
instructive.  Vet  in  the  same  issue  Mr.  Bailey  l.^enton 
speaks  of  the  process,  as  if  oblivious  of  the  fact  that  its 
author  is  Dr.  Frankland,  and  that  its  merits  were  dis- 
cussed by  the  Rivers  I'ollution  Commissioners  in  their 
published  reports.  Mr.  B.  Denton  happens  to  be  the 
engineer  who  has  had  the  opportunity  of  carrying  out 
practically,  at  Merthyr  Tydvil,  the  idea  of  Dr.  Frank- 
land  with  success  ;  that  much  is  due  to  him.  The 
irony  of  fate  is  often  a  curious  study.  One  man  works 
out  an  idea  by  patient  investigation,  and  gives  it  to  the 
world.  Another  grasps  the  idea,  puts  it  into  practical 
operation,  and  claims  not  only  the  profit  but  all  the 
praise.  But  this  is  too  common  to  be  singular  ;  and 
the  forgetfulness  of  Mr.  B.  Denton  recalls  that  also  of 
Mr.  Hope,  who  in  like  manner  ignores  Croydon 
and  other  places,  where  irrigation  had  been  practised 
years  before  Mr.  Hope  turned  his  attention  to  the  sub- 
ject. I  do  not  for  a  moment  (question  the  eminent 
services  of  both  gentlemen  towards  solving  the  great 
sewage  problem.  Both  have  attained  such  high  posi- 
tions as  authorities  on  the  subject,  that  they  can 
well  afford  to  be  generous  as  well  as  just.  This 
new  method  of  treating  sewage  being  one  of  great 
public  interest,  I  would  ask  for  space  in  your  columns 
to  make  a  few  remarks  on  the  subject,  "  Inter- 
mittent downward  filtration"  means  passing  the  sewage 
through  a  certain  thickness  of  earth,  in  other  words  a 
"filter  bed,"  the  eftluent  water  escaping  by  the 
sub-drainage.  To  a  proper  understanding  of  the 
question,  it  is  necessary  to  inquire  what  is  the  action  of 
a  filter  bed  ?  Popularly  it  is  thought  to  be  a  scientific 
method  of  purifying  water.  Scientifically  it  is  under- 
stood to  be  a  mechanical  contrivance  for  clearing  water 
of  suspended  impurities ;  it  has  no  chemical  action, 
broadly  speaking,  on  water,  and  admittedly  fails  in 
removing  sewage  contamination.  r)therwise  the  ob 
jections  to  the  use  of  wells  are  unsound,  for  if  the  earth 
will  remove  dissolved  impurities  in  one  case,  it  wii 
surely  do  so  in  the  other  1  A  "  filter  bed  "  is  a 
permeable  body  through  which  the  sewage  \\'ater  wi 
pass  by  gravitation  ;  the  process  involves  the  minute 
division  of  the  water — the  suspended  matter  is 
eliminated  by  deposit,  the  grosser  particles  on  the 
surface,  the  finer  in  the  bed  itself.  Gradually  but  surely 
the  bed  will  become  saturated  with  sewage  and  cease 
to  act  as  a  filter — in  short,  that  the  discharge  from  the 
drains  will  be  sewage,  minus  its  sedimenlary  matter, 
in  a  condition  wholly  unfit  to  be  discharged  into  water- 
courses. That  a  given  quantity  of  soil  soon  ceases  to 
act  as  a  purifier  1  have  ample  proof ;  let  any  one  take 
their  own  experience  of  a  house  filter.  What  is  it? 
That  the  filter  soon  becomes  practically  useless,  unless 
the  filtering  materials  be  periodically  changed.  I  see 
that  Dr.  Frankland  has  just  demonstrated  that  London 


sewage  passed  through  5  feet  of  earth  came  out  purer 
than  some  of  the  water  supplies.  That  a  volume  of 
dirty  water  passing  through  a  5  feet  bed  of  fresh  earth 
will  be  cleansed,  few  will  dispute,  but  it  is  pertinent  lo 
ask,  how  long  will  suchaljed  remain  cOkient  ?  Nor  does 
the  result  afford  any  reliable  data  as  to  the  value  of  the 
process  in  dealing  with  the  sewage  of  towns.  The 
conditions  are  widely  different.  What  may  be  very 
simple  and  eflicient  on  a  small  scale  may  prove  costly 
antl  unsatisfactory  on  a  large  scale.  A  few  yards  of 
earth  is  one  thing,  many  acres  is  another  thing,  with 
all  their  varying  conditions  of  soil  and  subsoil.  The 
practical  result  of  the  process  at  Merthyr  Tydvil  is 
constantly  quoted  ;  but  in  measuring  its  success  there, 
it  is  desirable  to  know  under  what  conditions  it  is 
secured — whether  the  town  is  a  water-closet  town  or 
not — whether  it  receives  manufacturing  waste  — 
whether  there  is  any  depositing  process  before  the 
sewage  passes  to  the  filter-beds,  lS:c.  Assuming  the 
sewage  to  be  normal,  every  ton  of  it  will  hold  sus- 
pended from  I.J  to  2  lb.  of  solid  matter.  If  this  matter 
is  intercepted,  its  drying  will  prove  a  difficulty  and  a 
nuisance  ;  nor  will  it  prove  less  so  if  deposited  on  and 
in  the  filter-beds.  Saturated  as  the  land  has  been 
during  the  winter,  an  analysis  of  tlie  discharge  water 
from  the  Merthyr  Tydvil  filter-beds  would  be  instruc- 
tive. If  found  satisfactory  it  would  speak  volumes  in 
favour  of  the  process,  and  more  than  can  be  said  of  the 
working  of  many  sewage  farms  at  this  season.  My 
own  opinion  is,  that  intermittent  downward  filtration 
is  but  a  makeshift,  and  that  its  action  on  the  water- 
bearing strata  will  be  precisely  the  same  as  the  action 
of  cesspits  in  towns.  That  as  the  removal  of  one  has 
become  imperative,  so  eventually  will  become  the 
removal  of  the  other,  f'.,  Ft/'.  3.  [Our  correspondent 
appears  to  us  to  confound  simple  continuous  filtration 
with  intermittent  filtration.  By  the  latter  the  soil 
becomes  filled  with  air  and  filthy  fluid  alternately, 
and  thus  virtually  performs  upon  the  sewage  as  com- 
plete an  act  of  respiration  as  the  lungs  perform  in 
chemically  cleansing  the  impure  venous  blood,  which 
passes  through  them.] 


Farmers'  Clubs. 

/AH'OKT//. 
71ie  Management  of  Eive  Flocks  on  Hea7-y  /.and. — 
By   Mr.  Edward  Lingwood.     The  following  is  an 
abridged  report  of  a  recent  discussion  on  this  subject : — 

Within  40  years  an  idea  prevailed  that  sheep  could 
not  be  wintered  upon  heavy  land,  because  the  rot  would 
destroy  them.  Thorough  drainage,  and  the  extended 
cultivation  and  great  variety  of  green  crops,  together 
with  the  conviction  that  the  farmer  must  have  some- 
thing to  fall  back  upon  besides  his  corn,  have  quite 
altered  the  aspect  of  affairs.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind 
that  no  amount  of  care  and  management  \\\\\  entirely 
compensate  for  the  loss  of  a  naturally  dry  soil — the  true 
home  of  an  animal.  Those  of  us,  therefore,  who 
cultivate  stiff  land  must  make  the  best  use  we  can  of 
our  positions. 

Spring  and  Slimmer  Feeding. — The  first  thing  to  be 
considered  in  setting  a  flock  is,  it  need  hardly  be  said, 
the  choice  of  breed  ;  but  this  part  of  the  subject  I  don't 
propose  to  enter  into  now. 

Mr.  Sexton  will  probably  tell  you  there  is  nothing  like 
tlie  Cotswolds  ;  Mr.  Boby  goes  for  .Sonthdowns  ;  and 
Mr.  Green  for  "  Suffolks."  However,  the  selection  being 
made,  the  food  supply  will  next  demand  our  attention. 
We  occasionally  see  ewes  sold  early  in  the  sprinjf  because 
their  owner  had  no  more  roots  for  them,  at  the  same 
money  they  were  worth  the  previous  Michaelmas.  To 
obviate  this  I  begin  lo  prepare  in  April  for  the  following 
season,  by  sowing  a  large  Ised  with  Dnnnhead  Cabbage 
seed,  the  plants  from  which  are  put  out  on  heavily- 
manured  ridges  some  time  in  June,  about  90C0  to  the 
acre,  reckoning  one-quarter  of  an  acre  to  e\ery  score 
ewes.  As  soon  as  the  Wlieat  is  ready  for  hoeing,  I  select 
a  piece  on  which  I  sow  broadcast  2  bush,  an  acre  of 
Italian  Rye-grass  and  horse-hoe  it  in,  calculating  to  have 
sometliing  like  2  acres  for  the  beforementioned  number  of 
sheep.  Early  in  lune  a  few  Swedes  are  sown,  as  I  have  a 
particular  otijection  to  giving  suckers  Mangel  in  cold 
weather.  In  July,  Turnips  are  drilled  after  the  Rye-grass, 
one-third  to  one-ha.lf  of  wliichare  drawn  off  in  November, 
part  of  these  are  set  close  together  with  their  tops  on,  and 
the  remainder  are  topped,  laid  in  rows,  and  covered 
thickly  widi  straw  ;  some  Coleseed  is  also  sown  after  the 
Tares  that  have  been  mown  for  the  horses.  Soon  after 
clipping,  the  lambs  having  gone,  I  discard  the  broken 
mouths,  bad  mothers,  and  any  individuals  that  have  got 
badly  through  lambing,  as  my  experience  is  that  but  few 
of  the  latter  will  breed  again,  replacing  them  with 
some  good  sized  shearlings  that  have  not  previously  had 
lambs.  I  say  good  sized  on  account  of  less  risk,  and 
hogget  mothers  rarely  wear  well.  The  rams  should  be 
well  bred,  not  too  wide  across  the  forehead,  and  if  of  any 
of  the  white-faced  breeds  not  over  two  years  old.  At  this 
season  (June)  the  leas  will  afford  the  requisite  food,  with 
perhaps  a  change  to  a  piece  of  Mustard,  and  an  occa- 
sional run  on  a  pasture;  but  I  stron.^ly  disapprove  of 
eating  uplands  bare  at  any  time  between  February  and 
November.  By  the  middle  of  luly  some  of  the  leas  from 
which  Clover  hay  has  been  taken  will  be  ready  for  use, 
and  after  that  the  stubbles  till  about  September  21,  when 
high  feeding,  if  you  wish  for  a  good  fall  of  twins,  must 
be  resorted  to.  To  this  end  the  flork  is  clianged  daily, 
getting  old  and  young  leas,  pasture,  and  stubbles,  with 
a   nightly   fold  on  Coleworts,   some  watchfulness  being 


268 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   A,^ricultural    Gazette. 


[February  24,   1S72. 


required  that  no  losses  occur  from  over-eating,  when  first 
going  to  the  latter  victuals. 

Winter  Managemml.  —  At  Michaelmas  marking 
takes  place,  and  there  is  nothing  so  durable  for  tlie 
purpose  as  a  mixture  of  red  lead  and  linseed  oil.  A 
large  letter  looks  bad,  and  a  smeared  one  worse.  To 
cure  the  latter  difficulty  I  invariably  shut  my  sheep  up 
beforehand  till  they  are  sufficiently  hungry  to  prevent 
all  tendency  to  rub  before  the  paint  is  too  dry  to  be 
removed. 

The  rams  are  turned  in  by  October  i,  and  are  supplied 
with  linseed  cake  and  old  Beans  every  morning,  which 
they  soon  learn  to  draw  away  to  :  afterwards  the  Mangels 
and  Swede-tops  and  small  roots  are  cleared  up,  the 
unbroken  stubbles  affording  a  little  amusement,  till  by  the 
third  week  of  November  a  few  Turnips  will  be  required. 
These  are  thrown  out  on  the  pastures  daily,  the  animals 
going  to  fold  (weather  permitting)  on  some  of  the  un- 
ploughed  Turnip  or  Mangel  land,  receiving,  when  there, 
chaff  in  the  proportions  of  one-third  hay  and  two-thirds 
barley  or  pea-straw  in  covered  troughs.  On  no  account 
allow  frozen  roots  or  green  food  the  first  thing  in  the 
morning,  or  a  certain  loss  of  lambs  will  be  the  result. 
.Should  the  frost  be  severe",  and  a  run  on  some  rough 
grass  can  be  had,  the  fewer  roots  that  are  given  at  this 
time  the  better  ;  and  in  addition  to  the  chaff  some  Barley, 
Bean,  Clover  seed,  or  pea-straw  put  in  racks  or  between 
hurdles,  afford  occupation  if  but  little  nutriment,  always 
taking  care  that  fair  condition  is  maintained.  I  should 
prefer,  however,  risking  a  lot  th.at  were  too  thin  to  one 
that  had  got  to  the  other  extreme.  Soon  after  the  com- 
mencement of  the  new  year  1  begin  to  eat  off  the  Turnips 
that  were  left  on  the  land,  a  liberal  supply  of  succulent 
food  being  now  indispensable.  Should  the  land  be  too 
wet,  a  remove  must  be  made  to  the  pastures ;  indeed,  a 
change  is  desirable  in  either  case,  both  on  the  score  of 
exercise  and  as  a  cleanser  of  the  wet  and  clogged  feet,  for 
in  the  matter  of  foot-rot  prevention  is  better  than  cure.  A 
few  days  before  lambing  a  dry  pasture  near  home  becomes 
the  feeding  ground,  on  which  is  thrown  out  any  Turnips 
that  may  remain,  with  Swedes  and  Cabbages  ;  the  sleep- 
ing place  a  temporary  yard  with  pens  round  it  for  the 
newly  lambed  ewes. 

The  Treatment  of  Lambs.— \  need  hardly  say  that 
constant  watchfulness  will  now  be  necessary,  but  if  the 
flock  has  been  properly  managed,  has  not  been 
frightened  [by  dogs,  or  allowed  to  break  out,  no  very 
great  difficulty  will  usually  be  experienced. 

Depend  on  it,  when  you  hear  of  great  losses  of  sheep 
and  lambs,  there  is  good  reason  for  it  ;  not  but  what 
difficult  cases  may,  and  will  occur,  which  cannot  be  prac- 
tically treated  upon  paper.  You  may  read  precisely 
how  a  man's  leg  should  be  taken  off.  and  would  then  be 
just  as  capable  of  performing  the  operation  as  you  were 
before.  Wrapping  up  in  a  sheep  skin  is  the  best  cure  for 
a  chilled  or  weakly  lamb,  giving  it  warm  (not  hot)  milk  in 
smallquantities.  This  is  preferable  to  takingit  to  a  fire,  asin 
that  case  oftener  than  not,  its  mother  will  decline  to  have 
anything  more  to  say  to  it.  Sheep  will  eat  Ivy  plucked 
fresh  from  a  tree  when  they  will  touch  nothing  else. 
Should  they  refuse  all  food,  or  take  it  in  insufficient  quan- 
tities, no  time  should  be  lost  in  giving  gruel.  Many  an 
animal  dies  e\ery  season  that  a  weeks  hand-feeding  would 
have  saved.  When  turning  out  don't  put  too  many  young 
lambs  together,  otherwise  they  get  knocked  into  ditches 
and  drowned,  or  perhaps  internally  injured  ;  and  if  you 
have  any  bad  milkers  it  is  better  to  feed  them  high  (lin- 
seed cake  and  malt  chives  are  as  good  asanvthing),  rather 
than  give  the  lambs  cow's  milk,  which  does  not  always 
agree  with  them.  Shutting  up  is  unnatural  to  animals 
so  well  provided  against  the  vicissitudes  of  cli- 
mate, and,  if  persisted  in,  is  sure  to  result  in  loss  of 
wool.  A  piece  of  old  grass  is  mostly  reserved,  and  here 
let  me  turn  aside  from  my  text  for  a  moment  to  remark 
upon  the  utter  senselessness  of  breaking  up  old  grass,  even 
if  second  rate.  Drain,  clean,  and  apply  two  or  three  dress- 
ings of  farmyard  manure,  then  see  if  in  the  average  of 
years  you  are  not  better  off  with  a  proportion  of  meadow. 
It  is  not  very  long  since  I  sold  sound  Wheat  at  3^1.  a  qr,, 
and  I  should  as  soon  expect  to  find  a  hare  on  the  top  of 
the  Monument  as  Twitch-grass  in  an  old  pasture  on 
which  the  ewes  are  drafted  as  their  progeny  become 
strong  enough  to  take  care  of  themselves.  Here  they 
have  chaff  (if  the  weather  is  cold  enough  to  induce  them 
to  eat  It),  Swedes  and  Cabbages,  lying  at  night  if  the 
ground  IS  dry,  but  not  otherwise,  on  the  land  from  which 
the  f.abbages  have  been  removed.  I  have  tried  feeding 
them  where  they  grew,  but  it  resulted  in  so  much  waste 
that  1  gave  up  the  practice.  As  soon  as  a  sufficient  bile 
ot  Italian  Rye-gra.ss  has  sprung  up,  another  remove  is 
made,  roots  being  given  as  well,  as  long  as  they  last,  the 
lambs  going  forward  through  the  hurdles,  and  eating  a 
mixture  of  miller's  offal  and  linseed  cake. 

This  looks  an  expensive  proceeding,  but  it  must  be 
borne  in  mmd  less  of  other  food  will  be  required,  and 
your  animals  will  reach  2S.(.  each  much  sooner  than  they 
would  otherwise  ;  besides,  I  prefer  selling  mine  early. 
I  he  Rye-grass  finished,  the  leas  will  be  fit  for  use,  which 
will  about  bring  us  to  the  point  we  started  from.  Should 
the  breeder,  howe\er,  wish  to  keep  his  lambs  on  after 
weaning,  let  him  take  especial  care  to  put  them  on  fresh 
ground  ;  any  place  that  has  been  grazed  with  sheep  the 
same  season  will  inevitably  ruin  them,  as  I  once  found  to 
niy  cost.  I  have  given  no  opinion  as  to  the  number  suit- 
able for  a  given  extent  of  Land,  because  circumstances 
must  govern  cases.  A  fiockmaster  may  be  his  own  land- 
lord, may  possess  a  lease,  be  under  a  yearly  tenancy,  or 
maybe  prejudiced  in  favour  of  some  particular  kind  of 
stock.  There  are,  no  doubt,  exceptional  instances  to  the 
contrary  but,  in  a  gener.il  way,  it  is  my  humble  opinion 
to  overstock  with  any  one  description  of  animal  will  not 
be  lound  advantageous  in  the  long  run. 

Vou  will  now  probably  be  looking  out  for  the 
balance-sheet— the  ea^^est  thing  in  tlic  world   to  "et 


up — on  paper.  Many  of  you  will  hardly  have  for- 
gotten an  imposing  array  of  figures,  purporting  to  be  a 
farm  balance-sheet  that  went  the  round  of  the  papers 
some  few  years  since,  yet  its  compiler  refused  a  hand- 
some offer  to  allow  three  practical  men  to  test  his 
statements.  I  once  handed  a  bill  back  to  a  tradesman 
with  the  remark  that,  in  copying  it  from  his  books,  he 
must  have  turned  the  sixes  the  wrong  way  upwards. 
I  shall  therefore  merely  say,  in  conclusion,  that  losses 
should  not  exceed  5  per  cent,  per  annum,  and  the  wool 
and  refuse  ewes,  when  fit  for  the  butcher,  oughttoreplace 
the  gaps.  Moreover,  I  should  not  consider  less  than 
27  or  28  lambs  (alive  on  June  i)  to  the  score  a  good 
fall.  In  giving  you  these  few  facts,  I  have  endeavoured 
to  be  as  concise  as  possible.  I  will  therefore  now  leave 
the  subject  in  your  hands. 

Discussion. 
Mr.  KiSTKUCK  said  he  left  the  management  of  his 
flock  chiefly  to  his  man,  and  he  would  advise  flockmasters 
to  get  a  good  man  and  pay  him  well.  Some  people  were 
disposed  to  condemn  the  practice  of  using  Mangel.  His 
shepherd  was  of  the  same  opinion,  and  always  condemned 
them.  Last  year,  however,  he  (^Jr.  Kistruck)  had  no 
Turnips,  and  he  was  obliged  to  fall  back  on  Beet,  and  he 
must  s.ay  that  he  never  had  such  a  fall  of  lambs  in  his  life. 
He  had  nearly  a  Iamb  and  three-quarters  to  every  sheep, 
and  this  fact  rather  induced  his  shepherd  to  think  more 
favourably  of  the  use  of  Beet. 

Mr.  y<.  Wilson  observed  that  he  once  lambed  down 
eight  score  ewes,  and  he  did  not  lose  a  single  ewe,  and 
when  there  were  no  Turnips  they  had  nothing  but  Beet- 
root and  straw. 

Mr.  J.  Mai'T1ii-.\v  said  some  persons  coidd  evidently 
keep  sheep  cheaper  than  he  could.  He  could  do  nothing 
with  sheep  fed  on  Mangel.  He  remembered  that  one 
spring  he  was  badly  off  for  Turnips,  and  he  threw  Beet 
on  to  the  pastures  where  the  sheep  had  lambs,  and  after 
they  had  had  Beet  about  a  fortnight  the  lambs  began  to 
die.  He  discontinued  the  Beet,  and  turned  the  sheep  on 
to  small  Rye,  and  he  did  not  lose  any  more  lambs  after 
that.  He  could  not,  of  course,  attribute  his  loss  to  any- 
thing but  the  use  of  the  Beet.  The  Beet  was  grown  by 
farmyard  manure. 

Mr.  John  Turner  said  he  quite  agreed  with  what  Mr. 
Lingwood  had  said  relative  to  making  ample  provision 
for  lambs  in  the  spring.  He  (Mr.  Turner)  thought  rather 
more  reference  would  have  been  made  to  the  yarding  of 
sheep.  His  plan  was  to  keep  his  sheep  in  the  yard.  He 
began  to  put  them  into  the  yard  about  Christmas  time, 
and  he  kept  them  there  constantly,  occasionally  walking 
them  out.  He  littered  the  yard  night  and  morning,  and 
raked  them  up  with  bean-straw,  pea-straw,  or  witlA'vhat- 
e\er  he  h.ippened  to  have  at  the  time.  He  generally  put 
about  a  third  of  wheat-straw  to  a  third  of  hay,  and  allowed 
the  sheep  to  run  on  a  meadow  an  hour  or  two  in  the  day, 
and  he  never  found  anything  wrong  with  his  sheep  so 
treated.  His  man  was  particular  in  looking  after  them, 
and  if  ho  found  any  that  limped  at  all  they  were  attended 
to  at  once.  He  quite  agreed  with  the  use  of  Beet  for 
sheep.  If  a  beginning  was  made  with  Beet,  care  must  be 
taken  to  keep  on  with  it.  If  the  sheep  were  not  fed  with 
Beet  before  they  lambed,  they  must  not  have  any  directly 
after.  About  six  weeks  before  the  sheep  lambed  down, 
it  was  his  custom  to  give  them  a  certain  quantity  of  Beet' 
and  he  increased  the  quantity  as  they  got  nearer  to 
lambing  time,  and  when  they  had  lambed  down  he  gave 
them  Beet  on  the  pastures.  With  regard  to  the  pro- 
priety of  keeping  breeding  sheep  on  heavy  land,  he  might 
say  that  he  concurred  in  it  if  they  were  treated  in  the 
manner  in  which  he  had  been  accustomed  to  treat  them. 
He  generally  pulled  a  certain  quantity  of  Turnips  off,  and 
he  placed  the  tops  and  tailings  on  one  side,  and  gave  the 
sheep  a  few  occasionally.  He  left  a  piece  of  Turnips  to 
turn  the  ewes  on  shortly  before  thei'  lambed,  but  he  took 
care  to  get  them  into  the  yard  again  before  they  lambed. 
He  occasionally  gave  them  cut  chaft',  malt-combs,  and  if 
he  found  anything  going  wrong  he  gave  them  something 
else.  He  thought  new  milk  was  preferable  to  gruel— in 
fact,  he  never  boiled  any  gruel  for  his  sheep.  He 
perhaps  sometimes  gave  them  some  of  the  old-fashioned 
medicine,  a  little  old  beer  sop.  which  they  sucked  down, 
and  it  was  no  doubt  useful  when  they  were  unwell.  He 
also  found  that  they  did  well  on  a  little  oilcake  mixed  up. 
Mr.  TllOM.\sWooD\v.\Rn  expressed  his  opinion  that  it 
was  desirable  to  keep  ewes  on  heavy  land,  especially  at 
the  present  price  of  lambs  and  mutton,  but  he  was  not 
inclined  to  think  that  it  was  desirable  for  a  man  to  keep 
all  ewes  on  heavy  land,  it  was  much  better  to  keep  a 
certain  quantity  of  ewes  and  grazing  sheep  as  well.  He 
had  tupped  a  few  hoggets,  and  sold  them  out  as  couples, 
and  been  pretty  successful.  He  had  now  taken  to  shear 
lings  and  3-shear.  Hissystemwastoprovideliberallyforthc 
ewes,  similar  to  the  plan  adopted  by  Mr.  Lingwood.  He 
(Mr.  Woodward)  questioned  whether  they  ought  not  to 
keep  a  flock  of  ewes  more  economically  than  was  fre- 
quently done  by  growing  roots  on  heavy  land.  The  great 
point  to  arrive  at  was.  how  to  keep  the  ewes  at  a  cheap 
rate.  He  thought  that  after  the  ewes  had  been  tupped, 
and  the  tup  taken  away,  they  might  be  kept  eight  or  ten 
weeks  at  a  little  cost,  and  he  considered  the  svstem  of 
keeping  them  in  the  yard  with  dry  food  the  right'one,  but 
previously,  and  after  they  had  lambed,  he  liked  to  be 
liberal  with  his  keep.  He  had  the  lambs  which  he 
bred,  and  his  practice  was  to  have  half  the  white 
Turnips  pulled  up  and  heaped,  and  he  went  to  the  ex- 
pense of  cutting  for  his  hoggets  about  half  what  they 
required  ;  they  would  pick  up  the  rest,  and  the  ewes 
followed  after.  His  ewes  had  no  corn  or  cake,  but 
they  had  all  the  straw  they  could  eat,  and  when  the 
straw  was  good  they  required  but  little  hay.  T.wes  were 
great  consumers,  and  unless  care  was  taken  they  would 
soon  ran  away  with  the  feed.  He  had  400  acres  of  land, 
and  he  kept  about  20  score  of  sheep.  He  had  about 
75  acres  of  pasture.  If  a  man  wanted  to  get  his  lambs 
up  quickly  he  must  feed  them  liberallv.  He  had  them 
so  that  they  paid  i^v,  each  in  Mav. 


Mr.  M.  Mu.MFORii  observed  that  when  the  seasons 
were  favourable,  he,  like  his  neighbours,  could  make  good 
plans,  but  the  difficulty  was  to  know  how  to  manage  in 
dry  se;\sons  to  keep  the  sheep  from  going  back.  Mr. 
Mumford  then  spoke  of  stock-keeping  in  connection  with 
the  length  of  tenure,  and  he  expressed  his  opinion 
that  the  tenants  did  not  get  the  length  of  tenure 
they  had  a  right  in  fairness  to  expect,  in  order 
to  give  them  the  opporlunites  of  effecting  im- 
provements. Many  a  tenant  reasoned  thus  :— "  My 
landlord  is  a  good  fellow,  and  will  not  put  me  out.  "  But 
money  was  a  great  temptation  with  the  rich  as  well  as 
with  the  poor,  and  if  another  person  offered  a  higher 
rent,  in  consequence  of  the  improvement  which  had  t  iken 
place  in  the  land,  it  was  a  great  temptation.  He  once 
did  some  good  draining,  when  his  neighbour  said, 
"Won't  you  be  cured  the  first  dressing?"  That 
land  had  been  drained  many  years,  and  it  did  well : 
but  he  never  did  any  more.  When  he  did  this  he  felt 
that  he  was  a  tenant  for  life ;  but  afterwards,  when 
he  felt  that  he  was  not,  he  held  hard.  It  remindeil 
him  of  the  fox  and  the  Grapes.  The  fox  liked  the  look  nf 
the  Grapes,  and  jumped  high  to  get  them.  Had  he  felt 
that  he  was  a  tenant  for  life,  he  should  have  had  another 
jump,  but  he  felt  that  he  was  not,  and  that  it  was  wrong 
for  him  to  go  to  this  expense. 

The  discussion  then  turned  upon  the  treatment  of  the 
ewe  at  the  time  of  lambing,  Mr.  T,  Lingwood  expressing 
an  opinion  that  there  were  many  lambs  lost  through  the 
ignorance  of  the  person  in  attendance  at  the  time  of 
lambing  ;  and  Mr.  Sutton  remarked  that  the  great  error 
made  was  in  being  in  too  great  a  hurt)-. 


S^ntias  0f  '%m\%, 

The    Present    Aspect   of   the    Land    Question. 

[Colnfen  Club  Essays^  second  series,  1 87 1 -2.)  By 
William  Fowler,  M.P.  Cassell,  Fetter  &  Galpin. 
"  I  believe  we  have  no  adequate  conception  of  what 
the  amount  of  production  might  be  from  a  limited  sur- 
face of  land,  provided  only  the  amount  of  capital  were 
sufficient."  These  words  of  Richard  Cobden  are  the 
text  from  which  a  weighty  discourse  is  here  given  us 
by  Mr.  Fowler.  We  simply  call  the  attention  of  our 
readers  to  the  existence  of  this  essay,  that  they  may,  if 
they  please,  procure  and  read  it  for  themselves.  A 
recent  debate  on  the  subject  of  it,  to  which  Mr.  Fowler, 
the  author  of  this  essay,  contributed,  is  reported  in 
another  page,  and  the  occasion  of  it  may  he  used  to 
direct  attention  to  this  essay,  from  which  we  make  the 
following  extract  :— 

**JThere'are,  of  course,  cases  where  a  fee-simple  owner 
is  poor,  and  yet  clings  to  his  acres  ;  but  these  are 
exceptional.  Such  a  man  will  generally  sell,  and  get 
rid  of  his  difficulty.  But  the  limited  owner  cannot  do 
this,  and  it  stands  to  reason  that  it  is  amongst  them 
that  we  must  look  for  the  poor  owners,  of  whose  pre- 
valence Mr.  Caird  thus  spoke  20  years  ago  : — 

"  *  In  every  county  where  we  found  an  estate  more  than 
usually  neglected,  the  reason  assigned  was  the  inability  of 
the  proprietor  to  make  improvements  on  account  of  his 
incumbrances.  We  have  not  data  by  which  to  estimate 
with  accuracy  the  proportion  of  land  in  each  county  in 
this  position,  but  our  information  satisfies  us  that  it  is 
much  greater  than  is  generally  supposed.  Even  when 
estates  are  not  hopelessly  embarrassed,  landlords  are 
often  pinched  by  debts,  which  they  could  clear  off  if  they 
were  enabled  to  sell  a  portion,  or  if  that  portion  could  be 
sold  without  the  difficulties  and  expense  which  must  now 
be  submitted  to.'  * 

"It  may  well  be  doubted  whether  the  number  of  poor 
owners  is  materially  decreased  since  1851,  if  it  be  true 
that  70  per  cent.t  of  the  whole  cultivated  area  of  the 
country  is  still  in  the  hands  of  limited  owners  holding 
under  settlements. 

"This  argument  receives  a  striking  illustration  in  the 
history  of  those  instances  where  land,  once  hamperetl 
by  strict  settlement,  is  freed  from  this  incubus,  and 
held  by  a  man  who  is  encouraged  to  make  improve- 
ments by  the  sense  that  he  will  himself  reap  the  fniils 
of  his  labour  and  risk.  Take  the  case  to  which  I 
referred  last  session  in  the  House.  A  property  in 
Sussex  was  purchased  in  1810  for  ;,^50,ooo,  or  there- 
abouts, and  placed  in  strict  settlement.  So  it  remained 
until  1S50,  when  it  had  become  so  reduced  in  condi- 
tion, through  neglect,  that  it  was  sold  to  the  present 
owner  for  ^^25,000.  He,  being  a  man  of  capital  and 
enterprise,  has  so  improved  it  that  recently  he  was 
offered  /'75,ooo  for  the  same  estate.  Another  remark- 
able instance  was  mentioned  by  Mr.  Bright  in  18(18.  In 
a  speech  delivered  in  the  House  of  Commons  on 
March  13,  1868,  he  spoke  as  follows  : — 

"  '  The  other  day  I  was  driving  in  the  county  of  .Somer- 
set, and  I  was  passing  two  villages  called,  I  think,  Rodney 
Stoke  and  Bleadon,  and,  seeing  a  great  appearance  of 
life  and  activity,  I  disked  the  driver  what  was  to  do  there. 
He  said,  "This  is  where  thegreat  sale  took  place."  1  said. 
"WhatSiile?"  "The  sale  of  the  Duke's  properly."  "What 
duke?  "  I  asked.  "  Why,  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  It 
was  about  15  years  ago.  All  the  properly  was  sold  here- 
abouts :  the  people  bought  the  farms,  and  you  never  saw 
such  a  stir  as  is  going  on  in  this  neighbourhood.  .Ml  these 
new  houses  have  been  built  since  then  ;  "  and  he  pointed 
them  out,  and  showed  me  that  the  new  owners  were  culti- 
vating very  considerable  tracts  of  land,  which  in  former 

"  r.n^i^tiib  A/^riciittiirr  in  1850-51.  p.  495, 

t  This  was  ttie  estimate  made  many  years  ago  Ijefure  Mr, 
PiKfTv's  committee.  I  have  no  means  of  chei-king  it.  So  f.ir  a-^ 
'  1  ham.  it  wniild  seem  to  l)e  rather  iiiuier  dinn  over  Ihc 
mark.  ^ 


f<\tuirj  ^J,  1872.) 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


269 


LT^  hill  Kvrr  beta  culUralcd  at  all.  The  appearaDct 
rf  \bf  vilbjM,  in  short.  »•«  such  as  to  astonish  every 
prnon»ba|uaed  through  them,  being  so  wholly  different 
M  rlut  ihKh  you  wouW  see  in  any  other  part  of  the 
ovxatry.  Now.  what  had  happened  here?  The  great 
nuie  of  an  ctntnnassed  duke  had  been  divided,  and 
vil  H;  had  not  been  tabbed.  The  land  had  been  paid 
(,r,  the  tenants  were  in  possession,  the  old  misel^>le 
J.o«rlj  hsj  been  puUaJ  down,  new  houses  had  been  built, 
t^  flew  life  had  been  given  to  the  whole  district.' 

"  ( tta  not  sure  whether  in  the  case  of  ^^r.  Proul,  of 
Si«l>ridc"""^''.  menlioned  in  the  Timej  iti  November, 
i5,"ft  the  land  had  been  entailed  before  he  bought  it ; 
bet  his  case  is  an  astonishing  proof  of  what  may  be 
JoBC  in  ihe  way  of  improverotnL  He  purchased  450 
jcm  of  land  a  few  years  since  for  /l  5,000,  and  last 
«ir  (oU  the  crops  as  they  stood  on  the  land  for  more 
ikn  /5000,  which  gave  him  1  very  handsome  profit 
ifta  (layuc  '^'  '"^  ^  interest  on  outlay.  * 

"  It  would  be  easy  to  multiply  sach  instances.  All 
till  is  itnuired  is  that  they  should  become  far  more 
camttoBi,  which  they  wouM  be  were  the  land  made 

itillr  fttt.  . 

"  \Ve  have  lio  returns  shoving  what  is  the  condition 
of  the  ittlled,  as  compared  with  the  unsettled,  estates ; 
but,  ipeiVing  of  the  country  as  a  whole,  I  suppose  few 
•ill  deny  that  the  condition  of  the  land  held  by  fee- 
simple  owners  is  incomparably  superior  to  that  of 
csjjiei  held  by  tenants  for  life  under  settlements, 
except  in  those  Instances  where  these  have  borrowed 
nooey  »t  a  heavy  peisonal  sacri6ce.  In  almost  every 
coosideable  district  are  to  be  found  cases  of  most 
UoeaUble  neglect,  and  it  is  not,  I  think,  a  rash  asser- 
ina  to  uy  that  yery  rarely  are  the  owners  of  such  pro- 
rrrua  tree  fnjm  the  trammels  of  the  law.  They  are, 
tram  nrious  causes,  embarrassed,  and  the  kindness  of 
lior  inctstots  prevents  them  from  getting  nd  of  their 
bonicns  by  disposing  of  their  land  to  those  who  could 
resiott  it  to  its  proper  condition.  It  b  not  necessary 
Ibf  oy  argument  to  assert  that  no  entailed  estates  are 
wtll  Binaged  and  improved  by  the  expenditure  of 
ample  apitaL  Some  of  the  largest  estates  in  England 
—u  those  of  the  Dukes  of  Northumberland  and  Bed- 
feri,  the  MaiKjais  of  Westminster,  and  the  Eail  of 
Uietstet— thoueh  in  great  part  settled  on  tenants  for 
life,  are  thoroughly  well  handled.  Such  noblemen  have 
tbuKhnt  funds  wherewith  to  make  every  outlay  which 
oa  be  maired  on  their  estates,  and  an  ample  margin 
ftwn  whidi  to  provide  for  younger  children,  and  per- 
(jcm  evoy  other  duty  demanded  by  their  high  station. 
Muyndia  have  been  improved  under  the  various 
Improveioent  Acta,  and  this  process  is  now  going  on 
wiii  imreasod  rapidity.  But  the  question  recurs— are 
eat  nch  cases  ciceptional?  What  is  the  prevailing 
cnndiiionof  things? 

"  We  hare  no  statistics  as  to  the  state  of  drainage ; 
vtknow  that  much  has  been  done,  and  that  much  more 
rttuini  to  be  done.  Neither  hare  we  distinct  evidence 
u  10  the  present  condition  of  farm  buildings.  Twenty 
foa  ago  Mr.  Caird  spoke  of  them  as  follows : — 

"  *  If  the  farmers  of  England  are  to  be  exposed  to 
nuirenal  competition.  Ihc  ludlords  must  give  them  a  fair 
ctunx.  If  uiey  refuse  to  part  with  the  control  of  their 
fvoperty  for  ibe  endurance  of  a  lease,  they  must  Ihero- 
sdvts  make  snch  permanent  improvements  as  a  tenant  at 
wis  ii  not  justified  in  undertaking.  The  farmers  of  that 
(wt  of  the  Continent  nearest  our  shores  have  far  belter 
Kraomodition  (or  their  stock  than  the  majority  of 
ttiMi  tenants.  The  substantial  and  capacious  farmeries 
J^pn^olland,  the  North  of  France,  and  the 
Riousti  provinces  contrast  most  ^voorably  with  the 
'um^iiB^  common  in  most  English  counties.'  t 

■■The  mconvenieni,  ill-arranged  hovels,  the  rickety 
jTO^lhitch  bams  and  sheds,  devoid  of  every  known 
"JJProraneDt  for  economising  labour,  food  and  manoie. 
J°ir  ^  '"">e  met  with  in  every  county  of  England,  and 
TOO  "luth  anything  else  U  exceptional  in  the  Southern 
?™a  are  a  repioich  to  the  landlords  in  the  eyes 
StvL, 5.  '*?™'™'"  »''<"«  ""'"^  One  can  liardly 
^^^  "^.*  "^"  °'  "*"««  "  permitted  to  exist  in 

S.^TS^'*'"^'^ With  accommodation 

SmSS  ?„^  rtqturementi  of  a  past  century,  the  farmer 
^^;o  do  hU  best  to  meet  the  necessities  of  the 

tiiLS^^"^'  since  185,,  bnt  no  one  wiJl,  I 

°2;^W&ra  huiduig,  a«  stiU  ■  bad '  in  by  far  the 
i!j-  ■""  °'  '^^  country.  J 

ErirfiL  ^"T"  '^  ^  ''"«  feco^and  excel- 
» «d  J^  ^  "*,""'  ?«»  where'ihe  estate 

'*  l»b^^l^!I~,*^  that  there  shall  be  abundance 
"-^•S^Hjer"^'  "^  -!«"  "his  TitS 

"  '<  b  2i^a^"v^°^  «  neglected. 
;!!l^;^  other  oases  besides  the  povertT 

^     '■■      ••      ••       "  ^    ^"^ 

**■*.  it  tlJO 

^'^ipcat"       **       **        •'    ""° 


•■&Si;:si5t^."«-5.", 


'""""-^^i^'J.'o^*"- 


n.  iSyt. 


■    ;Ci<ao 

t  niid,p.  4,0. 


of  owners  have  led  to  the  depreciation  of  cottages. 
There  is,  for  instance,  no  doubt  that  the  old  law  of 
"  settlement  "  encourageii  many  owners  and  occupiers 
to  get  rid  of  cottages.  But,  allowiiig  lor  these  cases, 
a  perusal  of  the  report  of  the  Commissioners  appointed 
to  inquire  into  the  condition  of  women  and  young 
children  employed  in  agriculture,  will,  I  think,  con- 
vince any  impartial  reader  that  the  principal  and  pre- 
vailing cause  of  that  roost  lamentable  deficiencT  of 
good  cottages  which  they  describe  in  every  part  of  the 
kingdom,  is  the  poverty  of  the  proprietors  of  the  soil. 

"  Building  cottages  is  notoriously  a  bad  investment 
for  a  man  who  loolu  for  a  direct  return,  and  a  man  who 
looks  for  an  indirect  return  in  the  improved  condition 
of  his  property  must  be  a  man  of  capital.  The  tenant- 
farmer  cannot  be  expected  to  build  them,  and  the 
tenant  for  life,  unless  he  be  very  wealthy,  cannot  thus 
invest  his  income.  So  the  cottages  are  not  built,  and 
Mr.  Portman,  one  of  the  Assistant  Commissioners 
(Second  Report,  Appendix,  p.  45),  speaks  as 
follows  : — 

"  '  Some  may  say  that  this  question  of  the  dwellings  of 
the  poor  in  agricultural  districts  is  a  passing  question  of 
the  hour,  and  that  it  b  not  really  so  great  an  evil  as  is  re- 
presented. I  would  answer,  Go  into  the  country  and  .see 
for  yourself.  Use  your  common  sense,  and  call  to  mind 
the  effect  of  absenteeism  on  Ireland ;  and  then  say 
whether  or  not  in  those  portions  of  England  where 
poverty  and  misery  arising  from  the  same  cause  meet  you 
at  every  step,  there  is  not  urgent  reason  for  dealing  with 
the  evib  now  existing  by  some  legislative  enactment, 
which  shall  put  an  end  to  a  state  of  apathy  and  indif- 
ference in  many  holders  of  encumbered  estates,  and  open 
the  doors  for  the  spending  of  capital  on  the  land  by  those 
who  are  able  in  the  place  of  those  who  are  now  unable 
to  do  so.^ 

"The  view  thus  indicated  is  ftilly  sanctioned  by  Mr. 
Culley,  another  Assistant  Commissioner,  and  an  agri- 
culturist of  great  exjierience  :^ 

"  '  What  then,'  sap  he.  '  has  led  to  the  state  of 
labourers'  dwellings  being  such  as  to  justify  men  in  speak- 
ing of  it  as  a  national  disgrace  ?  And  why  are  so  many 
landowners  powerless  to  dral  with  it  ?  If  I  were  to  answer 
these  questions,  judging  fiT>m  the  history  of  the  estates  1 
have  visited,  I  would  answer  at  once,  the  encouragement 
given  by  law  to  the  creation  of  limited  interests  in  land, 
and  the  power  of  entailing  burdened  estates.  \Vhat  can 
the  poor  life  tenant,  especially  if  his  estate  is  burdened, 
do  towards  providing  cottages  for  his  labourers?  Nine 
times  out  of  ten  he  strives  to  do  his  duly,  and  suffers  fully 
as  much  as  the  lU-bouscd  labourers  on  his  estate.' 
(P-  95)  •■ 

We  strongly  advise  our  readers  to  procure  and  study 
Mr.  Fowlers  essay. 


Farm  Memoranda. 

KiNSALE,   Oswestry. — Fint-Prixt  Dairy  Farm. 
[We  now  conclude,  from  p.  235,  the  report  concerning 
this  farm,  extracted   from  the   Journal  ff  the  Royal 
A^icultural  Society  of  England^ 

Afanurt!. — The  amount  aimually  expended  in  arti- 
ficial manures  and  feeding  stufis  is  as  under  : — 

£    '■  J. 

Bones,  and  Laves'  superphosphate       . .  300    o  a 

1  .ioseed  cake            96    o  a 

Indian  Com  and  Beans 301  1 1  10 

Pea* 3i  13  6 

Malt-combs  and  fazan        65    o  o 

Grains           38    4  o 

Lime 33  iz  o 

Horsa. — Seven  cart-horses  are  employed,  and  those 
of  the  best  quality  for  the  purpose  ;  dunng  the  season 
of  working  they  are  allowed,  in  equal  portions,  bran 
and  Indian  meal,  70  lb.  per  week  for  each  horse  ;  in  the 
sommer  they  ore  tamed  ont  to  grass  ;  at  the  time  of 
our  visit  they  were  on  grass,  and  in  high  condition. 

The  com  is  all  mown  by  the  sc)-the,  and  principally 
by  task -work.  It  is  made  ready  for  carting  at  a  cost  of 
8r.  per  acre,  and  is  threshed  by  a  steam-machine  hired 
for  the  purpose. 

Labour. — The  laboni  account,  including  the  maid- 
servants employed  in  the  house,  amounts  to  ^'349  4/. ; 
this  comprises  the  wages  of 

6  ttien,'48  weeks.  la/.  per  week. 
6  men.  4  wcckj,  3«f.  per  week. 
3  boys,  with  boaru,  91.  ^.  per  week. 
3  "?»Mr,  with  board,  9X.  td.  par  week. 

Fences. — The  management  of  the  fences  is  ezceQent, 
and,  under  the  drcnmstances,  great  credit  is  due  to 
Mr.  Clay,  for  in  the  place  of  WTiilethom  they  ore  com- 
posed of  Hazel ;  they  are  very  neat,  and  the  pains 
taken  to  shore  them  np  with  grass  sods,  greatly  adds  to 
their  appearance,"  as  well  as  their  benefit ;  theyoie  kept 
trimmed,  and  ore  a  pattern  to  the  district 

The  present  appearance  of  Mr.  Clay^s  farm  and  the 
amount  of  stock  tipon  it  furnish  concInsiTC  evidence  of 
the  bene6ts  to  be  derived  from  a  liberal  and  jodicioiis 
use  of  artificial  manures  and  feeding  stnl&  In  this 
particular  ^^"^  it  has  enabled  the  farm  to  carry  more 
than  double  the  amount  of  stock  that  it  did  formerly ; 
and  it  has,  we  should  say,  nearly  quadrupled  the 
money  value  of  the  total  produce.  When  ^(r.  (Hay 
entered  upon  this  farm,  seven  years  ago,  it  was  in  so 
poverty-stricken  a  aondilion  that  it  hsu  been  for  some 
time  without  a  tenant,  and  its  present  improved  state 
is  due  to  the  enerny  and  enteipcise  of  the  tenant,  en- 


couraged and  assisted  by  a  landlord  in  whom  he  places 
implicit  confidence. 

Dairy  Management. — The  following  remarks  on  llie 
dairying  have  been  written  by  our  colleague,  Mr. 
Jackson  : — 

The  household  consist,  besides  two  younger  children 
at  school,  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Clay,  and  a  son  and  two 
daughters  from  20  to  35  years  old,  a  dairy.help,  a  dairy- 
vessel  cleaner,  and  a  housemaid.  Mrs.  Clay  early 
divided  with  her  mother  the  duties  of  the  dairy,  as  do 
now  her  daghters  with  her,  by  a  pleasing  weekly  inter- 
change—alternately one  week  assisting  to  secure  do- 
mestic comfort,  and  the  next  sharing  the  heavier  woik 
of  the  dairy. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cby's  duties  begin  at  6  A-M.  in  sum- 
mer ;  all  the  others  require  to  be  at  their  posts  at 
4.30  A.M.  Fires  have  to  he  lit  in  the  kitchen  cooking- 
range,  to  prepare  for  breakfast,  and  under  the  vessel- 
boiler  to  heat  the  previous  evening's  milk.  The  18 
pans  of  milk — about  50  lb.  each — have  first  the  cream 
to  be  removed,  and  then  carried  with  stretched  arms,  to 
avoid  waddling,  to  the  cheese-tubs  in  the  dairy,  where  the 
two  dean-scoured  cheese-tubs  have  been  brought  from 
the  dairy  vessel  shed,  together  with  ladder  and  milk- 
sieve  :  the  vessel  boiler  is  filled  irith  clean  water,  and  one 
pan  of  milk  put  to  heat,  in  order,  with  the  new  milk, 
to  bring  np  the  temperature  in  both  tubs  to  82*  or  84* ; 
and  this,  Sundays  not  excepted,  has  all  to  be  done 
before  5  o'clock  every  morning,  from  which  hour  one 
of  the  Misses  Clay  and  the  other  maids  are,  until  about 
6.30  A.M.,  employed  in  milking,  with  Mr.  Clay,  jun., 
and  the  cowman. 

The  cream  from  the  evening's  milk  having  been 
carefully  warmed,  and  equally  distributed  in  the 
cheese-tubs,  and  the  temperature  of  the  whole  of  the 
milk  in  both  tubs  having  been  brought  to  82*  to  85° 
Fahr.,  according  to  the  state  of  the  atmosphere,  an 
egg-cup  filled  with  Fulwood's  Liquid  Annatto  is  put 
into  each  tub,  when  the  rennet  is  added.  This  rennet 
had  the  preceding  day  been  separately  prepared  for 
each  tub,  by  cuttine  two  small  strips  from  each  of  three 
"  veils  "  or  "  bag- skins  "  (the  salted  and  dried  stomach 
of  a  calf  that  had  never  fed  except  on  milk) ;  and  each 
set  of  strips  had  been  soaked  in  abont  a  pint  of  warm 
water  for  24  hoars.  When  the  milk  in  both  tubs  has 
been  well  stirred  with  the  rennet  and  colour,  the  lids  or 
wooden  covers  are  pot  00,  and  left  to  stand  until  coagu- 
lation has  taken  place,  namely,  in  from  60  to  go 
minutes,  and  while  breakbst  intervenes. 

%VIien  the  new  curd  is  perfectly  formed,  a  card- 
breaker  is  passed,  slowly  and  carefully  at  first,  and 
then  more  rapidly,  through  the  newly  formed  custard 
of  both  tubs.  By  about  8.30  A.M.  the  curd  has  sunk 
and  the  whey  come  to  the  surface,  the  dairy  servants 
having  previously  lifted  out  of  the  furnace  or  whey-pon 
the  two  cheeses  made  the  previous  dapr,  weighing  with 
the  vats  nearly  100  lb.  each,  deposited  them  in  the 
presvroom,  and  well  cleaned  the  whey-pan.  The 
whey  from  both  cheese-tubs  is  easily  removed  with  one 
of  Mr.  Manock's  patent  newly  invented  "  whcy- 
pumps,"  or  separators,  and  with  a  tin  tube  from  the 
pump  to  the  whey-pan.  This  operation  occupies  4$ 
minutes,  until  the  pumping  ceases,  and  the  cnid  is 
removed  to  the  drainer,  when  both  tubs  are  trundled 
oat  to  the  vessel-shed,  to  be  scoured  and  scalded,  and 
pat  to  sweeten  ready  for  the  next  moming.  It  is  but 
simple  justice  to  say  that  not  a  spot  is  left  on  the  floor. 

"The  drainer  is  an  oblong  trough  or  vat  on  wheels, 
patented  by  Mr.  Comes,  of  Barbridge,  Cheshire,  and 
took  a  priie  at  Oxford  last  year.  In  this  trough  the 
card  is  cot  up  with  the  hand,  on  the  old  plan,  instead 
of  with  the  curd-mill,  turned,  pressed,  and  ultimately 
separated  into  small  partides,  to  allow  the  whey  to 
drain  freely  from  it.  The  curd,  when  sufficiently  dry, 
is  put  into  the  vats.  Salt  is  mixed  with  the  curd  to 
the  taste  of  the  dairymaid ;  but  with  a  view  to  ascerta'm 
the  proportion  of  salt  to  curd,  both  were  weighed  on 
the  last  day  of  our  inspection,  and  the  result  was  I  lb. 
of  salt  to  35  lb.  of  curd,  when  dry  for  vatting.  On 
that  day,  thus  was  done  by  1 1  o'clock. 

Daring  the  time  taken  up  as  described  in  break'mg 
the  curd  and  vatting  the  cheese,  the  temperatore  of  the 
whey  in  the  furnace,  or  whey-pan,  rises  by  about  10.30 
A.M.  to  175*,  when  the  cream  begins  to  rise  to  the 
surface  in  fine  curds,  called  fleetings,  which  are  re- 
moved carefully  with  a  skimmer.  When  a  pot  and  a 
boU^  say  about  12  goUsl,  has  been  thus  obtained  for 
churning,  and  the  heat  has  risen  to  180*,  a  coarser  kind 
is  taken,  techtticxUy  oUed  "men's  fleetings,"  becotue 
they  serve  the  men-servants  or  labourers  for  breakfast, 
and  are  very  ojitritious.  The  heat  having  steadily  risen 
to  185*,  a  still  coarser  kind  is  token,  uid  this,  when 
hot,  is  mixed  with  f^Hjan  nieol  and  oilcake  for  rearing 
calves,  which  do  exceedingly  well  upon  it. 

As  soon  as  the  fleetings  have  all  been  taken,  a  tap  is 
turned,  that  connects  the  funuce  by  a  pipe  .with  a 
cistern  in  the  pig's  food-house,  into  which  the  whey 
passes,  and  becomes  food  for  pigs,  on  which,  with 
Indian  meal,  they  grow  and  fatten  welL 

The  cheese  is  either  so  well  managed,  or  the  pastures 
are  so  favourable  to  the  cheese  drying  under  press,  that 
but  one  lever  and  four  stone-presses  ate  used,  and  six 
cbeesesare  onder  press,  i.  e.,  three  days'  moke  down- 
stairs, two  being  made  per  day.  Thus  the  taming 
press  is  a  light  aftiir  (compared  with  the  ordinary  cue 
of  10  to  15  cheeses  ooder  press),  and  occupies  only 
about  30  minutcL  The  two  cheeses  that  are  tokm 
from  noder  press  have  their  edges  nicdy  pared,  and 


270 


The  Gardeners'   Chronicle  and  Agricultural   Gazette. 


[Febnuiy  14,  1871 


the  sides  are  traoothed  with  a  hot  iion  ;  and  thb 
process  on  both  cheeses  occupies  Mn.  Cby  oTtr  one 
boar,  and  is  very  nicely  done.  TTie  cheeses  npstairs, 
althoogh  70  or  80  lb.  each,  are  firm,  and  look  well, 
notwiihstajxliiig  that  they  are  only  turned  twice  a-week. 
The  fodder<heese  had  been  sold  previoos  to  our  visit 
«t  Tai. — a  very  extreme  price  for  this  spring.  Mra. 
Clay's  cheeses  have  taken  vaiioos  prizes  at  the  local 
shows,  and  one  of  the  lots  exhibited  at  Wolverhampton 
this  year  was  highly  commendoi  ;  and,  on  conferring 
with  the  judges  of  cheese,  nre  learned  that  the  samples 
only  reqoiird  time  to  matiue  and  become  fine.  \Ve 
tasted  one  of  the  older  cheeses,  which  was  rich  and 
mild  as  cream,  and  equal  to  the  best  Stiltoa 

The  dairy,  milk-room,  press-room,  and  dairy- 
tcnllery,  are  well  adapted  to  their  purpose.  Even 
while  the  work  is  being  done  their  neatness  and  clean- 
lineo  are  marvellous,  and  the  domestic  department  has 
an  air  of  comfort  aikl  taste  rarely  to  be  found  in  associ- 
ation with  domestic  dairying,  and  only  attainable  where 
there  are  daughters  to  divide  the  duties,  and  soiScient 
dairy  servants  to  do  the  heavy  dairy  work. 


Chatteris:  fei.  17.— A  dull  damp  week,  but  not 
much  raixL  Threshing  Barley  two  days,  and  dressing 
same  part  of  two ;  riddled,  put  into  sacks,  and  delivered 
Potatos ;  put  into  sacks  and  delivered  Carrots.  Ploughed 
for  Oats  three  days.  Cut  fallows  across  wheredesigned 
for  Mangels  and  Kohl  RabL  Two  men  dig  Twitch  ; 
two  dip  Quicks  ;  two  cut  down  hedges,  when  not 
threshing.  Dry  weather  much  needed  for  spring  seed- 
ng.     Began  lambing ;  ewes  in  yards.  A.  S,  X. 

North  Wilts  :  //*.  19.— Weather  at  the  beginning 
of  the  week  was  favourable  for  outdoor  operations,  but 
the  rain  which  fell  at  the  end  of  the  week  has  stopped 
the  plonghing  for  Peas  and  Barley.  The  cattle  in 
boxes  are  having  cake,  meal,  roots,  and  bay,  and  the 
store  cattle  are  having  roots  and  straw  and  hay  chafT 
mixed.  We  have  about  130  lambs,  and  the  ewes  and 
Iambs  are  healthy,  and  doing  very  well.  Fattingsheep 
are  still  on  Swedes  and  cake,  and  in  some  cases  it  is 
very  wet  lying  for  them.  The  fatting  pigs  are  having 
meal  and  milk.  £.  W.  M. 

Vale  of  Gloucester  :  Feb.  tg.— A  great  quantity 
of  rain  fell  on  Saturday  and  Sunday,  or  sowing \vheat. 
Beans,  and  Peas  would  now  have  been  general ;  some 
were  got  in  pretty  well  the  end  of  the  week,  and  as  the 
land  is  mostly  ploughed  up  we  only  wait  for  favourable 
weather  to  proceed  with  spring  sowing.  A  large  breadth 
of  land  is  again  under  water,  and  the  heavy  clays  in 
the  neighbourhood  intended  for  Wheat  must  now  be 
given  up.  Lambing  commenced  about  the  nth,  and 
is  Doing  on  favourably  ;  both  ewes  and  larola  strong 
ana  healthy.  The  ewes  have  been  allowed  orily  a 
small  quantity  of  roots  for  several  weeks  ;  serions  losses 
have  occurred  in  many  places  from  giving  too  many. 
Threshing  and  cleaning  Oats,  cutting  chad,  ditching, 
and  attending  to  stock  has  been  the  chief  manual  labour 
of  the  week. 

West  Gloucester:  Fib.  2a— A  tiir  breadth  of 
land  has  during  the  past  week  been  sown  with  Wheal, 
Beans,  and  other  spring  com,  but  the  heavy  rain  of 
Satnrdajr  and  Sunday  has  again  put  a  stop  to  iiuthcr 
proceedings  for  a  few  days.  We  have  this  week  dis- 
posed of  some  of  the  fat  cattle,  the  primest  quality 
realising  about  75J.  per  cwt.,  secondarv  sorts,  yor.  per 
,cwt.  ;  store  cattle  are  selling  at  extraordinary  high  rates ; 
milch  cows  and  springing  heifers  are  in  good  demand, 
the  latter  selling  from  £.\%  to  ^24  per  head.  J.  W. 

SeOdiksture :  FA.  2a— The  weather  more  settled, 
and  drier.  The  land  getting  into  a  more  workable 
state.  For  10  days  past  men  n>d-bore«s-have  been 
employed  in  cartir^  stones  for  dyke  to  enclcee  newly 
reclaimed  field,  and  repairing  roads.  Stubble  and  lea 
ploughing  finished,  but  most  of  the  Turnip  land  to 
plough,  partly  owing  to  the  late  wet  weather.  Threshing 
and  attending  to  cattle  ajid  sheep  engage  the  other 
hands  on  the  farm.  Sheep  are  still  selling  at  extreme 
prices,  but  cattle  have  declined  about  Ir.  per  stone  of 
14  lb.  during  the  last  month.  Turnips  have  kept  well, 
and  will  be  more  plentiful  during  the  spring  months 
than  for  some  years  past.  W.  S. 

South  Northtunberland.— 
Fcbb  L4.— Cotd,  dull  daf.    Cutiog  faxnyanl  '^""g 
„    15. —Cold  wet  dav.    Cuujigdo. 

„    ifl.— Cold    day,  heafy  niow-tbower  afteraooa.      t^artinc 
0»l%  and  Potam  fioni  ud  delivering  Potatos  10 


„     IJ.  — tmeday.     OLrtxil](  farmy%ni 
..     1^  — Fine  mild  day.     Omnf  d& 
„    aa—Fioe  spring  day,    (^arusg  da 


Cartxil][  farmyani  duQ^ 
lo. 
[do. 

General:  Feeding  cattle  and  cuttingSwedes  for  hoggets. 
Prospective :  Finish  carting  dang.  A.  W.  D. 

North  Riding  of  Yorkshire  :  Ftb.  20.— Week's 
work  has  consisted  of  two  days'  lea  ploughing,  and  the 
remainder  carting  out  dun^  and  other  jobbing  work. 
Rain  has  fallen  almast  daily,  and  dry  weather  greatly 
needed.  Sheep  on  Turnips  continuing  to  do  uadly. 
To-day,  threshing  Wheat ;  sample  and  yield  both  in- 
different,  and  some  sprouted  grains  found. 

East  Lothian  I  Feb.  2a — The  weather  daring  the 
past  week  was  all  that  could  be  desired,  both  for  plough- 
ing and  other  opeiotious  being  performed  on  the  farm ; 


Turnip  land  is  being  turned  over  as  quickly  as  pos- 
sible, so  that  it  may  get  a  touch  of  frcst  if  it  does 
come:  The  work  done  during  the  past  week  besides 
ploughing  has  t>een  mostly  picking  Potatos  and  carting 
same  to  station.  Threshing  Wheat  and  Beans,  top- 
ping and  tailing  .Swedish  Turnips,  and  carting  same 
home  for  the  cattle.  The  work  likely  to  be  done  is 
ploughing  Turnip  land,  sowing  Beans  and  Vetches 
(the  land  has  been  too  wet  hitherto  for  the  sowing  of 
Beans) ;  threshing  Bailey  and  Oats,  to  get  seed  for 
sowing ;  carting  Turnips,  also  artificial  manure  from 
station,  and  se«l  Potatos  from  same.  Young  Wheat 
looking  well,  stock  healthy.  Spring  Wheat  being  sown 
on  a  great  many  farms,  and  a  few  Beans  have  uready 
been  sown.  H.  B. 

Chalk  Land  Farm,  Berkshire:  FA.  21.— Plant- 
ing of  Peas  and  Oats  continued  as  fast  as  the  land  is 
ready  and  the  weather  will  permit.  Several  persons  in 
this  neighbourhood  have  not  planted  all  their  Wheat, 
as  they  could  not  get  the  Taraips  fed  off,  but  it  is 
getting  late  in  the  season  for  doing  so,  and  will  not 
come  to  a  very  heavy  crop,  unless  we  have  a  good  deal 
of  rain  during  the  spring  and  summer.  I  do  not  expect 
there  will  be  the  average  acreage  of  Wheat  sown  this 
year.  We  have  hail  a  few  fine  days  for  threshing 
lately,  which  were  very  acceptable,  as  we  have  had 
few  opportunities  for  doing  so  since  the  new  year  set 
in,  J.  H. 

West  Sussex  :  FA.  19.  —  Farming  is  still  at  a 
stand.  With  longer  days  the  sun  will  help  us  if  he 
can  get  at  us,  which  he  seldom  does.  Everything  is 
growing,  and  there  is  no  fiiilure  in  either  Wheat  or 
Clover,  both  are  very  promising.  Spring  com  of  all 
kinds  will  now  be  got  m  as  soon  as  possible.  Roots 
are  being  fed  ofi  or  destroyed  as  quickly  as  stock  can 
be  made  to  do  so.  It  was  supposed  at  one  time  that 
hay  would  be  very  dear,  but  the  mild  open  winter  has 
altered  that,  and  there  is  a  great  quantity  still  standing, 
and  most  of  it  is  of  an  inferior  quality  ;  some  of  it  is 
very  bad,  and  only  the  best  is  saleable,  and  that  at  a 
lower  price  than  usual.  Last  season  taught  many  how 
to  do  with  less  hay,  and  this  year  the  Oat  and  Barley 
straw  was  so  good  that  it  took  the  place  of  hay  to  a 
large  extent,  and  in  the  spring  bad  bay  is  so  unpalat- 
able to  stock  that  a  good  deal  of  it  will  be  of  little 
use.  Lambing  goes  on  slowly  but  without  loss,  but  it 
is  likely  we  shall  have  a  great  many  barren.   G.  S. 


arluts. 


MARK  LANE. 
MoKDAT,  Feb.  19. 
With  a  moderate  supply  of  Englibh  Wheal  there  was  a 
good  demand  for  dry  samples,  at  eitreme  prices,  but  out- 
ot-condilioned  samples  were  very  diflicult  of  sale.  There 
waj  a  good  attendance,  and  a  fair  retail  demand  for 
foreign  at  late  rates,  with  the  exception  of  American, 
which  brought  rather  more  money.  Barley  was  a  slow 
sale,  and  French  li.  per  qr.  cheaper.  Beans  and  Peas 
were  oocbanged  in  value.  The  Oat  trade  was  steady, 
at  the  prices  of  this  day  se'noighL  There  was  no 
alteration  in  Flour. 


Price  per  imperial  Qi'ARTKK. 
Wheat.    Essex,  Kcdc,  Suffolk. .White 

—  fiae  selected  mns <Io. 

—  Talavera 

—  Norfolk    

—  Foreian    

BaRLEV,  eruid&di5L,36<10  3u..Chev. 

ForeteQ..eTiodini'  and  distilling 
^  "  ffolV 


Oats,  Essex  and  Sufii 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire.  ■  Potato 

—  Irish :..  Potato 

—  Fortign Poland  and  Biew 

RVB 

RvR-MKAL,    Foreien 

Beans,  Maza2aa>.>-3U.  to  34<...Ti£k 

—  Pigeon 37'- to  58*.  ..Windi 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  White-,  £«e«, and K£Dt*.BoUen 

—  -     Alaple,  36*.  to  jS/. Grey 

Maize 

Flaub,  best  marks  deliTcred..pa'sack 

—  sd  ditio ditto 

^    Foreign per  banxJ 


S5-*o  Red 'ss-sS 

58— 63  Red 57-59 

60-64I  I 

—     Red - 


3^'40  Malting  . 
aS — 31  Malting  . 
ao— a3 

»S-a7  Feed  ... 
«4— a6  Feed  . . . 
'  Feed  ... 
Foreign  . 


3>— 33 
34—49 


4»— 44 
3»— ♦» 


33—38 


20—33 
14—19 


34-49 


Harrow  . 

Longpod 

Egyptian.  '33—34 

,SimbIk    .,'41 — 44 

34— 36'Fareign  ..  36—44 

--      foreign  ..'31—33 

44-50  ' 

40— 43, Country  ..'40—43 

a4— 38,Persadc..  3S-60 


WeDMBSDAT,    FcU    31.    ; 

A  quiet  but  steady  tone  prevailed  iii  the  grain  trade 
to-day,  owing  to  the  return  ot  more  settled  weather.  The 
supply  of  English  Wheat  was  small,  but  there  was  a  good 
show  of  foreign,  the  samples  genenUly  being  in  indiflfercnt 
conditioii.  Trade  ruled  quiet,  but  rudly  dry  parcels  com- 
manded full  rates.  Malting  Barley  was  in  fair  request,  on 
former  terms,  bat  grinding  qualities  were  duD  of  sale. 
Malt  changed  hands  slowly,  on  former  terms.  Oats  and 
Maize  were  inactive,  but  no  v-ariation  took  place  in  prices. 
Beans  and  Peas  were  neglected.  In  Flour  there  was 
Utile  doing,  and  the  tendency  of  the  quotations  was 
downwards. 


Arrivals  OF  Orai.n,  &c.  into  London  bv  Water  Carriacs. 

Wheat. 

Barley. 

Ous. 

Hour. 

EnglUli  & 
Scouli.. 
■mil 

Foreijpi  .. 

5J<» 

jiTO 

i    1940 

1     -    UL. 

»JO      1       51™ 

.     •  7.370 

Liverpool,  Feb.  aa— The  business  in  Wheat  was  to 
a  fair  eitent,  and  prices  were  firm,  at  id.  to  a^.  for  6ne 
Amcricaa  red  winter,  i4f.   for  spring,  and  \d.  per  cental 


advance  for  white  descriptions  on  the  rates  of  this  da^ 
week.  Flour  quiet.  Peas  and  Egyptian  Deans  61^  per 
qr.  lower.  Indian  Com  in  moderate  consumptive  dcmaad, 
at  previous  prices. 


\Vhcjt. 

E»il«y. 

Oux 

Jan.   13  .. 

—  JO  .. 

—  JT  .. 
Feb.     3  .. 

—  10  .. 

—  17  .. 

«'  I* 
ii    8 

55  10 

56  0 
SS     4 
SS     7 

36llii< 
37     • 
37  »• 

3|     ' 

.i'6 
s>    1 
aa    6 
31    9 

•3    0 

Average      . . 

iS     7 

37  ■' 

a   1 

METROPOLITAN  CATTLE  AfARX£T, 
MoNDAv,  Feb.  19. 
The  supply  of  Beasts  is  unusuaDy  short,  and  the  wealho' 
is  favoarable.  consequently  trade  is  brisk,  at  advancel 
rates.  The  number  of  Sheep  is  about  the  same  as  of  lat^ 
but  owing  to  the  improved  condition  of  the  dead  mariiet, 
the  demand  has  Increased,  and  higher  prices  are  realised; 
in  some  instances  our  top  quotations  are  exceeded.  Tbere 
are  some  choice  Lambs  on  o6fcr,  making  very  higb  pricEv 
Choice  Calves  are  scarce  and  dear.  Our  foreign  snpfi; 
consists  of  420  Beasts,  4730  Sheep,  and  80  Calv^; 
from  Scotland  there  are  no  Beasts ;  from  IreJand, 
lOo  ;  from  Norfolk  and  SufTolk,  iioo ;  and  600  from  tbe 
Midland  and  Home  Counties. 


Best  Scots.  Here- 
fords,  &c. 

Beit  Shortbonu  . . 

3d  quaLty  BcasU 

Best  Downs  and 
Half-bmla 

Da  Shorn 


/.  d.    ».d\ 


Best      Long-wools  6  loto?  j 
4tos     8     Da  Shorn  ..  —  ,, 

Ewes  &  3d  (Quality  j    »— ^  0 
Da  Sbora  ..  —  ,. 

Lamb*       —  '' 

Calves  ..  4    4-6  I 

Piai  ..        ..  3   i_5 


-5 

8-4 


7     3—7    6 


Ucasls,  3330  :  Sbccp  and  Lambs,  15,530 ;  Calves,  toz  ;  Pip,  nl, 
Thobsdat,  Feb.  33. 
The  number  of  Beasts  is  rather  larger  than  last  Thuo- 
day,  bnt  the  demand  is  good,  and  Monday's  prices  are 
readily  obtained.  There  are  also  a  few  more  Shtep; 
choice  qualities  are  still  in  demand,  at  high  rates,  but 
trade  Is  rather  dtUl  for  inferior  descriptions.  Tbe  Calf 
trade  is  not  so  brisk  as  of  late,  and  on  the  average  prices 
are  lower.  There  are  100  Milch  Cows  on  offer;  ptictj 
for  them  are  rather  lower.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  trf 
335  Beasts,  3830  Sheep,  and  74  Calves. 
d. 


Best  Scots,  Uere- 
fords,  &c,  .• 

Best  Shordioms . . 

3d  quality   Beasts 

Best  Downs  and 
Halt-breds 

Do.  Shorn 


».d 

4to$  8 
3—5  4 
8—4    8 

3-7    6 


id.  t.d. 
Best  Long-wooU  6  10107  ■ 
Do.  Shorn  , .       ..  —  ., 

Ewes  &  3d  quality    5    0—6  g 
Do.  Shorn  ..      ..  —  .. 

Lambs       _  .. 

Calves       ,.        ..     4    o~6  4 
Pigs  ..    3    8-5   * 


Beasts,  990 ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  6340;  Calves,  171 ;  Pigi;  ^ 


HA  Y,—Per  Load  oj^^  TrusiU. 

SftiiTKnELD,  Thursday,  Feb.  sa. 

Prime  MeadowUay,  7;<.to87X.  dcr/eTt  old     ..     ..tiv.toii6r. 

iDferiordo.     ..     ..60        70  loferior  do 80      in 

Roweo     40        6s  Primezdcutda    ..   -~       — 

Inferior  do.     ....  —        —  Inferior  da    ....  —      — 

Straw      16        45 

Cuubebland  Maeket,  Thursday,  Feb.  33. 

Sup.  Meadow  Hay  Qz/.toioor.  •■  Inferior  Qovcr     ..  Sft.taitoL 
Inferior  do.   ..     ..70  84     I  Prime  zd  cut  da  ..  —        — 

New  da        ....  —         —      New  da     ..        ..  —        — 

Inferior  do,   . .      . .  —  —       Straw     40         45 

Superior  Qov«r  ..130        130    I  Joshita  Bakol 


METROPOLITAN  MEAT  MARKET,  Fti.  aa. 

Best  Fresh  Butter         i^t.  per  dozen  th. 

Second  da  da  ..         ..         ..     141.        „ 

Snail   Pork,  4s.   4i£.  to  4s.    xoi£. ;  Large  Potk,  y.  id.  to 
4J.  id.  per  8  lb. 


.  HOPS. 
BoKoucH  Market,  Feb.  at. 
Messrs.  Pattenden  &  Smith  report  that  the  demand 
for  all  classes  is  of  a  very  retail  nature,  prices  remaining 
nominally  unchanged.  Continental  markets  are  firm,  aod 
stocks  t>oth  here  and  abroad  arc  in  a  vcr^  oaimv 
compass. 

SEED  MARKET. 

Tbere  is  now  more  doing  in  our  GoarkeLs.  We  have  an 
increasing  home  demand,  and  the  export  trade  for  Ftaoce 
still  continues.  Values  of  all  kinds  of  red  Cbiver  seed 
remain  steady  ;  for  anything  choice  in  English  seed  bigfa 
prices  are  asked.  White  Clover  and  AlsUce  are  without 
alteration.  Trefoil  seed  most  be  noted  a  Uttle  cheapa. 
For  Rapeseed  we  have  a  somewhat  improved  inquiry. 
Mustard  seed  is  in  slow  request  Spring  Tares  now  tnore 
off  pretty  freely.  Perennial  Grasses  are  ir.  per  qr,  deam'. 
Hemp  and  Canary  seed  are  unchanged  in  value.  Seed 
Oats  are  in  good  demand.  The  trade  for  Peas  does  not 
improve.  JouN  Shaw  &  Sons,  Seed  Merchants, 

37,  Mark  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


COALS.— Ftb.  31. 


West  Hartley,  aoj.  3X  ;  Walls  End  Harton,  aot  hi. ; 
Walls  End  Hetton,  aaj. ;  Walls  End  Hetlon  Lpos, 
2DX.  td.\  Walls  End  Hawthorn,  aoL  3</.;  Walls  End 
South  Hetton,  ai/.  &/.  ;  Walls  End  Hartlepool,  atx  3!; 
Walls  End  KeUoe,  aor.  9<f.;  Walls  End  East  Hartle- 
pool, au.  61/.— Ships  at  market,  34  ;  sold,  H ;  ^  k>i  S^ 


February  24,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


27i 


Notices  to   Correspondents. 

Books  :  Uliliias.  Any  bookseller  will  give  you  a  list  of 
the  publications  of  the  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of 
Useful  Knowledge. 

Imports  for  January  :  R. 


Principal 
Articles. 


ADimals,  living- 


and 
No. 


and 


cwt. 


O.ven, 

Bid  Is 
Cows  . . 
Calves. . 
Sheep 

Lamb; 
Swine  . . 
liacon 

Beef— Salted 
Slightly  salted, 
or  Fresli 
r.iitler     . . 
Cheese    . .        . . 
Com  —  Wheat  — 
From  Russia.. 
Denmark 
Germany 
France 

Austrian  Terri- 
tories 
Turkey       and 
W.illarhla 
and     Molda- 


Egs-pt . . 
Vnited    States 
Chili     .. 
British     Nortl: 

America 
Other  countries 
Barley     . , 
Oats 
Peas 
Beans 
Indi.an   Corn, 

Maize  . . 
\\  heat  meal  and 
Flour — From 
Germany 
France 
United  Slates 
British     North 

America 
Other  countries 
Indian  Corn  Mea) 
E;^^  gl.  hds 

Fl.ix  (dressed  and 
undressed)  and 
Tow  or  Codilla 
of  Flax       cwt. 
Guano    . .     tons 
Hams      . .     cwt. 
Hemp     (dressed 
and  undressed) 
and     Tow     or 
Cedilla  ol 

Hemp  —  From 
Russia 
Italy    .. 
Austrian  Terri- 
tories 
British  India  . . 
Philippines,  the 
Other  countries 
Hops 
Jute 
Iird 

Meat,  unenumer- 
ated  — Salted 
or  Fresh     . 
Preserved  other 
wise  than  by 
Salting 
Nitre,  Cubic 
OU    Seed    Cakes 
[tons 
Pork — Sal  ted  {not 
Hams)    cwt. 
Fresh  . . 
Potatos  . . 
Saltpetre 
Seeds   —  Clover 
and  Grass 
Cotton         tons 
Flaxseed    and 
Linseed     qr. 
Rape    .. 
Wool.  Sheep  and 
Lambs' — From 
countries        in 
Europe  lb, 

British        Pos- 
sessions      in 
South  Africa 
British  India , . 
Australia 
Other countries 
Alpaca,    Vicuna, 
and  Llama     . .  | 
Yeast,  dried  cwt. 


Quantities. 


1 87 1. 


4,290 
756 
4S4 

10,670 

1,048 

83,374 

38,633 

39 
79.831 
59,122 

1,169,978 

1,520 

14,365 

28,286 

4,771 


108,936  I 


1872. 


1.SS4.587 
21.305 

114,656 
7.364 
439,468 
312,982 
33.022 
158,031 


681,105     >, 340,687 


4.045 

3,898 

747 

31.573 

874 

172,858 

19,763 

4,861 
98.737 
34.658 

2,672,814 

19,298 

157.217 

9.560 

580 


69,287 
270,767 
S45.018 

79,200 

56,230 

52,314 

1,165,674 

829,177 
41. 00s 

307,948 


Value. 


1871. 


1872. 


16,951 

240 

341,698 

1,432 

29.377 

605 

51.087 


21,778 
31.507 
1,609 


20,472 

J.  375 
2,207 

13,780 
4,697 

10,021 
252,597 

50,812 


2,896 


13,327 
184,200 

17.290 

34.770 
4.831 
1,081 


47,961 
11.542 

132,968 
50,156 


2.390.758 


1,058,211 
2,221,945 
;o,33i,8o8 
1,789.854 

183,682 
10.S3' 


69.425 
10,060 
55.585 

878 

84,1:06 

770 

■75,477 


136,774 
9,893 
10,612 


2,910 
25,172 

8SS 

7S7 

5,722 

14,203 

16,111 

589,008 

1  92,629 

6,043 


52,701 
343,987 

9,807 

26,407 

999 

77,347 

72.384 

63,101 
11.713 

187,031 
61,859 


3.301,787 


2.463,787 

959,960 

24,092,138 

1,696,638 

246,952 
11,704 


I 

72,359 
11.175 
2,036 

20,800 

3,°97 
212,403 
90,621 

108 
376,292 
185,375 

647,007 

930 

7,990 

15.741 

2.096 


60,940 

880,164 
10,805 

68,631 
4,133 
169,300 
111,676 
13.323 
72.255 

256.306 


14,221 

160 

268,486 

1,312 

22.575 

303 

22,9.2 


64.477 

383,022 

5.632 


3.454 
2,875 

37,110 
6,788 

28,695 


77.465 
55,368 
2,447 

63,891 

3,104 

370,643 

34,885 

11.173 
517.239 
100,036 

1.570,546 

12,418 

105,290 

4,800 

380 


56.4|;o 
141,616 
355,o!3 

49,000 

36.66s 
30,561 
459,263 
304,068 
18,703 
125,334 

503,975 


64.174 
8,614 
4S.575 

774 

80,529 


362.954 
87,845 
29,930 


4,Sii 
54,251 

1,653 

915 

12,306 

25,574 

103.935 


264,316 
128,553 

593,096 
219,469 

9,479 

15,797 

41.578 
136,408 

126,070 
283,519 

171,672 

100,814 

i2,6o6 

57,825 
2,270 

222 
39.406 

15,987 
86,164 

132,051 
104,606 

179,950 
102.867 

384,013 
146,760 

574,753 
168,669 

109,031 

166,595 

55,535 
75,874 
570,436 
63,419 

156,652 

37.9"9 

1,459.996 

82,392 

20,628 

36,368 

35.775 

28,394 

Locomotive  Engines  ;  J.  P.  There  was  an  essay  on 
this  subject  from  the  experienced  hands  of  Mr.  }.  H. 
Ransome,  of  Ipswich,  in  a  volume  of  the  English 
Agricultural  Society^ s  Journal.  Whether  it  has  since 
been  published  we  do  not  know,  but  it  was  printed 
afterwards  in  a  pamphlet  form,  and  may  possibly  be 
procurable  at  Orwell  Works,  Ipswich. 

Lord  Warwick's  Sewage  Farm  :  Mr.  Clifford,  of 
Emscote,  near  Warwick,  has  addressed  to  us  a  letter 
(in  reply  to  Mr.  D.  Toughs  note  of  last  week),  the 
publication  of  which  must  unfortunately  be  delayed. 

Sedge  in  Grass  :  G.  S.  The  sedgy  patches  in  your 
orchard  had  better  be  pared  and  burnt  and  dug.  and 
resown  with  grass  seeds.  In  any  extent  of  grass  land 
the  prevalence  of  sedgy  patches  would  indicate  poverty 
and  weakness,  and  the  land  should  be  drained  and 
manured.  Bone-dust  or  superphosphate,  in  an  ordinary 
compost  of  farm  dung,  will  promote  the  growth  of  Clover 
and  useful  grasses,  and  sedge  will  gradually  disappear. 


L 


.55  " 


^^^t  R0l5,^ 


CRASS  SEEDS 


Descriptive  Lists^      . 
Qratts  :Fost  Fre^^^'^flf 


CARRIAGE  FREE 


as  supplied  to 
The  aXTEEN  and  the  PRINCE  of  "WALES. 


CARTER'S 

Mixtures  of  Grass  Seeds, 

For  PERMANENT  PASTURES, 
Carefully  arranged  to  suit  the  various  conditions  of  Soils. 
j(_(H  Carriage  Free. — Per  acre. 

For  Light  Soils,  30j-.  to  32^. 
For  Medium  Soils,  30^.  to  32J. 
For  Heavy  Soils,  30.V.  to  32.^. 
Second  Quality,       2.2.S,  to  28i. 

Carter's  Grass  Seeds 

AT   ALDEKSIIOT    CAMP. 

Evidence  of  Quality, 

Lately  received. 

Ff-om  Col.  Laitan,  R.E.,  .lldcrshct 

Camp. 

"  Colonel      LafTan      presents      his 

compliments    lo    Messrs.   C.  &  Co., 

and  bc^;s  to  inform  them  that  all  the 

Grass  and  Clover  Seeds  supplied  by 

them  to  the  War  Office,  for  use  at 

Aldcrshot  last  year,  have   succeeded 

admirably'.      Last  year  a   very   ^'ood 

crop  of  excellent  hay  was  produced 

on  what  had  previously  been  a  barren 

saiid." 


CARTER'S 

Renovating  Mixture 

RENEWING  and  IMPROVING 
OLD  GRASS  LANDS. 

This  Mixture  is  composed  of 
those  sorts  of  Permanent  Grass 
Seeds  and  Clovers  that  are  best 
suited  for  Sowmg  on  Old  Pas- 
tures or  Meadows,  and  it  will 
speedily  improve  the  quality 
and  increase  the  produce. 
During  the  past  dry  seasons 
we  have  supplied  immense 
quantities  of  this  Mixture,  and 
continue  to  receive  the  most 
gratifying  reports  of  its  value 
in  increasing  both  quantity  and 
quality  of  the  Grass  produced. 

(8/^.  to  12  lb.  per  acre  will 
he  found  sufficient,  according  to 
ike  condition  of  the  turf.) 

Price,  per  lb.,  \od.  ;  per 
cwt.,  86j'.     Carriage  Free. 

CARTER'S 

MIXED   CLOVERS 

and  Rye-grasses, 

Or  "SEEDS." 
For  Alternate  Husbandkv. 

Per  acre. — s.  d. 
CLOVERS   and  RYE-GRASS 

only,  lo  lay  one  year  .,14     o 

CLOVERS   and   GRASSES  to 


15    o 


CLOVERS   and   GRASSES  to 

lay  two  years  . .         . .   18    6 

CLOVERS   and   GRASSES  to 

lay  three  or  four  years       . .  24    o 

CLOVERS    only,    to    lay    one 

year      . .        . .  135.  to  14    6 


Evidence  of  Quality. 

Lately  received. 

From  T.  G.  Bl'RCHAM,  Esq., 

Hcasham,  Lynn. 

"  The  Grass  Seeds  1  had  of  vou  for 

three  years*  lay  are   admirable,  and 

continue   to   produce    me   wonderful 

crops,  paying  better  than  Corn." 


Before  Laying  Down   Land  to  Grass,  read 

CARTER'S 

Illustrated  FARMERS'  CALENDAR, 

Post  Free,  td.     Gratis  to  Customers. 


JAMES  CARTER  and  CO., 

SEEDSMEN  to  the  QUEEN  and  the  PRINCE  of  WALES, 
237  and  238,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  LONDON,  W.C. 


Save  your  Plants  £roiu  tlie  Froat.  ri  1 1  r^  u 

MARRATTS       SELF  -  REGIS;:-;'^^^" 
THERMOMETER,  for  .Markinc  how  Cold   -'"^    '"    '"''' 
tellinc  tlic  Present  TcnipLTaturc.     No  Ijardencr  shoulc 
I'ricc  ij.,  or  by  post,  ij.  ^i,  '   Cornhill, 

MARRATT,  Optician,  63,  Kin^;  William  Street,  London  Bn(]f;c, 


B 


ROWN'S         FLORAL        SHADING. 

A  Protection  to  Fruit  Trees  from  Frost,  &c. 
Samples  and  prices  on  application  to 
CHARLES  BROWN.  Greenheys,  Manchester. 


RUSSIA  MATS.— A  large  stock  of  Archangel  and 
Petersburg,  for  Covering  and  Packing.  Second  sized  Arch- 
angi.l,  loos. ;  Petersburg,  60s.  and  805.  ;  superior  close  Mat,  45s.,  505., 
and  555.  ;  packing  Mats,  201.,  305.,  and  351.  per  100;  and  every  other 
dcscri|Hion  of  Mats  at  equally  low  prices,  at 

J.  IJLACKliURN  AND  SONS,  Russia  Mat  and  Sack  Warehouse, 
4  and  5,  Wormwood  Street,  E.G. 

RUSSIA    MATS,    for   Covering  Garden  Frames.— 
ANDERSON'S  TAGANROG  MATS   are  the  cheapest  and 
most  durable.     Price  List,  which  gives  the  size  of  every  class  of  Mat, 
forvt'arded  post  free  on  application. 
J  AS.  T.  ANDERSON,  7.  Commercial  Street,  Shorcditch,  London. 

Russia  Mat  Merchants. 

MESSRS.  G.  D.  MARENDAZ  AND  FISHER, 
importers  of  ARCHANGEL  and  ST.  PETERSBURG  MATS, 
dealers  in  TANNED  GARDEN  NETTING,  TIFFANY,  LABELS, 
TARRED  and  other  TWINES,  LINES,  &c. 

9,  James  Street,  Covcnt  Garden,  London,  W.  C. 

TANNED  GARDEN  NETTING,  One  Penny  per 
square  yard,  for  Prote^-ting  Seed  Beds,  Peas,  Fruit,  Straw-  ^ 
berries,  &c.,  from  Birds,  Frost,  Blight,  &c.,  and  as  a  Fence  for 
Fowls— in  1,2,  3,  and  4  yard  widths.  HEXAGON,  TIFFANY, 
and  other  NETTING;  GALVANISED  WIRE  NETTING,  PEA 
HURDLES,  SEED  PROTECTORS,  &c. 
C.  WRIGHT  AND  CO.  (late  376,  Strand,  London),  Newark-on-Trent. 


NETTING  for  FRUIT  TREES,  SEED  BEDS, 
RIPE  STRAWBERRIES,  &c,-TANNED  NETTING  for 
Protecting  the  above  from  Frost,  Blight,  Birds.  &c.,  2  yards  wide, 
2d.  per  yard,  or  100  yards,  qqs  ;  4  yards  wide,  6d.  per  yard,  or  50  yards, 
205.  NEW  TANNED  NETITNG,  suited  for  any  of  the  above 
purposes,  or  as  a  Fence  for  Fowls,  2  yards  wide,  6d.  per  yard ;  4  yards 
wide,  IS.  per  yard  ;  3^-inch  mesh.  4  yards  wide,  is.  (m.  per  yard.  Also 
TIFFANY.  Can  be  had  in  any  quantity  of 
EATON  AND  DELLER,  6  &  7,  Crooked  Lane,  London  Bridge,  E.C. 


Protection  for  Fruit  and  Flowers. 

GARDEN  MATS,  12s.  per  bundle  of  10;  TANNED 
NETTING,  2  yards  wide,  i%d.  per  yard;  4  yards  wide,  3*/.  per 
yard.  SCRIM  CANVAS,  for  Shading,  in  widths  of  i  yard,  iJi  yard, 
and  2  yards,  at  4d.  per  square  yard.  Tl  FFAN  Y,  in  pieces  of  30  yards, 
38  inches  wide,  5s.  per  piece.  Parcels  of  the  value  of  ^3  and  upwards 
delivered  carriage  paid  by 

.N  AND  CO., 


HENRY  VAN  and  ( 


17,  Tooley  Street,  London  Bridge,  S.E. 


PRESERVE   YOUR   TREES 
From  Frost  and  Birds. 


PATENT   COTTON    NETTING   (ij  yards  wide)    for 

the  protection  of  Fruit  Trees  and  Tender  Plants  ayainst  Frost, 
Hail,  and  Wind  ;  also  against  Wasps  and  other  insects. 

FRIGI    DOMO    (2  and   3  yards   wide) :    an    excellent 

protection  from  Frost. 

COTTON    BUNTING   (38  inches  wide):   a  good  and 

light  material  for  shading. 

SCRIM   CANVAS   (36  inches  wide) :   the  best  material 

for  Greenhouse  Shades  ;    light,  cheap,  and  durable. 

BROWN    LINEN   (6  feet  wide) :    strong   and  effective 

for  Conservatory  Shades. 
STRIPED  MATERIALS  for  Blinds,  Linen  and  Cotton  ; 

a  variety  of  patterns  and  colours. 

TANNED    NETTING.— A  large  quantity  of  Repaired 

Netting,  for  the  preservation  of  Fruit  Trees  and  Seed  Beds  from 
Birds,  at  2d.  per  yard,  2  yards  wide. 

Also    NEW    TANNED   NETTING,    2  yards  wide,  in 

pieces  of  90  yards  in  length. 

Samples  and  Price  List  on  application. 


Address  BENJAMIN  EDGINGTON  {in  full), 

Marquee,   Tent,    Rick   Cloth,    and   Flag   Manufacturer, 

2,  Duke  Street,  London  Bridge,  S.E. 

No  other  Establishment. 


ET.  ARCHER'S  "FRIGI  DOMO." 
•  — Patronised  and  used  for  Frogmore  and  Kew  Gardens.  It  is 
made  entirely  of  I'repared  Wool,  and  a  perfect  Non-conductor  of  Heat 
or  Cold  where  it  is  applied. 

PROTECTION  AGAINST  the  COLD  WINDS  and  MORNING 

FROSTS. 

WOOL  NETTING,  2  yards  wide,  is.  6.f.  per  yard. 

"  FRIGI  DOMO  "   CANVAS. 

Two  yards  wide i J-  lo^-  per  yard. 

Three  yards  wide ar.  lo-i-  per  yard. 

""  '        '  '  ""   lOii.  per  yard. 

■d. 

and 

Z\id.  per  yeird. 

ELISHA   T.   ARCHER,  Only  Maker  of  "Frigi  Domo,"  3,  Cannon 
Street,  City,  E.C.  ;  and  of  all  Seedsmen  in  London  or  the  Country. 

Notice.— REMOVED  from  7,  Great  Trinity  Lane. 


1  nrce  yaraa  wme ^'.  lut.  jj'-'  }=""■ 

Four  yards  wide 3S-  lO"^-  pc"  y^d. 

SCRIM  C.'^NVAS,  72  inches  wide,  70 yards  long.sJ^rf  \oZYid.  per  yard 
HESSIAN    CANVAS,  do.,  do.,  54  and  73  inches  wide,  f^ii.  and 


RALPH      WALLER      AND      CO., 
45,  Dale  Street,  Manchester. 
MANUFACTURERS  of  all  kinds  of  GARDEN   NETTING,  &c. 

The  serious  injury  done  every  spring  to  Fruit  Crops  by  frost  has 
proved  to  every  Gardener  the  absolute  necessity  of  providing  some 
ProEection  to  the  Trees  early  in  the  year.  If  the  blossom,  in  its 
earliest  development,  be  but  slightly  weakened  by  frost,  the  vitality  of 
the  fruit-germ  is  destroyed,  and  the  fruit  lost.  In  this  climate,  on  the 
average  of  a  century,  there  is  not  more  than  one  year  in  nineteen  when 
the  protection  is  unnecessary.  Many  fabrics  have  been  tried  for  this 
purpose  of  protection,  with  more  or  less  success;  and  we  may  now 
say,  without  fear  of  contradiction,  that  we  have  succeeded  in  manu- 
facturing the  only  fabric  which  is  altogether  unobjectionable  for  this 
purpose.  Without  unduly  nursing,  it  effectually  protects  the  young 
germ,  and  does  not  impede  the  action  of  light  and  due  circulation  of 
air.  Some  other  fabrics  do  this,  and  thus  weaken  the  vitality-  of  the 
tree  altogether.  Almost  every  large  grower  in  the  three  Kingdoms 
can  testify  to  these  facts. 

HOTHOUSE  SHADING  of  various  thicknesses,  superior  to  any 
other  yet  discovered  for  lightness,  strength  and  durability,  standing, 
as  it  docs,  all  weathers. 

Testimonial  from  RoBERT  Warner,  Esq. 

"  I  have  had  the  netting  No.  6  on  my  Orchid-house  for  eighteen 
months,  and  I  find  it  now  in  very  good  order,  and  likely  to  last  as 
many  more  months,  and  I  intend  to  use  it  on  all  my  houses  in  future. 
being  well  satisfied  both  as  to  its  lasting  qualities  and  also  as  to  the 
shade  it  gives,  which  is  sufficient  to  prevent  burning,  and  yet  not  thick 
enough  to  keep  out  the  light,  as  the  ordinary  strong  shading  stuffs  do  ; 
indeed,  it  is  suitable  for  shading  any  kind  of  plants.— J?m7;«^^W, 
F(b.  13,  1871." 

TIFFANY  of  various  kinds  always  on  hand.  NETTING  and 
SHADING,  in  pieces  30  yard  long,  ijf^yard  wide.  TIFFANY,  in 
pieces  20  yards  long,  38  inches  wide.  For  prices,  fitc,  apply  to  the 
above  atldrcss—         45,  Dale  Street,  Manchester. 


27 


>72 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[February  24,   1S72. 


Cha  nge  of  Address. 


the  sides  ar^"^^'^'^"^'y  *^°  intimate  tliat,  after  February  i, 

_        1     .tr  Apparatus  branch  of  my  Business  will  be  carried 

process  on  btT*iM.'-^^---"  •     ■■-      -'..     . 


process  on  OfTiMAS'jONES.David  street",  Manchester, the  Inveiuor 
hour,  ar^^-:KMINAL  saddle  boiler,"  to  whom  I  have  handed 
I  .  .  the  liusincss.  In  ihankinf;  my  Patrons  for  past  favours,  may  I 
*'^"k  a  contiuance  of  the  same  to  Mr.  Jones,  who  will,  I  am  sure,  give 
r  "entire  satisfaction  ? 

J.  IRELAND,  Edward  Street,  Broughton  Lane,  Manchester. 

HAVING  TAKEN  to  the  BUSINESS  of  HOT- 
WATER  APPARATUS  MANUFACTURER,  hitherto 
carried  on  by  Mr.  J.  Ireland,  Edward  Street,  it  will  in  future  be 
conducted  by  me  at  the  following  address.  Bein^  the  Inventor  and 
Patentee  of  the  "  Terminal  Saddle  Boiler,"  and  having  made  the  sub- 
ject of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  my  special  study  for  many  years,  I 
trust  by  personal  attention,  and  promptitude  in  executing  all  com- 
mands with  which  I  may  be  favoured,  to  secure  a  continuance  of  the 


UIR  J.  PAXTON'S  HOTHOUSES  for  the  MILLION, 
to  Reduced  Price  Lists  free.  A  Pamphlet,  with  Views  of  these  and 
other  Glass  Roofs,  for  three  stamps.— HEREMAN  AND  MORTON, 
14,  Tichborne  Street,  Regent  Quadrant,  London,  W. 


Patronage  so  long  enioycd  hy  my  predecessor. 
THOMAS  JONES,  I        '    " 


David  Street,  Manchester. 


JONES'S    PATENT     "DOUBLE     L"    SADDLE 
BOILER. 


The  Patent  Imperisliable  Hothouse. 

AYRES'S  PATENT. 

GLASS,  IRON,  and  CONCRETE. 
Before  building   a   Plant   or   Fruit   House  of  any   kind,   send   six 
stamps,  and  obtain  the  Illustrated  Prospectus  of  the 

IMPERISHABLE  HOTHOUSE  COMPANY, 

Newark-on-Trcnt,  Notts. 

MANAGER— W.  P.  AYRE5,  CM.R.H.S., 

Imperishable  Hothouse  Company,  Newark-on-Trent. 

Plans,  Specifications  and  Estimates  supplied  upon  the  shortest  notice. 


These  Boilers  possess  all  the  advantages  ol  the  old  Saddle  Boiler, 
with  the  following  improvements,  viz.  j  the  water-space  at  back  and 
overtop  of  saddle  increases  the  heating  surface  to  such  an  extent 
that  a  "Patent  Double  L  Saddle  Boiler"  will  do  about  twice  the 
amount  of  work  with  the  same  quantity  of  fuel  ;  the  cost  of  setting  is 
also  considerably  reduced,  and  likewise  the  space  occupied;  at  the 
same  time  these  Boilers  are  simple  in  construction,  and,  being  made 
of  wrought  iron,  are  not  liable  to  crack.  They  arc  made  of  the  following 
sizes : — 


High. 


3?  ' 
48  , 


Sizes. 

Wide. 

Long. 

iSin. 

iSin. 

i3  „ 

24   .. 

iS  „ 

30  „ 

=4  .1 

24   „ 

24  ,> 

30   >. 

24  .. 

3|   " 

'ii: 

&■■ 

30  „ 

36  „ 

0  ,\ 

48  „ 

108   „ 

48  „ 

M4   » 

To  heat  of 
4-in  Pipe- 


Feet. 
300 
450 


1,000 
1,400 
1,800 
2,600 

4,500 
7,000 
10,000 


Price. 


£    ^.  d. 


And  are  kept  in  Stock  and  sold  only  by  the  Inventors  and  Patentees, 
J.  Jones  &  Sons. 


Price  Lists  of  HOT-WATER  PIPES  and  Connections,  with 
Boilers,  of  all  sizes  and  shapes  ;  or  ESTIMATES  for  HOT-WATER 
APPARATUS,  erected  complete,  will  be  sent  on  application. 

J.  JONES  AND  SONS,  Iron  Merchants,  6,  Eankside.  Southwark, 
London,  S.E. 


HOT-WATER  APPARATUS 

erected  complete,  or  the  Materials  supplied  for  Heating 

*^T^^?-^,^.?tV^?^'  Tubular  Boiler,    ivWt 

HOlHiluSiiiS,  If 

CONSERVATORIES, 

r«.A.v,T.w  r>,,,-w  CHURCHES, 

Impioved   ionual.  puBLIC 

BUILDINGS,  &c. 
H  O  T  -  W  A  T  E  R 
Pll'ES  at  wholesale 
prices ;  Elbows  and 
T  Pieces,  Syphons,  and 
every  other  connection 
kept  in  stock. 

WROUGHT     and 
f™   CAST-IKON       CONI- 
ISil  CAL,    SADDLE,     and 
'       IMPROVED       CONI- 
CAL, also  ELLIPTIC  r^pfftr 
BOILERS,     from    24s.  U^^I 
each.  ' 

Improved  and  extra  strong  CAST-IRON  TUBULAR  BOILERS, 
with  or  without  Water-bars,  from  $2S.  6d.  each 

CAST     and    WROUGHT-IKON     PORTABLE     BOILERS,    on 
Stand,  for  use  without  brickwork,  from  60s.  each. 

PcrM  BciUr.        THROTTLE 

and  other  VALVES, 
FURNACE 
DOORS,  BARS, 
and       FURNACE 
WORK  of  every 
description  and  size, 
INDIA-RUBBER 
RINGS      for       Pipe 
Joints ;    Sockets    re- 
quire no  other  pack- 
ing, and  arc  perlcctly 
water-tight- 
Goods,   of  the    very   best   manufacture,   delivered    at   Railway    or 
Wharf  in  London, 

LYNCH  WHITE,  Old   Barge   Iron  Wharf,  Upper  Ground  Street, 
London,  S.E.  (Surrey  side  of  Blackfriars  Bridge), 

Price  List  on  application. 


Saddle  Boiler,  ■with  Water 
Bars. 


Sail 


F 


OR      SALE,     WEEKS'      UPRIGHT      BOILER, 
largest  size,  with  a  quantity  of  4-inch  pipes,  bends,  &c. 
W.  M..  37,  Marlboro'  Hill,  St.  John's  Wood,  N.W. 


GREENHOUSES    from    the    FINSBURY    STEAM 
JOINERY    WORKS,    isi,   Bunhill  Row     London,    E.C. 
W.  H.  LASCELLES,  Proprietor.     Lists  sent  on  application. 

Prices  for  Houses,  as  above,  made  of  best  red  deal,  and  sashes  2  inches 

thick,  glazed  with  16  oz.  good  sheet  glass,  delivered  and   fixed  within 

10  miles  of  London,  painted  four  coats  in  best  oil  colour,  including 

locks,  gutter,  down-pipe,  and  gearing  for  openinij  the  ventilators  at 

one  time, — heating,  staging,   brickwork  not  mcludcd  : — 

2o  (t.  by  12  ft.        40  ft.  by  16  ft.        60  ft  by  20  ft.        100  ft.  by  24  ft 

^40    o    o  jTyg    o    o  ;£i32    o    o  £23,9  10    o 

GARDEN  LIGHTS  AND  BOXES. 

3  ft.  by  4  ft.  lights,  2  in.  thick,  unglazed 3*.  each 

II  It    glazed,^  16-0Z.  good  sheet  glass      . .         . .      os.     „ 

6  ft.     ,,  „    2  in.  thick,  unglazed ,S^-     •» 

II  •>  glazed,  16  oz.  good  sheet  glass  ..     «"       - 

Portable  box  containing  one  6  ft.  by  4  ft.  light,  painted  four 

coats,  ready  for  use        ..  

Portable  box  containing  two  ditto,  6  ft  by  8  ft. 
Estimates  given  for  Conservatories  or  Greenhouses  to  any  Design. 

COTTAM'S    PATENT    PORTABLE     UNITED 
COW    FITTINGS. 


55*-. 


rjlHE    CELEBRATED    GRANITIC     PAINT. 

-L       Manufactured    Solely    and     Only     by     the     Silicate     Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Company. 

For  Price    Lists,  Testimonials,  and   I'attcrns  of  Colours,  apply  to 
THOMAS  CHILD,  Manager,  39A,  King  William  Street,  London,  E.C. 

THE  SILICATE  ZOPISSA  COMPOSITION. 
To  CURE  DAMP  in  WALLS,  and  Preserve  Stone,  &c..  from 
Decay.  Manufactured  Solely  and  Only  by  the  Silicate  Zopissa 
Composition  and  Granitic  Paint  Company. 

For   Particulars   and   Testimonials   apply   to   THOMAS    CHILD,  | 
Manager,  ggA,  King  William  Street,  London,  E.G.  I 


'Iheir  advantages  arc — Portability,  not  hxiures,  removable  at 
pleasure  ;  no  Woodwork  o:  Partilions  to  impede  Ventilation  or  breed 
Vermin;  Hay  Rick  dispensed  with  as  unnecessary;  increased  width 
and  depth  of  Feeding  Troughs,  Water  Cistern,  and  Patent  Drop 
Cover  to  prevent  over-gorging.  Cleanly,  durable,  and  impervious  lo 
infection,  oeing  all  of  Iron.     Price  of  Fittings  per  Cow,  55s. 

Prospectuses  Iree  of  COTTAM  and  Co.,  Iron  WorKS,  2,  Winsley 
Street  (opposite  the  Pantheon),  Oxford  Street^  London,  W.,  where  the 
above  are  exhibited,  together  with  several  important  Improvements 
in  Stable  Fittings  just  secured  by  Patent. 


W.  S.   BOULTON  &  CO.,    NORWICH, 

HOKTICULTURAL   BUILDERS  and  HOT-WATER  APPARATUS  MAKERS. 

Improved  .Steam-power  Machinery  for  working  wood  enables  us  to  supply  first-class  Horticultural  Buildings  of  every  description  at  very  Low  Prices. 

0/ify  the  best  materials  used.     Houses  designed  to  suit  any  situation.     Estimates  given  free.     Gentlemen  are  respectfully  invited  to  have  price  from  us  before  ordering  clsnvherc. 

Ladies  or  Gentlemen  requiring  advice  as  to  situation,  style,  dimensions,  &c.,  of  proposed  Horticultural  Buildin;^s,  waited  upon  in  any  part  of  England,  Ireland,  or  Scotland. 

CONSERVATORY     OR     GREENHOUSE.-No.    12. 


^ Jk^__A^ 


These  Greenhouses  are  constructed  with  wood  and  glass  work,  3  feet  high  at  the  sides,  and  a  door  at  each  end.  All  the  lights  on  both  sides  can  be  opened.  The  ridge 
is  arranged  to  lift  up,  thus  securing  ample  ventilation.  The  interior  is  very  pretty  and  effective,  handsome  iron  girders  strengthen  the  framework,  and  being  painted  blue,  gives 
the  whole  a  lively  and  agreeable  appearance.     The  sides  are  made  o  fix  on  brickwork,  2  feet  6  inches  high. 

SPECIFICATION. 


CONSTRUCTION. — The  materials  are  all  of  best  quality,  carefully  selected  red 
and  yellow  deals  only  are  used.  Glass  is  21-ounce  weight  per  foot.  Ail  the  work  is 
painted  two  coats  before  leaving  the  works,  and  one  coat  after  glazing.  Water-pipes 
are  provided  and  fixed.  Doors  i^-inch  thick,  with  good  rim  locks.  Ornamental  iron 
terminals,  and  ridging  for  the  roof,  all  fitted  and  made  correctly. 

The  Prices  do  not  include  brickwork,  staging,  or  heating  apparatus. 

ESTIMATES. 

Length.  Width.        Height  to  eaves.  £,      s. 

31  ft.  , .  16  ft.  . .  5  ft.  6  in.  , .  65  10 
41  ..  ••  16  ,,  ..  5  ,,  6  ,,  ..  82  10 
ji  ,,  ..  16  ,,   .,  5  ,,  6  ,,   ..  100  o 

Smaller  sizes  are  made,  price  from  £,2^  unfixed  :  see  Catalogue. 


ERECTING. — Our  men  sent  to  erect,  paint,  and  glaze  the  Greenhouses,  their 
travelling  and  lodging  expenses  paid  by  u.5,  within  200  miles  of  the  Works. 

CARRIAGE  and  PACKING. —All  the  materials  of  the  Greenhouse,  iron  and 
woodwork,  glass,  &c.,  carefully  packed  and  Carriage  Paid  to  the  principal  Railway 
Stations  within  200  miles  of  the  works.  No  charge  is  made  for  packing  or  for  packing 
cases,  if  they  are  returned  carriage  paid  to  Norwich, 


F.mzth. 

indtu. 

y/fiV  '"  <■'"■«■ 

£      '■      d. 

Lntgllt. 

31ft.  . 

.    18  ft. 

. .     5  ft.  6  in. 

76    0    0 

31ft. 

41  ..   • 

.    18  ,, 

..     5  ..  6  .. 

98  10    0 

41    ,, 

51  ..   ■ 

.     iB  „ 

..     5  ..  6„ 

.     116    0    0 

51    .• 

Width. 

Ihisht  tc  favfs. 

r. 

20  ft. 

..       6  ft.      ,. 

80 

20  ,, 

..      6  ,,       .. 

108 

20  ,, 

..      6  ,,       .. 

130 

A  New  Catalogue,  conlaininf;  illustrations  and  particulars  of  Conservatories,  and  Horticultural  BgildinfiS  suited  for  every  purpose, 


also  Prices  and  Estimates  for  upwards  of  150  houses  of  various  sizes,  posted  to  any  address  on  receipt  of  one  shilling  in  litamps. 

From  His  Highness  Prince  Dhui.eep  Singh,  Elvedon  Hall,  Norfolk.— yatiuary  10,  187J.  .,,.,, 

•'W.  S.  BOULTON.&C— Gentlemen,— The  Maharajah  has  received  your  letter,  and  desires  mc  to  say  that  he  h.'ts  no  furlficr  orders  for  you  at  present,  but  his  Higlilicss  la  SO  WcU  SEltlsficd  WUll  what  yOl|  qftvo 
just  doncj  that  should  he  determine  on  building  any  more  houses  he  will  have  pleasure  in  employini;  you.— Your  obedient  scrv.int,  J.  Oliphant,  Lt.-Col  Royal  Knijincers." 

Chatham  House,  Jfyde,  Isle  of  Wisht.—yanuary  4,  1872. 
"  JVIcssrs.  BouLTON,— The  two  Conservatories  arc  all  I  can  wish ;  being  excellent  in  material  and  construction)  and  the  new  ventilating  process  admirable,— Yours  obliged,  Vivian  Webber, 


i' 


February  24,   1872.J 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


273 


JAMES      GRAY, 

Horticultural  Builder  and  Hot-Water  Apparatus  Manufacturer, 

30  and  31,  DANVERS  STREET,  PAULTON  SQUARE  ;  and 
2S9,  KING'S  ROAD,  CHELSEA,  LONDON,  S.W. 

PLANS  and  ESTIMATES  given  for  HORTICULTURAL  BUILDINGS  of  every  description,  in  Wood  or  Iron, 

HEATING  by  HOT  WATER  on  the  most  improved  principles,  &c. 

TRICED  LISTS  forwarded  on  application  of 

GRAY'S    OVAL    TUBULAR    BOILER, 

STEVENS'  TRENTHAM  IMPROVED  CORNISH  BOILER, 

MISS    MALING'S    PATENT    INDOOR    PLANT    CASES,    &c.,    &c. 

Other  descriptions  of  BOILERS,  including  the  most  improved  forms  of  SADDLE  BOILERS,  and  HOT- WATER 
PIPF.S  and  CASTINGS  in  groat  variety,  always  kept  in  stock. 

SS"  TENDERS  given  for  HEATING  CHUr,CHES  and  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS  of  every   description. 

THE    STEAM-ENGINE    TRIALS 

OF  THE 

ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  of  ENGLAND,  OXFORD,  1870. 

Tlie  FIRST  PRIZES  at  this  SHOW  were  again  AWARDED  to  CLAYTON  and  SHUTTLEWORTH,  viz.  :— 
First  Prize  for  Horizontal  Fixed  Engine  of  lo  H.P.  ;  First  Prize  for  Steam  Engine,  with  Boiler  combined. 

At  the  previous  Trials  of  Steam  Engines,  at  Bury,  1867.  CLAYTON  and  SHUTTLEWORTH  took  ALL 
the  FIRST  PRIZES  for  ENGINES;  also  a  PRIZE  of  ^^15  for  THRESHING  MACHINES,  and  the  Society's 
SILVER  MEDAL. 

CLAYTON  AND  SHUTTLEWORTH  have  received  FIRST  PRIZES  at  all  trials  of  the  Royal  AgricuUural 
Society  of  England  at  which  they  have  competed  since  1849.  N.B. — AH  the  principal  Makers  of  Portable  Engines, 
&c.,  compete  "for  this  Society's  Prizes,  being  the  only  Trials  in  Great  Britain  conducted  by  competent  and  impartial 
Engineers,  and  where  the  capability  and  value  of  each  Engine  is  thoroughly  tested  by  practical  experiments. 
C.  AND  S.  therefore  do  not  compete  at  any  other  Shows. 

CLAYTON    &    SHUTTLEWORTH' S 

Revised  Catalogues  can  now  be  obtained  at 

STAMP  END  WORKS,  LINCOLN  ;    78,  LOMBARD  STREET,  LONDON,  E.C.  ; 

and  TARLETON  STREET,  LIVERPOOL. 

Free  by  Post. 


FOWLER'S     PATENT     STEAM     PLOUGH 
and    CULTIVATOR    may    be    SEEN    at    WORK    in    every 
A(^ricultural  County  in  England. 

For  particulars  apply  to  JOHN    FOWLER  AND  CO.,  71,  Cornhill, 
London,  E.C,  ;  and  Steam  riougli  Works,  Leeds. 


or 


GREEN'S    PATENT    "SILENS    MESSORS 
NOISELESS     LAWN     MOWING,     ROLLING,    and    COL- 
LECTING MACHINES  for  1872. 

The   WINNER   of  EVERY   PRIZE   in   ALL   CASES  of 
CU.MI'ETrriON. 


N.B,  Parties  having  Lawn  Mowers  to  Repair  will  do  well  to  send 
them  either  to  our  Leeds  or  London  Establishilicnts,  when  they  will 
have  prompt  attention,  as  an  cflicicnt  staff  of  workmen  are  kept  at 
both  places. 

GREEN'S     PATENT     ROLLERS    for     LAWNS, 
DRIVES,  HOWLING    GREENS,   CRICKET    FIELDS,  and 
GRAVEL  PATHS, 

Suitable  for  Hand  or  Horse-power. 


Illustrated  Price  Lists  ir-c  on  ,i|-[. ligation. 

THOMAS  GREEN  AND  SON,  Smillifield  Iron  Works,  Leeds; 

54  and  55.  Elackfriars  Road,  London,  S.E, 


BETWEEN    5000    AND    6000    OF 
FOLLOWS  &  BATE'S  PATENT  "CLIMAX"  and  "ANGLO-AMERICAN"  LAWN  MOWERS 

WERE  SOLD  IN  1871,  AND  10,000  ARE  BEING  PREPARED  FOR  1872. 
*'  CLIMAX."  I  *'  ANGLO-AMERICAN." 

p  .  f    6-inch,     I    7-inch,    I    8-inch,    I   lo-inch,  12 -inch,   [   14-inch,   I    16-inch,   I    i3-inch,   I    20-inch,    I  24-inch,   j  30-inch, 

iTlCes:^    ^j  ^^_    I  ^j  j^^_   I    ^2  sj.     I  £2.  i5.r.       I  £^.       \  £^  los.   |   £s  10s.    \   £6  10s.    \  £7  los.    \       £g.       I      ^14. 

These  Machines  are  adapted  equally  well  for  Collecting  the  Grass  or  Spreading  it  on  the  ground,  thus  combining  dof/i  systems  in  one  Machine. 
They  will  cut  /ofr_g-  or  short  Grass,  7oct  or  dry,  on  flat  or  on  the  most  iincvcn  surfaces.     Every  Machine  is  fully  guaranteed,  and  a  trial  allowed. 
Illustrated  Catalogues,  containing  Opinions  of  the  Press,  Testimonials  from  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom,  and  full  particulars,  forwarded  Post 
Free  on  application  to 

FOLLOWS  AND  BATE,  MANUFACTURING  ENGINEERS, 

DTJTTON    STREET    WORKS,    MANCHESTER. 


S.  Owens  &  Co., 

HYDRAULIC      ENGINEERS, 

WHITEFRIARS   STREET,  LONDON,  E.C. 


THE    IMPROVED    SELF-ACTING    HYDRAULIC    RAM. 

This  useful  Self-acting  Apparatus,  which  worlis  day  and  night  without  needing  attention,  will  raise  water 
to  any  height  or  distance,  without  cost  for  labour  or  motive  power,  where  a  few  feet  fall  can  be  obtained,  and  is 
suited  for  supplying  Public  or  Private  Establishments,  Farm  Buildings,  Railway  Stations,  &c.  * 


No.  37. 
No.  63. 


DEEP  WELL  PUMPS  for  Horse,  Hand,  Steam,  or  other  Power. 
PORTABLE  IRRIGATORS  with  Double  or  Treble  Barrels  for  Horse  or 

Steam  Power. 

No.  46J.  IMPROVED  DOUBLE  ACTION   PUMPS  on  BARROW  for  Watering 

Gardens,  &c. 

No.  49<7.  GALVANIZED  SWING  WATER  CARRIERS,  for  Garden  use. 

No.  50  and  543.     FARM  and  MANSION  FIRE  ENGINES  of  every  description. 

No.  38.  PORTABLE  LIQUID  MANURE  PUMPS,  on  Legs,  with  Flexible  Suction. 


No.  49.     GARDEN  ENGINES,  of  all  sizes,  in  Oak  or  Galvanized  Iron  Tubs. 

No.  54*.  THE    CASSIOBURY    FIRE    EXTINGUISHER,    as   designed  for  the 

Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Essex. 

No.  44.     WROUGHT-IRON  PORTABLE  PUMPS  of  all  sizes. 

No.    4.     CAST-IRON  GARDEN,  YARD,  or  STABLE  PUMPS. 

No.  39*.   IMPROVED  HOSE  REELS  for  Coiling  up  Long  Lengths  of  Hose  for 

Garden  use. 


S.  OWENS  AND  CO.  Manufacture  and  Erect  every  description  of  Hydraulic  and  General  Engineers'  Work  for  Mansions,  Farms,  &c.,  comprising  PUMPS,  TURBINES, 
WATER  WHEELS,  WARMING  APPARATUS,  BATHS,  DRYING  CLOSETS,  GAS  WORKS,  Apparatus  for  LIQUID  MANURE  distribution,  FIRE  MAIN?, 
HYDRANTS,  HOSEPIPES,  &c.,  &c.  Particulars  taken  in  any  part  of  the  Country.     Plans  and  Estimates  furnished. 


L 


ILLUSTRATED   CATALOGUES   CAN   BE   HAD   ON   APPLICATION. 


274 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


[February  24,   1S72. 


JOSEPH  NEWTON, 

Landscape  Architect, 
Office  :  42,  BishopsKate  Street  Without,  E.G. 
Private  Address :  74,  Oxford  Terrace,  Hyde  Park,  W. 

Labels.  Labels.— Parclimeiit  or  Clotb  Labels. 

TREE  or  PLANT  LABELS,  punched  parcliment, 
4  inches  long,  4s.  per  1000,  or  10,000  for  35J.,  cash  on  deliver}-. 
Also  PUNCHED  CLOTH  LABELS,  Assorted  Size,  10,000  for  151 
All  Sizes  in  Plain  and  Printed  Labels  made  to  order  at  very  low  prices 
Sample  Label  sent  on  receipt  of  a  postage-stamp.  Orders  delivered 
Iree  in  London  by  ,  .       ,     ,  . 

JOHN  FISHER  and  CO.,  Label  Works,  Poston,  Lincolnshire, 


The  Opening  of  Parliament  and  the  London  Season. 

NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  and  MEMBERS  of  PARLIAMENT 
havinc  their  CUT  FLOWERS,  FRUIT,  VEGETABLES,  &c., 
forwarded  to  their  TOWN   HOUSES,  should  USE 

CHAPMAN'S  PATENT  WATER  TUBE  TRANS- 
MISSION CASES,  pronounced  by  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society  "  the  best  now  in  use."  ,      ■      . 

These  Cases  are  now  reduced  in  price  for  cash,  and  can  be  obtained 
from  the  Agents  or  Patentee,  Gloucester.to  whom  all  communicalions 
should  be  addressed.  . 

Intending  Exhibitors  in  the  Patent  Cases  should  give  their  orders 
at  once,  to  insure  the  Paint  and  Varnish  being  thoroughly  dr^'. 

The  No.  12,  The  "M ALTON"  Plant,  Flower,  &c.,  Protector, 
Varnished,  packed  and  forwarded  on  the  receipt  of  8s.,  in  postage 
stamps,  or  order— Gloucester,  January  17^ 


Rosher's  Garden  Edging  Tiles, 


THE  above  and  many  other  PAT  I  KRNS  are  made  m 
materials  of  great  durability.  Tlie  plainer  sorts  are  especially 
suited  for  KITCHEN  GAR- 
j  DENS,  as  they  harbour  no 
Slugs  or  Insects,  take  up  little 
room,  and,  once  pot  down, 
ur  no  further  labour  or  ex- 
pense, as  do  "  grown  "  Edg- 
ings, consequently  being  much 
cheaper. 

GARDEN  VASES,   FOUNTAINS,  &c,  In  Artificial   Stone,  very 
durable  and  of  superior  finish,  and  in  great  variety  of  design. 

F  AND  G.  ROSHER,  Manufacturers,  Upper  Ground  Street,  Black- 
friars.  S  E.  t  Oueen's  Road  West,  Chelsea,  S.W.;  Kingsland  Road,  E. 
Agents  for  LOOKER'S  PATENT  "ACME  FRAMES,"  PLANT 
COVERS    and    PROPAGATING    BOXES  :     also    for   FOXLEY'S 
PATENT  BEADED  GARDEN  WALL  BRICKS. 

Illustrated  Price  Lists  free  by  post.     The  Trade  supplied. 


ORNAMENTAL  PAV[NG  TILES  for  Conservatories, 
Halls,  Corridors,  Balconies,  &c.,  from  3s.  per  square  yard 
upwards.  Pattern  Sheets  of  plain  or  more  elaborate  designs,  with 
prices,  sent  for  selection. 

WHITE  GLAZED  TILES,  for  Lining  Walls  of  Dairies,  Larders, 
Kitchen  Ranges,  Baths,  &c.   Grooved  and  other  Stable  Paving  of  great 
durability,  Wall  Copings,  Drain  Pipes  and  Tiles  of  all  kinds,  Roofing 
Tiles  in  great  variety.  Slates,  Cements,  &c. 
F.andG.  ROSHER,  Brick  and  Tile  Merchants.— See  addresses  above. 

SILVER  SAND,  fine  or  coarse  grain  as  desired. 
Fine  14J.,  Coarse  17*.  per  Ton.  In  Truck  Loads  is.  per  Ton  less. 
Delivery  by  Cart  within  three  miles^  or  to  any  London  Railway  or 
Wharf,  21.  per  Ton  extra.     Samples  of  Sand  free  by  post. 

FLINTS  and  BRICK  BURRS  for  Rockeries  or  Ferneries.    KENT 

PEAT  or  LOAM  supplied  at  lowest  rates  in  any  quantities. 

F.  AND  G.  ROSHER.— Addresses  see  above. 

N.B.    Orders  promptly  executed  by  Rail  or  to  Wharve.-, 

A  liberal  discount  to  the  Trade. 


HOTHOUSE  CLOCKS,  in  Ornamental  Iron  Cases, 
Bronzed,  Japanned,  Enamelled,  &c.  No  glass  being  used  in 
the  construction  of  these  Clocks,  they  arc  not  liable  to  damage.  Also, 
the  cases  being  of  Iron,  they  are  are  not  injured  by  heat  or  damp; 
and,  the  keyholes  being  bushed,  no  dust  or  water  can  possibly  enter. 

Going  12  days, 
Going  12  days,  and  striking 

but  not  striking.  hours  and  half-hours. 

Price,  medium  size    . .         . .  ^o  15    o /i     i     o 

Price,  large  size  ..         ..100 160 

Box  and  Package  free  of  charge. 

In  ordering  say  if  Clock  is  required  to  hang  or  stand 

J.  J.  WAINWRIGHT  and  CO.,  Cambridge  Street,  Birmingham. 


FENDERS,  STOVES,  KITCHEN  RANGES, 
FIRE-IRONS,  and  CHIMNEV-PIECES.— Buyers  of  the  above 
are  requested,  before  rmally  deciding,  to  visit  the  SHOW-ROOMS. 
They  contain  such  an  assortment  of  Fenders,  Stoves,  Ranges, 
Chimney-Pieces,  Fire-Irons,  and  General  Ironmongery  as  cannot  be 
approached  elsewhere,  either  for  variety,  novelty,  beauty  of  design,  or 
exquisiteness  of  workmanship, 

Black  Register  Stoves  from  ..     8j.  to  £g  5s. 

Bright  ditto,  with  Ormolu  ornaments    . .     from  £2  iqj.  to  ^33  lOJ. 

Bron2e  Fenders  from  3s.  9a.  to  ;f;5  i2j. 

Steel  and  Ormolu  Fenders  ..         ..     from  £2  los.  to  A25. 

Chimney-Pieces  from  £1  121.  to  ^10*. 

Fire-Irons  (the  Set  of  Three)        . .         . .     from  3J.  3d.  to  £4  los. 

COAL  SCOOPS.— WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has 
400  different  Patterns  of  COAL  SCOOPS  on  SHOW,  of  which 
he  invites  inspection.  The  Prices  vary  from  u.  <^  to  150J.  Plain 
Black  open  Scoops,  from  is.  gd.  ;  ditto,  ditto,  zinc  lined,  from  4s.  6d.  ; 
covered  Box-scoops,  from  V-  (>d.  ;  ditto,  with  Hand-scoop,  from 
loi.  td.;  ditto,  ditto,  with  fancy  ornamentation,  from  12s.;  highly 
hnislied  and  ornamented,  and  fitted  with  imitation  ivory  handles. 
from  20J.  to  iStti,  There  is  also  a  choice  selection  of  Wooden  Coal 
Boxes,  with  iron  and  brass  mountings.  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON 
confidently  asserts  his  to  be  the  largest,  and  at  the  same  time  the  best 
and  most  varied.  Assortment  in  the  World. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  Furnishing  Ironmonger  by  appointment 
to  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  sends  a  Catalogue, containing  upwards 
of  850  Illustrations  of  his  unrivalled  stock,  with  Lists  of  Prices  and 
plans  of  the  20  large  show  rooms,  post  free. — 39,  Oxford  Street ; 
I,  lA,  2,  3,  and  4,  Newman  Street ;  4,  5,  and  6,  Perry's  Place ;  and 
I,  Newman  Yard,  W.    The  cost  of  delivering  goods  to  the  most  distant 

Sartsofthe  United  Kingdom  by  Railway  is  trifling.     WILLIAM  S. 
URTON  will  always  undertake  delivery  at  a  small  fixed  rate. 


By  Royal  Appointment. 

TO  tf%^'if^  at  '^°  "^"^ 

Her  Majesty.  "^Tr-^i^i^        Prince  of  .Wales. 

By  Special  Warrant,  dated  Jb^.;~^^^'^  Ey  Special  Warrant,  dated 
December  27,  1865.  E^^,.&»\*^S  February  10,  1866. 

DAY,    SON,    AND    HEWITT,    Original  and 
Sole  Proprietors  of  the 
STOCK-BREEDERS'  MEDICINE  CHEST. 
For  Disorders  in  Horses,  Cattle,  Calves,  Sheep,  and  Lambs,  and  the 
Inventors  of  the  FIRST  Animal  Medicines  ever  known  as  "  DAY'S." 
This  matchless   little  Chest   contains  the   following  world-renowned 
remedies,  nearly  all  that  a  Farmer  can  require  to  keep  his  Stock  free 
from  disease,  and  in  fine  and  healthy  condition  : — 
The  CHEMICAL  EXTRACT,  for  Wounds,  Swollen  Udders,  &c. 
The  GASEOUS  FLU  I D,  for  Scour  or  Diarrhoea,  and  all  Pains. 
The  RED  DRENCHES,  for  Cleansing  the  Blood,  and  for  Fevers. 
The  RED  PASTE  BALLS,  for  producing  Vigour  and  High  Snirit. 

Price  of  Chest  complete,  with  Guide  to  Farriery,  £2  161.  ad. 
Awarded    Ckrtificate  of    Merit  by  the    National  Agricultural 
Society  of  Victoria,  Australia,  Spring  Exhibition,  1871. 

DAY,   SON,    AND     HEWITT,    22-,   Dorset    Street,   Baker  Street, 
London  ;  and  Wantage,  Berks. 


K 


I  N  A  H  A  N'S 


Ij  L 


WHISKY. 


'  This  celebrated  and  most  delicious  old  mellow  spirit  is  the  very 
CREAM  of  IRISH  WHISKIES,  in  quality  unrivalled,  perfectly 
pure,  and  more  wholesome  than  the  finest  Cognac  Brandy.  Note  the 
words,  "  KINAHAN'S  .  L  L  ."  on  seal,  label,  and  cork. 

New  Wholesale  Depot,  6a,  Great  Titchfield  Street,  Oxford  Street,  W. 


Portable  and  Fixed  Hot-water  Apparatus 

''"-■^  HEATING 

CONSERVATORIES, 

HOTHOUSES, 

CHURCHES, 

PUBLIC  BUILDINGS, 

PRIVATE  RESIDENCES, 

&c. 

TRUSS'  PATENT  UNIVERSAL  FLEXIBLE  and 
LEAKLESS  PIPE  JOINT  and  PATENT  CRACKLESS 
EXPANSION-JOINTED  TUBULAR  BOILERS,  of  a  VARIETY 
of  FORMS,  PORTABLE  or  for  BRICKWORK  SETTING.  They 
are  the  MOST  POWERFUL,  whilst  ONLY  CONSUMING  HALF 
the  FUEL  of  OTHER  BOILERS.  PORTABLE  BOILERS,  to 
HEAT  ANY  LENGTH  of  PIPING;  and  ANY  PERSON  can 
TAKE  these  BOILERS,  as  also  the  PIPES,  APART,  and 
SPEEDILY  PUT  THEM  TOGETHER  AGAIN. 

T.  S.  Truss  begs  to  state  that  the  immense  number  of  APPA- 
RATUS annually  Designed  and  Erected  by  him  in  all  parts  of  the 
Kingdom, and  for  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  at  South  Kensington 
and  Chiswick,  with  unrivalled  satisfaction,  is  a  guarantee  for  skill  of 
design,  superior  materials,  and  good  workmanship;  while  the  great 
advantage  obtained  by  his  Improved  System  cannot  be  over-estimated, 
consisting  of  perfectly  tight  joints  with  neatness  of  appearance  ;  eflects 
a  saving  of  25  per  cent,  on  cost  of  Apparatus  erected  compared  with 
other  systems  ;  facility  for  extensions,  alterations  or  removals  without 
injury  to  Pipes  or  Joints;  easily  and  expeditiously  erected  ;  and  per- 
fectness  of  design  supplied,  insuring  no  extras. 

EATH  and  GAS  WORK  ERECTED  in  TOWN  or  COUNTRY. 
The  Trade  supplied. 


Price  Lists,  Plans,  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application  to 

T.  S.  TRUSS,  C.E.,  Sole  Manufacturer, 

Consulting  Horticultural   Engineer,   Iron   Merchant,   Hot-water  and 

Steam  Apparatus  Manufacturer, 

Friar  Street,  Southwark  Bridge  Road,  London,  S.E. 


THE      LANDS      IMPROVEMENT      COMPANY. 
(Incorporated  by  Special  Acts  of  Parliament.) 
DRAINAGE,  RECLAMATION,  FARM  BUILDINGS, 
LABOURERS'  COTTAGES,  TRAMWAYS,  RAILWAYS,  &c. 

Directors. 
John  Cluttnn,  Esq.  Granville  R.  Ryder,  Esq. 

Frederick  L.  Dasiiwood,  Esq.  GranvilJeR. H.Somcrset,Esq.,Q.C. 

Henry  Farquhar,  Esq.  Henry  W.  West,  Esq.,  M.P. 

Lord  Garlics,  M.P,  Charies  Watkin  Williams  Wynn, 

John  Horatio  Lloyd,  Esq.  Esq.,  M.P.  (Chairman). 

The  Company  advances  money,  unlimited  in  amount,  for  all  purposes 
of  Agricullural  Improvement,  including  the  Erection  of  Cottages  and 
Farm  Buildings,  to  the  Owners  of  settled  and  other  Estates,  and  to 
the  Clerg>'  in  respect  of  their  Glebe  Lands. 

Tenants  may,  with  the  consent  of  their  Landlords,  execute  the 
necessary  Improvements  upon  the  Farms  which  the^occupy,  charging 
them  with  the  cost. 

UTILISATION  of  SEW.A.GE.— The  Company  also  advances 
money  for  the  purpose  of  Works  of  Sewage  Irrigation. 

The  whole  outlay  and  expenses  are  liquidated  by  a  rent-charge  upon 
the  land,  redeeming  principle  and  interest,  over  25  years. 

No  investigation  of  title  is  required. 

For  Forms  and  further  information,  apply  to  GRANVILLE  R, 
RYDER,  Esq.,  Managing  Director,  No,  i.  Great  George  Street, 
Storey's  Gate,  Westminster,  S.W. 


EMIGRATION  to  CANADA. 

THE   EASTERN   TOWNSHIPS. 

I  speak  from  the  experience  of  many  years'  residence  in  the  country 
when  I  earnestly  advise  respectable  English  Emigrants  coming  to 
Canada  to  SETTLE  in  the  EASTERN  TOWNSHIPS,  as  being 
especially  suitable  for  them  in  point  of  Climate,  Quality  and  Cheapness 
of  Land,  beauty  of  Scenery,  Social  and  Educational  Advantages,  and 
Material  Requirements. 

To  genteel  people  of  small  means  this  district  offers,  pre-eminently, 
a  healthyj  cheap,  and  independent  home,  and  association,  on  equal 
terms,  with  those  of  their  own  station  of  life.  To  the  steady 
Yeoman  and  industrious  Agricultural  Labourer  it  affords  a  sure  and 
easy  means  of  settling  in  comfort  and  plenty  on  their  own  property. 

It  is  the  Protestant  district  of  the  province  of  Quebec,  and  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  passes  centrally  through  it,  via  this  place  and 
the  Market  Town  of  Sherbrooke,  which  arc  within  three  miles  of  each 
other,  and  distant  a  five  hours'  run  from  Quebec  and  Montreal. 

From  Portland  in  winter,  and  from  Quebec  in  summer,  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway  brings  Passengers  on  their  arrival  by  the  Canadian 
Steamers  from  Liverpool  to  this  place  direct,  without  more  loss  of 
time  than  is  needed  to  change  the  luggage  from  the  Steamer  to 
the  Train. 

All  particulars  as  to  passage  can  be  obtained  at  the  Odliceof  Messrs. 
ALLAN  AND  CO.,  Canadian  Line  of  Steamers,  Liverpool. 

Every  further  information  respecting  the  country  will  be  given,  by 
letter,  to  those  who  desire  it  and  let  no  one  hesitate  to  apply  to  me 
for  it  •  there  is  no  charge.  JOHN    H.  CHAKNOCK. 

Lennoxville,  Province  of  Quebec,  Canada,  Jan.  10,  1872. 

There  is  good  Hotel  accommodation  both  here  and  at  Sherbrooke. 


Notice. 

GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICUL- 
TURAL GAZETTE.— The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready; 
price,  in  cloth,  £t  ts.  6d. 
W.  RICHARDS,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


Now  ready,  price  is.,  free  by  post  for  13  stamps,  with  g  Illustrations, 

ITALY  in  ENGLAND ;  a  Practical  Treatise  on  the 
Cultivation  of  choice  Fruits,  Flowers  and  Vegetables  with  the  aid 
of  Looker's  Horticultural  Appliances  in  Eartncnwarc  and  Glass, 
which  defy  the  Winter  and  assist  the  Summer. 

HOULSTON  AND  SONS,  65,  Paternoster  Row,   E.C. ;  through  all 
Booksellers,  and  of 
BENJ.  LOOKER,  Kingston-on-Thames. 


Now  ready, 

THE    SALTX,    or   WILLOW.      By    W.    Scaling, 
Willow  Nurseryman,  Basford,  Notts.     A  revised  and  enlarged 
edition,  containing  Instructions  for  its  Planting   and   Culture,  with 
Observations  upon  its  Value  and  Adaptability  Tor  the  Formation  of 
Hedges  and  Game  Coverts. 
Post  free  It.:  orofSIMPKIN,  MARSHALL,  AND  CO.,  London. 


THE  NEW  METHOD  of  GROWING  FRUIT  and 
FLOWERS  (by  the  Rev.  John  Fountaine,  Southacre, 
Brandon),  being  a  practical  combination  of  Vinery,  Orchard  House 
and  Conservatory,  as  now  worked  in  a  New  House  erected  for  the 
purpose  at  Chiswick.  Third  Edition,  Illustrated.  Free  for  seven 
stamps  to  the 
"  Journal  of  Horticulture  "  Office,  171,  Fleet  Street ;  or  to  the  Author. 


New  Series 

FLORAL    MAGAZINE.     .New    Series,    enlarged    to 
royal    quarto,   with   Four    beautifully   Coloured    Plates,  3s.   6rf 

Monthly. 

FLORAL    PLATES.     Beautifully   Coloured,    6</.  each, 

5s.  6d.  per  dozen.     Lists  of  over  500  varieties,  one  stamp. 

BOTANICAL  MAGAZINE.  Third  Series.  Six 
Coloured  Plates  of  New  and  Rare  Plants,  with  Descriptions  by 
Dr.  Hooker,  3^.  6d.  Monthly.  ' 

BOTANICAL    PLATES.      Beautifully    Coloured,    6<f. 

each.     List,  one  stamp. 
_L.  REEVE  andCO,,  5,  Henrietta  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 
jNow  Ready,  the  First  Number  of  the  New  Edition  of 

THE  POULTRY  BOOK.     By  W.  B.  Tegetmeier, 
F.Z.S.     With  full-page  illustrations,  by  Harrison  Weir,  printed 
in  colours.     Pric-  is.     A   Prospectus  will  be  forwarded  on  receipt  of 
one  stamp. 
GEORGE  ROUTLEDGE  .AND  SONS.  The  Broadway,  Ludgatc.  E.C. 


Imperial  410,  Copiously  Illustrated,  Price  laj 

FARM    BUILDINGS:    a    Digest    of    the   Principles 
adopted  in  Construction.      Reprinted  from  the  "Farm  Home- 
steads of  England,"  now  out  of  print.     By  J.  Bailev  Denton,  C  E 
and  Bailev  Denton,  Jun. 

E.  and  F.  N.  SPON,  48,  Charing  Cross,  W.C. 


Advice  to  Persons 

ABOUT  TO  HIRE  A  HOUSE. 

T<J  BUY  A  HOUSE. 

TO  BUILD  A  HOUSE. 

Now  Ready,  with  Plans  and  Woodcuts,  Post  8vo,  ys  6d 

THE  CHOICE  of  a  DWELLING  ;  a  practical  liand- 
book   of  Useful    Information   on   all   Points  connected   with    a 
House.     By  Gervase  Wheeler. 

"  Few  compilations  could  be  plainer,  clearer,  or  more  concise  than 
Mr,  Wheelers.  It  is  intended  for  the  general  public,  and  is  a  very 
compact  and  suggestive  manual," — Builder. 

"  Mr.  Wheeler  furnishes  us  with  his  professional  advice  on  all  the 
subjects  that  should  be  considered  either  in  hiring,  purchasing,  or 
building  a  dwelling.  The  book  is  most  complete.  — Civil  Service 
Gazette. 

"Mr.  Wheeler's  book  is  a  'practical  handbook.'  and  much  dis- 
comfort, if  not  actual  loss,  may  be  saved  by  a  careful  perusal.  With 
regard  to  drainage  and  ventilation,  Mr.  Wheeler's  clear  and  concise 
remarks  will  be  found  of  service." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

"  Mr.  Wheeler's  book,  for  completeness,  isthebest  that  has  appeared. 
On  every  matter  that  can  possibly  be  of  service,  there  is  sound  and 
seasonable  advice." — The  Irish  Builder. 

"  Mr.  Wheeler  fairly  fulfils  the  object  which  he  has  set  before  him- 
self.    He  avoids  technicality,  and  cannot  be  misunderstood  by  unpro- 
fessional readers." — A  rchttect. 
JOHN  MURRAY,  Albemarie  Street,  W. 


New  Work  by  Professor  Ganot. 

Nearly  Ready,  in  One  Vol.,  crown  8vo,  with  numerous  Illustrations. 

NATURAL  PHILOSOPHY  for  GENERAL 
READERS  and  YOUNG  PERSONS;  being  a  course  of 
Physics  divested  of  Mathematical  Formula:,  expressed  in  the  lan- 
guage of  daily  life,  and  illustrated  with  Explanatory'  Figures,  familiarlj' 
elucidating  the  Principles  and  Facts  brought  before  tne  reader. 
Translated  and  Edited  from  Ganot's  Coun  de  Physique,  with  the 
Author's  sanction,  by  E.  Atkinson,  Ph.D.  F.C.S,,  Professor  of 
Experimental  Science,  Staff  College,  Sandhurst. 
London:  LONGMANS,  GREEN,  and  CO.,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 

~~'  Notice.       ——-       — --      ^^ 

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THE 

COTTAGER'S  CALENDAR  OF  GARDEN  OPERATIONS. 

BY  THE  LATE  SIR  JOSEPH  PAXTON,  M.P. 

REPRINTED  from  the  C.4/fZ3£Ar£'/fJ'  CHRONICLP.  AND  AGRICULTURAL  GAZETTE,  wllh  ADDITIONS. 

Price  3d,  each,  or  5s.  for  25  Copies  for  distribution  amongst  Cottage  Tenantry, 

Delivered  Free  anywhere  in  London  on  receipt  of  a  Post  Olflce  Order,  pay.ible  to  WM.  RICHARDS,  at  the 
King  Street  Office,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 

PUBLISHED  at  the  OFFICE  of  the  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  and  AGRICULTURAL 
GAZETTE,  41,  WELLINGTON  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN,  W.C. 


THE  JOTJEIAL  OF  HOETICULTUEE, 

Cottage  Gardener,  Country  Gentleman,  Bee-keeper,  and  Poultry  Chronicle. 

This  popular  ]oumaI  is  published  Weekly,  price  3^.,  stamped  z\d.,  and  is  the  best  Illustrated  Gardening 
Periodical  for  Amateurs  and  Country  Gentlemen.  It  treats  on  every  branch  of  Gardening  and  Rural  Economy 
connected  with  the  Household,  as  well  as  on  all  Departments  of  Science  relating  to  these  subjects,  all  of  which  aie 
treated  popularly,  rendering  the  Journal  a  welcome  guest  in  every  Country  Home. 

A  SPECIMEN  NUMBER  sent  by  post  for  ■i\d.  stamps  ;  and  it  may  be  had  of  all  Booksellers,  and  at  the 
Railway  Stalls ;  or,  direct  from  the  Office,  on  prepayment  of  the  following  Terms : — One  Quarter,  31.  grf.  ; 
Half-year,  71.  61/.  ;  One  Year,  15^. 

OFFICE:    171,   FLEET   STREET,   LONDON,   E.C. 


February  24,  1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


275 


Ground  Foreman. 

FAND  A.  SMITH  have  a  VACANCY  for  a  FORE- 
■  MAN  for  the  Home  Niirscry-aboul  Four  Acres.  Must  be  a 
eood  Rose  Buddcr,  and  capable  ol  rropaf,'atmj,'  Shrubs,  (jraltnig 
Camellias,  &c.  Letters,  in  own  handwnlmi;,  stating  waRcs  required, 
■ivilljTicet  with  immediate  attentioEi— The  Nurscrics.W  est  I>iil\vich^ 

WA~NTEb,~a  WORKTNG  NURSERY  FOREMAN, 
a  single  Man.  None  need  apply  who  cannot  oroduce  lirst- 
cla<is  testimonials  for  abdity  and  character.  Send  full  pariici^ars 
and  wages. —Apply  in  own  handwriting  to  X.  X.,  Post  Office, 
Uiniiinjjham 


w 


ANTED,  a    HEAD    WORKING    GARDENER, 

where  three  are  kept. — A  conscientious,  active,  married  Man, 
about  30  years  of  age,  who  thoroughly  understands  Growinc  Grapes. 
Flowers,  Fruit,  and  Vegetables.  A  member  of  a  Congregational 
Church  preferred.— Personal  application  at  Summit  House,  Upper 
Clapton,  N.E.,  Saturday  between  ii  and  4  o'clock,  afterwards  before 
13  o^Clock.  


WANTED,  a  Man  and  his  Wife,  without  incum- 
brance, as  GARDENER  and  LAUNDRESS,  both  thoroughly 
understanding  their  business  in  all  departments.  Good  wages,  and 
comfortable  dwelling.— Apply  by  letter,  addressed  to  J.  S.,  10,  Little 
Tower  Street.  London,  E.C. ^ 


WANTED,  a  Married  Couple,  forKent,— the  Husband 
as  GARDENER,  Wife  as  DAIRYMAID;  no  incumbrance, 
or  no  very  young  children.  The  Gardener  must  thoroughly  under- 
stand his  profession  ;  he  will  have  one  Man  under  him.  Age,  under 
40  preJcrrcd.  I'hc  Wile  must  be  a  good  Dairywoman  and  Baker,  and 
would  have  charge  of  a  small  Poultry  Yard.  Joint  wages  251.  per 
week,  house,  fud,  and  light.  —  O.  W.,  Carter  &  Co,,  237,  High 
Hulborn,  London,  W.C^ _ 

WANTED.an  active  WORKING  GARDENER.— 
Must  be  well  recommended,  and  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
the  Cullivaiion  of  Plants  and  Grape  Growing.— Apply,  stating  wages, 
with  particulars,  to  A.  J.,  Post  Ollice,  Luton. _^_^_^_ 


WANTED,  an  energetic,  steady.  WORKING  MAN, 
of  £Ood  address,  who  understands  the  Value  of  Shrubs,  Sec, 
and  capable  of  taking  orders  in  the  absence  of  the  Foreman. — 
T.  E\'ES,'Gravesend  Nurseries, 

WANTED,    an    active    Young    MAN,    well    up    in 
Grafting  and    Tludding.- Apply,   stating  wages   required,    to 
OLDROYD  AND  SON,  Nurser>-men.  Shrewsbury. 


WANTED,  a  respectable  young  MAN,  who  under- 
stands the  Nurscrj-  business  under  Glass.  If  married,  with 
no  family,  A  two-roomed  cottage  provided. — Apply  personally  to  Mr. 
R.  GIHSON,  Wellington  Nursery,  Wellington  Road,  Coidharbour 
Lane,  Camberwell,  S.  E. 


W^ 


''ANTED,    ONE  or  TWO   HANDS   in  a   Market 

Forcing  Garden.    Wages  igs.  per  week.— C.  W.  ALDERSON, 
Langlcy  Lane,  South  Lambcm.  S.W. 


WANTED,  a  SECOND  GARDENER,  where  three 
are  kept.  Single  Man,  under  30  years  of  a^e.  To  live  on  the 
grounds.— Apply  by  letter  to  A.  B.,  Mr.  Winsor,  Ironmonger, 
Roehampton. 


WANTED,   an   APPRENTICE  or  IMPROVER. - 
Mr.  WARD.  Stoke  Edith  Park  Gardens,  Hereford^ 


WANTED,  a  PLANT  GROWER  and  S.\LES- 
MAN. — One  who  can  be  well  recommended  as  lo  capacity  and 
general  good  character. — .Vpply  by  letter,  in  own  handwriting,  staling 
I : Tt    c    ■!■  ij i~\ \»ci ^x'    M.._ — ;,..-    \\r 1,1 1 g  ^y 


age  and  experience.— D.  S.  THOMSON.  Nu 


,  Wimbledon,  S. A 


WANTED,  a  PROPAGATOR  and  SALESMAN 
of  Pot  Roses,  Clematis,  Camellia,  A/.alea,  Conifers,  Vines  ; 
also  general  Greenhouse  Plants,  hard  and  soft  wood.  Must  have 
good  references.- .\pply,  per  letter,  JAMES  W.  TODMAN,  Ellham 
Nurssry,  Kent,  S.  E. 


WANTED,  an  .ASSISTANT  or  IMPROVER,  from 
a  London  Market  Grower's  Used  to  Atiend  to  Stove  Plants, 
Ferns,  &c.  Also  NURSEKY  HANDS,  for  Planting.  —  Forward 
particulars  and  terms  to  T.  POUNCE,  Hendon,  N.W. 


WANTED,  in  a  London  Wholesale  Seed  House,  a 
LAD  who  Writes  a  good  hand,  and  would  make  himself 
generally  useful  in  Counting  House.  ■  ■  ■  ■ 
AND  SON.  6,  Leadenhall  Street,  E.C. 


WANTED,  a  Youth  as  ASSISTANT  in  a  Seed  Shop. 
One  with   some  knowledge  of  Nursery  Business  preferred. — 
Apply  to  GEORGE  DAVISON,  White  Cross  Nurseries,  Hereford. 


WANT  PLACES— Letters  to  be  Post  Paid. 

Gardeners  and  Under  Gardeners. 

WM.  CUTBUSH  AND  SON  beg  to  state  that  they 
have  at  all  limes  on  their  books  MEN  of  various  qualifications, 
whose  characters  will  bear  the  strictest  inquiry.  Any  Gentleman 
making  application  would  save  time  by  clearly  stating  the  duties  to  be 
undertaken,  wages  offered,  &c.,  so  that  suitable  Men  may  be  selected. 
— Highgate  Nurseries,  London,  N. 


EXPERIENCED  GARDENERS  (or  as  GARDENER 
and  BAILIFF),  of  various  qualifications^  recommended  to 
Gentlemen. — Further  particulars  given  on  application  to  Messrs.  E.  G. 
HENDERSON  AND  SON,  Wellington  Nursery',  St.  John's  Wood.  N.W. 


TO  FLORISTS,  &c.— A  young  Person,  Daughter  of  a 
Florist,  who  has  just  lost  her  Grandfather  (a  Nurseryman),  with 
whom  she  resided,  is  very  desirous  to  obtain  a  RESIDENT  SITUA- 
TION at  a  Florist's  or  Nurserj'man's.  Would  give  a  short  time.  Has 
a  knowledge  of  the  business. — T.,  Gardeners'  Chronicle  Office,  W.C, 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  34,  married,  no  family; 
understands  Pines,  Vines,  Peaches,  Strawberries,  Forcing,  and 
general  Kitchen  and  Flower  Gardening.- S.  PICKERSGI LL,  Sebright 
iJottage,  West  Barnet,  Herts. 


GARDENER  (Head),  age  44,  married,  no  incum- 
brance ;  thoroughly  understands  every  branch  of  the  profession. 
Highest  reference  can  be  given.  Six  years  in  place  he  is  now  leaving. — 
G.  G.,  Post  Office,  Faringdon,  Berks.  


GARDENER  (Head). —Age  35,  married;  under- 
stands the  Growing  of  Pines,  Vines,  Peaches,  Figs,  Orchids, 
Ferns,  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  Flower  and  Kitchen  Gardening, 
&c— The  MANAGER,  PJne-apple  Nurser>-,  Maida  Vale,  London,  W. 

GARDENER  (Head),  age  28,  married,  one  child.— 
A  Gentleman  is  desirous  of  recommending  a  Head  Gardener 
(Worifing)  where  one  or  two  Gardeners  are  kept.  He  has  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  profession,  and  is  fully  competent  to  undertake  the 
Management  of  a  good  place.  Nine  years'  character.  An  abstainer.- 
GEORGE  TURNER,  Esher  Lodge,  Esher,  Surrey. 


CT.ARDENER  (Head).— A  Widow  Lady  wishes  to 
T  obtam  a  situation  for  her  Head  Gardener.  He  has  lived  in  her 
service  nearly  fourteen  years,  is  married,  sober,  steady,  industrious, 
and  thoroughly  faithful  ;  well  skilled  in  the  Management  of  the 
Garden  and  Greenhouses,  and  equally  successful  with  Land  and 
with  Cattle— Mrs.  MIDDLETQN  WARD,  Moss  Hall,  Finchley,  N. 

GARDENER  (Head).— Age  39.  married  ;  thoroughly 
experienced  in  Pines,  Vines,  Peaches,  Melons,  Cucumbers, 
Strawberries,  the  Orchard-house,  &c..  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants, 
and  the  Kitchen  Garden  and  Pleasure-grounds,  No  single-handea 
place  accepted.  Eight  years'  character.— G.  R.,  Post-Office,  Lower 
Tooting,  London,  S.W. 

"7:1  ARDENER  (Head),  age  26. -Mr.  Gray,  Gardener 

VJT  to  the  Earl  of  Zetland,  Upleatham,  M3rske-by-the-Sea,Yorkshire, 
can  with  confidence  recommend  his  Foreman,  James  Bourne,  to 
any  Lady  or  Gentleman  requiring  the  services  of  a  good  general 
Gardener.  He  has  been  twelve  years  in  the  profession,  in  good 
establishments,  and  his  character  will  bear  strict  inquir>' 


GARDENER  (Head).— Age  30,  single;  well  e.\peri- 
enced  in  everj'  branch  of  the  profession,  including  the  Early 
Forcing  of  Pines,  Vines,  Peaches,  Melons,  &c.,  also  good  Plantsraan 
and  Kitchen  and  Flower  Gardener.  First-class  references  from  pre- 
vious and  present  employers.— GARDENER,  Stocldeieh  House. 
Regent's  Park  North,  N.\V:  ^      «wuse. 


G.VRDENER    (Head).— Age  29;    thoroughly  under. 
stands  thu  profession  in  all  its  various  branches.    Goodcharacter_ 
—A.  1!.,  The  il.irJcns,  I'laistjw  Lodge,  Uromley,  Kent. * 

/T^\RDENER"(HEADJy^Age'30,'~iuarried;    South  of 

VX   EnL:land  preferred.    First-rate  character  from  last  employer,  with 
whom  he  has  iivud  three  years, — J.  S  ,  Northgate  Nursery,  Chichester. 

G'".'\RDEN1':R^  (Head).— Married,  no  incumbrance  ; 
thoroughly  understands  the  profession  in  all  its  branches.  Can 
be  well  recommended  by  his  previous  and  present  employers.— 
T.  GRANT,  The  Gardens,  Sulhampstead  House,  Reading. 

GARDENER  (Head,  or  Single-handed). — Age  24, 
single ;  is  a  good   general   Gardener.      Seven   years'   character 
from  last  place. — J.  IS.,  The  Gardens,  Myton,  Helperby,  York. 


GARDENER  (Head,  or  Single-handed). — Age  30, 
married ;  thorough  Kitchen  Gardener,  also  understands  Forcing 
of  A'ines  and  Peaches,  Pines,  Cucumbers  and  Melons.  Twelve  j'ears 
experience. — F.  G.,  Post  Office,  Carshallon. 


GARDENER  (Head,  Working),  age  41,  married, 
A  Gentleman  is  an.xious    to  recommend  the  above,  who  has 
been  in  his  service  for  the  last   three  years.     Understands  Meadow 
Land.— T.  SIMPSON,  Hand,  near  Arundel, 


GARDENER  (Head,  Working),  where  two  or  more 
are  kept. — .'Vge  40,   married,  one  child  ;   has  a  thorough  practical 
knowledge   of  the  profession  in   all  its  branches.      Can   take  charge 
of  Meadow   Land,  &c. ,  if  required.     Seven  years' good  character. 
P.  C. ,  Q,  Crown  Place,  Bell  Green,  Lower  Sydenham,  S.  E, 

ARDENER  (He.\d),  where  two,  three,  or  more  are 


G'' 


kept. — A  young  Man,  who  has  a  good  practical  knowledge  of 
the  profession  in  all  its  branches.     Four  years    good  character  from 


the  establishment    he   is   now   leaving. — H. 
Romsey,  Hants. 


A.,    Paulton's  Gardens, 


G GARDENER    (Head),     or     GARDENER    and 
r     B.'VILIFE, — Age    3?,    married  ;     thoroughly   understands    the 
branches  of  both  professions.     Wife  cai  undertake  Dairyor  Poullrj' 
A.  T.,  Tunstall  Cottage,  Sittingbournc,  Kent. 


G1ARDENER  (Head),  or  GARDENER  and 
^  UAILIFF. — .\);e  31,  married,  no  family  ;  has  had  longj  experi- 
ence in  Scotland  and  England.  Understands  the  profession  in  every 
department,  also  the  Propagation  and  Management  of  young  Forest 
Trees.  Satisfactory  reasons  for  leaving  present  situation.  Reference 
can  be  had  from  present  and  late  employer. — W,  D.,  Post  Oil' 
Hrad  ford-on -Avon,  Wiltshire. 


GARDENER,  or  FOREMAN.— A  Gardener  who  is 
parting  with  his  Foreman,  wishes  to  obtain  for  him  a  place 
either  as  Gardener  in  a  small  place  where  two  or  more  are  kept,  or  as 
Foreman.  Can  be  highly  recommended.  Has  two  years'  good 
character.— II.  H. ,  Gardener,  Hunsden  Bury,  Ware,  Herts. 


G 


ARDENER.— Alex.  Jarvie,  Gardener  to  Colonel 

Kon  Slaney,  Hatton  Grange,  will  be  at  liberty  on  April  i  to 
. .  „  any  Nobleman  or  Gentleman  who  may  reauire  the  services 

of   a    first-class    Gardener.       Testimonials    of    the    nighcst    order. — 
A.  JARVIE,  Hatton  Grange,  Shifnal,  Salop. 


CI^ARDENER,  with  a  special  knowledge  of  Rose 
-f  Growing.— Mr.  George  Paul  can  recommend  to  any  Gentleman 
requiring  the  services  of  a  Gardener,  a  Man  who,  in  addition  to  f;eneral 
attainments,  has  a  special  knowledge  of  Rose  Growing,  both  in  and 
out-of-doors.  He  was  for  many  years  in  the  Rose  department  of  the 
Cheshunt  Nurseries,  and  since  has  had  the  Management,  under  one 
of  our  leading  Gardeners,  of  the  Rose-house  and  Grounds  in  a  large 
private  Estabhshment.- Mr.  G.  P.VUL,  Cheshunt,  Herts. 


^ARDENER,  where  one  or  two   are   kept    (age  27, 

—^  marriedl. — A  Lady  wishes  lo  recommend  her  Gardener  to  any 
Lady  or  Gentleman,  as  she  is  breaking  up  her  establishment.  Under- 
stands Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  vines,  Melons,  and   Cucumbers. 


G 


Excellent  character  giv 


-C.  E.  J,,  Wilderness,  Reigate. 


/ 21  ARDENER  (Single-handed). — Age  38,  married; 

Vj  thoroughly  understands  Kitchen  and  Flower  Gardening.  No 
objection  to  a  Cow  if  required.  Good  references. — G.  P.,  27,  Hanover 
Road,  Shooter's  Hill,  Kent,  S.E. 


GARDENER  (Single  -  handed,  or  otherwise). — 
Age  28,  married;  understands  Vines,  Forcing,  and  Green- 
houses; also  Fruit  and  Flower  Gardening.  Four  and  a-half  years' 
character. — C.  N.,  Post  Office,  Earley,  Reading. 


GARDENER    (Single-handed,    or    where   help   is 
given),— Age   30,   married.     Five  years' good  character.— G.   B., 
Bearhurst,  Dorking, 


GARDENER      (Single-handed,     or    Under).— 
Age  22;  understands  Flower  .ind  Kitchen  Gardening,  and  Green- 
house. ^ood^character^---F\_E^2,Woodche5ter  Street,  Paddington.W. 


GARDENER  {Single-handed,  or  Under),  in  a 
good  Garden. — Married,  two  children  ;  understands  the  Culti- 
vation of  Greenhouse  Plants,  Cucumbers,  Vegetables,  and  Flower 
Gardening. — A.,  Post  Office,  Halstead,  Essex. 


GARDENER  (Under),  in  a  Gentleman's  Garden.— 
Age  19;  strong,  active  and  willing.  Has  a  good  knowledge  of 
Gardening  in  general.  Two  and  a  half  years'  good  character. — C.  C, 
Crown  Place,  Bell  Green,  Lower  Sydenham,  S.E. 


GARDENER  (Second).— Age  21  ;  steady  and  indus- 
trious.     Has    been   accustomed   to    Plants,    Vines,   Pines,   and 
Peaches.     Seven  years'  experience.— W.  G.,  Post  Office,  Carshalton. 

/^^ ARDENER  (Second),  in  a  GentleinanTEstabfishT- 

V_l  ment. — Age  26;  understands  Vines,  Pines,  Stove  and  Green- 
house Plants,  also  Cucumbers  and  Melons.  Good  character. — A.  B., 
2,  Laurel  Cottage,  Cricklewood,  N.W. 


IMPROVER. — Age  20  ;  two  years  in  present  situation. 
No  objection  to  a  Premium. — A.  B.,  Crowcombc  Court  Gardens, 
Taunton,  Somerset. 


To  Head  Gardenera. 

IMPROVER    (age    18).— Thomas    Simpson,    The 
Gardens,  Broomfield  Lodge,  Chelmsford,  can  confidently  recom- 
mend  a  very  respectable  and  pushing  young  Man,  as  above. 


FOREMAN  (or  Head),  where  two  or  three  are  kept. 
— Age  25,  single,  active  and  sober;  understands  the  routine  of 
Kitchen  and  Flower  Gardening,  Plant  Houses  ;  good  Propagator,  S:c. 
— X.  V.  2.,  171,  Maiden  Road.  Haverstock  Hill,  London,  N.W. 


To  NurserjTneii  and  Florists. 

FOREMAN  and  GROWER.— Age  32  ;  has  been 
12  years  in  the  leading  London  Market  Nurseries,  and  five  years 
at  Messrs.  E.  G.  Henderson  &  Son's,  St.  John's  Wood,  London.  Cha- 
racter will  bear  strict  inquirj-.- F.  J.,  5,  Market  Place,  Silchester 
Road,  Notting  Hill,  London,  W. 


PROPAGATOR   (General),  Indoors.— Of   consider- 
able  experience,  with   first-class    testimonials.- A.,  Melbourne 
Nursery,  Anerley  Road,  Upper  Norwood,  Surrey,  S.E. 


To  Nursenrmen. 

PROPAGATOR  of  Stove,  Greenhouse,  and  Soft- 
wooded  Plants,  also  Hardy  Outdoor  Plants. — Age  37  ;  has  had 
long  practice  in  London  and  Provincial  Nurseries.  Thoroughly 
steady— HENRY  WEBBER,  Whittington.  near  Lichfield. 

PROPAGATOR  (Hard-wooded).— Has  had  exten- 
sive  experience  in  Propagating  Hardy  Heaths,  Rhododendrons, 
Clematis,  Ivies,  Hollies,  Accrs,  Coniferse,  &c.,  by  the  newest  and 
most  approved  methods.  Is  at  present  engaged  at  Messrs.  Veitch 
&  Sons',  at  their  branch  establishment  at  Kingston  Hill,  from  whom 
the  highest  references  as  to  character,  abilities,  and  qualifications 
can  be  obtained  on  application.— H.  MARSLEN. 


WOODMAN  or  FORESTER.— Well  acquainted 
with  Rearing,  Planting,  and  Management  of  Timber  and 
Plantations,  Fencing,  &c— FORESTER,  Post  Office,  Llandovery, 
Carmarthenshire. 


BAILIFF,  or  UNDER  STEWARD,  or  to  assist  a 
Com  Factor,  &c— Middle-aged,  married.  A  long-experienced 
practical  Farmer.  Good  references  —J.  C,  Post  Office,  Lambourne, 
Berks.  J        ,  -  . 


JOURNEYMAN,    in   a   Nobleman's    or    Gentleman's 
Establishment, — Age  22;  four  years'  good  character  from  present 
employer.— H.  H,,  Post-Office,  Netley,  Southampton. 


MANAGER  of  Colonial  Garden  or  Estate.— A  young 
Man  (age  20,  married,  one  child),  is  desirous  of  engaging  him- 
self as  above.  He  is  well  acquainted  with  Garden  and  Estate  Man- 
agement, IS  a  thorough  Tea  Pfanicr,  and  knows  something  of  Grazing 
and  Farming.  Would  prefer  the  settled  Pacific  States  ol  America.— 
HUKi'US,  the  Editors,  Gardeners'  Chronicle  <  »lfice,  W.C. 

ASSISTANT,  in  a  Nursery,  where  they  Grow  for 
Market.— A  young  Man;  been  used  to  Potting,  Tying,  Water- 
ing, and  general  Management  of  Houses.— W.  H,,  Post  Office,  Bexley 
Heath,  Kent,  S.E. 


Protection  ft:om  Fire. 


[light  ONLY  ON  THE  box) 

.IHEPOBUC  ARE  CflimONED  AGAINSr 

DANGEROUS  I.\I1  TAI  IONS. 


WM.        YOUNGER        and         CO.'S 
EDINBURGH,  INDIA  PALE  and  DINNER  ALES. 
Sparkling,  refreshing,  nourishing  and  economical. 
To  be  had  of  the  principal  retailers. 
Observe  Trade  Marks,  as  other  brands  are  frequently  substituted. 
Breweries,  Edinburgh.    Established  1740.    London  Stores,  Belvedere 
Road^   S.E. ;    Liverpool,  i.  Seel   Street;    Bristol,   14,   Narrow   Quay; 
Dublin   Stores,  7,    Lower   Ahhev    Street:    Swansea,    Quay    Parade; 
Glasgow,  Queen  Street ;  ninnm-h.im,  i^,  Temple  Street. 

Lea  &  Perrlna'  Sauce, 

THE  "WORCESTERSHIR  E," 

pronounced  by  Connoisseurs  "  the  only  good  Sauce."     Improves 
the  appetite,  and  aids  digestion.     Unrivalled  for  piquancy  and  flavour. 

ASK  FOR  LEA  and  PERKINS'  SAUCE. 

BEWAHE  or   lM[TATtONS, 
and  see  the  Names  of  LEA  and  PP^RRINS  on  all  Bottles  and  Labels. 
Agents— CROSSE  and   KLACKWELL,   London,   and  sold  by   all 
Dealers  in  Sauces  throughout  the  World. 


O      A. 


Grateful— Comforting. 

EP       P       S    '    S  CO 

BREAKFAST. 
"  By  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  natural  laws  which  govern  the 
operations  of  digestion  and  nutrition,  and  by  a  careful  appIic.^tion  of 
the  fine  properties  of  a  well  selected  cocoa,  Mr.  Epps  has  provided  our 
breakfast-tables  with  a  delicately-flavoured  beverage  which  may  save 
us  many  heavy  doctor's  bills." — Civil  Service  Gazelle. 

Made  simply  with  boiling  water  or  milk. 

Each  packet  is  labelled,  ^ 

JAMES  EPPS  AND  CO.,  Homoeopathic  Chemists,  London.  , 


D 


INNEFORD'S 


FLUID 


MAGNESIA. ' 


The  best  remedy  for  Acidit\'  of  the  Stomach,  Heartburn,  Headache, 
Gout,  and  Indigestion  ;  and  the  best  mild  Aperient  for  delicate  consti- 
tutions, especially  adapted  for  Ladies,  Children  and  Infants. 

DINNEFORD  and  CO.,  172,  New  Bond  Street,  London,  W.  ; 

and  of  all  Chemists  throughout  the  World. 


GOUT  and  RHEUMATISM.— The  excruciating 
pain  of  Gout  or  Rheumatism  is  quickly  relieved  and  cured  in  a 
lew  days  by  that  celebrated  Medicine,  BLAIR'S  GOLfT  and 
RHEUMATIC  PILLS. 

They  require  no  restraint  of  diet  or  confinement  during  their  use, 
and  are  certam  to  prevent  the  disease  attacking  any  vitai  part. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  is.  ilid.  and  zj.  Qtf.  per  box,  or 
obtained  through  nny  Chemist. 

IN  the"  SPRING  PARR'S  LIFE  RILLS  are  used  by 
Thousands.  They  clear  from  the  body  all  hurtful  impurities, 
invigorate  the  feeble,  restore  the  invalid  to  health,  and  do  good  in  all 
cases. 

A  small  box,  price  isMif-.  contains  36  Pills,  showing  it  to  be  the 
most  economical  family  Medicine. 

More  Citres  (this  Week)  by 

DR.    LOCOCK'S    PULMONIC    WAFERS.— 
From  Mr.  Snwv,  MPS.,  5,  Charles  Street,  Hull. 
"  Feb.  19,  1872. — They  are  an  unfailing  remedy  for  all  disorders  of 
the  breath  and   lungs.    To  clergymen,  singers,  and  public  speakers, 
they  are  a  perfect  boon." 

Ihe  Wafers  give  instant  relief  in  Asthma,  Consumption,  Bronchitis, 
Coughs,  Colds,  Rheumatism,  and  all  Hysterical  and  Nervous  Pains. 
They  taste  pleasantly.     Sold  by  all  druggists,  at  ts.  i%d.  per  box. 

CO  CK  L  E '  S    ANT  IBILIOUS     PILLS. 
THE    SAFEST    FAMILY    APERIENT. 
In  boxes,  at  15.  iJ^tJ.,  ss.gd.,  4;.  6if.,and  its. 


COCKLE'S  ANTIBILIOUS  PILLS.— 
These  Pills  consist  of  a  careful  and  peculiar  admixture  of  the 
best  and  mildest  vegetable  aperients,  with  the  pure  extract  of  the 
flowers  of  the  Camomile.  They  will  be  found  a  most  efficacious 
remedy  for  derangement  of  the  digestive  organs,  and  for  torpid  action 
of  the  liver  and  bowels,  which  produce  indigestion  and  the  several 
varieties  of  bilious  and  liver  complaints.  They  speedily  remove  the 
irritation  and  feverish  state  of  the  stomach,  allay  spasms,  correct  the 
morbid  condition  of  the  liver  and  organs  subservient  to  digestion, 
promote  a  due  and  healthy  secretion  of  bile,  and  relieve  the  constitu* 
tion  of  all  gouty  matter  and  other  impurities,  which,  by  circulating  in 
the  blood,  must  injuriously  affect  the  action  of  the  kidneys  ;  thus,  by 
removing  the  causes  productive  of  so  much  discomfort,  they  restore 
the  energies  both  of  body  and  mind.  To  those  who  indulge  in  the 
luxuries  of  the  table,  these  Pills  will  prove  highly  useful,  occasioning 
no  pain  in  their  action,  unless  they  meet  with  an  unusual  quantity  of 
acrid  bile  and  acid  matter  in  the  stomach  and  bowels.  It  must  be 
understood  that  these  Pills  are  not  recommended  as  containing  any 
new  or  dangerously  active  ingredients ;  on  the  contrary,  they  are 
characterised  by  a  remarkable  simplicity  of  combination,  and  whatever 
merit  they  may  be  found  to  possess  depends  as  much  upon  the  selec- 
tion of  pure  drugs,  and  the  unusual  labour  and  attention  bestowed 
upon  their  subsequent  preparation,  as  upon  the  acknowledged  pecu- 
liarity of  their  composition.  They  are  not  recommended  as  a  panacea, 
nor  are  they  adapted  to  all  complaints ;  but  as  a  mild  and  efficacious 
aperient  and  tonic  in  the  various  forms  of  indigestion  it  will  not  per- 
haps be  an  exaggeration  to  state  that  they  have  been  resorted  to  under 
all  systems  of  diet,  changes  of  climate  or  atmospheric  alterations,  with 
an  extraordinary  degree  of  success,  for  72  years.  This  celebrated 
family  aperient  may  be  had  throughout  the  United  Kingdom  in  boxes 
at  I*,  ilid.,  2J.  grf.,  41.  6d.,  and  iii.,  as  well  as  in  India,  China,  New 
Zealand,  and  the  Australian  colonies. 


c 


OCKLE'S    ANTIBILIOUS    PILLS. 

THE    OLDEST    PATENT    MEDICINE. 
In  boxes  at  is.  iVid.,  2j.  gd.,  4s.  W.,  and  lis. 


276 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


tf"ebhi&ry  24,   1872. 


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Editorial  Communications  should  be  addressed  to  "The  Editor;"  Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "  TKe  Publisher,"  at  the  Office,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C. 
Printed  by  William  Richards,  at  the  Office  of  Messrs.  Bradbury.  Evans.  &  Co, ,  Lombard  Street,  Precinct  of  Whitcfriars,  City  of  London,  in  the  County  of  Middlesex,  and  Published  by  the  said  WILLIAM 
Richards,  at  the  Office,  No.  41,  Wdlmgton  Street,  Parish  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  in  the  said  County.— Saturday,  February  34, 187a. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL   GAZETTE. 


No.  9. — 1872.] 


SATURDAY,  MARCH  2. 


I     Registered  at  the  General 
I  Post  Ofllce  as  a  Newspaper. 


Price  5d. 

Post  Frue^  s^t/. 


CONTENTS. 


LEADING  ARTICLES,  &•<:.- 
Uirmjnghain       Afip'icultural 

Exhibition  Society    2q6 

Commercial  progress 295 

Cypripcdiiim  supcrbiens    ..  284 
Drcchslcr's   winnowing  ma- 
chine (with  cuts)    284 

Meteoroloin'  of  the  week  . .  284 
National  tnanksgivino,   the  283 
Shorthorn  show  at   Bingley 
Hall    396 

OUR  LIVE  STOCK— 

Cattle 296 

Poultrj- 2Q7 

Sheep 297 

ORIGINAL  ARTICLES— 

Conifers,  notes  on     285 

Farm  accou  nts     3q8 

Filmy  Ferns  (with  cut) 387 

Manures  for  Turnips  299 

Micnonette,   new    varieties 

of  (with  cuts) 2S4 

■   New  Foreie'i  Cattle  Market 

(with  cuts)    2q8 

Notes  ofiS?!   297 

Utilisation  of  sewage 299 

Vcgeiation  ■i'.  miasma 286 

■\Valls,    how    to    make    the 
most  of 286 

HOME  correspondence- 
Acacia  lophantha  as  a  win- 
dow plant 289 

Big  wheels  302 

Chiswick  garden  trials    ....  288 
Ccclogyne  cristata 288 


HOME  CORRESPONDENCE- 

Cra.i5ul.-is  (with  cut)    289 

Depth  of  drains 301 

Euch.iris  amaionica 289 

I,achcn.^lia5  (with  cut) 290 

Lease  of  land 302 

I-ord      Warwick's    Sewage 

Kami 301 

( Irchid  cultivation 390 

I'otaio  planting 303 

Prince  Napoleon  Pear     ....  289 
Redskin  Flourball  Potato..  288 

Sewage  utilisation    301 

Shrubs  and  climbers    288 

Tiptrce  management  302 

Tobacco,  honie  culture  of  . .  2S8 
Tying  up  Hyacinths    290 

FOREIGN  CORRES.— 

\"cgetation  in  Sicily 290 

Sydney  290 

Dusseldorf 303 

SOCIETIES— 

Edinburgh  Uotanical    291 

Linnean 291 

Warwickshire   Chamber    of 
Agriculture 303 

NOTICES  OF  BOOKS- 
The     Illustrated    JJook     of 
Poultry- 304 

CALENDAROFOPERA  TIONS 

Farming  operations 304 

Garden  operations    293 

We.\ther  Tables 292 


Notice  to  Subscribers. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS,    payable    in    advance,    including 
Postage  to  any  part  of  the   United  Kingdom: — 
Three  Months    ..  5J-.  ri.\d.  \  Six  Months     ..     lis.  iid. 
Tiueive  Months     ..     £1  3^.  lod. 
Post   Office   Orders  to  be   made  payable  to  WiLLlAM 
Richards,  at  the  King  Street  Post' Office. 

Publishing  Ogee,  41,    Wellington  Street,    W.C. 


Notice. 

i^ARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  AND  AGRICUL- 
V_X  TURAL  gazette, -The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready; 
price,  in  cloth,  £1  dr,  W. 

W.  RICHARDS,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


POYAL    HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY,  SOUTH 

XV  KENSINGTON,  W. 

NOTICE.— FLOWER  SHOW.  FRUIT  and  FLORAL  COM- 
MITTEE MEETING,  on  WEDNESDAY  NEXT,  March  6,  at 
II  o'clock.  GENERAL  MEETING  at  3.  Band  of  the  Royal  Horse 
Guards  from  3.     Admission  is.  6d. 


ROMFORD  and  ESSEX  FLORAL  and 
HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY.— The  FIRST  SHOW  will 
be  held  on  THUUSDAY,  June  13:  and  the  SECOND  on 
THURSDAY,  September  5.  Schedules  may  be  had  on  application  to 
the  Secretap-,  Post  Onice,  Romford. 

Choice  New  Seeds,  Gladioli,  &c. 

WILLIAM     CUTBUSH    and    SON'S     Descriptive 
Priced  CATALOGUE  contains  every  requisite,  of  the  finest 
quality  only.     Post  free  on  application. 
Highgate  Nurseries,  London,  N. 


VEGETABLE      and      FLOWER     SEEDS, 
GLADIOLI  and  ROSES. 
Priced  Descriptive  CATALOGUES  sent  post  free  on  application. 
DRUMMOND    BROTHERS,    Seedsmen,  &c.,  52,  George  Street, 
Edinburgh. 


Flower  Seeds. 

STUART.      MACDONALD,     and     C  O., 
W*HOLESALE  SEED   GROWERS  and   SEED   MERCHANTS, 
Southampton  Row,  Holborn,  London,  W.C, 


EVERY         GARDEN         REQUISITE 
KEPT  in  STOCK  at 
CARTER'S  New  Seed  Warehouse,  237  &  238,  High  Holborn,  London. 


LITTLE-  AND  BALLANTYNE.  Carlisle,  have  just 
issued  their  SPRING  SOWERS'  GUIDE  for  1872,  containing 
prices  and  descriptions  of  GARDEN  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  FARM 
bEEDS,  &c  :  copies  of  which  will  be  sent  free  on  application. 


THE      PINE-APPLE      NURSERY      COMPANY, 
33,  Maida  Vale,  Edgware  Road,  W. 
JOHN  BESTER,  Manager  of^  the  Nursery  and  Seed  Department. 
The  Company  guarantee  to  their  Customers  Punctuality,  Liberality, 
and  Genuine  Articles.     The  favour  of  a  visit  is  earnestly  solicited. 


JEAN  VERSCHAFFELT'S  Nursery,  134.  Faubourg 
de  Bruxelles,  Ghent,  Belgium.  CATALOGUES  to  be  had  free 
from  his  Agents,  Messrs.  R,  SILBERRAD  and  SON,  5,  Harp  Lane 
Great  Tower  Street,  London,  E.C. 


_         Transit  Agency  for  Plants,  Seeds,  &c. 
(^    J.    BLACK  IT H    AND    CO.,    late    Betham    & 

\~I»   Blackith,    Cox's    and   Hammond's   Quays,    Lower    Thames 

Street,  London,  S.E. 

^ Forwarders  to  all  parts  of  the  World. 


WM.     KNIGHT  IS  now   sending    out    12  Varieties 
of  the  NEW  FUCHSIAS  of  1871,  selected  as  the  best  of  the 
season,   m   extra   strong   Plants  for  Exhibition,  for  10*.  td.  the  set. 
package  mcluded. 
. Floral  Nurseries.  Hailsham,  Sussex, 


WCedrus  Deodara, 
M.  PAUL,  Waltham  Cross,  N..  has  a  fine  lot  of 
_         clean  SEED  of  this  beautiful  hardy  tree,  in  excellent  condition, 
rnce  per  ounce  or  pound  on  application. 


TWelllngtonla  glgantea. 
O  BE  SOLD,  SIXTY  PLANTS,  Cheap,  from  4  feet 
to  10  feet  high.     All  removed  two  years  since 
Mr.  JAMES  TYSON,  The  Gardens,  Oakwood  Hall,  Rotherham. 


Specimen  camellias. 

l\/rR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  include  in  his  SALE  on 
^^^  SATURDAY,  March  2,  a  fine  Lot  of  Specimen  CAMELLIASi 
varying  from  6  to  8  feet,  in  pots  and  tubs. 
38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C^ 


C:j.RAPE    VINES. —A    great    variety,  strong    Canes 
^     lor    Forcing ;    St.indard     ROSES,    and    many    Thousands    ol 
CLIMBERS     and     EVERGREENS,    in     pots;     ORNAMENTAL 
TREES.  &c 
R.  GREEN,  Bedford  Conservatories,  Covent  Garden  Market,  W.C. 


Pines. 

BS.  WILLIAMS  has  now  a  fine  stock  of  splendidly 
•   grown  Plants,  of  all  the  best  kinds,  including  both  suckers  and 
successions   of  the    CHARLOTTE     ROTHSCHILD.        Prices    on 
application. 
Victoria  and  Paradise  Nurseries,  lljipcr  Hulluw.iy,  N, 


Grape  Vines,  Fruiting  and  Planting  Canes, 

5S.  EACH. — Lewis  Wuuuthokpk  begs  to  offer  a  fine 
and   well-grown    STOCK    of    all    the     best    sorts.       Descriptive 
CATALOGIJES  free.     Second  sized  BLACK  HAMBURGHS,  35.  6d. 
each.     L.  W.'s  system  of  packing  saves  half  the  cost  of  carriage. 
Munro  Nursen,-.  Sible  Hedingham,  Essex. 

ROYATTY  STRAWBERRY.— Awardeda  First-class 
Certificate  by  the  Fruit  Committee  of  the  Royal    Horticultural 
Society,  June  ig.  1871. 

I.   'IROTMAN   can  still  supply  the  above.     Price,  21J.  per  too;  4s. 
per  dozen.     In  pots,  6s.  per  dozen 
Spring  Grove  Nursery,  Isleworth.  W. 


ORCHARD-HOUSE    TREES,    Fruiting    in    Pots.— 
Peaches,    Nectarines.    Plums,    Pears,    Apples,    Figs,   Apricots, 
Cherries,  Mulberries,  and  Oranges, 
RICHARD  SMITH.  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


/CHOICE  ROSES,— The  finest  Stock  of  Tea,  Noisette, 

V^  China,  and  other  Roses  to  select  from,  all  strong  and  healthy,  in 
pots.     Descriptive  Priced  LIST  on  application  to 
RICHARD  S^aTH^Nu^seryn^anJtnd  Seed  Merchant.  Worcester. 


Show  Roses. 

A  PRICED  LIST  of  the  best  Hybrid  Perpetual  Show 
ROSES:     also     a      PRICED     LIST     of     choice     Variegated 
GERANIUMS,  post  free,  on  application  to 
^ALFREDFRVEK,  The  Nurseries.  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire, 

NEW  ROSES  for  1872,  in  40  best  Varieties,  worked 
in  the  very  best  style.  Extra  strong,  well  furnished  plants  (not 
to  be  surpassed),  now  ready.  Descriptive  LISTS,  with  raisers' 
names,  on  application. 

HENRV    BENNETT,    Manor    Farm  Nursery,  Stapleford,    near 
Wilton,  Wilts. 


WEBB'S     PRIZE     COB     FILBERTS,     and    other 
PRIZE   COB    NUTS  and  FILBERT.S.      LISTS  of  these 
varieties  from  Mr.  WEBB,  Calcot,  Reading. 


WEBB'S     NEW     GIANT     POLYANTHUS 
Florist  Flower,  and  GIANT  COWSLIP  SEEDS  ;  also  Plants 
of  all  the  varieties,  with  Double   PRIMROSES  of  different  colours; 
AURICULAS,   both  Single  and  Double;    with  every  sort  of  Eariy 
Spring  Flowers.     LIST  on  .ipplication.— Mr.  WEBB,  Calcot,  Reading. 


To  the  Trade  and  Others. 

BEST    BEDDING    GERANIUMS,    strong   summer 
and   autumn  struck,  from  store  pots,  at  i2j.  perioo;   cuttings, 
half-price. 
1".  L.  MAYO,  Floral  Nurseries,  Hereford. 


PJHODODENDRON     STOCKS    and     CLEMATIS 
V  ROOTS,  fit  for  immediate  use,  can  be  supplied  by 

Messrs.  CRII'FS  and  SON,  Tlie  Nurseries,  Tunbrldge  Wells,  Kent. 


rr  RUE  LONDON  PLANE  TREES,  15  feet  high,  and 

J-  straight  as  pun-rods,  42s.  per  dozen;  also  a  great  variety  of 
STANDARD  ORNAMENf  AL  TREES  for  Park  or  Avenue  Planting. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurserymen,  Worcester. 


rpo   be   SOLD    CHEAP,    20,000  PLANE   TREES, 

-1-        3  to  4  to  s  feet,  transplanted,  straight  and  clean  as  canes. 
Apply   to  W.    JACKSON    AND_Ca;_Nurseries,   Bedale,  Yorkshire. 

STRONG    and    EXTRA    STRONG    THORN. 
Large  buyers  liberally  treated.     Samples  on  application. 
JAMES   DICKSON   AND   SONS,    Ne%»lon    Nurseries.    Chester. 


AVENUE  TREES. 

n.     HORSE   CHESTNUTS,  8  to  10  leet.       LIMES,  8  to  10  feet. 
Very  fine  and  at  moderate  prices.     Particulars  on  applic 
JAMES    DICKSON    AND   SONS,    Newton    Nurseries, 


LARCH  for  SALE.— A  large  quantity  of  fine  Trans- 
planted  Larch,  from   i'^  to  3?^  feet,— For  price  and  samples, 
'""'"  '"  H.  CARRIER,  Dodington,  Sittingbourne,  Kent. 


DOUBLE     WHIN,     or    GORSE,     nice     plants, 
3s.  per  dozen,  151.  per  100.     See  Catalogue, 
JAMES  SMITH,  Parley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  1 


BERBER  IS     AQUIFOLIA,     for    Covert. 
12  to  i8  inches,  Ss.  per  too,  40J.  per  100. 
15  to  20  inches,  ioj.  per  100,  60s.  per  100.     See  Catalogue. 
JAMES   SMITH,  Parley    Dale   Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 


C?VERGREENS,    including  all  the  choicest  and  best, 

-Li  and  all  other  Nursery  Stock,  of  all  ages  and  sizes,  and  in  the  best 
possible  condition  for  safe  removal,  being  "  full  of  roots."  the  result  of 
carelul  and  regular  transplanting.     Priced  LISTS  post  free. 

JAMES  DICKSON  .^ND  SONS,  "  Newton"  Nurseries,  Chester. 

■piFTEEN  THOUSAND  very  strong  LARCH.   2  to 

J~     3  feet,  and  3  to  4  feet,  twice  transplanted.     Samples  and  prices 

on  application.  |  30,000  ASH,  2  to  3  feet,  12s.  6d.  per  1000. 

Put  on  Great  Western  Railway. 

R.  AND  J.  TUCKER,  The  Nurseries,  Faringdon,  Berks. 

QTRCNG    THORNS    and    LARCH.— Buyers  of  the 

^J  above  will  be  liberally  dealt  with.     Forsamplesand  prices  apply  to 
RUSH    AND    YEAIS    (late    Chivas    &    Weaver),    Eaton    Road 
Nurseries,  Chester, 


TJ  ENRY  ORMSON,  Horticultural  Architect 

-LJ.  Builder,  and  Hot-Water  Apparatus  Manufacturer, 
Stanley  Bridge,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  S.W. 
Flans,  Specifications,  and  Estimates  on  application. 


WANTED,     in    large    quantities,    the    following; 
I  and  z->T.  Seedling  BIRCH    |  i  and  z-yr.  ALDER 

I  and  2-yr.  OAK,  English. 
Samples    and    price    per    100.000    from 
T.  THORNTON,  The  Nurseries,  Heaiherside,  Bagshot.  Surrey. 


Standard  Rhododendrons. 

TT/ ANTED,  SIX  of  the  above,  various  colours,  with 

T  V     straight  stems,  4  feet  high,  and  good  round  heads  to  match 
State  lowest  price  to 

WILLIAM  BRYANT,  The  Nursery-,  Rugby. 


CARTER'S      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS.— Price  121.  ftd.,  31s.,  30*.,  425.,  and  63s.     Packing  and 
carriage  free. 
237  and  238,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C. ^^ 


CARTER'S      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS  will  produce  a  constant  supply  of  the  best  vegetables 
all  the  year  round. 

C""  ~ARtER~S      COLLECTIONS      of     VEGETABLE 
SEEDS. 
For  Cottage  Gardens,  [  For  Small  Gardens,  I  For  Medium  hardens, 
price  I2J.  6</.  |  price  21J.  |       price  w.  and  421. 
Packing  and  carriage  free.     Five  per  cent,  for  cash  paymi-nt. 
237  and  238.  High  Uolb.irn,  London,  W.C. 


To  the  Trade. 

ASPARAGUS     PLANTS,    very    strong    and    good ; 
grown  on  our  own  farms.    Lowest  price  on  application, 
JAMES  CARTER,  DUNNETT,  and  BEALE,  237  and  238,  High 
Holborn,  London,  W.C. 

SpeciaTofffelTto  the  Trade. 

ASPARAGUS  ROOTS.— Strong  i-yr.  old,  y-  6d.  per 
1000  ;  strong  2-yr.  old,  Ss.  per  1000  ;  strong  3yr.  old,  tos.  per  1000. 
Cash  or  reference  required  from  unknown  correspondents, 

THOMAS    PERKINS.  42.  Drapery,  Northampton. 

6d.  per 


BIRD'S  KING   of  the   CUCUMBERS, 
packet.     The  best  for  e.\hibition. 
BIRD'S    QUEEN    of   the    Mia.<.)NS.    is,    per  packet.     The  best 
green-fleshea  variety.     May  be  had  of  all  the  Seed  Trade,  and  of 
JAMES  BIRD,  Nurs(;r>man  and  Seedsman,  Downham. 

ELL'S    MARKET    FAVOURrfET' UCUM BER. 

— The  best  and  most  prolific  White  Spine  in  cultivation.  Average 
length  24in. ;  easy  culture,  fine  form,  colour  and  flavour.  Sixseeds,  15.  orf. 
JOHN   BELL,  Seedsman,  Exchange  Street,  Norwich. 


TELEGRAPH     CUCUMBER      PLANTS. —Strong 
Plants  arc  now  ready  for  sending  out,  carefully  packed  to  travel 
safely.     Price  on  application  to 

A.  WATKINS,  Nuraery,  Bishop  Stortford,  Herts. 


RICHARD  WALKER  can  supply  the  following  for 
cash:— Best  SEAKALE  for  forcing,  71.  per  too;  SEAKALE 
for  planling.out,  3s,  per  100;  ASPARAGUS,  Zi  per  1000;  WHITE 
SPANISH  ONION  SEED,  all  new  and  genuine. 

The  Market  Gardens,  Biggleswade,  Beds. 


)OTATOS,    ONIONS,   and    TARRAGON    ROOTS. 
Surplus  stock  to  be  SOLD,  Cheap. 
JOHN  MITCHINSON,  Seed  Merchant,  Truro,  Cornwall. 


)OTATOS,     selected     for    Seed.— 
post  free. 
JAMES  DICKSON  AND  SONS,  Newton  Ni 


Priced     LISTS, 

irseries,  Chester. 


V 


EITCH'S 


Seed  Potato. 

IMPROVED 


ASHLEAF, 


£q  per  Ton. 
RICHARD  SMl'IH,  Nurseryman,  Worcester. 


Royal  Ashleaf  Potatos. 

JOHN  PERKINS,  Sen.,  has  a  quantity  of  the  above 
to  offer,  all  good  sound  tubers,  and  true  to  name,  at  £6  per  ton. 
^ 52.  Market  Square,  Northampton. 


RED-SKINNED  FLOURBALL  POTATOS,  ^^6  per 
ton,  7J.  per  cwt.  ;    EARLY  ROSE,  £8  per  ton,   los.   per  cwt.  : 
EARLY  GOODRICH  and  CLIMAX,  121.  per  cwt. 
ALTERED  COCKERILL.  Northampton. 


SEED      POTATOS.— Ten     Tons     Early     Goodrich. 
Tvi'enly   Tons   Dalmahoy,    Twenty    Tons    Drumraond's    Early 
Prolific,  Ten  Tons  Early  Shaws.     For  price,  inquire  of 
N.   L.,  Post  Office,  Chatteris,  Cambs. 


Seed  Potatos. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Growers 
and  Sekd  Merchants,  Slealord,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  SEED  POTATOS  is 
now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  application, 

EED  POTATOS.— Quantity  of  Myatt's  Ashleaf,  Early 

Shaws,  Dalmahoys,  and  Scotch  Regents  for  SALE,  at  moderate 
prices. 

SKINNER,    SKINNER,   and    SONS,    Commission    Fruit,   Pea» 
and  Potato  Salesmen,  Covent  Garden  Market.  W.C. 

S"  EED  "POTATOS.    true,     to     be    Disposed    of.    as 
follows  : — Suttons'    Flourball.  71.  per  bushel  ;    Webb's  Imperial, 
js.  per  bushel  ;  Red  Regents,  $s.  per  bushel,  and  is.  6d.  for  sack.     Put 
on  Kail,  on  Post-office  Order  being  sent  to 
The  BAILIFF,  Mr.  Charles  Monk,  Woolvers,  Relgate. 


To  the  Trade. 

EARLY  SEED  POTATOS.— A  few  Tons  of  the 
following  to  DISPOSE  OF:— Mona's  Pride,  Milky  White,  and 
Early  Shaw.  Also  a  few  quarters  of  Laxton's  Supreme  PEA.  For 
prices,  &c.,  apply  to 

JAMES  MYATT.  Offenham,  Evesham. 

EARLY  WALNUT-LEAVED  OXFORD  ROUND 
POTATOS. — The  most  valuable  of  all  varieties  for  forcing 
purposes:  the  haulm  being  very  short  and  compact,  and  producing 
very  handsome  shaped  tubers  of  excellent  quality  earlier  than  any 
other  sort.  The  Trade  can  be  supplied  with  a  few  of  the  above  at 
2S.  6d.  per  peck.         H.  and  F.  SHAKPE.  Wisbech. 

Turnip  and  Mangel  Wurzel  Seeds— 1871  Crop. 

JOHN  SHARPE  will  on  application  furnish  his  LIST, 
with  prices,  of  the  principal  SEEDS  he  is  growing  this  year. 
Bardney  Manor,  Lincoln. — July  6. 

NEW  GIANT~HYBRID  ^  COW^CLOVER.— A 
Ereat  acquisition.  A  Hybrid  between  Cow  Grass  and  Common 
Red  Clover— \\  ill  mow  three  heavy  crops  in  one  year,  and  succeccis  on 
Clover-sick  land.     Price  2j.  6d.  per  lb      Cheaper  by  the  cwt 

SUTTON  AND  SONS,  Seedsmen  tolhe  Queen,  Readinc. 


Improvement  of  Grass  Lands  by  sowing 

SUTTONS'     RENOVATING     MI,\TURE    of    fine 
GRASSES   and    CLOVERS,   price   sal.    per  lb.,  8fa.   per  cwt. 
Carriage  free.     Sow  in  February  and  March,  6  to  12  lb.  per  acre. 
Royal  Berks  Seed  Establishment,  Reading. 

PARIS,  I  SUTTONS'^GRASS^S'EEDS  for  ALL 
1S67.  I  SOILS.  The  PREMIER  PRIX  SILVER  MEDAL 
for  GARDEN  SEEDS,  GRASSES,  and  GRASS  SEEDS,  was 
Awarded  to 

SUTTON    AND    SONS,  Seedsmen,  by  Special    Appointment,  to 
H.M.  the  Queen,  and  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Reading,  Berks. 


Agrlc<Utnral  and  Garden  Seeds. 

TJ     AND   F.    SHARPE'S    Trade  CATALOGUE    of 

J-A.  HOME-GROWN  SEEDS  is  now  ready.  It  contains  all  the 
very  best  varieties,  cultivated  under  their  own  superintendence.  The 
quality  is  very  fine,  and  the  prices  low. 

Seed  Growing  Establishment,  Wisbech. 


278 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   A^^rlcultural    Gazette. 


[March  2,   1S72. 


c 


HOICE    TRICOLOR 


Prince  of  Wales         Tctty  Lacy 
Mrs.  Dunnett  Sir  Robert  Napier 

Sunbeam  Pre-eminent 

Wonderful  Phoebus 

The  12  for  211.,  cash;  package  free. 

Remittances  requested  from  unknown  correspondents. 

ALFRED  FRYER.  The  Nurseries.  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire. 


GERANIUMS. 

Miss  Burbett  Coults 
Mrs.  John  Glutton 
Italian  Beauty 
Mabel  Morris 


Pelargoniiuns  for  the  Million. 

JAMES    HOLDER'S    unrivalled    COLLECTION    of 
FRENCH,  FANCY,  and  SHOW  VARIETIES,  now  ready,  in 

strong  Plants.     CATALOGUES  gratis  on  application. 

HUNT'S   superb   SWEET   W1LLL\M,    m  24   varieties,  seed   or 
plants,  as  per  former  Advertisement. 

Crown  Nurscr>-,  Reading. 


Greraniums  to  Offer. 

WM.  POTTEN  has  now  to  offer  a  very  large  stock 
of  fine  healthy  plants,  in  ^inch  pots,  of  the  following  :— 
GOLD   and   SILVER   TRICOLOR.S,  SILVER   VARIEGATED, 
GOLD  and  BRONZE,  DOUBLES  and  ZONALS,  all  at  low  prices. 
GOOD  ZONALS,  in  sorts.  165.  per  100.     All  package  free. 

W.  P's  CATALOGUE  of  GERANIUMS  and  other  BEDDING 
PLANTS,  also  his  CATALOGUE  of  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER 
SEEDS,  can  be  had  post  free  on  application. 

Orders  for  other  Bedding  Plants  can  now  be  booked,  to  be  sent  out 
in  April  and  May. 

The  Nursery'.  9issinghurst,  Staplehurst,  Kent 

New  Pelargoniums. 

CHARLES  TURNER    can    supply  strong  Plants  of 
the  following  beautiful  NEW  PELARGONIUMS,   which  are 
highly  recommended  : — 
ACHIEVEMENT  (Foster).— A  pleasing  large  light  variety,    5.    d. 

lilac-rose,  maroon  spot  on  top,  large  white  centre,  fine  form    21    o 
BRIGAND  (Foster).— Clear  cherry-pink,  maroon  spot  on  lop 

petals  shaded  with  orange-pink,  clear  white  eye,  fine  . .     21     o 

BRUTUS  (HoYLE).— Rich  crimson,  with  black  spots,  narrow 

crimson  margin,  white  centre        ..         ..         .■         •.         . .     15    o 
C.'ESAR  (Foster). — Fine    bright   lower  petals   rich   crimson, 

Sainted,  lop  dark  maroon,  narrow  crimson  edge        . .         . .     21     o 
NSELLOR  (Foster)  —Deep  rose-pink,  small  spot  on  top 

petals,  white  eye,  large         21     0 

IMPERATOR  (HoYLE}.— A  rich  dark  flower  of  fine  form  and 

substance,  deep  crimson-black  top,  narrow  crimson  edge  . .     21     o 
KINGCRAFT  (Foster). — Novel  orange-maroon,  dark  maroon 

top,  clear  white  centre,  very  rich  colours         21    o 

POMFEV  (Foster)-— A  very  large  flower,  rich  colours,  and 

fine  form,  orange  lower  petals,  maroon  top,  orange  margin, 

large  white  eye..         ..         ,.         .,         .,         21     o 

PRELATE    (Foster).  —  Lower    petals    dark    purple- maroon, 

black  top  petals,  marrow  purple  margin,  white  eye  . ,         . .     21     o 
PRIME     MINISTER    (Fostek).— Crimson      lower     petals, 

maroon  top,  lilac  margin,  white  eye        ,,         ..         ..         ..     21     o 

ROSICRUCIAN  (Hovle).— New  shade  of  colour,  rosy  purple- 
maroon  spot  on  top  petals,  shaded  with  purple,  line  form  . .     15     o 
ROYAL    BRIDE   lFosTER).~Cherry,    medium    spot    on    lop 

petals,  shaded  with  orange,  clear  white  eye,  fine  form         ..     2t     o 
SUNSET  (Hovlk). — Bright  crimson-scarlet,  dark  spot  on  lop 

petals,  shaded  with  rosy-scarlet,  free  bloomer  ..         ..     13    o 

ZEPHYR  (  Hovle).— Painted  crimson  lower  petals,  dark  maroon 

top,  a  wide  edge  of  bright  crimson,  fine  form  and  substance    21    o 
Also  best   named  Show  and   Fancy  Varieties  of  former   years  in 
extra  strong  plants,  21s.  per  do?:en. 
The  Royal  Nurseries,  Slough.       


^ 


Superb  Ranunculuses. 

CTYSO,  Florist,  &c.,  Wailingford,  Berks,  is 
•  offering  assortments  of  this  beautiful  hardy  Flower  at  3s.  and 
;i,  per  dozen  sorts,  post  free  for  cash  with  order.  He  will  send  a 
-IRCULARwilh  descriptions  of  a  Collection  of  50  named  sorts,  on 
appHcation;  also  a  TREATISE  on  CULTURE,  price  6d.,  free  to 
purchasers  of  10s.  worth 

Choice  DOUBLE  ANEMONES,  2i.  and  3?.  per  dozen, named  sorts, 
with  full  directions  for  culture. 

GERMAN  SEEDS  of  superior  qualify,  in  assortments  of  is.,7S.  6d., 
and  V-  ANNUAL  FLOWER  SEEDS,  12  packets,  post  free,  2«.  6d. 
CATALOGUES  gratis. 


NEW    AND    GENUINE    SEEDS, 

CARRIAGE    FREE. 


B.  S.  WILLIAMS, 

NURSERYMAN  and  SEED  MERCHANT, 

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES, 

UPPER  HOLLOWAY,  LONDON,  N. 


COMPLETE  COLLECTIONS  of  KITCHEN  GAR- 
DEN SEEDS,  to  suit  Gardens  of  various  sizes, 
21s.,  42s.,  63-r.,  and  84J.  each. 

NEW  and  CHOICE  VEGETABLE  SEEDS. 

Per  packet— J.  d. 

Williams' Alcxandi^  BROCCOLI        16 

Williams'  Improved  Dwarf  BRUSSELS  SPROUTS        ..         ..10 

Williams' Early  Nonsuch  CABBAGE 10 

Williams'  Matchless  Red  CELERY 10 

Veitch's  Autumn  Giant  CAULIFLOWER 36 

Telegraph  CUCUMBER  (Woolley's  Improved) 16 

Turner's  Blue  Gown  CUCUMBER 26 

Williams' Gloria  Mundi  ENDIVE        16 

Burncirs  Alexandra  White  Cos  LETTUCE 16 

Williams' Victoria  Cos  LETTUCE 10 

Webb's    Climax    MELON,  the    finest  flavoured  green-fleshed 

variety  out  16 

Williams'  Paradise  Gem  MELON,  scarlet-fleshed,  the  earliest  in 

cultivation  16 

Williams'   Emperor  of  the   Marrows   PEA,   a  white   wrinkled 

variety,  very  prolific,  and  of  exquisite   flavour,  the   finest 

wrinkled  marrow  Pea  in  cultivation  . .         . .  per  quart  ..go 

Earley's  Defiance  TOMATO,  the  earliest  in  cultivation,  per  pkt.     i    6 


NEW  and  CHOICE  FLOWER  SEEDS. 

.  Per  packet — s.  d. 

Williams*  superb  strain  of  PRIMULA,  Red,  White,  or  Mixed 

,„„,.       .                                                 IS.  6d.,3s.  6d.,2s.  6d.,and  5    o 

WniiamV  superb  strain  of  BALSAM is.  6d.  and  2    6 

Ncill's  extra  choice  strain  of  CALCEOLARIA 

,„      ,      .,„                                                    "■  C"^-*  ?*■  6d.t  3*.  6d.,  and  S    o 

Weatherill's  extra  choice  strain  of  CINERARIA 

,„.     .  ,       .                                             IS.  6ii.,2i.  6rf.,3s.  6if.,  and  S    o 

Wiggin's  prize  slram  of  CYCLAMEN..            is.  6rf.,  aj,  M.,  and  3    6 

Wlggin's  prize  strain  of  POLYANTHUS       ..         ..           15.  and  i    6 

GLOXINIA,  finest  erect  varieties        10 

GL'  iXINiA,  finest  drooping  varieties. .        ,            ...  10 

AGERATUM,  Impcriamwarf  ..           .1  10 

AMARANTHUS  SALICIFOLIUS    ..         .,               i J  "(5^  and  a    6 

CENTAUREA  CLEMENTEI..          ..                              ■  ^u..  ^nu  ^    u 

COLLINSIA  VIOLACEA         ..                              " J    n 

DELPHINIUM  NUDICAULE          .. I    % 

PRIMULA  JAPONICA,  in  fiix  beautiful  varieties*        .*.*    each  2    6 

(I                     ,,                 mixed          _  26 

East  Lothian  STOCKS,  per  collection  of  three  colours     .'.  '26 

VIOLA  CORN  UTA,  Enchantress      .,        T?        . .  "j  6rf  and  I    6 

VIOLA  CORNUTA.var.  Perfection..                          1.  W  and  I    6 

ZINNIA  HAAGEANA,florcplcno     ..         ..         ..    ""  ™- ^"'l  ^    ^ 

B  S.  W.'s  Illustrated    CATALOGUE  is  now  ready,  post  free  on 
application. 

VICTORIA  and  PARADISE  NURSERIES, 
Upper  HoUovvay,  London,  N. 


L  ILIUM  AURATUM,  LILIUM  AURATUM. 
(Imported  Bulbs. )— Fine  sound  flowering  bulbs,  at  91.,  12s  ,  and 
i8s.  per  dozen;  cheaper  by  the  100.  CYCLAMEN  PERSICUM,  very 
fine,  6s.  per  dozen.  CALCEOLARIAS,  best  strain  out,  4s.  per  dozen. 
PRIMULAS,  fine  strain,  in  6o's,  3^^  P"  dozen.  CINERARIAS, 
in  dS's,  showing  bloom,  61.  per  dozen.  Zonal  GERANIUMS, 
in  100  varieties,  20s.  NEW  CATALOGUE  of  Plants,  Cuttings,  and 
Rooted  Cuttings  (92  pages)  of  all  the  best  new  Pelargoniums,  Fuchsias, 
Petunias,  Verbenas,  &c.,  now  ready  ;  sent  post  free  for  one  stamp. 
GEORGE  POULTON,  Fountain  Nursery.  Angel  Road,  Edmonton, N. 


FOREIGN  FLOWER  SEEDS.— The  most  beautiful 
French  ASTER  grown  is  Truffaut's  Reine  Marguerite,  in  Flcur- 
Perfection,  Bombed  and  Pivoinc  varieties  ;  500  seeds,  in  16  fine  double 
colours,  mixed,  u. 

The  finest  STOCK  in  cultivation  is  thencw Goliath  Pyramidal  Ten- 
week,  height  2  feet,  surpassing  all  others  in  the  size  of  the  plants  and 
flower-spikes  ;  2';o  seeds,  in  eight  fine  double  colours,  is, 

PHLt)X  DRUMMONDII,  of  the  best  quality,  in  12  colours;  500 
seeds,  6d.    Post  free. 
ALFRED  HAMMOND,  Foreign  Seedsman,  Redwin  Street,  Salisbury. 


I.niiim  auratum. 


The  ANNUAL  IMPORTATIONS  having  just  arrived  from  Japan, 

MR.  WILLIAM  BULL  can  supply  good  BULBS, 
by  the  dozen,  hundred,  or  thousand.  The  Bulbs  arc  remark- 
ably sound  and  good  this  season,  and  can  be  supplied  at  very  low 
prices. 

Establishment  for  New  and   Rare  Plants,  King's   Road,  Chelsea, 
London,  S.W. 

Special  Offer  of  Seed  of  tlie  Handsome  Flowering 

NEW  BEGONIA. 


BEGONIA  CARMINATA,  an  elegant  tuberous-rooted 
Hybrid  of  the  "  boliviensis  "  group.  The  leaves  are  stained  with 
a  coppery  brov/n  tint  between  the  veins,  while  the  flowers  arc  large,  of 
a  pretty  delicate  salmony  hue  tinged  with  rose,  the  males  having  four 
oblong  segments  upwards  of  an  inch  long,  and  the  females  five  petals 
of  smaller  size.  The  Plants  come  into  Mower  while  quite  dwarf,  and 
continue  blooming  in  the  most  profuse  manner.     51.  per  packet. 

Mr.  WILLIAM  BULL,  Establishment  for  New  and  Rare  Plants, 
King's  Road,  Chelsea,  London,  S.W. 


FOX  and  GAME  COVERTS.— The  BITTER 
WILLOW  is  the  cheapest,  most  easily  reared,  and  most  uselul 
plant  yet  offered  for  forming  new  coverts,  or  improving  those  already 
made.  Birds  arc  especially  partial  to  Willow  plantations.  Bitter 
Willow  stakes,  3  to  4  feet  long,  will  make  a  really  good  covert  the  first 
year,  and  perfectly  secure  from  the  attacks  of  rabbits.  Anxious  to 
make  the  valueof  this  plant  better  understood,  W.  Scaling  will  supply 
cutlings  or  stakes  at  the  following  extremely  low  rales  for  the  remainder 
of  the  planting  season  :— 

10  inches  long,  15s.  per  1000         [        36  inches  long,  40J.  per  1000 

15  inches  long,  20J.  per  1000  48  inches  long,  sof.  per  1000 

24  inches  long,  301.  per  1000         |        60  inches  long,  601.  per  1000 

Increasing  in  thickness  as  they  increase  in  length,  and  all,  except  the 

10  inches,  cut  from  3-yr.  old  shoots.     The   two   larger   sizes   are   well 

adapted   to  make   hedges,  in   place   of  Thorn  or  Quick-reared.     See 

article  in  Rural  Almanac,  1872,  p.  37,  published  at  the  Field  Oflice. 

WILLIAM  SCALING,  Willow  Nurseryman,  Easford,  Nolls. 


New  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  Plants,  Fruits,  &c. 

ROBERT  PARKER  begs  to  announce  that  his  NEW 
CATALOGUE,  containing  select  Descriptive  and  Priced  Lists 
of  Agricultural,  Flower,  and  Weetable  Seeds,  Fruit  Trees,  Miscel- 
laneous Plants,  Sweet  Violets,  &c.,  is  now  published,  and  will  be 
forwarded  to  applicants. 

The  slocks  of  seeds  have  all  been  procured  from  the  best  possible 
sources  ;  all  are  warranted  genuine,  and  are  offered  at  the  lowest  pos- 
sible prices.  Intending:  purchasers  arc  requested  to  compare  the 
prices  with  those  of  other  houses. 

Exotic  Nurserj',  Tooting.  Surrey.  S  W. 


Nursery  stock  of  superior  Quality. 
T>AUL  AND  SONS,  TheOid  Nurseries,  Cheshunt,  N., 

-1-       are   large   holders   of  the   following  several  articles,  of  usual 

quality:— 

ROSES.— Leading  kinds,  their  selection:  Good  Standards,  2^  to 
4  feet,  i8j.  to  241.   per  dozen ;  Dwarfs,  on  own  roots  or  Manetti, 

„      75*-  to  £s  per  100. 

Seventy  I-irst  Prizes  were  awarded  to  Paul  &  Sons  for  Roses  during 
the  past  year,  including  what  may  be  termed  the  "  Blue  Riband^ 
of  the  Rose  Shows,  Rev.  Mr.  Holk's  Cup  at  Nottingham. 

■FRUIT  TREES  for  ORCHARDS.-Finc  6  feet  stemmed,  good- 
headed  Standards,  181.  per  dozen,  £6  per  100,  of  Pears  and  Applts, 
sorts  — as  Tibbett's  Incomparable  Gooseberry  Apple,  King  of 
Pippins,  Sturmer  Pippin,  amongst  Apples  ;  Williams"  Bon  ChrOtien, 
BcurrC-  Capiaumont,  Marie  Louise,  Louise  Bonne, amongst  Pears; 
in  large  quantities. 

Standard  Victoria  PLUMS,  6  feet  stems,  fine  heads,  fruiting  trees, 

2jt.  per  dozen  ;  3-yr.  irces^  i8j.  per  dozen. 
Standard  MEDLARS,  extra  fine,  on  Thorn,  a+r.  per  doien. 
WALNUTS,  grand  trees,  30J.  per  dozen. 

VINES  for  Planting,  very  good,  361.  per  dozen, 

AMERICAN  PLANTS. 
RHODODENDRON    PONTICUM,  for  cover,  very  bushy,  i   foot, 
30J.  per  too  :  ij^  to  3  feet,  501.  per  100 ;  named  sorts,  good  bushy 

flants,  301.  to  ^2s.  per  dozen. 
MIA  LATII-OLI  A,  nice  bushy  plants,  i  to  ij^  foot,  50s.  per  100. 

ORNAMENTAL  TREES.— Collections  of  50  or  too  varieties,  Varie- 
gated, Flowering  or  Weeping  trees,  from  £j  loi.  per  100. 

ORNAMENTAL  DECIDUOUS  SHRUBS,  sor.  to  751.  per  100. 

CONIFERS. 
Collection  of  100  varieties,  /jio  to  £20  per  100,  according  to  size. 

EVERGREENS,    of    all     sizes,    in    large    quantities,    LAURELS. 

YEWS.  &c. 

Priced  Descriptive  LISTS  oi  above  post  free  on  application. 

PAUL  AND  SON,  The  Old  Nurseries,  Cheshunt,  N. 


TO  PLANTERS  of  FOREST  TREES.— The 
handsomest  and  also  the  most  profitable  Forest  Trees  to  grow 
are  the  two  NEW  WILLOWS,  SALIX  BASFORDIANA  and 
SALIX  SANGUINEA.  S.  Basfordiana  is  the  most  vigorous  growing 
Willow  yet  introduced  ;  the  timber  is  exceedingly  lough  and  valuable; 
the  branches  are  of  a  bright  orange  colour,  deepening  into  a  red 
towards  the  points,  and  shine  in  the  sun  as  if  varnished.  S.  sanguines 
is  not  quite  such  a  rapid  grower,  but  the  timber  is  equally  tough,  and 
the  branches  throughout  of  a  deeper  red,  and  very  bright.  The  colour 
is  the  most  brilliant  when  the  trees  arc  destitute  of  leaves.  They  are 
spiry  topped  trees,  and  attain  a  large  size,  perfectly  hardy,  and  will 
grow  in  the  poorest  soils  or  most  exposed  situations.  They  would 
form  handsome  groups  in  a  landscape,  or  mix  with  and  relieve  the 
sombre  appearance  of  our  woods  in  winter.  It  is  very  rarely  that  a 
valuable  novelty  like  the  above  has  been  offered  at  such  extremely  low 
rates.  Strong  rooted  plants,  6  to  9  feet  high,  61.  per  dozen,  or  401.  per 
100;  9  to  13  feet  hign,  71.  6d.  per  dozen,  or  501.  per  100;  selected 
specimens  over  13  feet,  12s.  per  dozen,  or  Bos.  per  100. 

For   the  value   of  the  Willow  as  a  Timber  Tree,  see  ihc  Garden, 
December  o,  1871. 

WILLIAM  SCALING,  Willow  Nurserj-man,  Barford,  Notts. 


Richard   Smith, 

NURSERYMAN  AND  SEED  MERCHANT, 
WOECESTEE. 


ROSES— standard,  Dwarf  and  Climbing. 
FRUIT  TREES  of  every  description. 
CREEPERS,  for  Trellises  and  Walls. 
FOREST,  SCREEN,  and  TIMBER  TREES. 
SHRUBS  for  GAME  COVERTS. 
QUICK  and  other  STOCK  for  HEDGES. 


CONIFEROUS  TREES  and  SHRUBS. 

EVERGREEN  „  ,, 

FLOWERING 

ORNAMENTAL       ,,  ,, 

AVENUE 

GARDEN  and  FARM  SEEDS  of  all  kinds. 


DESCRIPTIVE  PRICED  CATALOGUES  to  be  had  on  application. 


PREMIER  HORTICULTURAL  PRIZE  AND  TWO  GOLD  MEDALS 

FROM    INTERNATIONAL    EXHIBITION,  1871. 

William  Paul 

RESPECTFULLY     SOLICITS     ORDERS     FOR     HIS 

COLLECTION    OF    ROSES, 

The    largest,     cheapest,     and    best    stock    in    the    country. 

VEGETABLE    AND    FLOWER    SEEBS 

Of  the  most  select  and  improved  races,  many  of  wliich  have  been  worked  up  under  his  own  eye  and  hand  ; 
the  carriage  of  which  may  be  deducted  from  the  account. 

FRUIT    TREES, 

St.indards  and  Dwarfs,  Trained  and  Untrained  ;    also  many  thousands  of  handsome  Fruiting 
Pyramids,  well  set  with  flower-buds. 

ORAPE    VINES. 

A  large  Collection,  Including  all  the  newest  sorts,  in  excellent  condition  of  root  and  top. 

EVERGREENS  and  FLOWERING  TREES  and  SHRUBS. 

Many  acres  In  splendid  condition  for  removal,  well  worthy  of  inspection  by  any  gentleman  planting. 

-4- 


Carriage  of  all  Goods  Free  to  London.      Priced  Catalopics  Free  hy  Post. 
PAUL'S  NURSERIES  and  SEED  WAREHOUSE,  WALTHAM  CROSS,  LONDON,  N. 


March  2,   1S72.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


279 


ORNAMENTAL  GAME  COVERT. 
A  Collection  of  Plants,  consisting  of  SYRINGA,  RIBES, 
ELDER,  SriR.^A.  SNOWBERRY,  Sic,  will  be  supplied  at  /?  per 
1000,     See  Catalogue. 

JAMES  SSlITH,  Parley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 

NE    HUNDRED    THOUSAND    HARDY 

■    HEATHS. 
100,  in  10  varieties,  20s.  ;    100,  in   20  variclies,  30J.  ;    or  100,  in   40 


O 


varieties,  45s.     Sec  Catalogue. 

JAMES  SMITH,  Parley  Dale  Nnr- 


rics,  near  Matlock. 


BITTER  WILLOW  HEDGES.— See  article, 
"  Profitable  Hedges,"  Rural  Almanac  for  1872,  p.  37,  Field 
,  Office.  Use  Bitter  Willow  Stakes  3  to  5  feel  long  and  make  a  ncdpc  at 
once,  the  produce  at  which  is  useful  and  profilablc  either  as  withes 
I  for  bands  or  for  basket  work.  At  present  our  hedges  are  costly  and 
'  profitless,  a  Willow  hedge  equally  as  strong  as  Thorn  can  be  reared 
I  at  less  cost  and  in  a  sixth  part  of  the  time  ;  neither  cattle,  game,  nor 
I  vermin  will  destroy  it.  They  may  be  safely  planted  up  to  the  end  of 
March. 

WILLIAM    SCALTNG,  Willow  Nurscrj-man,  Basfoid,  Notts. 


FIVE  HUNDRED  THOUSAND  LARCH,  i\  to  2, 
2  to  2'-^,  s]^  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
200,000  SCOTCH   FI  R,  15  to  2d  inches,  thrice  transplanted. 
aoo,ooo  SPRUCE  FIR,  2  to  a'-i.  2'a  to  3,  and  3  to  3"^  feet. 
300,000  t'AK,  English,  I'l  to  2'^',  3  to  4,  and  4  to  6  feet. 
100,000  HAZEL,  15  to  34  inches,  and  a  to  3  feet, 
200,000  SYC.\MORE,  2!^  to  3,  3  to  4  4  to  6,  and  6  to  8  feet. 
aoo,ooo  THORNS,  3,  4,  and  5-yr.  tr  ns.ilanted. 
100.000  ELM,  Wycli,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  .^  n.  5.  and  5  to  6  feet. 
joo,ooo  ASH,  Common  and  Slountam,  2  to  3,3  to  4,  anil  5  to  7  feet. 
20,000  OAK,  Turkey,  a  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  g,  and  5  to  7  feet. 
50,000  BIRCH,  i'^  to  2,  2  to  3,  4'-.  to  6,  and  6  to  8  feet. 
30,000  AUSTRIAN   PINE,  t  102.2103,3104,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
to,ooo  YEW,  English,  i  to  1]^,  I'.i  to  2,  and  4  to  7  feet. 
50,000  ,\LDER,  I  to  2,  2  to  3.  and  3  to  g  feet. 
10.000  EiLM.  Ent;lish,  grafted,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
20,000  SIL\ER  FIR,  I  to  I'l,  and  i!-3  to  a  feet. 
40.000  BFF,CH.  2'i  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
30,000  PK1\'ET,  Evergreen,  i]'i  to  2,  and  2  to  3  feet. 
We  also  hold   a   large    general    Stock   of  all   other  FOREST   and 
ORNAMENTAL  TREES,  &C.,  which  will  be  olTercd  at  very  moderate 
prices.     C/VTALOGUES  on  application. 

H.  AXD  R.  STIRZAKER.  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster. 
VIRGO   ANP   SON.    Wonersh~">furseriesrn^r 

•  Guildford,  Surrey,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  Noble- 
men, Gentlemen,  Nurser^'men,  and  Others,  to  the  under-mentioned 
stock,  the  whole  of  which  is  particularly  strong  and  healthy,  and  in 
excellent  condition  for  removal : — 

Standard  and  Half-Standard  ROSES,  upwards  of  300  varieties ; 
Standard.  Pyramid,  and  Pwarf  APPLES,  extra  fine ;  ditto  PEARS; 
ditto  PLUMS:  GOOSEBERRIES;  Black,  Red,  and  While 
CURRANTS;  FILBERTS,  extra  fine. 

EVERGREENS. 
Common  Laurel,  2  to  4  feet. 
Portugal  Laurel,  a  to  4  feet. 
Green  and  Variegated  Box,  2  to 


Green  Holly,  2  to  3  feet,     [4  feet. 

Yew,  3  to  4  feet. 

Siberian  and  Chinese  .\rbor-vit:e, 

3  to  4'feet. 
rinus  austriaca,  a  to  5  feet. 

ORNAMENTAL  TREES, 


Spruce  Fir,  2  to  6  feet,    fine  and 

bushy. 
Bcrbens  aquifolia,  i  to  ij  foot. 
American  Arbor-vita;,  for  hedges, 

3  to  6  feet. 
Evergreen  Privet,  2  to  3  feet,  fine. 
Cupressus  Lawsoni3na,3  to4  feet. 


Sp.inish     and     Horse    Chestnut,  1 

6  to  8  feet. 
Wych  Elm,  6  to  8  feet. 
Double,       Scarlet,     White      and 

Paul's  New  Thorn,  6  to  8  feet. 
Black  Italian  Poplar.  6  to  8  feet        I 
Turkey,  English  and  Scarlet  Oak. 


Hornbeam,  Laburnum,  Lime, 
Norway  Maple,  Lonibardy, 
Ontario,  White  or  Abclc, 
Balsam,  &c. 

Sycamore,  Sumach,  Acacia.Weep- 
ing  Willow  and  Birch,  6  to 
8  feci. 


Transplanted  FOREST  TREES,  for  Covert  and  Copse  Planting, 


Scotch   Fir, 

2^i  to  3^  feet. 
Hazel,  2  to  3  feet. 
English  Oak,  2]^  to  3  feet. 


foot,    and 


Alder,  3  to  5  feet. 
Beech,  2  to  3  feet. 
Horse  Chestnut,  3  toj  feet. 
Spruce  Fir,  a  to  3  feet. 
Sycamore,  3  to  4  feet, 

10,000  clean-grown  CR.\B  STOCKS. 

Priced  CAr.-VLOGt'E  and  samples  on  application. 

The  Nurseries  are  I'j  mile  from  Bramley  Station,  London,  Brighton, 

and  South  Coast  Railway;  2*4  miles   from  Shalford   Station,  Soulh- 

Eastern   Railway ;  and  4  miles  from  Guildford  Station,  London  and 

South- Western  Railway.     Goods  delivered  free  to  the  above  stations. 


■p  HODODENDRON       PONTICUM,       fine      bushy 


XV 


20  to  30  inches 
2  to  aj'ij  feet  . . 
ajj  to  3  feet . 


plarUs  :— 


235. 
35^- 


Per  1000. 
..i;ta  OS. 
..     16  10 


RHOPODENDRON  HYBRIDUM. 

15  to  20  inches         . .         301,  . .         . .  /14    0 

2  to  2'-j  feet  . .         ..         405,  ..         ..     ig    o 

RHODODENDRON  MAXIMUM  ALBUM  (White), 

2  to  2I4  feet  ..         . .        4or.  , .         .  .£  19    o 

For  smaller  sizes,  see  CATALOGUE. 

JAMES  SMITH,  Parley  Pale  Nurseries,  near  M.itlock. 


Would  You  be  Surprised  to  Hear 
IHE  UNDERMI'.N  riONKD  can  now  be  purchased 

at  immensely  reduced  prices  ?    Apply  to 
CHARLES  NOBLE,  Bagshot. 
Standard  APPLES,  PEARS,  and  PLUMS 
Pyramid         ,,  ,,  ,, 

Pwarf-traincd  PEACHES 
Standard  lyr.  trained  PEACHES 
REP  CURRANTS,  in  variety 

RHODODENDRONS.  Hybrid  Seedlings,  2  to  4  feet 
SPRUCE  FIR,  3  to  4  feet 
CUPRESSUS  LAWSOMANA,  2  to  10  feet 
PICEA  NORDMANNIANA,  3to6feet 
PINUS  CEMBRA,  Tto4fect 
RETINOSPORA  .sOUARROSA,  I'A  to  2%  feet 
ERICOIDES,  1^  to  3  feet 
„  PISIFERA,  I'j  to  6  feet 

„  OBTUSA,  3to6feet 

THUJA  AMERICANA,  t  to  6  feet 

„        LOBBII,  i}^  to  6  feet 
THUJOPSIS  EOREALIS,  4  to  8  feet 

,,  POLABRATA,  9  inches  to  1%  foot 

ARUNDO  CONSPICUA,  strong 
BERBERIS  AQUIFOLIA 

,,  DARWINII,  I'^toaJ^feet 

lAPONICA,  I  to  2  feet 
LABURNUMS,  3  to 6  feet 

PEUTZIA  CRENATA  FLORE-PLENO,  3  to  6  feet 
POUBLE  FURZE,  pots 
ENGLISH  OAKS,  a  to  6  feet 
LAURELS,  Colchic,  1%  to  3'A  feet 
„  Common,  tJ<  to  2%  feet 

,,  Portugal,  I  to  2  feet 

LARCH  FIR,  6  to  9  feet 
SCOTCH  FIR.  4  to  6  feet 
MENZIESH   PULIFOLIA,  strong 
Paul's  New  Scarlet  THORN,  Standard  and  Pyramid 
PURPLE  LABURNUMS,  4  to  8  feet 
POPLAR,  ONTARIO,  6  to  12  feet 

„  BLACK  ITALIAN,  6  to  12  feet 

LOMBARDY,6toi2feet 
SPI  R.-E  AS,  of  sorts,  3  to  4  feet 
VIBURNUM   PLICATUM,  2  to  3  feet 
VIOLETS,  in  best  varieties 
YUCCA  FLACCIDA,  strong 
CLEMATIS,  of  sorts 
IVIES,  of  sorts 
GYNERIUM  ARGENTEUM 


Unprecedented ! 

ABIES  NORDMANNI.-\NA.  3^^,  4V   and  5^  feet,  at 
iJ.  per  foot. 
SPRUCE  FIR,  i^io-i^  feet.  30J.  per  100. 

AMERICAN  .\RltOR-VlT.-E.  3;^  to  5  feet,  50J.  to  aos.  per  100. 
RHOPODENDRON  STOCKS,  fit  for  Grafting,  12s  6.1  per  100. 
CHARLES  NOBLE,  Bagshot. 

JOSEPH     BAUMANN,     Nurseryman,     Ghent. 

t/         Belgium,  begs  to  offer  as  under,  without  flower-buds  : 

I  ARAUCARIA,   loseph  NapolC'on  (Baumann),  jTa  to /ao 
I  P.'EONIA  ARBOKEA,  Gloria  Belgarum.  £i  to  ^i- 
I  y  ,,  ■    Souvenir  de  Gand,  £t  to  £4. 

100  AZALE.\  INDICA,  best  sorts,  a-yr.  gralted,  £2. 

100  ,,  ,,  stronger  plants,  ^^3  to  ^4, 

100  CAMELLIAS,  alba  and  imoricata  plena,  i-yr.  grafted,  ^j  loi, 

100  ,,  „  „  rubra,  stronger  plants,  £410 /s 

100  ,,  in  best  sorts,  i-yr.  grafted,  £2. 

too  „  „  stronger  plants.  £3,  £4,  and  £< 

100  THUIA  AUREA,  fine  and  strong  plants, /8,  ^^12,  i;i6,  to  ;C30, 

100  RHODODENDRONS,  best  hardy  sorts,  named, 2-yr.  gr.iftcd, /fi. 

100  ,,  ,,  ,,  other  plants,/8  to  /i 2. 

100  LATANIA  BORBONICA,  good  plants,  £8  10  X'a. 

100  KALMIA  LATIFOLIA,  good  plants,  £4. 

too  FLAX,  best  sorts,  hardy.  /8  to  £12. 

With  flower-buds : — 

100  C.A.MELLIAS,  alba  and  imbricata  plena,  £?. 

100  ,1  in  good  sorts  named,  £k,  £6,  and  £7, 

Three  months'  credit. 

Fruit  and  Forest  Trees,  Shrubs,  ficc. 

MARTIN    ANU   SON,    7,    Market  Place,    Hull,   and 
Cottintrham,  respectfully  offer  :—         Per  too. — s.  d. 

PEARS,  Jargonelle  and  hiaric  Louise,  Standards 75    o 

PLUMS,  extra  strong.  Standards        lob    o 

ALDER,  9  to  12  feet,  fine  25    o 

BEI'XH,  Purple,  4  to  5  feet,  fine         80    a 

ELMS,  8  to  12  feet 50J.  to  too    o 

LABURNUMS,  6  to  9  feet         30    0 

MAPLES,  7  to  10  feet 35    o 

POPLARS,  10  to  16  feet 201.  to    40    a 

ARBOR-VIT.*:,  3  feet,  and  very  bushy,  extra 40    o 

BERBERIS  JAPONICA,  iloafeet 80    o 

BOX  (Tree),  very  bushy,  i!^  to  2  feet 25    o 

PEUTZL\  GRACILIS,  iJa  foot,  andSCABER,3t04  feet    ..     35    a 

WHINS,  double,  pots,  very  fine  50    o 

LI  LACS,  3  to  4  feet,  very  bushy  40    o 

ROSES,  Hardy  Perpetual,  &c.,  very  choice  40    o 

YEWS,  English,  1'/-  to  2  feet,  very  bushy 40    o 

THUJA  GIGANTEA,  i  »  3  and  4  feet,  fine         65    o 

ELEGANTISSIMA.  6  toginches  70    o 

THUJOPSIS  BOREALIS.  2  to3feet  7';    o 

LI  M  E,  common,  7  to  10  feet per  dszcn     18    o 

,,        Fern-leaf,  Pwarfs  and  Standards,  eKtra  fine        . ,         ..     24    o 

PLATANUS,  7toiofeet 18    o 

GARRYA  ELLIPTICA,  2t0  3feet 12    o 

LAURELS,  Common,  ij^  to  2  feet,  extra  fine,  per  1000,  £6; 

per  100     14    o 

AUCUBA  JAPONICA,  la  to  15  inches        50    o 

,,  I-yr,         ..  ..  ..  per  1000     Ua     n 

SCOTCH  FIR,  12  to  15  inches „  12    6 

SYCAMORE.  2  to  4  Icet ,,  25    o 

POTATOS,  Myatt's,  fine per  ton  140    o 

Martin  &  Sons  respectfully  offer,  in  2s.  6d.  packets,  that  best 
of  all  known  CAULIFLOWER  BROCCOLI,  ELLFTSON'S 
SURPRISE,  having  bought  the  entire  stock  of  new  seed  this  year  of 
Mr.  Ellelson. 

The  Martin  &  Son  COLLECTION  of  GARDEN  SEEDS, 
containing  25  quarts  of  Peas,  and  all  other  kinds  of  seeds,  suitable  for 
a  large  garden,  635. 

No.  2  Collection,  42s,,  contains  16  quarts  of  Peas,  &c. 
No.  3  Collection,  21s.,  contains  14  pmts  of  Peas,  &c. 

MARTIN  AND  SON,  Seed  Merchants  and  Nurserymen,  Cottingham 
and  Hull.     Established  1788. 


B.     S.     AVILLIAMS, 

VICTORIA  AND   PARADISE   NURSERY,   UPPER   HOLLOWAY,   LONDON,   N., 

Respectfully  invites  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  about  to  furnish  their  Conservatories,  Greenhouses,  Stoves,  and  Orchid  Houses,  to  an  inspection  of  his  Stock  of  Magnificent 

Specimens,  that  are  unequalled  in  this  country,  consisting  of 

THE    CHOICEST   AND    RAREST   EXOTICS, 
TREE  FERNS,    DRAC/ENAS,    PALMS,   CAMELLIAS,   AZALEAS,   AGAVES,   YUCCAS,   CYCADS,    BEAUCARNEAS,   ARALIAS, 

AND  ALL  KINDS  OF  FLOWERING,  STOVE,  AND  GREENHOUSE  PLANTS. 

The  LARGE  CONSERVATORY  is  at  this  season  of  the  year  especially  worthy  a  visit,  containing  as  it  does  fine  collections  of  CAMELLIAS  in  full  flower 
CYCLAMENS,  PRIMULAS,  SOLANUMS,  &c.,  &c.  In  addition  there  are  numerous  Houses,  consisting  of  ORCHID  HOUSES,  PALM  STOVES  NEW  HOLLAND 
HOUSES,  FERN  HOUSES,  AZALEA  HOUSES,  &c.,  replete  with  Plants  which,  by  the  interest  and  instruction  they  will  afford   will  well  repay  a  visit 

The  COLLECTION  of  MEXICAN  PLANTS  at  this  Nursery  is  of  unrivalled  excellence. 

All  New  Plants  that  are  worthy  of  notice  are  to  be  seen  here.  The  houses  have  all  been  erected  to  suit  the  requirements  of  the  Plants,  which  is  one  of  the  surest  roads  to 
success  in  their  cultivation. 

Should  Purchasers  require  Selections  or  Collections  of  Plants,  they  may  depend  upon  having  them  put  up  mth  judgment.  In  such  cases  it  is  advisable  to  supply  a  List  of 
the  kmds  .already  possessed.  PRICED    CATALOGUES    POST    FREE    TO    ALL    APPLICANTS. 

SEED     DEPARTMENT. 

GENUINE  SEEDS,     CARRIAGE  PAID  AND   FREE    BY   POST, 
Complete  Collections  of  Kitchen  Garden  Seeds,  for  One  Year's  Supply,  to  suit  Large  and  Small  Gardens,  at  the  following  prices  • 

21s.,  42s.,  63s.,  84s.  each. 

B.  S.  WILLIAMS  devotes  special  and  particular  attention  to  this  branch  of  his  business,  and  can  strongly  recommend  all  seeds  oSfered  by  him  as  being  grown  from  the 
most  carefully  selected  and  genuine  Stock,  all  true  to  name,  and  of  the  finest  possible  quality. 

His  choice  strain  of  Flower  Seeds,  such  as  PRIMULA,  CINERARIA,  CALCEOLARIA,  &c.,  are  unequalled  ;  they  are  grown  especially  for  him  by  persons  who  stand  in 
the  first  position  as  cultivators  of  the  respective  kinds. 

,7     '^?,  CATALOGUE,  published  in  January,  which  can  be  had  Post  Free  on  application,  will  be  found  to  contain  Lists  of  the  latest  really  useful  Novelties  in  Flower  and 
Vegetable  Seeds  ;  also  a  detailed  compendium  of  all  previously  known  kinds.  VINES,   FRUIT  TREES,  SHRUB.S,  &c. 

LANDSCAPE     AND     STJB-TROPICAL     GARDENING. 

Estimates,  Plans,  and  .Advice  given  for  the  Laying-out  of  Parks,  Pleasure  Grounds,  &c.  ;  also  for  Erecting  Greenhouses,  Conservatories,  and  the  Construction  of 

Rockwork  and  Ferneries. 


Posi  8w,  cM/i,  price  Jj.,  or  Free  by  Post,  %s.  t,d.  each., 
HORTICULTURAL    WORKS    BY    B.   S.  WILLIAMS,   F.B.H.S.,    RECENTLY    PUBLISHED. 

"  Mr.  Williams'  skill  as  a  plant  cultivator  is  well  and  widely  known." — Journal  of  Horticulture 


r^HOICE     STOVE    and    GREENHOUSE     FLOWERING     PLANTS,     with 

V_-/     Coloured  Frontispiece  and   Plana   of  Houaes,   and   comprising  descripiions  of  upwards  of  1000 
species  and  varieties.  ^  r  v 


Q  HOICE  STO\^  and  GREENHOUSE  ORNAMENTAL-LEAVED  PLANTS, 

VV     forming  a  sequel  to  the  above,  containing  descriptions  of  800  species  and  variclies,  and  profusely 
illustrated  with  Engra\nngs  on  Wood,  >  v  3 


Q  ELECT    FERNS    and    LYCOPODS.     BRITISH    and    EXOTIC,    copiously 

>^     Illustrated     wilh     EngTavinga    on    Wood,     and    containing    descriptions   of   900    choice    species 
and  varieties.  r  , .-  ,     . 

Ju3t  published, 


Tj-,.  , ^..w^.,  Fourth  Edition, 
HE  ORCHID-GROWERS'  MANUAL,  enlarged,  revised,  and  illustrated. 
containing  descriptions  of  upwards  of  800  species  and  varieties   of  Orchidaceous  plants  proved 
to  be  worth  growing. 

Published  and  Sold  at  Victoria  and  Paradise  Nursery,   Upper  Holloivay,  N. 


28o 


The   Gardeners*    Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[March  2,   1872. 


CALCEOLARIA  (Herbaceous),  choice  strain,  good 
plants,  12  for  2s.,  24  for  v.  6d  ,  50  (or  6s.,  100  for  105.,  free  by 
post ;  strone  and  healthy,  established  in  pots,  205.  per  too  for  any 
quantity.  VIOLET  (double  purple-tlowerinE  plants),  12  for  3s.;  24 
for«.;  soforgs.  ACHIMENES.in  eiKht  good  varieties,  six  tubers 
each,  for  5s.,  free  by  post. 

H.  AND  R   STIRZAKER,  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster. 


DAHLIA,  Pot  Roots,  in  50  named  varieties,  12  roots, 
in  six  sorts,  4s.  6d,  ;  25  roots,  in  12  sorts,  8j.  6d.  ;  50  roots,  in 
25  sorts,  i6s  ;  100  roots,  in  50  sorts,  30J.     Package  free. 
TRITOMA  UVARIA,  strong  flowering  roots,  12  for  6j,,  25  for  loi., 

50  for  161.  6d. ,  100  for  30J.     Package  f'rce. 
FUl'HSI  AS,  strong  plants,  in  good  named  varieties,  12  distinct  sorts 

for  4s,,  25  for  ys.  od.,  50  for  14s.     Package  free. 
ROSES,     Tea-scented,     Noisette,     and      Bourbon,     young     plants, 
12  varieties,  5s.  ;  25  for  95.     Chinas,  in  six  varieties,  12  plants  tor 
41.,   25  for  7s.  6d      Moss    Roses,   six  varieties,  12  plants  for  6j. 
Hjbrii"  "  ■  '      --'-''- ""-" 


as  for^ioj.     kybrid  Perpetual.   12   good  varieties,  7J. ;  25  varieties 
13*1  50  varieties  for  25J.     Package  free. 
H.  AND  R.  STIRZAKER, Skerton  Nursery,  Lancaster. 


FINE  ALDER,  2  to  3  feet,  15^.  :  3  to  5  feet,  i8j. 
per  1000.  Strong  Red  Antwerp  RASPS, 6s.  per  100;  50s.  per  1000. 
Fine  Dwarf-lrained  APPLES,  15J. ;  PEARS  and  PLUMS.  181.  per 
dozen.  Strong  Pyramid  APPLES,  gs.  ;  PEARS,  PLUMS,  and 
CHERRIES,  I2S  ;  Standard  PEARS  and  PLUMS,  15^.  per  dozen. 
Choicest  Standard  ROSES,  15s. ;  Dwarfs,  gs.  per  dozen  ;  50s.  per  loo- 
Terms  cash. 

R.  THORNHILL,  Bowdon  Nurseries,  Bowdon,  Cheshire. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  LIST  of  all  the  EVERGREEN 
FIR  TRIBE,  suitable  for  Britain,  giving  size,  price,  popular 
and  botanical  names,  derivations,  description,  form,  colour,  foliage, 
growth,  timber,  use  in  arts,  native  country  and  size  there,  situation, 
soil,  and  other  information,  with  copious  index  of  their  synonyms. 
Free  by  post  for  six  stamps. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester 


Spring  Flowers. 

LEWIS      WOODTHORPE     begs    to    offer    the 
following  : —  Per  dozen— J.  rf. 

AURICULAS,  finest  mixed  alpines,  very  choice  strain    . .         . .     a    6 

„        good  named  varieties      . .         60 

VIOLETS,   The   King,  The  Queen,  The  Cz.^r,  Gi.int,  Double 

Crimson,  Neapolitan,  Devoniensis,  and  Obliqua  striata  .,30 
HEPATIC  AS,  double  red,  single  blue,  pink,  and  red  ..  ..40 
DAISIES,  in  six  distinct  named  varieties       . .         . .         . .         ..30 

,,        aucubasfolia,  the  Golden  Blotched,  and  Daisy     ,.         ..40 

ROCKETS.dnuble  white  and  double  purple 30 

POLYANTHUS,  in  very  choice  laced  varieties 26 

PANSIES,  finest  named  border  varieties        40 

PAMPAS  GRASS,  in  pots 30 

WALLFLOWERS,  double  golden  and  black  40 

CKRISTMAS  ROSE,  Helleborusniger        60 

I  VIES.  12  of  the  best  golden  and  silver  tricolor        ..         ..         . .  10    o 

CLEMATIS,  20  distinct  named  varieties        10    o 

PRIMROSE,  double  white  and  double  yellow  60 

,,        double  purple  and  crimson 60 

,,        double  salmon,  a  new  and  splendid  variety  ..         . .  12    o 

HELIANTHEMUM,  the  Sun  Rose,  named  varieties,  in  pots         4    o 

CARNATIONS  and  PICOTEES, superb  named  varieties,  in  pots  4    o 

A  Descriptive  CATALOGUE  of  NEW  and  CHOICE  PLANTS  Iree. 

Munro  Nursery,  Sible  Hedingham,  Essex. 


JOSEPH     SMITH,    JUN.,     Moor     Edge     Nurseries, 
Tansley,  near  Matlock,  Derbyshire,  offers  as  follows,  at  per  1000  :— 
ALDER,  I'-j  to  2  feet,  141,  ;  2  to  3  feet,  i8j,  ;  3  to  4  feet,  22s, 
ASH,  Mountain,  2  to  3  feet,  i8s. ;  3  to  4  feet,  201,  ;  4  to  S  feet,  25s.  ; 

j  to  6  feet,  40s. ;  6  to  7  feet,  60s. 
BEECH,  I'A  to  2  feet,  iSi   :  2  to  3  feet,  23J. 
BEREERLS  AQUIFOLIUM,  9  to  13  inches,  20J.  ;  i  to  1%  foot,  305.  ; 

2-yr  ,  3*- 
BIRCH,  i!-j  to  2  feet,  loi.  to  i6s.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  15s.  to  211. ;  3  to  4  feet, 

MS.  to  30^. 
BOX,  Tree,  g  to  15  inches,  605. 
BROOM,  Common.  2  to  3  feet,  15s.  ;  3  to  4  feet,  151.  ;  Seedlings,  31.  6d. 

,,  White,  I  and  2-yr.,  is.  6d.  to  5J. 

COTONEASTER  MICROPHYLLA,  251.  10401. 
ELM,  1%  to  2  feet,  14s.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  i8j.  ;  3  to  4  feet,  231. 
FIR,  Scotch,  I  to  1%  foot,  r4s.  ;  ij^'  to  2  feet,  loj.  ;  3  to  4  feet,  301, 
„      Spruce,   I  to   i.'i  foot,  151.  ;  i?i  to  2  feet,  20s  ;  2  to  3  feet,  30s  ; 

1  to  4  feet,  50s, 
I)  II      American,  2  to  3  ft.,  70s.  ;  3  to  4  ft.,  120s. ;  4  to  5  ft.,  1501. 

,,      Larch,  9  to  15  ins  ,  los. ;  i  to  1%  foot,  12s.  6d.  ;  ij^  to  2  feet,  i6j  ; 
3  to  3  feet,  251. 
FURZE  or  Gorse,  Seedlings,  is.  6d. 
LIMES,  I  to  t%  foot,  50J. ;  ij-^  to  2  feet,  70*. ;  a  to  3  feet,  iioi. ;  3  to 

.^feet,  140S. 
OAKS,  I  to  ij^  foot,  71. ;  ij^  to  2  feet,  i2J,  ;  2  to  3  feet,  20i.  ;  3  to  4  ft. , 

28s.  ;  3  yr  ,  2s.  (>d. 
PINUS  AIJSTRIACA,  6  to  12  inches,  151. ;  9  to  15  inches,  255. ;  i  to 
1%  foot,  30J. 

,,        MARITIMA,  2  feet,  ids. 
POPLAR,  Ontario,  i  to  i%  foot,  los. ;  iJi  to  2  feet,  12s.  64. ;  2  to  3  ft., 

aos.  ;  4  to  5  feet,  4Ss.  ;  6  to  8  feet,  70s. 
QUICKS,  2-yr.  transplanted,  81.  ;  3-yr.  do.,  los. 
RHODODENDRONS,  2  and  3-yr.  Seedling,  ;j;2o  perioo,ooo. 

•I    S-y*'  selected,  ^vj  los.  per  100,000. 

„     2-yr.  i-yr.  transplanted,  16s. ;  2-yr.  and  z-yr-  transplanted,  241. 
SYCAMORE,  1%  to  2  feel,  14s.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  i6t.  ;  3  to  4  feet,  251. ; 

4  to  5  feel,  35s. 
WILLOW,  Bedford,  i  to  ij^  foot,  71. ;  1^  to  2  feet,  10s. ;  2  to  3  feet, 

151. ;  3  to  4  fL.  23s. ;  4  to  5  ft.,  2«. ;  6  to  8  ft.,  70s.  ;  8  to  10  ft.,  iocs. 
PRIVET,  Evergreen,  i-yr.,  4s. ;  i^to  2  feet,  151. 
LAUREL,  Common,  i-yr.,  fine,  15s. 
SEAKALE.  2yr.  251.  ;  i  yr.  igi. 

FLOWERING  SHRUBS,  in  50  varieties,  i  to  4  feet,  looi 
With  many  others,  of  which  a  Priced  LIST  will  be  sent  en  application. 


To  the  Trade,  Market  Gardeners,  &c. 

LAXTONS  HUNDREDFOLD  PEA— a  fine  Pea 
for  market  purposes;  heavy  cropper,  a  long  pod,  with  8  to  11 
Peas;  cooks  of  fine  green  colour.  Price  8s.  per  bush.  Cash  with 
order.     Bushel  bags  charged  od.  each,  not  returnable. 

THtJMAS  SMITH,  Seedsman,  Didcot,  Berks. 


Extra  fine  Forcing  and  Planting  Seakale. 

GEORGE  CLARKE  has  many  thousands,  very  fine 
clean  stuff,  this  season,  -which  he  begs  to  ofler  as  under: — 
Planting  size,  5s,  per  100;  lorcing,  10s.,  I2J.,  and  some  superfine 
selected  Crowns,  151.  per  100. 

1  Hill,  London.  S.W. ;  and  Mottingham,  Kent,S.K- 


Nurseries : 


PENZANCE     EARLY    WHITE     CORNISH 
BROCCOLI, — The  undersigned  has  a  few  pounds  of  True  Earlv 
Penzance  While   BROCCOLI    SEED.      This   invaluable   variety,  if 
sown  early  and  planted  in  a  generous,  warm  soil,  will  produce  fine 
heads  in  February.    Price  r2s.  per  lb.,  or  9s.  per  dozen  packets,  post  free 
JOHN  MITCHINSON,  Seed  Merchant,  Truro.  Cornwall. 


WRIGHTS  GROVE  WHITE  CELERY,  one  of 
the  largest  and  besl-Oavoured  bleaching  varieties  ever  intro- 
duced; after  the  same  character  as  the  Grove  Red,  sent  out  by  me, 
l)ut  blanches  about  a  fortnight  earlier.  It  has  been  awarded  the  First 
I'riies  at  ihe  two  Celerj'  Shows  held  at  Retford,  the  average  weight  of 
the  sticks  exhibited  being  6  lb.  each.  It  was  raised  by  myself,  and 
will  be  found  one  of  the  best  white  Celeries  in  cultivation.  This  is 
the  second  season  I  have  sent  it  out,  and,  as  ihe  slock  of  seed  is 
limited,  early  orders  are  requested.  Price  is.  p.  packet,  or  6s.  p.  doz. 
W.  WRIGHT,  Seed  Merchant,  East  Retford. 
Agents:  HURST  and  SON,  6,  Leadenhall  Street   London,  EC. 

THE  WARDIE  VARIEGATED  KALE.— V^e  beg 
to  offer  the  above  (seed  direct  from  Miss  Hope),  which  is  by  far 
the  finest  strain,  and  invaluable  for  Winter  Gardening.  The  colours 
arc  beautifully  bright  and  distinct,  and  may  be  had  separately  or  in 
mixed  packets,  post  free,  as  folli ■ — 


Per  packet— I.  d. 

Per  packet— s.  d. 

Purple 16 

White ..     I    6 

,.    cut-leaved         ..         ..16 

Cabbage-hearted,        purple 

Mixed  packet  of  all  ..        ..26 

andwhite 16 

Priced  LISTS  of  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS  post  free 

on  application. 

James    DICKSON     and    sons.    "Newton"    Nurseries,     and 

Eastgate  Street,  Chester. 

CAMELLIA     EXHIBITION. 


James  Veitch  &  Sons 


BEC  TO   ANNOUNCE  THAT  THE 


Fine  Collection  of  Plants  in  their  large   Camellia  House 

IS    NOW    IN    GREAT    BEAUTY. 

A  visit  from  all  admirers  of  this  splendid  Jimver  is  solicited. 
ROYAL  EXOTIC  NURSERY,  KING'S  ROAD,  CHELSEA,  LONDON,  S.W. 


"  The  Best  Catalogue." — See  opinions  oj  the  Press. 
Just  Published,  Gratis  and  Post  Free, 

Dick  Radclyffe  &  Co;s 

SPEIIG    CATALOaUE    OF    SEEDS 

FOR   THE 

KITCHEN    GARDEN,    FLOWER    GARDEN,   and   FARM; 

Garden   Requisites  and   Horticultural  Decorations. 


THE  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
ORCHARD 


CONTENTS  {must rated)  :— 
FARM  I      GARDEN  SUNDRIES,    IMPLEMENTS,  &c. 

FLOWER  GARDEN      |      HORTICULTURAL  DECORATIONS. 


Seed  Mercliants  and  Garden  Furnishers, 

129,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  LONDON,  W.C.        SEED  GROUNDS— ERFURT,  PRUSSIA. 

N.B.     Wholesale  Catalogues  for  the  Trade  only  on  application.        Seed  packed  for  export. 


32,   Maida    Vale,   Edgware  Road,  W. 

THE    PINE-APPLE    NURSERY 

(one  of  the  Oldest  Nurseries  extant) 

'  IS    NOW    CONDUCTED    BY   A    COMPANY,    WHO    ARE 
PREPARED    TO 

WAEEANT    GENUINE 

EVERY   ARTICLE   SUPPLIED   TO  THEIR    CUSTOMERS. 
THEIR  STOCK  AND  RESOURCES  ARE  ALMOST 

INEXHAUSTIBLE; 

AND 

THEIR   MOTTO   IS   "LIBERALITY." 

Please  write  fortheir  ROSE  and  FRUIT  TREE  CATALOGUE,  andalso  for  their  SEED   CATALOGUE, 

just  published. 


Address,  JOHN  BESTER  (Manager), 
PINE-APPLE     NURSERY,      MAIDA      VALE,      LONDON,     W. 

KITCHEN     GARDEN     SEEDS, 

CARRIAGE  FREE. 


A  Complete  Collection  for  a  large  Garden  633. 

A  Complete  Collection  for  a  medium-sized  Garden  ..        ..  43s. 

A  Complete  Collection  for  a  Small  Garden         21s. 

None  but  the  most  approved  sorts  of  Vegetables  are  included  in  the  above  Collections.  For  sorts,  see 
SEED  LIST,  Free  on  application. 


The  GUINEA  COLLECTION  of  KITCHEN   GARDEN  SEEDS,   Carriage  Free 


Is  composed  of  the  following  most  approved  kinds  :  — 


PEAS— Dillistonc's  Earliest,  \  quart 

Suttoiis'  Early  Champion,  i  quarl 

Champion  oT  England,  i  quart 

Veitch's  Perfection,  i  quart 

Payne's  Conqueror,  i  pint 

Advancer,  i  pint 

Blue  Scimitar,  i  pint 
BEANS— Johnson^  Wonderful,  i  quart 

Broad  Windsor,  i  quart 

French  Robin's  Egtj.  i  pint 

Scarlet  Runners,  i  pint 
BEET— St.  Osyth,  i  oz. 
BORECOLE,  or  KALE— Asparagus,  i  pkt. 

Hcariing,  i  packet 

Cottagers',  I  packet 
BRUSSELS  SPROUTS— Finest,  i  packet 
BROCCOLI— Adams'  Early,  i  packet 

Snow's  Winter  White,  i  packet 

Purple  Sprouting,  i  packet 

Walcheren,  i  packet 


BROCCOLI— Dwarf  Late  White,  i  packet 
CABBAGE— Early  Nonpareil,  i  packet 

Enfield  Market,  i  packet 

Worcester  Incomparable,  i  packet 

Red  Picklinp,  i  packet 
CARROT— Early  Horn,  i  or. 

lames'  Intermediate,  i  oi. 

Improved  Allringham,  i  oz. 
CAULIFLOWER— Early  London,  i  packet 
CELERY— Matchless  Red,  i  packet 

Cole's  Crystal  White,  i  packet 
CRESS— liroadleaved,  a  oz. 

Curled,  2  oz. 

Australian,  i  oz. 
CUCUMBER— Smith's  Frame,  i  packet 

Stockwood,  I  packet 
ENDIVE— Moss  Curled,  i  packet 
LEEK. — Musselburgh,  i  packet 
LETTUCE— Paris  White  Cos,  i  packet 

Paris  Green  Cos,  i  packet 


LETTUCE— Worcester  Cabbage,  i  packet 
MUSTARD— 401. 

MELON— Hannam's  Hybrid,  i  packet 
ONION— White  Spanish,  i  01. 

James"  Keeping,  i  oz. 
PARSLEY— Myatt's  Garnishing,  1  packet 
PARSNIP— Improved  Hollow  Crown,  i  01. 
RADISH— Long  Scarlet,  a  01. 

Red  Turnip,  3  ot. 

White  Turnip,  2  oz. 

Olive  Shiipcd,  a  oz. 
SAVOY— Green  Curled,  i  packet 
SPINACH— Round,  401. 

Prickly,  4  01, 
TURNIP— Early  Snowball,  i  oz. 

American  Rcdtop,  i  ot. 
TOMATO— Red.  »  packet 
VEGETABLE  MARROW   1  packet 
POT  HERBS,  4  packets 


EICHABD     SMITH, 

SEED     MERCHANT    AND     NURSERYMAN,    WORCESTER. 


March  7,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and   Ao^-ricultural    Gazette. 


281 


SEED    POTATOS. 

H.   &   F.  Sharpe'S 

WHOLESALE    LIST    OE    SEED    POTATOS 

COMPRISKS,    AMONGST   OTHERS,    THE   FOLLOWING   FINF.   VARIETIES,    VIZ.  : — 


EARLY  SANDRINGHAM  KIDNEY,  First  Early 
MONAS  PRIDE  KIDNEY 
AMERICAN  EARLY  ROSE 
OLD  ASHLEAF  KIDNEY 
WALNUT-LEAVED  KIDNEY 
RIVERS'  ROYAL  ASHLEAF  KIDNEY 
MYATT'S  PROLIFIC  KIDNEY 
DAINTREE'S  EARLIEST  ROUND 


AMERICAN  EARLY  GOODRICH 

EARLY  DALMAHOY  ROUND 

EARLY  OXFORD  ROUND 

DRUMMOND'S  EARLY  PROLIFIC  ROUND 

EARLY  FLOUNDER,  very  prolifio 

PATERSONS  VICTORIA,  True 

FLUKE  KIDNEY 

RED-SKINNED  FLOURBALL,  True 


The  above  varieties  have  been  carefully  selected,  and 
and  other  particulars,  apply  to 


the  quality  is  excellent.     For  prices  (which  are  very  low), 
H.  AND  F.  SHARPE,  SEED  GROWING  ESTABLISHMENT,  WISBECH,  GAMES. 


BliACK  TARTARIAN  OATS,  pure  sample.     Sample  and  price  on  application. 

LARGE  LATE  PALE  REDSKIN  POTATO,  erroneously  named  Suttons'  Flourball,  £6  6s.  per  ton. 

BOVINIA,  or  CATTLE  FEEDER  do.,  £5  5s.  per  ton.' 


w 


M.  DRUMMOND  and  SONS  beg  to  state  that  their  POTATOS 

are  true  to  their  kind,  and  fine  healthy  stock.     As  to  their  merits,  they  are  perhaps  a  good  deal  over-stated, 
but  purchasers  will  judge  for  themselves. 

W.  D.  AND  SONS  have  to  intimate  that  their  CATALOGUE  of  AGRICULTURAL  SEEDS  is  now  ready, 
and  may  be  had  on  application  ;  and  they  would  simply  announce  that,  although  they  have  for  upwards  of  sixty 
years  been  doing  an  extensive  high-class  trade,  they  do  not  profess  to  be  "the  only  'representatives'  that  have 
supplied  new  and  unadulterated  seeds ;  "  nor  have  they  sought  to  increase  sales  by  offering  silver  cups,  &c.,  for  the 
produce  oi  our  seeds,  nor  published  testimonials,  nor  given  false  statements  as  to  prizes  taken,  nor  raked  up  old  and 
often  worthless  things,  giving  them  a  new  name  and  vending  them  at  fancy  prices  ;  they  nevertheless  are  conscious 
that  the  Seeds  they  send  out  will  compare  favourably  as  to  quality  and  charges  with  any  in  the  Trade. 


WM.  DRUMMOND    &   SONS, 

SEED  and  NURSERY  ESTABLISHMENTS,  STIRLING,  N.B. 


GENUINE    GRASS    SEEDS. 


James  Veitch  &  Sons, 

ROYAL  EXOTIC  NURSERY,  KING'S  ROAD,  CHELSEA,  S.W., 

DESIRE  TO  DIRECT  THE  SPECIAL  ATTENTION  OF  INTENDING  PURCHASERS  TO  THE  FOLLOWING  VERY  FINE 

MIXTURES   OF   CRASS   AND    CLOVER    SEEDS, 

which  they  guarantee  are  not  to  be  surpassed  in  quality  and  selection. 

In  ordering  Grass  Seeds,  a  description  of  the  Land  to  be  laid  down  is  very  necessary^ 
so  that  a  suitable  Mixture  7nay  be  sitpplied. 


MIXTURES  for  PERMANENT  PASTURES  and  MEADOW  LAND, 

Containing  only  the  most  suitable  GRASSES  and  CLOVERS, 
•2.^5.  to  32J.  per  acre. 

MIXTURES  for  PARKS,  ORNAMENTAL  GROUNDS,  &c., 

Specially  prepared  from  the  finest  Evergreen  varieties, 
i8j.  per  bushel. 

MIXTURES      for      SHEEPWALKS      and      CHALKY       UPLANDS, 

Composed  of  kinds  which  thrive  on  poor  soils,  26j-.  to  301.  per  acre. 

MIXTURES  for  IRRIGATION  or  WATER  MEADOWS, 

26j-.  to  30i.  per  acre. 

MIXTURES  for  RECLAIMED  MARSHES  or  HEATH  LANDS, 

20^.  to  24/.  per  acre. 

MIXTURES  for  GARDEN  LAWNS,  PLEASURE  GROUNDS,  GRASS  PLOTS, 
BOWLING    GREENS,  &c. 

This  Mixture  has  been  most  carefully  prepared  from  the  finest  dwarf  kinds,  and  cannot  fail  to  give  satisfaction. 

20J.  per  bushel ;     is,  per  lb. 

MIXTURES  for  ALTERNATE  HUSBANDRY. 

These  Mixtures  are  formed  of  the  best  CLOVERS,  FESCUES,  RYE-GRASSES,  &c..  according  to  requirement, 
and  in  ordering  it  should  be  stated  whether  it  is  required  for  one,  two',  or  three  years'  lay. 

14J.  to  24J.  per  acre.  , 

RENOVATING  MIXTURE  for  RENEWING  and  IMPROVING  OLD  PASTURES. 

This  Mixture  consists  of  the  best  PERENNIAL  GRASS  SEEDS  and  CLOVERS,  and  will  greatly  improve  the 
Pasture.    Sow  10  to  12  lb.  per  acre.  lod.  per  lb.  ;  84J.  per  cwt. 

MANGEL  WURZEL,  TURNIP,  KOHL  RABI, 

And  all  other  AGRICULTURAL  SEEDS  of  finest  quality,  PRICED  CATALOGUES  of  which  are  now  ready, 
and  will  be  forwarded  Post  Free  on  appUcation. 

^^   Where  large  quantities  ai-e  required,  James  V.  &  Sons  will  feel  muck  pleasure  in  guotinp  Special  Prices. 


New  American  Seed  Potatos. 


SUTTON     AND 
following    NEW   AMERICAN 
worthy  of  cultivation  : — 

Bresce's  King  of  the  Earll 
Brescc's  Peerless 
Kresec's  Prolific 
Brcsee's  Climax 

Lowest  price  per  bushel,  sack, 


SONS    strongly     recommend 

""■■*'"■"    VARIETIES,   as    bciiiK 


the 

well 


Early  Kusc 
Early  Uoudrich 
Late  Rose 
Hundredfold  Fluke 
ton,  on  application. 


Royal  Berks  Seed  Establishment,  Rendint;. 


CEED  POTATOS,   of  good   quality,   offered  at   cash 

^w' prices  of  2 cwt.  bat^s,  sack  inclusive: — Kidneys,  Myatt's  Ashlcaf, 
13J.  6d. ;  Early  Ashlcaf,  17J.  i>d.  ;  Lemon.  151.  6./.  ;  Early  Handsworth, 
171.  td.  ;  Golden  Dwarf,  the  earliest,  and  of  excellent  quality,  171.  6rf, 
Datmahoy.  the  best  for  general  Ubt,  13J.  (>d.  Some  of  the  sorts  can  be 
offered  at  less  per  ton. 

H.  AND  R.  STIRZAKKR.  Skerton  Nurseries,  Lancaster. 


The  New  American  Potatoa. 

TO  THE  TRADE. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Seed  Merchants, 
Sleaford,  can  oiTer  the  following  varieties  of  POTATOS,  fresh 
imported  Seed.     Price  on  application. 

NEW  AMERICAN  LATE  ROSE 
EARLY  ROSE 
EARLY  GOODRICH 
EARLY  SOVEREIGN 
BRESEE'S  PROLIFIC 
BRESEE'S  KINGofiheEARLIES 
BRESEE'S  PEERLESS 
BRESEE'S  CLIMAX 
PEACH  BLOW. 


Seed  Potato. 

GEORGE  SIBBALD,  Fruit  and  Vegetable 
Gkowt.r,  27,  WellRate,  and  Drumfjeith  by  Dundee,  lias  tor 
SALE  a  LARGE  STOCK,  of  the  above,  including  American  Early 
Rose,  Wheeler's  Milky  White,  Queen  of  Flukes,  Prince  of  W..les, 
Baron's  Perfection,  Myatt's  Ashleaf,  Rivers'  Royal  Ashleaf,  Rint  ul's 
Striped  Don,  Rintoul's  White  Don,  Oxford  Early,  Daintrce's  Eirly, 
I>almahoy  Early,  Palcrson's  Victoria,  Paterson's  Improved  ReLjcnt, 
&c.  Also  his  NEW  POTATO,  Eclipse,  which  he  can  confidently 
recommend  as  the  best  in  cultivation,  and  when  known  will  supersede 
all  others  either  for  garden  or  field  planting  :  very  white  inside,  dry, 
and  extra  fine  flavour;  about  10  days  later  than  Fortyfold,  a  much 
heavier  cropper,  and  will  keep  until  new  Potatos  come  intoihe  market. 
G.  S.  has  many  testimonials  in  their  favour.  Price  per  peck  of  14  lb., 
3J..  or  per  bush,  of  56  lb.,  \os. 


RICHARD  WALKER  has  to  offer  for  cash  the  real 
American  Red-skinned  Flourball  POTATO,  no  blight,  7s.  per  cwt.; 
Early  American  Goodrich,  14s.  per  cwt.  ;  Peach  Blow,  4s.  per  peck ; 
■\'ariegated  Golden  Gem,  3S.  6d.  per  peck  ;  Giant  King,  Ss.  per  cwt.  j 
Early  Shaw,  ;^4  perlon.  East  Ham,  Enfield  Market,  and  Robinson's 
Champion  Drumhead  CABBAGE  PLANTS,  all  at  2J.  6d.  per  1000 ; 
Red  Dutch  Pickling  plants,  5s.  per  1000. 

The  Market  Gartlcns,  Biggleswade,  Beds. 


To  Market  Gardeners  and  Others. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  can  supply  the  following,  true 
to  name,  and    fine    hand-picked    samples,    at    very    moderate 
prices  :- 


utions'     Long  -  podded 
Thumb  Peas 
Laxion's  Alpha  Peas 
„        Ouatity  Peas 
,,        Quantity  Peas 
,,        Supreme  Peas 
,,        Prolific  Peas 
Daniel  O'Rourke  Peas 
Kentish  Invicta  Peas 
Hack's  Victory  Peas 


Tom 


Scimctar  Peas 
I'rizttakcr  leas 
Princess  Royal  Peas 
Dickson's  Favourite  Peas 
Fortyfold  Green  Marrow  i'cas 
Queen  of  the  Marrows  Peas 
Victoria  Marrow  Peas 
Nelson's  \'anguard  Peas 
Minster  Giant  Long-pod  Beans 


Lowest  price  per  bushel  or  quarter  may  be  had  on  application. 
SUTTON  AND   SONS,  Seed  Growers,  Reading^ 


/CABBAGE 


PLANTS,       CABBAGE       PLANTS, 


strong,  healthy,  vigorous. 
1,000,000  Robinson's  Drumhead,  at  3s,  per  1000. 
500,000  Early  Batlersea,  Enfield  Market,  and   Little  Pixie,  at  3$.  6d, 

per  1000. 
100,000  Red  Pickling  Drumhead.^s.  per  1000. 
Sutton's  Red-skinned  Flourball  POTATO,  at  6f.  per  bushel. 
Paterson's  Bovinia,  or  Cattle-feeder  POTATO,  at  6s.  per  bushel. 
Samples  on  application. 
Remittances  to  accompany  Orders  from  unknown  Correspondents. 
W.  VIRGO  AND  SON,  Wonersh  Nursery,  near  Guildford,  Surrey. 


C.    WHEELER     & 

SEED  GROWERS, 


SON, 


GLOUCESTER,    and    59,     MARK    LANE,     LONDON, 
Offer  the  following  packets,  post  free : — 

Per  packet — J.  d. 
Wheelers' Cocoa-Nut  CABBAGE.,     i    o 

„     Kingsholm  Cos  LETTUCE.,     i    o 

.,     Tom  Thumb  LETTUCE       ..06 

„  Croquet  GRASS  SEED,  sample 
sunicient  for  trial  on  a  small 
Lawn  or  Croquet  Ground    ..     10 

„  LITTLE  BOOK  for  i872,each  o  6 
Paterson's  Superb  MELON,.  ..10 
Sweet  Spanish  CAPSICUM..  ..06 
Collection  of  12  choice  varieties  of 

sweet-scented  FLOWER  SEEDS 
Or    with     an     extra     quantity    of 

Mignonette      . .         . .         . .         •  •     5 

Wheelers'   Gloucestershire    Kidney 

POTATOS      ..         ..    per  bushel  10 
Ashmcad's      Kernel      APPLE 

(Pyramids)       each     2 

Brockwonh        Park        PEARS 

(Maidens)        each    7 


4    6 


J.   C.   WHEELER    and    SON,    Seed    Growers, 
Gloucester,  and  59,  Mark  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


EstabUshed  1793. 


JOHN  K.  KING,  Seed 
Grower,  Coggeshall,  Essex, 
will  be  happy  to  supply  his  unrivalled 
Hardy  Prize  Stocks  of  MANGEL 
WURZEL,  SWEDES,  and  other 
TURNIP  SEEDS  (carefully  selected 
from  large  roots),  at  moderate  prices. 

Large  Purchasers  supplied  at 
special  moderate  priccs. 

FARM  SEED  LISTS  post  free. 

Carriage  paid  on  orders  of  20s.  and 
upwards.  Five  per  cent,  discount 
for  cash. 


To  the  Trade. 

MANGEL     WURZEL     SEED. 

HAND  F.  SHARPE  are  prepared  to  make  special 
•  offers  of  the  following  sorts  of  MANGEL  WURZEL 
SEEDS,  which  they  have  grown  this  season  from  fine  selected  trans- 
planted bulbs.  The  prices  are  very  moderate,  and  the  quality 
excellent  ■ — - 

SHARPE'S  stlccled  SMALL-TOPPED  YELLOW  GLOBE 

ELVETHAM  LONG  RED 

Selected  RED  GLOBE 

Selected  LARGE  YELLOW  GLOBE 

Selected  LONG  YELLOW  . 

Samples  and  further  particulars  on  application. 
Seed  Growing  Establishment,  Wisbech. 


282 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Ag^ricultural    Gazette. 


[March  2,   1S72. 


RENDLE'S  PATENT  ORCHARD  HOUSES, 

PATENT  PLANT  PROTECTORS,  AND  GROUND  VINERIES. 

Secured  by  Her  Majesty  s  Royal  Letters  Pateut  (two  separate  and  distinct  Patents,  1869  &  1870). 


H.R.H.    the    PRINCE    OF    WALES. 

HIS    ROYAL    HIGHNESS    PRINCE    CHRISTIAN. 

HER    MAJESTY'S    COMMISSIONERS    for    ROYAL    PARKS. 

HIS  HIGHNESS  the  MAHARAJAH  PRINCE  DULEEP  SINGH 

HIS   GRACK  THE   DUKE   OF   RUTLAND. 

HIS  GRACE  THE   DUKE  OF  SUTHERLAND. 

HIS   GRACE  THE   DUKE   OF   DEVONSHIRE. 

THE   MOST  NOBLE  THE   MARCHIONESS   OF   ANGLESEY. 

THE   RIGHT   HON.    THE   EARL  OF   STAMFORD  AND  WARRINGTON. 


Under  the  Distmgmshed  Patronage   of— 

UnUei       LllC      J^l»U1115U.1011^^^    ^^^^^^   HONOURABLE  THE  EARL  OF   PORTSMOUTH. 

THE   RIGHT   HONOURABLE  THE  EARL  OF  DARTMOUTH. 
THE   RIGHT   HONOURABLE  THE   LORD   PORTMAN. 
THE  DOWAGER   COUNTESS   OF  AYLESFORD. 
THE   RIGHT   HONOURABLE   LORD  ALFRED   CHURCHILL. 
THE   RIGHT   HONOURABLE   LORD   BERKELEY   PAGET. 
THE   RIGHT   HONOURABLE   LORD   BOLTON. 

THE   RIGHT   HONOURABLE   LORD   DE  LTSLE  AND  DUDLEY. 
ETC.  ETC.  ETC. 


PATENT   PORTABLE   GLASS   WALL   SCREEN. 


These  lukl  \l  1  L    jl  1■^s  SCREENS  when  I    ov  b  )      loi     d  lor  Co  e   ng  Walls  for 

Fruit  Trees  A  wall  20  feet  long  could  be  covered  by  an  unskilled  labourer  in  half-an-hour.  The  Screens  will  be 
supplied  ali  complete,  with  Patent  Galvanised  Iron  Grooves,  Glass  Uprights,  &c.,  at  11.  per  square  foot;  or 
100  feet,  lod.  per  square  foot ;  or  1000  feet,  at  gd.  per  square  foot.  This  is  the  cheapest  Glass  btructure 
ever  introduced. 


RENDLE'S   PATENT   PORTABLE 
GLASS  COPING  FOR  WALLS. 


For    I"!  ■   ■„    I'    '..'1-1,    -■■     ;'.i.i'    .,    .AiiriLuii,    iijid    ijilicr    t.lin,e 

Fruit  Trti;s,  fiani'Sprid;;  Frosts,  Heavy  Rains,  &c,.  A  Wa'l  50  feet 
long  can  be  Protected  for  £7  los.,  and  a  most  perfect  protection,  too. 
Frost  comes  like  rain— straight  down  the  wall,  llie  tender  blossom^  of 
the  Teach  and  Nectarine  are  more  dfTccted  by  frost  after  heavy  rains; 
they  set  wet,  and  the  frost  comes  and  destroys  their  vltahty. 

FOR  VERANDAHS.— These  Glass  Copinps  will  do  excellently  for 
Verandahs.  (They  can  be  made  6  or  8  feet  in  width,  or  indeed  any  width 
that  may  be  desired.    Estimates  will  be  sent  if  dimensions  are  given. 


PATENT  PORTABLE 

GREENHOUSES,    ORCHARD    HOUSES, 


&c. 


The  Patentee  is  now  in  a  position  to  Contract  for  and  Build  any  description  of  Greenhouses,  Orchard  Houses, 
or  Conservatories  of  all  sizes  and  dimensions. 

The  NEW  PATENT  SYSTEM  of  GLAZING  is  the  CHEAPEST  and  MOST  PERFECT 
EVER  INTRODUCED. 

T/ie  Houses  arc  built  on  Wooden  Framework,  with  Zinc  or  Galvanised  Iron  Grooves; 
the  Glass  slides  in  the  grooves,  and  the  most  complete  plan  of  ventilation  is  secured.  No 
paint  or  putty  is  required,  and  the  Zinc  and  Glass  are  the  only  materials  exposed  to  the 
action  of  the  atmosphere. 

WHEN  the  SYSTEM  is  KNOWN  and  UNDERSTOOD,  it  WILL  BECOME  UNIVERSAL. 
A  Span-roof  Orchard  House  complete,  IS  feet  wide  and  30  feet  long,  for  £35. 
A  Span-roof  Orchard  House,  40  feet  by  15  feet,  for  £55. 
A  Lean-to  Greenhouse,  30  feet  long  and  10  feet  wide,  for  £25. 
These  Houses  are  all  portable,  and  can  be  removed  and  fixed  again  in  a  few  hours. 

^g-   These  are  the  cheapest  Glass  Structures  ever  introduced,   and  intending  purchasers  of  Greenhouses 
should  compare  the  above  prices  with  others. 
For  Prices  and  particulars,  apply  to  the  Patentee  and  Inventor.  A  New  Illustrated  Catalogue  of  Mr.  Rendle's  New  Inventions  is 

just  published,  and  can  be  obtained  on  application  Gratis. 

Apply  to  MR.    W.    EDGCUMBE    RENDLE, 
3,    WESTMINSTEE    CHAMBERS,    VICTORIA    STREET,    S.W. 


RENDLE'S   PATENT    PORTABLE 

ORCHARD   HOUSES  and  VINERIES 


Erected  at  g,L  per  square  foot. 


March  2,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Ao^ricultural 


Gazette. 


283 


The  advantages  of  procurmg  Seeds  direct  from  the 
Growers  cannot  be  over-estimated^ 


"THE    ROYAL     SEEDSMEN" 


CARTER'S 


IPRIZE    MEDALS 

^^^^.-...PARIS.ISS?.    LONDON.  186^;--^,^^       (  tl'!^^'^^ 
BLACKPOOL,  1870.  &;°,'&=7"--~-^ 

GENUINE  SEEDSi 


DESCRIPTIVE     LISTS 

GRATIS,  POST    free" 

5    PERCENT  DISCOUNT 
i^^^        ^""^^^^^FOR     CASH.         

CARRIAGE    FREEI 

237,  &,  238,    High  Holborn, 
'''     LP  N  DON.   '^ 

CARTER'S 

IMPROVED     MAMMOTH     PRIZE 

LOI(}  EED  lAIGEL, 

The  largest  \ani.lv  grown     Pn^i,  pti  lb  ,  Is.  3d. 


The  largest  root  of  this  variety  at  the  Smithfield  Cliib  Show  was 
exhibited  by  J.  C-  &  Co  ,  weighing  nearly  6olbs. 

JAMES    CARTER   and   CO., 

SEEDSMEN  to  the  QUEEN  and  the  PRINCE  of  WALES, 
337  and  238,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  LONDON,  W.C. 


To  the  Trade. 

STUART,  MACDONALD,  and  CO.  'S 
Imported  SEEDS  of  GERMAN  TEN-WEEK  STOCKS  and 
TRUFFAUT'S  P.ICONY  PERFECTION  ASTERS  arc  the  finest  in 
cultivation.  Wholesale  LIST  on  application. 

Seed  Warehouse,  Southampton  Row,  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 


New  Seed  Catalogue  for  1872. 

MESSRS.    JOHN    AND    CHARLES    LEE 
will  be  happy   tn  forward,  post  fret-  nn  n]>[ilicalion,  their  New 
Des<:riT>tive  Triced  CATALUGUE  of  GENUINE  SEEDS, coniaiiiinR 
every  Novelty  for  1872,  to  any  of  their  Friends  and  Customers,  and 
others  who  have  not  already  received  it. 
Royal  \ineyard  Nursery  and  Seed  Establishment,  Hammersmith,  W. 

New  Japanese  Lilies.  Orchids,  Maples,  Conifer  Seed,  &c, 

MESSRS.    TEUTSCHEL    and     CO.,     Colchcslcr. 
Apents   for   Messrs.  Kk-\mer  &  Co.,  Seedsmen  and  Nurscrj-- 
men,  Yokohama,  Japan. 

CATALOGUE  includes  three  New  Lilies,  Lilium  callosum  and 
Lcichtlinii,  Cjpripedium  japonicum,  Platantliera:,  Seed  of  Abies 
Firma,  Vcilchii,  Primula  japonica,  &c. 


Orchids. 

JAMES  BROOKE  and  CO.,  Nurseries,  Fairfield, 
near  Manchester,  have  a  choice  lot  of  ORCHIDS  in  first  class 
condition,  at  really  moderate  prices.  Orders  for  £\a  and  upwards,  if 
left  to  j,  It.  &  Co.,  will  be  liberally  and  carelully  selected,  anU 
additional  plants  put  in  to  cover  carriage.  CA'IALOGUES  on 
ajiplicalion  to  16  and  18,  Victoria  Street,  Manchester. 

See  Advertisement  amongst  Publications  in  this  week's  Gardeners' 
Ckfonidt,  p.  310,  of  their  descriptive  CaialoRuc,  the  FAIRFIELD 
ORCHIDS. 

GRANTHAM      and     SOUTH      LiNCOLNSHrRE 
HORTICULTURAL   SOCIETY. 
Prtsidettt—Kii^ht  Hon.  Earl  Brownlow,  Lord-Lieutenant  of  the 

County. 
The   FIRST  EXHIBITION  will   be   held  at    Grantham,  Lincoln- 
shire, on  WEDNESDAY  and  THURSDAY,  July  17  and  18. 

Schedules  of  Prizes  (upwards  of  ;530o),  may  be  had  ot  Mr.  F,  M 
WHITE,  Hon.  Sec,  Grantham. 


ROYAL  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY, 
SOUTH  KENSINGTON.  W. 
NOTICE  to  FELLOWS— Mr.  THISTLETON  DYER,  Professor 
of  Hotany  to  the  Society,  will  attend  at  South  Kensington  every 
Alonday  afternoon,  to  answer  inquiries  bearing  on  EotanicaT  subjects, 
and  at  Chiswick  on  Tuesdays.  A  COURSE  of  LECTURES  to  be 
delivered  by  Mr.  DYER,  both  at  South  Kensington  and  Chiswick, 
will  be  shortly  announced,    


Noteworthy  Horticulturists  and  Botanists. 

NOTICE.— A  SERIES  of  PORTRAITS  of 
NOTEWORTHY  HORTICULTURISTS  and  BOTANISTS 
is  being  published  in  the  "GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  and 
AGRICULTURAL  GAZETTE."  The  following  have  already 
appeared,  and  separate  Copies  (price  (>d.  each),  on  tinted  paper,  may 
be  had  on  application  to  the  Publisher,  viz. : — 


Dr.  Hooker,  C.E.,  F.R.S. 

\V.  W1L.SON  Saunders,  F.R.S. 

Rev.  M.  J.  BERltELEV,  F.L.S. 

M.  Decaisne 

G.  F.  Wilson,  F.R.S. 

Dr.  MooBE,  of  Glasnevin 

Professor  Reichenbach. 


Kev.  S.  R.  Hole,  M.A 
E,  J.  Lowe,  F.R.S. 
James  McNab. 
Robert  Hogg,  LL.D. 
James  Bateman,  F.R.S. 
Eerthold  Seemann,  Ph.D. 
Archibald  F,  Barron. 


Published  by   WILLIAM    RICHARDS,   41,  Wellington    Street, 
Covent  Garden.  W.C. 


SATURDAY,  MARCH  2,  1872. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Monday,       March  4 — Entomological       7  P.M. 

!  Royal  Horticultural  (Fruit  and  Floral 

Committees),  at  S.  Kensington      ,.  11  A.M. 

Ditto  (Scientific  Committee)  . .        ..  1  P.M. 

Ditto  (General  Meeting)         . .        . .  3  PM. 

Thursday,        —      7 — Linnean 8  P.M. 


IT  will  be  as  impossible  for  the  readers  of  the  ac- 
counts in  the  daily  journals  of  the  National 
Thanksgiving  ceremony  on  Tuesday  last  to 
suppress  their  emotions,  as  it  was  to  those  privi- 
leged to  take  part  in  it  in  any  degree  and  in  any 
place  as  spectators.  The  significance  of  the 
event  far  outwent  the  mere  splendour  of  the 
pageant.  It  was  something  to  see  our  dingy 
metropolitan  thoroughfares  garbed  in  gayest 
holiday  attire  ;  it  was  even  more  striking  to 
witness  the  huge  multitude  of  happy  English- 
men that  thronged  the  streets  ;  but  above  and 
beyond  all  was  the  feeling  that  this  mighty 
nation,  with  its  infinitely  varied  shades  of 
opinion,  its  often  widely  divergent  interests,  is 
yet,  when  occasion  demands,  one  in  thought,  in 
feehng,  in  principle.  Rich  and  poor,  we  are  of 
one  race.  We  love  our  country,  its  laws,  and 
its  liberty.  We  reverence  our  OUEEN  for  her 
qualities  as  a  ruler,  a  wife,  and  a  mother.  We 
see  in  her  and  her  family,  and  the  manner  in 
which  they  uphold  our  constitution  and  our  laws, 
the  surest  guarantees  for  public  order  and 
freedom,  and  for  the  welfare  of  "  our  Sovereign 
and  her  dominions." 

The  thanksgiving  ceremony  at  St.  Paul's  brings 
home  to  each  one  of  us  that  those  in  high  places 
feel  and  act  as  humbler  folk  do  in  their  domestic 
anxieties,  trials,  and  joys.  The  great  tie  of 
human  sympathy,  so  apparent  in  these  realms 
during  the  Prince's  illness,  had  its  most  marked 
manifestation  in  the  recent  act  of  thanksgiving 
and  joy  on  the  part  of  a  happy  people.  What- 
ever our  individual  opinions,  we  all  feel  in 
common  that  this,  unlike  many  a  similar  pageant, 
was  a  wise  and  a  fitting  one,  and  there  can  be  but 
little  doubt  as  to  the  value  of  the  result  on 
national  feeling  and  individual  conduct. 

Referring  to  the  daily  prints  for  the  account  of 
the  ceremonial  and  the  details  relating  to  the 
decorations  of  the  streets,  we  simply  allude  to 
sundry  matters  of  more  particular  interest  to  our 
readers. 

Triumphal  arches  are  usually  very  unsatisfac- 


tor)'  affairs,  but  that  erected  at  the  foot  of 
Ludgate  Hill,  near  the  site  of  the  old  Ludgate, 
deserves  recognition  as  one  of  the  most  satisfac- 
tory structures  of  its  kind  ever  seen  in  London. 
It  consisted  simply  of  a  Gothic  arch  in  Middle 
Pointed  style,  appropriately  decorate  J.  If  we  may 
so  speak  of  so  large  a  structure,  it  was  simple, 
effective,  and  it  was,  .as  such  erections  very 
seldom  are,  in  good  taste.  Ludgate  Hill  itself, 
with  its  rows  of  \'cnctian  masts  and  banners,bear- 
ing  midway  sheaths  of  spears  and  smaller  banners, 
and  linked  together  in  all  directions  with  a  pro- 
fusion of  festoons  of  flowers,  all  artificial  though 
they  were,  also  furnished  an  example  of  rich 
decoration  much  exceeding  in  beauty  and  good 
taste  what  we  are  accustomed  to  see  on  such 
occasions.  It  was  curious  to  observe,  too,  how 
much  richer  and  more  appropriate  these  dense 
festoons  of  mimic  flowers  were  than  the  long 
lines  of  Chinese  lanterns  with  which  Oxford 
Street,  for  instance,  was  decorated.  Notable, 
too,  amid  the  commonplace  devices,  was  the 
effect  of  evergreens  judiciously  arranged.  So 
marked,  indeed,  was  the  superior  effectiveness 
and  appropriateness  of  the  use  of  foliage  in  this 
way  that  it  was  a  matter  for  regret  that  more 
use  was  not  made  of  it,  but  the  difficulty  of 
decorating  seven  miles  or  so  of  street  is  sufficient 
to  account  for  the  comparatively  scanty  use  of 
evergreens.  So  far  as  street  decoration  was  con- 
cerned, natural  flowers  played  a  very  poor  part, 
the  only  instances  of  any  account  which  came 
under  our  notice  being  a  lovely  display  of  spring- 
flowering  plants  in  the  windows  of  a  private 
house  nearly  opposite  to  the  War  Office,  in  Pall 
Mall ;  a  beautiful  lot  in  the  windows  of  Messrs. 
Carter's  establishment  in  Holborn,  who  had 
besides  a  very  ett'ective  display  of  "  bunting," 
Prince  of  Wales' Feathers,  &c.  Higher  up  Hol- 
born, Messrs.  Dick  Radclyfke  &  Co.  had  a 
splendid  festoon  of  flowers — Laurels,  Roses,  and 
Mistleto,  interwoven  with  the  Royal  Standard 
and  Prince  of  Wales  plumes.  They  also  had  an 
illuminated  portrait  of  the  Prince,  which  might, 
however,  easily  have  been  mistaken  for  that  of 
the  proprietor  himself. 

At  the  Cathedral  the  vast  portico  was  turned 
into  a  suite  of  rooms,  lighted  from  above.  The 
central  chamber  was  the  general  reception-room, 
where  the  QuEEN  was  met  by  the  Bishop  of 
London  and  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  St. 
Paul's.  Opening  from  it  on  the  right  was  a 
room  for  the  QUEEN,  the  walls  of  which  were 
covered  with  Nottingham  lace  stretched  over 
pink  calico,  and  were  so  elegant  that  no  one 
would  believe  they  had  been  entirely  spoiled  but 
a  day  or  two  previously  by  the  rain  from  above, 
before  the  glazing  of  the  roof  could  be  executed. 
The  chamber  on  the  left  of  the  reception-room' 
was  for  the  PRINCESS,  draped  with  similar  lace 
over  blue  caHco  ;  and  both  these  private  rooms 
were  decorated  with  flowers  and  Palms  by  Mr. 
John  Wills,  of  the  Royal  E.xotic  Nurser>', 
Old  Brompton.  The  Princess's  retiring-room 
was  decorated  with  groups  of  plants  in  each 
corner,  consisting  of  Lily  of  the  Valley,  An- 
thurium  Scherzerianum,  Lycastes,  Dendro- 
biums.  Azaleas,  Camellias,  and  various  other 
choice  flowers,  the  whole  gracefully  inter- 
mixed with  suitable  Ferns,  while  handsome 
Palms  (Seaforthias)  formed  the  background. 
The  zinc  pans,  in  which  the  smaller  plants  were 
placed,  were  completely  hidden  by  a  margin  of 
Selaginella  denticulata.  On  a  table  in  the  centre 
of  the  room,  12  handsome  glass  vases  were 
placed,  varying  in  height,  and  from  these  the 
beautiful  fronds  of  Adiantum  farleyense  were 
allowed  to  hang  gracefully  over  the  glasses,  and 
aftbrded  a  beautiful  setting  for  the  fine  spikes  of 
such  Orchids  as  Ccelogyne  cristata,  PhalEenopsis 
amabilis,  P.  Schilleriana,  Vanda  gigantea  and 
insignis,  Saccolabium  giganteum,  Odontoglos- 
sum  Ale.xandrte,  O.  Bictonense,  0.  Uroskin- 
neri,  Oncidium  crispum,  O.  Pescatorei,  La;ha 
anceps,  Barkeria  spectabilis,  Lily  of  the  Valley, 
various  kinds  of  Violets,  with  Gardenias  and 
Roses.  Outside  these  small  bouquets  were  placed, 
formed  of  buds  of  Mardchal  Niel,  Devoniensis, 
and  other  Roses,  Barkeria  spectabilis,  Gardenias, 
Violets,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  and  various  other 
choice  flowers. 

Her  Majesty's  retiring-room  was  directly 
opposite  the  Princess's,  and  was  arranged  in  a 
similar  way  to  the  above,  each  group  of  plants 
being  different,  and  consisting  of  the  choicest 
flowers  that  could  be  procured.  On  HER 
Majesty's  table  there  were  magnificent  spathes 
of  Anthurium  Scherzerianum,  shown  off  to  great 
advantage  by  the  graceful  fronds  of  the  Adiantum 
above  alluded  to,  and  large  pendent  spikes  of 


284 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Gazette. 


[March  2,   1872. 


Ccelogyne  cristata.  The  approach  to  the  recep- 
tion room  was  also  decorated  with  flowers, 
Palms,  &c.,  and  groups  of  plants  were  placed  in 
each  corner  of  the  reception  room. 

Her  Majesty  and  the  Princess  were,  we 
learn,  much  pleased  with  the  floral  decoration, 
and  accepted  bouquets  as  appropriate  souvenirs 
of  the  occasion. 

• We   are   informed   that   the   Trustees   of  the 

Veitch  Memorial,  after  discharging  the  legal  ex- 
penses incurred  in  the  preparation  of  the  trust-deed,  as 
provided  therein,  have  invested  the  balance  of  tlie 
Fund,  amounting  to  £'6-]0y  in  stock  of  the  Great  Indian 
Peninsula  Railway ;  and  that  as  soon  as  sufficient 
interest  accrues  to  render  the  prizes  to  be  offered  worthy 
of  the  object  in  view,  they  will  proceed  to  make 
arrangements  to  determine  their  relative  value,  and  to 
submit  them  to  public  competition,  in  accordance  with 
the  powers  conferred  upon  them  by  the  subscribers. 

■ Some    remarkable  abnormal   developments  of 

CvtRiPEDiUM  SUPERBIENS  (Veitchii),  were  mentioned 
a  si  ort  time  since  in  the  Revtte  hort'uole.  A  strong 
plant  of  this  species  was  divided  into  five  plants,  of 
wliith  two  were  strong,  and  three  less  vigorous  ;  these 
five  plants  were  potted  and  treated  alike,  and  grew 
side  by  side,  but  when  they  came  to  flower,  while  one 
of  the  stronger  ones  produced  normal  flowers,  the  other 
bore  four  flowers  in  which  the  lip  was  wanting.  The 
three  smaller  plants  flowered  subsequently,  and  pro- 
duced each  a  single  flower,  but  in  all  three  the  flower 
was  double  ;  that  is  to  say,  the  lip,  which  was  very 
well  developed,  formed,  as  it  were,  two  slippers,  per- 
fectly distinct,  one  set  within  the  other. 

We  have  already  alluded  to  the  virtues  which 

have  been  ascribed  to  Condurango,  and  also  to  the 
growing  belief  that  they  were  entirely  suppositious. 
After  a  lengthened  trial  of  the  drug  in  the  cancer- wards 
of  the  Middlesex  Hospital,  the  surgeons  at  that  institution 
find  that  Condurango  has  no  effect  whatever  on  cancer  ; 
while  at  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Clinical  Society  of 
London,  it  was  stated  that  not  one  single  indication  of 
improvement  had  been  observed  in  any  of  the  cases 
treated  by  this  alleged  remedy.  A  feeling  was  strongly 
expressed  that  the  public  should  be  made  aware  of  the 
utter  worthlessness  of  Condurango  as  a  remedy  for  this 
disease. 

Amongst  the  supposed  tender  plants  submitted 

to  forced  exposure  last  winter  in  Paris,  the  Knnie 
Horticole  mentions  that  at  Sceaux  one  plant  in  particular, 
the  Choisya  ternata,  withstood  all  the  rigours  of 
the  situation,  and  may  therefore  be  regarded  as  hardy — 
a  great  additional  merit.  This  Rutaceous  shrub  comes 
from  the  temperate  parts  of  Mexico,  and  has  evergreen 
trifoliate  leaves,  with  elliptic-oblong  leaflets,  and  large 
white  five-petaled  flowers,  disposed  on  a  sort  of  terminal 
corymb,  with  tricliotomous  branches,  and  having  a  very 
shov\y  character. 

M.    Bert,  desiring    to    test  the   Effect   of 

Green  Light  on  the  Sensitiveness  of  the  Mimosa, 
p'actd  several  plants  under  bell-glasses  of  different 
coloured  glass,  and  set  them  in  a  warm  greenhouse. 
At  the  end  of  a  few  hours  a  difference  was  apparent. 
Those  which  had  been  subjected  to  green,  yellow,  or 
red.  light,  had  the  petioles  erect,  and  the  leaflets 
expanded  ;  those  under  blue  and  violet  glass,  on  the 
other  hand,  had  their  petioles  almost  horizontal,  and 
the  leaflets  hanging  down.  Those  under  blackened 
glass  were  less  sensitive  in  a  week,  and  in  12  days  were 
either  dead  or  dying.  At  that  time  those  under  green 
glass  were  entirely  insensitive,  and  in  four  days  more 
were  dead,  the  plants  under  the  other  glasses  being 
perfectly  healthy  and  sensitive,  but  unequally  so.  The 
white  had  made  great  progress,  the  red  less,  the  yellow 
a  little  less  still,  whilst  the  violet  and  the  blue  did  not 
appear  to  have  grown  at  all.  After  16  days  the  vigorous 
plants  from  the  uncoloured  bell-glasses  were  moved  to 
the  green;  in  eight  days  they  had  become  less  sensitive, 
in  two  more  the  sensitiveness  had  almost  entirely  dis- 
appeared, and  in  another  week  they  were  all  dead. 
Green  rays  of  light  appear,  from  these  experiments,  to 
have  no  greater  influence  on  vegetation  than  complete 
absence  of  light.  M.  Bert  further  believes  that  the 
Sensitive  Plant  exhibits  only  the  same  phenomena  as  do 
all  plants  which  are  coloured  green,  but  to  an  excessive 
decree. 

We  have  received  from  Messrs.  James  Thor- 

burn  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  a  large  sample  of  their 
new  Late  Rose  Potatos,  some  of  which  we  have 
distributed  amongst  public  establishments  and  amateur 
growers  for  trial.  Messrs.  Thorburn  &  Co.  say  that 
in  its  colour,  habits  of  growth,  and  general  appear- 
ance, it  resembles  the  now  well-known  Early  Rose, 
from  which  it  is  a  seedling  ;  but  that  it  is  of  better 
quality  than  its  parent,  keeps  later,  and  is  a  heavier 
cropper ;  their  stock  being  grown  at  the  rate  of  from 
250  to  300  bush,  per  acre.  Some  of  the  tubers  we 
received  were  as  large  as  a  fair  sample  of  Paterson's 
Bovinia,  very  uneven  in  outline,  very  sound,  white- 
fleshed,  and  of  very  fair  quality. 

An  exhibition   of   Useful  Insects,   and   of 

the  products  derived  from  them,  is  to  be  held  in  the 
garden  of  the  Luxemburg,   Paris,  from  August  iS  to 


September  8  next,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Central 
Society  of  Bee  Masters  (Societe  Centrale  d'Apicul- 
ture).  All  nations  are  invited  to  contribute  specimens 
of  useful  insects,  insect  products,  implements,  hives, 
&c.,  as  well  as  of  noxious  insects,  and  the  means  for 
their  destruction.  Intending  exhibitors  should  com- 
municate with  M.  Hamet,  Rue  Monge,  59,  Paris, 
before  August  i.  Medals  and  certificates  of^  honour  will 
be  awarded.  The  classes  mentioned  in  the  programme 
include  silkworms  of  all  kinds,  insects  producing  wax 
and  honey,  insects  used  for  dyeing  purposes,  edible  insects 
(including  Crustacea  and  Arachnida),  insects  used  in 
pharmacy,  insects  as  decorative  objects,  insects  inju- 
rious to  cereals,  to  the  Vine,  to  useful  plants,  such  as 
forage  plants,  vegetables,  fruit  trees,  forest  trees, 
timber,  Mushrooms,  clothes,  books,  &c.  ;  parasites  o( 
man  and  domestic  animals.  In  addition  supplemental 
classes  will  be  established  for  snails,  slugs,  leeches, 
fish,  &c.  It  will  hence  be  seen  that  *'  Insects,"  in  the 
sense  of  the  programme,  include  nearly  the  whole  of 
the  animal  kingdom. 

The    accompanying  woodcuts  (figs.    102  and 

103)  represent  Drechsler's  Patent  Portable 
Winnowing  Machine,  a  very  useful  implement, 
adapted  for  cleaning  any  kind  of  agricultural  and  horti- 


■-DRECHSLEES    PATENT    PORTABLE  WINNOWING 

MACHINE. 


cultural  seeds,  such  as  Clovers,  Turnips,  Crested 
Dogstail,  Wheat,  Beet,  Mignonette,  Lettuce,  Cucum- 
ber, &c.,  separating  the  dust,  chaff,  sand,  stones,  &c., 
by  merely  turning  the  driving-wheel,  or  on  the  self- 
acting  principle  when  the  seed  merely  requires  screen- 
ing, the  screens  being  made  so  as  to  be  inclined  to  any 
required  pitch.  The  machinery  consists  of  five  distinct 
parts,  viz.,  the  blower.  A,  which  may  be  used  by 
itself;  the  stand,  c  ;  the  two  screens,  B  ;  the  shaking 
contrivance  with  strap,  and  the  spout.  With  some  few 
alterations  and  additions  the  same  implement  is  adapted 
to  clean  and  bag  the  seed  by  a  single  operation. 
We  understand  that  a  City  wholesale  druggist  has  one  of 


Fig.    103.  —  THE   SAME,    PUT   TOGETHER    FOR    PACKING. 

these  machines  in  use  for"  cleaning  Senna  leaves,  gums, 
and  berries  ;  and  Messrs.  Carter  &  Co.  employ  another 
for  cleaning  Clovers,  &c.,  and  that  it  does  the  work 
well.  It  is  made  in  four  sizes,  No.  i  being  suitable 
for  flower  and  small  quantities  of  vegetable  seeds  ;  and 
No.  4  for  wholesale  houses.  Mr.  Drechsler  ha^  given 
us  the  following  further  explanations  : — 

"  The  hopper  is  provided  at  its  lower  extremity  with  a 
kind  of  shutter,  fixed  to  a  spindle,  to  which  the  lever  that 
is  seen  outside  the  machine  is  attached,  and  by  which  the 
passage  of  the  seed  out  of  the  hopper  is  regulated.  Close 
under  it  is  an  inclined  plane,  along  which  the  light 
matter  is  blown  out  of  the  machine  in  an  upward  direc- 
tion, leaving  the  heavy  seed,  sand,  stones,  &c.,  to  glide 
downwards  on  to  the  screens;  and  on  the  top  of  this  there 
is  an  opening  left,  with  a  projection  to  arrest  any  good 
seeds  that  might  still  be  amongst  the  blowings,  causing  it 
to  fall  separately  on  the  f^oor.  The  screens  are  change- 
able, the  one  coarse  and  the  other  fine,  and  made  to  be 
set  to  any  required  incline  with  an  upward  and  downward 
shaking  motion.  They  are  easily  drawn  up  or  down,  and 
their  motion  regulated  by  means  of  two  straps,  the  one 
above  at  c  (fig.  102)  and  the  other  below  the  screens.  The 
top  screen,  that  has  for  its  object  merely  to  take  out  tilings 
larger  than  the  seed,  is  provided  with  a  spout,  on  to  which 
a  small  bag  may  be  hung  for  the  purpose.  The  machine 
is  designed  to  clean  grass  seeds,  Clovers,  Turnips,  Beet, 
Lettuce,  Cucumber,  Mignonette,  and  also  materials  used 
in  other  branches  of  industry.  The  blast  is  regulated 
instantly  with  the  greatest  ease  by  merely  turning  a  httle 


faster  or  slower,  and  in  this  way  it  is  adapted  to  the 
lightest  as  well  as  the  heaviest  seeds  or  other  materials. 
Over  the  hopper  there  is  a  handle  to  carry  it  or  lift  it  by, 
which  may  be  done  by  merely  turning  the  shaking  rod  off 
the  fan  spindle  at  c.  The  two  screens  and  shoot  are  taken 
out,  replaced,  and  fastened  by  unscrewing  or  tightening 
two  fly-nuts,  also  seen  at  c.  Fig.  103  represents  the  blower 
and  stand,  and  two  screens  put  together  to  be  packed." 

We  have  here  evidently  a  very  useful  as  well  as  very 
simple  implement,  adapted  for  facilitating  one  very 
troublesome  operation  in  gardening,  namely,  the  clean- 
ing of  seeds. 

Mr.    Glaisher    remarks   as   follows  on   the 

State  of  the  Weather  during  the  week,  ending 
Feb.  24,  1S72  : — In  the  vicinity  of  London  the  reading 
of  the  barometer  at  sea  level,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
week,  was  about  2g.8  inches.  A  slight  depression  to 
about  29.7  inches  was  recorded  during  the  iSth,  fol- 
lowed by  an  increase  which  reached  its  maximum 
(about  30.2  inches)  about  9  a.m.  on  the  22d.  This  in 
its  turn  was  followed  by  a  decrease  which  lasted  till 
about  3  P.M.  on  the  24th,  the  lowest  reading  being 
about  29.5  inches.  The  mean  daily  values  were  above  the 
average  on  the  2lst  and  22d,  but  below  on  the  remain- 
ing days.  The  highest  temperatures  of  the  air  by  day 
varied  between  55!°  on  the  24th,  and  494°  on  the  22d. 
The  lowest  temperatures  at  night  ranged  from  42* 
on  the  1 8th,  to  35!°  on  the  22d.  The  daily 
ranges  of  temperature  were  generally  large,  all, 
with  the  exception  of  the  i8th  and  23d,  being  in 
excess  of  14*.  The  mean  daily  temperatures  were 
again  without  exception  above  the  average  through- 
out the  week.  The  departures  were  as  follows : 
— i8th,  8°;  19th,  7°.5;  20th,  5''. 7;  21st,  3'.5  ;  22d, 
4°.4  ;  23d,  4°.  7  ;  24th,  8*.  8.  The  differences  between 
air  and  dew-point  temperatures  were  large  on  the  19th 
and  20th,  but  gradually  became  smaller  towards  the 
end  of  the  week.  The  sky  was  generally  covered  at 
the  beginning  and  end  of  the  week,  but  the  mornings 
of  the  19th  and  20th  and  the  evening  of  the  2i5t  were 
fine  and  cloudless.  The  highest  reading  of  a  thermo- 
meter placed  in  the  sun's  rays  was  118°,  on  the  19th, 
and  the  lowest  reading  of  one  placed  on  the  grass  at 
night  was  28^%  on  the  22d.  Rain  fell  on  the  i8th, 
19th,  23d,  and  24th  to  the  amount  of  3-  loths  of  an  inch, 
the  greatest  fall  being  nearly  2-ioths,  on  the  23d. 

In  England,  the  extreme  high  temperatures  ranged 
between  53!°  at  Blackheath,  and  47"  at  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne,  the  general  average  over  the  country  being  524°* 
The  extreme  low  temperatures  varied  from  36^°  at 
Bradford  to  31°  at  Norwich,  the  general  average  being 
nearly  34°.  The  average  daily  range  of  temperature  in 
the  week  was  about  l8j°.  The  mean  for  the  week  of 
the  highest  temperature  observed  every  day  was  491", 
the  highest  being  at  Blackheath  and  Portsmouth,  52°, 
and  the  lowest,  44^°,  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  The  ave- 
rage daily  range  of  temperature  was  12^"^.  The  mean 
temperature  for  the  week  was  about  42  i*,  varying 
from  45°  at  Blackheath,  to  40^"  at  Newcastlc-on- 
Tyne.  Rain  fell  at  Sheffield  and  Eccles  on  every  day 
in  the  week,  and  at  other  midland  places  on  six  days  ; 
at  Norwich  it  only  fell  on  three  days,  and  at  Ports- 
mouth, Blackheath,  and  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  on  four 
days.  The  amount  collected  at  each  station  was  gene- 
rally large.  At  Birmingham  the  amount  was  nearly 
i\  inches,  and  at  Nottingham,  Manchester,  and  Eccles 
more  than  an  inch.  The  average  fall  over  the  country 
was  8-ioths  of  an  inch. 

In  Scotland  the  highest  temperatures  by  day  varied 
between  50*  at  Perth  and  46*  at  Glasgow,  with  a 
general  average  of  47|°.  The  lowest  temperatures  at 
night  ranged  from  344''  at  Paisley  and  31"  at  Edin- 
burgh, the  average  over  the  country  being  33^".  The 
mean  daily  temperature  for  the  week  was  nearly  40°, 
the  highest  being  at  Perth,  414*,  and  the  lowest,  38!", 
at  Edinburgh.  Rain  fell  at  all  stations.  The  greatest 
fall  was  nearly  2  inches,  at  Perth,  and  the  least,  half  an 
inch,  at  Aberdeen.  The  general  average  was  a  little 
more  than  i  inch. 

At  Dublin  the  highest  temperature  by  day  was  57F» 
the  lowest  at  night  324",  and  the  mean  daily  tempera- 
ture 45'.  The  amount  of  rain  collected  was  about 
2-ioths  of  an  inch. 


NEW  VARIETIES  OF  MIGNONETTE, 

Already  the  fragrant  and  favourite  Mignonette  has 
been  brought  under  the  power  of  the  gardener,  and  by 
selection  and  development  he  has  acquired  novel  forms. 
Of  these  the  earliest  was  known  as  the  "  large- 
flowered,"  which  seems  to  be  the  R.  odorata  grandi- 
flora  meliorata  of  the  seed  lists,  a  plant  of  stronger 
habit  than  the  original.  Since  that  has  appeared 
"Parsons'  White,"  in  which  the  coloured  anthers  are 
less  conspicuous  than  usual;  and  ihe  "crimson- 
flowered,"  a  sadly  disappointing  misnomer  for  a  variety 
in  which  the  reddish-brown  anthers  arc  simply  more 
than  usually  prominent.  Now  M.  Gebhardt,  of  Qued- 
linberg,  introduces  three  new  sorts,  the  Pyramidal 
Bouquet,  the  Tall  Pyramidal,  and  the  Dwarf  Compact 
— varieties  obtained  by  selection  and  careful  seeding. 
We  give  a  condensed  summary  of  M.  (iebhardt  s 
descriptions,  accompanied  by  figures  he  has  been  good 
enough  to  send  us  : — 

The  Pyramidal  Bouquet  Mignonette  (fig.  105)  forms  a 
dense  short  pyramid  of  free  growth,  the  numerous 
branches  being  terminated  by  large  spikes  of  intense 


March  2,  1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


285 


red  flowers— as  many  as  300  of  them  being  produced 
on  one  full-grown  specimen.  Tlie  foliage  is  luxuriant, 
iLud  of  a  dark  ijreen.  This  variety  is  recommended 
for  pot  culture  and  for  the  open  border.  The  Tall 
Pyramidal  Mignonette,  R.  odorata  gigantea  pyramidalis 
(fig.  104),  is  said  to  have  very  woody  stems  and  vigorous 
branches,  which  are  clothed  with  dark  green  leaves 
and  club-like  spikes  of  flowers  10  inches  long, 
and  of  fine  red  tinge.  By  good  culture  it 
j^ows  to  a  height  of  2^-  feet,  and  a  breadth  of 
li  foot.  In  consequence  of  its  ligneous 
habit,  the  more  it  is  cut  the  more  freely  it 
flowers,  continuing  to  bloom  till  (juite  late  in 
autumn.  It  is  recommended  to  be  sown 
«arly  in  March,  and  to  be  potted  off  singly, 
the  plants  being  either  turned  out  into  the 
borders  or  grown  on  in  pots  as  required. 
The  new  Dwarf  Compact  Mignonette  (fig. 
106)  seems  to  be  a  very  desirable  variety,  and 
very  distinct  in  character.  It  is  called  R. 
odorata  nana  compacta  multiflora,  and  forms 
a  dense  semi-globular  bush  of  about  lojnches 
high  and  18  inches  across,  the  robust  and 
vigorous  branches  being  clothed  with  dark 
green  leaves,  and  decorated  with  innunier- 
able  close  spikes  of  reddish-tinted  flowers. 
These  flowers  are  said  to  be  produced  with- 
out intermission  from  spring  till  late  in  the 
autumn,  the  blooming  period  being  of  longer 
duration  in  this  than  in  any  other  variety, 
owing  to  the  successional  branching  growths. 
Its  dwarf  habit  adapts  it  for  planting  near 
the  edge  of  the  flower-border,  while,  if  culti- 
vated in  good  soil,  it  is  said  to  have  a  fine 
effect  as  a  single  specimen.  For  pot-culture 
or  for  market  purposes  it  is  very  highly 
lecommended. 

The  figures  we  here  introduce,  and  which 
were  prepared  from  photographs,  show  the 
general  habit  of  each  of  the  varieties. 


Kennedy  is  now  16  feet  in  height,  a  picture  of  health, 
carrying  numerous  cones,  of  successive  years*  growth. 
'  At  present,  the  young  growths  are  loaded  with  embryo 
male  catkins,  which  gives  a  yellow  hue  to  the  plant, 
increasing  as  the  season  advances,  till  towards  the  close 
of  spring  the  whole  tree  becomes  almost  as  yellow  as 
an  Acacia  in  full  flower.     It  is  grown  here  in  a  deep 


NOTES   ON  CONIFERS.- i: 

Cuprasus   Benihamiana. — Syn.    C.   thuri- 
fera.  Indigenous  to  the  mountains  of  Mexico, 
where  it  grows  to  the  height  of  from  50  to 
60  feet,  with  an  ample,  dense  head.     A  very 
distinct  species,  when  young  forming  a  nice 
pyramidal  tree,    rather  open  than  dense  in 
habit,  with  spreading,  upright  branches.   The 
foliage  is  of  a  fine  soft  green  colour.     The 
limber  is  said  to  be  fine-grained,  and  excel- 
lent   in    quality.      In    Scotland,    except  in 
good    localities,     it    does    not   generally    stand    the 
severity  of  our  winters.     At  Castle  Kennedy  it  grows 
and  thrives  well,  one  plant  being  upwards  of  16  feet  in 
height,  and  was  out  during  the  severe  winter  of  1S60- 
61.     In   the   South   of  England   and   many  parts   of 
Ireland  it  should  grow  freely,  preferring  light,  dry  soils 
10  plant  it  in.    Heavy  soils  cause  too  vigorous  growths, 


]-'l«J.     104   —  lAI-L    I'VRAMIl.'AL    MIO.XoNLTTE. 


dry  loam,  which  appears  to  suit  it  well.  The  pro- 
bability is  that  in  good  situations  it  will  grow  to  the 
height  of  from  30  to  40  feet  in  this  country,  which  is 
very  surprising,  as  Hartweg,  its  discoverer,  describes 
it  as  growing  only  to  the  height  of  from  6  to  10  feet 
in  its  native  habitat,  the  converse  being  generally  the 
case.     Although  not  quite  hardy  in  every  locality  it 


As  seen  in  this  country  when  young — and  owing  to  its 
recent  introduction,  nothing  but  comparatively  young 
plantsexist— it  has  the  compact  appearance  of  acommon 
Arbor-vita:,  being  wider  at  the  base  and  less  formal  in 
habit,  of  a  glaucous  green  colour,  with  graceful, 
flexuose,  pendulous  branchlets  and  leading  shoots,  the 
leaders  being  like  the  Deodar,  pendulous  till  the  com- 
mencement of  the  next  year's  growth,  when 
they  gradually  become  upright.  During  the 
early  part  of  summer  the  larger  specimens 
are  to  be  seen  with  numerous  small  cones, 
varying  in  colour  on  different  plants,  from 
a  light  green  to  a  dark  purple,  and  at  that 
particular  season  of  the  year  adding  very 
much  to  the  beauty  of  the  plant.  Perhaps 
no  ornamental  Conifer,  certainly  no  recently 
introduced  Cypress,  has  been  of  late  planted 
so  extensively.  Being  perfectly  hardy,  it  finds 
everywhere  a  home  and  everywhere  admirers, 
and  has  become  equally  the  accompaniment 
of  the  cottage,  the  villa,  and  the  princely 
mansion.  It  does  not  appear  to  be  at  all 
particular  about  soil ;  one  condition  is,  how- 
ever, necessary  to  its  well  being  —  a  dry 
subsoil.  It  seldom  suffers  from  frost ;  but 
when  planted  in  exposed  situations,  cold 
winds  frequently  destroy  its  young  gi^owth. 

Cupressiis  mttkacnsis^  synonymous  with 
Thujopsis  borealis.  Introduced  1850,  from 
Nootka  Sound,  North-West  America  ;  60  to 
So  feet  in  height.  A  fine  tree,  with  spread- 
ing, slightly  pendulous  branches,  which, 
when  young,  rise  from  the  tree,  gradually 
curving  towards  the  point  of  the  shoots,  the 
branchlets  hanging  down,  producing  a  very 
pleasing  effect,  having  altogether  a  consiJer- 
able  resemblance,  when  viewed  at  a  short 
distance,  to  the  C.  Lawsoniana,  but  differing 
in  being  more  open  in  habit.  When  planted 
in  a  strong  soil  it  grows  freely,  and  is  likely 
to  attain  a  considerable  size  in  this  country, 
where,  in  ordinary  situations,  it  proves  quite 
hardy. 

Ciipressits  macrocarpa. — This  is  considered 

by  many  to  be  the  most  imposing  and  most 

beautiful    Cypress  which   we   possess.     Mr. 

Ilartweg   describes    it    as    gi'owing    to    the 

height   of  60  feet,    with   a  bole    measuring 

9   feet    in    circumference,    on    the    wooded 

heights  near  Monterey,  in  Upper  California, 

and  with  a  far-spreading,  branching,  flat  top, 

like  a  Cedar  of  Lebanon.     In  this  countiy 

it    promises,    under    favourable    conditions, 

to  grow  equally  large.     At  Castle  Kennedy  two  plants 

were  put  out   in    1S47,  the  one   under   the  name  of 

C.  macrocarpa,  the  other  of  C.  Lambertiana.     C.  ma- 

crocarpa  is  now  35  feet  high,  with  a  bole,  2  feet  from 

the  ground,  3  feet  8  inches  in  circumference,  showing 

extraordinary   health  and  vigour  ;  it  has  a  pyramidal 

form,  with  a  small  spread  of  branches  in  proportion  to 


Fig.    105. — IVRAMIDAL    IJOL'nUET    MIGN'OXETTE. 


Flli.     IC6. — NEW    l»\\ARr    COMTACT    MIGNONETTE. 


which  do  not  ripen  sufliciently  to  withstand  the  winter  | 
frosts. 

CupressHs  Goi'enuxna.  —  From  the  mountains  of  I 
Monterey,  in  Upper  California,  where  it  grows  to  the  : 
height  of  from  6  to  10  feet,  forming  a  dense  bush.  As  , 
growing  at  Castle  Kennedy,  and  a  few  other  places  where  ■ 
I  have  seen  it,  it  forms  a  charming,  moderately  free-  \ 
growing  tree,  with  irregular,  spreading  branches,  the  : 
branchlets  being  slender,  pendulous,  and  of  a  lovely  , 
light  green  colour.      The  largest   specimen  at  Castle 


should  be  planted  freely  wherever  it  succeeds,  being  a 
really  beautiful  and  truly  ornamental  tree. 

CtipressHS  Laxi'Si/tiaua. — Indigenous  to  the  Shasta 
and  Scots  valleys  and  other  localities  in  California. 
Introduced  in  1852.  This  is  said  to  be  a  fine  graceful 
tree  as  seen  in  its  native  habitats,  growing  to  the 
height  of  from  So  to  loo  feet.  Mr.  Murray  says  that 
he  met  with  it  on  the  banks  of  streams  in  a  valley  in  the 
mountains  of  Northern  California,  where  it  formed  the 
handsomest  tree?  "^een  by  him  in  his  whole  expedition. 


its  height.     The  colour  of  the  tree,  as  looked  at  from  a 

,  short  distance,  is  of  a  greyish  green.     This  description 

applies  to  a  large  number  of  C.  macrocarpa  planted  at 

various  periods  since  ;  most  of  them  differing  only  in 

having  a  greater  spread  of  the  lower  branches  than  the 

large  plant.     The  plant  under  the  name  of  C.  Lam- 

'  bertiana  is  upwards  of  20  feet  in  height,  with  a  bole  about 

the  same  dimensions  as  those  of  C.  macrocarpa,  divided 

\  into  numerous  branches  a  few  feet  above  the  ground,  the 

branches'spreading  and  forming  a  head  somewhat,  flat, 


286 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[March  2,   1S72, 


like  a  very  old  Yew,  the  colour  a  fine  grass-green. 
The  l>ranchlets,  when  compared  with  the  C.  macro- 
carpa,  are  smaller  and  finer  in  appearance.  The  ordi- 
nary explanation  that  the  C.  Lambertiana  plants  were 
mostly  from  cuttings,  and  the  C.  macrocarpa  seedlings, 
does  not  account  for  the  difference,  as  plants  raised 
from  cuttings  of  the  C.  macrocarpa  retain  the  colour 
of  foliage  and  upright  habit  of  growth.  As  the  two 
varieties  were  introduced  at  different  periods,  the 
C.  Lambertiana  in  1838  by  Lambert,  without  any  in- 
formation as  to  where  it  came  from,  and  the  other  in 
1847  by  Hartweg,  from  California,  it  is  just  possible 
they  may  be  from  different  and  widely  distant  loca- 
lities, if  not  from  different  countries.  As  both  the 
varieties  are  now  coning  and  ripening  their  seeds 
abundantly,  attention  should  be  paid  in  collecting  the 
seed  to  keep  them  separate,  when  in  all  probability  the 
two  varieties  will  be  perpetuated.  It  is  important  that 
this  should  be  done,  as  in  the  hands  of  the  intelligent 
planter  very  different  positions  would  be  assigned  them. 
In  many  parts  of  Ireland  this  fine  tree  is  to  be  seen 
growing  with  extraordinary  vigour  ;  at  Mount  Stewart 
there  are  specimens  nearly  40  feet  in  height ;  in  Scot- 
land, at  Hopeton  House,  25  feet  high  ;  as  also  at 
Murthly  Castle  in  the  far  north,  where  the  severity  of 
the  climate  does  not  prevent  its  growing  well.  In 
some  localities  it  suffers  during  unusually  severe 
winters,  but  in  most  will  be  found  quite  hardy. 
Wherever  it  succeeds,  it  should  be  planted  with  a 
liberal  hand,  as  few  trees  are  more  beautiful.  It  is  not 
particular  about  soil,  preferring  a  moderately  good 
loam  to  a  clay  soil,  and  a  dry  to  a  damp  bottom. 
Here  it  both  forms  timber  and  grows  faster  than  the 
Scotch  Fir. 

Picea  afiial'iiis. — Although  this  giant  tree  was  dis- 
covered in  Northern  California,  and  was  introduced  as 
far  back  as  i  S3 1,  by  Douglas,  it  is  still  comparatively 
scarce,  owing  to  various  causes — amongst  others,  to 
the  fact  that  no  seedling  plants  have  since  been  raised, 
and  plants  which  have  been  raised  from  either 
grafts,  layers,  or  cuttings  are  found  to  be  very 
slow  in  forming  leading  shoots.  Some  20  or  30 
years  ago  a  spurious,  and  very  worthless  variety, 
resembling  a  Balm  of  Gilead,  was  sent  out  under  this 
name,  and  this  deceived  and  disappointed  many  \\\\o 
believed  they  were  growing  the  true  amabilis,  while 
they  only  had  a  counterfeit.     For  the  reasons  stated 


HOW  TO   MAKE  THE   MOST  OF  OUR 
WALLS 

bv  the  u&r.  of  portablk  and  ti'mporarv 
Pkotkctors. 

From  these  I  exclude  wall  copings  ;  they  belong  to 
the  wall  ;  and  the  eft'iciency  of  the  wall  for  fruit  grow- 
ing is  largely  dependent  upon  the  width  and  character 
of  the  copings.  They  must  be  waterproof  throughout 
their  entire  length,  should  overlap  sufficiently  for  the 
drip  to  clear  the  face  of  the  wall,  and  be  grooved 
within  half  an  inch  or  so  of  their  lower  edge  to  cast 
the  drip  off;  they  should  overhang  the  wall  not  less 
than  6  nor  more  than  12  inches,  and  it  is  well  to 
trough  the  coping  as  one  would  the  roof  of  a  house. 
Surely  copings  cut  the  lines  of  radiation  asunder,  and 
thus  husband  warmth  about  the  trees.  Neither  will  I 
dwell  upon  the  different  expedients  adopted  to  assist 
or  add  to  the  protecting  forces  exerted  by  the  coping, 
such  as  wide,  temporary  copings  of  wood,  slate,  felt, 
straw,  reeds,  Spmce  boughs,  &c.  All  these  are  effi- 
cient in  proportion  to  their  width  and  degree  of  imper- 
viousness  to  cold  and  wet,  and  valuable  crops  are  often 
saved  by  their  ministry.  Again,  the  several  modes  of 
covering  the  front  of  the  wall  with  canvas,  bunting, 
net,  rough  straw  bands,  fir-branches.  Fern,  &c., 
have  frequently  been  described  in  your  columns. 
The  more  portable  these  modes  of  protection  can 
be  made  the  better.  Hence,  perhaps,  movable  can- 
vas is  the  most  efficient ;  though  the  most  Uttering  of 
all  modes  of  protection,  that  of  rough  straw  bands 
run  along  on  poles  in  front  of  the  wall,  at  distances 
of  9  inches  or  a  foot  apart — the  loose  straw  from 
each  band  whipping  the  next  more  or  less  all  the 
way  down — has  often  baffled  the  frost  better  than  the 
most  expensive  arrangements  of  canvas  blinds.  The 
worst  of  the  latter  is  the  currents  they  create.  The 
wind  gets  under  and  flaps  them  about,  to  the  dashing  of 
the  blooms  or  the  pumping  of  them  dry  of  juice  by  the 
air  thus  whipped  into  a  gallop.  Without,  however, 
disparaging  any  of  these  modes  of  protection,  which 
have  all  been  more  or  less  useful  in  aiding  us  in  our 
contest  with  climate,  the  time  seems  to  have  come  for 
the  bettering  such  contrivances  if  possible.  Portable 
glass  screens  will  probably  prove  most  efficient  for 
these   purposes.     Stout   glass   would   carry  the   trees 


above,    there   are   few   large   plants    in   the   country,  I  safely  through  the  frost  crisis,  without  leaving  a  legacy 


although  plants  5,  6,  or  more  feet  in  height  are  not 
uncommon,  here  and  there  forming  fine  leaders,  which 
they  do  after  being  well  established.  This  tendency  is 
increased  by  pegging  down  and  notching  the  upper 
side  of  the  branches,  or  sometimes,  if  the  young  plant 
is  very  vigorous,  staking-up  and  pinching  the  laterals 
for  a  number  of  years.  A  little  top-dressing  of  decom- 
posed manure  greatly  increases  their  vigour,  and  assists 
in  starting  a  leading  shoot.  A  little  extra  labour  in  the 
culture  of  this  tree  will  be  well  rewarded,  for  when  seen 
in  good  health  it  is  really  a  fine  species,  with  its  thickly 
set,  dark  green,  linear,  blunt- pointed  leaves,  from  14  to 
2  inches  in  length,  forming  nearly  a  half  circle  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  branchlets,  and  nearly  flat  on  the 
under  side — the  back  of  the  leaves  being  very 
silvery,  divided  by  a  narrow  band  of  light  green  on 
the  midrib  of  each  leaf.  The  branches,  even  on  young 
plants,  grow  horizontally,  the  points  hanging  down. 
Douglas  describes  it  as  a  magnificent  tree,  towering 
above  all  its  fellows.  Jeffery  found  it  growing  on  the 
sloping  sides  of  the  mountains,  at  an  elevation  of 
4000  feet,  with  the  leaves  very  small,  dark  green 
above  and  silvery  beneath,  with  horizontal  branches, 
short  and  bushy,  growing  250  feet  high,  in  a  gravelly 
soil,  and  5  feet  in  diameter,  with  60  feet  of  the  stem 
without  branches.  It  grows  in  a  great  variety  of  soils, 
but  appears  to  do  best  in  good  clean  dry  loams.  This  is 
one  of  our  hardiest  trees,  and  wants  only  to  be  offered 
cheap  enough  to  ensure  its  being  extensively  planted. 
Some  plants  at  Castle  Kennedy  are  showing  male 
catkins.  I  have  not  yet  heard  of  any  plants  coning  in 
this  country. 

Picea  bradeata. — This  beautiful  tree  was  first  dis- 
covered by  Douglas,  on  the  mountains  along  the 
Columbia  river,  and  afterwards,  by  Dr.  Coulter  and 
Hartweg,  on  the  sea  range  of  Santa  I^ucia,  in  Upper 
California,  at  an  elevation  of  from  2500  to  3000  feet 
above  the  sea,  where  it  is  described  as  being  a  tall 
slender  tree  of  120  feet  in  height,  and  only  2  or  3  feet 
in  diameter.  In  appearance  this  species  is  very  distinct 
from  all  the  other  Piceas,  having,  as  seen  when  young, 
straight,  stiff  branches,  rather  thinly  set  on  the  tree, 
and  long,  deep  green,  sharp  pointed,  linear  leaves, 
standing,  when  compared  with  its  congeners,  thinly  on 
the  branchlets,  which  terminates  with  one  or  more 
unusually  prominent  yellowish  brown  bud,  the  centre 
one  being  often  fully  an  inch  in  length,  and  half  an 
inch  in  thickness.  When  first  sent  out  a  good  many 
years  ago,  by  the  eminent  firm  which  introduced  it 
(Messrs.  Veitch  &  Son),  it  was  very  generally  con- 
sidered as  not  being  hardy  ;  further  experience  has 
shown  that  in  suitable  situations,  even  in  the  North  of 
Scotland,  it  thrives  well.  It  has  the  fault  of  being 
spring  tender,  and  should  never  be  planted  in  a  low 
warm  situation,  but  the  opposite — a  cold,  moderately 
elevated  one,  either  in  the  shade  of  larger  trees  or  in  a 
north  or  west  aspect.  It  is  at  home  in  most  soils, 
growing  freely  in  a  light  gravelly  loam.  At  Riccarton 
there  is  a  fine  healthy  specimen  on  a  deep  loam,  about 
1 7  feet  in  height.  A.  FoivUt,  Casllc  Kennedy, 


of  weakness  behind  it.  Many  have  a  prejudice  against 
portable  glass  in  horticulture.  Their  ideas  of  the  brittle- 
ness  of  glass  have  been  formed  on  old  models ;  their  chief 
care  is  not  to  break  it.  No  base  can  be  too  solid  and 
lasting  to  receive  their  glass,  and  as  to  dry  glazing  and 
movable  glass,  it  not  only  cuts  their  fingers,  but  they 
are  afraid  to  touch  it  lest  it  fall  to  pieces.  Such  views 
are  not  applicable  to  the  good  strong  glass  of  to-day. 
That  may  be  handled  almost  as  safely  as  garden  pots, 
and  there  is  hardly  more  risk  of  breaking  it.  Neither 
is  there  any  fear  of  its  wearing  out,  nor  danger  of 
working  it  too  hard. 

For  many  purposes  portable  glass  is  more  useful  than 
fixed,  and  this  protection  of  wall  trees  is  one  of  them. 
The  fruit  grows  ripe  better  in  many  cases,  without 
glass  than  with  it ;  the  trees  need  shelter  when  in  blos- 
som to  ensure  a  crop,  and  that  is  all.  Give  the  trees  a 
glass  roof,  and  front  likewise,  during  their  crises  of 
danger,  and  then  uncover  them.  There  are  at  least 
two  easy  methods  of  rendering  glass  portable.  Fix  it 
in  small  light  wooden  frames,  or  move  it  in  single 
squares.  Either  mode  may  be  adopted  for  the  tem- 
porary protection  of  wall  trees  with  glass.  The  lights 
of  late  vineries  and  iVIelon  pits  have,  in  fact,  often  been 
used  for  this  pur]>ose.  Many  of  these  are  heavy  and 
difficult  to  movf,  and  I  think,  upon  the  whole,  I  should 
prefer  portable  bars  of  wood  or  iron  and  single  squares 
held  in  position  with  Beard's  patent  sashbars  or 
Rendle's  less  substantial  arrangements  for  dry  glazing. 

The  efficiency  of  such  modes  of  protection  is  con- 
siderably modified  by  the  form  and  size  of  the  space 
which  is  inclosed.  If  the  frames  or  rafters  are  merely 
thrust  under  the  coping  of  the  walls,  and  the  lower 
end  brought  close  to  the  wall,  the  trees  will  be  liable 
to  suffer  injui-y  in  two  ways — the  tops  will  be 
scorched  by  day  and  frozen  by  night.  The  sharp  angle 
holds  so  little  air  that  the  alternations  of  temperature 
must  needs  be  extreme.  Such  extremes  must  be  care- 
fully shunned  if  our  protection  is  to  be  of  much 
service.  It  is  less  the  glass,  than  the  air  that  the  glass 
encloses,  that  protects  the  trees.  That  arrangement 
that  encloses  the  most  air  in  proportion  to  the  glass 
employed,  will  afford  the  greatest  amount  of  protection. 
Possibly  this  would  be  one  of  the  most  useful  forms. 
The  front  miglit  be  movable,  like  the  top  ;  or, 
better  still,  a  permanent  glass  wall  furnished  on  one  or 
both  sides  with  fruit  trees.  In  either  case  the  top 
rafter  would  be  fixed  to  the  uprights  in  front.  Nothing 
could  be  simpler  than  to  arrange  such  glass  pro- 
tectors with  Beard's  patent  sashbars.  One  could  be 
attached  to  a  row  of  hooks  under  the  rafter,  and  the 
other  made  fast  to  similar  bars  in  front,  or  to  the 
coping  bar  of  glass  walls.  From  my  experience  with 
the  latter  I  am  confident  that,  placed  at  distances 
of  from  4  to  6  feet  from  brick  walls,  they  will  help 
very  much  to  solve  this  difiicult  problem  of  protection. 
They  will  give  and  take  freely  of  caloric  from  the 
walls,  and  tend  powerfully,  even  apart  from  the  roof 
covering,  to  cieate  and  sustain  a  wall  atmosphere  more 
genial  than  that  of  the  surrounding  air. 


With  this  temporary  roof  they  would  form  glass- 
houses for  the  time  being  that  would  set  most  probably 
all  our  spring  frosts  at  defiance,  and  then  what  an 
accession  of  wall  area  they  bring  with  them.  Each  side 
equals  the  warmest  front  of  a  brick  wall ;  the  two  sides 
vary  a  little  in  temperature,  but  practically  there  is  no 
perceptible  difference  between  Peaches,  Nectarines, 
Apricots,  Plums,  Vines,  Roses,  on  the  north  and  south 
sides  of  glass  walls,  consequently  they  virtually  double 
the  area  of  the  most  favourable  aspects  for  fruit  grow- 
ing. Though  apparently  fully  covered  they  cast  but 
slight  shadows,  the  light  plays  among  the  branchlets 
and  lea\-es,  and  passes  through  the  interstices  freely. 
This  transparency  to  light  and  heat  is  an  immense 
advantage.  Glass  walls  may  be  placed  within  a  few 
feet  of  each  one  of  brick  not  only  without  harm  but  to- 
their  manifest  advantage.  This  aggregation  of  walls, 
each  helping  to  warm  the  other,  will  itself  become  a 
protection  to  the  trees  of  no  mean  power,  while  the 
multiplicity  of  wall  surfaces  will  produce  more  on  a 
limited  area  than  any  other  method.  By  thus  group- 
ing walls  into  fruit  gardens,  the  roots  of  the  trees  will 
at  last  obtain  their  just  rights— a  bit  of  the  best  and 
sweetest  loam  the  estate  produces — all  and  wholly  to- 
themselves. 

As  soon  as  all  danger  from  frost  is  over,  the  tem- 
porary roofs  may  be  removed,  leaving  or  taking  away 
the  glass  front  at  pleasure.  If  a  glass  wall,  it  of  course 
will  be  left';  if  a  mere  screen,  removed.  Either  way 
the  trees  will  virtually  be  in  the  open  for  the  summer. 
Thus  against  the  labour  of  watering,  ventilating,  &c., 
fruit  houses  throughout  the  summer  we  have  only  to- 
set  the  work  of  erection  and  removal.  This,  under- 
proper  arrangement,  would  be  very  light,  and,  indeed, 
much  less  than  that  involved  in  the  ordinary  modes  of 
protecting  wall  trees.  The  fruit  and  the  trees  likewise 
are  in  most  localities  better  without  glass  during  the 
summer  months.  Should,  however,  a  sunless  summer, 
or  a  wet  autumn-tide  visit  us,  the  glass  might  again  be 
slipped  over  the  trees,  to  perfect  or  hasten  maturity,  or 
to  preserve  the  fruit  after  it  is  ripe.  During  the  interim 
it  would  be,  indeed,  strange  if  the  portable  glass  could 
not  be  converted  to  other  uses— such  as  the  growth  of 
Melons,  Cucumbers,  Tomatos,  Capsicums,  or  plants  of 
various  kinds  for  the  winter  decoration  of  the  conser- 
vatory or  stove.  Permanent  glass  walls  in  front  of  our 
brick  ones,  with  portable  glass  roofs  as  connecting 
links,  reaching  from  the  crown  of  the  latter  to  under 
the  coping  of  the  former,  appear  to  me  to  offer  the 
most  satisfactory  solution  of  the  vexed  problem,  so 
often  asked  and  seldom  fully  answered — How  to  make 
the  most  and  best  of  our  walls,  furnished,  or  supposed 
to  be  so,  with  superior  fruit.  D.  T.  Fish. 


VEGETATION  versus    MIASMA, 

I  SEE  it  stated  in  some  of  the  papers  that  Sunflower 
culture  around  a  dwelling  in  a  miasmatic  climate  has 
been  found  preventive  of  the  fatal  miasma  fever.  This 
holds  to  reason,  as  plants  feed  upon  corrupt  gaseous 
emanations  which  rise  from  rich  vegetable  mould. 
And  no  doubt  were  the  vegetable  mould,  the  Mutter 
Erde,  so  necessary  to  the  growth  of  vegetable  products, 
consumed  by  exposure  to  the  sun  and  air,  and  by  ex- 
cessive hard  cropping  to  Baron  Liebig's  barrenness — to 
his  pure  mineral  heart's  content — that  the  malaria 
would  suffer.  A  century  ago  we  had  much  ague  in  the 
Carse  of  Gowrie,  when  the  land  was  richer ;  now  we 
have  none.  A  number  of  years  ago  I  proposed  that 
the  fatal  Campagna  in  the  vicinity  of  Rome  should  be 
planted  with  forest  trees  of  the  most  exubei'ant  growth, 
of  the  greatest  appetite  for  foul  feeding,  which,  like 
vultures,  might  swallow  up  putridity,  and  proposed 
Beech,  as  one  of  the  greatest  gluttons.  When  I  was 
about  middle  age,  I  was  walking  along  the  brow  of 
a  ditch  with  a  slight  Poplar  switch  in  my  hand,  and 
thoughtlessly  pushed  the  switch,  apparently  withered, 
into  the  brow  of  the  ditch.  It  is  now  a  great  tree,  the 
tallest  upon  my  ground,  and  for  a  considerable  number 
of  feet  up  from  the  ground  about  2^  feet  in  diameter. 
This  is  the  great  Black  Italian  Poplar,  not  the  Feather 
or  Lombardy  Poplar.  I  would  give  the  preference 
to  this  Poplar,  even  over  Beech,  as  an  antimiasmatic. 
Upon  the  banks  of  the  Elbe  I  have  seen  a  ti'ee  of  this 
Poplar,  the  largest  I  have  noticed  on  the  Continent  of 
any  kind  of  tree,  excepting  of  Beech  ;  but  as  its  growth 
is  several  times  more  rapid  than  that  of  Beech,  its 
malaria-correcting  effect  may  be  stronger.  The  greatest 
fault  is  that,  like  some  others  of  Nature's  gigantic  types 
of  life,  it  is  one  of  the  most  gaunf,  Iea?t  graceful  of 
trees.  The  timber  is,  however,  valu;ible,  and  though 
of  so  rapid  a  gi-owth,  very  lasting,  e-pecially  rf  sawn 
thin  as  rails.  When  passing,  last  summer,  between 
Hamburg  and  Berlin,  a  distance  of  nearly  200  miles, 
I  observed  many  rows  of  this  kind  of  tree  newly  planted, 
but  not  a  newly  jilanted  tree  of  another  kind,  except 
fruit  trees. 

In  Italy  and  Spain  a  garden  surrounded  by  a  wall  or 
close  hedge  generally  stands  full  of  miasma  gas,  like  a 
cup,  the  product  of  dead  organic  corruption,  the 
quantity  of  manure  applied  to  the  soil  giving  out  more 
gas  than  the  vegetables  grown  are  aiile  to  consume — at 
leist  highly  abounding,  while  the  plants  are  consuming 
it,  one  portion  of  the  manure  given  being  absorbed  by 
the  root-mouths,  pi-obabiy  in  a  liquid  state,  while 
another  portion  of  the  putrid  gas  ribiiig  from  the  soil  is 
nlisorhed   by  the  digesting  leaves.     Most  writers  upon 


M.uch  3,   1S72.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    Aoricultural    Gazette. 


287 


Ihis  subject  seem  to  fort>'et  that  a  plant  has  two  ends,  '  and  branches  of  trees,  or  gracefully  droop  from  tlie  ultimate  results  of  employing  auch  a  structure  are  of 
both  capable  of  taking  in  nourishment.  In  the  southern  rugged  stipes  of  their  gigantic  congeners,  the  Tree  the  most  satisfactory  description.  The  only  weighty 
States  of  North  America,  the  wholesomeness  of  forests  |  Ferns  ;  others  grow  vigorously  on  the  moist  surface  of  argument  against  these  low  houses  is,  that  they  are  not 
is  well  known.  In  the  rich  malaria  clearances  numbers  mossy  rocks,  in  localities  where  the  atmosphere  is  per-  adapted  for  visitors— ladies  in  particular — since  the 
of  the  people  who  can  getaway  from  home,  but  who  '  manently  saturated  with  vapour,  and  .1  dense  canopy  walls  are  generally  covered  with  the  before-mentioned 
have  not  means  to  retire  to  the  uplands  of  the  North  '  of  vegetation  shields  them  from  the  scorching  inlluence  slimy  vegetation,  which,  if  beautiful  and  highly  inte- 
during  the  most  fatal  autumnal  malaria  season,  retire  ,  of  a  tropical  sun.  One  or  two  species  will  survive  in  a  resting  to  a  botanist,  is  not  likely  to  either  improve  the 
into  the  neighbouring  ancient  forest,  and  having  I  comparatively  dry  atmosphere,  but  with  the  majority  a  appearance  of  a  delicate  costume,  or  conduce  to  the 
erected  a  hut  remain  in  tlie  forest  till  the  sickly  |  very  moist  atmosphere  is  essential  to  their  welfare,  amiability  of  its  fair  wearer.  These  little  gems  are, 
months  are  past.  Here,  if  a  small  clearance  is  made  i  The  species  from  Java,  Borneo,  the  Philippine  Islands,  however,  especial  favourites  with  the  fair  sex,  and  we 
for  a  garden  beside  the  hut  to  alTord  vegetables,  the  and  the  West  Indies  generally,  can  only  be  grown  sue-  have  not  unfrequently  seen  nice  healthy  patches  of  the 
malaria  <^as  rises  from  the  newly  turned  over  soil,  and  cessfully  in  a  close  stove,  temperature  varying  from  Killarney  Fern  (T.  radicans),  and  one  or  two  other  of 
fever  appears.  In  the  wide  plains  of  the  La  Plata  55'  to  85%  according  to  the  season  of  the  year  ;  while  the  hardier  species  grown  and  tended  by  fair  liands  in 
basin  a  yearly  <Towth  of  enornious  Thistles,  alternating  those  from  the  British  Isles,  Ma<leira,  Chili,  Tasmania,  '  a  small  Fern  case,  while  all  the  heat  they  obtained^ 
with  a  crop  of\;iover  and  otiier  legimies,  takes  place  ;  and  New  Zealand  may  be  cultivated  to  perfection  in  a  even  during  winter  months,  was  derived  from  the 
the  formidable  Thistles  in  their 
season  rushing  up  so  rapidly 
and  strong,  as  they  say,  to  be 
sufiicient  to  stop  an  army  on  its 
march.  This  enormous  growth 
of  Thistles  seems  able  to  con- 
sume the  malaria  as  it  rises,  and 
is  the  more  fortunate  as  there 
is  no  forest  near  at  hand  to 
retire  into,  the  Thistle  being 
the  high  dominating  lord  of  all 
it  surveys  of  the  vegetable  king- 
dom in  these  vast  plains. 

It  is  thus  not  alone  through 
the  roots  of  plants  that  the 
vegetable  mould  is  strongly 
conducive  to  luxuriant  vegeta- 
tion. It  also  exerts  a  very  im- 
portant nourishing  power  upon 
the  plant  above  ground.  There 
is  not  a  doubt  that  this  mould 
is  continually  giving  out  aerial 
fluids,  carbonic  acid  gas,  &c., 
which,  from  the  natural  consti- 
tution of  gases  remain  close  to, 
or  near  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
supplying  the  requisite  mate- 
rials for  the  growth  of  vegeta- 
bles. Here  is  shown  the  dis- 
tinctive character  of  vegetables 
and  animals  —  that  the  same 
aerial  fluids  which  are  inimical 
to  animal  life  are  highly  pro- 
pitious to  vegetable,  that  they 
mutually  work  for  eacli  other's 
well-being.  This  disposition  of 
means  to  end  is  conformable  to 
the  other  balancings  of  Nature. 
The  two  kingdoms,  vege- 
table and  animal,  work  equally 
to  each  other's  existence  and 
well  being.  The  used-up  ma- 
terials of  the  vegetable,  the 
food -combust  ion  of  which  had 
given  heat  and  locomotion  to 
the  animal,  now  along  with  the 
animal  remains,  &c.,  serve  as 
food  to  the  new  vegetable  seed 
when  it  is  thrown  into  vitalised 
action  by  the  sun-ray  power. 
The  vegetable,  as  it  extends  in 
growth,  stores  up  the  sun-ray 
power  in  its  substance,  which, 
restores  the  latent  heat  the 
materials  had  lost  in  the  last 
vital  animal  course,  by  com- 
bustion, in  serving  as  food  to 
the  animals,  or  as  forming  vege- 
table mould  to  undergo  a  slow 
combustion  and  supply  nourish- 
ment to  the  vegetable  kingdom. 
Having  thus  renewed,  by  the 
absorption  of  sun-rays  and 
vitality,  the  combustion-power, 
it  is  ready  for  a  new  course  of 
life  to  supply  warmth  and  loco- 
motive power  to  animal  life. 

To  convert  a  natural  incident 
into  proof  of  religious  dogmas 
is  often  attempted.  The  leaf- 
stalk of  the  Poplar  is  very  thin, 
and  the  leaf  of  some  varieties 
very    round,     so     that    under 

the  slightest  breath  of  air  the  „         .    -  _        - 

leaves  quivar,  flicker,   or  tremble,  and  in  some  mild    cool  fernery,  the  temperature  of  which  is  not  allowed  ,  one  of  the  spore-cases  of  this  group  with  a  complete 
situations  are  said  to  drop  tears.     This  has  given  use    to  sink  below  40"  during  the  winter  months.  horizontal  ring. 

to  the  idea  that  the  cross  of  Christ  was  of  this  tree,  and        If  these  little  gems  are  grown  in  an  ordinary  stove.         Tropical  Filmy  Ferns. These  require  a  temperature 

that  the  conscious  leaves  ever  after  tremble  and  weep,    the  atmosphere  of  which  is  only  periodically  saturated    ^^  ^^qiw  55°  to  85°,  and  the  atmosphere  heavily  charged 
The  trembling  Weeping  Poplar,  however,  related  to  an    with   moisture,    close   cases    or   bell-glasses    must   be  ^^,jj]j  j^^QJ^j^j.g_ 
ancient    religious    myth    antecedent    to    Christianity,    employed,  in  order  to  maintain  the  requisite  amount  of 
Patrick  Mattheio,  Gourdiehilly  Erro/,  February  lo.  humidity  necessary  for  their  existence.     On  the  other  | 

hand,  they  will  grow  vigorously  without  these  acces- j 

series,  in  a  snug  little  house,   partly  sunk  below  the  \ 
FILMY   FERNS  ground    level,    within  which   Liverworts  and  Mosses; 

cluster  thickly  on  the  moist  walls,  and  minute  green  ; 


Fig.  107.— filmy  i-erns. 


I  Tricliomancs  rcniforme ; 


,  '1'.  tenerum  ;  3,  T. 
asplenioidc^ 


inemliraiiiiceuin  ;  4 
;    6,  H.  sinuosum. 


,  T.  cuspidatum  ;  5,  Hymenopliylhun 


drawing-room  tire. 

Some  of  the  species  which 
climb  or  creep  in  their  native 
habitats,  such  as  T.  Lusch- 
nathianum,  T.  scandens,  T. 
attenuatum,  T.  incisum,  T. 
angustatum,  and  II.  asple- 
nioides,  H.  crispatum,  H.  fla- 
bellatum,  II,  hirsutum,  and  H. 
cruentum,  may  be  grown  on 
pieces  of  "virgin  cork,"  or  on 
the  dead  trunks  of  Tree  Ferns, 
and  will  look  far  more  beauti- 
ful when  treated  in  this  manner 
than  when  crowded  into  a  pan. 
Some  cultivators  syringe  all  the 
species  in  their  collections 
freely  overhead  without  excep- 
tion, whilst  others  tell  us  that 
particular  species,  as  H.  hirsu- 
tum, T.  crinitum,  and  H.  lun- 
bridgense,  for  example,  do  not 
like  water  overhead  ;  we  know, 
however,  that  the  latter  fre- 
quently gets  drenched  on  its 
native  rocks,  and  is  occasionally 
submerged  without  injury,  and 
we  have  seen  it  grown  in  a 
Wardian  case,  on  a  piece  of 
rock,  just  as  broken  oft  by  an 
enthusiastic  collector,  this  spe- 
cimen being  daily  syringed 
during  summer,  and  preserved 
in  the  most  robust  health. 

As  a  compost  for  these  plants 
we  have  used  fibrous  peat 
broken  into  lumps,  coarse 
washed  river  sand,  and  pieces 
of  sandstone  rock  added,  toge- 
ther with  a  liberal  admixture 
of  broken  charcoal,  taking 
especial  care  to  secure  perfect 
drainage  in  the  pans  used,  for 
although  they  revel  in  a  moist 
compost,  if  it  becomes  in  the 
slightest  degree  stagnant  and 
sour,  the  plants  will  soon  be 
sufferers. 

For  some  of  the  cooler  species 
we  have  used  living  Sphagnum 
Moss,  peat,  and  sandstone,  in 
which  they  grew  very  freely. 
The  Moss,  by  absorbing  and 
gradually  giving  off  moisture, 
materially  assists  in  preserving 
an  equal  state  of  moisture 
around  both  roots  and  fronds. 

In  point  of  beauty  the  two 
groups,  Trichomanes  and  Hy- 
menophyllum,  are  pretty  much 
on  equal  terms  with  each  other ; 
indeed,  a  casual  observer  would 
scarcely  detect  any  difference 
between  the  two  genera.  The 
Trichomanes  have  urn-shaped 
undivided  involucres,  and  spore- 
cases  generally  clustered  around 
a  hair-like  exserted  column  (see 
fig.  107  a).  On  the  other  hand 
Hymenophyllum  has  two- 
valved  involucres,  and  as  a  rule 
the  central  column  is  not  so 
fully  developed,  or  exserted  {see 
fig.    107  H).     Fig.    107  c  shows 


These  form  a  popular  section  of  Ferns,  and  are  in-  and  olive-coloured  Algx  tint  the  more  shaded  portions 

eluded  by  botanists  in  two  genera,    namely,  Tricho-  of  the  glass  roof— these  latter  microscopic  organisms 

manes    and    Hymenophyllum,    both    of    which    are  affording  a  tolerably  good  index  as  to  the  amount  of 

represented    in    our   British    cryptogamic   vegetation,  moisture  generated  inside  any  structure  in  which  they 

although  the  majority  of  the  species  are  exotic,  and  grow.     In  houses   of  this  description,   the   time   and 

many   are   tropical.      In   their  native  habitats   these  labour  necessary  to  maintain  permanent  humidity  in 

miniature   plants  luxuriate  in  a  variety  of  positions  ;  the  atmosphere  is    very  slight,  while  in  the  case  of 

some  pendent  species  cling  to  the  moss-covered  stems  Ferns    in    general  —  filmy    Ferns    in   particular- — the 


T,  alatiun. 

trichoideiim. 

aiiceps 

angusuiium. 

.tchinca;fuliiiin. 

attenuatum. 

cuspidatum. 

crispum. 

elegans. 


'1'richomanf.s. 

T.  javanicum. 
Kraiissii. 
Luschiialliianum. 
membranaceiim. 
Plum  a. 
piisillum, 
setigcrum, 
lencrum. 


H.  afplenioide^. 
cil  latum, 
hirsutum. 


HvMENOl'UVl.l.lT.t, 

I  H.  hirtellum. 

I  sericeum. 

I  abruptum. 


C>.rJ  Filmy   /'crwr.^The<;e    may   be  grown  in   any 


288 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[March  z,  1872, 


sufficiently  humid  structures,  the  temperature  of  which 
does  not  descend  lower  than  40"  during  winter. 


T.  elongatum. 
radicans. 
exsectum. 

H,  tunbridgense. 
unilaterale. 
seruginosum. 
caudiculatum. 
dichotomiim. 
dilatatum, 
F.  IV.  B. 


TrICHO  MANES, 

IT.  reniforme. 
Andrews!  i, 

Hymenophvlli'im. 

H.  chiloense. 
crispatiim. 
demissum. 
flexuosum. 
polyaiithos. 


game  Correspnknte. 

The  Chiswick  Garden  Trials. — The  trials  of 
vegetables  at  Chiswick  having  this  year  commenced 
with  Peas,  the  Potato  trials,  from  the  national  import- 
ance of  the  noble  tuber,  ought  certainly  to  be  taken  up 
next  year.  The  authorities  at  Chiswick  will,  no  doubt, 
best  perform  their  duties  by  taking  one  specific  vege- 
table at  a  time,  on  purpose  to  make  their  trials 
thoroughly  useful  and  reliable.  The  varieties  of  Peas, 
especially  the  early  round  sorts  in  the  seedsmen's  cata- 
logues, are  nearly  all  synonymous  with  one  another, 
and  as  regards  their  earliness  it  all  depends  upon  the 
season.  Early  Peas  in  the  open  air  were  pulled  as 
early  in  warm  springs  40  years  ago  as  they  are  now. 
In  the  dwarf  marrow  class  great  improvements  have 
been  made  lately,  and  when  the  best  and  earliest 
varieties  have  been  tested  and  defined  in  the  trial,  it 
will  be  a  boon  to  gardeners.  In  the  tall  marrow  and 
round  varieties,  there  are  also  now  many  good  kinds, 
but  a  selection  of  the  best  is  desirable,  and  all  the 
synonymous  sorts  pointed  out,  so  as  to  be  discarded  from 
the  seed  lists  for  the  future.  There  will  doubtless  be 
amongst  the  new  Peas  sent  out  this  year  some  very 
superior  kinds,  and  when  tried  at  Chiswick  their  merits 
will  be  pointed  out.  With  regard  to  the  trial  of  the 
Potato  next  year  great  circumspection  will  be  required 
in  testing  the  different  varieties,  for  the  qualities 
of  Potatos  differ  so  much  according  to  the  soil 
and  situation  in  which  they  are  grown.  In  the 
selection  of  seedling  varieties  for  extensive  cultiva- 
tion, attention  ought  to  be  paid  to  early  or  second 
early  ripening  sorts  of  good  keeping  properties.  It 
will  only  be  by  growing  such  varieties  that  the  Potato 
disease  will  be  set  at  defiance  in  wet  summers 
or  autumns.  Another  advantage,  when  seedling 
Potatos  are  selected,  to  have  them  of  the  short- 
haulmed  kinds,  for  they  take  up  less  room,  and  the 
disease  when  it  appears  takes  less  hold  of  them,  from 
the  greater  circulation  of  air  in  the  rows.  It  is 
astonishing  how  some  of  our  respectable  seed  firms  still 
puff  up  some  of  the  rubbishy  American  seedling  Pota- 
tos still  sold  by  them  at  high  prices.  With  the  exception 
of  being  good  early  croppers,  and  distinct  in  their 
foliage,  some  of  these  American  Potatos  have  not  a 
redeeming  quality  to  match  with  our  favourite  kinds  ; 
in  fact,  they  are  sometimes  not  fit  to  give  to  the  pigs. 
In  the  seedsmen's  catalogues  the  Brassica  tribe  is 
gradually  swelling,  and  includes  endless  so-called  new 
varieties.  The  Chiswick  trials  will  not  be  complete 
till  they  have  taken  Cabbages,  Broccolis,  Cauliflowers, 
and  Kales  in  hand,  and  defined  the  most  distinct  and 
best  sorts.  It  is  a  laudable  object  that  of  raising  an 
improved  variety  of  a  vegetable  of  any  kind,  but  it 
ought  not  to  be  sent  out  till  thoroughly  proved,  and 
found  to  be  superior  to  those  sorts  already  cultivated 
of  the  same  kind.    IViiliam  Tillery. 

Keeping  Grapes. — While  looking  at  a  barrel  of 
foreign  Grapes  being  unpacked  in  a  fruit  warehouse  the 
other  day,  and  observing  the  perfectly  plump  condition 
of  the  berries  after  being  six  months  among  the  cork 
dust,  and  without  communicating  any  taste  to  the  fruit, 
I  asked  myself  the  question,  "  Why  should  we  gar- 
deners not  adopt  the  same  plan,  and  barrel  off  our 
Alicantes  and  Lady  Downe's  instead  of  bottling  them, 
which  does  not  seem  to  be  a  successful  method  of  pre- 
serving them  in  very  many  cases  ?  Here  is  a  barrel  of 
Grapes  all  sound  and  plump,  though  the  footstalks 
have  long  been  withered,  and  equally  as  good  as  Lady 
Downe's  Grapes  in  taste  (when  the  latter  have  been  cut 
for  a  little  while),  and  plumper  and  better  in  appear- 
ance. The  cork  dust  would  seem  to  serve  all  essential 
purposes.  It  is  a  good  non-conductor,  dry,  and  pre- 
vents evaporation,  while  absorbing  any  moisture  that 
may  be  given  off  by  the  Grapes.  I  should  like  to  hear 
what  your  readers  think  of  wrapping  late  Grapes  in 
tissue  paper  and  stowing  them  away  in  the  above 
manner.  If  the  plan  would  succeed  with  English- 
grown  Grapes,  it  would  save  an  immense  deal  of 
trouble  and  annoyance  to  gardeners,  and  also  the 
expense  of  building  Grape  preserving  apartments.  J. 
Sivipson,  Wortliy. 

Salad. — For  the  benefit  and  consideration  of 
"  W.  T.,"  I  send  him  Dr.  Kilchiner's  recipe  for 
making  a  salad  : — "  Boil  a  couple  of  eggs  for  12 
minutes,  and  put  them  in  a  basin  of  cold  water  for  a 
few  minutes.  The  yolks  must  be  quite  cold  and  hard, 
or  they  will  not  incorporate  with  the  ingredients.  Rub 
them  through  a  sieve  with  a  wooden  spoon,  and  mix 
them  with  a  tablespoonful  of  cream  ;  then  add  two 
t»blespoonfuIs  of  oil.     When  these  are  well  mixed,  add 


by  degrees  a  teaspoonful  of  salt  and  powdered  lump 
sugar,  and  the  same  of  made  mustard  ;  when  these  are 
smoothly  united,  add  very  gradually  3  tablespoonfuls 
of  vinegar ;  rub  it  with  the  other  ingredients  till 
thoroughly  incorporated  with  them  ;  cut  up  the  white 
of  the  egg,  and  garnish  the  top  of  the  salad  with  it. 
Let  the  sauce  remain  at  the  bottom  of  the  bowl,  and  do 
not  stir  up  the  salad  till  it  is  to  be  eaten."  If  to  the 
above  be  added  a  teaspoonful  of  Tarragon  vinegar,  and 
a  teaspoonful  of  Eschalot  vinegar,  a  salad  will  be  made 
to  which  "  W.  T."  will  not,  I  think,  object.  P. 

Hoine  Culture  of  Tobacco. — In  consequence  of 
some  remarks  which  recently  appeared  in  the  GarJciters' 
Chronicle  in  relation  to  the  cultivation  of  Tobacco,  I 
inclose  a  sample  grown  here  in  a  somewhat  elevated, 
and  consequently  exposed  region.  The  seed  was 
treated  in  every  respect  as  a  tender  annual,  as  was  also 
the  plant.  Until  its  flowers  appeared,  these  were 
nipped  off  from  time  to  time  in  order  to  divert  the 
whole  available  vigour  of  the  plant  into  the  leaf ;  and 
as  soon  as  the  leaves  had  attained  to  their  full  size,  they 
were  picked  off,  sorted,  and  placed  12  in  each  lot,  in 
the  Pine  stoves,  where  they  were  frequently  turned. 
In  a  short  time  they  assumed  the  colour  of  the  dry  leaf, 
when  each  parcel  was  rolled  up,  turning  at  the  same 
time  the  extreme  points  into  the  roll.  In  this  form 
they  were  firmly  bound  with  cord,  and  placed  betwixt 
two  old  doors,  upon  which  a  heavy  roller,  say  i  ton  in 
weight,  was  placed,  which  pressed  the  rolls  to  the  form 
of  the  accompanying  sample.  It  may  be  here  noticed 
that  the  said  doors  are  not  perfectly  suitable  for  the 
purpose,  as  they  absorb  the  brown  juice  expressed,  and 
thereby  rob  the  sample  of  a  portion  of  its  virtue. 
To  what  extent  may  the  cultivation  of  this  sovereign 
herb  be  carried,  to  be  used  in  the  garden  where  it  is 
grown,  with  impunity  ?  yohii  Reid^  Haigh  Hall 
Gardens^  Feb.  26. 

New  Pears. — Allow  me  to  correct  the  incorrect 
reading  of  "  H.  K."  at  p.  256.  The  Souvenir  du 
Congres  is  not  mentioned  by  A.  Leroy.  The  Poire  du 
Congres  Pomologique  is  as  different  from  the  Souvenir 
du  Congres  as  a  Swan's  Egg  Pear  is  from  a  Beurre 
Diel ;  it  is  good  enough,  but  a  mere  late  autumn  Pear, 
and,  like  most  of  those  seedlings  of  Boisbunel,  seems 
suited  to  our  climate.  His  best  Pears  are  Olivier  de 
Serres,  Passe  Crassane,  and  Prince  Napoleon  ;  many 
others  of  his  are  inferior  in  this  country.  As  to  the 
Pear  Souvenir  du  Congres,  it  is  new  compared  to  that 
mentioned  by  *' H.  K. ;"  its  history  and  a  figure  is 
given  in  Rt'viie  Hortkole  a  year  or  two  since.  It  is  a 
market  Pear,  of  great  size  and  beauty,  and  its  quality 
pretty  good  ;  it  ripens  in  September,  and  will  some 
day  be  hawked  by  the  costermongers  in  London  as 
"Big  Williams,"  for  it  is  much  like  Williams' Bon 
Chretien ;  it  ripens  a  little  earlier  in  some  warm 
situations,  and  is  larger  and  handsomer.  I  prognosti- 
cate that  this  Pear  and  Beurre  de  I'Assomption  will  one 
day  figure  largely  in  our  markets  ;  they  both  have  the 
robust  habit  of  Williams'  Bon  Chretien,  and  seem  as 
hardy  as  that  popular  sort .   Tlios.  Risers. 

Ccelogyne  cristata. — There  are  comparatively  few 
who  know  the  real  value  of  this  gem  of  an  Orchid. 
Possessing  two  very  large  patches  of  it  here,  it  occurred 
to  me  that  I  might  turn  one  of  them  into  better  use  by 
dividing  it  into  smaller  forms — accordingly  it  was 
dissected.  A  few  pieces  of  it  were  placed  on  blocks, 
and  the  rest  in  small  6  and  7-inch  pots,  filled  with 
crocks,  and  placed  on  the  top  with  a  little  Sphagnum 
Moss.  This  was  done  two  months  ago,  never  expect- 
ing, of  course,  that  the  embryo  flower  that  had  formed 
at  every  bulb  would  come  to  perfection.  I  am  agree- 
ably surprised  to  see  every  flower  opening,  notwith- 
standing the  entire  severance  of  every  root,  which  was 
absolutely  necessary  in  the  dividing  of  such  a  mass  of 
small,  green.  Tomato-like  bulbs.  There  was  no  possibi- 
lity of  dividing  the  plant  into  two  or  four  parts,  as  we 
do  sometimes  with  herbaceous  plants  ;  but  it  had  to  be 
cut  away  bit  by  bit,  and  so  every  piece  is  flowering  as 
finely  as  if  the  whole  was  in  one  mass.  I  consider  this 
Orchid  quite  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  the  Odonto- 
glossum  Alexandra;.  It  is,  moreover,  sweet-scented,  and 
better  adapted  for  bridal  bouquets.  I  had  nearly  said 
anyone  could  grow  this  Orchid  that  had  a  vinery  for 
its  growmg  period,  and  a  Camellia-house  for  the  resting 
and  flowering  period — and  I  believe  they  could.  The 
wonder  is  why  these  winter-flowering  Orchids,  such  as 
this,  are  not  more  common  in  every  garden  where  it  can 
be  grown  with  such  ease.  Dozens  of  plants  are  found 
room  for  that  have  not  the  twentieth  part  of  the  beauty 
of  this  plant.  For  my  part,  I  don't  know  a  flowering 
plant  indoors  that  gives  as  many  beautiful  flowers  and 
as  much  pleasure,  with  as  little  labour  bestowed  on  it, 
as  the  Ccelogyne  cristata.  Not  only  is  its  flower 
beautiful,  but  it  is  lasting.  You  may  take  one  of  these 
pieces  I  have  alluded  to,  and  suspend  it  to  a  piece  of 
copper  wire  in  your  temperate  library  to  the  level  of  the 
nose,  and  it  shall  be  to  that  organ  and  to  the  eye  that 
sees  it  as  agreeable  three  weeks  hence  as  it  is  to-day, 
by  simply  taking  a  mouthful  of  pure  water,  and  giving 
the  bulbs  a  squirt  every  morning,  without  wetting  the 
flowers.  Fancy  a  man  of  wealth  coming  down  to  his 
early  meal  of  a  morning,  and  seeing  a  piece  of  this 
vegetable  wonder  hung  before  him  !  It  would  astonish 
him  more,  perhaps,  than  seeing  it  in  a  glasshouse, 
.where  all  plants  are  expected  to  grow  because  they 


have  simply  that  protection ;  or  seeing  it  only  in  the 
form  of  a  bouquet,  without  its  bulbs  and  leaves.  H.  K. 

Enville  Early  Chestnut.— By  yesterday's  post  I 
forwarded  a  few  points  of  the  above  ;  it  began  to 
expand  early  in  January,  and  was  beautiful  and  green 
the  first  week  in  February  ;  since  then  it  has  not  made 
the  progress  I  anticipated,  otherwise  it  would  have 
shown  freely  for  flowers.  It  is  a  pretty  sight  to  see  so 
lovely  a  green  when  all  the  other  kinds  of  trees  are  quite 
bare.  Edward  Bennett,  F.nville,  February  zi,.  [Another 
correspondent  sends  us  from  Taunton  shoots  3  inches 
and  more  long,  and  leaves  of  equal  length.   Eds.] 

Redskin  Flourball  Potato. —This  Potato  is  pre- 
ferred here  at  the  present  time  to  any  others  we 
have  in  store.  When  boiled  the  tubers  are  dry  and 
mealy,  but  the  flesh  is  not  white,  though  approaching 
it.  Our  stock  was  very  fine,  and  the  tubers  have  kept 
well.  Out  of  a  dozen  varieties  it  is  the  last  to  "sprit  " 
We  intend  to  plant  largely  of  it  the  coming  season 
We  require  annually  about  40  sacks  at  lifting  time,  to 
keep  a  good  supply  until  we  can  obtain  youngones  from 
the  open  ground.  "  N.  B."  does  not  state  what  his 
soil  IS,  nor  his  locality.  I  could  give  a  list  of  sorts  that 
have  been  praised  to  the  highest  in  a  great  number  of 
trade  circulars,  and  by  writers  in  different  journals,  but 
which  will  not  succeed  on  the  soil  here,  which  is  I'ight 
on  a  sandy  subsoil.  The  three  best  varieties  we  have 
lor  yield  and  quality  are  Webb's  Imperial  Kidney 
Paterson's  Victoria,  and  Redskin  Flourball.  The 
first-named  keeps  good  till  December,  and  I  cannot  praise 
the  Victoria  too  much.  I  am  always  chary  of  con- 
demning any  kind  until  I  have  thoroughly  done  it  justice, 
for  when  the  tubers  have  been  grown  and  lifted  for 
storing  all  is  not  generally  done  that  is  required.  I  am 
confident  that  much  more  depends  on  the  storing  and 
cooking  of  Potatos  than  is  generally  credited.  I  am  a 
firm  believer  in  the  efficacy  of  quicklime  placed  in  the 
centre  of  heaps  or  clumps,  it  dries  up  all  moisture,  and 
after  a  wet  time,  as  we  have  had  all  through  January, 
heaps  that  had  lime  applied,  when  opened  were  found 
to  be  dry  and  in  good  order,  whilst  those  that  had  no 
hme  were  found  very  damp,  and  the  tubers  covered 
with  mould.  In  reference  to  the  cooking  of  Potatos 
I  must  say  that  those  which  are  steamed  are  better  than 
boiled  ones,  but  if  they  must  be  boiled  very  little  water 
should  be  used,  and  the  saucepan  should  be  kept  close 
to  confine  all  the  steam,  till  they  are  sufficiently  cooked, 
when  they  should  be  dried  before  dishing.  Potatos 
vary  very  much  on  diflerent  soils  ;  for  instance,  the 
well-known  York  Regent,  after  a  few  years'  cultivation 
in  this  soil,  loses  its  roughness  and  becomes  quite 
smooth,  in  fact  altogether  altered,  as  many  in  this 
neighbourhood  can  testify.  T.  Wynne,  Gr.  to  the  Rev 
C.  F.  Cliilde,  Holbnvk  Rectory,  Sufiolk. 

My  experience  of  this  Potato  entirely  coincides 

with  what  "N.  B."  states  at  p.  217.  In  quality  it  is 
unmistakably  bad.  I  had  some  of  them  cooked  when 
they  were  first  lifted  out  of  the  ground,  again  some  two 
months  later,  and  quite  recently,  and  it  does  not  im- 
prove with  age.  I  gave  some  to  my  friends,  that  they 
might  test  them,  and  their  verdict  is  the  same,  telling 
me  that  they  are  only  fit  for  pigs.  Again,  one  of  my 
neighbours,  who  has  a  large  garden,  procured  some 
from  two  sources  this  past  season  ;  as  a  consequence  I 
feel  their  identity  cannot  be  questioned,  and  his  are  of 
the  same  bad  quality  as  mine.  In  justice  I  would  say, 
that  the  yield  was  largely  in  excess  of  others,  and  the 
size  of  the  tubers  so  large  that  they  seemed  ready  to 
burst  through  the  ridges  of  earth  in  which  they  grew. 
Of  its  capability  of  resisting  the  disease  I  cannot  speak 
here,  there  having  been  but  very  little  trace  of  it  with 
me  here  for  several  seasons  past,  and  in  consequence  no 
appreciable  loss.  I  grow  for  the  market,  and  had  last 
year  about  3  acres  of  this  crop  in  field  and  garden.  In 
the  field  were  planted  Dalmahoy  and  Gryffe  Castle,  both 
Regents,  and  Paterson's  Victoria  ;  each  one  of  these 
was  satisfactory  in  the  yield,  and  the  quality  all  that 
could  possibly  be  desired  ;  the  Redskins  grew  beside 
them,  and  which  I  hold  to  be  a  fair  test.  I  shall  cer- 
tainly grow  them  no  more.  J.  E.,  South  Deimi. 

Last  spring  I  purchased  10  pecks  of  the  Flour- 
ball for  planting,  at  least  I  recommended  my  employer 
to  do  so  ;  and  as  we  bought  in  90  pecks  of  other  late 
sorts  for  planting  at  the  same  time,  we  had  a  good 
chance  of  testing  the  Redskin  Flourball's  properties 
with  those  of  other  sorts.  They  were  .all  planted  at 
the  same  time,  and  under  the  same  circumstances.  At 
digging-up  time  the  crop  of  Flourballs  was  very  indif- 
ferent, yet  to  all  appearance  they  have  hitherto  resisted 
the  disease  better  then  any  other  sort.  With  regard 
to  the  quality,  whether  roasted  or  boiled,  they  are  not 
fit  for  human  food,  for,  instead  of  being  what  their 
name  indicates,  a  ball  of  flour,  they  have  more  resem- 
bl.ince  to  dough  just  mixed  than  to  Potatos ;  what 
they  will  be  later  in  the  spring  remains  to  be  proved. 
Of  the  sorts  tliat  did  the  best  with  us  I  may  mention 
Paterson's  Victoria  as  a  good  cropper,  and  very  fair  in 
flavour  ;  some  indeed  think  it  a  little  too  sweet  on  the 
palate,  yet,  comparing  it  with  others,  it  is  tolerably  good, 
and  its  character  appears  established.  Skerry  Blue  is 
a  medium  cropper,  but  in  quality  it  surpasses  all  others 
when  on  the  table.   .■/.  A'ead,  RleasUy  Vale  Gardens. 

Shrubs  and  Climbers.  —  i.  What  evergreen 
shrubs  will  grow  in  a  wood  under  Fir  trees  ?  The  soil 
is  peat  and  sand.  2.  For  covering  the  west  wall  of  a 
house  what  do  you  advise  (besides  climbing  Roses),  in 


March  2,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


Aoricultural 


Gazette. 


289 


the  way  of  creepers,  which  will  cover  the  wall  quickly? 
C.W.  If.  [t.  The  Common  and  Portugal  Laurels,  Box, 
and  Yew,  will  exist  in  woods,  if  the  shade  of  the  over- 
hanging trees  be  not  so  dense  as  to  obscure  every 
glance  of  sunlight.  Rhododendrons  will  grow  in 
tolerably  shady  places,  and  Daphne  Laureola  will  bear 
as  much  shade  as  any  shrub.  The  large-leaved  Ivy  will 
grow  under  trees  ;  allowed  to  climb  up  Thorn  or  other 
deciduous  bushes,  itfonns  dense  masses  of  green  foliage 
that  give  an  excellent  effect.  There  is  a  variety  of  Ivy 
that  grows  naturally  in  the  form  of  a  bush.  Privet  will 
also  grow  in  shady  woods.  If  the  trees  are  tall,  closely 
planted,  and  form  a  dense  overhanging  shade  impervious 
to  sunshine,  the  chances  are  very  much  against  even 
the  above  hardy  shrubs.  The  Fir  tree  roots  will  also 
be  found  about  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  their  de- 
struction in  excavating  holes  for  shrubs  will  be  attended 
by  injury  to  the  trees'if  very  special  care  be  not  taken. 
2.  If  at  all  desirable  to  have  early  blooming  shrubs,  the 
following  should  have  places  ;— Lonicera  fragrantissima, 
Jasminum  nudiflorum,  Chimonanthus  fragrans.  Mag- 
nolia conspicua  produces  a  fine  effect  on  a  good  wall  ; 
Escallonias  may  be  relied  upon,  Ingramii  or  macrantha 
are  good  varieties  ;  Forsythia'suspensa  and  Fortune!  are 
quick  growing  wall  shrubs  ;  for  shady  angles  Mespilus 
Pyracantha  and  Cotoneaster  buxifolius  may  be  used  ; 
for  a  little  autumn  colour  Virginian  creeper  is  valuable, 
and  the  charming  little  Ampelopsis  Veitchii  most 
pleasing  ;  while  the  broad  leaves  of  Aristolochia  Sipho 
produce  a  picturesque  effect,    W.  /.] 

Acacia  (Albizzia)  lophantha  as  a  Window 
Plant. — This  is  one  of  the  finest  foliaged  Acacias  we 
have  in  cultivation,  and  truly  deserves  to  be  grown 
extensively  by  all  window  decorators.  It  is  sufficiently 
hardy  to  endure  the  temperature  of  an  ordinary  sitting- 
room,  is  very  e.osily  progagated,  and  when  nicely 
grown,  its  rich  deep  green  foliage  rivals  in  colour  and 
grace  any  other  plant,  be  it  Palm  or  Fern,  capable  of 
luxuriating  in  the  same  moderate  temperature. 
During  winter  Chrysanthemums  and  other  window 
flowers,  as  Primulas,  &c.,  look  much  better  when  seen 
in  close  proximity  to  its  fresh  green  leaves.  Old 
plants  are  well  adapted  for  training  up  the  back  wall 
of  a  consen'ator)',  and  from  these  large  plants  elegant 
sprays  may  be  cut  and  used,  either  for  the  decoration 
of  the  dinner-table  or  for  floral  decorations.  These 
large  plants  flower,  and  produce  abundance  of  seed, 
which  germinates  readily  if  sown  as  soon  as  ripe  in  a 
sUght  bottom-heat ;  but  the  young  plants  thus  obtained 
must  be  grown  in  a  cool  place,  as  near  the  glass  or  light 
as  possible,  and  must  also  be  pinched  or  stopped  once  or 
twice,  or  the  chances  are  they  will  run  up  too  *' leggy  " 
to  be  of  much  real  service.  Cuttings  of  half-ripened 
wood  strike  readily,  and  produce  plants  of  better  habit 
than  those  raised  in  the  seed-pan,  though,  as  a  rule, 
they  do  not  grow  so  rapidly.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  see 
plants  of  this  species  in  the  windows  of  town  habita- 
tions, enlivening  the  colours  of  the  Crocuses  and 
Hyacinths  during  winter  and  spring  ;  but,  regardless  of 
this,  it  is  a  subject  worth  gi-owing  by  the  hundred,  and 
no  doubt,  if  well  done,  would  command  a  quick  sale 
in  large  manufacturing  towns,  more  especially  where 
winHow  plants  are  largely  patronised  by  all  classes. 
P.  W.  B. 

Cleaning-out  Hot-water  Pipes. — Allow  me  to 
offer  an  "amendment  "  on  the  plan  suggested  by  Mr. 
Grieve  (at  p.  45)  for  facilitating  the  removal  of  sedi- 
mentary matter  contained  in  the  "return"  pipe,  viz., 
instead  of  a  plain  iron  collar  over  the  ends  of  the  pipes, 
to  use  flanged  half  collars  over  the  ends  of  "an  inter- 
mediate "  removable  pipe  in  connection  with  the  ends 
of  the  fixed  pipes,  the  flanges  to  have  a  hole  through 
them  for  the  reception  of  a  bolt  and  nut  to  "  screw 
up "  taut  a  suitable  ring  or  wrapping  of  vulcanised 
india-rubber,  which  would  prove  to  be  a  simple  and 
clean  joint,  of  indefinite  durability.  It  would  be  but 
the  work  of  a  few  minutes  to  detach  and  replace  the 
removable  piece  of  pipe  ;  whereas,  I  opine,  it  would 
entail  comparatively  considerable  trouble  to  unpack 
and  efficiently  repack  a  plain  iron  collar  whatever 
material  might  be  employed.  Wm.  Gardino-,  The 
Gardens^  L<nuer  Eatington  Park. 

Roses  on  their  own  Roots. — Let  me  attempt  to 
describe  a  Rose  growing  on  its  own  roots,  and  the 
method  I  adopted  in  training  it.  The  Rose  was  the 
Moss  Lanei,  and  it  was  a  pillar  of  beauty  when  in 
bloom.  A  regular  cone,  almost  as  true  as  if  struck 
with  the  compass,  6,\  feet  at  the  base  and  5  feet  high, 
clothed  on  all  sides,  from  bottom  to  top,  with  beautiful 
foliage,  and  when  in  flower  one  mass  of  bloom.  This 
tree,  as  I  have  said,  was  on  its  own  roots  (the  best  of 
all  ways  to  grow  jloss  Roses),  was  a  nice  little  tree 
when  put  in,  planted  in  ordinary,  rather  light  soil,  and 
in  two  years  it  threw  up  a  lot  of  fine  stems,  from  6  to 
8  feet  high,  15  of  the  best  of  which  I  reserved  to  foiTn 
my  cone,  cutting  all  the  rest  away.  I  then  thrust  into 
the  ground  a  dozen  of  small  sticks  in  a  circle,  to  which 
I  bent  down  and  tied  the  ends  of  my  shortest  stems, 
leaving  the  longest  three  to  form  the  apex  of  my  cone, 
and  the  ends  of  these  I  brought  doivn  and  fastened  to 
the  bend  in  the  lower  iz  in  triangular  fashion.  This 
tree  I  treated  in  the  same  manner  as  I  should  treat  a 
Raspberry  stool,  i.  e.,  I  cut  away  all  the  old  wood,  and 
had  a  fresh  set  of  (canes  I  was  going  to  say)  stems ;  and 
in  order  to  do  the  best  I  could  for  them,  I  cut  the  old 
Rose  stems  away  as  soon  as  they  had  done  flowering, 


and  removed  evei7thing  except  about  15  of  the  best  of 
the  stems.  This  I  did  from  year  to  year,  taking  care 
that  the  top  buds  were  well  filled  up  before  I  bent  the 
branch  (stem  I  mean)  down.  As  the  ground  was 
naturally  poor  and  light,  I  took  care  to  feed  it  well  in 
every  way  I  could.  A  tree  of  this  sort  at  an  angle  of  a 
walk,  or  the  end  of  a  bed,  or  indeed  in  any  command- 
ing position,  would  not  fail  to  attract  attention.  Ji.  T,, 
Flaxley  Parsonage,  Newnham-on-Seiiern,  Feb.  12. 

Crassulas. — We  have  here  a  group  of  interesting 
plants,  many  of  which  are  well  worth  growing  for  their 
flowering  jiroperties  ;  others  for  their  curious  or  even 
grotesque  appearance.  The  well  known  C.  (Kalo- 
santhes)  coccinea  and  its  varieties,  are  scarcely  sur- 
passed as  greenhouse  plants  when  well  done,  their  ricli 
glowing  colour  and  fragrant  odour  being  great  recom- 
mendations. Another  old  species,  C.  lactea,  is  a 
grand  white-flowered  winter  blooming  plant,  sadly  too 
much  neglected,  as  it  makes  a  good  plant  with  but 
little  trouble,  and  its  spikes  are  useful  for  cut  flowers. 
C.  multiceps  is  a  curious  species,  with  closely  imbri- 
cating silvery  membranaceous  leaves,  and  the  one 
represented,  fig.  loS  (C.  pyramidalis)  is,  if  possible,  even 
more  curious  still  in  its  habit.  Its  leaves  are  4-ranked  and 
very  densely  imbricate,  as  here  shown,  tlie  flowers 
being  small,  whitish,  and  inconspicuous.  Like  many 
more  species,  it  comes  from  the  great  stronghold  of 
succulents.  Southern  Africa.  C.  perfoliata  has  opposite 
connate  leaves  on  slender  stems,  and  may  be  added  as 
a   curiosity   to   a  general    collection.       Crassulas   are 


Fig.    108. — CR.\SSULA    I'YR.\^^D.\L^i;. 

plants  of  very  easy  cultivation,  and  may  be  grown  in 
any  ordinary  greenhouse  the  temperature  of  which  does 
not  go  below  40°.  They  will  grow  in  a  variety  of 
soils,  but  nothing  is  preferable  to  a  light  sandy  loam, 
the  pots  being  well  drained.  As  a  class  they  may  be 
watered  freely  during  summer,  but  kept  comparatively 
dry  during  the  dull  winter  months,  or  they  may  suffer 
from  damp,  which  is  far  more  injurious  to  all  succu- 
lents than  drought.  P.  IV.  B. 

General  Pleasanton's  Vinery. — Apropos  to  the 
discussion  that  this  subject  has  raised,  I  would  ask  you 
to  reproduce  here  some  remarks  upon  the  subject  of  the 
influence  of  coloured  paper  upon  vegetation,  quoted  by 
me  in  report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Southampton 
Horticultural  Society,  published  in  the  Florist  of 
December,  1865.  Mr.  Tinkler,  the  honorary  secretary, 
related  how,  under  tlie  advice  of  a  Dublin  professor,  he 
had  carried  out  some  simple  experiments  to  a  success- 
ful issue,  amongst  which  that  of  sowing  three  pots  with 
some  kind  of  flower  seeds,  leaving  one  pot  exposed  to 
the  full  rays  of  the  sun,  and  covering  the  others  with 
tliin  paper,  one  coloured  blue,  the  other  yellow.  He 
found  that  the  seed  so\\Tr  under  the  blue  paper  came 
up  several  days  earlier  than  that  exposed  to  the  sun, 
whilst  that  covered  with  the  yellow  paper  did  not 
germinate  at  all.  The  cause  of  this  singular  result  was 
thus  explained  : — The  actinic  rays  of  the  sun's  light  are 
absolutely  essential  to  the  vegetation  of  seeds,  the  blue 
colour  possesses  the  power  of  concentrating  these  rays 
in  an  extraordinary  degree,  thus  giving  a  powerful 
stimulus  to  vegetation  ;  whilst  the  yellow  colour  absorbs 
the  whole  of  these  rays,  and  thus  prevents  them  from 
entering  the  soil.    Mr.  Tinkler  also  mentioned,  in  con. 


nection  with  this  experiment,  a  curious  fact,  of  more 
importance  to  the  photographer  than  to  the  gardener. 
The  impossibility  of  reproducing  the  eyes  of  a  subject 
distinctly  when  the  colour  is  light  blue,  is  well  known 
to  all,  they  generally  presenting  an  appearance  of  blind- 
ness in  the  picture ;  to  remove  this  difficulty  Mr.  Tinkler 
said  that  if  a  piece  of  yellow  calico  were  hung  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  room  to  that  on  which  the  subject 
was  placed,  so  that  the  colour  was  reflected  into  the 
person's  eyes,  it  would  so  absorb  the  actinic  rays  of 
light  as  to  enable  the  operator  to  produce  eyes  of  the 
most  satisfactory  character."  Assuming  that  the  state- 
ment here  made  with  reference  to  the  former  experi- 
ment is  correct,  the  knowledge  of  it  may  prove  a 
matter  both  of  interest  and  use  to  many,  especially 
those  engaged  in  the  seed  business,  who  desire  to  test 
the  growth  of  their  seeds,  as,  by  the  use  of  blue- 
tinted  paper,  or,  doubtless  better  still,  blue-tinted 
glass,  an  early  vegetation  would  be  greatly  accelerated. 
Unlike  the  Yankee  vinery,  the  experiment  quoted  is 
so  simple  in  its  nature  that  everyone  can  soon  test  its 
truthfulness.  A.  D.  [The  experiment  has  been  fre- 
quently tried,  with  like  results.   Eds.] 

Vegetables  at  the  Birmingham  Show  of  the 
Royal  Horticultural  Society. — Some  of  the  sub- 
scribers to  the  special  prize  fund  for  the  meeting  of  the 
Royal  Horticultural  Society  at  Birmingham  may  desire 
that  the  amounts  they  contribute  should  be  given  for 
kitchen  garden  produce.  Suppose  a  subscriber  of  ;^I0 
wishes  that  sum  to  be  divided  into  three  prizes— ^^5, 
;^3,  and  £z — for  the  three  best  collections,  what  pro- 
ductions should  be  included  ?  The  show  takes  place 
in  the  last  week  in  June,  and  the  arrangement  of  the 
prizes  should  be  made  so  as  to  give  fair  play  to  gar- 
deners in  different  localities — in  fact,  should  include 
such  produce  as  might  fairly  be  expected  to  be  found 
in  well-cultivated  gardens  generally  at  the  period  of 
the  year  in  which  the  show  is  held .  I  think  there  will 
be  no  question  as  to  the  necessity  for  the  condition  that 
the  articles  to  be  exhibited  in  each  collection  shall  be 
the  same.  To  set  up  a  lot  of  varied  collections,  as  is 
sometimes  done,  would  be  a  mistake  in  all  respects, 
and  render  the  competition  much  less  interesting  than 
it  would  otherwise  be.  All  the  produce  should  be 
from  the  open  garden.    ]V. 

Prince  Napoleon  Pear. — While  all  will  feel  that 
great  caution  should  be  observed  in  recommending 
new  fruits  for  general  culture,  especially  in  the  case  of 
Pears,  which  we  all  know  vary  wonderfully  in  local 
climates,  exposition,  and  soil,  not  to  speak  of  mode 
of  training— as  the  season  for  planting  is  passmg 
by  I  should  beg  to  risk  my  own  opinion  that  Prince 
Napoleon  Pear  will  be  found  a  valuable  addition  to 
our  winter  fruits.  It  is  a  seedling  from  Passe  Crasanne, 
and  much  resembles  it  in  its  good  qualities,  of  delicious 
and  decided  aroma,  with  a  meltmg  substance,  and  a 
fair  size.  Here  it  succeeds  Josephine  de  Malines, 
which  I  should  suppose  is  unrivalled  as  a  winter  Pear ; 
but  it  is  so  different  in  quality  and  so  good  as  to  bear 
respectably  the  test  of  near  succession.  The  trees  which 
produced  the  fruit  are  vertical  cordons  against  a  lofty 
south  wall,  and  have  every  advantage.  We  have  a 
number  of  the  newest  sorts  thus  planted  in  pairs,  and 
expect  some  interesting  results  this  coming  season.  . 
Among  the  Pears  of  last  year  we  have  now  La  Quin- 
tinie,  a  new  kind,  said  to  reach  to  April  in  keeping, 
and  of  peculiar  appearance  ;  if  equal  to  its  name  anc. 
reputation,  it  will  also  be  useful,  but  1  have  never  tasted 
it  yet.  Prince  Napoleon  seems  also  to  be  of  more  pro- 
lific habit  than  the  old  Crasanne,  and  altogether  it  is 
a  favourite  of  mine.  "Valeat  quantum  valeat."  T.  C. 
Brihaut,  Richmond  House,  Guernsey. 

Root  Pruning. — The  words  used  by  your  corre. 

spondent  at  p.  79  seem  to  me  to  admit  of  two  different 
constructions.  He  says  :  "  To  my  mind  grossness  and 
fruitfulness  are  directly  antagonistic  terms."  If  by  the 
word  grossness  he  means  a  superabundance  of  soft 
sappy  wood,  that  it  is  impossible  to  ripen,  I  entirely 
agree  with  him,  but  if  he  meant  an  exuberance  of 
healthy  well  ripened  wood,  such  as  we  see  pruned 
away  year  after  year  by  some  cultivators,  in  the  hope 
that  fruit  m.ay  be  produced,  I  beg  to  differ.  I  think 
that  that  wood,  the  growth  of  which  he  proposes  to 
correct  by  root  pruning,  would  ultimately,  if  allowed 
to  extend  itself,  produce  fruit  in  greater  quantity  and 
better  quality  than  those  trees  to  which  the  system  of 
root  pruning  is  applied.  I  have  found  this  to  be  the 
case  in  many,  I  may  say  in  almost  every  case,  that  I 
have  had  to  deal  with,  and  in  my  opinion  root  pruning 
IS  only  to  be  practised  to  advantage  where  a  restricted 
form  of  tree  is  especially  required,  or  where,  as  occurs 
when  a  bad  subsoU  has  to  be  dealt  with,  the  roots  run 
down  into  it  in  search  of  moisture,  producing  the  only 
real  grossness  I  have  found  to  be  a  bar  to  the  produc- 
tion of  a  good  and  plentiful  crop.  J.  H.  H., 
'JwickenhaJH. 

Eucharis  amazonica.  —  Though  much  has  been 
said  in  these  pages  respecting  the  cultivation  of  this 
exceedingly  valuable  plant  ;  still  there  are  many  who 
complain  of  the  difficulty  in  getting  it  to  flower  freely. 
I  received  some  bulbs  from  several  friends  in 
December,  1870,  and  January,  1S71.  These  I  potted 
into  small  pots,  and  kept  them  in  a  temperature  of  60° 
to  65°  until  February.  I  then  plunged  them  into  a 
bottom-heat  of  85°,  with  a  top-heat  of  70"  to  75°,  in" 


290 


The   Gardeners'    Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


[March  2,    1S72 


creasing  the  atmospheric  heat  as  the  days  got  longer 
1075*1080%  with  85°  by  sun-heat.  They  soon  filled 
the  pots  with  roots,  and  in  the  second  week  of  March 
I  put  them  altogether  in  a  13-inch  pot,  again  plunging 
them  in  the  same  temperature,  running  it  up  to  90°  or 
95°  with  sun-heat  in  the  afternoon.  With  this  treat- 
ment the  bulbs,  though  small,  made  quick  growth,  and 
as  soon  as  the  roots  reached  the  sides  of  the  pots,  I 
watered  liberally  with  liquid  manure.  The  plant 
threw  up  II  spikes  of  four  flowers  each,  in  the  end  of 
May,  During  the  time  it  was  in  flower  I  kept  it  in  a 
temperature  of  60°,  and  when  the  flowers  were  faded, 
again  placed  it  in  bottom-heat  with  the  same  treat- 
ment as  before,  and  on  August  5  it  had  11  spikes  of 
five  blooms  each,  finer  flowers  than  before  ;  again, 
on  October  14,  other  11  spikes  of  five  blooms  each  ; 
and  lastly,  on  January  i,  1S72,  it  had  eight  spikes 
with  five  and  six  blooms  each,  this  being  the  fourth 
time  of  flowering.  The  soil  I  use  is  three  parts  loam 
to  one  of  leaf-mould,  with  a  liberal  addition  of  char- 
coal, soot,  and  sheep-dung  rubbed  through  a  quarter- 
inch  sieve,  ya/fu-s  Ollerhead,  KUlcrvioiit  Gardens, 
ClasgouK 

Orchid  Cultivation.  ^-I  find  that  I  have,  as  Mr. 
James  MacPherson  says,  made  him  ask  questions  when 
he  was  communicating  information.  This  was  un- 
intentional on  my  part,  and  arose  from  my  care- 
lessly omitting  to  have  the  Gardeners  Chronicle 
before  me  while  I  was  answering  his  letter.  I 
at  the  same  time  assure  him  that  he  need  not  fear 
getting  into  a  controversy  with  me,  unless  he 
wishes  such  a  result.  Now  let  me  see  how  Mr.  Mac- 
Pherson  proceeds  to  escape  a  controversy  :  '*'G.  H.' 
further  remarks,  'The  same  plants — Orchids  (?) — go 
from  the  sea  level  up  to  14,000  to  15,000  feet.'  I 
challenge  such  a  statement  ;  but  if  *  G.  H.'  is  satisfied 
as  to  its  correctness,  then  what  in  the  name  of  fortune 
has  he  been  arguing  about  so  long?"  I  will  excuse 
his  not  knowing  what  I  have  been  arguing  about  so 
long,  because  in  his  previous  letter  he  said  "  that  he 
had  been  a  somewhat  inattentive  reader;"  and,  for 
the  statement  itself,  he  will  find  it  made  at  p.  151  in 
the  2d  voKime  of  the  Himalayan  yournaL  He  also 
says, — *'  Vour  correspondent  makes  Dr.  Hooker  say 
*  In  our  gardens  we  can  neither  imitate  the  conditions 
of  an  alpine  climate,  nor  offer  others  suited  to  the 
plants  of  such  climates.'  Now  what  bearing 
can  this  possibly  have  upon  Orchid  cultivation?" 
First  let  me  remind  him,  that  if  I  had  had  any  control 
over  Dr.  Hooker,  to  make  hiin  say  what  suited  my 
views  for  the  moment,  I  certainly  would  have  made 
him  say  hothouses  instead  of  gardens.  He  will  find 
what  was  said  in  the  following  page  (152),  and  if  I 
have  misquoted  I  am  open  to  correction.  I  think 
I  said  in  my  letter  that  papers  could  be  written  upon 
almost  all  the  subjects  upon  which  I  gave  short  quota- 
tions, but  that  I  preferred  to  refer  your  readers  to  the 
book,  and  this  was  the  reason  why  I  did  not  explain 
what  bearing  it  had  upon  Orchid  cultivation.  If  he 
were  not  so  afraid  of  getting  into  a  controversy  with 
me,  I  would  ask  him  to  write  a  paper  to  show  that  it 
had  no  such  bearing,  but  now  I  must  leave  this  to 
some  one  else.  My  theory,  if  I  may  use  such  a  grand 
word,  is  that  we  neither  do  nor  can  cultivate  a  genuine 
alpine  Orchid,  i.e.^  one  that  comes  from  an  altitude  of 
Sooo  to  10,000  feet,  and  was  not  accidentally  found  there, 
2A  Dr.  Hooker  has  explained,  because  the  humidity  of 
the  climate  has  enabled  a  sub-tropical  plant  to  grow  at 
higher  altitudes  than  it  otherwise  could.  On  Dec.  4, 
1S69,  you  published  a  letter  from  "  Vectis,"  about  an 
everbearing  alpine  Strawberry,  which  came  from 
an  elevation  of  from  5000  to  10,000  feet  above  the  sea, 
and  yet  it  was  said  to  require  stove  treatment.  I  re- 
member that  I  was  at  that  time  puzzled  to  know  why, 
because  it  was  a  Strawberry,  it  should  want  stove  treat- 
ment, when,  if  it  had  been  an  Orchid,  it  would  only  have 
required  cool  treatment.  The  following  week  Mr.  D. 
Hanbury  gave  some  further  information  and  a  new 
locality,  Ambuto  ;  as  this  was  an  Orchid  home  I  tried 
a  long  time  to  get  a  fuller  account  of  the  district,  but 
never  succeeded  till  the  other  day,  when  I  found  a  letter 
from  Col.  Hall  at  p.  56  in  the  first  volume  of  the 
Companion  to  the  Botanical  Magazine,  and,  at  the  risk 
of  being  again  charged  with  dragging  in  on  all 
occasions  descriptions  of  tropical  climates  [an  ex- 
cellent fault  !],  I  send  an  extract ;  merely  adding 
that  I  am  still  waiting  patiently  for  the  accounts 
of  where  our  choice  Odontoglossums  have  been  found 
growing  in  cool  temperatures.  "The  elevation  of 
Ambato  is  8540  feet,  mean  temperature  61",  but 
its  sheltered  situation  protects  it  from  the  cold 
winds  of  the  mountains  ;  while  for  the  same  reason 
there  is  an  increase  of  reflected  heat,  so  that  it  resembles 
a  natural  hothouse,  producing  not  only  Teaches, 
Tunas,  Pears,  Apples,  and  other  fruit  in  great 
abundance,  but  also  in  the  necks  or  vegas  of  the  river 
below  the  town,  Sugar-cane,  of  which  there  are  several 
plantations.  The  sky  is  almost  constantly  bright,  the 
temperature  soft  and  agreeable."  Now  let  us  travel 
with  him  over  a  cultivated  monotonous  country  to  the 
valley  of  Banos,  and  again  what  does  he  find  there  ? 
"The  situation  of  the  village,  embosomed  in  groves 
ef  Plantains,  Bananas,  Orange  trees,  and  Guavas, 
and  surrounded  by  fields  of  Sugar-cane,  presents 
an  image  of  tropical  fertiUty  and  abundance."  If 
my  garden  possessed  such  a  climate,  I  should  not 
h«sitate  to  try  to  grow  many  Orchids  suspended  against 


the  walls  in  summer.  In  reading  the  accounts  of 
tropical  countries,  we  are  certain  to  come  across 
passages  mentioning  the  occurrence  of  hoar-frost  in  a 
morning,  as  soon  as  the  traveller  reaches  the  required 
elevation ;  but  this  frost  does  not  denote  that  the  atmo- 
sphere has  been  down  to  32',  it  is  simply  the  effect  of 
radiation,  like  our  June  frosts,  from  which  a  \\  or 
2  feet  coping  will  protect  all  that  is  growing  against  a 
12  feet  wall.  G.  H.  [The  publication  of  this  letter  has 
been  accidentally  delayed.  Kds.] 

Blue  Flowers. — The  late  notices  of  blue  Auriculas 
lead  me  to  a=k  whether  the  word  blue  is  not  used  very 
vaguely  as  applied  to  flowers.  I  am  very  fond  of 
flowers,  and  also  of  water-colour  drawing.  Although 
flower  drawing  is  not  altogether  in  my  line,  yet  I  some- 
times have  tried  my  hand  at  it.  Hereby  I  have  applied 
what  seems  to  me  the  only  real  test  to  so-called  blue 
flowers.  Will  any,  or  any  combination  of,  blue  pig- 
ments reproduce  their  colour  ?  No  one  who  has  not 
tried  would  believe  hov/  often  one  has  to  answer  No 
to  this  question.  This  test  has  something  definite  in  it, 
but  cannot  always  be  applied.  Failing  it,  what  test  is 
there?  Returning  to  the  blue  Auriculas,  I  venture  to 
ask  Mr.  Marshall  if  his  "  Ehret  "  of  that  flower  may 
not  have  possibly  been  a  violet  or  lilac  at  first,  and 
have  lost  its  lake,  the  blue  remaining?  He  is  doubt- 
less right  in  thinking  that  that  admirable  flower  painter 
did  the  Auricula  as  he  saw  it.  H.  J.  M. 

Prizes  for  Hothouses  and  Boilers  at  Bir- 
mingham.— I  notice  with  pleasure  Mr.  Ayres' spirited 
challenge  in  last  week's  Gardeners'  Chrontch\  and 
would  be  pleased  to  see  a  good  exhibition  and  com- 
petition of  hothouses  at  the  Birmingham  meeting.  Mr. 
Ayres  suggests  that  the  ground  should  be  found  for  the 
exhibitors  free.  That  seems  a  reasonable  suggestion. 
The  expense  of  transit,  &:c.,  is  very  great ;  and  a  good 
collection  of  hothouses,  with  internal  arrangements, 
workmanship,  &c.,  as  perfect  as  they  could  be  made, 
would  prove  a  most  interesting  addition  to  the  show,  and, 
consequently,  a  free  site  might  be  offered  to  exhibitors. 
Further,  the  local  committee  might  offer  prizes  for  hot- 
houses. A  sweepstakes  among  builders  is  all  very 
well,  but  a  good  many  shrink  from  it,  and  the  10  or 
20  guineas  from  each  builder  would  result  in  limiting 
competition.  Better  have  it  open,  and  offer  three  or 
four  handsome  prizes.  Something  similar  should  be 
done  for  boilers  ;  and  surely  at  Birmingham,  above  all 
places  in  the  world,  something  might  be  attempted  by 
way  of  a  boiler  trial.  The  waste  of  coal  from  hothouse 
furnaces  is  something  fearful.  Coal  is  also  likely  to  be 
dearer.  Can  nothing  definite  and  certain  be  done  to  prove 
which  boiler  gives  most  heat  with  the  least  expenditure 
of  fuel  ?  This  is  the  chief  problem.  Almost  any  boiler 
can  be  made  to  heat  a  house  to  any  required  tempera- 
ture ;  but  they  differ  immensely  in  the  coals  they  burn. 
Could  we  only  cut  down  our  coal  bills,  the  saving  as  a 
rule  would  be  devoted  to  the  advancement  of  horticul- 
ture, or  to  making  the  wheels  of  labour  run  more  easily 
and  smoothly.  D.  T.  Fish. 

Tying  up  Hyacinths. — The  plan  spoken  of  by 
Mr.  Dale  for  tying  up  Hyacinths  when  blooming  in 
glasses  sometimes  answers  very  well,  but  not  always. 
I  have  seen  bulb  and  all  topple  over,  in  which  case  a 
stick  inserted  in  the  bulb  is  plainly  useless.  Two  or 
three  years  ago  I  made  some  supports  which  do 
capitally.  A  slender  stick  has  a  slit  made  at  the 
bottom  with  a  tenon  saw,  in  which  slit  a  4-inch 
length  of  "  crinoline  wire  "  is  fastened  with  the  finest 
binding  wire.  Vou  bend  the  crinoline  wire  into  a 
curve  so  as  to  get  it  within  the  rim  of  the  glass.  Then 
let  go,  and  it  settles  itself  and  the  stick  it  supports 
quite  firmly.  A  dozen  or  two  of  these  things  can  be 
made  in  a  very  short  time,  and  last  for  years.  H.  J.  M. 

Lachenalias.  [In  reply  to  a  correspondent  we  can- 
not do  better  than  borrow  an  article  on  this  subject 
from  the  Florist  and  Fo/nologist.] — Lachenalias  are 
highly  ornamental  plants,  much  too  little  grown  for 
decorative  purposes.  They  are  dwarf,  bulbous,  South- 
African  plants,  and  therefore  perfectly  amenable  to 
greenhouse  culture  ;  and  few  subjects  are  gayer  or 
more  useful  as  contrasts  with  other  bulbs,  than  they 
are  when  nicely  grown.  The  following  are  three 
distinct  and  beautiful  species  [figured  in  the  work 
quoted],  and,  with  the  more  common  L.  luteola, 
are  equally  deserving  of  general  cultivation  as  deco- 
rative jilants.  They  are  : — i.  L.  pendula,  of  larger 
size  and  stature  than  the  others,  with  plain  green 
leaves,  and  peculiarly  tinted  reddish  flowers  tipped 
witli  green.  2.  L.  tricolor,  a  free-flowering  sort, 
with  spotted  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  margined  with 
green  and  red,  3.  L.  aurea,  of  Lindley,  in  Gard. 
Chron.,  1856,  404  (sec  fig.  109,  p.  291),  a  very  scarce 
sort,  of  which  a  coloured  figure  )ias  not  hitherto  been 
published,  and  which  has  slightly  spotted  leaves,  purple- 
speckled  scapes,  and  very  beautiful  waxy  flowers, 
which  are  wholly  of  a  rich  apricot  or  golden  yellow. 
Mn.  Barron,  who  grows  these  plants  most  success- 
fully as  conservatory  ornaments,  has  kindly  commu- 
nicated the  following  notes  on  their  cultivation  : — 

"  These  pretty  and  graceful  spring-flowering  bulbs  are 
of  the  easiest  possible  culture,  yet  how  seldom  do  we  see 
them  now  !  Once  or  twice  only  of  late  years  have  we 
seen  them  passable  at  our  early  spring  shows,  where  their 
extreme  grace  and  quiet  beauty  should  surely  command 
them  a  place.     It  cannot  be  that  they  are  difticult  of  cul- 


tivation :  that  \ery  fart  would  secure  their  'being  taken 
in  hand  '  and  '  done  well.'  No  !  It  must  surely  be  be- 
cause of  the  simplicity  of  their  wants,  and  the  little  skill 
required,  or  that  can  be  displayed,  in  'showing  them  off,' 
that,  modest  subjects  as  they  are,  they  are  neglected. 
Fie  on  us  ! 

"When  the  plants  have  done  flowering,  water  should 
be  withheld  gradually,  and  by-and-by  altogether.  They 
may  be  kept  in  a  frame  until  all  the  leaves  have  died  off, 
and  then  placed  in  any  convenient  place,  where  they  may 
only  be  kept  dry.  In  August,  or  early  in  September,  the 
bulbs  should  be  taken  out  of  the  pols  and  soil,  and 
assorted,  i.e.,  the  larger  and  the  smaller  ones  each  put  by 
themselves.  For  soil,  get  some  turfy  loam  and  peat, 
with  some  sand,  and  a  little  manure,  mixed  up  together, 
and  fill  this  into  clean  48-sized  pots,  well  drained— the 
latter  a  very  important  point  ;  place  from  five  to  eight 
uniform  bulbs  in  each  pot,  and  just  slightly  cover  them 
with  soil,  then  water  and  place  in  a  cold,  close  frame 
until  they  commence  to  grow.  In  October  they  must  be 
placed  in  some  cool  pit  or  house  near  to  the  glass,  as  they 
love  abundance  of  light  and  air.  Ttie  temperature  must 
just  be  sufficient  to  exclude  frost,  but  they  dislike  heat, 
which  makes  tjie  leaves  draw  up  weakly  and  lanky.  They 
require  careful  watering  during  winter,  otherwise  at  that 
season  they  are  liable  to  die  off.  Wlien  coming  into 
flower,  however,  they  need  abundance  of  water,  and 
sometimes  a  little  heat  is  beneficial  to  help  the  flowers  to 
expand. 

"  The  different  sorts  cannot  be  treated  exactly  alike,  the 
beautiful  L.  aurea,  for  instance,  which  has  been  nearly 
lost  to  our  gardens,  having  an  awkward  habit  of  refusing 
to  grow  at  all  some  seasons.  The  bulbs  which  produced 
the  flowers  from  which  the  figure  was  taken  rested  for  the 
two  seasons  previous,  remaining  quite  dormant,  and  this 
season  they  have  only  started  into  growth  after  having 
the  assistance  of  a  strong  stove  temperature.  This  is 
strange,  yet  true  !  " 

It  will  be  in  the  recollection  of  many  persons  who 
saw  them,  that  Mr.  Stevens,  gr.  to  G.  Simpson,  Esq., 
Wray  Park,  Reigate,  exhibited  at  South  Kensington, 
last  spring,  a  charmingly-flowered  basket  of  L.  luteola. 
Nothing  more  beautiful  as  a  basket  plant  has  ever 
been  seen.  Mr.  Stevens  has  been  good  enough  to  send 
the  following  memoranda  on  his  method  of  growing 
these  wonderful  specimens  : — 

"I  start  them  the  first  week  in  September,  and  put 
them  in  the  coldest  house  I  ha%'e  got.  When  they  have 
started  into  growth,  I  give  them  a  little  manure-water, 
made  of  soot  and  cow-dung,  which  I  find  they  delight  in. 
I  plant  them  in  the  strongest  loam  I  can  find,  mixing  a 
little  cow-dimg  with  it,  and  I  find  them  to  do  well  in  it. 
I  have  at  the  present  time  five  baskets  of  them,  which  I 
think  will  be  better  than  the  one  I  brought  up  to  London 
last  spring." 

We  trust  that  this  brief  notice  may  be  the  means 
of  gaining  for  the  Lachenalia  family  (which  is  by  no 
means  confined  to  the  species  above  mentioned)  that 
share  of  popular  favour  which  is  eminently  its  due. 


Foreign    Correspondence. 

State  of  Vegetation  in  Sicily. — I  send  you 
a  few  notes  on  this  subject. — Palermo^  Feb.  6,  1872. — 
Loquat,  white  racemes  just  bursting ;  Plumbago, 
scarlet  Ixia,  several  varieties  of  Aloe  in  flower ; 
purple  Iris,  plentiful  ;  Pittospornm  Tobira,  buds 
nearly  out ;  do.  large-leaved  Berberis,  Phillyrea  and 
Cratcegus  glabra  just  budding. 

Girgenti,  Feb.  S. — In  the  fields,  orange  Hawkweed 
Daisy,  Red  Robin,  Jonquil,  and  purple  Iris  abundant  ; 
Peach  and  Almond  blossoms  falling  fast,  and  the  trees 
partly  out  in  leaf;  Medicago  arborea  in  flower;  at 
dinner  Asparagus  ;  Wheat,  I  foot  high,  is  generally 
being  hoed  ;  large  purple  Anemones  quite  equal  to  our 
garden  growth. 

Catania,  Feb.  14. — Hibiscus  in  the  public  gardens, 
Petunias  and  Heartsease  just  beginning  ;  orange  Mari- 
gold, abundant  ;  Hyacinths,  Coronilla,  a  sweet-scented 
variety  of  Laurustinus,  also  the  common  sort,  Stocks 
purple  and  variegated.  Wallflowers,  Nemophila 
insignis,  Mignonette,  scarlet  and  rose  Verbenas,  partially 
blown.  In  the  fields  white  Lupin  flowering  ;  Broad 
Beans  in  full  flower ;  a  Pinus  insignis,  near  the  sea, 
had  shoots  6  inches  long.  Several  Araucaria  excelsa 
here  and  at  Palermo,  the  tallest  perhaps  20  feet  high. 
/..,  Catania^  Feb.  19. 


Sydney  :  Dec.  27,  1S71. — I  returned  to  Sydney 
three  days  ago  from  a  very  pleasant  trip  of  a  month's 
duration  to  North  Australia.  The  occasion  which 
enabled  me  to  take  this  trip  was  that  of  joining  a  party 
of  astronomers  appointed  by  these  colonies  to  observe 
the  total  eclipse  of  the  sun,  an  object,  after  all 
the  expense  and  trouble,  entirely  frustrated  by  the  slate 
of  the  weather.  About  ten  minutes  before  the  first 
contact  rain  began,  and  kept  on  increasing  while  the 
eclipse  continued,  and  yet  a  vessel  about  lo  miles  to 
the  north  of  us  saw  it  from  beginning  to  end.  I  was 
more  fortunate,  as  I  had  an  opportunity  of  collecting 
at  Cape  Sidmouth,  on  the  mainland,  and  upon  the 
Lizard,  Fitzroy,  and  Percy  islands.  Amongst  otlier 
plants  which  I  secured  were  three  Palms,  not  before  in 
this  collection,  and  two  of  which  are,  I  think,  quite 
new  ;  that  which  I  believe  to  be  described  is  Brown's 
Livistona  humilis,  a  plant  not  yet  in  cultivation.  It  is 
a  pretty  species,  in  character  between  Corypha  auslra- 
lis  and  Chama.'rops  Fortunei.  An  unarmed  species 
grew  upon  the  same  island  as  this  (Fitzroy),  but  I  failed 
to  pet  either  plants  or  seeds  of  it  ;  tliis  I  supposed  to  be 


March  2,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


Aj^ri  cultural 


Gazette. 


291 


Livistona  inermis.  The  other  two  Palms  secured  were, 
one  a  Sagus  {?),  the  other  Ttychosperma,  of  both 
of  which  I  hope  to  be  able  to  send  plants  to  Europe. 
In  a  small  jungle  forest  near  Cape  Sidmouth  ve  became 
absolutely  entangled  in  masses  of  Nepenthes,  which  I 
believe  to  be  N.  distillatoria  [Probably  a  new  species]. 
I  have  plants  of  it.  This  was  the  first  time  I  ever 
found  Nepenthes  growing  naturally,  and  as  you  may 
well  imagine  it  gave  me  great  pleasure.  Orchids  and 
Kerns  were  scarce,  particularly  the  former,  and  none 
worth  mentioning  were  obtained.  I  got  among  the  latter 
wliat  I  take  to  be  a  new  species  of  Acrostichum,  with 
narrow,  simple  fronds,  about  a  foot  in  length.  This  I 
shall  send  to  Dr.  Hooker.  In  the  open  forest  country, 
growing  in  very  poor  soil,  I  found  a  very  beautiful 
plant  in  flower,  closely  allied  to  Mussa^nda.  Of  this  I 
have  three  roots,  and  hope  to  get  them  to  grow,  and  if 
successful  it  will  make  a  first-rate  ornamental  plant. 
Seeds  of  various  fine-foliaged  trees  were  gathered,  the 
finest  of  which  is  Myristica  insipida,  and  if  hardy 
enough  to  stand  our  climate,  its  introduction  would 
alone  be  worth  the  journey.  On  the  whole,  I  was  and 
am  greatly  delighted  with  the  journey.  We  had 
splendid  weather,  a  very  fine  steamer,  a  first-rate  table, 
and  magnificent  coast  scenery.  The  islands  forming 
the  Whitsunday  Passage  can  scarcely  be  excelled  for 
beauty ;  and  here,  I  may  remark,  is  the  northern  limit 
of  Araucaria  Cunninghamii,  as  the  Bellinger  river,  250 
miles  north  of  Sydney,  is  its  most  southern  point.  I 
enclose  a  bill  of  fare,  to  show  you  how  we  lived  on 
board.   Charles  Moore, 


S.  S.     G  O  V  E  R  X  O  R     B  L  A  C  K  A  L  L. 
ECLIPSE  EXPEDITION. 


Bill  of  Fare— 17TH  I)i:c., 
Mulligatawny  Soup. 


1871. 


Roast. 
Goose,  Apple  Sauce. 
Fowls. 
Shoulder  of  Mutton. 

Boiled, 
FowU. 
Ox  Ttingue. 
Leg  of  Mutton. 
Corned  Beef. 

Knticfs. 
\ii\  au  Vent. 
Shccps'  Heads. 


Entives. 
Slewed  Giblets 
Toad-in-the-Holc. 
Country  Captain. 

Second  Com  si\ 
Apple  Charlottes. 
Black  Currant  Tart. 
Green  Ga.ge  Tart. 
Sweet  Omelettes. 
Cabinet  Pudding. 
Plum  Pudding. 
Tapioca  Pudding. 
Compot  de  Pominc>. 


Cheese,  &:o.     Dessert,  assorted. 


Societies. 

LiNNEAN  :  January  18. — G.  Bentham,  Esq.,  in  the 
chair.  The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  Fellows  : — 
Rev.  J.  L.  Bedford,  B.A.;  T.  R.  Archer  Briggs,  Esq.; 
B.  T.  Lowne,  Esq.;  Sir  J.  Paget,  Bart.;  T.  H.  Potts, 
Esq.;  Rev.  T.  A.  Preston,  M.A.  ;  W.  Southall,  Esq.; 
and  A.  R.  A\'allace,  Esq.  The  following  papers  were 
read  :—  I.  The  conclusion  of  Professor  Owen's  memoir 
On  the  Anatomy  of  the  King-Crab  {Limulus polyphcmns). 

IL  Australian  Fungi,  received  principally  from  Dr, 

/•■.  von  Mueller  and  Dr.  R.  Schomburgk  ;  by  the  Rev.  M. 
J.  Berkeley,  U.A.,  F.L.S. 

February  i. — Dr.  [.  D.  Hooker,  C.B.,  Vice-President,  in 
the  chair.  The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  Fellows  : 
—  F.  Grut,  Esq.  ;  W.  A.  Lewis,  Esq.  ;  and  G.  Wall,  Esq. 
The  following  paper  was  partly  read  :—  On  the  Classifica- 
tion and  Geographical  Distribution  of  ConipositfF  ;  by 
the  President.  The  first  portion  only  of  this  most  elaborate 
and  important  memoir — that  referring  to  the  classification 
of  Composite  plants — was  read  on  this  occasion,  tlie 
remainder,  relating  to  the  geographical  distribution 
of  the  several  groups,  being  reserved  for  a  future 
meeting.  The  order  Compositoe,  or  Sj-nantherre,  it  was 
observed,  is  not  only  remarkable  for  its  enormous  size, 
but  also  for  its  extremely  natural  and  well-marked 
characters,  no  single  instance  being  known  in  which  it  is 
doubtful  whether  a  plant  should  be  referred  to  the  order 
Compositoi  or  not.  All  the  essential  characters  of  the 
structure  of  the  andra;cium,  pistil,  fruit,  and  seed,  as  well 
as  of  the  inflorescence,  are  absolutely  constant  through- 
out the  10,000  species  of  the  order.  This  renders  its 
sub-division  into  tribes  and  genera  a  matter  of  extreme 
difficulty,  the  systematist  being  compelled  to  adopt 
characters  as  generic  which,  in  other  orders,  would , 
hardly  be  considered  as  even  specific.  After  briefly 
rex-iewing  the  labours  of  other  botanists  —  Linneeus, 
Jussieu,  Cassint,  Don,  Lessing,  Schultz  bip.,  De  CandoUe, 
A.  Gray,  Hildebrand,  Delpino — who  have  paid  special 
attention  to  this  subject,  Mr.  Bentham  proceeded  to  the 
consideration  of  the  value  of  the  several  characters  avail- 
able for  the  distinction  of  genera  and  tribes.  These 
were  :  ^  (i.)  Differences  in  the  sexuality  of  the 
florets,  which  may  either  have  both  the  male 
and  the  female  organs  perfect,  or  the  female 
organs  sterile  in  the  central  florets,  or  the  male 
organs  or  both  sets  abortive  or  wanting  in  the  mar- 
ginal florets  of  the  same  head.  Linnaeus'  orders  were 
based  on  these  differences,  which  have  been  considered  of 
less  and  less  importance  by  subsequent  writers  ;  the 
author  finds  them  sometimes  constant  in  large  genera  or 
subtribes,  sometimes  variable  in  closely-allied  species. 
(2.)  Di-  and  tri-morphism  very  rarely  occurs  except  as 
connected  with  sexual  differences.  (3.)  Differences  in  the 
pistil,  in  which,  though  the  ovar>'  and  ovule  are  uniform, 
and  the  style,  when  it  acts  only  as  the  female  organ, 
nearly  so,  the  modifications  of  its  extremity,  in  so  far  as 
they  are  destined  to  sweep  the  pollen  out  of  the  anther 
tube,  supply  some  of  the  most  important  differential 
characters  for  genera,  and  even  for  tribes.  These  cha- 
racters, first  brought  forward  by  Cassini,  formed  the  basis 
of  Lessing's  and  De  CandoUe's  classifications,  but  have 
in  many  instances  been  too  implicitly  relied  upon.     (4,) 


Differences  in  the  fruit  and  pappus.  The  structure  of  the 
fruit  and  seed  is  uniform  in  the  order,  but  the  outer  shape 
of  the  achene  and  its  ribs,  angles,  or  wings  have  been 
made  much  use  of,  especially  by  Schultz  bip.  ;  the 
pappus  presents  infinite  variations  so  easily  observed  that 
it  has  been  applied  to  the  distinction  of  innumerable 
genera  often  very  artificial.  (5.)  Differences  in  the  andrcc- 
cium.  Tlie  male  organs  are  as  uniform  in  their  structure, 
number,  insertion,  and  relati\c  position  as  other  essential 
parts  of  the  flower,  but  appendages  often  obser\'ed  at  the 
base  of  the  anthers,  usually  called  tails,  having  no  apparent 
function  to  perform,  are,  however,  so  constant  in  their 
presence  or  absence,  as  to  supply  valuable  characters, 
although  they  are  not  always  readily  recognisable.  Soak- 
ing in  cold  water  was  advised  in  preference  to  boiling. 
(6.)  Differences  in  the  corolla,  which,  though  uniform  as 
to  essential  points  in  its  structure  and  position,  shows 
modifications  of  the  limb  or  lamina,  which  are  of  great 
importance  as  distinctive  characters  ;  as  for  example, 
the  pentamerous  ligula  of  Cichoracete  truncate  at  the 
end  with  five  short  equal  teeth ;  the  regular  tubular 
corolla,  either  slender  and  equal  to  the  end,  or  expanded 
upwards  into  an  nqiinlly  toothed  or  lobed  limb;  the  bila- 
biate corolla,  in  which   the  two  inner  lobes  forming  the 


Fig.   log. — lachenalia  acrea  (seep.  290). 

inner  lip  are  usually  shorter  or  smaller  or  more  deeply 
divided  than  the  three  outer ;  and  the  trimerous  ligulate 
corolla  forming  the  ray  of  most  heterogamous  capitula, 
in  which  the  two  inner  lobes  are  deficient  or  rarely  repre- 
sented by  minute  slender  teetli.  (7.)  Differences  in  the 
calyx,  which  organ  is  so  reduced  as  to  supply  no  characters 
except  such  as  are  derived  from  the  ribs  and  pappus  of 
ripe  fruit.  (8.)  Differences  in  the  ultimate  inflorescence 
and  bracts,  /.  e.,  in  the  capitulum.  its  involucre,  recep- 
tacle, andpaleje,  the  modifications  of  which  acquire  a  great 
degree  of  constancy  and  consequent  importance  in  the 
distinction  of  genera,  or  even  of  tribes,  as  might  be  ex- 
pected from  the  increased  functions  imposed  upon  them 
by  the  abortion  of  the  calyx,  (g.)  Differences  in  foliage. 
There  is  no  type  of  foliage  in  Compositas  which  may  not 
be  found  in  several  other  orders,  although  the  leaves  are 
never  compound  with  articulate  leaflets,  but  the  oppo- 
sition or  alternation  of  the  leaves  are  points  which  greatly 
assist  in  characterising  some  of  the  tribes,  differences  in 
habit,  stature,  and  general  inflorescence,  rarely  giving 
absolute  characters  excepting  where  numerous  capitula 
are  crowded  on  a  common  receptacle  into  a  kind  of  com- 
pound capitulum.  {10.)  Differences  in  geographical 
distribution,  which,  if  considered  in  as  far  as  it  may  be 
attributed  to  origin,  independently  of  climatological  con- 
,  siderations  and  modem  colonisations,  maybe  of  great  use 
in  determining  natural  genera.    This  portion  of  the  paper 


concluded  with  a  summary  of  the  13  tribes  adopted  lor 
the  Genera  Plantarum, 


Edinburgh  Botanical:  February  8.  —  Professor 
Alexander  Dickson,  V.P.,  in  the  chair.  The  following 
communications  were  read  ;— 

I.  Notes  on  sovtc  Microscopic  Funpi,  By  Tames  Gum- 
ming, M.D.,  CM.  ** 

II.  On  the  Flora  of  Craig  Drcidden,  Montgomeryshire, 
By  Mr.  J.  F.  Robinson. 

III.  Report  on  Open  Air  Vegetation  at  the  Roval  Botanic 
Garden,  Edinburgh.  By  Mr.  M 'Nab. —Owing  to  the 
mildness  of  the  winter,  vegetation  has  come  forward  rapidly 
as  compared  with  last  year.  Since  November  i  up  to  the 
present  time,  numbering  100  days,  the  thermometer  has 
been  registered  41  times  below  the  freezing  point,  being 
26  times  less  than  the  same  period  last  year.  During  No- 
vember, 1871,  on  12  mornings  the  thermometer  was  below 
32^  the  lowest  points  being  on  the  9th,  13th,  17th,  i8th, 
19th,  and  23d,  indicating,  respectively,  30 ,  22",  27^  25°, 
26',  and  24^  During  December,  on  20  mornings,  the 
lowest  points  were  on  the  4th,  5lh,  6th,  7th,  8th,  and  loth, 
indicating,  respectively,  25'',  25',  27',  23^  27°,  and  27". 
During  the  month  of  January,  the  thermometer  fell  eight 
mornings  below  the  freezing  point  (while  the  January 
markings  last  year  indicated  27  mornings),  the  lowest 
being  on  the  8th,  9th,  loth,  21st,  22d,  and  23d,  indicating 
26",  27°,  22°,  31°,  23*^,  and  25°.  Since  February  i,  the 
lo\\cst  morning  temperatures  were  on  the  7th  and  8th, 
falling  to  32°  and  25".  In  consequence  of  the  mildness, 
many  plants  continued  to  bloom  throughout  the  winter  in 
the  open  air,  such  as  all  the  species  of  Ilellebore,  Primula 
vulgaris,  Gentiana  acaulis,  Garrya  elliptica.  Erica  her- 
bacea,  Jasminum  nudiflorum,  also  Stocks  and  Wallflowers. 

Of  the  plants  reported  on  for  the  last  20  years,  the  fol- 
lowing is  the  order  in  which  they  came  into  bloom  as  com- 
pared with  the  period  of  flowering  last  year  ; — 


187=. 


Hepallca  triloba  . .  . .  . .         . .  . .  ■    Jan. 

Galanthus  nivalis. .         . .         . .  . .  . .  '      ,, 

Crocus  siisianiis I       ,, 

Leucojum  vernuni  '       ,, 

Sisyrinchium  grandifloruin       . .  . .  . .  i       ,, 

Tussilago  fragrans  . .  . .  . .         . . ! 

Oalanthus  plicatus  ,% 

Kranthis  hyemalis 

Crocus  vernus 

Rhododendron  atrovirens 


187.. 


Feb. 


31  'Feb. 


IV.  Notice  regarding  a  Slice  of  Poplar  grown  in  the 
County  of  Kildare.  By  the  late  Mr.  A.  M.  Morrison, 
Contractor,  Edinburgh.  Communicated  by  Mr.  Thomas 
Ste\enson,  Civil  Engineer.^In  the  spring  of  1865  I  had 
trenched  and  cleaned  out,  to  a  depth  of  3  feet,  a  small 
piece  of  ground,  whicli  had  formerly  been  used  as  the 
farmstead  garden  of  one  of  the  most  unproductive  little 
farms  in  Kildare.  The  ground,  to  the  extent  of  upwards 
of  100  acres,  consisted  chiefly  of  the  refuse  of  a  wrought- 
out  bog,  and  had  never  been  put  into  anything  like  a 
fitting  state  for  cultivation  of  any  crop  commonly  grown. 
A  great  part  wzs,  covered  with  water,  and  only  the  coarsest 
acfuatic  herbage  could  find  subsistence.  Underlying  this 
refuse  is  a  stratum  of  limestone,  gravel,  sand,  and  clay. 
A  considerable  portion  has  been  drained  ;  400  tons  of  the 
gravelwere  burntandspreadoutaslimc;  thesubsoil brought 
up  and  mixed  with  the  surface,  well  manured,  and  the 
result  was  that,  in  the  second  year,  the  fami  secured  the 
ist  prize  of  the  first  class  from  the  Kildare  Agricul- 
tural Society  for  the  best  tillage  farm  ;  every  year  since  it 
has  also  had  awarded  the  ist  prize  of  the  first  class  for 
root  crops.  From  the  occupant  not  living  entirely  by 
farming,  the  rules  of  the  Society  threw  it  into  the  first  class, 
and  thus  it  was  brought  to  compete  only  with  landlords 
and  the  largest  farmers.  The  farmstead  is  upon  the 
highest  portion  of  the  farm.  Close  to  the  house  there  is 
also  a  quarter  of  an  acre  enclosed  for  a  garden  ;  This  was 
trenched,  cleared  out,  and  well  manured  to  a  depth  of 
3  feet,  keeping  the  manure  principally  at  the  bottom.  It 
was,  after  lying  through  the  winter,  manured  upon  the 
surface,  dug  over,  and  cropped  with  Potatos,  and  then 
laid  out.  This  was  done  in  the  spring  of  1865,  and  when 
sowing  a  clump  of  flower-seeds,  a  twig  of  Poplar  of  the 
previous  year's  growth  was  carelessly  cut  and  shoved  into 
the  ground  to  mark  where  the  flower-seeds  had  been 
sown,  until  such  time  as  they  should  mark  themselves 
when  they  came  above  ground.  Instead,  however,  of 
simply  remaining  stationary,  this  twig  at  once  proceeded 
to  set  up  a  claim  upon  its  own  account.  It  looked  so  de- 
termined to  grow  that  it  was  allowed  to  have  its  own  way. 
and  by  the  end  of  the  year  it  had  made  a  shoot  of  3  feet 
8  inches  long,  and  measured  4^^  inches  in  circumference 
at  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Being  an  incumbrance,  it 
had  to  be  taken  out,  which  was  done,  in  the  end  of  the 
year  1868,  and  the  portion  now  shown  was  cut  about  4 
inches  above  the  surface  of  tlie  ground — at  four  years' 
growth  a  twig  measuring  in  circumference  13.82  inches, 
or  a  sectional  area  of  15.2  square  inches. 

V.  Miscellaneous  Coyninunications. — i.  Mr.  J.  B.  Web- 
ster presented  to  the  museum  at  the  Botanic  Garden, 
sections  of  stumps  of  Spruce  and  Scots  Fir,  exhibiting  the 
formation  of  wood  which  had  taken  place  after  the  trees 
had  been  cut  doun.  Mr.  Sadler  stated  that  he  had 
examined  the  new  wood  microscopically,  and  found  it  to 
differ  in  no  way  from  the  wood  formed  previous  to  the 
trees  being  felled.  2.  \.  W.  MacTier,  Esq.,  presented 
to  the  museum  sections  of  a  Picea  nobilis,  grown  at  Durris 
House,  Kincardineshire.  The  tree  was  planted  about 
1838,  and  blown  down  on  October  3,  i860,  owing  to  de- 
fective roots  (pot-bound).  It  coned  from  1856  to  1859 
inclusive.  The  last  year  it  produced  52  cones,  half  of  which 
were  given  to  Messrs.  P.  Lawson  &  Son,  and  the  other 
half  produced  a  quantity  of  fertile  seed  from  which  nearly 
4000  plants  were  raised,  of  wliich  very  many  are  now 
growing  at  Durris  and  elsewhpre.  At  the  lime  of  the  fall 
of  the  tree  it  had  attained  a  height  of  36  feet,  and  a  dia- 
meter of  about  16  inches  at  i  foot  from  the  ground.     The 


292 


The   Gardeners*   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[March  2,   1872. 


maximum  growth  of  the  tree  in  any  one  year  was  3  feet  3 
inches.  It  never  on  any  occasion  showed  the  slightest 
appearance  of  being  touched  by  frost,  and  was  very  late 
(June)  in  pushing  its  season's  growth.  It  was  a  seedling 
originally  got  from  Mr.  Roy,  sen.,  Aberdeen.  3.  Mr. 
James  Paton  stated  that  the  large  bulb  of  Brunsvigia 
Josephina,  in  one  of  the  glass  cases  of  the  Museum  of 
Science  and  Art,  had  again  this  season  sent  forth  leaves. 
The  bulb  has  been  out  of  the  ground  since  1866. 


THE  WEATHER, 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  BLACKHEATH,  LONDON, 
For  THt  Week  ending  Wednesday,  Feb.  28,  1872. 


.Hygrome- 

\                                         'triral    Ue- 

BARO.METER.         ■^'=".j''SS''  °'' 

ductions 

from 
Glaisher's 
Tables  5th 

Wind. 

1873. 

Etlilion. 

-J 

Mouth 

1  e 

2 

■  AND 

Day. 

Departure  from 
Average 
of  18  Years. 

Highest. 

a 

« 

^ 
Pj 

s 

0'3 

III 
SSS, 

0.0 

c 
S, 
I 

a 

11" 
QWJS 

< 

.872. 

In. 

In.     1   0    1   . 

„ 

rt 

0 

In. 

Feb.    22   2Q  91 

+  0.10  49.6  3S.2j'4.4l43.4+  4-4 

39-8 

87 

s.s.w. 

0.00 

„     23  29.60 

— 0.2r5I.4'40.8|io.643.9+  4-7 

41.4 

91 

variable 

O.Il) 

.,        2^ 

2938 

-0.4355. 8^41.1 

14.7 

48.2+  8.8 

47.7 

98 

S  :  S\V 

0.03 

..    25 

29.35 

-0.46  56.1^42.1 

14.0 

47.7 

+  8.. 

44.6 

89 

S.W. 

0.03 

„   26 

39.48 

-0.32SO-2J36.S 

'3-7 

43-1 

+  3-3 

40.4 

90{ 

N.ri.E 

O.OI 

»     27 

30.01 

+  0.2046.534.5 

12. 0 

39.2—  0.7 

3" -5 

74 

N.N.E. 

0.00 

„    28 

29.91 

+  01046.232.4 

13-8 

39.o[—  I.I 

32.3 

77 

S:  S\V 

0.00 

Feb.  22. — Generally  overcast  till  night;  then  variable.     Fine  lunar 
htUo  and  corona. 

—  23. — Rain  fell  more  or  less  heavily  till  noon,  and  the  sky  was 

covered  till  the   same  time.     Variable,  but  fme  after- 
^va^ds, 

—  2^. — Rain   fell  in  early  inorninp,  and  thinly  at  night.     Gene- 

rally cloudy  till  late  at  night ;  then  nearly  cloudless. 

—  25. — Overcast,  and  rain  fell  in  morning.     The  clouds  began  to 

clear  away  about  noon,  and  the  sky  became  cloudless 
at  night. 

—  26. — Thin  rain  felloccasiortally.    Cloudy  and  dull.    Brisk  wind. 

—  27. — Variable  throughout  the  day      A  shower  of  rain  fell  in  the 

morning.     Cloudless  and  very  fine  at  night. 

—  28. — Overcast  in  morning,  and  slight  fog.     Variable  in  after- 

noon and  evening. 

JAMES  GLAISHER. 


(FOR  THE  ENSUING   FORTNIGHT.) 

PLANT  HOUSES. 

The  Conservatory. — The  female  Aucubas  with 
green  or  variegated  leaves  are  bright,  lively  objects, 
when  well  sprinkled  with  berries,  and  are  very  effec- 
tive when  grouped  with  such  handsome  plants  as  the 
several  species  of  Araucanas,  as  A.  excelsa,  A.  excelsa 
glauca,  A.  Bidwillii,  A.  Rulei,  A.  eiegans,  A.  brasi- 
liensis,  and  others.  Allow  none  of  these  plants  to  get 
at  all  dry,  except  brasiliensis,  which  is  better  kept  a  few 
degrees  warmer,  and  with  le.ss  water  at  the  root ; 
moreover,  they  all  i-eqjiire  care,  that  none  are  injured 
when  forming  their  growths.  They  are  best  stood  out 
separately,  or  planted  out  by  themselves,  and  the  sur- 
face of  the  soil  covered  with  Lycopods.  In  a  smaller 
state  they  are  fine  objects  stood  in  bronze  or  other 
vases  on  marble  columns  or  the  like,  with  an  edging  of 
Isolepis  gracilis,  and  a  Primula  or  a  Hyacinth  alter- 
nate. We  have  used  A.  Bidwillii  in  a  Parisian  man- 
sion the  whole  of  the  winter  as  a  decorator  in  a  bronze 
vase,  but  there  was  no  gas  used.  Oil  or  candles  alone 
should  be  used  in  town  conservatories,  then  no  fear  of 
the  plants  getting  injured  need  be  entertained.  Some 
few  of  the  earlier  Amajyilis  will  form  objects  of  beauty 
associated  with  other  foliaged  plants,  which  they  really 
want,  seeing  that  Nature  has  given  them,  like  the 
Orchids,  such  imattractive  clothes.  Where  accommoda- 
tion affords,  grow  on  a  batch  of  small  Ferns,  Isolepis, 
Tradescantia,  Selaginella,  or  what  not,  in  small  pots, 
to  stand  around  the  tops  of  large  plants  in  tubs  or  pots. 
This  gives  a  furnished  look  to  the  whole,  and  in 
no  way  does  injury  to  large  plants.  The  same  principle 
could  be  made  use  of  whether  the  plants  are  planted 
out  or  not,  by  carpeting  or  edging  whatever  soil  may 
be  open,  and  annoying  to  the  eye.  The  heating  medium 
should  be  in  all  cases  beneath  the  floors,  and  covered 
with  quarterings.  Pipes  should  never  be  seen.  Be  ever 
watchful,  and  remember  that  frost  cometh  as  a  thief  in 
the  night,  for  as  far  as  we  know,  after  a  long  time  of 
open  weather,  we  may  yet  have  hard  frost.  Return  to 
their  proper  quarters  plants  which  have  shed  their 
beauty,  and  renew  with  whatever  the  other  houses 
produce — Dielytra  spedabiiis^  for  one,  should  hold  a 
place.   //.  Knight. 

The  Orangery. — It  will  be  well  with  those  plants 
that  have  too  many  fruits,  to  thin  them  in  such  a  way 
that  there  will  be  always  a  succession  of  fruit  on  the 
tree,  and  only  well-formed  and  conveniently-placed 
fruit.  All  the  Orange  tribe  are  apt  to  set  too  many 
fruit,  and  especially  when  they  have  both  light  and 
heat.  In  the  ordinary  old-fashioned  orangery,  which 
may  be  seen  in  every  chateau  in  France,  and  in  some 
gardens  in  this  country,  with  a  dark  roof  and  uprising 
door-windows  from  floor  to  roof,  growth  takes  place 
much  later,  and  of  course,  the  flowering  period  also. 


Set  out-of-doors,  as  they  are,  they  get  little  or  no  time 
to  mature  their  fruit,  and  hence  we  see  comparatively 
few  with  fine  golden  fruit  in  the  dull  winter  months. 
On  the  contrary,  plant  them  out  in  a  well-prepared 
border  and  a  moderately  heated  atmosphere,  and  you 
get  handsome  leaves,  deliciously-scented  flowers,  and 
godlike  fruit  in  abundance.  Pyramids  of  the  Shaddock 
and  Lime,  laden  with  fruit  in  all  stages,  are  really 
striking  and  effective.  Sow  seed  of  bought  Oranges, 
and  grow  them  on  liberally  in  a  vinery,  and  inarch  or 
graft  with  any  of  the  favourite  sorts  next  year.  Suffer 
no  annoyance  with  the  black  aphis,  but  give  it  all  the 
annoyance  that  is  possible  by  syringing  with  quassia 
water — boiling  water  poured  on  the  chips  in  the  morn- 
ing, strained  and  cooled  for  using  before  the  evening. 
Smoking,  too,  where  practicable,  is  a  killing  process  to 
them  and  any  other  aphis  that  may  appear.  Scale  is 
best  got  rid  of  by  using  little  stubby  brushes  made 
out  of  an  old  house  brush,  //.  Knight. 

Greenhouse  Soft-wooded  Plants. — Some  of  the 
smaller  and  late  blooming  Calceolarias  should  be 
repotted,  to  follow  those  that  have  already  been  done  ; 
weak  spindly  flower-stems  should  be  removed.  See 
that  none  of  the  plants  are  allowed  to  suffer  for  want 
of  water,  or  they  will  soon  be  infested  with  green- fly. 
The  chief  work  to  be  done  with  Fuchsias  is  to  pot 
them  as  often  as  required,  and  train  to  a  pyramidal  shape 
with  a  single  stem  :  supply  them  with  plenty  of  water. 
No  plants  are  so  easy  to  grow,  and  very  few  are  more 
beautiful.  Roses  in  pots  will  require  particular  atten- 
tion at  this  time  ;  look  sharply  after  the  maggot,  and 
smoke  them  frequently  :  if  mildew  shows  itself,  dust 
them  over  with  sulphur  and  soot  through  a  muslin  bag. 
I  find  frequent  application  of  soot-water  is  a  great 
check  to  the  mildew.  A  little  seed  of  Primula 
sinensis  should  be  sown  for  an  early  supply  of  bloom  in 
the  autumn  ;  put  in  cuttings  of  the  double  varieties, 
they  strike  freely  iu  a  Jiltle  heat.  The  new  Primula 
Boveana  is  now  throwing  up  its  spikes  of  flower ;  it  is 
a  gross  feeder.  I  find  those  that  have  been  freely 
supplied  with  manure-water  are  the  best.  Sow  seed  of 
various  kinds  of  Solanums^  also  another  batch  of 
Balsams,  Cockcombs^  Globe  Amara^ithsy  and  Daturas. 
Geo.  Baker,  Claphajn, 

Flower  Forcing. — Continue  to  introduce  fresh 
plants  as  others  are  removed,  so  that  there  may 
be  no  scarcity  of  bloom  at  any  time.  Another 
lot  of  Achimenes  and  Gloxinias  should  be  potted 
and  put  in  to  start.  If  a  packet  of  seed  of  the 
latter  were  sown  now,  they  would,  with  liberal  treat- 
ment, make  a  good  display  in  August.  Do  not  give 
them  pots  larger  than  4  inches,  and  when  full 
of  roots  apply  manure-water  in  a  weak  state  every 
watering.  Erythrinas  which  have  been  cut  back 
should  be  started  and  allowed  to  break  before  being 
disturbed  at  the  roots.  When  fairly  broken  shake  out 
and  repot  into  the  same  size,  using  fibry  loam,  cow- 
dung,  and  silver  sand,  and  place  in  a  brisk  heat  with 
plenty  of  moisture.  This  is  a  class  of  plants  which 
deserves  more  attention.  Brugmansias  require  to  be 
treated  in  the  same  way  if  the  wood  of  the  previous 
year  has  been  well  manured.  They  will  require  daily 
syringing  and  moist  heat  to  get  them  to  break 
regularly.  A.  IL 

Stove  Plants. — If  former  directions  have  been 
attended  to,  the  soils  for  potting  will  now  be  in  good 
condition,  and  the  general  potting  may  be  proceeded 
with  at  once.  Large  plants  may  not  require  potting 
iust  now  if  the  soil  they  are  in  be  in  good  condition 
and  the  drainage  perfect ;  small  plants  will  mostly 
require  potting,  and  when  the  soil  is  found  to  be  sour 
the  plants  may  be  partly  shaken  out,  the  roots  cut 
back,  and  potted  in  smaller  pots.  I  would  not  advise 
large  shifts,  for  soft-wooded  plants  in  particular  ;  much 
better  pot  on  during  the  season  as  the  plants  may 
require  it.  It  is  rather  difficult  to  give  plain  instruc- 
tions in  a  small  space  for  potting  and  soils,  &c.,  for  so 
many  different  sorts  of  plants.  Beginners  will  find  it 
a  good  criterion  in  potting  fine  rooted  plants  to  use  soil 
rather  fine  and  light,  and  to  pot  moderately  firm,  and 
for  strong  rooted,  free-growing  plants  to  use  the  soil 
more  rough  and  richer,  and  not  to  pot  quite  so  firmly. 
Allamandas  may  now  be  cut  back  and  plunged  in  a 
brisk  bottom-heat  near  the  glass,  but  do  not  shift  them  ; 
it  will  be  better  to  defer  potting  them  until  they  have 
made  a  good  start  into  growth  ;  keep  the  house  rather 
close  after  potting  for  a  week  or  two,  dew  the  plants 
overhead  once  or  twice  every  fine  day,  and  moisten  the 
paths  the  last  tiling  at  night.   A.  Ingram,  Alnwick. 

Succulents. — As  the  sun  is  now  getting  stronger, 
take  every  advantage  to  give  air  freely.  Water  may  be 
given  freely  to  Crassulas  and  Echevei'ias  when  they  are 
dry.  This  is  a  good  time  to  pot  them,  using  strong 
loam,  with  a  dash  of  leaf-mould  and  sand.  When 
they  have  been  repotted,  water  should  be  withheld  for 
a  week  or  so,  to  let  the  roots  begin  to  work.  The 
Phyllocacti  will  be  showing  flower,  therefore  they  must 
have  water  ;  also  many  of  the  small  Mavunillarias 
will  begin  to  start,  give  them  an  occasional  watering  ; 
the  same  for  Opuntias  and  Euphorbias,  but  the  larger 
plants  will  be  best  dry  at  present.  Side  shoots  of 
Echinopsts  multiplex  and  Eyresii  should  be  taken  off 
and  potted  ;  these,  if  grown  in  slight  bottom-heat,  will 
be  useful  for  bedding,  used  like  Echtt-erias  and  Scnper- 
vivums,  as  they  maybe  kept  in  winter  out  of  their  pots 
in  any  dry  place.  Aloes  and  Agaves  attend  to,  as 
directed  last  month.     The  arborescent  Sempervivums 


should  be  kept  as  cool  as  possible  to  retard  growth, 
they  being  very  apt  to  get  cut  up  by  the  sun  when  used 
for  bedding,  if  they  have  not  been  grown  well  exposed. 
Eehevcria  metalliea  in  flower,  intended  for  seed,  must 
get  a  free  circulation  of  air  ;  it  is  well  to  occa- 
sionally shake  the  flowers  to  spread  the  pollen. 
Now  is  the  best  season  to  take  cuttings  of  Stapelias  ; 
they  should  be  taken  off  at  a  joint  ;  pot  in  sandy  soil, 
but  not  as  is  usual  in  sand  only  :  give  them  one  water- 
ing, and  then  let  them  get  quite  dry  before  giving 
more.  The  best  position  is  on  a  shelf  near  the  glass. 
7.  Crouclier. 

Indoor  Ferns. — The  warmest  fernery  at  night 
may  now  be  kept  at  60*,  raising  a  iew  degrees  in  the 
day  time  by  sun-heat.  Ventilate  with  care,  better 
have  a  few  degrees  more  heat  than  allow  draughts 
of  cold  air;  syringe  every  fine  day.  The  shading  had 
better  be  put  on  at  once  ;  where  it  is  not  convenient  to 
use  tiffimy,  paint  the  glass  with  a  mixture  of  white  lead 
and  turpentine  (no  oil),  it  wUl  withstand  the  heaviest 
rain,  and  easily  wash  off  in  the  autumn  with  a  little 
soft-soap  and  warm  water.  Water  freely  all  plants 
that  are  planted  out ;  if  plunged  in  pots  more  care  will 
be  required,  or  the  soil  may  become  sodden.  In  the 
cool  fernery  the  temperature  should  be  45°  to  48° ;  a 
little  more  will  do  no  harm,  especially  if  the  outside 
temperature  is  mild.  Many  of  the  so-called  stove  Ferns 
will  grow  freely  in  this  house,  and  add  very  much  to 
its  beauty.  All  the  basket  Ferns  recommended  in  pre- 
vious papers  will  do  well  in  it ;  also  Adiantum  cunca* 
turn  and  affine ;  Asplenium  rachirhizon,  bulbijcrunt 
and  caudiculatuni ;  Woodiuardia  radicans  and  orientaUs ; 
Pteris  scabcrula — all  good  basket  Ferns.  Asplenium 
marinuni  will  grow  freely  in  this  house,  and  make 
much  finer  fronds  than  are  seen  in  its  native  habitats. 
Many  of  the  cxg.s\.q<A.  Scolopendriums  are  very  pretty  and 
distinct  from  anything  in  the  greenhouse  Fern  list ;  put 
them,  when  small,  on  either  tufa  or  cork  j  they  grow 
freely  without  soil.  J,  R.  Fetch,  Mauley  Hall,  Man- 
chester. 

FLOWER  GARDEN,  ETC. 
Alpine  and  Herbaceous  Plants. — Alpine  plants 
in  pots,  now  very  generally  starting  into  growth,  will 
require  more  liberal   supplies  of  water  ;   but   for  the 
present  month  let   it  be  given  in   the  morning,   and 
be  careful  to  avoid  injuring  tender  grovi'th  by  heavy 
dashings.       Should    the    weather   prove    sunny,  with 
drying  winds,  it  may  be  requisite  to  shade  pot-bound 
specimens  for  an  hour  or  so  before  and  after  mid-day  ; 
but  except  for    these  and   plants  in  flower,  it  is  un- 
desirable yet  to  shade  much  or  generally.     The  wants 
of  the  collection  generally  in  regard  to  potting  should 
be   attended   to   early.      Plants  in  flower,  or   closely 
approaching  that  state,  should  not  be  potted  till  flower- 
ing  is  over,  if  any  reduction  of  the   ball  or  plant  is 
necessaiy;  but  if  they  are  simply  to  be  shifted,  they 
may  be  dealt  with  at  once.     Rich  sandy  loam  is  the 
most  suitable  soil  for  alpines  generally.     If  only  heavy 
binding  loam  can  be  got,  render  it    more  friable  by 
mixing  it  with  as  much  peat  and  sand  as  will  reduce  it 
to  the  texture  of  friable  or  sandy  loam.     Avoid  the  use 
of  leaf-mould,  because  of  its  liability  to  become  sour 
and  generate  Fungi  when  used  in  pots.     Some  peat- 
loving  plants  do  not  thrive  in  loamy  mixtures.     Rhexia 
virginica,    Andromedas,     Azaleas,    Bryanthus,      Gaul- 
therias,  Spigelia  marilandica,  Pinguiculas,   and  Linmea 
borealis  may  be  instanced  as  subjects  that  succeed  best 
in  pure  sandy  peat,  or  in  composts  in  which  peat  forms 
much  the  largest   part.     Avoid  large  shifts,  except  in 
the  case  of  vigorous  growers.     Tiny  and  slow-growing 
sorts,  like  the  smaller  Androsaees,  Di-abas,  and  Soldan- 
ellas,  make  no  more  progress,  but  rather  the  reverse,  by 
being  put  in  too  large  pots  ;  but  specimens  of  such  may 
be  comparatively  quickly  made  by  placing  several  small 
plants   equidistant  from  each   other   in  a  pot  of  6  or 
7  inches  diameter.     Some  Primulas  tend  to  throw  up 
stems  and  branches  from  the  root-stock  ;  these  should 
be  divided,  securing  to  each  stem  a  portion   of  root, 
and  be  potted  singly,  or  several  in  one  pot,  lowering 
the  stem  in  the  soil  near  to  the  base  of  the  crown  of 
leaves.      Creeping  and  trailing  plants  succeed  best  in 
pots    or   pans   of  greater   diameter    than    depth,   and 
when   they   are    raised    slightly   towards    the   centre. 
It    is    good     practice     also    to   stud    the   surface    of 
pots    of    these    and    all    kinds    that     are     liable     to 
suffer  from  the  retention  of  damp  about  the  collar,  with 
half-buried  pieces  of  porous  stone  or  charcoal.     Perfect 
drainage  should    be  secured  to  all,  even   to  bog  and 
aquatic  plants,  when  cultivated   in  pots  ;  the  require- 
ments of  all  as  regards  water  should  be  met  by  ample 
supplies,  not  by  retentive  means.      All  that  have  been 
much  disturbed  by  division  or  other  operations  should 
be  kept  rather  close  and  warm  till  they  show  signs  of 
starting  into  growth,   but  give  a  free  circulation  of  air 
to  all  others.     Seeds  may  now  be  sown  of  alpine  and 
herbaceous  plants  in  a  close,  cold  frame,  or,  which  is 
preferable,    in   a   hotbed   in  which   a   temperature  of 
65°  or  70°  may  be  steadily  maintained  at  night,  with  a 
rise  of  from  5°  to   10"  during  tiie  d.ay,  giving  air  and 
shade  iu  order  to  keep  it  from  exceeding  the  maximum. 
Only  the  finer  kind.-;  and  small   seeds  need  b-?  somi 
now  in  heat  or  under  glass  ;  large  seeds,  and  those  of 
ordinary  value,   may  be  left  over   till  the  end  of  the 
month  or  the  beginning  of  April,  when  they  can  be 
sown   in    the  open  ground.     Small,  well-drained  pots 
are  preferable  to  large  ones.     Be  careful  not  to  cover 


March  2,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners^   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


293 


too  deeply  ;  there  will  be  little  risk  of  this  with  large 
seeds,  and  small  ones  often  succeed  better  under  a  layer 
of  sphagnum  Moss  than  a  covering  of  soil.  Steep 
hard-skinned  seeds  that  are  slow  to  germinate  in  water 
in  the  frame  for  24  hours  before  sowing.  Some  kinds 
germinate  quickly,  and,  as  soon  as  they  are  fairly 
above  ground,  they  should  be  removed  to  another 
place  where  they  may  be  treated  to  more  air  and 
light  without  being  exposed  to  colder  air.  Let  every 
change  be  gradual  and  kindly.  Wait  patiently  for  all 
that  are  slow  to  germinate  ;  some  may  not  appear  for 
months,  but  should  not  be  condemned  hastily.  Alpine 
and  herbaceous  plants  on  rockwork,  and  in  borders 
and  beds,  should  be  looked  over  frequently  with  the 
view  of  fastening  all  small  ones  that  are  liable  to  be 
thrown  out  by  worms  and  other  causes,  a  measure  that 
is  especially  necessary  after  recent  transplanting,  and 
in  auticipalion  of  drying  weather  setting  in.  Cuttings 
may  now  be  put  in  of  all  kinds  that  offer  suitable 
growth  for  the  purpose.  For  the  requirements  of 
private  places  generally  they  will  be  best  put  in  pots  in 
sandy  soil  ;  and  if  the  plants  are  in  heat  the  cuttings 
should  be  struck  in  the  same  temperature ;  those 
from  plants  in  the  open  ground  will  do  best  in  a 
close  frame  or  hand-glass.  Protect  the  blossoms  of 
early  bloomers  out-of-doors  from  dashing  winds  and 
showers,  and  maintain  cleanliness,  order,  and  freedom 
from  weeds  in  the  department,  at  all  points,  iniliam 
Sutherland^  A/into  Gardens. 

Roses. — The  pruning  of  Hybrid  Perpetuals  and 
other  hardy  Roses  should  now  be  completed.  In  some 
gardens  the  stems  of  standard  Roses  become  after  a 
time  covered  with  an  unwholesome-looking  green  dust. 
If  a  dry  day  be  chosen  for  the  purpose  most  of  this  can 
be  removed  with  a  hard  brush,  and  if  the  stems  be 
afterwards  dressed  with  a  mixture  of  lime,  soot,  and 
clay,  applied  by  means  of  a  paint-brush,  the  stocks  so 
treated  will,  after  the  summer  rains  have  well  washed 
them,  present  a  clean  healthy  appearance,  strongly 
contrasting  with  those  not  so  treated.  Great  care  must 
be  taken  not  to  leave  protecting  material  round  Tea 
Roses  too  long,  or  a  weak  sickly  growth,  quite  inimical 
to  the  production  of  good  healthy  blooms,  will  be  in- 
duced. Planting,  if  still  unfinished,  must  be  com- 
pleted forthwith.  To  give  the  plants  a  fair  chance 
they  should  be  mulched,  and  if  the  weather  should 
prove  dry,  well  soaked,  a  mere  dribble  will  do  more 
harm  than  good.  R,  B.  P. 

Hardy  Ferns. — Ferns  growing  out-of-doors  have 
been  highly  favoured  this  winter,  and  have  required 
very  little  attention,  the  season  being  so  mild.  In 
frames,  allow  the  plants  plenty  of  air,  and  be  careful 
not  to  water  indiscriminately,  but  single  out  those  only 
which  require  moisture.  The  incessant  rain  during 
February,  and  the  absence  of  sunny  days,  have  pro- 
duced more  dampness  than  is  desirable.  Do  not  allow 
Liverwort  to  spread  ;  wherever  it  makes  its  appearance 
clear  it  away  at  once.  Before  the  fronds  are  developed, 
wash  all  the  pots  you  find  covered  with  a  slimy  green 
substance,  which  is  always  noticed  in  damp  ferneries. 
Examine  the  remaining  fronds  of  last  year's  growth 
of  ScohpendrinmSj  and  where  thrip  is  discovered  lose 
no  time  in  dipping  the  fronds  in  Fowler's  Insecticide, 
which  will  instantly  rid  you  of  these  injurious  pests. 
Appleby's  tobacco-paper  will  also  destroy  all  kinds  of 
insects,  including  thrip  ;  however,  when  the  fronds  are 
springing  up,  use  insecticide,  which  will  not  be  likely 
to  do  any  injury ;  and  from  June  to  the  end  of  the  year 
tobacco  fumigation  will  be  found  absolutely  necessary  if 
you  desire  your  plants  to  haveaclean  and  healthy  appear- 
ance. Repot  during  March  and  April  all  Ferns  which  re- 
quire a  shift,  especially  those  which  have  not  a  thorough 
drainage — don't  repot  unless  it  is  really  necessary.  Of 
course  when  the  pots  are  quite  full  of  roots  they  must 
have  a  change,  and  let  the  shift  be  into  pots  one  size 
larger.  The  drainage  should  be  as  perfect  as  possible, 
and  lay  on  the  broken  crocks,  or  soft,  porous  stone, 
some  fibrous  material  or  Sphagnum  Moss  ;  the  latter 
is  preferable  if  the  Ferns  are  placed  in  a  dry  situation. 
Peat,  loam,  and  leaf-mould,  in  equal  proportions,  with 
a  little  sand  added,  will  suit  most  of  our  hardy  Ferns. 
In  mixing  the  soil  for  Blechnum  Spicant  and  its  varie- 
ties, it  is  most  important  that  lime  in  any  form  should 
be  avoided.  Autumn-sown  spores,  growing  in  heat, 
will  require  thinning  when  the  crop  is  thick,  and  unless 
this  is  done  the  prothallium  will  die,  and  thus,  after 
much  time  and  trouble  have  been  bestowed  upon  them, 
the  result  may  be  the  loss  of  the  whole  batch.  7o/ui 
E.  Mapplebeck. 

F^UiT  HOUSES. 
Vines. — Where  early  crops  are  about  stoning  a  mild 
steady  temperature  should  be  maintained,  and  if  the 
borders  are  in  any  way  exhausted,  a  liberal  watering 
with  liquid  manure  should  be  given,  heated  10°  above 
the  interior  of  the  house,  which  will  be  a  mean  of  65° 
or  70"  in  mild  weather.  Attend  to  successional 
houses  as  formerly  directed.  If  Muscat  houses  are  not 
already  started,  no  time  should  be  lost  in  setting  them 
going,  as  the  earlier  the  fruit  ripens  the  better  it  will 
hang  through  the  winter.  If  such  as  Lady  Downe's 
and  other  late  sorts  are  still  hanging  on  the  Vines,  the 
sooner  they  are  cut  and  stored  in  cool  dry  rooms,  as 
formerly  recommended,  the  better ;  get  them  pruned, 
washed,  and  dressed  in  the  usual  way  at  once,  as  they 
should  not  be  delayed  longer  than  the  middle  of  the 
month  in  being  started.     Examine  the  Grapes  in  the 


fruit-room,  and  see  that  the  water  is  not  getting  low  in 
the  bottles.   G.  J.,  Glamis. 

Melons. — Seed  for  the  general  crop  should  be  sown 
at  once,  in  the  manner  indicated  a  month  ago,  so  that 
no  check  may  be  experienced.  Plant  out  for  succes- 
sion. Those  who  may  have  a  favourite  sort  and  wish  to 
keep  it  true,  should  not  plant  any  other  kind  in  the 
same  house.  I  grow  but  two  varieties,  viz.,  Mere- 
dith's Improved  Hybrid  Cashmere  and  Victory  of 
Bath,  and  these  always  give  me  plenty  of  fruit  from 
May  to  November.  Where  plants  are  approaching 
the  flowering  period  a  drier  atmosphere  should  be 
maintained  till  after  the  crop  is  set,  but  do  not  let 
them  get  dry  at  the  roots,  and  the  latter  should  be 
limited  in  space,  or  the  result  will  be  plenty  of  foliage 
and  but  little  fruit.  Keep  up  a  night  temperature 
of  70°,  and  from  75"  to  84%  with  sun-heat  during  the 
day,  giving  air  regularly,  but  avoiding  cold  draughts, 
/r.   WildsniHh,  Hechfield. 

Cucumbers. — The  beginning  of  March  is  a  good 
time  to  make  another  sowing,  and  the  probability  is 
that  from  this  sowing  the  plants  will  be  more  stocky  in 
growth  than  those  sown  last  month.  Pay  attention  to 
the  linings  of  the  seed-bed,  and  bear  in  mind  that  the 
dung  for  linings  must  be  first  fermented  as  recom- 
mended for  building  the  bed.  Make  the  linings  about 
18  inches  in  width,  and  as  high  as  the  dung-bed;  daily 
make  an  examination  of  the  state  of  the  heat  in  the 
bed.  Keep  a  can  of  water  in  the  frames  so  as  to  have 
ready  at  any  time,  water  of  the  same  temperature  as 
the  frame,  and  before  closing,  sprinkle  the  plants  and 
surface  of  the  bed.  Close  at  this  season  not  later  than 
2  o'clock;  replunge  the  pots  about  every  10  days, — 
this  shift  seems  to  refresh  the  plants.  Give  them  a 
good  soaking  when  required,  'and  mix  a  little  liquid 
manure  with  the  water,  but  only  a  moderate  quantity 
at  present.  R.  IT.  D. 

FRUIT  GARDEN. 

Wall  Fruits. — Notwithstanding  the  very  open 
weather  of  the  last  two  months,  the  blossom-buds  are 
not  so  forward,  owing  to  the  dull,  sunless  days  we  have 
had  for  some  time  past,  as  might  be  expected.  Get  all 
the  pruning  and  nailing  completed  as  soon  as  possible. 
The  protection  of  Apricots^  Peaches^  and  Nectarines 
should  be  at  once  attended  to.  Materials  for  protection 
are  now  numerous  and  most  of  them  effective,  but 
temporary  coping  boards  with  stout  canvas  so  fixed  that 
the  trees  can  be  covered  or  uncovered  at  pleasure  give 
the  most  effective  protection,  and  are  probably  as  cheap 
in  the  end  as  any  other,  as  the  canvas,  if  put  away  dry 
after  being  used,  will  last  for  a  number  of  years ;  besides, 
there  is  no  risk  with  a  covering  like  this.  On  dry, 
warm  days  the  trees  should  be  uncovered,  so  that  they 
may  have  all  the  light  and  air  possible,  but  in  keen, 
frosty  weather,  cold  cutting  winds,  and  during  showers 
of  hail,  sleet,  and  snow,  they  should  be  covered  by  day 
as  well  as  by  night.  If  not  already  done,  head  back 
young  trees  lately  planted.  M.  Saul,  Slourton. 

Hardy  Fruits. — There  ought  not  to  be  much  work 
to  be  done  here  at  present  after  the  long  continuance 
of  open  weather  we  have  had.  Finish  as  soon  as 
possible  the  pruning,  regulating,  and  tying  of  espaliers, 
pyramid  and  other  trained  trees,  as  the  blossom-buds 
will  soon  be  so  advanced  as  to  make  it  impossible  to 
handle  without  rubbing  them  off.  Head  back  newly 
planted  trees  and  stake  standards  and  other  tall  trees, 
to  secure  them  fi^om  high  winds.  Grafting  may  now 
be  commenced — first  with  Plums  and  Cherries.  Straw- 
berry runners  that  were  planted  in  beds  last  autumn 
should  now  be  removed  to  the  ground  where  they  are 
to  fruit.  Bullfinches  make  great  havoc  among  Goose- 
berries and  Plums  at  this  season  ;  keep  a  sharp  look- 
out for  them,  as  if  not  observed  for  a  few  days  they  will 
do  much  mischief.   AI.  Saul,  Stourton. 

Bush  Fruits. — Recently  planted  bushes,  especially 
those  on  shallow  soils,  should  be  mulched  at  once, 
as  we  may  soon  expect  some  drying  winds  and  more 
sunny  weather.  Where  the  soil  between  the  bushes 
was  turned  up  early  in  the  winter,  a  good  plan,  after  a 
dry  day  or  two,  is  to  rake  the  surface  over  with  a  coarse 
rake  ;  the  object  of  this  is  to  destroy  any  small  plants 
of  weeds,  and  the  seeds  of  any  weeds  that  may  be 
germinating  ;  it  will,  moreover,  level  down  the  soil, 
which,  if  left  in  a  rough  state,  would  prevent  the  hoe 
from  performing  its  work  properly  throughout  the 
season.  At  this  time  of  the  year,  on  the  promise  of  a 
shower,  I  have  with  good  results  given  stunted  and 
weakly  growing  bushes  a  sprinkle  of  guano  or  some 
artificial  manure.  The  effects  of  this  has  been  to  give 
the  bushes  a  uniform  appearance  throughout  the 
plantation,  and  by  autumn  the  stunted  ones  have 
made  nice  growth.  H,  Mills,  Enys. 


KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Outdoors.  —  Sow  the  main  crop  of  Onions  the 
first  fine  day,  taking  care  to  well  consolidate  the  land. 
The  best  plan  is  to  sow  in  drills  12  inches  apart,  as 
this  enables  one  to  clean  them  with  little  trouble. 
Garlic  and  Shallots  should  now  be  planted  in  shallow 
drills,  which  should  previously  be  dressed  with  wood 
ashes,  to  keep  off  grubs,  &c.  Plant  out  Peas  sown  on 
turf,  and  stake  them  at  once;  if  possible,  shelter  them 
with  Spruce  branches.  Hoe  between  Peas  sown  in 
November,  and  stake  at  once.  Parsnips  should  also 
be  sown  ;  this  cannot  well  be  done  too  early.  If 
•wanted  for  show  purposes  they  should  be  sown  in  the 


autumn.  Sow  also  Short  Horn  Carrots  on  a  warm 
sheltered  border.  Snov/s  Broccoli,  Brussels  Sprouts, 
lyalcheren  Broccoli,  Cauliflower,  and  Lettuce,  should 
be  sown  under  the  protection  of  a  cold  frame.  A  pinch 
of  Celery  may  also  be  sown  ;  defer  sowing  the  main  crop 
until  the  first  week  in  March.  Seakale,  Rhubarb,  and 
Asparagus,  if  not  done,  should  be  planted  at  once  ; 
all  require  good  rich  land.  Sow  more  Peas  and 
Broad  Beans  immediately  the  last  sown  ones  make 
their  appearance.  Plant  out  Cauliflowers  in  prepared 
trenches  ;  if  a  few  green  twigs  can  be  got,  stick  them 
among  the  plants.  Now  is  also  a  good  time  to  plant 
spring  Lettuce,  which  may  be  done  on  the  ridges 
formed  for  Cauliflowers.  If  the  stock  of  Seakale  roots 
is  above  the  demand  take  it  up  at  once,  placing  it  in  a 
square  pit,  dug  out  i  foot  deep,  packing  fine  soil 
among  the  roots.  Place  bent  sticks  over  the  pit, 
cover  with  a  mat,  and  put  on  dung  in  a  fresh  state. 
Cardoons  should  be  planted  at  once  in  trenches,  taking 
the  best  offsets  from  old  plants.  If  small  old  Onions 
are  now  planted  they  will  come  in  useful  before  the 
Tripolis  are  ready.  Push  on  the  manuring  and  dig- 
ging of  quarters,  and  make  all  smart  and  tidy.  R. 
Gilbert,  Burghley,  Stamfords 


Notices  to  Correspondents, 

Denukohium  nobile  :  \V.  H.  Yes,  cut  out  the  old 
stems  after  they  become  exhausted,  and  encourage  the 
growth  of  new  ones,  which  should  be  well  ripened  when 
fully  grown,  if  a  good  crop  of  flowers  is  looked  for. 
There  are  many  slight  varieties,  or  variations,  differing 
in  the  size  and  depth  of  colour  in  the  flowers. 

EUCHARIS  AMAZONiCA  :  IV.  H.  See  some  remarks  at 
p.  2S9.  The  plant  is  a  native  of  South  America,  be- 
longs to  the  AmaryllidaceEe,  and  was  introduced  about 
15  years  since. 

Gesnera  exoniensis  :  \V.  H.  No  :  but  the  whole  race 
of  this  affinity  is  very  apt  to  cast  the  flowers  or  go  blind 
without  expanding.  Why,  we  are  scarcely  prepared  to 
say  ;  perhaps  some  one  can  throw  light  on  the  subject. 

Hyacinths  :  F.R.H.S.  We  cannot  account  for  your 
failure,  since  the  bulbs  appear  as  if  they  had  been 
sound  and  well-matured,  unless  it  be  that  the  embryo 
flower-spikes  had  been  damaged,  after  potting,  by  the 
severe  autumn  frosts. 

Names  of  Plants  :  S.  Stone.  Scolopendrium  vulgare 
polyschides,  not  very  common  ;  it  will  probably  grow 
taller. — A.  IV.  Rhododendron  ferrugineum.— /^.  Coelo- 
gyne  cristata. 

Rendles  Plant  Pkotectoks  i"ok  Cucumbers  : 
AI.  P.  Mr.  Ingram  replies  to  your  question  as  follows : 
— "As  the  usual  dung  or  leaf  bed  which  affords  the 
fermenting  material  for  a  Cucumber  bed  is  liable  to 
settle  somewhat  irregularly,  and  as  the  hollow  bricks 
which  form  the  sides  of  the  Plant  Protectors  are  gene- 
rally placed  together  without  mortar,  the  sinking  of  the 
bed  would  cause  a  displacement  of  the  bricks  or  tiles. 
To  adapt  the  contrivance  to  the  purpose  of  Cucumber- 
growing,  it  would  be  advisable  to  place  the  tiles  on  a 
framework  of  deal  quartering,  3I  by  2^  inches.  I  em- 
ployed the  span  arrangement  last  year  for  ridge 
Cucumbers,  on  the  solid  ground,  with  complete  success. 
As  to  the  capability  of  the  plant  protectors  to  preserve 
tender  plants  without  artificial  heat  during  the  winter,  I 
should  not  recommend  the  experiment  to  be  made— no 
glass  structure  could  be  relied  on  to  do  so  much. 
Placed  over  deep  drains,  and  in  communication  with 
them  by  pipes  distributed  at  intervals,  a  considerable 
amount  of  frost  might  be  averted  ;  or,  arranged  agamst 
a  building  where  sheher  and  dryness  could  be  secured, 
Calceolarias,  Verbenas,  or  even  Pelargoniums  in  mild 
winters,  might  be  saved.  I  have  found  what  Mr. 
Rendle  calls  the  Nottingham  Patent  Plant  Protector 
exceedingly  convenient  for  many  little  things  which 
suffer  from  the  damp  rather  than  the  cold  of  our  winters, 
such  as  Echeveria  secunda  glauca  ;  and  for  hardening 
off  bedding  plants  in  April  and  May  the  same  arrange- 
ment has  great  recommendations." 

Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  :  S.  y.  For  winter 
and  spring  blooming  the  best  are  ; — 

Stove. 
Franciscea  conferttflora. 
Eucharis  amazonica. 
Euphorbia  jacquiniecflora. 
Stephanolis  lloribunda. 
Gesnera  exoniensis. 


Aphelandra  cristata, 
Gardenia  florida. 
„        citriodora. 


Imatophyllum  niiniaLuni. 
Poinsettia  pulcherrima. 
Franciscea  calycina. 
Plumbago  rosea. 
Eranchemum  pulchelluiu. 
Clerodendron  Balfourianuiil. 
Impaliens  Jerdonia. 
Amaryllis,  of  sorts. 

Greenhouse. 

Monochaetum  sericeunimuiti- 

florum. 
Epiphyllum  Ackermani. 
Camellias,  of  sorts. 
Cinerarias,  of  sorts. 
Azaleas,  of  sorts. 
Cyclamens,  of  sorts. 
Chinese  Primroses. 
Daphne  Lndica  rubra. 


Lapageria  rosea. 
,,  alba. 

Eouvardia     leianlha     con 

pacta. 
Acacia  Drunimondi, 
Statice  profusa. 
Epacris  Lady  Panmurc, 

,,       SunseL 

,,       salmonea. 
RichardLi  athiopica. 

The  Diamant  Traube  Gkape  :  W.  IV.  This  is  not 
a  free  fruiting  variety,  although  we  have  seen  it  very 
fine.  It  ought  to  make  a  good  stock,  and  we  would 
recommend  you  to  use  it  for  that  purpose. 

Vines  in  Pots. — D.  K.  If  your  Vines  were  not  very 
well  ripened  at  the  time  they  were  exposed  to  the  frosts, 
they  would,  without  doubt,  have  been  injured  to  some 
extent.  Frost  will  not  hurt  the  properly  ripened  wood 
of  Vines,  although  it  might  the  roots  of  those  in  pots. 


Catalogues  Received. —  Richard  &  Francis  AUum 
(Tamworth),  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Garden  and 
Farm  Seeds.— W.  S.  Boulton  &  Co.  (Norwich).  Illus- 
trated and  Desciiptive  Catalogue  of  .'\gricultural  and 
Horticultural  Implements,  Garden  Furniture,  &c.— 
James  H.    Pounce  (Villiers    Street,   Charing    Cross, 


294 


The  Gardeners'  Chronicle  and   Agriculturai   Gazette. 


[March  2,   1872, 


W.C. ),  Gardeners'  Calendar,  Catalogue  and  Almanac 
for  1872.— George  Yates  (Stockport),  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue of  Select  Vegetable  and  Flower  Seeds. 


Communications  Received.— W.  H.  B — P.  F  Le  S — H  — 
W.  A.  M.— W.  J.— K.  G.— M.  C.-D.  M.— C.  R.-H.  G.  R. 
— H.  K. 


arluts. 


CO  VENT  GARDEX.— March  i. 
The  markets  are  fairly  supplied  for  the  season,  and  we 
have  a  good  attendance  on  the  market  days  ;  prices 
remain  almost  stationary,  and  we  have  but  little  fresh 
matter  to  report  upon.  Late  Grapes  are  still  good,  com- 
prising Alicante,  Grosse  Guillaume,  and  Lady  Downe's. 
Pjnes  from  St.  Michael's  still  come  very  good,  those  of 
home  growth  generally  inferior. 
Flowers. 


s.  d.  s,  d. 
Azale:is,p,do7,&prayso  6  to  o  g 
Camellias,  per  doz. 

blooms      . ,  . .   1  o  —  40 

Cineraria,  p.  bunch  06  —  10 
Crocuses,  p.  12  bun.  . ,  —  20 
Cyclamen, p.  12  spks.  03—06 
Heliotropes,  p.  doz. 

sprays       —  10 

Hyacinths,  p.  bunch  06—10 
L  ly  of  the  Valley, 

p.  doz.  bprays  . .  i  6  —  30 
Pelargoniums, 

P>ench,p.i2sprays  10—16 


J.  d.  s.  d. 
Pelargoniums,  Scar- 
let, p.  12  sprays.,  o  g  to  10 
Primroses,  p.  12  bun,  ..  —  20 
Nemophila,  p.  bun.  . .  —  06 
Roses,  per  doz.  . .  26  —  go 
Tropaiolums,  p.  bun.  . .  —  03 
Trumpet  Lilies.each  04  —  06 
Tulips,  per  doz.  ..06—16 
White  Lilac,  p.  doz. 

sprays       . .  ..60—76 

Violets,p, 12  bunches  06  —  10 
Do.,  Neapolitan,  p. 
doz.  bunches      . .     , ,  —  30 


Krimt. 

s.  d.    s.  d.  I  J.  d.    s.  d. 

Apples,  per  J  sieve  2  o  to  5  o  ,  Melons,  each         . .  o  o  to  o  o 

Cods,  per  100  lb.   .  .60  o  — 65  o  I  Oranges,  per  100  . .  6  o  — 10  o 

Filberts,  per  lb.     ..08  —  10    Pears,  per  dozen  . .  40  —  80 

Grapes,  per  lb.       ..80  —15  o     Pine-apples,  per  lb.  6  o  —10  o 
Lemons,  per  100   ..70  — 10  o  i 

Vegetables. 

.'T.  d.    s.  d. 


s.  d.  s.  d. 
ArtichokeSjgrcen,  ea,  o  6  to  o  8 
Asparagus,  per  100     6  o —  8  o 

—  French,  do.  ..12  o— 14  o 
Beet,  per  dm.  ,.    i  o —  2  o 

Broccoli,  purple,  per 

bundle       . .  . .      10 —  I  3 

Brussels  Sprouts,  p. 


half  sieve 
Cabbages,  per  doz. . . 
Cardoous,  each 
Carrots,  p.  bunch  . . 
—  French,  do. . . 
Cauliflowers,  p,  do?. 
Celcrj',  per  bundle  . 
Cucumbers,  each  . . 
French  Beans,  new, 

per  100 
Herbs,  per  bunch 


16—26 
10 —  I  3 
2  o —  4  o 
05—07 

1  o —  I  6 

2  o —  6  o 

1  o —   2  o 

2  o —  3  o 

2  o —  4  o 
o  2 —  o  4 


HorseRadish,  p.bun.3  oto  5  o 
Leeks,  per  bunch  ..  o  2 —  o  4 
Lettuces,  pcrscore. .  i  6—  2  o 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott,  i  o —  1  6 
Onions,  per  bunch  ..o  4 —  o  9 
Parsley,  p.  bunch  . .  o  2 —  o  4 
Peas,  new,  per  pun.  . .  —  30 
Potatos,  new  frame,  lb.  s  o —  4  o 
Radishes,  per  hunch  o  2 —  .. 

—  French,  do.  . .  o  4 —  o  6 
Rhubarb,  p.  bund.  .08—16 
Salsafy,  per  btin.  . .  o  9 —  1  3 
Scorzoncra,  per  bini.  o  9 —  i  3 
Seakalc,  per  punnet  i  o —  2  o 
Shallots,  ptr  lb.  ..  08 —  .. 
Spinach,  per  bushel  3  o —  4  o 
Turnips,  p.  bunch.,  o  2—  o  4 


Potatos,  Regents,  100^.  to  130J.  ;  Flukes,  120s.  to  150.'.  ; 
French  Shaws,  60s.  to  70s. 


POTATOS.—Southwark,  Feb.  26. 
During  the  past  week  the  arrivals  coastwise  have  again 
been  limited,  but  still  heavy  by  the  rail.  Trade  continues 
in  the  same  languid  state,  at  the  following  quotations  : — 
Yorkshire  Flukes,  per  ton,  xoos.  to  140J.  ;  Yorkshire 
Regents,  6oj.  to  looj-.  ;  Dunbar  and  East  Lothian  do., 
looj.  to  130J. ;  Perth,  Forfar,  and  Fifeshire  do.,  85J.  to 
105J-.  ;  do.  Rocks,  85J.  to  95J.  ;  Kent  and  Essex 
Regents,  6oj.  to  looj,;  do.  Rocks,  6oj-.  to  8oj.  ;  French 
Whites,  50J.  to  65.T. 


For  Want  Places,  &c.,  see  page  311. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  LIST  of  EVERGREEN  and 
HI  CI  HIT.  )US  SHRUBS.  RHni)ODENDRONS,STANDARD 
ORNAMIiNTAL  TREES,  CLIMBING  and  TWlNtflC,  PLANTS, 
with  ihcir  generic,  specific,  and  English  names,  native  country, 
heiRht,  time  of  fiowerine,  colour,  &c.,  and  general  remarks,  free 
by  post. 

RICHARD  SMITH,  Nursery-man  and  Seedsman,  Worcester. 

Q  TRONG     StANDARD^APPLES,~~PKARS,    and 

VD  WALNUTS.— Fine   Standard    and   dwarftrained    APRICOTS. 
PEACHES,   and   NECTARINES,    Standard  and    Dwarf    Perpetual 
ROSES,  Evergreen  and    Deciduous   Flowerinj,'  SHRUliS,   FOREST 
T  R  F.ES  of  sorts,  from  a  to  10  feet.     Prices  on  application  to 
CHARLES  BURGESS.  The  Nurseries,  London  Road,  Cheltenham 


New  and  Ex.  Ex.  Choice  Rower  Seeds. 
T     SCOTT,  The  Seed    Stores,   Yeovil,   Somerset,  has 

fJ   •      the  following  extra  choice  varieties  to  offer,  post  free  :— 

ASTERS.  Truffaul's  F.  PiLonyfl.  Perfection,  i,t.  ;  ditto,  Rcid's 
Improved  German,  6J.  and  ir.  AURICULA,  from  an  unrivalled 
stram,  ij.  BALSAMS,  extra  double,  ir.  CAI.CE(.>LARIA,  Scott's, 
?.,'^?  .  ,.i?:^xf^^^'^""^'  crossing  the  best  flowers  only,  u.  and  is.  6d. 
CYCLAMEN.  Wiggins',  u.  6d.  CINERARIA,  from  perfect  flowers, 
f^T?^,'^.-?f„Hr.,^',"i^-^^*^^^^'  ^■^""'^  ^'^"t  Crimson  Dwarf,  is 
DL-VNTHUS  DIADEM.\TUS,  .1.  HOLLYHOCK,  extra  double, 
I',  IMIONONEPI  K,  Crimson  Giant.  6d.  and  u.  ;  ditto,  Parsons" 
new  White,  is.  PHLOX  DRUMMONDII,  11.  PRIMULA,  from 
finest  fnngc<l  flowers,  ij.  and  as.  6d.  ZINNIA  ELEGANS  flore- 
p'eno,  extra  double,  6d.  and  is. 

For  other  choice  FLOWER  SEEDS,  see  CATALOGUE,  free  on 
application. 


Dahlias,  Pot  Roots,  from 
TJENRY     MAY'S    unequalled     COLLECTION.  — 

,  V  '^'^■'Clve  line  exhibition  kinds,  6j.  ;  aj  kinds,  qj  ;  48  kinds,  155 
I  urchasers  selection  from  Catalogue  a  little  extra.  Now  is  a  good 
time  to  procure  the  dormant  pot  roots.  Hi  nrv  May  can  also  supply 
large  ground  roots  of  most  kinds  of  Dahlias  that  arc  of  service  for 
exhibition  at  1/.  each. 

Fine  named  PHLOXES,  of  the  best  kinds,  6s.  per  doien. 

I'lne  named  FUCHSIAS,  „  4s  per  dozen 

This  IS  the  proper  season  to  remove  Rock,  Alpine,  and  Hardy 
Herbaceous  Plants.  H.  Mav's  Collections  arc  very  complete  and 
correctly  named.  ■'  "^ 

100  sons  ALPINE  and  ROCK  PLAN'IS,  /[i  loj. 

loosorts  Hardy  HERBACEOlfs  PLANTS,forgene^S^^^^^^ 
"^^  •■  1,  fiunerior  vr^rirti^^   cn< 

CATALOGUES  of  the  above  and  Dahlias  sent  by  ret  ,rt^  post 

CALCE(JLARIA  GEM,  a  dwarf,  shrubby-habiled  goldcnSlow. 
throwing  more  blooin  than  Anrea  lloribunda,  and  not  liable  iodic  ofl 
like  that  kind;  very  much  rprommendcd.  Price  per  dozen  as  •  ncr 
JOO,  20S.  .  t  •  .   F 

CALCEOLARIA  TRI9MPHE  DE  VERSAILLES,  an  improved 
Aurca  flonbunda,  same  kmd  of  growth  and  foliage.  Per  do?cn  .is  ■ 
per  100,  20.T.  <  I  ■  I 

PANSIES,   Cliveden   Yellow,    Black,    Blue,    Purple,   and    Magpie 
colours,   separate,   just   commencmg  to  bloom,  and  cap-iblc  of  great 
display  during  the  ensumg  season.     2j.  per  dozen,  izs.  per  100 
HENRY  .MA^',  'I'hc  Hope  Nurseries,  Bcdalc,  Voritshirc 


_  Kitchen  Garden  Seeds. 

(CHARLES    SHARPE    and    CO.,   Seed  Growers 

V^  and  Seed  Mercuants,  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
SEEDS  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  upon  appli- 


/CALCEOLARIA  AUREA   FLORIBUNDA. -Strong 

KJ  autumn-struck  plants,  very  clean  and  healthy,  5s  per  100,  40J.  pci 
1000.  VERBENA  PURPLE  KING,  nice  healthy  plants,  6s.  per  100, 
SOS.  per  1000.  VARIEGATASAVINS.r  foot,  bushy,  nicely  variegated, 
35s.  per  100. 

A  remittance  or  reference  from  unknown  correspondents, 
FIELD  BROTHERS,  Boiighton  Nursery,  Chester. 


f^PHOMAS    CRIPPS    AND    SON.     tunbridge    Wells 

J-    Nurseries,  Tunbridge  Wells,  Kent,  ofl"cr  new  Hybrid  Perpetual 

LEM/''"^'^^      -.-.r-_    ,z„-    .-.^      ■ »'- 

Lady    Caroline   N. 


blooming   CLEMATISES,   as    tent  our  for   first  time  last  spring,:— 
Lady    Caroline   Neville.    Star    of   India,   Tunbridgcnsis— First-cla 
Certificates  Royal  Horticultural  Society 


-First-class 

Prices,  strong  plants,  7s.   6d.   each  ;  extra  strong,  2-yr.   old  plants, 
I  OS.  6d.  each. 
Coloured  Drawings, 


■  each.     Descriptive  LISTS  on  application. 


„^  Special  Notice. 

T>  O  S  E  S      and      VINES      at    Wholesale     Prices. 

J-  \i    Fine  Standard  ROSES,  best  sorts,  10s.  per  dozen. 

Fine  Dwarf  ROSES,  best  sorts,  7s.  per  dozen. 

Fine  fruiting  VINES,  of  sorts,  51.  each;  541.  per  dozen. 

Fine  planting  VINES,  of  sons,  aj,  6d.  each;  241.  per  doz. 
LISTS  free.    Terms  cash.     Post  Oftice  orders  payable  at  Huntingdon. 

KIRK  ALLEN,  The  Nurseries,  Brampton,  Huntingdon. 


New  Roses  of  1872 

JOHN  CRANSTON,  Kings  Acre  Nurseries,  near 
Hereford,  offers  extra  fine  Dwarf  plants  of  the  NEW  ROSES  of 
1872.  The  varieties  have  been  selected  with  the  greatest  care,  and  are 
beliei'ed  to  be  those  most  worthy  of  general  cultivation. 

Plants,  equal  in  quality  to  those  for  which  the   Establishment  has 
been  so  long  and  justly  celebrated,  will  be  ready  in  March. 
Descriptive  LIST  post  free  on  application. 


Three  Plrst-class  Certificates  for  the  Magnificent  new 

HYBRID    PERPETUAL    CLIMBING    ROSE,    PRINCESS 
LOUISE  VICTORIA. 

WM.  KNIGHT  has  still  a  limited  number  of  strong 
Plants  of  the  abo\e,  and  will  continue  to  supply  it  at  71.  6d.,  or 
three  for  2is.  Usual  Trade  discount.  Also,  a  large  and  varied 
GENERAL  NURSERY  STOCK,  which  cannot  be  surpassed. 
CATALOGUES  free  on  application. 
^ Floral  Nurseries.  Hailsham,  Sussex. 


L      Gladioli  Seedlings,  by  Name,  from  Paris. 
EVE(^UE  ANO  SON,  NuRSKRYMF.N,  Ivry-sur-Scine, 
near  Paris  (late  ISoulevard  dc  I'Hopital),  offt*r  the  followinc-— 
GLADIOLI    SEEDLINGS,  first-class,  perioo,7J,  ;  per  1000^3    o    o 

100  GLADIOLI,  by  name,    10  sorts  080 

^°°  .1  u  25    „  o  14    o 

^°°  "  »  50    „  ,£1  to    2    o    o 

'°9     .      >'        ,  ..  100    „  ;C2  to    6    o    o 

And   upwards,  according   to  the  novelty  of  the  sorts;  all  in  good 
flowering  bulbs.     Cheque  on  Bankers  accepted  for  payment. 


_     Collections  of  Vegetable  and  Flower  Seeds. 

TAMES     DICKSON     and     SONS'     are    the     most 

fJ      liberally  supplied    and    best   "Made-up   COLLECTIONS"   ol 
GARDEN  and  FLOWER  SEEDS. 

VEGETABLE  SEEDS,  125.  6rf,,  21^.,  31s.  &/.,  431  ,  6v  .  and  low 
FLOWER  SEEDS,   loj.  6d.,  12s.  6d.,   15s.,  21s  ,  30.?.;  and  42^    con- 
taining selections  of  the  choicest  German,  English,  and  other  Flowers. 

:e. 
Eastgate  Street,  and 


Carriage  free.     I>escriptive  priced  LISTS  post  free. 
lAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS,  102  and  108,  E 

Newton  Nurseries,  Chestei 


WANTED,      ERODIUM       IN'CARNATUM, 
NIKRKMllF.ROIA  INTERMEDIA. 
CUPHEA  MELVIl.LA, 
PELARGONIUMS,  TRICOLOR, 
PELARGONIUM  CORONOPIFOLIUM. 
Anyone,  either  Amateur  or  Nurseryman,  able  to  supply  the  above, 
even  in  sinirle  plants,  will  nblicc  by  oflerinir  them  per  letter  to 

JEAN    VERSCHAFFELT,   134,   Faubourg   de    Bruxelles,   Ghent, 
Ueltiium. 


RICHARD  SMITH'S  FRUIT  LIST  contains  a 
sketch  of  the  various  forms  of  Trees,  with  Directions  for 
Cultivation,  Soil,  Drainage,  Manure,  Pruning,  Lifting,  Cropping, 
Treatment  under  Glass,  also  their  synonyms,  quality,  size,  form, 
skin,  colour,  flesh,  flavour,  use,  growth,  duration,  season,  price,  &c 
F'ree  by  post  for  one  stamp, 
RICHARD  SMITH.  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant.  Worcester. 

New  Apple,  Beauty  of  Hants. 

Not  GLORY  of  HANT.S. 

THOS.  THORNTON  has  much  pleasure  in  bringing 
before  the  notice  of  the  Public  the  above,  a  decided  acquisition 
It  is  a  seedling  from  the  well  known  Blenheim  Orange,  which  it  far 
sumasses  in  size,  flavour  and  keeping  qualities ;  it  is  of  conical  form, 
and  very  highly  coloured^  and  has  been  highly  commended  by  the 
principal  gardening  periodicals,  Strong  maiden  plants  will  be  ready 
in  November.  Price  ys.  6./.  each.  The  usual  discount  to  the  Trade. 
Orders  now  being  received. 

A  Coloured  Illustration  of  Three  Fruits,  sent  per  post  on  receipt  of 
2i.  in  postage  stamps. 

T.  THORNTON,  The  Nurseries,  Heatherside,  Bagshot,  Surrey. 

TO  BE  SOLD,  Cheap,  RASPBERRY  CANES^ 
SEAKALE  for  planting,  Common  LAURELS,  Standard 
APPLES,  PEARS,  and  PLUMS;  Pyramid  APPLES,  PEARS 
PLUMS,  and  CHERRIES;  Dwarf-trained  PLUMS  and  PEARS- 
strong  fruiting  VINES,  of  sorts, 

H.  MALLER,  The  Nurseries,  Lee  and  Lcwisham. 


BEDDING  GERANIUMS,  summer  -struck. - 
Christine,  Lc  Grand,  Amy  Hogg,  Riiou,  Duchess,  Madame 
Vnuchcr,  Madame  Rose  Charmcux,  Lord  Palmcrston,  Rosa  Mundi, 
Wiltshire  Lass,  Excellent,  Sheen's  Rival,  &c,,  ys.  per  loo;  strong 
cuttings,  sj.  per  loo,  or  91.  per  200, 

W.  RC.,  Wcllesbourne,  Warwick. 


HENRY  C  A  N"N  E  L  L '  S'  "  AMATEURS'  and 
NURSERYMENS'  ILLUSTRATED  FLORAL  GUIDE 
gives  every  particular  of  all  the  newest  and  best  Zonal.  Bicolor, 
Tricolor,  Variegated,  and  Double  Pelargoniums,  Fuchsias,  \'erbcnas, 
Petunias,  Chrysanthemums,  Dahlias,  Calceolarias,  Pentslemons 
Antirrhinums.  Lobelias,  Phloxes,  and  all  the  most  popular  Bedding 
Plants,  &c.,  in  cultivation:  their  improved  qualities  being  correctly 
described,  and  classed  according  to  their  colours,  with  the  very  lowest 
prices  consistent  with  quality  and  economy  ;  and  a  great  deal  of  other 
valuable  information. 
Glenny  reports  this    Catalogue  in  Lloyd's  thus:— "The   most  im- 

Sorlant  feature  in  this  work  is  a  vivid  description  of  the  subjects  he 
as  grown  and  proved.     Cannell  in  floriculture  is  what  Loudon  was  in 
general  gardening.     His  research  is  somewhat  astounding.     It  con- 
tains a  mass  of  information  from  which  the  amateur  may  learn  much." 
Sent  free  for  Eight  Stamps, 
The  BEST  LIGHT  FUCHSIA  in  CULTIVATION. 
ARABELLA  IMPROVED. 
H.  Canni.ll  begs  to  draw  the  attention  of  Growers  to  the  above 
splendid  new    Fuchsia,  which  is  decidedly  the  best   light  variety  in 
every  way,  either  for    Exhibition,    Decoration,  or    Market.     Strong- 
rooted  Cuttings    sent  post  free  for  is.  3d.   each;    wcll-establishcc.' 
Plants,  25.  3rf.  each. 

ZONAL  PELARGONIUM,   UCAN  SISLEY. 

'I'his  IS  decidedly  the  brightest  scarlet  and  the  most  brilliant  and 
attractive  variety  yd  sent  out,  and  far  more  saleable  than  any  other 
Geranium  ever  introduced.  Strong  Autumn  Plants  sent  post  free  for 
12  stamps,  6s.  per  dozen. 

BEST  HYBRIDIZED  ZONAL  SEED    EVER   OFFERED 

IL  Canndll  has  great  pleasure  in  drawing  the  aitenlion  nf  his 
Friends  and  Amateur  Customers  to  the  above  Superior  Seed,  which 
has  been  saved  with  unusual  care  from  a  large  collcclion  of  all  the  Best 
and  Newest  Zonals  in  cultivation  obtained  from  all  pans  of  the  world, 
his  extensive  Geranium  House  having  been  especially  devoted  to 
Trial  and  Seeding  last  season— see  Gardttters'  Clnonidr,  October  7, 
iS;!.  Now  is  the  best  time  to  Sow  for  Summer  Blooming  and  Bedding, 
The  above  cannot  fail  to  produce  some  splendid  New  Varieties, 
Supplied  in  is.  and  21,  packets. 

.1  FAN  SISLEY.— Acknowledged  to  be  by  far  the  finest  Scarlet  ever 
yet  introduced.     Seed  separately  saved,  is.  per  packet. 

New  J-'loiibl  Flowers  iuid  1  loriil  FlowcrSccd  Mc'chant,  M'oolwicli. 


British  Fern  Catalogue. 
"OOBERT   SIM    will  send   post   free  for  six  postage 

Xt     stamps,  Parti.   (British   Ferns  and   their  varieties,   36  pages, 
including  prices  of  Hardy   E.\otic  Ferns)  of  his  Priced  Descriptive 
CATALOGUE  of  BRITISH  and  EXOTIC  FERNS,  No.  7. 
Foot's  Cray  Nursery,  Sidcup  Hill,  Kent. 

BUTLER,  Mcculloch;  and"  co.'s^spRfNG 
CATALOGUE  of  SEEDS  for  1872  is  now  ready.  It  contains 
many  Novelties  of  merit  and  worth  consideration.  Sent  free  and 
post  paid  on  application, 

27,  South  Row,  Covent  Garden  Market,  London,  W.C. 
__ ^Established  upwards  of  a  ccnlur>'. 

B"  To  the  Trade. 
ETA    CHILENSIS    (True),    the   variety  grown  so 
Ti.      -f^fensively   in   all   the    London    Parks  and   Public   Gardens.— 
The   Undersigned   have   a   small  quantity  to  offer.     Price  per  ounce 
on  application. 
BUTLER,  McCULLOCH,ANDCO.,Covent  Garden  Market,  W.C. 


MAURICE  YOUNG'S  NEW  TRADE  LIST  of 
CONIFERS,  HARDY  EVERGREEN  TREES  and 
SHRUBS,  ROSES,  RHODODENDRONS,  JAPANESE  PLANTS, 
NEW  AUCUBAS,  &c.,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  on 
application. 

Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming,  Surrey. 


]\/|r  O  U  N  T  A  I  N       ASH,       for       Undenvood. 

-^*-*-  3  to  4  feet,  31.  per  100,  251.  per  1000;  4  to  5  feet,  4J.  per  100, 
30J.  per  1000;  J  to  6  feet,  51.  per  100,  35*.  per  1000;  6  to  8  feet.  io5.  per 
100.     See  CATALOGUE.  •  f 

^__Jj\M^S^lTrH^arley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 

_  Forest  Trees.  -    —  — 

T  ARCH,       SCOTCH.       SPRUCE,       SYCAMORE, 

J-J     HORSE     CHESTNUT,     BIRCH,     LIMES,     MOUNTAIN 
ASH,  &c.     A  fine  stock.     For  prices,  see  CATALOGUE, 
JAMES  SMITH.  Darley  Dale  Nurseries,  near  Matlock. 


Australian  Seeds  and  Plants. 

SEEDS    of  TIMBER   TREES,  PALMS.  SHRUBS. 
_     _  &c..    Plants   indigenous   to    Austr.ilia,    New    Zealand,   and    Fiji, 


including  ARAUCARI.\S,  TREE  FERNS,  variegated  FLAX,  &c. 
Orders  may  be  left  with  our  London  Agents,  Messrs.  C.  I.  BLACKITH 
AND  CO.,  Cox's  (.Juay,  Lower  Thames  Street,  London,  E.C.,  for 
transmission. 

SHEPHERD    AND     CO.,    Nurseomen    and    Seedsmen,    Darling 
Nursery,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales.     Established  1827. 

To  Thicken  PlaiTtatlonsandShadyWalks. 

HEMLOCK  SPRUCE.-Thisgracelul,  beautiful  Fir, 
so  frequently  described  in  American  travels,— 

4  to  5  feet,  5s.  per  dozen,  30J.  per  100. 

5  to  6  feet,  Hj.  per  dozen,  501.  per  100. 
RICHARD  SMITH,  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


Evergreen  Hedge  or  Screen. 

THUJOPSIS  EOREALIS.  — This  beautiful  silvery 
Conifer,  in  appearance  between  the  Cypress  and  Siberian  Arbor- 
vita;,  is  fast-growing,  compact,  and  bears  clipping  well ;  it  is  so  hardy 
that  no  frost  can  hurt  it  in  Britain. 

Upright,   well-prown    shrubs.   7    feet    high    and   upwards,    at    the 
extremely  low  price  of  30J.  per  dozen. 
RICHARD  SMITH.  Nurseryman  and  Seed  Merchant,  Worcester. 


QTRONG  Transplanted  LARCH,  2  to  4*  leet  ;  OAKS, 

O  SPRUCE  FIR,  SCOTCH  FIR,  HAZELS,  and  ojher  FOREST 
TREES.  The  Larches  being  grown  on  newly  broken-up  land,  in  an 
exposed  situation,  are  extra  good  rooted,  very  stout,  with  fine  leaders. 
Prices  very  reasonable,  which  can  be  had  by  applying  to 

C.  WHITEHOUSE,  Brereton  Nursery,  Rugeley,  Staffordshire. 


FOREST  TREES,  Cheap.-  Larch,  2  to  3  feet  : 
Scotch,  i':,'  to  2  feet ;  Spruce,  z  to  3  feet  ;  Sycamore,  2  to  3  feet ; 
Birch,  2  to  i\i  feet;  Elm,  3  to  6  feet ;  Oak,  2  to  4  feet  ;  Alder,  2  to 
4  feet :  Ash,  3  to  5  feet,  will  be  SOLD,  Cheap  ;  the  ground  wanted  for 
other  things. 

J.  HUDDART,  Farrington  Hall  Nurseries. 


STRONG  FOREST  TREES,  for  planting  in  sheltered 
places,  for  immediate  effect :— Austrian  Fir,  2  to  3  feet;  Scotch 
Fir,  2  to  4  feet ;  Larch,  2!i  to  3'^  feet ;  Oak,  2?^  to  3  feet ;  Alder,  3  to 
5  feet ;  Sycamore,  3  to  7  feet ;  Norway  Maple,  5  to  7  feet ;  Mountain 
Ash,  5  to  6  feet ;  Birch,  4  to  5  feet;  Ontario  and  Lombardy  Poplars, 
3  to^  feet ;  Huntingdon  Willow, 4  feet ;  Weymouth  Pine,  iJi  to  2  feet; 
Ccmbra  Pine,  ij-i  to  2  feet. 

LITTLE      AND      BALLANTYNE,      The      Carlisle     Nurseries^ 
Knowefield,  Carlisle. 


Forest  and  Ornamental  Planting. 

PETER    LAWSON    and    SON    respectfully    solicit 
early    orders    for    FOREST    TREES    and     ORNAMENTAL 
TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  they  can  supply  to  great  extent. 

The  large  breadths  of  LARCHES,  from  i  to  3;^  feet,  SCOTCH 
FIR,  NORWAY  SPRUCE,  AUSTRIAN  PINES,  and  other  leadinff 
sorts  of  FOREST  TREES,  are  unusually  fine,  and  worthy  of  inspec- 
tion, CATALOGUES  and  special  ofiers  will  be  furnished  upon 
application. 
Edinburgh  and  London.— December,  1871. 


Eltham  Nursery,  Kent,  S.E. 

TWO    MILES    from    BLACKHEATH    STATION; 
ONE  MILE  from  ELTHAM,  LOOP-LINE. 

rpHIRTY  ACRES  of  healthy,  well-grown  NURSERY 

J-  STOCK,  of  cvcrydescription,  comprising  Specimen  CONIFERS 
and  EVERGREENS  of  all  sizes.  Standard  ROSES.  FRUIT  TREES. 
&c.  Gentlemen  who  intend  planting  this  season  are  invited  to  come 
and  select  for  thewselves. 

JAMES  W.  TODMAN,  Eltham  Nursery.  Kent,  S.E. 


TO  PLANTERS.— STRONG  FOREST  TREES,  &c. 
LARCH,  2  to  3,  7%  to  2%<  and  3  to  4  feet. 
SCOTCH,  i}i  to  2,  2  to  2;^',  and  2^^  to  3  leet. 
SPRUCE,  I',  to  2,  2  to  2%,  2;^  to  3,  and  3  to  4  feet. 
ENGLISH  OAKS,  2%  to  3':^,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  5  to  6,  and  6  to  7  ft. 
BIRCH,  2  to  3,  3  104,  4  tos,  and  5  to  6  feet. 
ELMS  (Wych),  2103,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
HAZELS.  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  and  4  to  5  feet. 
MOUNTAIN  AsH.  2  to  3,  3  to  4.  and  4  to  5  feet. 
SYCAMORES,  2  to  3,  3  to  4,  4  to  5,  and  5  to  6  feet. 
With  many  others,  all  of  the  best  quality.     The   Larch  are  clean, 
stout,  well-grown  stuff,  and  have  never  been  injured  by  frost. 
JOHN  HILL.  The  Nurseries.  Spot  Acre,  near  Stone,  Staffordshire. 

IVr    ^^^O^D         NURSERIES, 

■^  near  Godalming. 

For    NEW   and    RARE    HARDY    PLANTS   and 


For  HARDY  ORNAMENTAL  TREES  and  SHRUBS, 

EVERGREEN.S      &c,,     see     MAURICE    YOUNG'S    New 
Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For     RHODODENDRONS    and    other    AMERICAN 

PLANTS,     see     MAURICE    YOUNG'S    New    Descriptive 
CATALOGUE.  ' 

For  STANDARD   and    HALF  STANDARD   ROSES. 

see  MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  NEW  JAPANESE   AUCUBAS.    see    MAURICE 

YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

ForJAPANESE   NOVELTIES,  see  MAURICE 

YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  Cheap  EVERGREENS  and  SHRUBS  for  COVER 

PLANTING      or       SHRUBBERIES.       .see       MAURICE 
YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  PLANTS  suitable  for  WINTER    BEDDING,    see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For  TRANSPLANTED    FOREST   TRKES,    see 

MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  CATALOGUE. 

For   EXTRA    TRANSPLANTED    or   QUARTERED 

FOREST   TREES    for   Planting    Bells   or   Shrubberies,    see 
MAURICE  YOUNG'S  New  Descriptive  Catalogue. 
Forwarded  on  appiication  enclosing  st.imp. 
Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming. 


JIarch 


I87i.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


295 


SEEDSMEN  to  the  aXJEEN, 


And  to  the  PRINCE  of  WALES. 


CABTEE'S 
GRASS     SEEDS. 


CARTER'S 

Mixtures   of  Grass   Seeds, 

Kor  PERMANENT  PASTURES, 
Carefully  arranged  to  suit  the  various  conditions  of  Soils. 

Per  acre. 
For  Light  Soils  ..^   ^,_„,,,.^  (30s.  to  32s. 

FREE. 


For  Medium  Soils 
For  Heavy  Soils  • 
Second  quality,  22s.  to  28s.  per  acre. 


■J  30s.  to  32s. 
1 30s.  to  32s. 


Carter's  Grass  Seeds  at  Aldershot  Camp. 

EVIDENCE    OF    QUALITY. 

I'roin  Col.  L.\ri".\N,  R.E. 

"Aldershot  Camp,  Feb.  4,  1871. 
"  Colonel  Laftan  presents  his  compliments  to  Messrs. 
C.  &  Co.,  and  begs  to  inform  them  that  all  the  Grass  and 
Clover  Seeds  supplied  by  them  to  the  War  Office,  for  use 
at  Aldershot  last  year,  have  succeeded  admirably.  Last 
year  a  very  good  crop  of  excellent  Hay  was  produced  on 
what  had  previously  been  a  barren  sand." 


Carter's  Renovating  Mixture, 

For  RENEWING  and  IMPROVING  OLD  GRASS 

LANDS. 

The  Mixture  is  composed  of  those  sorts  of  Permanent 

Grass  Seeds  and  Clovers  that  are  best  suited  for  Sowing 

on  Old  Pastures  or  Meadows,  and  it  will  speedily  improve 

the  quality  and  increase  the  produce.     During-  the  pas' 

dry  seasons  we  have  supplied  immense  quantities  of  this 

Mixture,   and   continue  to  receive   the  most    gratifying 

reports  of  its  value  in  increasing  both  quantity  and  quahty 

of  the  Grass  produced. 

(8  lb.  to  12  lb.  per  acre  xvill  be  found  sufficient^  according 

to  the  condition  of  the  turf.) 

Price,  per  lb.,  lOd.;  per  cwt.,  86s.    Carriage  Free. 


EVIDENCE  OF  QUALITY. 

From  G.  T.  Dickinson,  Esq. 

"  WTieelbirks,  Northumberland. 
*'  I  have  got  from  iS  to  3  tons  per  acre  of  Hay,  from  a 
field  that  was  covered  with  Whin,  Heather,  and  Thorns, 
wlien  I  bought  it  in  1864.  In  1867  it  was  drained,  and 
the  Whin  stubbled  up  and  burned.  It  was  then  limed, 
and  after  that  had  some  half-inch  bones  put  on  it,  with 
some  of  Carter's  Renovating  Grass  Seeds." 


CARTER'S 

Mixed  Clovers  and  Rye-grasses, 

Or  "bEEDS."     For  Alternate  Husb.\ndry. 

Per  acre. — s.  d. 
CLOVERS  and  RYE-GRASS  only,  to  lay  one  year  14  o 
CLOVERS  and  GRASSES  to  lay  one  year. .  . .  15  o 
CLOVERS  and  GRASSES  to  lay  two  years  . .   iS  6 

CLOVERS  and  GRASSES  to  lay  three  orfouryears  24  o 
CLOVERS  only,  to  lay  one  year        .,  ..ijr.  to  146 

EVIDENCE  OF  QUALITY. 

From  J.    G.    BURCH.\M,    Esq. 

"  Heasham,  Lynn. 
"  The  Grass  Seeds  I  had  of  you  for  three  years"  lay  are 
admirable,  and  continue  to  produce  me  wonderful  crops, 
paying  better  than  Corn." 


Before  Laying  Down  Land  to  Grass,  read 

CARTER'S 

Illustrated  FARMERS'  CALENDAR, 

Post  Free.  (id.     Gratis  to  Customers. 


JAMES  CARTER  and  CO., 

SEEDSMEN  to  the  QUEEN  and  the  PRINCE  of  WALES, 
£37  and  238,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  LONDON,  W.C. 


M 

M 


Wood  Engravtnef. 
R.  W.   G.   SMITH.   Artist  and   Engraver   on 

Wood,  12,  North  Grove  West,  Mildmay  Park,  London,  N. 

R.   JAMES    FRASER,    Horticultural   and 

Agbicl'Ltl'ral  Valuer  and   Auctioneer,  Mayland's  Farm, 
iford,  Essex  ;  iale  of  the  firm  o(  J,  &  J.  Frascr,  Lea  BridRC  Road. 


rpo    BE    DISPOSED  OF,  on  very  reasonable  terms, 

X.  tlic  STOCK,  LEASE,  and  GOODWILL  of  a  small  esiablishcd 
Nursery;  Kiirnishiiu' and  Jobbing  Business  attached.  West  End  of 
London.     R,  B.,  Silchestcr  Road  Nursery,  Netting  Hill,  W. 


To  Nurserymen  &  Others.— Aberdeen  Pajlt,  Highbury. 

^"PO    BE    LET,    an    ENCLOSURE   of    about   TWO 

JL    .'VCRES.— For  pariicnlars  apply  to  A.   B.    FREND,  44,  Bedford 
Row,  W.C. 


To  Nurserymen  and  Others. 

TO  BE  SOLD,  the  LEASE  and    GOODWILL  of  a 
NURSERY,    situate     in    an     eligible    position    in    the    Upper 
Richmond  Road,  Putney. 

For  particulars  and  other  information,  apply  to   Mr.  CHAMBERS, 
I,  Alabaster  Cottages,  Brickfields,  Putney,  S.W. 


SALES     BY    AUCTION. 

Periodical  Sale  of  Poultry  and  Pigeons. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covcnt  Garden,  W.C, 
on  TUESDAY,  ^^-lrch  5,  at  hall-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  first- 
class  LlRht  and  Dark  ItRAHMAS  and  DORKINGS,  from  Mr. 
Dowsett,  and  a  fjrcat  variety  of  other  POULTRY  from  well-known 
breeders;  JACOBINS,  CARRIERS,  BARBS,  and  POUTERS,  from 
Mr.  Heath  ;  and  a  variety  of  other  PIGEONS,  including  many  Prize 
Birds,  well  worthy  of  attention. 
On  view  the  mornmf;  of  Sale,  and  Catalofiues  had. 


Hardy  Plants  and  Bulbs. 
ATR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 

J-tJL  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C, 
on  WEDNESDAY,  March  6.  at  hail-past  12  o'clock  precisely, 
Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES;  Standard,  Pyramid,  and  Dwarl- 
trained  FRUIT  TREES,  DECIDUOUS  TREES  and  SHRUBS, 
specimen  CONIFERS,  LAURELS,  RHODODENDRONS, 
HOLLIES,  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS,  RASPBERRY  CANES, 
STRAWBERRY  PLANTS,  GLADIOLI,  RUSTIC  SEATS, 
STOOLS,  VASES,  &c. 
On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Lilies  from  Japan. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C., 
on  THURSDAY,  March  7,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely, 
10,000  fine  BULBS  of  LILIUM  AURATUM,  and  other  choice 
LILIES,  from  Japan  and  other  parts. 
On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Highly  Important  Sale  of  Specimen  Stove  and 

GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  the  PROPERTY  of  a  GENTLEMAN 
who  has  RANKED  amongst  the  MOST  SUCCESSFUL 
EXHIBITORS  during  past  years. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  favoured  with  instmctions 
from  Mr.  J.  Carr,  of  Byfleet  Lodge,  Weybridge,  to  oflcr  for 
SALE  by  AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent 
Garden,  on  FRIDAY,  March  15,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely, 
without  the  least  reserve,  the  whole  of  his  EXHIBITION 
SPECIMENS,  consisting  of  splendid  plants  of  all  the  best  varieties  of 
Heaths,  Azaleas,  Ornamental  Foliage  Plants,  Exotic  and  British 
Ferns,  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  &c. ,  which  have  formed  a  leading 
feature  in  the  various  metropolitan  exhibitions  during  several  past 
years.  The  plants  are  all  in  the  finest  possible  condition,  and  can  be 
seen  at  Byfleet  one  week  previous  to  the  Sale,  and  on  the  day  of  Sale 
at  Mr.  J.  C  STEVENS"  Horticultural  Sale  Rooms,  38,  King  Street, 
Covent  Garden,  W.C,  and  Catalogues  had. 


38  and  39,  Gracechurch  Street,  City,  E.C. 

UNRESERVED  SALE  of  250  ENGLISH-GROWN  CAMELLIAS 
and  AZALEA  INDICA,  &c. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  the  City  Auction  Rooms,  as  above,  on 
MONDAY,  March  4,  at  half-past  12  o'Clock  precisely,  without  reserve, 
about  250  English-grown  CAMELLIAS  and  AZALEA  INDICA, 
compact  plants,  in  perfect  health,  beautifully  furnished  with  bloom- 
buds  ;  400  fine  Standard  and  Dwarf  ROSES,  selected  FRUIT 
TREES,  choice  hardy  CONIFER.^£  and  EVERGREEN  SHRUBS 
and  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  LILIUMS  (of  sorts),  ERICAS. 
EPACRIS,  DAHLIAS,  &c. 

On  view  the  morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  may  be  had  at  the  Rooms, 
and  of  the  Auctioneers  and  Valuers,  Leytonstone,  E. 


Bingley  Hall,  Birmingham. 

rpHE  FOURTH  GREAT  CENTRAL  EXHIBITION 

X    and   SALE  of  Young  BULLS    and   other   Purebred   SHORT- 
HORNS will  be  held  on  THURSDAY,  March  7,  next 

Upwards  of  100  Head  of  highly-descended  BULLS,  COWS,  and 
HEIFERS,  from  the  Herds  of  Earl  Zetland,  Lord  Uraybrooke,  Lord 
Sudeley,  Colonel  Loyd  Lindsay:  Messrs,  J.  C  Adkins,  Bayes,  Can- 
ning, E.  H.  Cheney,  Curlier,  T.  Carne,  G.  and  Y.  R.  Graham,  Hands, 
How,  Harris,  Lythall,  Morris,  I'ulley,  Sheldon,  Upson,  Woodward, 
Rev.  R.  B.  Kennard,  Rev.  W.  Sneyd,  and  other  noted  Breeders,  are 
entered. 

The  whole  of  the  Animals  exhibited  will  be  olTcred  for  SALE  by 
AUCTION,  by  Messrs.  LYTHALL  and  CLARKE,  without  any 
further  reserve  than  entering  ihem  at  Twenty  Guineas  each. 

Admission  from  o  to  4,  u. 

The  Judging  will  commence  at  9,  and  the  Auction  at  n,  or  as  soon 
as  the  Judges  have  completed  their  awards. 

Catalogues,  with  Pedigrees,  td.  each,  may  be  had  on  application. 
JOHN  B.  LYTHALL,  Secretary. 

Offices,  39,  New  Street,  Birmingham. 


Berkeley  Castle,  Gloucestershire. 

THIRD  PERIODICAL  SALE  of  PURFMJRED  SHORTHORN 
STOCK,  BERKSHIRE  PIGS,  fta. 

1\/TR.  JOHN  THORNTON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 

-*■-*"  without  reserve,  on  FRIDAY,  March  8,  at  the  Home  Farm. 
Berkeley,  FORTY  HEAD  of  PURE-BRED  SHORTHORNS,  the 
property  of  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Fitzhardingc.  About  half  the 
number  are  choice  Cows  and  Heifers,  including  several  good  speci- 
mens of  the  Florentia.  Ursula,  and  Violet  tribes,  trom  Col.  Kingscote, 
Messrs.  Bowly  and  Rich's  herds.  The  Bulls  comprise  many  promis- 
ing young  animals  of  fashionable  blood,  such  as  the  Darlington, 
Craggs,  Lowslip,  Musical,  and  Seraphina  families.  They  are  all  by 
firsi-class  Bates  Sires,  and  chiefly  by  the  well-known  Bull,  Lord  Wild 
Eyes  5th  (26,7621,  who  is  also  included  in  the  Sale. 

The  Sale  will  commence  at  half-past  12  with  Ten  prime  fat  Short- 
horn   Oxen,   and   several   first-class  you^ig_  Berkshire    Pigs,   of   the 


elebratcd  Berkeley  breed,  will  also  be  SOLD. 
Catalogues,   with    Pedigrees,   may   be   had  __     __      _ 

Berkeley  Castle;  or  of  JOHN   THORNTON,  15,  Langham  Pl'acc' 


Catalogues,   with    Pedigrees,   may   be   had   of    Mr.    OCT.    LONG. 

crkclcy  Castle  ;  or  of  JO""   '■•■^' ' '  -        .         -.       ' 

Regent  Street,  London,  W. 


Littlebury,  near  Saffron  Walden. 

IMPORTANT    SALE    of    SHORTHORNS. 

MR.  STRAFFORD  begs  to  announce  that  he  ha^ 
received  instructrons  from  the  Executors  of  the  late  John 
Clavden.Esq.of  Littlebury,  to  SELL  by  AUCTION,  without  reserve, 
on  TUESDAY,  March  iq  next,  the  very  select  HERD  of  PURE-BRED 
SHORTHORNS,  consisting  of  about  35  Head  of  Bulls,  Cows,  and 
Heifers,  chieflyof  the  far-famed  Knightley  blood,  and  including  a  few 
very  choice  specimens  of  the  Kirklevmgton  sort.  First-class  Bulls  of 
these  renowned  families  have  been  used. 

Mr.  Strafford,  having  seen  the  slock,  can  with  great  confidence 
recommend  them  to  the  favourable  notice  of  purchasers;  they  are  in 
fine  health,  and  regular  breeders,  and  their  safe  alTords  .in  excellent 
opportunity  of  obtaJning  animals  that  have  been  bred  with  great  care 
and  Judgment. 

Catalogues  with  Pedigrees  may  be  hid  on  application  to  Mr. 
STRAFFORD,  13,  Euston  Square,  London,  N.W. :  or  of  Mr  WM 
CLAYDEN,  Littlebury,  Safl^ron  Walden. 


Agricultural  Seeds. 

CHARLES  SHARPE  and  CO.,  Si.ed  Growers 
and  SEtn  Merchants,  Sieaford,  Lincolnshire,  beg  to  intimate 
that  their  WHOLESALE  CATALOGUE  of  HOME-GROWN 
AGRICULTURAL  SEEDS  is  now  ready  and  will  be  forwarded, 
post  free,  upon  application. 

Notice  to  Large  Purchasers  of  Farm  Seeds. 


CARRIAGE  FREE. 


CARRIAGE  FREE. 


MESSRS.  SUTTON  have  now  completed  their  stocks 
of  FARM  SEEDS,  and  will  be  pleased  to  make  special  quota- 
tions to  large  purchasers  on  application  stating  sorts  and  quantities 
required. 

Messrs.     Suttons'    FARMERS'    YEAR    BOOK,    Illustrated,    is 
now  ready,  price  6tf.  ;  gratis  to  Customers. 

SU  PTON  AND  SONS,  Seedsmen  to  the  Queen,  Reading. 


R 


OYAL        DUBLIN         SOCIETY. 

Founded  A  D.  1731,  Incorporated  ad.  1741. 
PaU\m—\\GX  Alajesty  The  Quei:n, 


Vici-Pairon—lW^  Royal  Highness  The  "I'rinci;  oi"  Wales. 

/V«(if^K/— His  Excellency  Thk  Lord  Lieuten\nt  of  Ireland. 

1872.— ANNUAL  GREAT  SPRING  C.VPTLE  SHOW  o( 
BREEDING  and  FAT  STOCK,  SWINE,  IMPLEMENTS  and 
MECHANICAL  APPLIANCES,  FRIEZE,  TWEEDS, 
BLANKETS,  to  be  held  on  TUESDAY,  April  9,  and  three 
following  days. 

The  Prizes,  which  are  open  to  general  competition  to  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  will  include — 

The  Chaloner  Plate,  value  One  Hundred  and  Fifty-five  Sovereigns. 

Besides  Money  Prizes,  exceeding  £350,  a  large  number  of  Medals 
and  several  Honorary  Certificates,  &c. 

CS^  Applications  (including  postage  stamp)  for  Forms  of  Entry  to 
be  sent  to  Mr.  A.  Corrigan,  Superintendent,  Agricultural  Office, 
Rm-al  Dublin  Society,  Dublin. 

The  last  day  for  receiving  Notice  of  Entrj'  on  Single   Fees  will  be 
Friday,  March  8,  and  the  last  day  on  payment  of  Double  Fees  will  be 
Thursday,  March  14.     By  order, 
W.  E.  STEELE,  M.D.,  Registrar  and  Assistant  Secretary. 


CENTRAL  CHAMBER  of  AGRICULTURE.— 
A  MEETING  of  the  CENTRAL  COUNCIL  will  be  held  at  the 
SALISBURY  HOTEL,  on  TUESD.\Y,  March  5-time,  11  o'Clock 
ill  ihe  forenoon— when  the  Elected  Members  of  the  Council  and  the 
Annual  Deputies  and  Deputed  Members  from  Associated  Chambers 
are  requested  to  attend. 

Members  of  the  Legislature  (not  Deputed  or  Elected  on  the  Council), 
who   may   be   interested  in  the   subjects   for  consideration,  arc  also 
invited  to  be  present,  though  not  privileged  to  vole. 
AGENDA. 

To  transact  General  Business. 

To  amend  Bye-Law  No.  10,  as  per  notice  given  bv  Mr.  T.  Willson. 

To  consider  whether  the  Council  Meeting  on  April  2  should  be  held 
/n7/crjHa,  and  adjourned  till  Wednesday,  April  10,  as  proposed  by 
Sir  M.  E.  Hicks-Beach,  Bart  ,  M.P. 

To  receive  and  reply  to  Communications  from  Associated  Cham- 
bers, &c. 

To  receive  the  Report  of  the  Local  Taxation  Committee. 

To  consider  and  resolve  upon  the  following  Subjects — 

1.  Sanitary  Legislation. 

2.  Turnpike  Trusts  and  Highways. 

To  select  Subjects  for  Consideration  at  future  Meetings. 

The  Local  Taxation  Committee  will  meet  at  the  Salisbury  Hotel,  on 
Monday,  March  4,  at  3  o'clock 

The  Standing  Committee  for  General  Business  will  meet  at  the 
same  place  on  Monday,  March  4,  at  6  o'Clock, 

The  subject  selected  for  consideration  by  the  Council  in  April  is 
"  The  proposod  appropriation  of  Educational  Endowments  for 
Secondary  or  Middle-class  Education." 

Amonp  the  subjects  recommended  for  discussion  at  future  meeting* 
arc — "  Compensation  for  Unexhausted  Improvements,"  "Game  Legis- 
lation," "  Poor-law  Relief." 

JOHN    ALGERNON   CLARKE,  Secretary. 

Central  Chamber  of  Agriculture, 

The  Salisbury  Hotel,  Fleet  Street,  E.C. 


Notice. 

GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICUL- 
TURAL GAZETTE.— The  VOLUME  for  1871  is  now  ready; 
price,  in  cloth,  £,\  6j.  td. 

W.  RICHARDS,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W  C. 


SATURDAY,  MARCH  2,  1S72, 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 


Monday, 
Tur;sDAY, 
Wednesd.w 

TlIL'RSDAV, 


f  London    Farmers'  Club  (Mr.    Welch,   on    the 
March  4<     Transit  of  Live    Stock),    at    the  Salisbury 
I     Hotel— 6  RM. 
_ /Central  Chamber  of  Agriculture,  at  the  Salis- 
~     ^\     bury  Hotel. 

jj  J  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England  (Coun- 

'  i     cil  Meeting),  at  Hanover  Square— Noon, 

_        /Shorthorn   Exhibition,   at   Bingley    Hall,  Bir- 
'  L     mingham. 


Important  Sale 

OfFIRST-CI^ASS  YOUNG  SHORTHORN  BULLS  and  IN-CALF 
HEIFEKS,  at  THE  ISLAND,  GOREY,  COUNTY  WEXFURD. 

MR.  JOHN  THORNTON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
on  TUESDAY,  March  I3.  at  The  Island,  Gorcy,  TWENTY 
very  choice  young  SHORTHORN  BULLS,  and  about  the  same  num- 
ber ol  fine  IN-CALF  HEIFERS,  the  property  of  W.  Bolton,  Esq.  The 
Bulls  arc  of  a  vcr>' superior  kind,  being  of  large  growth,  with  great 
tlesh  and  substance,  abundant  hair  and  beautiful  colours.  The  ma- 
jority are  by  that  celebrated  Warlaby  sire  King  Richard  (26,523),  and 
the  others  by  Mr.  Booth's  Manrico  (26,805),  ffof"  highly-bred  dams, 
several  of  which  have  produced  those  remarkable  prize-winners  for 
which  Mr.  Bolton  has  of  late  years  been  so  eminent.  The  Heifers 
being  by  fir^t-class  sires^  from  dams  possessing  great  dairj-  proper- 
vies,  are  very  promising  either  (or  show  or  brceaing  purposes,  as  ihey 
are  all  in  calf  to  the  same  first-class  Booth  Bulls, 

Catalogues,  with  Pedigrees,  may  be  had  of  Mr.  BOLTON,  The 
Island,  Uulart,  County  Wexford;  or  of  Mr.  THORNTON,  15,  Lan^- 
hara  Place,  London,  W. 


THE   rapid   progress   of  the   country  during 
, Ihe  past  30  or  40  years  has  been  a  lopsided 

affair  ;  and  this  perhaps  as  much  as  anything 
has  led  some  to  doubt  whether  the  speed  is  safe 
and  the  progress  heaUhy.  Within  the  period 
named  the  country  has  ceased  to  feed  its  popu- 
lation ;  the  imports  of  Wheat  have  risen  to  an 
average  of  9,000,000  qr.  yearly  ;  and  the  price 
of  meat  has  increased  enormously.  Twenty 
years  ago  it  was  the  opinion  of  some  statis- 
tical writers  that  the  agricultural  improvements 
in  progress  at  that  time  would  enable  us  to 
overtake  consumption,  and,  perhaps,  to  become  a 
corn-exporting  country.  The  statistical  writers 
now  tell  us,  what  was  equally  clear  20  years 
ago,  that  our  diminished  production  of  corn  is 
due  to  economical  causes.     Our  soil  and  climate, 


296 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


[March  2,   1872. 


they  inform  us,  are  peculiarly  suitable  for  stock, 
while  corn  can  be  easily  imported. 

But,  passing  from  the  errors  of  the  past  to  the 
errors  of  the  present,  the  fact  that  the  progress 
of  our  improved  agriculture  is  not  so  fast  as  that 
of  other  arts,  is  apparent  in  the  increased 
cost  of  agricultural  produce,  and  in  the  insuffi- 
cient production  of  meat  compared  with  the 
capability  of  the  soil,  and  the  suitability  of  the 
climate  for  live  stock. 

Meat  and  Wheat  may  be  compared  to  fabrics 
made  of  the  same  materials  ;  farmers,  like 
manufacturers,  can  produce  whichever  pays  best  ; 
they  have  machinery,  that  is,  land,  for  a  much 
greater  production  of  meat  ;  and,  as  the  rearing 
and  feeding  of  stock  is  said  to  increase  the  fer- 
tility of  the  land,  it  would  appear  that  farmers 
might  consult  their  interest  by  growing  more 
meat,  and,  incidentally,  more  Wheat  too  ;  and 
it  is  a  mystery  to  many  people  that  farmers  do 
not  grow  more  meat  on  arable  land  if  only  for 
the  sake  of  the  manure.  After  enriching  and 
resting  the  land  by  means  of  a  crop  of  Clover  or 
Mangel,  a  better  crop  of  Wheat  can  be  grown 
than  under  the  old  triennial  system  which  pre- 
vailed in  England  until  the  present  century. 
There  is  therefore  a  double  advantage  in  the 
alternate  system  (corn  and  green  crops)  arising 
from  the  value  of  the  green  crop,  and  from  the 
manure  and  rest  given  to  the  land.  At  first 
sight  it  would  appear  that  farmers  have  a  great 
advantage  over  manufacturers,  who  gain  nothing 
by  changing  from  shirts  to  shifts,  and  that  those 
of  them  who  commenced  business  some  years 
ago,  who  farm  well  and  do  not  pay  greatly  in- 
creased rents,  ought  to  be  making  a  double  for- 
tune by  the  meat  they  sell  at  50  per  cent,  more 
than  it  was  worth  a  few  years  ago,  and  by  the 
incidental  improvement  of  their  land. 

It  seems  right  that,  having  stated  in  colours  as 
deep  as  we  could  make  them  the  deficiencies  of 
the  Art  of  Land  Management  in  this  country— 
the  failure  of  their  system  hitherto,  to  which  as  a 
body  the  landowners  of  the  country,  we  imagine, 
cannot  help  confessing— we  should  frankly  admit 
the  growing  difficulty  of  the  position  of  an  im- 
proving farmer.  It  is  not  in  agricultural  as  in 
other  progress,  where  the  later  steps  are  easier 
than  the  earlier.  The  contrary  of  this  is  more 
nearly  true. 

It  may  seem  obvious  that  a  large  farmer  who 
pays  perhaps  the  same  rent,  and  only  about  £100 
a  year  more  for  labour  and  taxes  than  he  paid 
30  years  ago,  and  who  receives  many  hundreds 
more  for  his  meat,  and  considerably  more  for  his 
Barley,  must  be  in  an  extremely  flourishing 
position  now,  with  Wheat  at  the  same  average 
price  of  53^-.  a  quarter,  and  a  crop  whose 
yield  must  have  greatly  increased  after  30  years 
of  high  farming.  But  unfortunately  this  picture 
is  delusive  ;  the  farmer's  business  is  not  better, 
if  it  be  so  good  as  it  was  30  years  ago,  and 
his  land  has  not  become  so  much  more 
productive  as  might  be  supposed.  Under  the 
English  system  of  farming,  the  crop-yielding 
capability  of  different  soils  is  reached  by  a  few 
years'  high  farming,  and  when  reached  it  must 
be  maintained  by  a  costly  system  of  manuring,  or 
the  yield  will  immediately  begin  to  fall  oft".  The 
effects  of  high  farming  are  cumulative  for  a  few 
years  only,  that  is  to  say,  until  the  land  has  been 
brought  into  high  condition  ;  afterwards,  the 
average  rate  of  production,  even  under  high 
farming,  remains  stationary,  or  advances  so  slowly 
that,  in  point  of  fact,  the  cost  of  production 
depends  mainly  on  the  price  of  the  various 
manures  and  feeding-stuffs  required  to  keep  up 
the  power  of  land  that  is  heavily  cropped.  The 
great  defect  of  English  social  and  agricultural 
economy  is  that  every  additional  quarter 
of  corn,  or  carcase  of  mutton,  sent  to  market 
increases  the  drain  on  fertility,  and  every 
acre  brought  under  the  system  of  high  farm- 
ing increases  the  demand  for  artificial  manures 
and  feeding  stuff's.  Every  addition  to 
the  population  has  the  same  effect.  In  its  higher 
instances,  ours  is  a  fast  and  furious  system  of 
agriculture,  in  many  things  opposed  to  the  teach- 
mg  of  science.  Meat  and  corn,  like  shirts  and 
shifts,  are  produced  by  the  same  machinery,  if 
we  may  use  the  expression,  and  from  the  same 
raw  materials  ;  and  whether  they  are  grown  on 
the  same  farm  under  a  mixed  system,  or  whether 
meat  only  is  produced  on  a  grass  farm,  the  raw 
material  must  be  purchased  in  the  shape  of 
guano,  bones,  and  feeding  stufts  before  these 
articles  can  be  produced.  Guano,  now  no  longer 
attainable,  except  of  doubtful  quality,  rose°in 
price  from  £<)  in  1840  to  ^13  10s.  in  1870,  and 


other  manures  and  feeding  stuffs  have  risen  in 
price  considerably  in  the  same  period. 

It  is  in  these  increased  costs  that  the  farmer's 
apparent  profits  have  been  absorbed.  It  is 
evident  then  that  the  price  of  food  is  governed 
by  the  cost  of  the  raw  materials,  /.  t:,  of  manures 
and  of  feeding  stufts,  and  as  these  must  continue 
to  become  scarcer  and  dearer,  so  long  as  the 
remains  of  human  food  are  wasted,  and  our 
population  continues  to  increase,  the  price  of 
food  must  go  on  rising  until  we  have  corrected  our 
national  habits  and  adopted,  by  some  means,  the 
economy  of  China  and  Belgium.  When  that  has 
been  effected,  by  sewage  farming,  or  by  some 
other  plan,  our  land  will  be  enriched  every  year 
by  the  remains  of  imported  human  food,  and  our 
crops  will  be  grown  at  a  cheaper  rate,  to  the 
benefit  alike  of  producer  and  consumer.  £. 

The   supply  of    Wheat    at    Mark    Lane    on 

Monday  was  in  a  bad  condition,  consequently  sales 
were  made  slowly,  at  the  prices  of  the  Monday 
previous.     A  change  in  the  weather  induced  increased 

heaviness    on    Wednesday. At    the    Metropolitan 

Cattle  Market  on  Monday  trade  in  beasts  was  not  very 
active,  and  prices  were  lower  for  all  descriptions. 
There  was  no  fall  in  the  price  of  sheep.  At  Thursday's 
market  the  top  price  of  Monday  for  beasts  was  with 
difficulty  realised  ;  the  trade  in  sheep  was  dull. 

The  fourth  Annual  Exhibition  of  Pure- 
bred Shorthorn  Catlle,  which  will  be  held  in 
Bingley  Hall,  on  Thursday  next,  March  7,  will  in- 
clude 106  animals  ;  34  being  in  the  class  for  bulls  over 
12  and  under  20  months  old,  in  which  the  liberal 
prizes  of  ;,f5o,  ^15,  and  £5  will  be  awarded.  Many 
very  good  herds  will  be  here  represented,  of  which  we 
have  only  to  mention  those  of  Lords  Braybrooke, 
.Sudeley,  and  Zetland  ;  Messrs.  Graham,  Game,  Mace, 
Pulley,  and  the  Rev.  W.  Sneyd,  to  show  that  stock  of 
a  superior  kind  may  be  expected.  Any  one  requiring 
a  young  bull  for  immediate  use  will,  therefore,  have 
the  very  best  opportunity  of  selection,  as  on  no 
other  occasion  is  there  the  number  of  well  bred 
animals  pitched  together  for  iond  fide  sale.  To 
those  dairymen  who  can  wait  for  a  month  or  two,  the 
large  class  of  calves,  over  6  and  under  12  months  old, 
will  afford  ample  choice  to  enable  them  to  secure,  at  a 
moderate  figure,  male  animals  of  the  highest  lineage  ; 
and  it  has  been  repeatedly  proved  that  the  introduc- 
tion of  pedigree  bulls  to  the  ordinary  dairy  herds  of 
the  great  cheese- making  counties  of  Derby,  Cheshire, 
and  Stafford,  has  been  productive  of  the  very  best 
results.  In  this  section,  we  find  the  additional  names 
of  Colonel  Loyd-Lindsay,  Messrs.  E.  H.  Cheney, 
Allen,  Bradburne,  Canning,  Curtler,  and  E.  Lythall. 
For  the  cow  and  heifer  classes,  the  entries  are  short ; 
but  a  few  good  animals  will  be  contributed  by  Messrs. 
How,  Robotham,  and  Woodroffe,  including  winners  at 
several  local  shows.  Perhaps  some  of  the  most 
servicable  animals  to  purchase  will  be  found  in  the 
2-year-old  bull  class,  which  deserves  more  en- 
couragement than  the  one  small  ^5  prize  allotted  to 
it  ;  and  we  expect  to  see  some  good  beasts,  which 
have  either  been  let  on  hire,  or  used  in  the  owners' 
herds,  from  Messrs.  Webb,  Woodward,  Bliss,  &c. 
Amongst  the  contributors  of  older  bulls  and  the  younger 
ones  sent  as  extra  stock  we  notice  the  names  of  Messrs. 
J.  C.  Adkins  and  H.  J.  Sheldon  as  breeders  ;  and  also 
those  of  Messrs.  Thomas  Walker,  R.  Hemming, 
Hands,  Upton,  and  Wainman.  Altogether,  45  herds 
will  be  represented  ;  and,  although  we  shall  not  see 
any  pure  "Duchess"  blood,  yet  there  will  be  found 
numerous  beasts  closely  allied  to  that  celebrated  strain, 
animals  of  the  far-famed  "Charmer"  blood,  many  of 
the  good  old  Knightley  sorts,  and  several  of  almost 
pure  Booth  descent  ;  so  that  the  patrons  of  either  strain 
may  here  have  that  opportunity  of  comparing  notes 
when  the  stock  is  ranged  together  which  they  cannot 
obtain  by  attending  many  private  sales.  The  conditions 
specify  that  all  animals  must  be  sold  without  any 
further  reserve  than  entering  them  at  20  gs.  each  ;  and 
the  experience  of  the  last  two  years  proves  that  exhi- 
bitors now  act  perfectly  honourably  in  the  matter.  The 
judging  of  the  stock  commences  at  nine,  and  the 
auction,  which  has  been  entrusted  to  Messrs.  Lythall 
•Si  Clarke,  of  Birmingham,  at  eleven. 

We   have   to   announce   that    Professor    SlM- 

MONDS  has  been  appointed  to  the  office  of  Principal  of 
the  Royal  Veterinary  College,  in  succession  to  the  late 
Principal  Spoo.ner,  whose  death  we  had  to  record 
some  weeks  ago. 

Mr.  John  Hay,  of  Pickworth,  near  Stamford, 

tenant  of  a  considerable  farm  on  the  estates  of  the 
Marquess  of  ExEi  ER,  tells  us  that  he  last  harvest  cut 
190  acres  of  Wheat,  Oats,  and  Barley,  with  one  of 
Hornsby's  "Governor"  reaping  machines  in  \o\ 
days.  Three  teams  were  employed  daily,  taking  their 
turns  in  succession,  between  5  a.m.  and  S  p.m.  A  boy 
rode  the  fore-horse,  and  two  men,  taking  their  turns, 
drove  the  machine.  Sixty-two  acres  of  Barley  were 
cut  on  the  last  three  days.  It  cost  5^-.  iid.  an  acre  to 
tie  and  stook  the  com,  in  addition  to  this  expense  of 
cutting  ;  and  to  this  of  course  must  be  added  the  work 
of  raking,  carrying,  stacking,  and  thatching,  in  order 
to  arrive  at  the  whole  cost  of  the  harvest  work. 


We  learn  from  the  Midland  Counties  Hirald 

that  at  the  meeting  last  week  of  the  Council  of  the 
Birmingham  Agricultural  Exhibition  Society, 
to  revise  the  prize  lists  for  the  current  year,  the  date 
of  the  show  was  fixed  for  Nov.  30,  and  Dec. 
2,  3.  4.  and  5,  being,  as  usual,  the  week  preceding 
the  Smithfield  Club  Show.  Several  alterations  were 
made  m  the  premiums  offered  for  cattle  ;  the  principal 
bemg  the  augmentation  of  the  1st  prizes  for  oxen  and 
steers  in  each  of  the  classes  for  Herefords,  Shorthorns, 
and  Devons,  from  £\c,  io  £zo;  and  the  division  of 
the  cross-bred  oxen  and  steers  into  two  classes,  as  also 
the  cross-bred  cows  and  heifers.  The  special  prizes 
remain  much  the  same ;  the  winners  of  the  gold 
medals  being,  however,  allowed  the  option  of  taking 
^20  in  cash,  or  selecting  plate  to  that  amount.  Mr' 
LORT  and  Mr.  Dawes  wisely  altered  their  special 
prizes  for  Herefords  and  Devons  to  steers  under  30 
months  old,  in  the  place  of  heifers  of  similar  age  ;  but 
the  principal  new  feature  will  be  five  2^io  prizes 
contributed  by  the  butchers  of  Birmingham,  four 
of  which,  at  their  special  request,  are  offered  for 
the  heaviest  ox  of  each  of  the  following  breeds, 
viz.,  Herefords,  Shorthorns,  Devons,  Scots  or  cross- 
breds  ;  the  fifth  going  to  the  best  pen  of  three  Elack- 
faced  Short-wooUed  wether  sheep,  in  which  section  the 
Council  inserted  a  new  class  for  Hampshire  and  Wilt- 
shire Downs.  The  silver  cups  and  medals  hitherto 
offered  for  pens  of  breeding  pigs  were  merged  into  the 
first  prizes,  making  these  £1^  in  each  of  the  three 
classes,  and  no  alteration  was  made  here,  as  anticipated, 
in  the  ages  of  the  competitors,  the  limit  being  from 
three  to  six  months.  In  the  poultry  department,  the 
principal  French  breed.s,  and  silver-grey  and  white 
Dorkings,  were  allotted  separate  classes  for  both  old 
and  young  birds;  and  new  classes  were  opened  for 
various  kinds  of  ornamental  ducks,  but  the  special 
premiums  were  not  finally  decided  upon,  so  that  further 
reference  to  these  must  be  deferred  until  the  issue  of 
the  prize  list.  It  was  decided  to  hold  the  horse  show, 
as  usual,  in  August,  the  days  fixed  upon  being  the 
20th,  2ist,  22d,  and  23d. 


OUR  LIVE  STOCK. 

CATTLE. 
Next  F'riday  will  witness  the  Berkeley  Castle  sale, 
noticed  in  our  last  impression.  The  cattle,  we  under- 
stand, are  in  fine  health  and  good  breeding  condition. 
Most  of  the  cows  and  heifers  are  in  a  forward  state, 
and  the  young  bulls  are  promising.  The  farm  is 
2\  miles  from  Berkeley  Road  Station,  on  the  Birming- 
ham, Gloucester,  and  Bristol  section  of  the  Midland 
Railway,  and  conveyances  will  meet  every  train. 

Sheldon    writes     to    Col.    Kingscote    as 


Mr. 

follows  : — • 

"Previous  to  shipping  the  bull  Duke  of  Hilhurst 
last  year,  I  was  anxious  to  retain  his  blood  in  my  herd, 
and  to  this  end  put  him  to  a  Wild  Eyes  heifer  and  one  of 
my  Duchesses.  They  have  both  calved  within  the  last 
two  weel<s.  The  Wild  Eyes  brought  me  a  fine  heifer  calf, 
and  the  Duchess  a  red  b.c.  Both  are  wonderfully  tine 
calves,  Willi  well  spmng  ribs,  good  coats  of  glossy 
hair,  and  exceedingly  strong,  both  being  on  their 
legs  and  walking  within  26  minutes  from  the  time 
they  were  dropped." 

Di-KE  OK  HiLHURST  is  doing  very  well  at  Kingscote  ; 
there  are  no  calves  dropped  to  him  yet,  but  all  the 
cows  and  heifers  which  he  has  served  for  Colonel 
Kingscote,  and  several  very  valuable  animals  from 
other  herds,  are  in  calf  to  him.  He  continues  to  grow, 
and  his  general  .ippearance  bears  out  the  favourable 
opinion  formed  on  first  sight,  namely,  that  he  is  a 
good-looking,  heavy-fleshed  animal,  on  short  legs- 
just  the  sort  to  keep  up  the  prestige  of  the  family  he 
belongs  to.  3D  DuicE  of  Clarence  is  still  in  great 
vigour,  and  his  stock  of  last  year  are,  undoubtedly,  in 
symmetry,  colour,  and  hair,  better  tlian  those  of  any 
previous  year— not  one  that  may  be  called  light  roan, 
the  two  lightest  in  colour  being  from  red  cows.  In  1S70 
seven  of  his  calves  were  white,  and  several  were  light 
ro.ans,  from  the  same  cows,  which  have  produced  red 
and  dark  roans  this  year.   Cannot  some  one  explain  this  ? 

The  question  which  terminates  the  above  paragraph 
is  certainly  a  puzzling  one.  It  has  occupied  us  on  a 
previous  occasion,  and  the  best  thing  we  can  at  present 
do  with  it,  is  simply  to  add  it  to  our  store  of  facts. 
Such  cases  are  worth  recording,  but  cannot  always  be 
explained. '  By  collecting  them  in  sufhcient  numbers, 
however,  much  liglu  may  eventually  be  thrown  upon 
many  difficult  problems  connected  with  breeding.  We 
cannot  on  the  present  occasion  give  more  space  to  this 
interesting  subject,  but  refer  our  readers  to  our  impres- 
sion of  May  20,  1S71,  and  also  to  Mr.  T.  Bell's 
Histiny  0/  Shorl/iorns,  p.  251,  where  the  remarks  just 
referred  to  found  a  place. 

Since  last  we  noticed  the  Lightburne  herd,  the 

property  of  Alexander  Brogden,  Esq.,  M.  P.,  of  Light* 
burne  House,  Ulverslon,  North  Lancashire,  one  death 
and  five  births  have  occurred  in  it.  About  the 
beginning  of  the  year  Jieci  Rose  4///,  red  and  white, 
calved  1S65,  by  Grand  Duke  4TII  (10,874),  died. 
She  was  a  beautiful  cow,  and  was  purchased  by  Mr. 
Brogden  from  Mr.  Belts,  of  Preston  Hall.  Since 
coming  into  Mr.  Brogden's  possession  she  has  had  three 
bull  calves— Grand  Duke  of  Lightburne,  sold  to 


March  2,   1872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


297 


Mr.  Howard  ;  GRAND  DUKE  OF  Lightburne  2D, 
sold  to  Mr.  Hetherington  ;  Grand  Duke  of  Light- 
burne 3D,  still  in  Mr.  Brogden's  herd.  At  the  time 
of  ker  death  Red  Kosf  a,th  was  in  calf  to  Grand  Duke 
17TH.  About  the  beginning  of  the  year,  Elvira  %th 
by  Grand  Duke  (21,848),  dam  Elvira  id,  presented 
her  owner  with  the  first  season's  calf,  a  very  handsome 
red  and  white  bull-calf,  by  Grand  Duke  17TH 
(24,064).  On  February  6,  Elvira  2d  by  the  Sth 
Duke  ok  Oxford  (15,939).  dam  Ruby  Rose  2d, 
calved  a  buU-calf,  a  light  roan,  also  by  Grand  Duke 
17TH.  These  are  both  fine  promising  calves,  good  in 
form  and  colour,  and  are  remarkably  healthy  and 
thriving.  On  Februai7  7  another  birth  took  place, 
that  of  a  bull-calf,  from  Frimess  2d  by  the  Holker 
bull.  Baron  Oxford  4rH.  Princess  2d  is  by  3D 
Duke  of  Thorndale  (17,749),  dam  Lady  Sale.  She 
was  purchased  at  the  Killhow  sale  for  300  gs.  The 
calf  is  a  dark  roan,  perfect  in  hair,  colour,  head,  and 
back.  On  February  12,  Elvira  loM  by  GRAND  Duke 
17TH  (24,064),  dam  Elvira  2d,  calved  the  only  heifer 
calf  which  as  yet  the  herd  has  produced  this  season.  It 
is  a  beautiful  light  roan,  by  Prince  of  Ligiitisurne, 
recently  sold  to  Mr.  Drewry  for  the  Holker  herd.  The 
latest  birth  — a  bull-calf,  by  Baron  Oxford  4TH— 
occurred  on  February  16,  from  the  beautiful  Holker 
cow,  IVinso/fu-  '^ih,  by  Grand  Duke  ioth  (21,848), 
dam  Winsome^  and  we  cannot  refrain  from  saying  that 
a  more  perfect  calf  we  never  saw.  It  is  a  splendid 
dark  rich  roan,  and,  as  Mr.  Brogden's  steward  fondly 
remarked  whilst  caressing  it,  if  fortunate,  would  make 
ilself  a  name  in  Shorthorn  circles  second  to  none  in  the 
kingdom, 

Duke  of  Dursley,  of  the  Kingscote  herd,  by 

3D  Duke  of  Clarence  (23,727),  dam  Dora,  by 
2D  Duke  of  Airdrie  (19,600),  has  very  recently 
been  sold  to  C.  Lyall,  Esq.,  Old  Montrose,  N.B.  He 
leaves  Lord  Suffolk's  next  week,  where  he  had  been  let 
for  two  seasons.  He  is  a  large,  rather  plain  bull, 
with  fine  hair,  of  good  quality,  and  has  proved  himself 
a  good  sire. 

In   anticipation  of  the   sale   of  the   late  Mr. 

Pawlett's  stock,  at  Beeston,  Beds,  we  abstract  the 
following  concise  account  of  his  proceeding  as  a  breeder 
from  Mr.  Thornton's  recently  published  Circular  : — 

"  In  early  life  Mr.  Pawlett  farmed  near  Stamford,  where 
he  bred  (1825)  a  few  Shorthorns  from  the  Marquis  of  Exeter's 
stock,  using  the  bulls  Nimkod  (1275),  Burleigh  (S27), 
and  Anticipation  (750).  Milliccnt,  one  of  his  cows,  by 
Anticipation,  was  sold  to  Mr.  Adeane,  of  Babraham 
Hall,  Cambridge  ;  and  from  one  of  her  lineal  descen- 
dants Mr.  Jonas  Webb  bred  that  remarkable  white 
bull-calf,  First  Fruits  (19,751),  to  which  the  Gold 
Medal  was  awarded  at  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society's  meeting  at  Battersea  Park,  1862.  When  he 
removed  to  his  own  farm  at  Beeston,  he  bred  pure 
Leicester  sheep,  and  they  were  frequently  successful  in  the 
showyards.  In  1860-61  the  flock  was  sold,  and  Short- 
horns replaced  them.  His  first  purchase  was  the  Herd 
Book,  and  two  cows,  Charmer  ^d  (93  gs.)  and  Charmer (^tli 
(160  gs.,  the  highest  priced  cow)  from  Mr.  Adkin's  sale  at 
Milcote.  These  were  followed  by  Fuchsia  2(/(6ogs.), 
Duchess  of  Cambridge  (90  gs.),  Miriam  (40  gs.),  and 
Duchess  of  Cambridge  2d  (60  gs.),  from  Mr.  Phillips' 
sale  at  Broomborough,  the  following  month;  and  five 
cows  and  heifers  were  bought  at  the  Hon.  Colonel 
Duncome's  sale  at  Waresby  Park.  Two  heifers 
and  a  young  bull  were  a  private  investment 
from  Mr.  Golly,  and  some  animals  containing  Booth 
blood  were  also  purchased  at  Mr.  Chaloner's  sale  in 
Ireland.  In  January,  i86r,  he  sold  the  animals  bought 
from  Mr.  Phillips  eight  months  before  to  Mr.  Atherton 
and  Mr.  Noakes  ;  and  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year  he 
gave  at  Mr.  Sanday's  sale,  at  Holmepierrepoint,  165  gs. 
for  Fairy,  and  105  gs.  for  Faithful,  both  descendants  of 
Mr.  R,  Booth's  Fame.  In  the  meantime  he  hired  Sir 
James  (16.980)  of  Mr.  Booth,  and  in  1863  purchased  the 
cow  Daisy  (84  gs  )  at  the  Babraham  sale,  and  Isabella 
fiose,  privately  from  Mr.  Douglas.  The  following  year, 
at  the  great  Towneley  sale,  he  gave  135  gs.  for  Pride, 
and  105  gs.  for  Pearl,  both  of  the  'Bracelet*  blood. 
Rose  of  Promise  and  Rose  of  Hope,  with  her  calf  Rose  of 
Warlaby,  were  acquired  in  1865,  and  it  is  from  these 
three  last  purchases,  and  the  heifer  bought  at  Holme- 
pierrepoint, that  the  present  herd  is  desended." 

We  have  received  the  following  news  of  births 

from  Mr.  Cochrane's  herd  in  Canada: — Wild  Eyes 
26th  produced  a  red  and  white  cow-calf  on  the  2d  ult. 
to  8th  Duke  of  Geneva,  a  pure  Duchess  bull ;  JFeal 
Bliss  produced  a  red  and  white  cow-calf  by  Royal 
Commander  (bred  by  Mr.  Booth  of  Warlaby)  on 
January  S  ;  JVaierloo  2%th  produced  a  red  and  white 
cow-calf  to  C  ~H  Duke  of  Geneva  on  December  20  ; 
and  Princess  Christian,  purchased  of  Mr.  Aylmer, 
brought  a  bull-calf  to  RoVAL  Commander  on 
January  25.  All  these  are  described  as  healthy,  nice 
calves. 

We  have   received   a  proof  catalogue  of  the 

Birmingham  show  of  Shorthorns  on  the  7th  inst. 
There  is  a  large  entrj'  of  34  bulls  exceeding  12  and 
not  exceeding  20  months  old  ;  37  bull  calves  ;  three 
cows ;  two  heifers  not  exceeding  three  years  old. 
There  are  also  classes  for  older  bulls,  all  tolerably 
well  filled,  and  a  large  class  of  19  pure-bred  bulls 
entered  as  extra  stock.  This  last  class  is  opened  to 
Shorthorns  of  all  ages  on  the  condition  enforced  alike 
upon  all,  that  they  should  be  offered  for  sale  at 
II  o'clock  of  the  show  day.     It  will  be  seen  from  the 


above  brief  notice  of  the  catalogue  that  this  is  essen- 
tially a  bull  sale,  and  one  of  considerable  importance. 
A  glance  through  the  catalogue  reveals  many  well- 
known  pedigrees.  Thus  we  notice  Foggatliorpe, 
Seraphina,  Pye,  Gwynne,  Charmer,  Flirt,  Garland, 
'•J,  and  other  fashionably  bred  bulls,  and  out  of 
good  hands.  The  prizes  are  liberal,  and  these, 
together  with  the  central  position  of  Birmingham  and 
the  success  of  previous  meetings,  tend  to  make  this  a 
desirable  mart  for  any  person  who  has  a  young  bull  or 
two  to  dispose  of.  Entries  closed  on  the  17th  ult. 
Mr.  J.  B.  Lythall  officiates  as  secretary  and  as 
auctioneer. 

The  following  very  valuable  remarks  by  Mr. 

W.  Carr,  late  of  Stackhouse,  are  worthy  of  our  most 
serious  attention  : — 

"  Isabella  and  her  descendants  brought  the  massive, 
yet  exquisitely  moulded  fore-quarters  into  the  Warlaby 
herd,  and  also  that  straight  underline  of  the  belly,  for 
which  Mr.  Booth's  animals  are  remarkable.  That  this 
cow  should  have  had  but  three  crosses  of  blood  is  striking 
evidence  of  the  impressive  eflicacy  of  those  early  bulls, 
and  confirms  Mr.  R.  Booth's  opinion,  that  four  crosses  of 
really  first-rate  bulls  of  sterling  blood  upon  a  good  market 
cow  of  tlic  ordinary  Shorthorn  breed,  should  suftice  for 
the  production  of  an  animal  with  all  the  characteristics  of 
the  high-caste  Shorthorn.  In  such  an  opinion,  confirmed 
by  such  an  example  as  this,  there  is  much  instruction  and 
encouragement  for  tenant-farmers  desirous  of  improving 
their  stock.  Female  Shorthorns  of  high  pedigree  are  in 
general  beyond  the  reach  of  their  class  ;  but  if  near  neigh- 
bours would  but  club  together,  and  procure  for  their  joint 
use  a  succession  of  pure-bred  males,  of  fixed  determined 
character,  the  improvement  in  a  few  years  effected  in  their 
stock,  especially  as  regards  early  maturity  and  tendency 
to  carry  flesh,  would  be  such  as  materially  to  enhance 
their  farming  profits." 

SHEEP. 
Reports  from  the  Cotswold  Hills  speak  hopefully  of 
the  lambing  prospects — plenty  of  lambs,  few  deaths 
either  among  lambs  or  dams,  and  ewe  flocks  in  very 
good  condition,  and  yielding  plenty  of  milk.  Such  was 
the  usual  answer  to  inquiries  in  the  Cirencester  market 
last  Monday.  It  is  true  that  up  to  that  time  many 
flocks  had  scarcely  entered  upon  the  critical  period  of 
lambing,  but  the  season  from  all  accounts  is  opening 
well.  One  of  the  greatest  drawbacks  is  the  bad  quality 
of  the  hay.  The  weather,  too,  although  mild  has  been 
extremely  wet,  and  sheep  on  Turnips  are  in  a  com- 
plete "  sump."  Their  aspect  is  indeed  deplorable,  and 
neither  they  nor  the  succeeding  Barley  crops  can  be 
profiting  while  the  present  conditions  last.  The  advo- 
cate for  "long  tails,"  v.  ordinary  custom  of  docking, 
would  scarcely  be  able  to  maintain  his  position  now, 
however  philosophical  it  might  appear  in  fine  weather. 
Fine-weather  farming  is,  however,  somewhat  akin  to 
fireside  soldiering  —  the  actual  dissipates  many  ill- 
digested  theories. 

POULTRY. 

Where  it  is  desirable  to  induce  a  hen  to  sit  early, 
her  eggs  should  be  left  with  her  j  and  so  soon  as  the 
number,  be  it  more  or  less,  appears  satisfactory  to  her, 
she  is  generally  eager  to  commence  her  task  ;  but  this 
requires  the  bird  to  be  kept  by  herself,  or  at  least 
where  others  are  not  in  the  habit  of  laying  in  the  same 
nest.  When  the  hen  takes  to  her  nest  it  is  best  to 
let  her  remain  there,  giving  her  three  or  four 
new  eggs  to  sit  on  to  test  her  steadiness  for 
a  day  or  two,  for  at  times  they  commence 
somewhat  irregularly,  coming  off  two  or  three 
times  ^during  the  first  day  or  so,  and  often  going  to 
perch  the  first  night,  though  they  had  occupied  the 
nest  during  the  whole  day.  At  the  end  of  this  period, 
or  earlier,  if  she  manifests  continued  steadiness,  the 
nest  being  duly  prepared,  tlie  eggs  may  be  given  her, 
and  this  is  most  quietly  accomplished  by  lifting  her  off 
at  night,  when  the  eggs  may  be  placed  in  the  nest,  and 
the  hen  replaced,  without  any  risk  of  their  being 
broken  by  her  struggles. 

Good  sitters  seldom  or  never  leave  their  nests  more 
than  once  a  day,  provided  they  are  well  fed  when  they 
come  off ;  and  they  seldom  remain  away  longer  than 
from  a  quarter  to  half  an  hour,  rarely  exceeding  the 
latter  period,  unless  food  has  not  been  supplied, 
and  they  have  to  forage  for  themselves. 

The  time  a  sitting  hen  may  remain  absent  from  the 
nest  without  injury  to  the  eggs  depends  on  so  many 
contingent  causes,  such  as  the  season  of  the  year,  and 
the  particular  stage  of  development  at  which  the 
embryo  has  arrived,  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  give 
a  decided  statement.  An  absence  of  from  20  minutes 
to  half  an  hour  is  as  much  as  should  be  encouraged  ; 
but  this  may  often  be  prolonged  to  several  hours 
without  the  inevitable  destruction  of  the  brood.  The 
Poultry  Book. 


NOTES    OF   1871. 
We  have  it  on  the  authority  of  Campbell  that— 
"  Coming  events  cast  their  shadows  before," 
and  he  had  it  on  that  of  history.     No  week  passed 
during  the  year  1S71   in  which  mention  was  not  made 
in   these   pages  of  some  one   or  other  of  the  follow- 
ing subjects  : — The  land  laws,  the  relations  of  landlord 
and  tenant,   the  game  laws,  and  the  condition  of  the 
farm  labourer.     Each  speaker  or  writer  to  whom  atten- 


tion was  directed  represents  a  class  of  men,  that  may 
number  a  hundred,  a  thousand,  or  ten  thousand  j  so 
that  we  are  right  in  assuming  that  the  vast  majority  of 
those  constituting  the  agricultural  world  have  had 
their  grievances  and  opinions  ventilated  in  these  pages. 
It  is  well  to  keep  in  view  what  has  been  said  in  order  to 
the  estimation  of  what  remains  to  be  said  ;  and  as  legisla- 
tion on  two  of  the  subjects  mentioned  is  more  or  less 
imminent — would  be  more  so,  perhaps,  were  there  a 
Minister  of  Agriculture — in  that  is  to  be  found  more 
than  excuse  for  this  backward  survey. 

On  what  is  broadly  termed  the  land  question,  we 
have  the  utterance  of  Mr.  F.  W.  Bignell  to  the  follow- 
ing effect  : — 

"  This  great  and  grave  question  is  at  the  picst-nt 
moment  occupying  a  foremost  place  in  many  people's 
minds,  and  it  will,  doubtless,  have  some  day  to  be  met. 
It  behoves  all  who  are  interested  in  the  coming  struggle 
to  gird  on  their  armour." 

Before  this,  liowever,  IMr.  Arthur  Arnold,  in  a 
lengthy  essay,  said  :— 

"  So  long  (said  Cobdcn)  as  this  prosperity  of  our  manu- 
factures continues,  there  will  be  no  great  outcry  against 
the  landed  monopoly.  I  say  the  time  has  come  when  this 
tacit  submission  exists  no  longer  ;  when  the  niaintainers  of 
the  present  land  system  must  accept  reform,  or  risk  the 
rude  chances  of  revolution.  Slowly  but  surely  the  people 
are  mastering  the  question." 

To  the  Bedfordshire  Agricultural  Society  jMr.  James 
Howard  stated  that — 

"  He  had  no  fear  that  the  rights  of  property  would  be 
rudely  interfered  with  if  landlords  did  not  stand  in  the 
way  of  progress.  .  .  .  Landlords  would  do  well  to  consent 
to  liberal  covenants  with  their  tenants." 

In  the  Fortnightly  Rei-ie-o  ('[uoted  in  these  pages)  Mr. 
C.  W.  Hoskyns,  remarking  on  Continental  land  reform, 
says  : — 

"  Freed  proprietorship  has  not  interfered  with  the  ex- 
istence of  farms,  and  the  examples  of  spirited  cultivation 
which  they  occasionally  present." 

Speaking  in  the  House  of  Commons  on  the  Land 
Transfer  Acts,  Mr.  Hoskyns  ."^aid  ; — 

"  He  beheved  there  was  scarcely  a  Continental  country 
in  which  the  ownership  of  land  was  confined  to  so  small  a 
number  of  persons  as  was  the  case  here.  ...  It  was  a 
disgrace  to  a  civilised  State  that  there  should  not  be  a 
power  of  acquiring  a  portion  of  the  land  of  the  country 
on  terms  a  little  easier  than  was  the  case  here  at  present.'' 

Again,  and  in  the  House  of  Commons,  the  hon. 
member  said  : — 

"  We- had  in  this  country  probably  a  greater  mass  of 
wealth  than  ever  existed  in  any  country,  and  side  by  side 
with  that  wealth  we  had  so  much  pauperism,  that  one 
man  in  20  was  believed  to  be  a  pauper,  and  this  he  believed 
to  be  almost  entirely  attributable  to  our  landed  system." 

At  the  Kingscote  Farmers'  Club  I  find  Sir  G. 
Jenkinson  remarking  on  this  point  : — 

' '  The  annual  amount  levied  for  poor-rates  has  increased 
during  the  past  10  years  by  nearly  ^1^3, 000,000.  In  1858 
the  amount  levied  was  jjs,  188,880;  in  1868  it  was 
^11,054.543." 

I  pass  on  now  to  the  relations  existing  between 
landlords  and  tenants  in  several  of  their  bearings  ;  and 
the  first  I  will  quote  on  this  important  section  of 
*' utterances"  is  Mr.  C.  S.  Read,  M.P.  :— 

"  If  I  were  a  landlord,  and  wished  to  increase  the  rental 
of  my  estate,  I  should,  as  a  matter  of  course,  grant  leases. 
\  have  known  no  estate  where  long  and  liberal  leases 
have  been  granted  that  has  not  increased  in  value  ;  and, 
on  the  other  hand,  I  have  never  known  an  instance  in 
which,  where  the  tenant  has  farmed  from  year  to  year, 
without  any  tenant-right  whatsoever,  the  estate  has  been 
much  improved,  either  in  rental  or  ctUtivation." 

A  most  important  witness  in  this  connection  is  Mr. 
Evan  Davies,  who,  at  a  meeting  in  Shropshire,  stated 
his  conviction  that — 

"The  want  of  security  checks  the  flow  of  capital; 
restrictions  as  to  cropping  incompatible  with  energetic 
action,  the  food  of  the  people  destroyed  by  vermin,  and 
the  cultivators  weighed  down  by  an  undue  share  of  local 
and  imperial  taxation— these  and  numerous  others  will 
prove  that  the  time  has  arrived  for  legislative  interference, 
and  the  cry  of  '  doing  as  I  like  with  my  own '  will  be  no 
longer  tenable." 

On  the  Law  of  Hypothec,  and  before  the  Ayrshire 
Farmers'  Club,  Mr.  Cunninghame  said  x— 

' '  The  worst  feature  in  this  notorious  law  is  the  barbarou^ 
power  with  which  it  invests  a  landlord  to  injure  a  tenant's 
character  and  credit,  through  sequestrating  for  rent  before 
it  is  due."  He  also  said:— "The  want  of  a  system  of 
compensation  for  permanent  improvements  and  unex- 
hausted manures,  &c,,  in  Scotland  has  been  the  cause  of 
much  land  becoming  deteriorated  and  impoverished 
towards  the  close  of  a  lease,  and  more  especially  where 
the  tenant  is  doubtful  of  a  renewal." 

Next,  on  the  investment  of  capital,  we  have  Mr.  R. 
Butler,  before  the  Notts  Agricultural  Society  : — 

"  A  farmer  had  not  the  advantages  which  a  tradesman 
received,  because  he  was  not  in  the  same  position  for 
investing  his  capital.  He  might  cultivate  his  land  as  well 
as  he  could  wish,  but  he  did  not  know  what  might 
happen.  ...  A  tenure  which  would  be  for  the  protection 
of  the  landlord  and  the  security  of  the  tenant  would  be 
very  beneficial  to  the  country." 

Mr.  Mechi  had  something  to  say  on  the  relations  of 
owner  and  occupier  in  Scotland ; — ■ 


298 


The   Gardeners'  Chronicle   and   Agricultural    Gazette. 


IMarch  2,   1872. 


"  Scotch  farmers  are  being  driven  out  of  Scotland  by 
the  enormous  increase  in  their  rents  at  the  termination  of 
their  19  years'  leases,  especially  those  who,  as  good  and 
profitable  farmers,  improved  their  land  at  the  commence- 
ment of  their  leases  by  draining,  liming,  and  other  means." 

And,  says  a  correspondent,  "  H.  H.  O."  : — 
"  We  dare  not  farm  high  under  the  present  system  of 
landholding  in  England.  Many  farmers  would  be  willing 
to  lay  out  their  money  in  steam  tackle  and  manures  if 
they  were  certain  that  their  outlay  in  improving  their 
farms  would  still  remain  their  own  property." 

He  had  also  said  in  another  place  :  — 

"  If  we  had  security  we  could  plaster  on  manure  like  a 
Mechi,  and  rip  up  our  clays  like  a  Smith.  Until  we  get 
se'jurity  from  confiscation,  the  soil  of  our  country  will  not 
yield  its  proper  food  for  the  people." 

Said  Mr.  Fletcher  to  the  Monmouthshire  Agricultural 
Society  : — 

"  It  was  a  serious  matter  for  a  man  to  spend  /'200 
°^  £3°°  °n  bones  or  artificial  manure,  and  put  that  on  his 
land,  and  then  ask  himself  the  question,  '  In  the  event  of 
death,  will  my  widow  or  children  be  paid  for  this?'  " 

Mr.  Ulundell,  addressing  the  Botley  Farmers'  Club, 
said  :  — 

"  Being  always  at  the  mercy  of  the  proprietor,  how  can 
the  tenant  feel  justified  in  high  farming  with  a  liberal 
outlay,  not  knowing,  when  he  sows,  who  shall  reap?" 

Mr.  Fletcher,  above  alluded  to,  has  also  placed  his 
opinion  on  record  that — 

"  It  must  be  of  national  importance  to  encourage  the 
most  complete  system  of  agriculture— to  give  those  who 
occupied  the  land,  and  who  farmed  well,  a  claim  upon 
their  successors  for  what  was  ultimately  due  to  them." 

I    throw     together    the    following 
tions  : — 


brief 


subject,  and  with  what  was  called  free  trade,  yet  he 
believed  it  was  the  only  one  in  the  end  to  realise  a  per- 
fectly moral  and  sanitary  state  of  society." 

I  have  now  arrived  at  that  division  of  this  retrospect 
which  relates  to  that  most  vexing  of  vexatious  questions 
— the    Game    Laws.      Said   Serjeant  Armstrong    to    a 
Dublinjuryon  a  question  of  compensation  :^ 
"  111  fares  the  land,  to  hast'ning  ills  a  prey, 
"Where  hares  accumulate  and  crops  decay." 
In  a  somewhat  sledge-hammer  way  Mr.  C.  S.  Read, 
M.P.,    "put   his   foot   down"  in   the  following  sen- 
tence : — 

"  In  the  case  of  parent  and  child,  master  and  servant, 
solicitor  and  client,  guardian  and  ward,  mortgagee  and 
mortgagor,  buyer  and  seller  [and  so  forth],  in  all  these 
cases  Parliament  interferes,  and  therefore  I  say  it  is  a 
mere  bugbear  to  talk  of  the  dreadful  consequences  which 
must  result  from  interference  of  contract  between  landlord 
and  tenant  with  regard  to  game." 

An  Ayrshire  friend  says  on  this  question  : — 
"  Good  and  successful  farming  cannot  be  carried  out 
where  much  game  of  any  kind  exists. 

It  was  resolved  by  the  Scottish  Chamber  of  Agricul- 
ture : — 

"That  hares  and  rabbits  should  be  dealt  with  by 
emoving  them  from  the  game  list,  and  giving  the  occu- 
pier of  the  land,  or  any  one  resident  on  the  land  having 
his  authority,  the  inalienable  right  to  kill  the  hares  and 
rabbits  on  the  land  occupied  by  him." 

Earl  Cowper,  restricting  himself  to  rabbits,  said  : — 
"  A  landlord  knows  the  ad\antage  of  a  good  tenant, 
and  knows  that  unless  he  keeps  down  the  rabbits  a  good 
tenant  will  not  continue  to  farm  under  him." 


I  am  now  reaching  the  end  of  my  tether,  where  I 
I  (iird  a  few  sentences  well  worth  record.     For  instance, 
"  'What  sane  man,  with  due  consideration  for  those  he  '  ^^^^  ''"'^  Earl  of  Derby,  "The  fact  still  remains,   that 
may  leave  dependent  on  him,  dare  lay  out  his  money  as  [  "'=  do  not  get,  as  yet,  out  of  English  earth  one-half  of 
he  would  like  to  do,  when  he  knows  that  the  landlord    what   we   probably  might  with  advantage   if  all    our 


can  seize  his  outlay  in  improvements?"  //.  H.  O. 

"  As  to  the  land  producing  on  an  average  ^^4  per  year, 
he  believed  it  was  correct."  Mr.  F!s/i,  at  Lavenham. 

"  Let  me  strongly  advise  any  young  man  who  contem- 
plates taking  a  farm  on  mere  words  of  promise  to  take, 
instead,  Pinicli's  advice  to  those  about  to  marry — don't." 
All.^lO'Saxon. 

"  The  only  question  is,  in  what  way  compensation 
shall  be  given,  and  how  the  facts  can  be  best  proved  so  as 
to  avoid  frauds,  to  which  the  question  is  peculiarly  open." 
A/r.  Bcticc  Jones. 

From  the  report  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Benevo- 
lent Association,  we  learn  that — "During  the  11  years 
since  its  formation  the  Society  had  relieved  no  fewer 
than  245  cases." 

Turning  attention  now  to  what  has  been  said 
on  the  condition  and  prospects  of  the  agricultural 
labourer,  from  a  mass  of  extracts  I  cull  the  follow- 
ing :— 

"  One  of  the  evils  of  the  existing  system  of  tenure  was 
the  great  difficulty  there  was  in  providing  cottages  for  the 
labourersnear  the  farms."   Mr.  Hawkins,  at  Lmciiham. 

Many  agricultural  labourers  find  their  way  to 
London  and  other  large  cities,  there  to  become 
paupers,  and  their  childen  too  often  worse.  Said  Mr. 
Dun,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Banbury  Farmers'  Club  : 

"  Gongregated  in  low  lodging-houses,  or  casual  wards, 
these  good-for-nothings  concoct  and  carry  out  fully  one- 
half,  some  authorities  say  three-fourths,  of  the  crime,  for 
the  repression  and  conviction  of  which  the  country  has  to 
pay  so  heavily." 

More  must  not  be  inferred  from  this,  than  that  the 
above  noted  children  unfortunately  help  to  swell  the 
ranks  of  criminals. 

"  The  question  of  decent  homes  for  the  labouring 
classes  .  .  .  stops  the  way.  Education  itself  is  an  impos- 
sibility, when  the  nursery  from  which  the  scholars  are 
drawn  is  a  school  of  vice— school  and  home  in  antago- 
nism."— Afr.  Barkway,  Lavenham. 

Mr.  Cunninghame,  of  the  Ayrshire  Club,  from  whom 
I  have  already  drawn,  expressed  his  conviction  that— 

"  The  bulk  of  the  farm  cottages  in  this  county  are 
constructed  on  principles  of  sheer  sordid  economy,  with 
very  httle  regard  to  the  health  or  comfort  of  the  occu- 
pants, and  with  no  regard  whatever  to  their  self-respect 
and  to  the  proper  tone  of  their  moral  feelings." 

Mr.  M'Neel-Cftird  affirms  that  he  "found  in  one 
county— the  wealthy  county  of  Ayr— more  than  iS,ooo 
families,  not  fewer,  probably,  than  80,000  persons, 
living  in  houses  of  one  room.'* 

Said  a  labourer,  at  a  meeting,  at  Leintwardine,  of 
farm  labourers,  "I  have  a  wife  and  seven  children, 
with  gj.  per  week  of  wages." 

A  correspondent  ("A.  B.  C")  at  p.  1083  says  :— 

"Does  not  one  great  reason  of  the  want  of  efficiency 
m  the  labourer  arise  from  the  miserable  deficiency  of 
cottage  accommodation?  I  feel  sure  that  the  limited 
room  in  the  cottages  of  the  labouring  poor  is  the  sad  cause 
of  the  low  state  of  morals  so  evident  among  them." 

It  is  impossible  to  look  over  the  words  of  Mr.  Knox 
at  the  British  Association  meeting  at  Edinburgh  last 
year,  on  the  condition  of  Scottish  villages  : 

"  He  held  that  traders  in  houses,  like  traders  in  every 
other  thing,  must  be  made  amenable  to  fixed  laws. 
It  might  seem  to  be  an  interference  with  the  hberty  of  the 


present  resources  were  brought  to  bear  on  the  soil.' 
Pi.xA  the  Earl  of  Leicester  : — "  I  may  safely  state  that 
the  produce  of  the  land  might  be  nearly  doubled  under 
as  perfect  system  of  agriculture." 

If  any  dispassionate  man  will  duly  study  the  extra- 
ordinary facts  printed  in  these  columns  during  the  past 
two  or  three  weeks  respecting  our  imports  of  food,  the 
facts  relating  to  the  relations  of  tenants  with  landlords, 
and  the  lack  of  tenant-right,  he  will  soon  arrive  at  the 
"  reason  why  "  the  land  is  so  shamefully  underworked, 
the  poor  ill-housed,  ill-fed,  too  often  ill-paid,  and  join 
in  the  expression  of  the  hope  that  a  way  may  be  seen 
to  "altering  all  this"  without  the  interference  of 
Parliament,  but  by  means  alone  of  that  tremendous 
force  known  as  public  opinion.  "  I  would  not,"  said 
Mr.  M'Neel-Caird,  "  set  a  limit  to  the  possible  increase 
which  might  be  obtained  if  all  hindrances  were  removed 
.  .  .  Say  that  only  a  twentieth  of  that  rate  could  be 
obtained  on  the  average,  the  increase  of  wealth  to 
the  country  would  be  not  less  than  /'40,ckx),ooo 
a-year — the  absolute  growth  of  the  soil." 

Many  more  "  indications  of  coming  events  "  had  I 
extracted  for  reproduction,  but  enough  has  been  given 
to  show  the  truth  that  lies  in  the  line  of  the  poet. 
One  excerpt  only  (from  Mr.  M'Neel-Caird)  can  I  ask 
you  now  to  make  room  for,  to  be  read  with  Mr. 
Bignell's  and  Mr.  Arnold's  sentences  : — "  I  would  say 
one  word  to  the  millions  also.  All  this  progress — all 
industrial  progress— is  to  be  found  only  in  the  path  of 
order.  Let  us  trust  with  confidence  to  reason  and 
opinion,  which  are  now  nearly  omnipotent  in  this 
country.  A  few  months  of  violence  would  destroy  the 
industries  on  which  we  all  depend,  and  which  a 
thousand  years  could  not  reproduce."  K.  C. 


FARM  ACCOUNTS. 

[We  take  the  following  passages  from  Mr.  Lamport's  lecture  on  the 
commercial  principles  involved  in  farming,  to  which  reference 
was  made  last  week.  1 

Nothing  convinces  so  clearly  of  the  want  of  the 
cominercial  spirit  in  farming  as  the  absence  of  book- 
keeping. In  every  other  business  worthy  of  the  name, 
any  one  carrying  it  on  without  a  proper  system 
of  books  would  be  regarded  as  crazy.  If  he  were  un- 
fortunate in  business  he  would  on  this  account  be  liable 
to  be  severely  punished  in  the  Bankruptcy  Court  by  his 
certificate  being  withheld.  By  book-keeping  I  do  not 
mean  simple  entries  of  what  a  man  sells,  or  even  a 
debtor  or  creditor  account  kept  of  his  cash.  Properly 
considered,  a  good  system  of  books  is  a  registry  of 
results.  By  it  every  variety  of  crop  and  every  variation 
of  quantity  is  brought  out,  ready  for  comparison  on  an 
unvarying  common  denominator — money. 

"The  tissue  of  loose  talk  and  mere  guesswork,  by 
which  many  a  farmer  gropes  his  anxious  or  whistles  his 
easy  way,  is  thus  resolved  by  a  few  columns  into  hard 
facts,  and  measured  by  a  standard  unerring  and  precise. 
By  a  proper  system  of  book-keeping  alone  can  any 
farmer  or  other  producer  get  a  satisfactory  answer  to 
the  main  question  of  his  business — will  it  pay?  Any 
practical  farmer  will  tell  you  about  what  it  will  cost  to 
plough,  to  reap,  to  mow  ;  but  general  estimates  are 
general  delusions.  Every  man's  locality,  his  manufac- 
tory, machinery,  and  all  other  concomitant  circum- 
stances, differ  more  or  less  from  another  man's  ;  and 
every  man's  farm,  and  every  field  in  it,  must  also  make 
a  difference  in  the  cost  of  a  variety  of  operations ;  so 


that  no  estimate  except  his  own  experience  ought  to  be 
a  law  to  any  one.  Now,  nothing  can  make  that  expe- 
rience trustworthy  and  valuable  except  there  be  a 
registry  of  results  ;  for  there  can  be  no  reduction  of 
results  to  a  common  denominator  except  by  proper 
book-keeping.  "Many  a  person  will  say  that  if  he 
knows  his  business  (that  is,  in  detail)  buys  and  sells 
shrewdly,  looks  in  short  after  tlie  pence,  the  '  pounds 
will  take  care  of  themselves.'  Many  a  man  is  satisfied 
with  working  away  on  the  faith  of  stereotyped  esti- 
mates, or  no  estimates  at  all,  depending  on  his  memory 
and  judgment,  which  may  be  defective,  if  not  treacher- 
ous, and  thinks  that  if  he  cultivates  his  land  after  the 
manner  of  the  country  round  he  cannot  do  better. 

The  first  objection  to  book-keeping  will  be,  no 
doubt,  want  of  time.  Now,  whatever  else  a  farmer 
does,  it  seems  to  me  that  this  ought  not  to  be  neglected. 
A  man  carrying  on  business  without  books  is  like  a  ship 
at  sea  with  no  compass.  But  may  I  be  permitted  to 
suggest,  that  when  out-of-door  work  is  impossible,  the 
winter  evenings  are  long  and  tedious,  and  that  a  simple 
set  of  books  need  not  take  more  than  an  hour  a  week 
to  enter  up.  Then,  again,  allow  me  to  ask,  whether 
it  is  absolutely  necessary  that  a  farmer  should  attend  a 
weekly  market  ?  One-sixth  of  a  farmer's  time  seems  to 
be  a  large  proportion  to  spend  on  the  road  and  in  the 
market-place  to  sell  a  small  amount  of  produce  ;  and  I 
will  only  point  at  the  temptations  otherwise  put  in  his 
way  by  this  mode  of  transacting  business.  To  the 
91,000  farmers  employing  no  labourers,  this  market-day 
cessation  of  farm  labour  amounts  to  a  sacrifice  of  some- 
thing like  one-sixth  of  the  whole  work  performed  on 
the  farm.*  Talk  of  farming  not  paying  :  why,  no 
other  business  or  trade  in  the  country  could  possibly  exist 
at  all  under  a  tax  so  heavy  as  this  ?  The  infusion  of  a 
more  thoroughly  commercial  spirit  into  agriculture  will 
no  doubt  effect  a  change  in  this  point.  It  will  also,  I 
trust,  in  time  establish  a  more  economical  mode  of  con- 
verting the  bulk  of  the  farm  produce  into  money.  The 
small  farmer  confessedly  wants  capital,  but  has  he  ever 
calculated  the  loss  of  interest  he  incurs  by  maintaining  a 
well-filled  stackyard  ?  Has  he  ever  made  out  the  per- 
centage of  the  loss  to  the  agricultural  interest  from  the 
depredations  of  vermin,  or  the  effect  of  mildew  ?  I  do 
not  venture  here  to  enter  into  details,  but  I  may  state 
that  the  ailmission  th.tt  steam-threshing  is  an  advantage 
will  itself  dispose  of  a  host  of  small  objections  against 
it.  Commercially  considered,  it  appears  incomprehen- 
sible that  while  the  land  is  hungering,  and  the  farmer 
is  calling  out  for  capital,  a  considerable  amount  of 
capital  is  kept  worse  than  idle  in  the  bam  and  stack- 
yard. Of  course,  a  rapid  and  general  conversion  of 
produce  into  money  would  require  an  increase  of  middle- 
men, or  corn-factors,  with  their  capital,  to  prevent  any 
great  decline  of  prices.  Should  such  a  change  become  ge- 
neral, as  in  time  I  apprehend  it  must  come,  its  influence 
on  prices  will  be  nullified,  as  is  the  case  in  other 
articles.  Cotton,  sugar,  tea,  flax,  and  colonial  timber 
are  all  put  into  the  merchant's  hands  as  quickly  as 
possible,  and  the  course  of  trade  adapts  itself  to  the 
pressure.  Capital  in  second  hands  is  ready  to  receive 
them,  and  the  supply  for  consumption  is  regulated  by 
experience  and  sustained  by  capital.  The  first  excess 
is  thus  impounded  as  it  were,  and  the  stream  for  con- 
sumption is  regulated  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  year, 
without  unnatural  depression  in  prices.  Under  the 
present  system  it  is  notorious  that  the  supply  of  most 
provincial  corn  markets  is  affected  by  the  farmer's  con- 
venience or  necessities.  If  he  wants  money,  or  has 
leisure,  he  threshes  and  sells  ;  and  if  it  so  happens  that 
several  are  equally  influenced  at  the  same  time,  prices 
are  forced  down  without  any  adequate  or  general 
reason.  Now,  why  should  farmers  double  their  pro- 
duce upon  the  market  by  a  system  so  serious  and  costly 
in  expenditure  of  time,  and  by  so  disastrous  a  locking- 
up  of  capital  so  much  wanted  on  the  land  ?  Many,  no 
doubt,  get  advances  upon  their  stacks  ;  but  this,  .as  it 
causes  them  to  pay  for  the  accommodation,  ought  to 
teash  them  the  loss  they  incur  in  holding  them  month 
after  month.  A  farmer  ought  not  to  be  a  corn-dealer, 
any^more  than  he  ought  to  be  a  miller  or  a  baker,  unless 
he  possesses  ample  capital  for  all  (as  separate  trades), 
and  has  some  special  aptitude  or  advantage  in  carrying 
them  on  together,  which  is  seldom  the  case.  The 
farmer's  business  is  to  produce  corn  and  meat,  and  he 
is  the  best  man  of  business  who  concentrates  his  efforts 
to  till  his  ground  and  feed  his  stock. 


NFJ\-    FOREIGN     CATTLE     MARKET. 

The  following  woodcuts  (figs,  no,  in)  show  the  two 
forms  of  sheep  pen  which  have  been  adopted  in  this 
market.  In  No.  i  it  will  be  seen  that  fodder  is  pro- 
vided in  suspended  troughing,  which  can  be  hauled  up 
out  of  the  way,  water  being  supplied  in  a  fixed  trougli 
on  the  ground. 

In  No.  2  everything  is  of  iron.  The  trough  sides 
are  hinged  frames,  which  can  be  closed  together  when 
empty,  and  opened  out  for  use,  and  the  available  5])ace 
is  divided  into  smaller  pens,  very  convenient  for  the 
salesman,  by  fencing  and  gateways.  Here,  too,  water 
is  supplied  by  a  fixed  trough  on  the  ground.  This  is 
much  the  more  expensive  system,  but  very  perfect  in 
its  accommodation   and   equipment.       For   these    we 


*  Mr.  Lamport  here  applies  a  rule  where  it  docs  not  obtain.  The 
91,000  farmers  who  employ  no  labourers  do  not  go  to  market 
weekly. 


March  2,   1S72.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and 


Agricultural 


Gazette. 


299 


believe  the  market  15  indebted  to  the  ingenuity  of  Mr.  The  infinitesimal  amount  of  produce  in  relation 
Rudkiu  and  Mr.  Brewi^ter,  to  whom  we  have  already  to  the  enormous  quantities  of  sewage  to  be  filtered 
referred.  virtually  leave<^  the  "  filter-beds,"  while  used  as  such, 

zi::=^^==^^^=^=-  without  any  aid   from  vegetation,    and   therefore    the 

purity  of  the  ellluent  water  will  depend  entirely  upon 
the  "filter"  and  its  state  at  the  time  any  experiment  is 


to   20  acres, 
the  land  over  which   shows,  we  are  told,  that  the  eliliient  water  might  be 


Uli_^ 


Fic.  no. 


-niRD'S-EYE   VIEW   AND    PLAN   OF  SHEEP-PENS.— No. 
A,  Drinking  troughs  ;    b,  c,  Movable  racks  for  fodder. 


I. 


UTILISATION  OF  SEll'AGF. 

All  who  have  witnessed  the  effect  which  a  moderate  attempted, 
dressing  of  sewage  has  upon  poor  soil,  or  even  upon  The  experiment  at  Merthyr,  where  I  understand  the 
sea-sand  will  acknowledge  the  affinity  which  exists  sewage  of  30,000  persons  is  poured 
between  the  plant  and  the  sewa 
the  sewage  has  (lowed 
bearing  luxuriant 
vegetation,  that  which 
the  sewage  has  failed 
to  reach  being  barren. 
This  evidence  suf- 
fices to  show  that  a 
large  proportion  of 
the  fertilising  pro- 
perties contained  in 
the  sewage  is  taken 
up  by  the  plants,  and 
to  that  extent  the  land 
is  relieved  of  its  duty 
asapurifier  of  sewage ; 
and  as  that  alone 
which  is  converted 
into  food  through  the 
plant  represents  any 
value  for  the  sewage 
used,  it  should  be  the 
object  of  every  one 
dealing  with  it  to  con- 
fine its  dressings  to 
the  requirements  of 
the  crops. 

The  fertilising  mat- 
ter contained  in  town 
sewage  must  either  be 
taken  up  by  the  plant 
or  the  earth,  or  it  will 
be  found  in  theefllnent 
water  which  leaves 
the  subsoil  drains. 

If  an  acre  of  land, 
properly  drained 
and     without     being 

cropped,  can  deal  with  500  tons  of  sewage  at  one 
dressing  just  as  efficiently  as  regards  the  effluent  water 
as  though  its  surface  were  covered  with  luxuriant  vege- 
tation, then,  as  regards  "filter-beds,"  we  have  the 
value  of  the  manure  wasted  to  set  against  the  cost 
which  its  proper  use  might  have  necessitated. 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  effluent  water,  passing 
away  from  the  combined  action  of  plant  and  soil,  is,  as 
I  venture  to  submit  it  will  be,  the  purer,  then  the  plant 
is  a  necessity  in  the  question  of  purity  of  effluent  water 
just  in  proportion  to 
the  quantity  of  sewage 
used. 

If  this  proposition 
is  accepted,    it   must 

follow,  all  conditions 

being  otherwise  pre- 

ciselyabke,  that  where 

3000   tons  of  sewage 

produce  a   maximum 

crop  of  Cabbages,  the 

application      of    any 

further     quantity     of 

sewage  would   result 

in  a  loss  of  valuable 

manure    and    in    the 

impurity  of  the  efflu- 
ent water  in  propor- 
tion to  the  excess  of 

the  application   over 

the  necessities  of  the 

growing  crop. 

Mr.  Bailey  Denton, 

in  the  essay  which  he 

lately  read  at  a  meet- 
ing of  the  Society  of 

Arts,    advocated   the 

adoption  of  "filter- 
beds,"   and    declared 

that  the  results  ob- 
tained from  their  use 

would  bear  compari- 
son  with  "irrigation 

proper;"  and  although 

he    fixed    the     price 

which    towns    ought 

to    receive   for    their  ,     . 

sewage  at  a  higher  rate  than  is  justified  by  the  evidence  I  comparison  between  the  condition  of  the  effluent  water  '  30th  December  last.  Hinry  y.  Morgan^  Lodge  Farfti 

which  practice  has  afforded  us,  he  nevertheless  looks  to    flowing  from  the  Merthyr  "filter-beds,"  and  that  which    Barkingy  in  the  Times. 

a  "remunerative    return"  from   their  use.      Had  Mr.    flows  from  the  Aldershott  and  the  Barking  sewage  farms. 

Denton  adopted  the  "  filter-bed "  system  only  as  a  last        The   latter,   although    they    have    shown   excellent 

resource,  and  pending  the  perfection  of  one  of  the  pre-    results   from   the   use   of  sewage,  have  not  been  put 

cipitating  methods  of  dealing  with  town  sewage  now    forward   as    farms    upon    which   sewage    irrigation   is 

on  their  trial,  Mr.  Blackburn  would  probably  not  have  ,  carried  out  in   the  most   efficient  manner,  for  on  this 

felt  it  necessary  to  address  you  on  December  23  last,  nor  '  farm  we  lack  the  opportunity  of  re-using  the  effluent 

should  I  now  comment  upon  Mr.  Denton's  statements  j  [  water,  and  yet  Dr.  Krankland's  remark  on  the  analysis 

but  when  it  is  stated  that  the  application  of  as  much  as  1  of  the  effluent  water,  taken  at  a  time  when  vegetation 

100,000  toui  of  sewage  to  i  acre  in  one  year  will  result  |  was  flagging,  is  only  a  trifle  less  favourabla  than  that 

in  a  "remunerative  return"  and  "pure"  effluent  water,     which  Mr.    Denton  claims  for  Merthyr,  where,  under 

it  becomes  desirable  that  contrary  opinions,  based  upon    his  care,  the  freshly  constructed    "filter-beds"  are  as 

experience,  should  not  be  withheld.  perfect  as  his  skill  can  make  them. 


twice  as  impure  as  analysis  found  it  to  be,  and  yet  be 
considerably  within  the  standard  of  purity  recom- 
mended by  the  Rivers  Pollution  Commissioners,  but 
without  the  analysis  of  the  sewage  in  its  raw  state,  and 
of  the  effluent  water  in  its  "pure"  state,  we  are  un- 
able to  judge  of  the  action  of  the  Merthyr  filter.  As 
Mr.  Denton,  however,  admits  the  Merthyr  sewage  to 
be  weak,  and  as  Dr.  Frankland,  who  made  the 
analyses,  speaks  of  it  as  being  of  "half  the  average 
strength  of  town  sewage,"  I  fail  to  see  the  value  of  any 


Fig. 


III.- 

A,    Dl 


—bird's-eye  view  and  plan  of  sheep-pens. — No. 

inking  troughs  ;    Q,  Fixed  rack  ;   c,  c,  Folding  rscks  for  fodder. 


Speaking  of  the  effluent  water  from  this  farm  {and 
that  at  Aldershott  was  still  better),  Dr.  Frankland 
says  it  is  "satisfactorily  purified;  the  proportions  of 
organic  elements  which  it  contains  are  far  below  those 
which  have  been  proposed  by  the  Rivers  Pollution 
Cfeimmissioners  as  the  limits  above  which  li(|uids  should 
be  deemed  inadmissible  into  running  waler,"  and  yet 
this  water,  bright  and  clear  in  appearance,  and  non- 
putrescible,  carried  with  it  more  than  half  ihe  manurial 
value  it  brought  on  to  the  farms,  although  it  had  come 
in  contact  with  the 
crop  to  which  it  was 
applied,  and  had  fil- 
tered through  a  gra- 
velly subsoil  to  the 
drains. 

Had  the  raw  sewage 
of  Merthyr  been  here 
applied,  instead  of 
London  sewage  of 
twice  its  strength,  we 
may  fairly  assume  that 
the  effluent  water 
would  have  been  freed 
from  nearly  all  ferti- 
lising ingredients,  and 
that  the  result  would 
have  been  even  better 
than  that  at  Merthyr; 
or,  had  the  London 
sewage  been  poured 
on  to  the  KTerthyr 
"filter-beds,"  the  re- 
sult would  have  been 
worse  than  that  ob- 
tained at  Barking. 

The  etfluent  water 
running       into      the 
streams    during    sea- 
sons      of       vigorous 
growth  ought  to  show 
that  the  land  and  the 
plants   together  have 
deprived   the  sewage 
of  everything    which 
the  land  or  the  plants 
can    extract.        This 
"  irrigation  proper  "  will  do.     This  "  filter-beds  "  will 
not  do.     Whether  the  effluent  water,   so  cleansed,  is, 
or  is  not,  sufficiently  pure  to  mingle  with  the  streams 
from    which   the  water  companies  draw  their  supply 
is  a  matter  for  chemists  to  decide  ;    but  as   there  are 
other  places  from  which  the  water  supply  of  a  town 
may   be  drawn,    and  as   there  are   not   other   outlets 
for    effluent    water,    whether    from    "  filter-beds  "    or 
"  irrigation  proper,"  the  question  will,  no  doubt,  be 
speedily  and  satisfactorily  determined. 

As  I  entirely  agree 
with    Mr.   Blackburn 
in  the  views  he  has 
I i  I 1  expressed,    it   is    un- 

necessary to  occupy 
your  valuable  space 
in  further  questioning 
the  soundness  of  Mr. 
Denton's  sewage  prin- 
ciples ;  but  I  must 
say  that  I  join  those 
who  detect  this  one 
difference  between 
irrigation  as  ordinarily 
carried  out  and  that 
system  as  practised 
by  him — namely,  that 
while  the  former 
method  may  entail 
the  waste  of  small 
quantities  of  sewage 
in  producing  enor- 
mous crops,  the  latter 
must  waste  enormous 
quantities  of  sewage 
in  producing  small 
crops.  To  those  of 
your  readers  who  take 
an  interest  in  this 
matter  let  me  say  that 
they  will  find  excel- 
lent articles  on  the 
subject  in  the  Gar- 
deiiers'  Chronicle  and 
Agricultural  Gazette 
under  the  following 
dates — 9th,  i6th,  and 


d 


iiiiii 


1 

1 

1 

\ 

c 

i 

i 

1 

1 

r 

N, 


MANURES  FOR  SWEDISH  TURNIPS. 

[We  abridge  from  the  Witts  and  Gloucestershire  Standard  a 
report  of  the  important  di^cu'^sion  on  this  subject,  wliich  took 
place  last  week  before  the  Cirencester  Chamber  of  Agriculture.J 

Professor  Wrigiitson  said  :  Gentlemen,  it  is  two 
years  since  you  have  heard  a  report  of  the  proceedings 
of  the  experiment  committee.  No  small  amount  of 
work  has  been  expended  upon  this  department  of  the 
Chamber.  These  experiments  have  involved  an  im- 
mense amount  of  work  upon  the  part  of  those  gentle- 


300 


The    Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Ao-ricultural    Gazette. 


[March  2,   1 872. 


men  who  kindly  co-operated  with  us  in  conducting  the 
series.  The  amount  of  work  which  has  been  done 
may  perhaps  have  warranted  us  in  expecting  large 
results  ;  and  I  think  we  have  learnt  one  thing  at  least 
from  the  experiments,  and  that  is  the  extreme  difficulty 
of  conducting  agricultural  experiments  at  all.   We  have, 

1  think  you  will  agree  with  me,  fallen  upon  rather  un- 
fortunate seasons,  not  that  we  ought  to  blame  the  seasons 
for  everything,  but  at  the  same  time  when  we  began  our 
experiraents  in  186S  upon  roots,  we  were  rather  baulked 
by  a  dry  season.  In  1869  I  laid  before  you  a 
report  which  really  did  contain  a  great  deal  of  in- 
teresting matter,  and  we  came  to  some  conclusions 
with  regard  to  Wheat,  Barley,  and  Swede  cultivation. 
In  1S70  we  for  a  second  time  came  upon  an 
unfortunate  season,  so  that  we  again  felt  ourselves  a 
little  baulked.  For  1872  I  have  something  to  show 
you  ;  a  great  deal  of  pains  has  been  taken,  and  I 
think  you  will  find  that  we  can  generalise  a  little  ;  that 
is  to  say,  we  have  obtained  some  definite  results.  Now 
before  I  begin  to  speak  of  the  Swede  experiments  in 
1S71,  I  h.ave  just  a  few  words  to  say  upon  the  experi- 
ments of  1S70  upon  cere.ils.  These  results  were  very 
much  modified  by  the  drought.  But  I  think  the  report 
of  those  results  may  yet  be  of  use.  In  the  last  report 
of  the  experimental  committee  there  was  a  little  com- 
pendious Table  which  obtained  a  considerable  amount 
of  circulation  ;  and  perhaps  was  one  of  the  most  useful 
portions  of  our  undertaking  in  1869.  It  referred  to  the 
amount  of  produce  in  Wheat  where  we  applied  nitrate 
of  soda  ;  and  the  form  of  the  Table  was  this,  the  produce 
in  pounds  of  Wheat  for  every  100  lb.  of  nitrate  of  soda 
applied.  The  result  in  12  plots  was  an  increase  of  234  lb. 
for  every  100  lb.  of  nitrate  used.  That  is  to  say,  every 
100  lb.  gave  considerably  more  than  double  its  weight 
in  Wheat,  and  that  was  where  14  cvvt.  was  used  per 
acre.  With  the  double  dressing  every  100  lb.  produced 
257  lb.  of  Wheat,  or  2i  lb.  of  Wheat  for  every  pound 
of  nitrate  of  soda  applied.  Now,  we  enter  upon  the 
results  of  1871.  I  am  able  to  present  you  with  this  : 
that  where  this  application  of  nitrate  of  soda  was  used, 
for  every  100  lb.  of  nitrate  we  obtained  208  lb.  of 
Wheat  upon  six  plots,  that  gives  about  an  average  of 

2  lb.  of  Wheat  for  every  i  lb.  of  nitrate,  with  14  cwt.  per 
acre.  Then  the  double  dressing,  or  3  cwt.  per  acre, 
produced  2031b.  of  Wheat,  so  that  the  season  of  1 87 1 
gives  a  less  result,  but  at  the  same  time  a  result  not 
altogether  discordant  with  1870. 

Then  we  next  enter  upon  another  subject,  and  that 
is  the  wide  drilling  of  Wheat  and  Barley  in  1S69.  The 
result  of  wide  drilling  of  Wheat  and  Barley  was  to  a 
certain  extent  discordant,  that  is  to  say  sometimes 
better  and  sometimes  worse  than  the  ordinary  method. 
In  Mr.  Smith's,  of  Bibury,  results  we  obtained  a 
decided  advantage  by  drilling  wide ;  that  was  upon 
land  in  fine  condition.  Mr.  Anderson,  also  on  behalf 
of  Lord  Bathurst,  undertook  similar  experiments, 
which  almost  up  to  the  harvest  seemed  to  promise  a 
more  abundant  crop  than  the  ordinary  drilled  Wheat, 
but  it  became  mildewed ;  though  the  straw  was  heavier, 
the  grain  was  less  in  yield  than  the  ordinary  crops.  Our 
results  in  wide  drilling  Wheat  were  not  such  as  to  in- 
duce us  to  alter  our  system  of  drilling  Wheat  to  any 
great  extent,  but  I  think  it  may  teach  us  that  Wheat 
may  be  drilled  much  wider  without  any  great  sacrifice, 
and  there  may  be  times  when  it  may  be  desirable  to 
sow  wide,  say  on  foul  land,  in  order  that  we  may 
practise  a  greater  amount  of  interculture.  The  Barley 
results  were  more  encouraging  than  the  Wheat.  I 
obtained  a  distinctly  larger  crop  in  several  plots  of 
Barley  which  was  wide  drilled  in  1868.  Mr.  lies  in 
1869  obtained  encouraging  results.  The  wide  drilled 
Barley  (16  inches)  really  did  in  many  cases  give 
a  better  yield  than  the  ordinary  crop.  The  same 
experiments  were  repeated  by  me  in  1S70.  I  had  six 
plots  which  were  drilled  16  inches  at  the  rate  of  ij 
bush,  per  acre,  and  the  yield  was  30.4  bush,  per  acre 
against  33  at  the  usual  width.  So  that  with  a  less 
quantity  of  seed,  I  obtained  30.4  instead  of  334. 
Then  we  tried  another  plan,  in  which  alternate  rows 
16  and  S  inches  apart,  with  2  bush,  of  seed  to  the  acre 
were  used,  and  again  I  obtained  30.^  bush.  So  that 
you  saved  in  the  seed  but  lost  in  the  crop.  But  cir- 
cumstances might  arise  in  which  it  would  be  advisable 
to  drill  wide,  and  from  the  results  of  these  experiments 
we  need  not  fear  to  do  so.  Mr.  Millard,  a  graduate  of 
the  Cirencester  College,  has  been  active  in  making 
experiments  in  Suffolk  in  combination  with  this  Cham- 
ber, and  has  sent  me  the  results  he  obtained  on  drilled 
Barley  during  the  past  season.  The  Barley  was  after 
Turnips,  sown  on  April  3  and  hoed  out  on  May  i,  every 
alternate  row  being  removed,  But  a  heavy  wind  came, 
and  the  wide  drilled  Barley  specially  suffered,  much  of 
the  grain  being  blown  out.  The  crop  upon  three  plots 
was  decidedly  better  than  that  grown  according  to  the 
ordinary  method,  and  the  other  plots  were  in  some 
cases  about  equal,  and  in  others  worse. 

With  reference  to  our  Swede  experiments,  we  tried 
some  in  1S70,  and  those  results  were,  I  must  confess, 
difficult  to  make  anything  of.  Here  are  Mr.  H. 
Ruck's  results,  in  which  we  find  that  a  difference  in  the 
treatment  of  the  land  had  had  a  greater  effect  appa- 
rently than  any  of  the  manures  he  applied.  Mr.  Ruck's 
plots  might  have  been  even  divided  across  by  a  line, 
one-half  of  the  plots  being  upon  a  stale  furrow,  and  the 
other  half  upon  a  fresh  furrow.  The  stale  furrow  plots 
produced  15  tons,  154  tons,  135  tons,  and  14  tons. 
The  fresh  furrows  14  tons,   14  tons,   14  tons,  13  tons, 


and  1 2  tons  per  acre.  There  was  a  greater  difference 
between  the  stale  and  fresh  furrows  than  was  shown  by 
comparing  any  of  the  manured  plots  together.  The 
drought  exercised  such  an  influence  that  the  unmanured 
plots  were  as  good  as  the  manured. 

Now  I  proceed  to  the  experiments  of  the  past  year. 
We  were  determined  to  obtain  some  good  results  if  it 
were  possible.  Accordingly  ten  series  of  experiments 
were  sent  out  with  a  view  to  solving  the  following 
questions.  Firstly,  What  is  the  eflfect  of  a  heavy 
dressing  of  superphosphate  contrasted  with  a  light 
dressing?  Secondly,  what  is  the  comparative  merit  of 
bone  superphosphate  and  mineral  superphosphate? 
Thirdly,  whether  any  means  could  be  taken  to  make 
mineral  superphosphate  equal  in  effect  to  bone  super- 
phosphate ?  Fourthly,  to  test  the  value  of  guano  as  a 
manure  in  this  district  ?  Fifthly,  to  learn  the  effect  of 
treating  guano  with  sulphuric  acid  so  as  to  fix  the 
ammonia.  The  following  series  of  manures  is  as  then 
arranged  : — 

Mineral  superphosphate  (heavy  dressing)  6  cwt. 

Ditto  ,,  (light  dressing)  3  cwt. 

Mineral  snperphospiiate  treated  with  organic  matter,  in  a 
manner  suggested  by  Professor  Church,  in  order  to  approxi- 
mate to  the  composition  of  bone  superphosphate. 

Dissolved  bones  2  cwt. 

Peruvian  guano  2  cwt. 

Sulphated  Peruvian  guano  2  cwt. 

The  dissolved  bones  were  found  to  contain  19  per 
cent,  of  soluble  phosphoric  acid,  whilst  Mr.  Lawes' 
mineral  superphosphate  contained  13  per  cent.  ;  it  was 
then  in  the  proportion  of  2  to  3  ;  therefore,  to  compare 
with  the  3  cwt.  of  mineral  superphosphate  we  used 
2  cwt.  of  dissolved  bones.  We  were  disappointed  in 
our  experiment  with  dissolved  bones.  I  wrote  to  Messrs. 
Proctor  for  bone  superphosphate,  but  since  there 
seemed  a  difficulty  in  obtaining  pure  bone  superphos- 
phote  I  applied  to  Mr.  Lawes  for  it,  that  I  might  test 
a  pure  bone  superphosphate  against  a  mineral  super- 
phosphate. But  it  subsequently  transpired  that 
"dissolved  bones"  is  only  a  trade  expression, 
not  signifying  a  superphosphate  made  from  bones, 
but  merely  a  superphosphate  of  superior  richness. 
Now,  as  to  the  sulphated  guano.  This  was  tried 
with  2  cwt.  of  guano  to  which  was  added  28  lb. 
of  diluted  acid,  first  mixed  with  50  lb.  of  saw-dust. 

I  have  now  to  give  you  the  history  of  the  ten  series. 
I  will  take  our  disappointments  first.  One  experimen- 
talist was  not  able  to  use  the  manures,  and  they 
remained  stored  for  future  operations.  Two  lots  went 
into  Suffolk  and  there  met  with  a  dry  season  and  dis- 
ease and  insect  attacks  which  interfered  seriously  with 
the  result.  Seven  were  applied  in  this  neighbourhood 
with  the  following  results.  Mr.  Parsons,  of  Coates, 
very  kindly  undertook  a  series,  but  it  was  met  with 
difficulties  in  the  form  of  wireworm,  as  the  plots  were 
placed  upon  newly  broken  land.  This  rendered  the 
results  very  unreliable.  Mr.  Playne,  of  Chalford, 
wrote  to  me  as  follows  :  The  experiments  were  very 
unsatisfactory,  the  whole  field  being  patchy  :  the  Swedes 
were  hoed  December  14  and  16.  The  field  had  been 
in  Sainfoin  seven  or  eight  years  previously.  Mr.  Swan- 
wick's  plots  improved  all  the  way  from  west  to  east  so 
that  the  unmanured  plots  on  the  east  were  absolutely 
better  than  manured  plants  on  the  west ;  thereby  show- 
ing that  the  natural  or  artificial  fertility  of  the 
land  had  had  a  greater  effect  than  the  manures 
applied.  I  will  now  turn  to  some  more  useful 
results.  Out  of  ten  experiments  you  have  four  or 
five  bearing  valuable  lessons.  Whether  this  is  to  be 
considered  a  fair  proportion  I  am  hardly  prepared  to 
say,  but  if  out  of  every  10  attempts  we  make  in  life  we 
are  successful  in  four  or  five,  or  if  among  every  10  men 
we  meet,  four  or  five  do  not  disappoint  us,  perhaps  we 
may  consider  ourselves  fortunate.  Let  us  think  the 
same  regarding  our  plots.  On  these  diagrams  you 
have  the  results  of  the  last  year's  root  crops  before  you. 
The  items  may  be  considered  separately,  and  again  you 
may  consider  them  as  a  whole.  I  think  we  may  take 
any  given  experiment  to  be  of  most  value  when  we  find 
its  result  corresponding  with  the  average  result.  We 
will  take  Lord  Bathurst's  first.  Lord  Bathurst  placed 
land  at  our  disposal  in  a  way  very  valuable  to  the 
Chamber,  and  I  am  sure  we  have  to  thank  Mr. 
Anderson  for  the  way  in  which  he  has,  year  after 
year,  undertaken  these  experiments.  I  will  briefly 
relate  the  kind  of  cultivation  pursued.  I  think 
you  know  the  land  upon  which  these  experiments 
were  tried,  and  I  am  not  wrong  in  saying  that  it  is 
of  the  customary  character  of  our  Cotswold  land — a 
brashy  soil.  But  Mr.  Anderson  is  here,  and  will  pro- 
bably explain  further.  Vou  have  there  Turnips  after 
Wheat,  cultivated  with  Coleman's  cultivators,  ploughed 
last  week  in  November,  stirred  first  week  in  May,  then 
cultivated  with  the  usual  harrowing,  rolling,  &c.,  and 
sown  with  Swedes  after  Wheat,  4  lb.  of  Swede  seed 
being  used.  Now,  gentlemen,  I  must  just  remind  you 
that  in  our  method  of  conducting  these  experiments  it  is 
very  difficult  to  get  the  drill  to  exactly  sow  the  quan- 
tities of  manure  prescribed  for  so  small  a  plot.  We 
have  been  in  the  habit  of  applying  the  manure  by  hand 
along  the  top  of  the  rows.  The  manures  are  thus  not 
so  fully  incorporated  with  the  soil  as  I  should  like 
theiTt  to  be.  This  was  the  plan  followed  upon  Lord 
Bathurst's  home  farm.  The  plots  (I -20th  of  an  acre 
each),  10  drills  each,  23  inches  apart,  and  each  plot 
was  173  links  long.  The  results  are  given  in  the 
diagram.      [Professor  Wrightson   then  proceeded  to 


explain  a  number  of  Tables,  &c.,  which  were  hanging 
on  the  walls.]  Perhaps  the  fairest  way  is  to  take  the 
average,  which  you  will  see  in  this  Table  : — 

Tabic  sjtowhi^  tJit  Average  Increase  over   Untiiainircd  Plots 
ill  Swede  Experimeftts ,  1871. 


13^ 

go 

^ 

. 

g 

Names  of 
E-\  peri  men  ters. 

■o-g. 

11 

i\ 

B 
0 

u 

-A 

-■s. 

"S, 

-it*  a 

," 

i 

%'" 

R3 

a 

uW 

Ocfl 

G  D.0 

c 

" 

<o 

•0 

fl 

^'ji 

M 

tons 

tons 

tons 

tons 

tons  tons 

tons 

Earl  Bathurst 

3.25 

1.72 

2.18 

1.23 

3-74  364 

3.«9 

Rev.   1,  Maurice     .. 

3-35 

2.25 

3-34 

2.70 

363   3- 50 

%'■' 

Mr.  Edmonds 

4-34 

5.00 

4. 89 

5-27 

4.14  4.00 

4.  op 

Mr.  Hobbs    .. 

3.72 

a.39 

3-95 

■i.T2 

2.57  2.00 

2.28 

Average  results 

3-41 

2.84 

3-64 

2.9S 

3.S3  3-28 

340 

Now,  as  to  the  questions  which  our  series  was 
intended  to  elucidate.  First  :  Dressing  with  6  cwt.  ot 
superphosphate.  Answer  :  6  cwt.  gave  a  better  resulf 
than  the  3  cwt.,  but  the  result  from  the  3  cwt.  taken 
relatively  to  the  cost  paid  better.  Second  question  : 
Bone  versus  mineral  superphosphate.  Here  a  distinct 
answer  is  given  ;  the  dissolved  bones  appear  slightly 
worse  than  the  3  cwt.  of  mineral  superphosphate.  The 
most  interesting  point  is  where  we  employed  the 
organic  matter  ;  you  will  observe  that  the  3  cwt,  has 
increased  the  yield  above  that  of  the  6  cwt.,  and  that 
the  result  is  followed  out  in  the  other  experiments. 
Guano  gives  a  considerably  higher  increase  than  any  of 
the  rest.  The  average  of  the  guano  is  3.69.  The 
results  are  these  ;  That  6  cwt.  of  superphosphate  is  not 
profitably  employed  against  3  cwt.  That  the  dissolved 
bones  give  a  dubious  result.  That  the  manure  mixed 
with  organic  matter  has  been  followed  with  good 
results  ;  and  that  this  season  has  been  a  good  one  for 
guano.  I  think  the  peculiar  character  of  this  season  has 
been  one  of  the  reasons  why  guano  has  been  so  beneficial. 
Then,  again,  the  advantage  of  fixing  the  ammonia  by 
sulphating  does  not  appear.  Now  the  Rev.  T. 
Maurice's  experiments.  These  manures  were  applied 
on  June  3,  in  the  same  manner,  sown  by  the  dry  drill ; 
the  average  distance  between  the  drills  was  27  inches, 
and  20  drills  to  a  plot.  These  experiments  were,  on 
the  whole,  satisfactory.  First  answer  with  respect  to 
heavy  or  light  dressing.  You  will  see  from  the  diagrams 
that  the  Rev.  Mr.  Maurice's  plots  give  a  better  amount 
with  6  cwt.  than  with  3  cwt.,  the  same  as  Lord 
Bathurst's,  but  the  increase  is  not  equivalent  to  the 
increase  of  the  dressing  applied.  Organic  matter  gives 
a  decided  increase,  growing  a  larger  yield  than  either 
of  the  others.  Guano,  both  ordinary  and  sulphated, 
exerted  a  most  marked  effect  in  this  series,  and  in  this 
respect  agrees  well  with  the  other  tabulated  results,  but 
here  also  the  sulphated  guano  was  not  observed  to  be 
superior  to  the  ordinary  guano.  Mr.  Edmonds' experi- 
ments come  next,  and  the  most  marked  effects  were 
produced  upon  his  farm.  I  have  before  alluded  to 
the  somewhat  imperfect  manner  which  we  have  yet 
followed  in  applying  manures,  I  wish  we  could  mix 
them  more  with  the  soil  ;  but  that  our  manures  do 
exercise  considerable  effect  is,  I  think,  evident  from 
such  results  as  have  been  attained  by  Mr.  Edmonds. 
His  series  were  carried  out  upon  very  poor  land — upon 
Maccaroni  Farm,  which  for  many  years  had  had  no 
farmyard  manure — but  which  he  had  taken  to  lately. 
You  see  Mr.  Edmonds  does  not  get  a  large  crop  :  he 
gets  a  small  crop,  7  or  8  tons  to  the  acre,  but  the 
increase  was  more  marked  in  this  case.  The  Table 
show  that,  although  the  effects  are  greater,  yet  the 
questions  are  answered  in  the  same  manner  as  in  Lord 
Bathurst's  and  Mr.  Maurice's  experiments.  They  bear 
out  that  a  heavy  dressing  of  superphospliate  does  not 
seem  to  have  an  equal  effect  with  a  moderate  dressing 
of  3   cwt.     Mr.    Edmonds  got   a   better   result   with 

cwt.  than  with  six.  Mr.  Edmonds'  organic  matter 
gives  a  better  increase.  He  did  not  get  so 
good  results  with  guano  as  with  superh phosphate. 
The  last  experiments  are  those  of  Mr.  Hobbs, 
and  his  results  agree  with  the  other  three.  Again, 
we  have  a  fair  result  in  the  case  of  guano. 

The  lessons  which  appear  to  occur  to  my  mind  are 
that  according  to  the  experiments  of  this  last  year  we  are 
not  able  to  show  that  6  cwt.  of  mineral  superphosphate 
can  be  applied  with  a  greater  advantage  than  3  cwt. 
The  averages  from  6  cwt.  =  3.41  tons;  3 cwt.  =  2.84, 
But  if  you  compare  the  organic  matter  results  you  will 
find  that  it  gives  a  higher  result  than  the  6  cwt. 
Guano  comes  next  to  manure  with  organic  material  in 
it.  Now,  the  cost  of  the  increased  crop.  The  super* 
phosphate  was  purchased  at  6c  per  cwt.,  and  when  it 
was  applied  the  increase  obtained  was  at  the  rate  of 
lOJ-.  6(/.  to  the  ton.  With  3  cwt.  the  increase  was 
obtained  at  the  rate  of  6j.  4^/.  per  ton.  With  3  cwt. 
of  mineral  superphosphate  with  organic  matter  the  in» 
crease  was  obtained  at  5.f.  per  ton.  2  cwt.  of  dissolved 
bones  gave  an  increase  to  Swedes  at  tlie  rate  of  4/.  S</. 
a  ton,  and  the  2  cwt.  of  treated  guano  gave  an  increase 
of  Swedes  at  the  rate  of  %s,  a  ton  ;  and,  lastly,  the  four 
guano  plots  gave  an  increase  at  a  cost  of  8j.  $d.  per 
ton.  So  although  for  quantity  the  dissolved  bones  did 
not  appear  favourably,  it  was  cheapest,  giving  an 
increase  at  \s.  Zd.  a  ton  ;  and  tlie  3  cwt.  was  next 
cheapest,  with  5j-.  per  ton. 

Lastly,  wiLli  reference  to  our  experiments,  I  should 


March  2,   1 872.] 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   A^-ricultural    Gazette. 


301 


be  very  glad  if  some  practical  suggestions  could  be 
given  as  to  the  manner  in  whicli  to  carry  them  out. 
I  think  the  system  of  applying  the  manure  to  the  top 
of  the  soil  does  not  give  the  full  effect.  Then,  with 
reference  to  the  lieavy  dressing,  it  is  a  pretty  clear 
conclusion  that  the  heavy  dressing  of  6  cwt.  of  super- 
phosphate was  not  applied  with  advantage  ;  but  is  it 
not  a  question  whether  the  maximum  effect  which  could 
be  produced  by  heavy  dressings  of  mixed  manures 
would  not  be  more  than  this?  Then,  again,  I  think 
we  cannot  look  upon  the  results  produced  by  guano 
without  thinking  that  guano  has  been  neglected  in  this 
neighbourhood.  I  believe  this  is  very  little  used,  and 
yet  it  becomes  a  question  whether  we  should  not  use 
more.  But  is  it  not  likely  that  a  mixture  of  guano  and 
superphosphate  might  be  of  decided  advantage? 

Gentlemen,  I  must  apologise  for  the  unfinished 
manner  in  which  I  have  introduced  the  subject.  I 
have  had  but  a  short  time  to  prepare  it,  only  having 
returned  to  college  a  week,  but  it  is  possible  that  the 
report  may  be  placed  before  you  in  a  more  precise 
form. 

Discussion. 

The  Rev.  T.  Maurice  said  the  organic  matter  seemed 
to  ha\e  given  the  best  results,  with  reference  to  a  mixture 
of  superpliosphate  and  guano,  for  many  years  he  had 
used  2  cwt.  of  superphosphate  with  i  cwt.  of  guano  witli 
great  advantnge  until  iS6g  and  1870.  In  those  dry 
seasons  he  found  the  crops,  he  fancied,  rather  worse — 
rather  burnt,  as  they  said,  by  the  excess  of  the  manure. 
So  that,  in  the  present  year,  he  had  not  followed  that 
plan  ;  though  for  several  years  the  result  was  very  good 
indeed. 

Professor  Church  said  the  object  of  mixing  a  small 
quantity  of  organic  matter  with  the  mineral  superphos- 
phate was  in  order  to  supply  those  ingredients  to  the 
mineral  superphosphate  in  which  it  was  deficient  and 
which  they  imagined  they  had  got  in  the  dissolved  bones. 
But  when  they  found  that  the  dissolved  bones  were  not 
really  dissolved  bones  at  all  but  only  contained  at  the 
most  a  little  bone  ash,  it  then  became  a  matter  of  serious 
consideration  whether  they  should  introduce  a  nitro- 
genous substance  with  the  mineral  superphosphate  in 
order  to  make  an  approximation  to  dissolved  bones. 
They  tried  straw  but  found  they  could  not  mix  it  pro- 
perly with  the  superphosphate.  They  tried  several  other 
vegetable  matters  of  a  low  manurial  value,  and  they 
managed  at  last  to  make  a  mixture  of  certain  vege- 
table waste  matter  with  a  little  miller's  refuse  — 
containing,  of  course,  a  small  amount  of  nitrogenous 
substance,  which  was  estimated  by  analysis.  There  was 
one  other  point  to  which  he  wished  to  refer  in  reference 
to  this  organic  matter.  It  was  highly  desirable  to  mix 
such  a  substance  with  mineral  superphosphate,  so  as  to 
approximate  it  to  the  true  dissolved  bones,  for  these  con- 
tained not  only  nitrogenous  matter,  but  also  decomposing 
carbonaceous  substances.  With  reference  to  guano, 
referring  to  the  register  of  rainfall,  he  found  on  looking  at 
his  register  of  rainfall  that  the  season  of  1871  was  wet 
from  June  to  October.  During  this  period  nearly  18  inches 
of  rain  fell  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Cirencester.  Now 
this  was  precisely  the  condition  under  which  they  found 
that  guano  in  a  light  soil  gives  most  beneficial  results,  and 
that  it  so  answered  whether  sulphated  or  not.  In  a  dry 
season  they  would  have  found  that  sulphated  guano  had 
told  better  than  ordinary  guano. 

Professor  Wrightson  said  Mr.  Playne's  results  made 
a  further  confirmation  of  the  advantages  of  guano  that 
year. 

Mr.  W.  Edmonds  thought  Professor  Wrightson  had 
explained  so  clearly  that  little  remained  to  be  said.  One 
result  he  had  noticed  was  the  superior  effect  of  manures 
on  land  in  a  bad  condition.  If  they  compared  his  resuhs 
with  Lord  Eathursfs  they  would  see  this.  Lord  Bathurst, 
he  believed,  obtained  14  tons  per  acre— his  amounted  to 
6  tons,  a  great  difference.  He  remembered  Mr.  Moore, 
Lord  Radnor's  steward,  used  to  say  he  employed  no 
artificial  manure,  only  that  produced  by  the  farm  itself, 
on  the  theory  that  a  farm  ought  to  support  itself.  He 
obtained  the  prize  for  the  best  Swedes.  It  was  to  be 
wished  they  could  farm  so  as  to  make  the  beef  and 
mutton  produce  the  manure  instead  of  having  to  buy  it. 
There  was  a  little  quantity  of  manure  left  over  in  that 
"supplied  him,  and  this  was  applied  to  16  Swedes,  which 
weighed  21  lb.  altogether.  On  the  next  plot,  which  had 
no  manure,  there  was  only  5  lb.  weight  of  Swedes,  which 
showed  that  the  superphosphate  had  a  great  effect. 

Mr,  R.  A.  Anderson  said  that  within  the  last  12  years 
a  sun-eyor  had  walked  over  the  ground  used  to  make  the 
experiments  upon  by  Lord  Bathurst,  and  he  (Mr.  Ander- 
son) asked  the  value  of  it.  The  surveyor  replied  that  it 
might  be  worth  17J.  an  acre.  That  showed  the  state  of 
the  land.  With  regard  to  the  mixture  of  manures,  he 
thought  the  Table  before  them  very  interesting  indeed. 
The  land  upon  which  those  Swedes  were  made  was 
manured  in  no  way  whatever  previous  to  the  application 
of  the  artificial  manures.  There  was  no  farmyard  manure 
upon  it.  The  dressing  the  crop  had  was  3  cwt.  of  super- 
phosphate to  h  cwt.  of  guano— all  put  in  with  the  liquid 
drill.  It  was  liquid  manure.  Mr.  Church  had  explained 
the  effect.  It  actually  appeared  that  year  that  guano  had 
a  striking  effect.  If  he  understood  rightly,  it  appeared 
that  in  the  use  of  artificial  manures  they  could  not  go 
beyond  a  certain  limit.  Some  people  thought  they  could 
manure  land  to  any  extent,  and  that  the  produce  would 
be  in  proportion.  They  found  in  those  Tables  that  6  cwt. 
does  not  produce  more  than  3  cwt.  ;  if  that  was  so,  it  was 
a  great  and  important  point.  He  thought  they  were  all 
very  much  indebted  to  Mr.  Wrightson,  and  he  was  sure 
every  gentleman  who  had  undertaken  these  experiments 
did  so  as  a  duty  to  the  agricultural  community  at  large. 

Mr.  W.  J.  Edmonds  said  the  Tables  showed  the  great 
help  of  manure  to  land  in  a  healthy  condition.  Mr. 
Anderson  had  said  that  the  land  upon  which  Lord  Bath- 
hurst  experimented  had  been  made  to  be  worth  ijs.  :  the 


land  he  (Mr.  Edmonds)  grew  his  Swedes  upon  was  of  the 
value  of  23J.  per  acre. 

Mr.  HoBBS  said  the  land  upon  which  liis  experiments 
had  been  conducted  had  been  about  23  years  in  his  occu- 
pation. He  could  quite  agree  with  Mr.  Edmonds  that 
the  effect  of  manure  showed  more  on  land  in  bad,  than 
on  land  in  good  condition.  Although  he  succeeded  in 
getting  a  good  crop,  he  never  saw  the  slightest  difference 
in  the  plots. 

Mr.  Playne  felt  much  indebted  for  the  explanation 
about  dissolved  bones.  His  system  had  been  to  get 
bones  and  dissolve  them  himself,  and  the  result  had  been 
particularly  advantageous. 

The  President,  Sir  MICHAEL  Htcks-BeACH,  Bart., 
M.P.,  said  he  had  listened  with  great  attention  to  Pro- 
fessor Wrightson,  and  one  or  two  points  had  occurred  to 
him.  The  first  was  the  great  justice  of  the  remark  as  to 
the  difficulty  of  making  agricultural  experiments  and 
relying  upon  the  results  each  farmer  obtained.  When 
they  looked  at  the  great  difference  between  the  seasons, 
and  the  constitution  of  the  soil  in  different  parts  of  the 
same  fields,  they  would  see  this  plainly.  Now,  looking 
through  the  report  of  the  experiments  adopted  by  the 
Chamijer  in  the  previous  years,  it  struck  him  veiy  for- 
cibly from  tliis.  that  the  two  fcauses  to  which  he  alluded 
had  really  prevented  them  from  obtaining  any  valuablc 
general  results  from  the  experiments  of  that  year.  Me 
thought  they  would  all  be  of  opinion  that  that  could  not 
be  said  with  respect  to  the  experiments  of  tlie  past  year 
just  laid  before  them  :  at  any  rate  they  had  these  general 
results,  that  it  appeared  that  3  cwt.  of  superphosphate 
practically  did  as  well  as  6  cwt.  ;  and  secondly,  that  the 
mixture  of  organic  matter  with  superphosphate  had  an 
advantage.  ^Ir.  Anderson  had  told  them  that  the  land 
upon  which  the  experiments  had  been  made  was  only 
worth  ijs.  an  acre  some  years  ago.  He  could  only  say 
that  if  that  was  the  case  it  did  great  credit  to  Mr.  Ander- 
son's management  of  the  farm  during  that  period.  He 
wished  to  ask  a  question  of  Professor  Wrightson  :  There 
seemed  to  be  no  doubt  if  a  certain  amount  of  mineral 
superphosphate  was  applied  upon  land  previously  badly 
farmed,  the  improvement  which  can  be  traced  to  that  will 
in  proportion  be  very  much  greater  than  when  the  same 
amount  of  superphosphate  was  applied  upon  land  well 
farmed.  But  would  that  result  be  the  same  of  bad  land 
against  good  land.  Taking  land  of  a  poor  character  and 
land  of  a  good  character,  upon  both  of  which  equal 
expense  had  been  incurred  in  farming,  would  the  results 
show  so  much  greater  proportion  ? 

Professor  WniGHTsoN  said  there  were  paragraphs  in  the 
report  of  the  experiments  of  1869  bearing  upon  the 
point  of  how  far  increasing  the  amount  of  superphos 
phate  used  would  cause  a  corresponding  increase  in  the 
crops.  The  results  obtained  by  Mr.  Plumbe  showed  no 
increase  by  using  an  increase  of  manure.  This  was  borne 
out  by  experiments  upon  Lord  Bathurst's  home  farm  in 
1868.  In  1867  he  tried  the  result  of  heavy  dressing  upon 
Swedes,  and  the  crop  produced  by  8  cwt.  was  no  better 
than  that  grown  by  six.  Sir  Michael's  question  was  a 
difficult  one  to  answer.  Just  as  they  had  land  out  of  con 
dition  responding  to  dressings,  so  they  should  expect  poor 
land  to  repond  to  dressings  in  a  more  marked  manner. 
The  effect  of  different  manures  upon  different  lands  was 
exceedingly  difffcult  to  value  :  manure  which  might  be 
applied  beneficially  to  land  here  is  so  very  various  in  its 
effects  in  different  parts  of  the  country.  In  Northumber- 
land half  a  ton  of  superphosphate  could  be  applied  per 
acre.  So  that  there  seemed  to  be  a  great  deal  of  difference 
caused  by  difference  of  soil. 

The  thanks  of  the  Chamber  were  given  to  Professor 
Wrightson  for  the  able  manner  in  which  he  had  described 
the  experiments  adopted  in  1S70,  and  also  to  the  gentle 
men  upon  whose  lands  the  experiments  had  been  carried 
out. 

After  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  President,  who  had  come 
from  London  to  be  present,  the  meeting  separated. 


'Smt  €mtspinkmt. 

Lord  Warwick's  Sewage  Farm,  Leamington. 
— My  attention  has  been  called  to  a  letter  of  Mr. 
Tough,  the  manager,  in  your  issue  of  the  17th  inst. 
Mr.  T.  states  that  he  was  specially  engaged  for  its 
management  and  laying  out  the  land  ;  that  Mr.  David- 
son, C.E. ,  laid  out  the  line  of  the  rising  main  ;  and 
that  I  carried  out  the  branch  lines  —  the  inference 
being  that  my  part  was  merely  a  subordinate  one.  I 
am  very  reluctant  to  obtrude  myself  personally  in  your 
columns,  but  as  the  statement  is  clearly  to  my  preju- 
dice, and  as  Mr.  Tough  occupies  now  a  very  different 
position  to  what  he  did  at  Barking,  which  gives  import- 
ance to  his  opinions,  I  trust  to  your  fairness  for  space 
to  say  a  few  words  in  explanation.  It  would  be  a  long 
stoiy  to  rehearse  all  the  phases  through  which  the 
Leamington  sewage  question  passed,  from  the  lime 
process  to  its  final  settlement.  I  was  first  consulted  at 
the  end  of  1S68,  as  to  the  eligibility  of  land,  and  the 
advisability  of  taking  the  sewage  on  to  his  lordship's 
estate,  and  continued  to  be  consulted  through  every 
stage  till  the  contract  was  signed.  But  a  few  facts  are 
worth  any  quantity  of  arguments. 

F.xtracts  fro7n  v\y  Report  to  the  Earl  of  Warwick' s 
Agent  of  Jajt.  15,  1869. — "Whatever  may  be  the  success 
of  the  *A.  B.  C  process  (then  under  trial),  I  believe  that 
the  whole  of  the  Leamington  sewage  will  ultimately  go 
to  the  land,  if  only  from  the  nuisance  of  the  purifying 
beds.  In  considering  the  question  of  the  allotment  of 
land  (for  purifying  the  etffuent  water  of  the  'A.  B.  C) 
this  result  should  be  kept  steadily  in  view."  "  In  bring- 
ing the  sewage  on  to  his  lordship's  estate,  it  is  of  great 
importance  to  have  regard  to  the  future.  The  rising 
main  should  run  as  shown  on  the  map  (accompanying). 
A  command  of  the  ground  along  the  whole  line  will  then 
be  secured." 


Exttact  of  Later  of  June  13,  1869.  to  his  Lordship's 
Agents  in  London.  —  "  I  forward  by  this  night's  post  plan 
and  section  showing  line  o(  main.  In  the  absence  of 
levels  it  is  not  possible  to  decide  on  the  exact  number  of 
hydrants  ;  seven  will,  I  think,  be  sumcient,  but  say 
eight." 

In  May,  1870,  I  submitted  a  complete  plan  of  the 
irrigation  scheme,  with  a  memorandum  on  the  subject.* 
I  forward  a  copy  for  your  inspection,  together  with 
other  conclusive  evidence.  Mr.  Davidson,  C.E.  is 
the  town  engineer  ;  he  had  nothing  whatever  to  do 
with  Lord  Warwick's  farm.  He  did  not  gain  his 
appointment  till  the  spring  of  1870,  and  then  had 
more  than  enough  to  do  to  design  and  carry  out  the 
great  works  of  the  town,  involved  by  taking  the  sewage 
out  of  the  river  and  pumping  it  on  to  the  land.  Mr. 
Tough  was  not  engaged  till  the  autumn  of  1S70.  A 
comparison  of  dales  will  show  that  the  land  was 
selected  and  the  scheme  matured  long  before  either 
gentleman  saw  the  farm.  W.  Clifford^  Kmscote^ 
\Vtv-.i.>ick^  Feb.  19. 

Depth  of  Drains. — I  want  some  information  about 
draining  from  some  scientific  and  practical  drainers,  if 
they  or  any  one  will  be  so  kind  as  to  give  it  me.  The 
neighbourhood  I  reside  in  is  notorious  for  having  too 
much  or  too  little  water  in  it  ;  in  very  wet  seasons  we 
have  too  much  water,  and  in  very  dry  summers  we 
have  too  little.  For  example,  the  last  two  summers 
my  ponds  became  empty,  and  my  drains  ceased  to  run, 
and  my  house-well  became  dry.  To  attempt  to  remedy 
these  evils  I  employed  a  practical  drainer  of  much 
experience  to  make  a  drain  with  socket  pipes  down  a 
field  adjoining  my  glebe,  and  from  II  to  12  feet  deep  ; 
then  for  it  to  pass  my  house  and  premises  into  another 
field  and  to  the  farther  side  of  it  into  a  deep  ditch, 
keeping  to  the  same  depth  all  the  way  ;  my  principal 
object  being  to  find  a  spring,  and  so  to  bring  water  to 
my  house,  and  drain  the  field  first  referred  to  at  the 
same  time.  Of  course,  if  I  had  found  any  indication 
of  water  in  the  land  above  my  house,  I  intended  at 
such  place,  if  requisite,  to  have  sunken  a  well. 
Since  this  draining  was  done  we  have  had  a  good  deal 
of  rain,  so  that  my  ponds  are  full,  and  some  drains  I 
made  nearly  40  years  back,  averaging  4^  leet  deep 
(and  for  which  I  was  obliged  to  use  shingles  and 
bushes,  as  no  tiles  or  pipes  were  here  to  be  procured  at 
that  time),  have  worked  admirably,  as  they  always 
did,  drying  the  land  completely.  Now  the  land  through 
which  this  deep  11  and  12  feet  drain  has  been  made  is 
stiff  and  adhesive  clay,  and  I  have  read,  and  many 
times,  that  water  will  find  its  way  through  such  soil 
and  down  to  drains  of  that  depth,  and  completely 
drain  the  land,  but  my  drains  so  made,  and  to  the 
expense  of  ;i^5o,  have  not  discharged  a  barrel  of  water, 
whilst  the  drains  I  made  nearly  40  years  since  run  as 
they  always  did,  completely  letting  out  all  the  water 
from  the  land  to  their  depth,  and  keeping  the  land 
always  in  fine  working  condition,  and  enabling  any 
kind  of  crops  to  be  grown  in  it,  I  myself  have 
always  been  an  advocate  of  deep  draining,  but  until 
this  present  case  I  never  descended  deeper  than  an 
average  of  about  4  and  4^  feet  deep,  and  such  drains 
always  answered  to  perfection,  and  they  also  were 
through  stiff  clay;  but  my  11  and  12  feet  deep  drain 
through  such  clay  has  been  a  complete  failure,  in  fact, 
of  no  use  whatever,  but  ^50  expenses  have  been  use- 
lessly, as  it  were,  thrown  away.  I  should,  therefore, 
be  obliged  if  some  scientific  and  practical  land  drainer 
would  state  if  he  has  found  that  water  falling  from  the 
clouds  upon  the  surface  of  clay  lands  has  ever  found  its 
way  through  them  into  drains  12,  II,  or  even  I o  feet 
deep  ?  George  Wilkins^   Wix  Vicarage. 

Sewage  Utilisation. — Had  the  surroundings  of 
Edinburgh  been  those  of  Stirling,  with  the  Forth 
below  it  only  a  "winding  "  river  instead  of  a  broad 
estuary,  with  no  Leith  Links  between,  but  with,  as  far 
down  as  North  Berwick  Law,  much  nearly  blowing 
sand,  it  is  almost  certain  that  the  day  for  sewage  irri-  . 
gation  for  the  Scottish  capital  had  not  yet  arrived  ;  and 
that,  if  not  Mr.  Hope,  at  least  his  London  scheme,  had 
yet  to  be  discovered.  Since  the  Birmingham  sewage 
affair  has  attracted  some  notice,  and  some  of  the 
gentlemen  who  latterly  became  connected  with  it  have 
each  announced  that  what  has  been  proposed  is  his 
scheme,  I  never  once  mentioned  Mr.  Hope  as  its  author. 
As  for  the  land  part  of  it  (which  may  most  concern 
your  readers),  putting  aside  all  its  expensive  embank- 
ments, outfalls,  6  feet  drains,  trenching,  burning  clay 
to  any  depth  of  feet — any  "clodhopper"  may  be  as 
able  for  the  work  of  a  system  of  service  channels,  in 
the  reverse  order  of  the  mains  and  submains  of  under- 
ground drainage  through  it,  for  the  work  of  preparing 
its  surface — the  ploughings  and  knockings  of  it  about 
to  bring  it  to  an  evenness,  and  the  harrowings  and 
rollings  to  get  it  to  a  smoothness,  together  with  the 
necessary  smallest  distributing  channels  from  side  or 
top  deliveries  over  it — as  any  of  the  gentlemen  who 
will  have  us  believe  in  its  importance.  If,  indeed,  he 
is  not,  the  sooner  the  idea  of  the  utilisation  of  sewage 
— or  its  distribution  amongst  farmholds,  &;c.,  in  place 
of,  and  auxiliary  to,  the  fold  and  artificial  manures  at 


'■  First  paragraph  of  memorandum  of  May  18,  1870 : — 
"  In  preparing  the  scheme  of  irrigation  I  have  confined  myself 
to  marking  out  the  '  line  of  the  main '  position  of  the  hydrants 
and  the  carrying  and  drainage  lines.  I  have  preserved  the 
existing  outlines  of  fields,  and  purpose  adapting  the  irrigation  to 
the  contour  of  the  land." 


302 


The   Gardeners'   Chronicle   and   Agricultural   Gazette. 


[March  2,   187?. 


present  applied  to  the  soil — is  given  up  the  better. 
As  to  talk  of  the  general  farmer  requiring  an  engineer 
or  surveyor  always  at  his  elbow,  there  is  an  end  of 
the  matter.  If  parentage  be  wanted  for  the  scheme, 
the  following  extract  from  the  Birmingham  Sewage 
Inquiry  Report  may  reveal  something  of  the  kind  : — 

"From  tlie  reports  already  quoted,  it  is  evident  tliat 
there  is  abundance  of  land  of  a  suitable  quality  in  the 
Tame  valley  ;  but  the  Committee  are  of  opinion  that  it 
should  be  obtained,  if  possible,  beyond  the  estate  of  Sir 
Charles  Adderley,  in  order  that  the  conduit  may  command 
the  greatest  possible  area,  and  also  that  one,  at  any  rate, 
of  the  existing  injunctions  may  be  satisfactorily  and  simply 
complied  with." 

Whether  the  gentlemen  who  are  responsible  for  the 
report  in  which  these  words  are  contained  are  chemists, 
engineers,  or  agriculturists  enough  to  have  made  a 
selection,  there  is  one  thing  certain — that  they,  by 
having  the  conduit  beyond  Sir  Charles  Adderley, 
logically,  if  not  virtually,  concluded  one  injunction 
would  at  least  be  got  quit  of ;  and  really  the  selected 
land  for  the  Birmingham  sewage,  by  the  latest  report,  is 
on  the  down  side  of  Hams  Hall,  "Sir  Charles  Adderley's 
estate."  By  the  way,  with  some  knowledge  of  the  effort, 
both  of  wind  and  memory,  to  which  local  authorities  are 
subjected  by  the  frequent  introduction  of  those  three 
words,  "downward  intermittent  filtration,"  into  their 
discussions,  permit  me  to  suggest,  instead  of  by  three 
words,  that  the  process  be  expressed  and  understood 
by  three  letters,  "tip  " — sewage  tip — a  term  which  by 
most  tovvn's-people,  from  their  experience  of  having  to 
dispose  of  ashes  and  other  refuse,  to  spoil  on  banks 
and  fields,  will  be  readily  understood — the  tip  for  the 
one  being,  as  to  advantages  and  disadvantages,  on  a 
par  with  that  for  the  other — the  more  steep  the  bank 
for  the  ashes,  and  the  more  upland  and  undulating  the 
land  for  the  sewage,  the  less  expensive  and  more 
efticient  both — the  only  difference  between  them  being 
in  a  matter  of  water  and  wheels,  as  the  means  of  con- 
veyance to  the  tips.  But  within  the  last  few  days  all 
this  quibbling  about  acres,  selection,  and  authorship 
has  been  blown  to  the  winds  by  the  "cool  hand  "  of 
the  Court  of  Chancery,  which  insists  that  in  this  play- 
ing at  schemes  the  real  point  at  issue,  that  of  the  most 
expeditious  mode  of  relieving  the  town  of  the  impend- 
ing injunctions,  has  not  been  sufficiently  "  complied 
with  ;"  so  that  the  public  may  expect  to  hear  of  a 
third  scheme  very  soon,  the  pith  of  which  is  likely  to 
be  that  it  must  be  got  in  operation,  at  whatever  cost, 
before  the  hot  and  dry  weather  of  midsummer  arrives 
— and  it  can  be  done.  Propounded  by  the  Court  of 
Chancery,  it  is  likely  to  be  more  serious  than  its  fancy 
and  experimental  predecessors  ;  and  what  may  be  the 
number  of  acres  or  their  site,  is  hard  to  say  ;  but, 
depend  upon  it,  carried  out  it  must  be,  squabble  about 
his  or  her  scheme  afterwards  who  likes.  Already  the 
former  schemes  begin  to  seem  matters  of  history,  yohn 
Martin^  Kincardine-on- Forth,  Feh.  20. 

Profits     of    Tiptree     Management.  —  I     have 
received  the  following  letter  this  morning  : — 

"Sir, — I  have  just  seen  Piofitable  Farmhig,  by  Mr. 
Mechi,  published  in  1869,  and  in  his  balance  sheet  I  see — 

1865.  1866.  1S67.  1868. 

Wood  sold..  ..^1910  ..^54  I  I  •• -<^23  S  ..£,2^10 
Now,  as  Mr.  Mechi  is  just  now  on  such  good  terms  with 
you,  perhaps  he  would  tell  you  how  many  tenants' 
balance-sheets  in  England  besides  his  own  would  contain 
the  same  item,  amounting  to  something  near  5J-.  9*/.  per 
acre  on  the  average  of  four  years.  Again,  I  see,  at  page 
80,  in  a  letter  dated  1867,  Mr,  Mechi  says  that  he  has  put 
his  engine,  boiler,  and  threshing-machine  in  good  order, 
at  a  cost  of  ^^150  ;  but  on  turning  to  the  balance-sheet,  I 
fail  to  find  any  such  item.  It  also  surprises  me  how  his 
implements  maintain  their  value,  when  we  consider  the 
enormous  work  we  are  told  they  have  to  do,  and  also 
taking  into  consideration  that  only  £1  \s.  was  spent  in  new 
ones  in  four  years,  for  I  find  them  valued  in  1865  at 
;,^435  iiJ.  dd.  ;  in  1866,  at  ^"430  ;  in  1867,  at  ^^425  iij-.  6(/.  ; 
and  in  1868,  at  ^425  \\s.  6d.  ;  exactly  depreciated  ^10  m 
four  years.  What  can  they  be  made  of?  Several  other 
questions  occur  to  me,  but  they  may,  like  these,  be  only 
questions  beyond  the  comprehension  of  'A  Muddle- 
Headed  Farmer.'  " 

These  are  very  fair  questions.  "  Wood"  is  no  doubt 
a  misprint  for  *' wool,"  so  this  criticism  falls  to  the 
ground,  but  the  ^^150  for  putting  his  engine,  boiler, 
and  threshing-machine  in  good  order  ought  to  Iiave 
appeared  in  his  balance-sheet.  He  must  manage  his 
implements  well  when  we  see  that  they  depreciate 
only  ^10  and  a  £1  \s.  blower  in  four  years.  Perhaps 
Mr.  Mechi  will  throw  some  light  upon  these  points  to 
enlighten  the  "Muddle-Headed  Farmer,"  William 
Smithy   WoolstoH,  Bletchley  Station,  Bucks,  Feb.  19. 

Big  Wheels.— I  have  lately  had  vans  built,  to 
carry  chests  of  tea  from  the  docks  to  the  London  ware- 
houses, the  hind  wheels  of  which  are  7  feet  in  diameter, 
and  the  fore  wheels  4  feet  6  inches  in  diameter.  These, 
with  other  arrangements,  have  enabled  me  to  carry, 
with  the  same  horse-power,  63  .t  per  cent,  more  weight 
each  journey  than  the  old  vans  deliver.  I  have 
also  had  a  two-wheeled  cart  made,  the  working  of  which 
contrasts  favourably  with  waggon  work.  Two  horses 
abreast  took  up  4  tons  5  cwt.  of  Mangels  from 
the  farm  yesterday ;  plus  weight  of  cart,  i  ton 
4  cwt.,  say  5i  tons  in  all — say  a  distance  of  nine 
or  ten  miles.  The  roads  were  in  a  badish  ordci. 
and    the  cart    is    new    to   those    on    the   farm  :    but 


the  two  horses  draw  this  load  with  more  ease  than 
three  horses  would  have  drawn  3  tons  5  cwt.  in 
a  waggon.  I  think  that  a  pair  of  good  big  strong 
horses  would,  if  the  roads  were  in  good  order,  easily 
walk  off  with  5  or  5|  tons  of  cargo.  The  saving  in 
transit  of  goods  by  this  conveyance  is  very  great,  and 
the  cost  ol  one  man  and  two  horses  spread  over  4^ 
tons  of  Mangel  leaves  a  better  margin  of  price  on  the 
farm  than  if  3  tons  or  3^  tons  had  to  bear  the  charge 
of  one  man  and  three  horses.  The  advantage  of  two 
over  four  wheels  is  apparent  when  the  performance  of 
the  vans,  with  a  distance  of  i\  miles,  and  with  the 
advantage  of  a  stone  tramway  the  greater  part  of  the 
distance,  is  compared  with  that  of  the  cart  carrying 
almost  precisely  the  same  weight  a  distance  of  9  to 
10  miles,  llenyy  J.  Morgan^  Lodge  Farnit  Barking. 

Bean  Planting  and  Steam  Cultivation. — The 
reports  throughout  the  country  show  that  the  two 
months'  wet  weather  that  we  have  had  has  greatly 
retarded  field  work.  I  am  not  behind  with  my  work. 
My  Wheat  is  all  up  and  looking  well,  and  my  Beans 
are  all  planted,  and  to-day  they  are  all  harrowed  up 
and  are  in  first-rate,  viz.,  29  acres  on  my  heavy  land, 
ridged  and  subsoiled  by  steam-power,  as  well  as  ma- 
nured in  the  autumn.  The  cost  of  ridging  and  subsoiling 
was  6i.  2i/.,  of  planting  3.V.  6^/.,  and  harrowing  twice 
over  is.  Gd.  ;  total,  iij".  2d.  an  acre.  Thirteen  acres  on 
the  flat  land,  ridged  and  subsoiled  by  steam-power,  as 
well  as  manured  in  the  autumn.  Cost  of  ridging  and 
subsoiling  was  6s.  2d.,  planting  3^.  6d.,  splitting  of  the 
ridges  and  covering  in  the  Beans  by  horse,  3^.  ;  total, 
I2j'.  id.  an  acre.  That  is  the  way  to  get  on  with  the 
work  in  a  wet  season  like  this  ;  get  your  heavy  work 
done  by  a  steam-engine  in  the  autumn.  I  never  had 
better  weather  for  Bean-planting  in  my  life,  and  I  never 
saw  Beans  go  in  better,  ll'illia/n  Sinit/i,  Il'bolsto/i, 
Bictchlcv  Station,  Biuks,  Feb.  22. 

The  Lease  of  Land. — In  reading  over  Professor 
Wrightson's  essay  on  tenant-right  at  the  Hexham 
Farmers'  Club,  and  the  discussion  thereon,  I  was  led 
to  compare  the  system  that  has  prevailed  for  a  period 
of  50  years  on  the  estate  on  which  I  am  a  tenant,  and 
I  hold  that  that  must  be  a  good  system  under  which 
not  only  the  landowner's  income  has  increased  threefold 
(a  literal  fact)  but  the  tenantry,  feeling  confident  that 
they  reap  what  they  sow,  are,  as  a  rule,  prosperous. 
As  a  proof  of  this,  a  tenant  in  arrear  is  rare,  and 
no  such  thing  as  restraint  or  ejectment  ;  if  a  tenant  is 
unable  to  meet  his  engagements  he  is  permitted  to  sell 
his  interest  in  his  holding — the  purchaser,  being  respon- 
sible for  the  arrears,  is  allowed  to  take  the  place  of  the 
seller.  The  land  shares  in  the  general  pro:^perity  in 
draining,  improved  tillage,  and  the  erection  of  comfort- 
able homesteads.  (Here  in  Ireland,  in  most  cases,  all 
improvements  are  understood  to  be  made  by  the  tenant. ) 
The  landlord  gives  leases  of  farms  for  a  term  of  31  years 
and  one  life,  and  at  its  expiration  renews  it  again  with 
perhaps  a  small  advance  in  the  rent  on  revaluation. 
(The  tenant  in  possession  has  a  preference,  provided 
he  pays  his  rent.)  I  have  known  an  instance  where  a 
tenant  died  without  issue,  and  his  holding  was  offered 
to  his  next  of  kin.  There  is  another  peculiarity  on  this 
estate — while  improvements  in  stock  and  agriculture 
are  encouraged  there  is  no  dictation  to  the  tenant  as  to 
the  mode  of  cropping  or  disposal  of  his  crop,  which 
appears  to  me  far  better  leaving  these  matters  to  the 
tenant's  good  sense  than  the  practice  of  too  many  land- 
owners trammelling  their  tenants  with  a  multitude  ef 
vexatious  conditions,  like  the  Earl  of  Leicester's  model 
lease,  putting  into  the  hands  of  agents  and  underlings 
a  power  which,  if  they  are  ill-disposed  or  tyrannical,  is 
calculated  to  embitter  and  set  class  against  class.  I 
think  the  foregoing  conclusively  proves  the  best  tenant- 
right  to  be  that  which,  while  preserving  the  landlord's 
interest,  also  insures  the  security  of  the  tenant's  pos- 
session and  outlay;  and  were  landowners  more  solicitous 
to  perform  the  duties  that  property  enjoins,  their  rights 
would  not  be  withheld.  J.  M.  E. 

Potato  Planting. — The  season  for  planting  Potatos 
is  close  at  hand.  It  may  be  of  some  service  to  Potato 
planters  to  call  their  attention  to  some  things  connected 
therewith,  in  order  to  prevent  disappointment  in  the 
crop,  and  true  economy  in  planting.  The  varieties  of 
Potatos  are  almost  innumerable.  Those  most  in  general 
favour  now  are  Regents,  Flukes,  Rocks,  Victorias, 
Shaws,  Snowballs,  for  winter  and  spring  consumption; 
and  Ash-leaved  Kidneys,  Oak-leaved  Kidneys,  and  one 
or  two  recent  introductions  for  early  summer  uses. 
The  main  thing  with  the  grower  is  to  plant  that  variety 
which  is  best  adapted  to  the  soil  he  cultivates,  and 
which  experience  alone  will  enable  him  to  select. 
Every  grower  should  in  a  small  way  experimentalise 
with  some  different  varieties,  to  ascertain  their  quality 
and  adaptation  for  his  growth.  The  writer  of  these 
lines  has  done  this  for  several  years,  as  also  in  connec- 
tion with  different  artificial  manures.  To  detail  these 
trials  would  lar  exceed  the  limits  prescribed  in  these 
short  papers.  Last  year  I  planted  three  varieties  of 
Regents  with  very  difierent  results,  the  produce  of 
the  best  sort  nearly  doubling  the  produce  of  the  worst 
kind.  I  also  planted  Flukes,  Rocks,  Oak-leaves, 
Flounders,  American  Early  Rose,  Seedling  Cups, 
Seedling  Red  Apples,  Redskin  Flourb.ills,  &c.,  all 
good  sorts,  but  all  are  not  popular  with  the  consuming 
public.     The  Flounder,  Early  Rose,  and  Redskin  Floui- 


balls  are  prolific  growers  and  good  in  quality,  if  used  in 
proper  season.  The  latter,  for  instance,  is  best  if  kept 
till  May  or  even  June,  when  they  are  probably  un- 
equalled in  quality.  The  yield  in  my  experiment  was 
very  great.  The  Ash-leaved  Ki<lney  I  have  grown  for 
many  years  ;  in  fact  till  it  scarcely  yielded  its  seed 
again.  The  Oak-leaved  Kidney  (Myatt's  seedling)  is 
a  much  better  cropper,  and  nearly  as  early.  The 
Paterson's  Victoria  appears  to  have  taken  with  the 
public.  It  is  a  first-rate  cropper,  has  immense  tops, 
and  draws  heavily  upon  the  soil ;  in  this  respect  out- 
doing the  Rock  and  Skerry  Blue  kinds.  I  incline  to 
think  "  Regent  "  has  become  a  general  term  for  several 
kinds  of  excellent  Potatos  of  like  form  and  quality. 
My  three  varieties  are  perceptibly  distinct  in  their 
growth,  yield,  and  quality.  In  the  planting  much 
ought  to  be  observed.  Small-topped  varieties  may  be 
planted  much  nearer  in  the  rows  than  large-topped 
kinds.  The  sets  should  be  laid  with  the  eye  down- 
wards.  They  sooner  take  hold  of  the  furrow  sole  or 
ridge  bottom.  The  artificial  manures  to  be  selected 
should  be  from  the  test  of  experience.  Some  soils  are 
tolerably  rich  in  ammonia,  some  in  salt,  some  in  gyp- 
sum, some  in  coprolites,  phosphates,  &c.  The 
manurings  should  be  such  as  would  be  most  likely  to 
turn  these  innate  supplies  to  the  best  uses.  The  quan- 
tity to  be  applied  should  also  be  from  the  test  of  expe- 
rience ;  there  must  be  enough  to  take  action  in  the 
soil.  Slight  dressings  are  of  no  avail,  particularly  in 
these  days  of  gross  adulterations.  No  manures  ought 
to  be  purchased  except  under  chemical  guarantees. 
0.  F. 


Foreign  Correspondence. 

DussELDORF  :  Agriculture  of  Hungary. — There  is  a 
great  expansiveness  in  the  Magyar  tribe.  Hungari- 
ans are,  like  Jews,  to  be  found  every  and  any  where, 
except,  we  should  like  to  say,  at  home.  Of  course  the 
Magyars  are  extremely  patriotically  fervent,  and  there 
is  no  great  thing  on  earth — no  science,  no  invention,  no 
innovation,  no  philosophy,  and  no  change  in  the 
polities  of  any  country  except  by  Magyar  force  and 
influence.  Kant,  Bismarck,  Palmerston,  Newton, 
Washington,  and  even  Solomon  were  Hungarians  by 
birth  ;  there  is  no  doubt  about  it  !  They  were  born  in 
the  village  of  Fulop,  near  Szallas,  if  anywhere.  For 
all  that,  Hungarians  are  not  comfortable  and  content  at 
home,  because  of  the  Germans  doing  the  work  amongst 
them.  They  are  going  in  masses  over  the  great  seas  to 
America,  there  to  prepare  ploughlands,  which  they 
might  have  found  better  and  even  cheaper  in  Hungary 
itself,  close  by  the  very  house  they  have  left  to  some 
industrious  German  or  sold  to  some  enterprising  Jew. 
Enormous  wastes  of  the  most  fruitful  acres  are  left 
uncultivated  for  want  of  people.  There  is  no  denying 
how  much  corn,  and  oil,  and  wine  might  be  got 
out  of  those  fields  of  fertility,  interlaced  by  broad 
streams,  surrounded  by  high  mountains — the  Carpa- 
thians— black  with  humus  matter,  1700  geographical 
square  miles  in  extent.  If  capital  and  labour  could  be 
induced  to  find  their  way  into  this  great  valley  the 
gifts  of  the  land  would  certainly  be  more  considerable 
than  anywhere  else  in  Europe,  and  even  on  the  world's 
surface.  The  Bauat,  which  is  the  southern  part  of  the 
land,  along  the  streams  of  the  Marcs  and  Theiss, 
already  affords  a  good  example.  The  greater  number 
of  the  landowners  there  are  Germans,  who  have  immi- 
grated during  the  present  century  as  small  farmers,  and 
who,  by  intelligence,  industry,  and  a  certain  sort  of 
carefulness  peculiar  to  the  German,  have  got  into  pos- 
session of  little  less  than  all  the  arable  land  in  that 
region.  At  present  they  sell  an  acre  of  land  for  no  less 
than  400  to  500  dols.  amongst  brothers,  which  is  a 
considerable  price  for  the  Continent  ai  a  whole.  Here 
you  see  Wheat  growing  on  the  same  soils  for  years  and 
years  together,  and  there  is  no  saying  what  length  of 
exhaustive  process  would  be  needed  to  exhaust  those 
wells  of  wealth.  If  these  circumstances  were  better 
known  in  Germany,  I  dare  say  there  would  be  a  flood 
of  immigrants,  but  the  German  press  is  not  up  to  such 
practical  subjects  as  yet.  The  papers  are  all  buried  over 
the  ears,  long  though  they  be,  in  party  affairs,  and  they 
gnaw  dozens  together  on  bare  bones,  never  seeing  the 
fleshpots  close  by.  Perhaps  some  English  capitalists 
will  in  time  avail  themselves  of  these  circumstances. 

There  is  room,  to  make  a  decent  estimate,  for  at  least 
two  millions  of  farmers  in  Hungary,  the  land  being 
ready  for  the  plough,  and  paying  any  trouble  without 
manuring.  The  regular  Magyar  never  debases  himself 
to  so  low  a  level  as  to  look  at  the  agricultural  business. 
He  belongs  to  no  Indo-German  tribe,  his  being  the 
Turanian,  related  to  the  Turkish,  who  also  do  not  care 
for  growing  what  they  well  care  for  eating.  The  people 
for  any  new  settler  to  apply  to  are  the  Germans,  and 
they  mostly  are  born  to  the  conditions  of  the  land, 
and  deal  honestly  enough  to  be  relied  upon,  at  least 
in  comparison  with  the  Jewish  land  usurers. 

An  acre  of  land  in  the  northern  parts,  near  Bohemi.i, 
Galicia,  &c.,  may  be  had  for  20  to  3odols.,  of  a  quality 
which  in  America  would  cost  100  dols.  anywhere,  even 
if  ever  so  far  west,  because  of  the  pre-cuUivation. 
Regular  forest  lands  in  primitive  condition  may  be  had 
at  so  low  a  price  as  2  to  S  dols.  per  acre,  and  especially 
in  those  parts  where  the  means  of  communication  are 
not  as  yet  of  a  high  standard. 

This  is,  indeed,  a  thing  worthy  of  consideration  for 


March  2,  1872.] 


The    Gardeners'    Chronicle    and    Agricultural    Gazette, 


303 


any  speculators.  Railways  are  spreading  farther  and 
deeper  into  the  last  recesses  of  the  land,  so  that  there  is 
no  doubt  about  the  profitableness  of  buying  up  lands  at 
a  nominal  price  now,  which  in  a  few  years  are  sure  to 
be  worth  ten  times  the  money.  There  is,  for  instance, 
a  magnate's  property  in  the  Abanj-tornaer  comitat, 
saleable  at  45,000  dols.,  comprising  an  area  of  little 
less  than  3000  acres.  In  perhaps  five  years,  when  a 
railroad  will  certainly  cross  this  district,  the  mere 
timber  to  be  cut  there  will  be  worth  five  times  that 
sum. 

The  above  fact  I  state  upon  the  authority  of  the 
Deiit.uhe  laiidzuirl/isiha/llii/if  Ztituiif;,  in  Berlin, 
which  is  a  most  conscientiously  conducted  paper. 
"There  never,"  says  this  paper,  "was  a  time  when 
enterprise  would  be  sure  to  pay  better,  than  the 
present." 

Oak  forests,  which  will  serve  very  well  to  rear  pigs, 
may  be  had  at  ^\  dols.  per  acre,  especially  in  the 
mountainous  parts.  There  are  rich  coal  mines  and 
minerals  quite  near  to  the  surface,  but  capital  has  not 
as  yet  taken  hold  of  them.  Some  have  been  opened. 
Enterprise,  however,  is  short  of  breath,  being  also 
short  of  cash.  The  Magyar  himself,  as  the  owner,  will 
find  little  or  no  money,  even  if  he  gave  himself  the 
trouble  of  looking  for  it  ;  whilst  the  foreign  capitalists 
in  those  parts,  mostly  Jew,  find  trade  answer  better 
than  mining.  They  trade  in  pigs,  cattle,  skins,  corn, 
wine,  meerschavim,  and  timber,  and  make  100  per  cent, 
profits,  if  anything.  Regular  agriculture,  mining,  &c., 
have  but  little  chance  to  be  pounced  upon  by  sharks 
anyvvhere,  how  much  less  in  these  parts.  But  peopl^i 
who  are  contented  with  a  quiet  stroke  of  business  may  [ 
find  things  meet  their  desires  here,  nevertheless.  j 

It  cannot  be    denied    that    the    political  aspects  of, 
Hungary  are  still  of  an  uncertain  hue.     They  were,  | 
however,  worse  in  the  period  preceding  1S67.    If  ever  a  1 
war    should  rage   between  either  Austria,  Germany,  , 
and  Russia,   or  between  Germans  and  Czechs,    Huii- 
gary  will  be  hardly  likely  to  be  overrun  ;  nor  are  immi- 
grants in  danger  of  ill  treatment.     Magyars  are  arro- 
gant but  no  ruffians.     They  take  readily  towards  the 
Anglo-Saxon  tribe.     Terhaps  also  they  like  duelling  , 
and  a  little  bit  of  poisoning  now  and  then,  but  they 
are   on   the   whole   a   chivalrous   nation ;   and    as   to 
politeness,  even  more  comfortable,  because  less  osten- 
tatious,   than    the    French.     Hungary    consists   of  a 
number  of  magnatedoms,    with    territories    of    about  1 
I  to  30  geographical  square  miles  each.     In  the  centre  , 
of  each  is  situated   {.as    the   feudal  headquarters)  the  i 
farm  of  the  magnate  himself,  with  perhaps  an  area  of 
200  to  5000  acres.     These  magnates  have  unlimited 
liberty  of  getting  rid  of  their  land,  and  of  selling  it  for 
a  shilling  per  square  mile,  irrevocably,  if  they  choose 
to  do  so.     Several  German  farmers  w-ith  a  little  money 
are  known  to  have  asssociated  towards  buying  up  such 
a  magnate  altogether,   and  to  have  succeeded,  to  the  | 
contentment  of  both  parties.   O,  Beta.  | 


WA  R  WICKSHIRE. 

Land  Tenure. — At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Warwick- 
shire Chamber  of  Agriculture  Mr.  T.  Horley,  jun., 
of  The  Fosse,  introduced  this  subject  for  discussion. 
He  said  : — 

I  think  it  will  be  generally  admitted  that  the  rapid 
changes  and  progress  of  British  agriculture — from  the 
days  when,  comparatively,  only  a  small  portion,  and 
that  the  best  of  the  soil,  was  occupied  as  tillage,  and 
when  at  most  the  capital  of  the  occupier  consisted  of  a 
few  rude  implements  and  a  little  stock  which  was 
seldom  housed  or  protected  from  the  weather — have 
not  secured  to  this  branch  of  our  national  industiy  a 
thorough  security  for  the  capital  employed.  No  doubt 
all  advanced  minds  will  favour  leases  ;  others,  con- 
sidering the  difficulties  in  many  cases,  advocate  yearly 
tenancy,  with  compensation  for  unexhausted  improve- 
ments. I  will  not  enter  into  their  comparative  merits; 
but  I  believe  one  opinion  has  been  universally  growing 
of  late  years  among  all  classes  connected  with  the  land 
in  this  country,  landlords,  agents,  and  occupiers, 
namely,  that  nothing  less  than  12  months'  notice  to 
quit  could  fairly  exist.  I  cannot  but  think  that  a 
system  of  compensation  for  unexhausted  improvements 
must  greatly  extend,  and  I  trust  become  universal, 
whether  land  be  held  upon  lease  or  from  year  to  year, 
because  it  must  ultimately  tend  to  materially  improve, 
and  consequently  raise  the  value  of  the  land,  offer  a 
premium  on  good  farming  and  high  cultivation,  and 
prevent  landlords  from  being  called  upon,  whenever  a 
change  of  tenancy  takes  place,  to  make  a  large  outlay 
to  put  the  farm  into  a  fair  state  or  condition  for  entry. 
I  know  some  persons  think  it  better  to  spend  their  own 
money  than  to  pay  a  sum  to  their  predecessors  for  what 
they  have  left  behind  ;  but  the  majority  of  people 
capable  of  judging^  l<now  well  that  it  is  better  to  be  able 
to  obtain  a  good  harvest  and  keep  a  good  amount  of 
stock  on  a  farm  the  first  year  of  entry  than  to  spend  two 
or  three  years  in  bringing  the  occupation  up  to  a  fair 
standard  of  cultivation.  I  will  not  plead  either  for 
leases  or  yearly  tenancies  ;  my  object  is  rather  to  seek 
for  greater  liberty  in  cultivation,  whether  the  hiring  be 
for  a  term  of  years  or  from  year  to  year.  We  want  to 
break  the  spell  and  charm  of  these  old  stereotyped 
covenants  and  conditions,  which  have  placed  innumer- 


able hindrances  in  the  way  of  agricultural  progress,  and 
we  shall  thus  be  conferring  a  boon  alike  upon  owners 
and  occupiers,  and  upon  the  country  at  large.  The 
great  amount  of  capital  that  is  now  necessary  for  the 
thorough  cultivation  of  the  soil  and  the  production  of 
the  greatest  amount  of  crop  that  can  be  raised  from  it 
without  any  exhaustion  of  its  fertility  renders  it 
necessai7  that  there  should  be  a  removal  of  all 
useless  restrictions  and  a  thorough  revision  of  exist- 
ing agi'eements  between  landlords  and  tenants. 

[Mr.  Horley  quoted  Lord  Derby,  Lord  Leicester,  Sir 
J.  Trelawney,  M.P.,   Col.   Corbett,   M.P.,    Mr.  C.  S. 
Read,  M.P.,  and  others,  and  then  proceeded.]     With 
a  view  to  show  more  fully  how  impossible  it  is  in  the 
present  day  to  farm  the  land  so  as  to  produce  from  the 
soil  the  amount  of  beef,  mutton,  and  corn  it  is  capable 
of  producing,   under  the  agreements  that  are  now  in 
force,  and  with  a  six  months'  notice  to  quit,  I  may  refer 
to  the  reports  on  the  farms  that  have  been  inspected 
during  the  last  two  years,  and  the  prizes  offered  in  con- 
nection with  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England. 
Some  idea  may  be  formed   from  those  reports  of  the 
amount  of  capital  employed  in  the  cultivation  per  acre, 
and  also  what  position  a  tenant  would  be  in  were  he 
compelled  to  leave  with  a  six  months'  notice,  and  with- 
out any  claim  for  what  he  has  left  behind.     I  notice 
that  the  expenditure  per  acre  on  the  farms  inspected  this 
year  is  from  about  35.^.  to  over  ^3  per  annum  in  artificial 
food  and  manures  alone.     I  would  also  refer  to  an  ex- 
cellent paper  written  in  1S63  by  Mr.  Thompson,  a  few 
years  since  president  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society 
of  England.     After  referring  to  the  benefits  of  leases 
and  compensation  for  unexhausted  improvements,   he 
says  :  "  As  these  causes  will  probably  long  continue  to 
operate,  it  is  worth  considering  whether  there  are  any 
practicable  means  of  at  once  mitigating  the  evils  arising 
from  the  prevalent  custom  of  letting  farms  at  will,  on 
an  agreement  terminable  at  six  months'  notice.     These 
evils,  though  apparently  of  very  different  kinds,  such 
as  injury  to  the  public  by  the  inadequate  cultivation  of 
the  land,  and  injury  to  the  tenant,  who,  without  suffi- 
cient cause,  is  suddenly  dispossessed  of  his  holding,  are 
all   referable   alike  to   the   same  cause,  viz.,  want  of 
sufficient    security    for    the   capital   of    an   improving 
tenant."      He    then   recommends   nothing    less    than 
iS  months'  notice  being  allowed  to  take  a  crop  of  corn 
from  the  whole  of  the  arable  land  as  some  compensa- 
tion.    In  a  discussion  some  years  ago  at  the  Midland 
Farmers'  Club  on  this  subject,  Mr.  Randel,  of  Chad- 
bury,  who  is  agent  to  several  large  estates,  and  one 
of  the  best  strong-land  farmers  in  England,  alluded  to 
the   absence   in  almost   all  agi'eements  of  stipulations 
for  clean  farming  ;    he  adverted  to  the  agreement  he 
had  in  use,  which  is  a  very  great  improvement  on  those 
generally    adopted,    and    compensates    the    outgoing 
tenant  for  land  that  is  clean  and  fit  to  plant,  on  the 
one  hand,  and,  on  the  other,  charges  him  for  what  is 
not  in  a  good  state,  with  compensation  for  purchased 
food  and  manures  ;  and  he  tritely  remarked,    "  Under 
the  present  system  the  first  thing  a  man  has  to  do  on 
taking  a  farm  is  to   get  it   into  a   good  state  of  culti- 
vation ;  the  last  thing  he  does  on  leaving  it  is  to  bring 
it  to  as  poor  a  state  a  possible.     This  was  unquestion- 
ably the  ordinary  practice,  and  a  very  improper  and 
ruinous  practice  it  was,  which  had  been  forced  upon 
the  agricultural  community  by  the  fact  that,  if  a  farm 
be  entered  upon  in  a  bad  state  of  cultivation,  there  will 
be  no  compensation  made  for  leaving  it  in  a  better 
state.     Some  means  were  needed  to  make  it  the  inte- 
rest  of  a    man    to    farm    well    to    the    end   of    his 
tenancy,    and    to    do    this    there    must    be  compen- 
sation   for   good   farming,    and    a   penalty   for   bad." 
The  increase  of  the  general  wealth  of  the  country  has 
tended  to  advance  the  value  of  land  more  rapidly  than 
formerly,    and    this  must  show   the  greater   necessity 
which   exists    for   more    freedom    of    cultivation   and 
security  for  capital  employed  in  agriculture.    The  occu- 
pier is  not  in  a  fair  position  if  he  receives  notice  of  a 
revaluation  or  to  quit  his  farm,  unless  he  has  a  chance 
of  being  compensated  for  what   he  has  expended  and 
has  had  an  opportunity  of  receiving  benefit  from  it.     I 
know  many,  very  many  noble  examples  may  be  cited 
of  good  understanding  between  landlords  and  tenants, 
and  long  may  they  exist  and  be  multiplied  !     I  believe 
that  these  discussions,  conducted  in  a  proper  spirit,  will 
tend  to  cement  them  and  place  them  on  a  firmer  basis. 
We  must,  however,  remember  that  life  is  uncertain  ; 
property  may  change  hands,  and  fall  into  the  hands  of 
strangers  ;  and,  as  is  often  the  case,   widows   may  be 
turned  adrift  with  large  families  almost  unprovided  for, 
the  property  having  been  invested  in  the  improvement 
of  the  farm  by  their  father,  who  may  have  been  taken 
from  them  in  the  heyday  of  life. 

Mr.  C.  M.  Caldecott,  of  Holbrooke  Grange,  then 
proposed  the  following  resolution: — "That,  in  the 
opinion  of  this  Chamber,  the  absence  of  any  definite 
provision  for  securing  to  tenant-farmers  the  capital  and 
labour  they  invest  in  the  land  prevents  proper  cultiva- 
tion, is  injurious  to  the  true  interests  of  landlords,  is  a 
grave  disadvantage  to  tenants  in  preventing  a  prudent 
use  of  capital  necessary  for  profitable  farming,  and  is 
the  cause  of  an  immense  loss  to  the  nation  in  limiting 
the  growth  of  food  far  below  what  the  land  is  capable 
of  producing."  He  observed  that  for  very  many  years 
he  had  been  of  opinion  that  there  was  a  lack  of 
security    for    capital    invested     in    land,     and     that 


there  were  most  needless,  stereotyped  restrictions 
in  the  ordinary  contract  between  landlord  and 
tenant,  which  interfered  with  the  proper  develop- 
ment of  the  products  of  the  soil.  After  pointing 
out  some  of  the  injurious  effects  of  the  present  system, 
he  expressed  his  entire  acquiescence  in  every  word  of 
the  resolution.  Referring  to  Mr.  Ncwdegate's  intro- 
duction of  a  compensation  clause  from  the  Lincoln- 
shire custom,  he  observed  that  that  hon.  gentleman's 
agreements  contained  as  few  restrictions  as  any  he  had 
ever  seen.  Mr.  Bromley-Davenport,  also,  had  a  com- 
pensation clause,  but  his  agreements  contained  rather 
more  restrictions  than  he  liked,  although  they  were 
few  compared  with  such  documents  generally.  What 
was  required  was  the  general  introduction  of  a  com- 
pensation clause,  and  the  omission  of  the  foolish  and 
injurious  restrictions,  which  were  remains  of  feudalism 
and  of  "  lawyerism."  If  landlords  acted  on  these  old, 
stereotyped  conditions,  they  would  be  food  for  the 
lawyers  of  the  country. 

Mr.  Wakefield  seconded  the  propo^iition. 
Mr.  C.  N.  Newdegate,  M.P.,  said  his  own  opinion 
had  long  been  formed.  About  two  or  three  years  after 
the  issuing  of  the  report  of  Mr.  Puscy's  committee,  he — 
without  venturing  to  recommend  to  his  brother  land- 
owners what  they  should  do — adopted  for  his  own  estate 
an  agreement  containing  a  compensation  clause.  It  was 
founded  on  the  first  agreement,  or  rather  the  first 
series  of  agreements  which  were  adopted  in  Lincoln- 
shire, where  a  great  quantity  of  land  had  to  be  brought 
into  cultivation  which  had  been  previously  fens  or 
rabbit  warrens.  The  Lincolnshire  custom  was  admitted 
to  be  the  best  tenant-right  custom  in  England  or 
Wales,  and  he  found  that  it  originated  in  a  voluntary 
contract  between  landlord  and  tenant.  He  could  only 
say  he  was  surprised  at  that  time — and  it  was  a  long 
while  ago— that  his  tenants  were  so  unwilling  to 
accept  the  new  contract  that  he  had  to  give  them  all 
notice  to  quit  before  they  would  adopt  it.  He  was 
happy  to  say  that  afterwards  they  became  convinced 
that  he  was  only  providing  against  the  uncertainty  of 
life,  and  that,  though  contented  to  remain,  he  was 
proud  to  say,  yearly  tenants  without  that  agreement, 
they  accepted  the  agreement,  and  conferred  on  him  a 
mark  of  respect  which  he  should  never  forget,  by  pre- 
senting his  portrait  to  his  mother.  Years  had  gone  by 
since  that,  and  he  now  saw  that  improvements  might 
be  made  in  his  agreement,  and  therefore  he  did  not 
wish  it  to  be  supposed  that  he  submitted  it  as  anything 
like  a  model  incapable  of  amendment.  Since  he  had 
been  in  the  room  his  friend,  Mr.  Wise,  had  placed  in 
his  hands  a  copy  of  the  lease  adopted  by  the  Earl  of 
Leicester.  He  (Mr.  Newdegate)  was  not  in  favour  of 
leases.  His  opinion  was  confirmed  in  a  very  able 
article — though  rather  of  a  partisan  type — which  had 
appeared  in  the  last  issue  of  the  Edinburgh  Review. 
The  circumstances  and  the  relations  between  land- 
lord and  tenant  in  England  and  Wales  were,  thank 
God,  very  different  from  those  in  Ireland.  They 
also  differed  from  those  in  Scotland.  If  they  could 
be  improved  and  rendered  specific,  those  relations 
would  be  found  to  be  better  than  those  in  Scotland. 
The  Scotch  had  a  different  system  to  ours,  and  one 
which  was  purely  commercial.  He  had  no  doubt  that 
system  was  adapted  to  Scotch  management,  but  the 
result  had  been  an  increase  of  rent.  The  rents  in 
Scotland  were  very  much  higher  than  they  were  in 
England.  He  thought  that  the  landowners  had  ob- 
tained that  additional  rent  at  a  veiy  great  cost  to  their 
own  social  condition,  and  to  the  detriment  of  the 
country.  The  system  in  England  was  founded  on  the 
belief  that  the  landlords  and  tenants  were  partners  in 
one  concern.  He  thought  the  terms  of  the  partnership 
should  be  defined  precisely,  and  that  they  ought  to  be 
binding  as  well  as  specific.  He  was  not  prepared  to 
do  anything  to  break  up  the  partnership. 

Mr.  Brom  ley-Devon  fo  rt,  M.  P. ,  thought  the 
great  difficulty  appeared  to  be  to  get  a  proper  under- 
standing between  landlords  and  tenants,  whereby  the 
latter  should  have  full  security  for  unexhausted  improve ' 
ments  and  capital  invested  in  the  land.  As  a  landowner, 
he  considered  that  he  had  such  an  agreement.  He  wao 
not  alluding  to  his  Warwickshire  agreements,  which  he 
had  not  yet  seen  much  into,  but  to  those  in  force  on 
his  Cheshire  estate,  and  which  he  was  prepared  to 
extend  to  Warwickshire,  if  the  tenantry  of  this  county 
desired  the  change.  In  his  Cheshire  agreements  there 
was  a  clause  stipulating  that  on  the  termination  of  a 
tenancy  he  should  allow  the  tenant  full  and  fair  com- 
pensation for  all  unexhausted  improvements.  The 
proportions  in  which  compensation  was  to  be  paid  were 
specified  under  16  heads,  embracing  every  item.  He 
mentioned  one  of  those  items,  which  was  that  of  bone 
manure,  and  for  which  an  outgoing  tenant  was  allowed 
at  the  rate  of  one-tenth  per  annum,  as  the  material  was 
supposed  to  lose  its  value  in  the  course  of  10  years,  and 
a  tenant  leaving  when  the  stuff  had  been  in  the  land 
but  five  years  would  be  allowed  five-tenths  of  its  cost. 
H